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+__label__positive \nReset Password Free Sign Up\n\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know (0)\nKnow (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nPharmacology ch 1-10\n\n1a. Pharmacology Midterm review ch 1-10\n\nWhat is the rate-limiting factor for drug distribution? blood flow\nWhat term is used to describe a drug which binds to a receptor and has an action similar to that of an endogenous chemical? agonist\nWhat can drugs combine with in addition to receptors? enzymes, transport proteins, and nucleic acids\nBy what process can one drug increase the metabolism of both itself and other drugs? induction\nWhat form of a drug crosses cell membranes easily? nonionized\nWhat term is used to decribe the situation when the effect of two drugs given together is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual actions? synergism\nWhat term is used to describe the phemomenon in which elevating a dose of drug no longer improves the clinical effect for that drug? ceiling effect\nWhat term is used to describe the strength by which a particular messenger binds to its receptor site? affinity\nWhat is the study of the activity of drugs within the body known as? pharmacokinetics\nWhat term is used to describe a severe response to a chemical that is characterized by life-threatening respiratory distress and shock? anaphylactic reaction\nAn all-inclusive effect on the whole body is also called a(n)______ effect. systemic\nFrom what two organs are most drugs eliminated? kidney and liver\nWhat happens during an oxidative metabolic reaction? The drug loses an electron and gains an oxygen atom.\nHow does grapefruit interact with certain drugs? It contains a compound that can inhibit intestinal cytochrome P-450, allowing more drug to be absorbed.\nWhat is a classic example of a drug that is eliminated by a zero-order pharmacokinetic process? alcohol\nWhy are the intestines the major site of drug absorption after oral administration of drugs? They have a large surface area from which to absorb drugs.\nIf a drug has a half-life of 6 hours and a starting blood concentration of 100mg/kg, how long will it take until the concentration of the drug in the blood is 25mg/kg? 12 hours\nIn what way are the capillaries in the central nervous system (CNS) different from other capillaries? They are enveloped by glial cells, which present additional barriers against water-soluble compounds.\nWhat does bioavailability reflect? The fraction of an administered dose that is available to the target tissue.\nWhat does the abbreviation ADME stand for? absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination\nWhat is the most serious allergic reaction to penicillins? anaphylaxis\nWhat is the biggest challenge in developing a new antibiotic? killing the bacteria without harming the patient.\nWhat bacterial pathway do sulfonamides interfere with? folic acid biosynthesis\nWhich of the following is not a mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance? metabolism\nWhich of the following is an example of a gram-positive bacterium and infection it causes? staphylococcus resulting in toxic shock syndrome.\nWhat are two general signs that an infection is bacterial in origin? white blood cell count above 12,000 and fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit.\nWhat is true of a bacteriostatic antibiotic? It inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria.\nBy which century were the organisms that cause cholera, syphilis, and leprosy isolated and identified? 20th\nWhich of the following drugs is associated with an adverse effect known as Red Man's syndrome? vancomycin\nWhich statement regarding linezolis (Zyvox) is incorrect? It should be stored in clear glass containers.\nWhat was the first true class of antibiotics? sulfonamides\nWhat term is used to describe antibiotic treatment that is begun before the results of the organism culture have been returned? empirical\nWhich of the following classes of antibiotics inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes? tetracyclines\nWhich of the following drugs is classified as a macrolide? erythromycin\nWhat are the bacteria that require oxygen to survive known as? aerobic\nWhat is the most frequent form of bacterial resistance to antibiotics? destruction of the antibiotic by bacterial enzymes\nWhat type of infections are aminoglycosides such as amikacin or kanamycin used to treat? sepsis\nWhy should the counting tray be swabbed with alcohol after dispensing an antibiotic? to prevent cross-contamination\nWhen this drug is dispensed, a \"Do not drink alcohol\" sticker must be attached to the container. metronidazole\nHow do third-generation cephalosporins differ from earlier cephalosporins? improved activity against gram-negative bacteria\nWhy is it more difficult to develop antiviral drugs than it is to develop antibiotics? Because viruses utilize the host (patient) cell processes, killing them is often toxic to the patient.\nWhich of the following choices represents a class of antiretroviral drugs? nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), protease inhibitor (PI), and fusion inhibitor\nWhat is common about the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs? Antifungals interfere with the synthesis of ergosterol, a building block for fungal cell membranes.\nWhat is an example of a chronic viral infection? herpes\nHow can antibiotics worsen fungal infections? Antibiotics may kill the body's natural flora, which tend to keep fungi in check.\nWhich of the following antifungal drugs should be taken with a fatty meal and can be used safely in children? griseofulvin\nWhat is a route by which most common viruses spread? direct contact, ingestion of contaminated food and water, ingalation of airborne particles, and exposure of contaminated body fluids and/or comtaminated equipment\nWhat pair of viruses below are examples of latent viruses? herpes and HIV\nWhat is a common target of fungal infections? nails\nWhat is another name for an individual virus particle? virion\nWhat is becoming a common dosing method for treating fungal nail infections? pulse dosing (one week per month)\nWhich of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A or influenza B? rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir\nWhich drug or drug class listed below is least likely to be used to treat side effects associated with amphotericin B? penicillin\nWhich of the antiviral drugs listed below is also effective in treating patients with parkinsonism? amantadine\nWhich of the following drugs acts by preventing the HIV virus from entering immune cells? enfuvirtide\nWhat aspect of the fungal cell wall is affected by amphotericin B? permeability\nWhat term is used to describe a specific molecule produced by B-lymphocyles with help from T helper cells and other mechanisms? immunoglobulin\nPatients taking which of the following drugs should not drive at night? viroconazole\nHow are fungal and human cells similar? They both have a defined nucleus\nWhich of the following drugs is classified as a nucloside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)? abacavir\nWhich of the following drugs is an example of a selective 5-HT receptor agonist? sumatriptan (Imitrex)\nWhich local anesthetic drug does not relax vascular smooth muscle? cocaine\nWhich of the following narcotics is a controlled substance? morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and meperidine\nWhich of the following drugs can be used to reverse the effects of a narcotic? naloxone (Narcan)\nWhich narcotic is the standard against which all other narcotics are measured or compared? morphine\nWhat is not an aspect of balanced anesthesia? hypertension\nWhat neurotransmitter is also known as adrenaline? epinephrine\nWhat is the only neuromuscular blocker that acts via a depolarizing mechanism? succinylcholine (Quelicin)\nWhat class of drugs can be used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers? anticholinesterases\nWhich of the following general anesthetics is administered intravenously? ketamine (Ketalar)\nWhat class of drugs may be used to treat migraine headaches? triptans\nFollowing injection with a local anesthetic, what sensation is affected first? pain perception\nWhich of the following drugs are the most used preoperative sedatives? benzodiazepines\nWhat is the most inportant action of alpha-adrenergic receptors? vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure\nWhat are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? afferent and efferent\nWhich drug listed below can be administered as a nasal spray to treat a migraine attack? sumatriptan (Imitrex), zolmitriptan (Zomig), dihydroergotamine (Migranal), and butorphanol (Stadol)\nWhat did the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) define, in 2001, as the \"fifth\" vital sign? pain\nWhat term describes the physical and emotional reliance of patients on narcotics? dependence\nWhat ate the primary opiate receptors associated with analgesia? mu, kappa, delta\nWhich of the following narcotics can be given intravenously as a preanesthetic medication and also administered as a patch or as a lozenge? fentanyl (Actiq)\nFluoxetine is an example of an antidepressant that appears to work through which of the following mechanisms? It inhibits the reuptake of serotonin into certain neurons in the brain\nWhat drug used to treat alcohol addiction interferes with the metabolism of ethanol? disulfiram (Antabuse)\nWhich monoamine oxidase inhibitor is used to treat Parkinson's patients rather than depressed patients? selegiline (Eldepryl)\nTardive dyskinesia is associated with the long-term use of which psychiatric medication? antipsychotics\nWhich two neurotransmitters are believed to be most involved with schizophrenia and the drugs used to treat this disorder? dopamine and serotonin\nWhich or the following new antipsychotic drugs is classified today as being \"atypical\"? olanzapine (Zyprexa)\nWhich of the following is a symptom of alcohol withdrawal? nausea and vomiting, delirium tremens (DTs), hallucinations, and sweating\nWhich of the following drugs is not a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor? amitriptyline\nWhich class of antidepressants inhibits enzymes that metabolize catecholamines? MAOIs\nWhich of the following is an anticholinergic drug used to treat the Parkinson-like side effects of antipsychotic therapy? benztropine (Cogentin)\nWith which psychiatric disorder do patients suffer from alternating episodes of major depression and mild-to-severe agitation? bipolar mood disorder\nWhich drug used to treat depression is also used for smoking cessation? buproprion\nWhich of the following antianziety drugs is not a benzodiazepine? buspirone (Buspar)\nWhich of the following drugs used to treat insomnia is not a DEA scheduled controlled substance? diphenhydramine\nWhat class of drugs is part of the standard of care for alcohol (ethanol) detoxification? benzodiazepines\nWhat system can be adversely affected by lithium and how? gastrointestinal-nausea, vomiting, and anorexia; neuromuscular-tremors; weight- weight gain; renal- increased thirst and urination\nWhich of the following drugs is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant and has significant anticholinergic side effects? imipramine\nDuring which stages of sleep does dreaming occur? stages III and IV\nWhat term is used to describe anxiety for which there is no identifiable source than from within the patient? endogenous\nWhat drug can be used as an alternative to lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly with rapid cyclers? divalproex (Depakote)\nWhich of the following drugs has been shown to improve the cognitive function and social behavior of Alzheimer's patients and is sold over the counter? gingko\nWhat dopamine precursor is used to treat Parkinson patients? levodopa (Doplar)\nWhich pair of anticonvulsants is most likely to interact with other drugs a patient may be taking? phenobarbital (Luminal) and phenytoin (Dilantin)\nWhich anticonvulsant does not appear to act via GABA receptors and is frequently used to treat neuropathic pain? gabapentin (Neurontin)\nWhat is a characteristic pathologic feature in the midbrain of patients with Parkinson's disease? Lewy Bodies\nWhat are the most common side effects of antiseizure medications? sedation and some degradation of cognitive process\nWhich of the following anticonvulsants is also used to treat manic episodes in bipolar mood disorders? valproic acid (Depakene)\nWhat class of drugs may be used to diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis? acetylcholinesterase inhibitors\nWhich of the following anticonvulsants is correctly paired with the process it most likely affects? diazepam (Valium)--GABA\nWhat combination drug contains levodopa plus an inhibitor of peripheral levodopa metabolism? Sinemet\nWhat is the potential way in which antiepileptic medications can interact with each other and other drugs? They can alter the metabolism of other drugs\nWhat term is used to describe continuous tonic-clonic seizures, lasting over 30 minutes, during which consciousness may not return? status epiepticus\nThe prevalence of Parkinson's disease is highest in what age group? above age 60\nWhich drug used to treat ADD/ADHD is not a controlled substance? atomoxetine (Strattera)\nWhich drug listed below is used to treat patients with multiple sclerosis? interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif), interferon beta-1b (Betaseron), mitoxantrone (Novantrone), and baclofen\nWhich anticonvulsant is the drug of choice for absence seizures? ethosuximide (Zarontin)\nWith what type of seizure may patients display blank stares, rotating eyes and rapid blinking; not have generalized convulsions; and have up to 100 occurrences a day? absence seizure\nWhich neurotranmitter is deficient in the nigrostriatal pathways of patients with Parkinson's disease? dopamine\nWhich of the following anticonvulsants is a DEA scheduled controlled substance? diazepam (Valium)\nWhat two neurotransmitters in the brain appear to play the greatest role in seizures? GABA and glutamate\nWhich of the following medication is least likely to be used to treat or stop an acute asthma attack? cromolyn sodium\nWhich of the following antitussives is a DEA controlled substance? codeine\nWhat is a potential symptom of nicotine withdrawal? anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, gastrointestinal diturbances, and increased appetite and weight gain\nIn what percent of asthma patients is there an allergic component? 35-55%\nWhich of the following is a reversible syndrome in which breathing may be difficult? asthma\nWhich of the following is a potentially life-threatening condition in which the patient has difficulty breathing, has blue lips, and nail beds, may lose consciousness, and does not respond to normal management? status asthmaticus\nWhich repiratory medication listed below is an inhaled coricosteroid? fluticasone (Flovent)\nWith which device, used to administer asthma or COPD medication, does a stream of air flow past a liquid to create a fine mist for the patient to inhale? nebulizer\nAn asthma attack consists of how many phases or responses? 2\nWhat is the least sedating OTC antihistamine and the only one approved by the FDA for cold symptoms? clemastine (Tavist Allergy)\nDornase alfa (Pulmozyme) may be used to treat what two lung diseases? bronchitis and cystic fibrosis\nWhat are two signs or symptoms of nicotine excess? dizziness and diarrhea\nWhich of the following forms of nicotine replacement therapy is only available by prescription? nicotine nasal spray\nWhich of the following drugs is only indicated for long-term maintenance therapy of bronchospasms associated with emphysema and bronchitis? tiotropim (Spiriva)\nWhich of the following drugs may be used to treat tuberculosis? isoniazid (Laniazid, Nydrzid), rifampin (Rifadin. Rimactine), ciproflozacin (Cipro), and rifapentine (Priftin)\nWhich of the following asthma medications blocks parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors and should not be given to patients with known peanut allergies? ipratropium (Atrovent)\nWhat is the most useful measure for assessing the severity of asthma on a regular basis? peak expiratory flow rate (PAOR)\nWhich of the following is an OTC expectorant available in caplet, capsule, liquid, syrup, tablet, and sustained-release forms? guaifesesin (Mucinex)\nWhat is a common adverse effect of many (older) antihistamines (H-1 blockers)? anticholinergic responses, hyperactivity in some children, and sedation\nWhat class of drugs used to treat hypertension, angina, cardiac arrhythmias, and migraine headaches is contraindicated in asthma patients? beta blockers\nWhat drug is metabolized by colonic bacteria and is used to prevent and treat hepatic-induced encephalopathy? lactulose (Enulose)\nWhich medication below is used in preteens to treat diarrhea and acts by interfering with enzyme-dependent electron transfer in anaerobic energy metabolism? nitazoxanide (Alinia)\nWhich of the drugs listed below is a monoclonal antibody that binds to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and is indicated for the treatment of Crohn's disease? infliximab (Remicade)\nWhat three drugs given together are used to treat H. pyloric-induced peptic ulcers? bismuth subsalicylate-metronidazole-tetracycline (Helidac)\nWhich drug listed below forms a protective coat over an ulcer, helping it resist degradation by gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts? sucralfate (Carafate)\nWhich drug listed below is an example of a phase II drug used to treat GERD? cimetidine (Tagamet), omeprazole (Prilosec), esomeprazole (Nexium), and famotidine (Pepcid)\nWhich drug below acts on 5-HT-4 receptors and is used to treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome? tegaserod (Zelnorm)\nWhich drug listed below acts to facilitate the admixture of fat and water to soften stool? docusate-senna (Senokot-S)\nWhat is a potential problem associated with low-fiber diets? constipation\nWhich histamine-2 receptor blocker affects cytochrome P-450 and may interact with many other drugs? cimetidine (Tagamet)\nIf abdominal pain is caused by the release of an allergy or inflammation mediator, what mast cell stabilizer may be prescribed? cromolyn sodium (Gastrocrom)\nWhat is another term for heartburn? gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)\nBy what criterion is dietary fiber characterized? fermentability, water-holding capacity, stool-bulking capacity, and solubility\nFor the treatment of hepatitis, which drug listed below is an interferon linked with a branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecule in order to allow once weekly dosing? peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys)\nvWhich drug or drug combination is correctly paired with its DEA control schedule? diphonoxylate-atropine (Lomotil)--C-V\nWhat receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) are blocked by metoclopramide (Reglan)? dopamine\nWhat is the drug of choice in treating malabsorption syndrome due to panceratic insufficiency? pancrelopase (Creon-10)\nWhich of the following drugs is used for chemotherapy-induced emesis and frequently causes headaches in patients treated with it? ondansetron (Zofran)\nWhat is praziquantel (Biltricide) used to treat? intestinal parasites (tapeworms)\nWhat GI disorder is characterized by inflammation of the large bowel with the patient experiencing diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and pus? ulcerative colitis\nCreated by: danz\n
+__label__positive \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n178 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat is the MOA of amphotericin B?\nBinds to ergosterol component of fungal cell membrane and alters permeability to allow leakage of ions and other intracellular components\nWhat is the basis for selective toxicity of amphotericin B?\n\nWhat can cause cytotoxicity?\nGreater selectivity for fungal membranes because they contain ergosterol instead of cholesterol;\n\nbinding of cholesterol component in mammalian cells\nWhat is the MOA of Flucytosine (5FC)?\n5FC is transported into fungal cells by a perm ease and is then converted to fluorouracil. The metabolite 5-FdUMP is formed and inhibits thymidylate synthetase stopping DNA synthesis\nWhat is the basis of selective toxicity of Flucytosine?\nperm ease affected by this drug is not found in mammalian cells\nWhat is the MOA for Azole antifungals (ketoconazole)?\nInhibits P450 isoenzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol. Inhibition of ergosterol production results in deficient fungal membranes with increased permeability and leakage of cellular components/inhibition of fungal growth\nWhat is the MOA for Capsofungin?\ninhibits synthesis of an essential cell wall component (beta-1,3-D-glucan) in aspergillus species resulting in osmotic fragility and fungal death\nWhat is the basis of selective toxicity for Capsofungin?\nIt targets the cell wall, which humans don't have\nWhat is the MOA of griseofulvin?\nInteracts with the fungal cell wall microtubules to disrupt the mitotic spindle and inhibit mitosis.\nWhere does griseofulvin accumulate?\nin infected keratin-containing tissues creating unfavorable growth conditions\nWhat is the basis of selective toxicity for griseofulvin?\nTargets cell walls, which are not present in humans\nWhat is the MOA of Terbinafine?\nInhibits squalene epoxidase which is an essential enzyme in fungal sterol synthesis. Produces a deficiency of ergosterol and an accumulation of squalene inside the fungal cell resulting in death.\nWhat is the MOA of Nystatin?\nare polyene abx similar in structure and MOA to amphotericin B (alters cell membrane permeability)\nWhat is the basis of selectivity for nystatin?\nsimilar to amphotericin B\nAmphotericin B can be either fungicidal or fungostatic depending on.....\ntissue concentration achieved and organisms susceptability\nWhat is the broadest spectrum anti fungal?\namphotericin B\nWhat is the DOC (anti fungal) for immunocompromised patients?\namphotericin B\nIs amphotericin B effective against meningitis? What routes of administration are there?\nachieves nontherapeurtc elves in CSF with/without inflammation however in some cases, IV administration may produce therapeutic levels for cryptococal meningitis\nWhat are the indications for the use of the liposomal formulations of Amphotericin B?\nPatients who cannot tolerate or fail the conventional IV formulation or for renal impairment where unacceptable toxicity occurs.\n\nIncludes: invasive aspergillosis, neutropenic pts with fungal infection, candidiasis, etc.\nWhat are some advantages to using the liposomal formulation of Amphotericin B?\nIncreased circulation time and reaches higher concentrations in vascularized areas (inflammation, infection, tumors) while being essentially impermeable to normal tissues;\n\nLocalizes the drug at disease sites and allows drug levels to be increased several times higher than amounts achieved with free drug from conventional products;\n\nintended to reduce serious renal toxicity by decreasing binding of drug in renal tissues\nWhen you are going to use the amphotericin B, what pretreatments would you want to use?\nNSAIDs, antihistamines, and steroids\nWhat is the major toxicity associated with amphotericin B?\nnephrotoxicity (decreased GFR And creatinine clearance, K+ loss)\nWhat is the mechanism of synergism between flucytosine and amphotericin B?\n\nIs this combination efficacious for meningitis?\nAmphotericin B alters the membrane permeability to flucytosine.\n\nyes- effective against cryptococcus neorformans and candidia\nAre systemic azole antifungals fungicidal or fungistatic?\n\nAre they broad or narrow spectrum?\nboth depending on dose;\n\nBroad spectrum treatment for systemic mycoses\nWhich azole anti fungal is effective against meningitis? What is the route?\nfluconazole (excellent penetration info CSF)\n\noral tablets, suspensions or IV injections\nWhy is concurrent use of amphotericin B with azole antifungals contraindicated?\nazoles contraindicate the actions of amphotericin B\nWhat are the indications for which fluconazole is the DOC?\ncryptococcal meningitis, serious systemic candidiasis (URI, peritonitis, pneumonia), and coccidiodomycosis\nWhat are the two serious ADRs associated with itraconazole?\nRisk of CHF in pts with existing heart disease; hepatic dysfunction\nDescribe the method of pulse dosing of itraconazole for onychomycosis.\neach pulse is 200mg BID for one week per month;\n\nneed 2 for fingernails, 3-4 for toenails (grow slower)\nSymptoms of endocrine disorders associated with the use of ketoconazole include:\n\nWhat is the mechanism that causes these symptoms?\ngynecomastia, impotence, loss of libido, menstrual irregularities;\n\ninhibits gonadal steroid synthesis in humans\nYou don't want to take ketoconazole with things that ____ gastric acidity or with ______ since it is required for dissolution and absorption.\ndecrease, food\nKetoconazole can ______ the P450 system and cause....\ninhibit; toxicity of other drugs\nWhich other azole anti fungal possibly has hepatic effects and needs to be monitored?\nWhich other azole anti fungal causes hepatic dysfunction and has strong warnings against liver failure?\nVoriconazole is the first line agent for the treatment of what three conditions?\nacute invasive aspergillosis * (in pts over 12)\n\nesophageal candidiasis\n\nnonneutropenic pts with candidemia or deep tissue candida infection\nWhat are the two indications for Posoconazole?\nprophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis who are severely immunocompromized;\n\noropharyngeal candidiasis\nEchinocandins have potent activity against ____ and ___ except for which 3 species?\naspergillosis; candidiasis\n\ncandida neoformans, zygomycetes, fusarium\nCapsofungin is used to treat what 4 conditions?\nAspergillosis, esophageal candidiasis, disseminated candida infections, empirical tx of presumed fungal infections in febrile neutropenic patients\nWhat is the DOC for secondary prophylaxis of PCP?\nIs primary prophylaxis (in HIV+ pts) recommended/done for candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis infections?\nWhat is the strongest recommendation of ART in a TB patient?\nPts with CD4 cell counts less than 50 cells/mm and it should be initiated within 2 weeks of starting TB treatment.\nWhat are the major toxicities associated with indinavir and what precautions must be taken?\nacute nephrolitiasis;\n\nensure adequate hydration, drinking about 1.5L of liquids per 24 hours\nWhat is the advantage of using the combination product Combivir compared to dosing with the two individual components? (antiretroviral drug)\nhas synergistic antiretroviral activity and is taken without regard to meals.\nWhat is the parameter used to decide whether ART regimens should be modified?\nregular monitoring of the viral load, CD4+ T cell count and pts clinical condition\nWhat are the 6 classic ADRs associated with Antiretroviral agents?\nlactic acidosis, hepatomegaly with steatosis, hyperglycemia, rash, hyperlipidemia, GI intolerance\nWhat are the three major characteristics of all preferred ART Regimens?\nuse at least 3 drugs; use a combination of drugs with different MOAs, and are class sparing\nWhat is the spectrum of activity of Griseofulvin?\nWhat are the indications for Griseofulvin?\nonly active aginst dermatophytes (trichophytan, microsporum and epidermophyton) and in the treatment of severe tinea infections that dont respond to other antifungals\nWhat are some ADRs with Griseofulvin\nGI distress, photosensitivity, possible antabuse reaction with alcohol\nWhat are some symptoms of an Antabse reactioin?\ntachycardia and flushing\nHow may the oral absorption of Grisofulvin be enhanced?\nUsing ultra-fine crystalline preps and eating with high fat meals\nWhere does Griseofulvin distribute to?\nkeratinized tissues (skin, hair, nails)\nHow long must therapy with griseofulvin be continued for?\nuntil normal tissue replaces infected tissue (weeks to months)\nWhat is the current clinical use of amantadine and rimantadine?\nagainst influenza A virus\nWhat is the oral availability for ACY (acyclovir) and DHPG (gangciclovir)?\nDescribe how Acyclovir is given via IV to avoid nephrotoxicity.\nGiven by a slow infusion over at least 1 hour with adequate hydration. Make sure to establish sufficient urine flow over the 1st 2 hours post-infusion\nHow does the spectrum of activity for gangciclovir differ from acyclovir?\nthe same but also effective against CMV\nWhat is the boxed warning for gangciclovir and what are the resulting hematological effects?\nmyelosuppression. Monitor for neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia\nWhat is the action and indication for penciclovir dermatological cream?\nAntiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2; indicated for treatment of recurrent herpes labialis in adults (cold sores)\nWhat is the DOC for tx of PCP pneumonia?\n\nAlternate agent (mod-severe)?\nAlternate agent (mild-mod)?\nTMP-SMX, IV pentamidine, atovaquone\nWhat is the DOC for post-exposure primary prophylaxis?\nvaricella-zoster immune globulin ASAP for at least 3 weeks\nWhat is the DOC for varicella infection?\nWhat is the spectrum of activity for Terbinafine?\nWhat are the indications for Terbinafine?\ntx of onychomycosis of the toenail or fingernail due to dermatophytes (superior to griseofulvin)\nWhat are the ADR of Terbinafine?\nGI distress, ageusia, asx elevation of liver enzymes, less commonly neutropenia, derm eruptions and ophthalmic complaints\nHow may oral absorption of terbinafine be enhanced?\ntake with food to increase bioavailability\nHow do the distribution properties of terbinafine relate to the clinical uses?\nhighly lipophilic with slow elimination from skin and adipose tissue\nHow long must therapy of terbinafine be continued?\ntreatment can last weeks to months\nWhat are the three preparations of ciclopirox and what are their indications?\nCream/lotion= tinea infections;\n\nshampoo=seborrheic dermatitis\n\nnail lacquer= nail infections\nWhat are the preparations of nystatin and what are they used for?\nTopical (cream, ointment, powder)= superficial cutaneous candida;\n\nOral (swish and swallow)= oral/mucous membrane candidiasis\n\nOral tablet= intestinal candida\n\nVaginal tablet= vulvovaginal candidiasis\nWhat are the preparations and clinical uses of Clotrimazole?\nOTC cream or solution= tinea infections\n\nOTC intravaginal cream= VVC\n\nRx buccal tablet= tx and prophylaxis of oropharyngeal candidiasis\nWhat are the preparations and clinical uses of Miconazole?\nIntravaginal cream and suppository= VVC\n\ntopical cream= cutaneous candidiasis\nWhat is the clinical use of Butoconazole?\nWhat is the DOC for trichomoniasis? What infections can Trich cause?\n\nvaginitis, NG urethritis, prostatitis\nWhat is the preferred regimen of Metronidazole for use against trichomonas?\n\nWhat is the alternative regimen\n2g PO single dose;\n\n500mg BID x 7 days\nIf treatment failure occurs with metrondiazole, what do you want to do?\n\nwhat do you want to take metronidazole with and what do you want to avoid?\n\nIf you are allergic to metronidazole, what do you want to do?\ntx with a single 2 g dose once daily x 5 days;\n\nfood; alcohol;\n\ndesensitize the pt\nWhat is the proposed MOA of mebendazole?\nselectively and irreversibly inhibits glc uptake in susceptible adult intestinal-dwelling helminthes; also a spindle poison that induces chromosome nondisjunction\nWhat is mebendazole indicated for?\npinworms (worms in general)\nWhen treating a pt with pinworms with mebendazole, what other things must be taken into consideration?\nrepeat dosing may be needed adn may need to treat family members in close contact. Also hygiene precautions need to be taken to prevent reinfection\nWhat organisms are susceptible to acyclovir?\nHSV-1/2, varicella and ebstein barr\nWhy is CMV resitant to acyclovir?\nit lacks a specific viral thymidine kinase\nWhat are the 4 groups of patients for whome ART is recommended regardless of CD4 cell count?\npregnancy, Hx of an AIDS-defining illness, HIV-associated nephropathy, HIV/hepatitis B coinfection\nWhat is the CD4+ t cell count associated with the strongest ART recomendation?\n<350 cells/mm3\nWhat are the specific toxicities associated with Zidovudine?\nmyelosuppression, neutropenia, severe anemia\nWhat is the resulting drug interaction of Zidovudine with ganciclovir?\nadditive hematology toxicity\nWhat is the major boxed warning for nevirapine?\nsevere, life-threatening skin reactions (steven-johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis) and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity\nState what effect the following drugs have on the P450 system:\n\n\n\nstrong inhibitor\nWhich ART drug inhibits the P450 system but is also a substrate for the enzyme (3A4) so induces of 2A4 may decrease the concentration of this drug?\nWhen using Zidovudine during pregnancy, what is the route of administration and when is it given?\nIV; at onset of labor until delivery\nWhen using Zidovudine in the infant, what is the route of administration and what are the treatment recommendations?\nOral; 2x daily as soon after birth as possible (within 6-12 hours) and continues for up to 6 weeks\nFor the post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV, what is the duration of all regiments used?\n\nWhat is the basic regimen?\n\nWhat is a reason for using the expanded regimen?\n\nWhat is the preferred expanded regimen?\n4 weeks;\n\nZDV + lamivudine;\n\nfor exposures posing an increased risk of transmission or where resistance to one or more of the agents is known or suspected;\n\nbasic regimen plus lopinavir/ritonavir\nWhat is the DOC for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystic jirovecci pneumonia?\n\nWhat are the alternative regimens?\n\ndapsone, dapsone plus pyrimethamine (plus leucovorin), Aerosolized pentamidine or atovaquone\nWhat other parasitic infection is covered by the DOC for the treatment of PCP pneumonia? (TMP-SMZ)\nWhat is the regimen used for prophylaxis of PCP and toxoplasmosis when tolerance to TMP-SMZ occurs?\ndapsone + pyrimethamine + leucovorin\nWhat is the DOC for the tx of toxoplasmosis?\npyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine plus leucovorin\nWhy is leucovorin included in the treatment for toxoplasmosis?\nto prevent megaloblastic anemia effects that can occur from the pyrimethamine\nWhat is the major toxicity of sulfadiazine and what precaution must be taken?\nneutropenia, interstitial nephritis, crystalluria and nephrolitiasis.\n\ndrink 2-3L of fluid/day to decrease risk of crystalluria\nWhat is the alternative regimen for toxoplasmosis (for those allergic to sulfas)\npyrimethamine plus leucovorin plus clindamycin\nWhat is the MOA for pyrimethamine?\ninhibits dihydrofolate reductase preventing the conversion of dihydrofolate to the active form tetrahydrofolate. Activity is highly selective for DHFR from plasmodium or toxoplasma parasites\nWhat is the clinical uses for pyrimethamine?\nchemoprophylaxis of malaria; and as part of the treatment for toxoplasmosis\nWhat are some precautions that need to be taken when using pyrimethamine?\nmay cause folate deficiency (give leucovorin), may also precipitate hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient patients\nWhat is the DOC for esophageal candidiasis?\nWhat is the DOC for oropharyngeal candidiasis?\nWhat is the DOC for cryptococcal meningitis?\namphotericin B plus flucytosine\nWhat is the DOC for aspergillosis?\nFor the treatment of TB in HIV patients, what are the induction phase drugs and how long are they used?\n\nHow about the continuation phase?\n8 weeks; INH, RIF (or RBN), PZA and EMB;\n\n18 weeks; either INH and RIF (or RBN) every day (((OR))) INH and RIF 3x weekly\nIs the use of DOT strongly recommended for HIV pts undergoing tx for TB?\nWhat is the preferred rifamycin drug used when a protease inhibitor-based ART regimen is to be used? Why?\nRifabutin; less potent 3A4 inducer\nWhat is the preferred agent for the primary prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium complex in adults with HIV?\nclarithromycin (or azithro)\nWhat is the the preferred agent for the treatment of an active MAC infection?\nclarithromycin with ethambutol. Addition of rifabutin may be considered (but need to think about DIs)\nWhat is the recommendations for the primary prophylaxis of CMV?\nnot generally recommended\nWhat is the treatment of CMV retinitis?\nganciclovir intraocular impant and valganciclovir PO\nWhat are the disadvantages of the ganciclovir ocular implant?\ncannot prevent CMV infection in the contralateral eye or systemic infection which is why concurrent PO treatment is needed\nWhat are some alternative therapies for treatment of cytomegalovirus?\nIV ganciclovir, foscarnet, or cidofovir\nWhat are the dosing recommendations for cidofovir and why?\nonce weekly;has a very long intracellular half-life\nWhat major ADR is associated with cidofovir? What precautions are needed to be taken?\nnephrotoxicity (dose-limited);\n\nadequate hydration with NS and concurrent probenecid (along with avoiding other nephrotoxic drugs)\nWhat is the DOC for secondary prophylaxis of CMV?\nWhat is the MOA for Zanamavir?\nselective inhibition of influenza virus neuraminidase.\nWhat is the function of viral neuraminidase?\nallows viral release from infected cells, prevents virus aggregation and decreases viral inactivation by mucus\nWhat are the indications for zanamavir?\nuncomplicated acute illness due to influenza A or B in pts >7 years old who have had sx less than 2 days\nWhich antiviral is also used for prevention of influenza illness in pts over 5 years old?\nWhat is the route of administration of zanamavir?\n\nWhat is the dose and course of treatment?\noral inhalation using a diskhaler devise\n\n2 inhalations BID x 5 days\nWhen is Zanamavir treatment not recommended?\nin pts with underlying airway disease due to risk of severe bronchospasm\nWhat is the MOA of Oseltamavir?\nOral prodrug which is converted by hepatic esterases to the active agent in vivo (oseltamivir carboxylate) which then inhibits viral neuraminidase altering virus partical release and aggregation\nWhat are the indications for Oseltamavir?\nType A and B influenza infections in pts over 1 year of age who have had sx for less than 2 days\nWhat is the route of administration for Oseltamavir?\noral suspension\nWhat are the major toxicities/ADRs with Oseltamavir?\nWhat are the 4 major goals of ART therapy\nreduction of HIV-related morbidity/mortality and to increase duration/QOL;\n\nRestoration and preservation of immunologic fxn;\n\nMaximal and durable suppression of viral load (goal=to suppress to undetectabe levels after 3-6 mo of tx);\n\nPrevent HIV transmission\nWhat is the spectrum of antiviral activity for Ribavirin?\nactive vs RSV and some activity vs Influenza A and B (low efficacy when given PO)\nWhat are the indications of Ribavirin?\nTx of severe lower respiratory tract infections due to RSV in hospitalized infants and young children (not adults!)\nWhat is the method of administration of Ribavirin?\nAerosol given via a generator, mechanically-ventilated through ET tube, via oxygen hood/tent/face mask\nWhat are some serious problems that result from the mode of administration of Ribavirin?\nDrug precipitation in ET tube and ventilators has caused inadequate ventilation and gas exchange with sudden deterioration of respiratory function;\n\nis also absorbed systemically and accumulates in RBCs decreasing their half-life to 40 ays\nRibavirin is contraindicated in which patients?\n\nWhat are precautions that need to be taken?\nPregnant women and male partners of pregnant women.\n\nChild-bearing aged women must use effective contraception during therapy and for 6 mo post-tx\nWhat toxicity can Ribavirin cause in caregivers with reactive airway diseases?\nbronchospasm and chestpain\nWhat is the MOA for palivizumab?\nmonoclonal Ab that neutralizes and has fusion-inhibitor activity against RSV and inhibits RSV replication\nWhat are the indications for Palivizumab?\nprevention of serious lower resp tract disease caused by RSV in high risk ped patients (premies, bronchopulm dysplasia pts, hemodynamically significant congestive heart disease pts)\nWhat is the dosing of Palivizumab?\n15 mg/kg once a month during RSV season IM in anterolateral thigh\nWhat are the toxcities associated with Efavirenz (given once daily)?\nRash, CNS/Psych symptoms, Teratogenicity in pregnancy, other symptoms (diarrhea, fever, and cough in ped pts)\nWhat are some symptoms of acute primary HIV infections?\nfever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, rash, myagia/arthralgia, diarrhea (similar to flu, mono, etc and even asx)\nWhat is the first step in the MOA of Acyclovir?\n\nWhat are the subequent steps that form the ACY-triphosphates?\nacyclovir is a synthetic acyclic guanosine analog that is posphorylated in the viral-infected cell by the viral enzyme thymidine kinase;\n\nmonophosphate form is converted by host cell to the diphosphate and triphosphate forms. ACYTP competes with the endogenous substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate as the substrate for viral DNA polymerase\nWhat is the basis for selective toxicity of acyclovir?\nreaction occurs 100x more rapidly inside the virus-infected cell that non-infected host cells\nWhat are the effects of Acyclovir on viral DNA polymerase?\nACYTP is incorporated into the viral DNA causing premature chain termination; ACYTP inactivates viral DNA polymerase but is less reactive towards the host DNA polymerase\nWhat is the first step of the MOA of ganciclovir?\n\nWhat occurs in CMV-infected cells?\n\nWhat are the subsequent steps that form the final product?\nProdrug which is converted intracellularly to an active triphosphate form.\n\nA viral protein kinase is responsible for the initial phosphorylation of ganciclovir and the subsequent phosphorylation steps to the active form.\n\nsame as acyclovir (?-look up)\nWhat are the effects of ganciclovir on DNA polymerase?\ncompetitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and direct incorporation into viral DNA which terminates DNA elongation\nWhat is the active drug produced from famciclovir?\nWhat are the indications (4) for acyclovir?\nInitial and recurrent mucosal and cutaneous HSV1/2 and VAV infections in immunocompromised pts;\n\nsevere initial genital herpes in immunocompetent pts;\n\ninitial and recurrent genital herpes in adults (PO);\n\nAcute tx of herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults (PO)\nHow is the oral availability of Famciclovir different from the active drug penciclovir?\n\nWhere does the conversion of the prodrug form occur?\nis well absorbed;\n\nliver and gut wall\nFamciclovir (and active drug) are indicated for...\nacute treatment of herpes zoster, genital herpes in immunocompetent pts, and recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infections in HIV-infected pts\nWhat is the active drug produced from Valacyclovir?\nHow is the oral availability different in valacyclovir compared to acyclovir?\nPO availability increases 3-5x resulting in increased acyclovir concentrations\nWhat are the indications for valacyclovir (and active drug form)?\nacute tx of herpes zoster, genital herpes in immunocompetent pts, recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infections in HIV-infected pts\nWhat is the major clinical uses of Foscarnet sodium?\nCMV retinitis in AIDS pts, tx of acyclovir-resistant or ganciclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes virus infections in immunocompromised pts\nWhat is the 3rd line tx for CMV retinitis in AIDS pts?\nWhat are the two boxed warnings for Foscarnet?\nrenal dysfunction and seizures\nWhat are the two boxed warnings for Cidofovir?\nnephrotoxicity and neutropenia\nWhat is the major risk factor for developing seizures when using foscarnet?\nlow serum calcium\nWhy does hypocalcemia occur when using foscarnet?\n\nWhat are some symptoms?\nchelation of divalent cations may cause the hypocalcemia;\n\nperioral tingling, numbness/paresthesias in lower extremities and seizures\nWhat precautions must be taken when giving Cidofovir to prevent nephrotoxicity?\ngive via a slow IV infusion with probenecid and IV saline prehydration\nWhat are the major clinical uses of ophthalmic antiherpetic agents (Trifluridine)\nPrimary keratoconjunctviitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HSV1/2, epithelial keratitis that has not repsonded to topical idoxuridine or when ocular toxicity or hypersensitivity to this drug occurs, and in kids over 6 for tx of corneal inflammation due to HSV\nWhat are the major boxed warnings associated with abacavir?\n\nWhy is rechallenge contraindicated?\nhypersensitivity reactions (fever, skin, rash, NVD, etc), lactic acidosis, severe hepatomegaly with steatosis;\n\nsevere outcomes (hypotension, hepatic failure and renal failure), anaphylaxis or death can occur\nWhat are class sparing regimens/what is the idea behind it?\nIdea is that if you use only 2 of the 3 classes of hte preferred regimen, you have 'spared' one class in this category and you can use the spared one in the next regimen because resistance wont have been developed\nWhat are preferred regimens (definition)?\ntreatments that have been shown to have optimal and durable virologic efficacy, have favorable tolerability and toxicity profiels are easy to use\nWhy can viral load serve as a marker for improved clinical outcome due to ART?\ntrials have shown a significant association between a decrease in plasma viremia and improved clinical outcome\nViral load reduction to below limits of assay detection in an ART-naive pt usually occurs within the first _____ weeks of therapy.\nWhat levels are generally very high in acute HIV infections?\nYou can dx an HIV infection even though there are no Abs formed against the virus in early infections by testing for...\nWhat are the two major toxicities associated with didanosine?\npancreatitis and fatal lactic acidosis\nWhich drugs have significant DIs with didanosine and what occurs?\n\nRibavirin (increases intracellular levels of active metabolite of didanosine)\n\nTenofovir (increases didanosine levels)\nDidanosine is formulated as a ________ bead that degrades in acid and needs to be taken on a......\ndelayed-release capsule/enteric coated;\n\nIntrapartum IV zidovudine is recommended for all HIV-infected pregnant women regardless of.....\ntheir antepartum regimen to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV\nFor women who are receiving a stavudine-containing antepartum regimen, this drug should be ______ during labor while IV zidovudine is being administered.\nFor women who have received antepartum ARV drugs but have suboptimal viral suppression near delivery, what is recommended?\nIf the confirmatory HIV test is positive in a women who had an unknown status at presentation of labor, what do you want to do?\ngive infant ARV drugs for 6 weeks\nART Regimen #1 contains what 2 classes of drugs?\n\nWhat drugs were specified in the notes?\n\nWhat class does this spare?\none NNRTI and two NRTI's;\n\nefavirenz plus tenofovir/emtricitabine;\n\nTenofovir is a...... (ART drug class)......\nnucleotide RTI\nEmtricitabine is a ......(ART drug class).........\nnucleoside RTI\nART regimen #4 contains which drug classes?\n\nWhat drugs were specified in the notes?\n\nWhat classes does this spare?\nINSTI plus 2 NRTIs;\n\nRaltegravir plus tenofovir/emtricitabine;\n\nIn boosted regimens, Ritonavir is used at a lower dose that is not antiretroviral but is at a level that does what? This is so that.....\ninhibits the P450 system; it blocks the metabolism of another PI drug so the combined use results in a 20x increase in plasma levels\nART Regimens #2 and #3 contain which drug classes?\n\nWhich 2 regimens were listed in the notes?\n\nWhat classes were spared?\nRitonavir boosted PI plus NRTIs;\n\nRitonavir-boosted atazanavir plus tenofovir/emtricitabine;\nRitonavir-boosted darunavir plus tenofovir/emtricitabine;
+__label__positive Mean absolute deviation. What does it mean?\n\n35 teachers like this lesson\nPrint Lesson\n\n\nSWBAT use mean absolute deviation to make assumptions about the variability in the data.\n\nBig Idea\n\nThe students will be working with mean and learning about variablility. They will be making connections to real life applications to help assist them in making a connection to mean absolute deviation.\n\nDo Now\n\n10 minutes\n\nStudents will be looking at a set of data in a table and be asked to find the mean.\u00a0 I will be looking to see if they can add all the data values and divide by the number of values.\u00a0 I will also be taking note to see who can combine data values to make their calculations easier. (SMP 7).\u00a0 My goal is to get the students to see that when numbers are repeated they can simplify their calculations by multiplying first and then putting less numbers into the calculator. \u00a0 After they have found the mean, I want them to put the data into a line plot.\u00a0 The reason I\u2019m doing this is because the students will need to have a visual of the distance from the mean in order to calculate the mean absolute deviation.\u00a0 A line plot will be the best visual for this.\u00a0 You could even ask the students what display would best represent the data.\u00a0 Since it is numerical they may say stem and leaf, histogram, or line plot.\u00a0 From there I would ask them which best shows how to find the mean?\u00a0 They should be able to tell you line plot. (SMP 2) \u00a0\n\nTools: calculator\n\nWhat does MAD mean?\n\n60 minutes\n\nVocabulary :\u00a0 Give students the definition of mean absolute deviation.\u00a0 Allow them time to write it down and then ask them to translate it into their own words.(SMP 1)\u00a0 Partner share their version of the definition.\n\n(I\u2019m listening to for them to say:\u00a0 I know we will have to find the mean and if we are finding the average of the distance from the mean, we will probably have to subtract)\u00a0 In order to get them to think this way, I may say \u00a0\n\n  \u2022 How do we find the mean?\n  \u2022 When looking to find the distance between two points, what action is taking place?\n  \u2022 If I\u2019m find the average distance, what is the key word here to let us know what is going on?\n\nDirect Instruction:\n\nUse slide #5 as a visual to show the data points in relationship to the mean.\u00a0 Discuss how far each value is from the mean in both directions.\u00a0 Ask them if it is possible to have a negative distance? (SMP2)\n\nSlide 6: The steps to finding the mean absolute deviation.\u00a0 I\u2019ve provided the steps to help the struggling students keep track of where they are in the problem.\u00a0 The steps will be provided for them in their notes.\u00a0 Show the students how they already came up with the process on their own when they translated the definition into their own words\n\nSlide 7, 8, 9:\u00a0 These slides take them through each step to show them how to find the MAD.\u00a0 Students should be able to complete step 1 on their own (finding the mean).\u00a0 Be sure to have students tell you what the mean, means.\u00a0 Understanding what they are answering\u00a0 and\u00a0 if their answer is reasonable supports SMP 6 (attending to precision). Next, the students will be finding the distance from the mean.\u00a0 I would have them use the line plot they created as a visual to \u201csee\u201d the distance.\u00a0 Finally, step 3 has them finding the average of the distances.\u00a0 Since students have worked with variability before (quartiles), I would ask them to describe what the MAD represents (SMP 2).\u00a0 Students should be saying that the mean consistently represents the data because the MAD is close to zero.\u00a0 Or that there is little variability within the data set. Or there is a small spread of data.\n\nIf needed, you may need to remind the students about variability in the box plots.\u00a0 We looked at box plots and their interquartile range which is another way to describe variability.\u00a0\n\nSlide 10:\u00a0 Now it is time for students to do this on their own.\u00a0 Before starting, have a whole group discussion on the steps to find MAD.\u00a0 Allow students time to complete the problem before going over it.\u00a0 As students complete the work, they can check with a partner.\u00a0 During this time, the partners should be discussing what they found, how they found it, and whether their answer seems reasonable.\u00a0 Also, they should provide a description of the data according the MAD.\n\n\nThe students can do one of several activities using the MAD activity power point.\u00a0 The slides can be turned in to an Around the room, Numbered Heads together, or Show down activity.\u00a0 Each slide has the students calculating MAD.\n\nQuestion 2:\u00a0 The students have to find the MAD of 2 data sets and then compare them.\u00a0 This slide will be good to see if students really understand what the MAD is describing.\u00a0 Watch to make sure students find the MAD for both data values and then write sentences to compare their variability.\u00a0\n\nQuestion 4:\u00a0 Students may be confused by this as they are not really finding the MAD.\u00a0 The question asks them find amount of data points that are 1 standard deviation from them mean.\u00a0 For students that are having difficulty understanding this, I would have them draw a line plot to \u201csee\u201d the data values.\u00a0 They will need to find the mean first.\u00a0\n\nQuestion 6:\u00a0 this question will be a challenge.\u00a0 Students will need to calculate the MAD.\u00a0 On top of that, they will need to know what twice the MAD means.\u00a0 In this case, MAD = 4.5 so twice the MAD = 9.\u00a0 Then they need to find out if any data values are 9 points from the mean (33.1), yes there are two (48 and 23).\u00a0 This is a great question to see if students really understand the different numbers.\u00a0 Working through the language with the students will be helpful.\u00a0 If using as an ATR, I would have this question by me so I could help them work through the problem.\u00a0 If using as a team activity, then I would use this question in my final wrap up.\u00a0\n\nTools: Calculator, whiteboards and markers if needed\n\n\n15 minutes\n\nUse questions 2, 4, 6 from the MAD activity to go over as whole group instruction. Each of these questions have a little something extra that students had to think about when trying to solve them. \u00a0 Allow students to come to the board to show how they solved the problems.\u00a0 Students should be given time to think aloud at the board to discuss their strategies.\u00a0 Ask the audience (students not at the board) to comment on their classmates work.\u00a0 Did they solve it the same way?\u00a0 Did they use a different strategy or did they come up with a different solution?\n\nToday\u2019s lesson objective was to learn how to find the mean absolute deviation.\u00a0 Wrap up by asking the students:\n\n  \u2022 What are the steps to finding the mean absolute deviation.\n  \u2022 What does the MAD describe? Give an example of a MAD that has little variability?\u00a0 Give an example of MAD that has a large variability?\n  \u2022 Use the data set and find the MAD?\u00a0 (in power point)\n\nTools: Calculator
+__label__positive 66 terms\n\n\nexam 3\nthe best descriptive term for the resident biota is\nresident biota is absent form the\nvirulence factors include\ntoxins, enzymes, capsules\nthe specific action of hemolysinsis to\ndamage red blood cells\nthe ______ is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen and the first symptom\nperiod of incubation\na short period early in a disease that manifests with general malaise and achiness in the\na __________ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens\nmechanical vector\nan example of noncommunicatble infection is\na positive antibody test for HIV would be a _____________ of infection\nthe term infection refers to\nmicroorganisms colonizing the body\nnonspecific chemical defenses include\nlysozyme, lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat, skin's acidic pH and fatty acid, stomach hydrochloric acid\nacquired specific immunity involves the response of\nB and T lymphocytes\nrespiratory tract\nthe human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota\nduring, and immediately after birth\nwhat is not a symptom of type I hypersensitivity\ncontact dermititis\nthe region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the\nvariable region\nthe blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are\nan infectious agent that originated from outside the body is called\nwhat white blood cell comprises of 3-7% of circulating WBC's, are phagocytic and can migrate into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages\nan endotoxin is\nindicative of gram negative organisms\nwhich of the following is not a major organ that can be a target of immune complex deposition\nthe four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include what\nredness, pain, warmth, swelling\nwhat process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?\nclonal expansion\nthe leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called\nan example of artificial passive immunity would be\ngiving a person immune serum globulins to chicken pox virus after exposure to the disease\nsomeone who is inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to other is a\nan inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a\nthe study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is\nwhat are four factors that may cause my normal flora to be different than yours\ndiet, birth entry, environment, exposure to disease\nwhat is the first defensive cell to respond\nPMN (neutrophil--phagocytosis)\nwhat is the largest portal to the body\nthe respiratory portal is largest entry way\n--biggest way is actually through the eyes not from breathing directly\nwhich is most likely to get you sick: a low infectious dose or a high infectious dose?\nwhy is the skin a good defense line\nwaterproof; has multiple layers; acidic; dry; keratinized\nhow do defensins work\nthey do not move, are in with cilia and they act as a spike to break cell wall which in turn causes lysis\nwhat are the granulocytes\nmast cells\nwhat are the agranulocytes\nB & T cells\nNK cells\nwhich cells contain histamine\nbasophils and eosinophils, mast cells\nwhat are the three major lymph nodes\naxillary, lingual, cervical\nWhat organ filters blood and looks for pathogens\nIs inflammation a good or bad thing\nwhen no bacteria is present, inflammation needs to be under control because eventually tissue damage will happen to healthy tissue\nwhen bacteria is present, inflammation should be allowed for some time to help get bacteria under control\nwhat are the stages of inflammation\ninjury/immediate, vascular reactions, edema/pus formation, resolution/scar formation\nan example of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is\nlysozyme in saliva\nwhich nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea\nciliary lining\nwhich of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes\nwhich of the following is not a lymphoid tissue\nthyroid gland\nwhat is included in GALT\npeyer's patches\nmonocytes are _________ leukocytes that develop into _________\nagranular, macrophages\nan example of an exogenous pyrogen is\n_____________ interferon is secreted by ________ and is involved in destroying viruses\nalpha, NKC\nIn humans, B cells mature in the _____ and T cells mature in the ___________\nbone marrow, thymus\nsmall, simple molecules are _____ antigens\nthe cross-linkage of antigens by antibodies is known as\nT ________ cells assist in the functions of certain B cells and other T cells\nTc cells are important in controlling\nvirus infections\nwhich cells can serve as an antigen-presenting cell (APCs)\nB cells\ndendritic cells\na vaccine that contains part of virusesiscalled\nwidespread immunity that protects the population from the spread of disease is called\nherd immunity\npollen is which type of allergen\nb cells are responsible for which allergies\nasthma and anaphylaxis\nthe contact with allergen that results in symptoms is called the\nprovocative dose\nthe direct, immediate cause of allergic symptoms is the action of\nallergic mediators released from mast cells and basophils\ntheoretically, type ______ blood can be donated to all persons because it lacks __________\nO, antigens\nan example of a type III immune complex disease is\nserum sickness\ntype II hypersensitivities are due to\ncomplement-induced lysis of cells in the presence of antibodies\nrheumatoid arthritis is an _____ that affects the ________\nautoimmune disease, joints\nwhich disease would be most similar to AIDS in its pathology\nDiGeorge syndrome
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nLet $X$ be the vector space of all Lebesgue-measurable functions $f:\\left[a,b\\right]\\rightarrow\u211d$ such that $\\int^{b}_{a}\\left|f\\left(x\\right)\\right|^{2}dx<\\infty$ (Lebesgue integral). Then we can define an equivalence relation on $X$ as follows: $f \\cong g$ if $f(x)=g(x)$ almost everywhere on $\\left[a,b\\right]$. Then we construct equivalence classes $\\tilde{f}=\\{g\\in X:f\\cong g\\}$, and the vector space of these equivalence classes is $L^{2}[a,b]$, on which we define the norm $||\\tilde{f}||_{1}=\\sqrt{\\int^{b}_{a}\\left|f\\left(x\\right)\\right|^{2}dx}$ (Lebesgue integral). Now some of these equivalences classes are rather special: they contain a continuous function in them, so this is the natural choice for a representative of the equivalence class. Let $D\\subseteq L^{2}[a,b]$ be the subspace containing these special equivalence classes. My basic question is, if we assign the equivalence classes in $D$ their continuous representatives, what are the natural representatives of the other equivalence classes?\n\nWe can make this more precise. Let $C[a,b]$ be the vector space of continuous functions $f:\\left[a,b\\right]\\rightarrow\u211d$, endowed with a norm $||f||_{2}=\\sqrt{\\int^{b}_{a}\\left|f\\left(x\\right)\\right|^{2}dx}$ (Riemann or Lebesgue integral). Then the norm-completion of this space is in fact $L^{2}[a,b]$. The upshot of all this is that $D$ is dense in $L^{2}[a,b]$, and we have a norm-respecting isomorphism $T:(D,||\\cdot||_{1})\\rightarrow(C[a,b] , ||\\cdot||_{2})$ defined by $T(\\tilde{f})\\in \\tilde{f}$ (assigning each element of $D$ its continuous representative). So now the question becomes, does there exist a continuous linear extension $S$ of $T$ defined on all of $L^{2}[a,b]$ such that $S|_{D}=T$ and $S(\\tilde{f})\\in \\tilde{f}$ ? Well, $T$ is a bounded linear transformation (with operator norm 1) defined on a dense subspace, so it meets all the conditions of the BLT theorem other than the fact that its codomain is not a Banach space. Thus we have to expand $C[a,b]$ to a larger subspace of $X$, so that the codomain of $T$ becomes complete.\n\nThere are two potential ways to do this, depending on whether we define the norm $||\\cdot||_{2}$ in terms of Riemann or Lebesgue integrals. If we use Riemann integrals, we would need a subspace of $X$ consisting of Riemann-integrable functions, so we would have to answer the following in order to establish completeness: if $f_{n}\\rightarrow f$ with respect to the the $||\\cdot||_{2}$ (where $f$ need not be continuous), is $f$ necessarily Riemann integrable? (My first instinct is no, because Riemann-integrability requires boundedness, and you can have a sequence of continuous functions with ever-increasing bounds, so that the limit is unbounded). If we use Lebesgue integrals, we would need to ensure that two distinct elements of the subspace cannot have zero distance, so we would have to answer the following: if $f_{n}\\rightarrow f$ and $g_{n}\\rightarrow g$ with respect to the $||\\cdot||_{2}$ norm (where $f$ and $g$ need not be continuous) and $f(x)=g(x)$ almost everywhere on $[a,b]$, then are $f$ and $g$ necessarily the same function? (Again I fear the answer is no, because perhaps you can have a sequence of continuous functions that converges to a function with a removable discontinuity).\n\nI know I've included a lot of convoluted detail, but my fundamental question is relatively simple: can we replace the equivalence classes in $L^{2}[a,b]$ with natural representative functions, using continuous representatives where possible? Or to put it another way: does there exist a subspace $Y$ of $X$ containing $C[a,b]$, on which we can define a norm which will make it isomorphic to $L^{2}[a,b]$?\n\nEDIT: As Gerald has pointed out, a simpler way to phrase my question is that I want a lifting of $L^{2}[a,b]$ or more generally $L^{2}(\u211d^{3})$.\n\nAny help would be greatly appreciated.\n\nThank You in Advance.\n\nshare|improve this question\nEven for the slightly more general case of equivalence classes containing piecewise continuous functions I don't see a natural way to proceed. How do we decide between $1_{(0, 1]}$ and $1_{[0, 1)}$ for example? \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Jan 1 '12 at 0:03\nDepending on one's ulterior goals, it might be useful to relate this to Sobolev space business. Let's look at the circle, instead of $[a,b]$, to dodge endpoint issues. Then $L^2(S^1)$ consists of constants + image of Sobolev space $H^2(S^1)$ under $d^2/dx^2$. By Sobolev imbedding/inequality, $H^2(S^1)$ is contained in $C^o(S^1)$, so functions in the \"space of equivalence classes\" $H^2(S^1)$ have a unique continuous representative. (Not all continuous functions are in $H^2$...) Then $L^2(S^1)$ is the image, plus constants. (If this direction is of interest, it is easy to elaborate...) \u2013\u00a0 paul garrett Jan 1 '12 at 0:10\nYemon, I mean something much more restrictive. I want $Y$ to be endowed with the specific norm $||f||=\\sqrt{\\int^{b}_{a}\\left|f\\left(x\\right)\\right|^{2}dx}$, but I'm open to this integral being either Riemann or Lebesgue. \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 1 '12 at 2:28\nPaul, I don't think I know enough to know whether or not Sobolev spaces is the direction I want to go in, but I can tell you my ulterior motive: quantum mechanics. $L^{2}(\u211d^{3})$ is a space of equivalence classes, but in QM you need to actually evaluate wavefunctions at points, so you need to choose representatives. In most common situations, the wavefunction is required to be continuous, so you choose a continuous representative out of an equivalence class that has one. But if you don't have continuity (which is possible!), the question becomes how can you choose a representative? \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 1 '12 at 16:27\nI would imagine that in practice it is not actually necessary to evaluate wave functions at every single point in order to do quantum mechanics. For instance, one can often proceed by interpreting all the equations of quantum mechanics in a distributional sense rather than a pointwise sense (note that the theory of distributions are very well adapted to linear PDE of the type encountered in QM). In many cases, the formal computations that appeared to require some regularity hypotheses can often be extended to the distributional setting by duality or a limiting argument. \u2013\u00a0 Terry Tao Jan 2 '12 at 18:44\n\n4 Answers 4\n\nYes and no.\n\nThe yes part is the Zorn lemma: consider the set of all subspaces $L\\supset C[a,b]$ in the vector space of measurable square integrable functions such that no two functions in $L$ are equivalent partially ordered by inclusion. Since the union of any linearly ordered chain of such subspaces is such subspace again, we have a maximal such subspace $L$. It is easy to check that each square integrable function $f$ is equivalent to some function in $L$ (otherwise $\\text{span\\,}(L,f)$ is a bigger subspace).\n\nThe no part has been spelled out by Simon: no such subspace is any more reasonable or easier to put one's hands on than the Hamel basis of $\\mathbb R$.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nFedja, what guarantee is there that $L$ is complete? If you have a sequence of continuous functions which converges to a square-integrable function $f$ (in the L2 norm), what guarantee is there that $f$ is actually in $L$, not just equivalent to some function in $L$? \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 3 '12 at 23:06\nWhat do you mean? Equivalent functions are indistinguishable in $L^2$ and the limit in $L^2$ is defined up to a set of measure $0$. So, the function in $L$ that is the unique representative of the corresponding limit class is a limit of the sequence in the $L^2$-norm. Pointwise convergence has nothing to do with it. \u2013\u00a0 fedja Jan 4 '12 at 1:02\nSmall remark: Simon has withdrawn his original statement, although it seems like it should still be true \u2013\u00a0 Yemon Choi Jan 7 '12 at 2:44\n\nA \"lifting\" is exactly a choice of one element of each equivalence class. When done on $L^\\infty$, you want not only linear combinations of representatives to be representatives, but also products. There is a literature on this question. For example:\n\nTopics in the Theory of Lifting (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 2. Folge) by Alexandra Ionescu Tulcea and C. Ionescu Tulcea\n\nAlso found in the book: in a certain precise sense (which I don't remember) lifting is impossible for $L^p$ with $p<\\infty$.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nGerald, I think Tulcea's text is out of print. Do you know whether lifting is possible for $L^{2}$ is possible if we only require that linear combination of representatives yields representatives? \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 3 '12 at 23:18\n\nOne way to partially answer your last question might be the following. To each $f\\in L^2(a,b)$, first associate its Lebesgue primitive $F(x)=\\int_a ^x f(t)dt$, then define $Tf$ as one of the four Dini derivatives of $F$, e.g. $$ Tf(x)=\\limsup _{h\\to 0^+}h^{-1}(F(x+h)-F(x)).$$ Then $Tf=Tg$ everywhere if $f=g$ almost everywhere, $Tf=f$ almost everywhere, and $Tf$ is continuous if $f$ is equivalent to a continuous function. Thus the map $T$ associates to all members of a class of equivalence in $L^2$ the same function, which is the continuous representative of the class when it exists. An additional advantage is that the method is 'constructive'.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n@ Piero D'Ancona: It seems to me that the construction you give does not make $T$ linear since $T(-f)=-Tf$ need not hold. Consider for example $f:t\\mapsto 1+\\sin(t^{-1})$ on $[0,1]$ with $f(0)=0$. Would taking the average of the upper and lower Dini derivatives be a cure? \u2013\u00a0 TaQ Jan 2 '12 at 18:06\nPiero, assuming the linearity issue raised by TaQ can be resolved, this looks promising. But can Dini derivatives be defined for functions of more than one variable? I was just considering $L^{2}[a,b]$ for simplicity, but what I'm really interested in is $L^{2}(\u211d^{3})$. How would you define $T$ for that? Perhaps you could use the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator defined here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy-Littlewood_maximal_operator But you again face the issue: Wikipedia claims it's nonlinear. \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 3 '12 at 0:41\nActually, it seems to me that defining $T$ on $L^2[0,1]$ by $f\\mapsto\\frac12(D^+\\int_0f+D_+\\int_0f)$ does not make it linear either. Here $(\\int_0f)(t)=\\int_0^tf$, and $D^+$ and $D_+$ denote the upper and lower Dini derivatives from the right. But, as Terry Tao and Dmitri Pavlov have already pointed out, I also agree with the opinion that there is no need to get point values for the purpose of quantum mechanics. \u2013\u00a0 TaQ Jan 3 '12 at 18:41\nI wonder if you could use the Lebesgue differentiation theorem. Let $F(B)$ be the Lebesgue integral of $F$ over the open ball $B$, and let $Tf(x)=\\lim{|B|\\to 0}\\frac{F(B)}{|B|}$ where the limit is taken over open balls centered at $x$. Then $Tf=f$ almost everywhere, and thus $T$ chooses a unique representative out of each equivalence class, but does $T$ assign continuous representatives to the equivalence classes that have them, and is $T$ linear? If that doesn't work, is there anything we can do with the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator? Does anyone know why it's not linear? \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 3 '12 at 23:55\nThen you do not get a vector space of functions since $+\\infty$ and $-\\infty$ cannot be added. \u2013\u00a0 TaQ Jan 5 '12 at 18:45\n\nWell, there is a general sense in which your question can be answered in the affirmative. X = L^2 is a Banach space, and every Banach space X can be represented linearly and isometrically as a subspace of the continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space K. The points of K are the continuous linear functionals on X. You deal with point functopns, not equivalence classes, but you have greatly extended the space of points.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n... it should read \"continuous linear functionals of norm <= 1\" ... \u2013\u00a0 Fred Dashiell Jan 2 '12 at 4:04\nI suppose this makes sense from a quantum mechanics standpoint; $X$ can consists of the vectors in the ket space, and $K$ can consist of normalized vectors (or \"rays\") in the bra space. \u2013\u00a0 Keshav Srinivasan Jan 3 '12 at 1:27\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive SAP HCM Interview Questions\n\nSAP HCM Interview Questions\n\nList The Various Components Of The Enterprise Structure In Systems, Applications, And Products (SAP) In Human Capital Management (HCM)?\n\nThe components of the enterprise structure in SAP HCM are given as follows:\n\n  1. Client\n  2. Company code\n  3. Personnel area\n  4. Personnel subarea\n\nWhat Is Client In The SAP System?\n\nIn the SAP R/3 (R stands for Real-time) system, a client is an organization and a legal entity. A client is positioned at the highest level among all the organizational units. It contains the master data of various business processes, such as customers, products, and vendors. A three-digit number is used to represent clients in the SAP R/3 system.\n\nWhat Is Company Code?\n\nA company code is a unique four-character alphanumeric code that represents a legally independent enterprise.\n\nWhat Is Personnel Area?\n\nA personnel area is a subunit of company code. It is identified as an organizational unit representing an area in an enterprise, which is organized according to personnel administration, time management, and payroll accounting criteria. It is represented as a four-character alphanumeric code. For example, the personnel area code for a corporation is CORP.\n\nWhat Are Personnel Subareas?\n\nA personnel subarea is a part of personnel area, which can be subdivided according to the geographical location or the strategic line of business. It is represented as a four-character alphanumeric code. For example, if the branches or locations of an organization are defined as personnel area, then its departments, such as HR and ADMIN, are the personnel subareas of the organization.\n\nWhat Is SAP HCM Workflow?\n\nThe SAP HCM Workflow automates business processes and assigns tasks to appropriate person at the right time.\n\nWhat Do You Mean By Infotypes In SAP HCM?\n\nInfotypes are referred to as system-controlled characteristics of employees. Information related to employee is stored in the form of Infotypes,\n\nwhich are represented by a four-digit numeric code given as follows:\n\n  1. 0000 for actions\n  2. 0001 for organizational assignment\n  3. 0002 for personal data\n  4. 0003 for payroll status\n\nWhat Are Features In SAP HCM?\n\nFeatures are decision trees customized in the Implementation Guide (IMG) screen in SAP HCM that are made up of technical fields whose values are defaulted in the easy access.\n\nHow Do You Hire A New Employee?\n\nA new employee is hired with the PA40 transaction code. After that, all the Infotypes are maintained for the employee by using the PA30 transaction code.\n\nWhat are the three administrators ?\n\nThe three administrators are :\n\n  1. Personnel Administrator \u00a0\n  2. Payroll Administrator\n  3. Time Administrator\n\nHow does any company use an organizational plan?\n\nThe company organization structure and reporting structure is represented through the organization plan. The active plan version is the current plan version and the other plan versions are considered as various planning Stages. Used for manpower planning. Normally plan version\"01\" is always made the active plan version.\n\nWhat is an evaluation path?\n\nAn evaluation path describes a chain of relationships that exists between individual organizational objects in the organizational plan.\n\nYou can maintain evaluation paths on img -> Personnel Management ->Organization Management-> Basic Settings-> Maintain Evaluation Paths .\n\nWhat is the difference between a job and a position?\n\nJob is not concrete, it is is generic.(Eg: Manager, Assistant Manager, Consultant). Positions are related to persons .Position is concrete and specific which are occupied by Persons. (Eg: Manager \u2013 Finance , Consultant \u2013 SAP HR).\n\nWhat are Dynamic Actions? Give few examples?\n\nDynamic actions when triggered by the system. They are result of some personnel action. If changes are made (personnel action) to the personnel data of an info type, then has an effect on the data of a second info type, the system automatically displays the info type. One of the main purposes of the dynamic action (of the system) is to have a consistent and coherent data. These actions are started automatically by the system, unlike the Personnel actions which you start by yourself. The best example is when an action is carried out like hiring; it needs to populate a set of info types. In the initial entry of details in info type 0000 is personnel action. Then the system automatically displays next info types- which are result of dynamic action.\n\nSAP HCM Training\n\nWhat is the difference between Indian and US Payroll?\n\nDoes each of them have their own ITs and the taxation differs? Yes, since the Benefits which are more important in US. In US unemployment tax will come. Garnishments will come, Residence taxation, Work tax and others.\n\nHow can we evaluate wage types indirectly ?\n\nYou must define the characteristics of the wage-type to be evaluated indirectly. To do this, go to the IMG under Payroll *: Reimbursements, Allowances and Perks \u00ae Maintain Wage Type Characteristics.\n\nIn this activity, if the wage type has to be Indirectly Evaluated, you must first assign INVAL in the Indirect eval.module field.\n\nThen, you must assign the Module variant(A,B,C,D) for the wage type.Now when you populate the Basic Pay infotype (0008), the configured wage types will get defaulted, and those wage types configured for INVAL will also have their amounts defaulted.\n\nWhat ways are there to perform pay scale reassignment ?\n\nYou can reassign pay scale to any position through position maintenance(PO13). Go to change planned compensation and reassign the pay scale to the desired position.\n\n  \u2022 Simple and extended pay increases\n  \u2022 Simple Standard Pay Increase\n  \u2022 Go to reporting. In the Program field enter report RPU51000.\n  \u2022 The selection screen for the report is displayed.\n\nIn the Pay Scale Group, Pay Scale Level and Wage Type fields, enter the employees who should receive a standard pay increase. Enter the date from which the Customizing settings should be changed. In the Increase and Rounding sections, enter the necessary data, for example, an increasing amount or an increase percentage rate.\n\nThe amount of the indirectly valuated wage types is adjusted according to the data in the Customizing settings. No new infotype records have been created in the Basic Pay infotype (0008).\n\nExtended Standard Pay Increase\n\nIn the Program field enter report RPITRF00.In the Selection section, enter the selection criteria you want to use to effect an extended standard pay increase.\n\nChoose Batch Input.\n\nIf you do not select Batch Input, the pay scale reclassification will only be simulated. A results log is displayed, that you can evaluate as required.If necessary, enter the pay scale structure for which you want to effect a standard pay increase.\n\nProcess the batch input session.\n\nThe payments for the selected employees have been adjusted in accordance with the data specified in Customizing. New infotype records have been created in the Basic Pay infotype (0008).\n\nWhat is the employee subgroup grouping for primary wage types used for?\n\nYou can use these groupings to specify which wage types may be entered for which employee subgroups.\n\nThrough which T-Code you are able to create a remuneration statement?\n\nPC00_Mxx_CEDT (xx - denotes the molga for a country)\n\nHow can you define default wage types for the Basic Pay Infotype?\n\nThe system can suggest a default wage type for basic pay (IT0008), to do this appropriate wage type must be included in a wage type model. Here you define the default wage types and the sequence how they should appear in the infotype Basic Pay and whether you can overwrite the defaulted wage type or not.\n\nPersonnel Management -> Personnel Administration -> Payroll data -> Basic Pay -> Wage Type ->\n\nRevise Default Wage Types\n\nAfter setting wage type model, LGMST feature needs to be defined. Feature LGMST has two return values: firstly, the maximum number of wage types that can be entered in the Basic Pay infotype (IT0008), and secondly, the wage type model the system is to use, which was defined above.\n\nTo access feature LGMST use following SPRO path or transaction PE03.\n\nSPRO: Personnel Management -> Personnel Administration -> Payroll data -> Basic Pay -> Wage Type -> Enterprise Structure for Wage Type Model\n\nIn which feature, default wage type is defined for Basic Pay Infotype?\n\n\nHow does the system know when to trigger retroactive accounting for a particular employee?\n\nRetroactive accounting recognition consists of four steps:\n\n  \u2022 If you edit an infotype that is relevant to retroactive accounting, the system enters the start date of the changed infotype record in the following fields of infotype 0003 Payroll Status:\n\n    \u2022 Earliest MD change (earliest master data change since last payroll run)\n    \u2022 MD chng.bonus (earliest payroll-relevant master data change (bonus)). This field is only displayed for specific country groupings, it is not displayed for all personnel numbers.\n\n  \u2022 During the next regular payroll run or correction run (off-cycle payroll type B), the system determines whether the date in the Earliest MD change and (if applicable) MD chng.bonus fields comes before the date in the Accounted to field.\n  \u2022 If this is the case, the system performs retroactive accounting. It starts with the payroll period in which the date entered in the Earliest MD change and MD chng.bonus fields occurs. The system recalculates all payroll periods that lie between the date in the Earliest MD change and MD chng.bonus fields and the date in the Accounted to field.\n  \u2022 The system deletes the date in the Earliest MD change and MD chng.bonus fields\n\nWhat activities are possible when the payroll control record is set to \u201cReleased for Payroll\u201d?\n\nIf you choose the function Release Payroll from the menu, you are prevented from changing infotype data records if such changes affect the past or present. This lock applies to the personnel numbers included in the payroll area concerned. Changes that affect the future are still permitted. You must execute this function in the menu before starting the payroll. If the status of the payroll control record was previously Exit Payroll, the Release Payroll function also has the effect of increasing the period in the payroll control record by 1.\n\nCan a posting run be deleted?\n\nYes It can be reversed before the Bank transfer.Once the transfer is done the payments need to be adjusted in the next payments.\n\nDifference between PCR and CAP?\n\nDifference between PCR and CAP is mentioned below:\n\nPCR - The Personnel Calculation rule allows how one wage type is to be processed in different ways in payroll accounting.\n\nCAP - CAP is Collective Agreement Provision based on which the different groups of Employees are eligible for different kinds of pay scale structures and benefits and so on. CAP is based on the following components :\n\n  1. Pay scale type\n  2. Pay scale area\n  3. Employee subgroup grouping for CAP\n  4. Pay Scale Group and Pay Scale Level\n\nAn employee subgroup grouping for collective agreement provisions combines subgroups which are governed by the same valid collective agreement provisions. A provision is a specific labor law regulation within the collective agreement.\n\nNaming convention for wage types\n\nThe following naming conventions are used for wage types:\n\n  \u2022 /0** \u2013 valuation bases\n  \u2022 /1** \u2013 cumulation of gross amount\n  \u2022 /2** \u2013 averages\n  \u2022 /3** \u2013 country-specific, usually for social insurance\n  \u2022 /4** \u2013 country-specific, usually for tax\n  \u2022 /5** \u2013 legal net\n  \u2022 /7** \u2013 wage/salary plus ER shares\n  \u2022 /8** \u2013 \u00a0factoring\n  \u2022 /84* \u2013 cost accounting\n  \u2022 /A** \u2013 outgoing wage types in retroactive accounting period\n  \u2022 /Z** \u2013 incoming wage types from the previous period\n\nDo you know in OM -> copy plan version?\n\n\u00a0To copy plan version use the Tcode: RE_RHCOPL00.\n\nThis report is only for copying objects from one plan version to another plan version to keep updated structures Always only one plan version would be active which is current. This report does not help to copy any master data.\n\nCan a posting run be deleted?\n\nYes, It can be reversed before the Bank transfer. Once the transfer is done the payments need to be adjusted in the next payments.\n\nWhat activities are possible when the payroll control record is set to \"Released for Payroll \"?\n\nWhen you set the status to Released for payroll you cant make any change to master data. Its actually released for payroll.\n\nIs it possible to branch directly from the payroll log to master data and time data maintenance\n\nYes, you can go in separate sessions.\n\nPayroll Results\n\nHow do you post the payroll results to FICO? I created one symbolic account and assigned the same to Salaries GL Account and then completed the other configuration steps needed to complete the procedure.\n\nHowever, when I tried to run the simulation for posting to FICO, I got the message \u201cDocument is not generated\u201d.\n\nIf you have selected \u201cOutput Log\u201d at the beginning of your configuration procedure, it will tell you at the bottom part what went wrong.\n\nDeduction Wage Type\n\nWe have a deduction wage type displayed in the window of our pay slip that shows a negative value.This causes problems and we have tried several measures to correct this including conversion rule 16 for our wage type in the same window but so far, without any success. How can we correct or delete the negative sign?\n\nYou can review OSS Note 406977.\n\nThis is a collective note of issues with RPCEDTx0 with examples of problems and solutions.\n\nPayroll Simulation\n\nHow do I correct the payroll simulation entry and check the correctness of our master data? What if one hundred employees get rejected due to error 167-process health plans? What does the following error mean: \u201cNo entry for plan DENT/cost variant. FMDN/key////x00000000000000\u201d ?\n\nYou should check for the cost element associated and the validity of cost rule for this plan. To do this, check your configuration under Benefits>Plans>Health Plans>Define cost variant and define cost rules.\n\nPayroll Simulation\n\nWhy is the system not picking up the values changed this month by default during payroll simulation? However, when I tried last month\u2019s retro date, it picks up correctly. How can this issue be corrected?\n\nYou can check the \u201cEarliest MD (master data) change\u201d date on infotype 0003. If you have done that already and payroll simulation still doesn\u2019t function by default, then there is a problem with your infotype and/or wage type retro settings. Check table T582A.\n\nSingle Payroll\n\nIs it possible to configure a single payroll to pay an individual in multiple currencies?\n\nNo. The system can be configured to pay in multiple currencies but not to pay an individual in multiple currencies.\n\n\nI need to capture a reason in the \"additional payment\" IT0015. The reason code is \u201csave\u201d in this infotype. I tried to capture for reason an Example to ADDWT 9999 if Reason ADDWT9998. How can I check the reason in IT0015 for accuracy?\n\nYou can try using this to start with: \u2018TABLE P0015 > VARGB PREAS\u2019\n\nThen, use the variable key to define the different reasons.\n\nWhich characteristics does a day with day type 1 have?\n\nIts OFF and Paid\n\n\nYou have to mention the retro active accounting date in IT 0003 in the relevant field. Otherwise it will take the earlier hiring date.\n\nIs it possible to branch directly from the payroll log to maser data and time data maintenance?\n\nYes you can go in separate sessions.\\\n\nWhat Do You Understand By Personnel Structure?\n\nPersonnel structure is defined as the structure of employees in an organization. It comprises employee groups and employee subgroups.\n\nThe employee group allows you to divide employees into groups and define their relationship to the enterprise.\n\nFollowing are some important organizational functions that can be performed using an employee group:\n\nCreating default values when data is input, such as creating default values for the payroll accounting area or basic pay of the employee\n\nCreating a criteria of selection to be used during evaluations\n\nCreating a unit to be used for authorization check.\n\nWhat Is Shift Planning?\n\nShift Planning is a component of Personnel Time Management. It is used to plan the shift time and location of the employees according to their qualification and the number of job requirements. The document used to record this information is called planned shift document, which is also known as roster.
+__label__positive \n\nLooking For Something at vustudents.ning.com? Click Here to Search\n\n\n+ Link For Assignments, GDBs & Online Quizzes Solution\n\n\n\n\n\nYe can share your paper here.\n\n\n+ How to Join Subject Study Groups & Get Helping Material?\n\n\n\nSee Your Saved Posts Timeline\n\nViews: 285\n\n\n\n\n\n+ Click Here To Join (Our facebook study Group)\n\nReplies to This Discussion\n\n: Mgt301 24/feb @8am ....bacho wala paper aya ... mcqs 100% past paers se ... short long questions 10 ae .. jis m ager ap sales wale ho tu bohat ezly paper kr sakte ho ... advertising k 2 question the ... market mixing ka ek ...or baqi agramm shagramm\n\nMgt301 40 mcq mostly 25 to 37.10q from past paper mcq difficult confusion Waly thy subjective easy tha.direct marketing.cut price effect on company,difeence b/w prsnl selling and advertisig,new products price stgy,VMS mn coperat n adminstrator,2 conceptual thy.time shortage agaye thi\n\nkindly share the past paper file\n\nkoi tu share kr dyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy\n\n\ncurrent solved papers hainye\n\nMGT301 final term papers\n\nAre Services different from products?..If yes then HOW?\nDefine Business Market...What are the characteristics of Business Market\nWhat do u understand by business market and Business buying process?\nWhat are the three main steps which planners should think about?\n\nTotal 32 questions\n28 mcq's mostly from past papers, 4 subjective ques\u00a0\nWhy it is important to divide international market into segments? (3 marks)\nWhat are the uses of market research? (3 marks)\nWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of micro-environment marketing? (5 marks)\nsorry I forget 1 question of 5 marks\n\nMGT 301\nTotal question 32\nTotal mcq 28\nTwo question 3 marks\nTwo question 5 marks\n22 mcqs old papers and 6 mcqs new\u00a0\nwhat is a difference between idea generation and idea screening 3 marks\nNew product development related question 3 marks\nDefine the marketing research and describe four marketing research 5 marks\nlast question 5 marks\n\n\n\nWhat do u understand by business market and Businesss buying process?\n\nWhat are the three main steps which planners should think about?\n\nIf a comapny ABC is goin to launch a new product in tareget market They are looking the name of goods and what is the good characteristics of goods?\nMarketing researchers usually draw conclusions about large groups of consumers by\nwhat is the individual difference of adoption of innovation?\nsorry i forget 1 question of 3marks\n\nAdvantages of Adoption innovation 3 Marks\nExplain the Research process n characteristic 3 Marks\nResearch Groups and why important for the marketer 5 marks.\nif a company want s new business start and he decide to enter in the market how n why and why need to brand name. 5 Marks\n\n\nToday mgt 301 paper\n\nSocial media ke definition + three site names of social media.A company give full serives\u00a0 why explain.E_marketing definition.\n\n\n\nMgt301 4th March, 11:00am\n\n40 Mcqs: 5 mcqs were from past papers and the rest of them were from handouts.\n\n\nAdvertising styles.\n\nSocial media marketing.\n\nPricing techniques in small and large organizations.\n\nA statement was given. Identify distribution technique and explain.\n\nFor attraction of customer, what new marketing strategies should be followed by retailers.\n\nPersonal selling technique.\n\nList down 3 search engines.\n\nWrite down 3 social marketing sites.\n\nPaper was easy overall.\n\nBest of luck.\n\n1. As a manager your target is promotion of product. Describe the steps.\n\n2. What is difference between E-commerce, E-Marketing and E-Business.\n\njazak allah khair\n\nAssalam o alikum\n\nmgt301 modules 1-5\n\n\nAssalam o alikum\n\n\n(5 marks)\n\n==>\" Consumers are making purchase decisions based on recommendations from social networks\u201d. Do you agree with this statement in the context of current digital age?\n\n==>Define public relations and explain what are the major public relations decisions which marketers have to take?\n\n==>Enlist all promotional tools and explain any one of them in detail.\n\n==>Enlist the steps involved in channel design decisions and explain the types of intermediaries available for channel design decisions.\n\n==>Define discount and allowance pricing strategy. Explain what are the four types of discounts that can be used to adjust prices?\n\n\n(3 marks)\n\n==>Briefly describe the term \"E-marketing\"\n\n==>Direct mail marketing involves sending offers, announcements, reminder, and other items to customers on their specific address. What could be the advantages of direct mail marketing?\n\n==>Describe different situations where organizations can practice the sales promotion technique.\n\n==>If the Samsung company unexpectedly cuts the\u00a0 prices of its LCDs to one third. As a buyer how would you perceive this price cut?\n\n==>Companies keep various objectives while setting the pricing strategies for their products. State any two marketing objectives that affect the pricing decisions.\n\n\n\nToday Top Members\u00a0\n\n\u00a9 2020 \u00a0 Created by + M.Tariq Malik. \u00a0 Powered by\n
+__label__positive Correct the mistakes 1.the pyramids are in the is a hourglass.3. tne mark is a student.4.i have got a is an earth is a planet.7.they have got a old car.\n\n\n\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\n\n1. The pyramids are in Egypt.\n2. It's an hourglass.\n3. Mark is a student.\n4. I have got the milk. (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 the)\n5. It is\u00a0a house.\n\n6. The Earth is a planet.\n\n7. They have got an old car.\n\n\u0412\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a...
+__label__positive Take the tour \u00d7\n\nI'm trying to prove that a set of all sets does not exist, meaning that the following does not exist: $$ D = \\{ S \\mid S \\text{ is a set} \\} $$ I can use Cantor's Theorem and the proof of cardinality of sets which says that if $A\u2286B$ then $A\u2264B$. But I'm stuck with where to go next.\n\nshare|improve this question\nadd comment\n\n2 Answers\n\nup vote 7 down vote accepted\n\nIf there were a set $D$ containing every set $S$ as an element, consider the power set $P(D)$. The elements of $P(D)$ are subsets of $D$, so in particular they are sets, so we must have $P(D) \\subseteq D$. Why does this contradict Cantor's Theorem?\n\nOne more technical push: if $\\iota: A \\hookrightarrow B$ is an injection of nonempty sets, then there is a surjection $s: B \\rightarrow A$. To define $s$, let $a_0 \\in A$. Then for $b \\in B$, if $b$ lies in the image $\\iota(A)$ then we must have $b = \\iota(a)$ for a unique $a$, and we set $\\sigma(b) = a$. If $b$ does not lie in $\\iota(A)$, we set $\\sigma(b) = a_0$. (For the cognoscenti: this does not use the Axiom of Choice. The converse does.)\n\nshare|improve this answer\nIt contradicts Cantor's Theorem because Cantor's Theorem says that the set of all subsets of a set must have a greater carindality than the set itself. But what D implies is that the set of all subsets of D is a subset of D, but because the cardinality of P(D) > D, we know that it's wrong. \u2013\u00a0 Jose Jul 24 at 20:40\nIs my explanation correct? Do I need to formalize that more? \u2013\u00a0 Jose Jul 24 at 20:52\nWhat you've said is correct. Some people might prefer more attention paid to subtleties in the meaning of $A \\leq B$ for sets: this means (right?) that there is an injection $\\iota: A \\rightarrow B$; $A < B$ means $A \\leq B$ and $A \\not \\equiv B$: there is no bijection between them. What Cantor's Theorem says is that there is no surjection $s: D \\rightarrow P(D)$.... \u2013\u00a0 Pete L. Clark Jul 24 at 20:53\nBy the second paragraph in my answer, this implies that $P(D) \\not \\leq D$. To get from this to $P(D) > D$ you need (I believe) to use cardinal trichotomy, i.e., that for any two sets $A$ and $B$, either $A < B$, $A \\equiv B$ or $A > B$, but this uses The Axiom of Choice. However, we don't need this since we already have both $P(D) \\leq D$ and $P(D) \\not \\leq D$: contradiction. I don't know whether cardinal trichotomy is something you can make use of, so I phrased my answer so as to avoid it. \u2013\u00a0 Pete L. Clark Jul 24 at 20:56\nThanks Pete, I'm fine with keeping this simple as I haven't learned about The Axiom of Choice yet. If possible, can you expand on the subtleties of this proof? I think I have the overall concept right, but I'm missing some details that make it rigorous. \u2013\u00a0 Jose Jul 24 at 20:58\nadd comment\n\nSince you seem to have an \"is a set\" predicate, I assume you are not using standard ZFC set theory. Not a problem. I also assume you are not necessarily prohibiting set self-membership. Much easier then, without using Cantor's theorem or cardinality, is to first assume to the contrary the existence of your $D$. Then select the subset $R$ of $D$ consisting of those and only those sets are that are not elements of themselves. This leads to the well known contradiction from Russell's Paradox since $R$, the so-called Russell Set, would also itself be a set. So, $D$, as defined here, cannot exist.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nadd comment\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Forum Thread: How to Use the Pythagorean Theorem to Solve Word Problems.\n\nApply the Pythagorean Theorem\nToday we are going to look at applying the Pythagorean Theorem.\nExample problem. A 12 foot ladder is placed four feet from the base of a wall,\nhow far up the wall will the ladder reach?\n\nRules of working with a word problems in Geometry.\nFirst rule is that you always draw a picture.\nGet out your marker and draw a scenario of what this situation looks like.\nThen I want you to label it.\nTake all the information and label the picture, and since this is the Pythagorean Theorem.\n\nWe will identify where is A where is B and where is C and then we will plug everything into the Pythagorean Theorem, and solve for the unknown.\n\nSo let's go through the steps.\n\nLet's draw a picture. We have a wall and we have a ladder leaning against the wall. (Draws this) and now let's label what we know.\n\nWe know this is a 12 foot ladder, and it is placed four feet from the base of the wall.\n\nThat means my four feet is here. (points to bottom of triangle) and I have the right angle here.\n\nNow opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse or C that means the floor is B so A is missing.\n\nI have now identified A, B, and C.\n\nApply the Pythagorean Theorem.\n\nSo let's square these out, four squared is 16, and 12 squared is 144 ,and I don't know my A squared.\n\nNow, let's subtract 16 from both sides.\nTo undo a square you take the square root so the square root of 128, so to find the square root of 128\n\nMake a factor tree.\nA = 8 is how far up the ladder will reach.\n\nYou could also get the decimal version by originally taking the square root of 128 on your calculator, but the exact answer is 8 square 2. Hope this was helpful.\n\nPythagorean Theorem word problems\n\nPythagorean Theorem word problems Directions for solving Pythagorean Theorem word problems. Includes many example word problems,and video tutorials\n\nBe the First to Respond\n\nShare Your Thoughts\n\n  \u2022 Hot\n  \u2022 Active
+__label__positive Psychodynamic Assumptions Flashcards Preview\n\nPsychology C1 > Psychodynamic Assumptions > Flashcards\n\nFlashcards in Psychodynamic Assumptions Deck (22):\n\nWhat are the 3 assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?\n\nInfluence of childhood experiences\nThe unconscious mind\nTripartite personality\n\n\nWhat is the Id?\n\n~Pleasure principle\nAims to gain pleasure and gratification at any cost\nUnconscious part of our personality\nPresent at birth\n\n\nWhat is the Ego?\n\n~Reality principle\nBalances the demands of the Id in a socially acceptable way\nConscious rational part of the mind\nDevelops around age 2\n\n\nWhat is the Superego?\n\nA persons sense of right as wrong as well as their ideal self\nSeeks to perfect and civilise behaviour\nLearned through identifying with ones parents, peers etc\nDevelops around age 4\n\n\nThe Id and the superego are often in conflict, how does the Ego resolve this?\n\nIt acts as a referee by considering the consequences of actions\n\n\nWhat does each stage of the psychosexual stages represent?\n\nThe fixation of libido (sexual drives\\instincts) on a different area of the body\n\n\nProblems at any psychosexual stage can lead to what?\n\nA child being fixated at the part of the body associated with this stage which will have an effect on personality\n\n\nHow can fixation occur?\n\nThrough frustration (when a stage is not resolved because the child\u2019s needs have not been met) OR overindulgence (when the needs of the child are over satisfied)\n\n\nWhat are the 5 psychosexual stages?\n\nOral (0-18 months)\nAnal (18 months- 3 years)\nPhallic (3-5 years)\nLatency (5 years- puberty)\nGenital (puberty onwards)\n\n\nAt each psychosexual stage what is the libido focus?\n\nOral- mouth: focus on breastfeeding\nAnal- anus: focus on potty training\nPhallic-genitals: masturbation and the Oedipus Complex\nLatency-little/no sexual motivation- focus on understanding the world and developing relationships\nGenital- genitals and heterosexual intercourse\n\n\nWhat is the outcome of overindulgence and frustration at the oral and anal stage?\n\nOverindulgence: they are fed too much or too often, as adults they may be optimistic or too dependent on others\nFrustration: aggressive adults or full of envy\n\nOverindulgence: messy, disorganised\nFrustration: overly tidy, possessive\n\n\nWhat are the 3 different levels of consciousness?\n\nThe conscious\nThe preconscious\nThe unconscious\n\n\nWhat is the conscious mind?\n\nWhat we are currently thinking and feeling and aware of. Logical and rational\n\n\nWhat is the preconscious mind?\n\nThe level just under the surface: what we are not currently thinking about by could be aware of it if we thought about it- similar to memories\n\n\nWhat is the unconscious mind?\n\nCannot be directly accessed, it is irrational and ruled by pleasure seeking\nIt is where all our repressed thoughts and feelings and contained\n\n\nWhat is a Freudian slip?\n\nWhen you say something accidentally which reveals something you are unaware of. It can happen when things which are unavailable to the conscious mind seep through and have an effect in our behaviour\n\n\nWhat are ego defence mechanisms?\n\nWhen conflicts between the id, ego and superego create anxiety, the ego protects itself using ego-defence mechanisms. These defences can cause disturbed behaviour if over used\n\n\nAside from ego defence mechanisms, what are 3 other types of defence mechanisms?\n\nDisplacement: transfer of impulses from one person or object to another\nProtection: undesirable thoughts are attributed to someone else\nRepression: pushing painful memories deep down into our unconscious mind, so they are effectively forgotten\n\n\nWhat is the libido focus at the phallic stage?\n\nThe Oedipus complex\n\n\nWhat is the outcome of fixation at the phallic stage?\n\nSelf assured, vain and problems with sexuality\n\n\nWhat is the outcome of fixation at the latency stage?\n\nNo fixation as no pleasure focus\n\n\nWhat is the outcome of fixation at the genital stage?\n\nWell-developed adult personality
+__label__positive Question DetailsNormal\n$ 30.00\nEntrepreneurs whose actions make current products and technologies\nQuestion posted by\n\nQuestion 1\n\nEntrepreneurs whose actions make current products and technologies obsolete adversely affect the economy.\n\n\n\nQuestion 2\n\nAn organizational feasibility analysis consists of judging the management's prowess (skill) and resource sufficiency.\n\n\n\nQuestion 3\n\nFor an entrepreneur, the advantages of becoming a franchisee include ALL below EXCEPT:\n\na. A proven product within an established market\n\n\u00a0b. franchisor's ongoing support\n\nc. cost of the franchise\n\nd. availability of financing\n\nQuestion 4\n\nThe purpose of a business plan is not to force an entrepreneur to systematically think through the new venture.\n\n\n\nQuestion 5\n\nThe reason given most commonly for becoming an entrepreneur is having a passion for the business.\n\n\n\n\nQuestion 6\n\nThe reason for planning growth of an entrepreurial firm is:\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Capturing economies of scale to lower buying costs and production costs\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Capturing economies of scope to expand product lines\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ability to attract and retain talented employees\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Market leadership\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All of the above\n\nQuestion 7\n\nExpression of an entrepreneurial idea is not copyrightable, but the actual idea\u00a0is copyrightable.\n\n\n\nQuestion 8\n\nThe entrepreneurial process always includes ALL of the following EXCEPT\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Developing business ideas.\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Deciding to be an entrepreneur\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Planning to go public\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Moving from an idea to an entrepreneurial firm\n\nQuestion 9\n\nGenerally, industries are more attractive when the threat of substitutes is ________.\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0High\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0low\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0neutral (neither high or low)\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0high for manufacturing firms and low for service firms\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0high for service firms and low for manufacturing firms\n\nQuestion 10\n\nIn general, industries are more attractive when the ________.\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0majority of the threats are high\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0majority of the threats are low\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0threat of each of the forces is neutral-neither low nor high\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0threat of each of the five forces is high\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0threat of each of the five forces is low\n\nQuestion 11\n\nFinding ways to avoid need for external funding through creativity or any means necessary is called \"seeding.\"\u00a0\n\n\n\nQuestion 12\n\nWhich of the following statements about target markets is incorrect?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0If you don\u2019t know who your target customers are, you won't be able to assess whether you are meeting their needs\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Targeting your market is simply defining who your primary customer will be.\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0By focusing on a target market, a firm can usually avoid head-to-head competition with competitive leaders and can serve a specialized market.\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A target market is a place within a larger market segment that represents a narrower group of customers with similar needs.\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It's easter to be \"all things to all people\" than to focus on a narrower market.\n\nQuestion 13\n\nRewards-based \"crowdfunding\" raises money for entrepreneurs in exchange for equity in the business.\n\n\n\nQuestion 14\n\n________ is the process of determining whether a business idea is viable\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Feasibility analysis\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Opportunity recognition\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Viability analysis\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Achievability analysis\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Scenario analysis\n\nQuestion 15\n\nAccording to the textbook, how do well-managed firms respond to the five forces that determine industry profitability?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They switch industries if the forces are too compelling.\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They focus on one force intently and excel by overcoming that force.\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They overcome each of the forces.\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They ignore the forces.\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They try to position their firms in a way that avoids or diminishes the forces.\n\nQuestion 16\n\nMarketing action that results in a product being thought of differently by consumers is called:\u00a0(choose one)\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0consumer commercialization\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0skimming\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0market segmentation\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0penetration\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0repositioning\n\n\nQuestion 17\n\nIn most industries, the major determinant of industry profitability is the level of competition among the firms already competing in the industry.\n\n\n\nQuestion 18\n\nOnce a firm decides to enter an industry and chooses a market in which to compete, it must gain an understanding of its competitive environment. This challenge can be undertaken by completing a(n) ________ analysis.\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Business\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Industry\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Competitor\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Strategic\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Market\n\nQuestion 19\n\n\u00a0The most important thing an entrepreneur can do to build a strong ethical culture is to lead by example.\n\n\n\nQuestion 20\n\nA complete misread of the customer is usually not fatal to business success if the business model is ambitious.\n\n\n\nQuestion 21\n\nWhich of the following is not an attribute of an attractive industry?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is young rather than old\n\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is not crowded\n\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is late rather than early in its life cycle\n\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is important to the customer\n\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is fragmented rather than concentrated\n\nQuestion 22\n\nWhich ONE of the following most is important for an entrepreneur to be successful?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Intelligence Quotient\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Desire to be wealthy\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Emotional Intelligence\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Strategic Intelligence\n\nQuestion 23\n\nA potential entrepreneurial opportunity is limited by its \"window of opportunity.\"\n\n\n\nQuestion 24\n\nMulti-level marketing (MLM) is often criticized because:\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Some multi-level marketing (MLM) firms focus more on getting new distributors rather than selling products\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Multi-level marketing usually doesn't give exclusive rights to an area or territory.\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Multi-level marketing (MLM) is often compared to a \"pyramid scheme\" since the market can become saturated as new distributors are added.\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All of the above\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0None of the above\n\nAvailable Solution\n$ 30.00\nEntrepreneurs whose actions make current products and technologies\n  \u2022 This solution has not purchased yet.\n  \u2022 Submitted On 21 Jan, 2018 06:58:18\nSolution posted by\n1. False 2. True 3. Cost of the fra...\nBuy now to view full solution.\n\n$ 629.35
+__label__positive 69 terms\n\nMuscular System\n\nWhat are the three muscle types in the body?\nskeletal, cardiac, smooth\nWhat is the endomysium?\na thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber\nWhat is the perimysium?\nconnective tissue that surrounds groups of 10-100 individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles.\nWhat is the epimysium?\nConnective tissue layer(outside muscle); an overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle\nWhere are smooth muscles found in the body?\nwalls of hollow organs (except heart) in the digestive system, blood vessels, and urinary system\nHow is cardiac muscle contraction regulated?\ninvoluntary contraction\nWhat are the functions of muscle?\nproducing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints and generating heat\nWhat is the sarcolemma?\nspecialized plasma membrane of muscle cells\nWhat is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?\nstores calcium\nWhat is myosin?\nThick filament protein with a head and elongated tail, the heads form cross bridges with the thin filaments during muscle contraction\nWhat is actin?\nThin filament protein. Twisted into a double helix and appears like a double-stranded chain of pearls. Contains the myosin-binding site.\nWhat is the neurotransmitter for muscle contraction?\nacetylcholine (ACh)\nWhat is the energy needed for muscle contraction?\nstored ATP\nWhat types of muscles are involuntary?\nsmooth and cardiac\nWhat types of muscle are striated?\nskeletal and cardiac\nWhat type of muscle is voluntary?\nWhat type of muscle has intercalated discs?\nWhere is glycogen stored in the muscle cells?\nin glycosomes\nWhat is the cytoplasm of the muscle cell?\nWhat is the light area of the sarcomere?\nI Band\nWhat structure attaches a bone to a muscle?\nWhat proteins are on actin?\ntropomysin and troponin (in skeletal muscle)\nWhat is the H Band?\nthe center part of the sarcomere that gets smaller when a muscle contracts and appears when the muscle relaxes\nWhat ion stimulates the contraction of muscle?\nWhat is the function of skeletal muscle?\nmovement of bones\nWhat type of muscle forms most of the heart?\nWhat type of muscle exhibits autorhythmicity (beats with a steady rhythm)?\nWhat type of muscle forms the walls of hollow internal structures?\nWhat type of muscles have a striped appearance?\nskeletal and cardiac\nWhat is the contractile unit of muscle?\nWhat is another name for a muscle cell?\nmuscle fiber\nWhat is the ability of an electrical impulse to stimulate a muscle cell to contract?\nWhat is the ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate a pulling force?\nWhat is the muscles' ability to be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle?\nWhat is a cross bridge?\nThe connection of a myosin head group to an actin filament during muscle contraction (the sliding filament theory)\nWhat is the ability of a muscle to recoil after being stretched?\nA sarcomere is the distance between two __ ?\nZ discs\nThe thicker filaments are the ________filaments.\nBoth actin and myosin are found in the _______band.\nWhat is troponin?\na regulatory protein that moves tropomyosin aside & exposes myosin binding sites when Ca+ is released during muscle contraction\nWhat causes the striations of skeletal muscles?\nArrangements of myofilaments\nWhat are striations?\nthe light and dark stripes in skeletal and cardiac muscles\nTrue or False--The sliding filament model of contraction involves actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening.\nWhat is tropomyosin?\nIt is a long, fibrous protein that winds around the actin polymer, blocking all the myosin-binding sites.\nWhat is myoglobin?\nA protein that holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells?\nWhat is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?\nWhat is sarcoplasm?\nthe cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber\nWhat is the neuromuscular junction?\npoint of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell\nWhat is glycogen?\na complex carbohydrate consisting of stored glucose molecules in skeletal muscles; breaks down to release glucose when it is needed for energy.\nList the structures in order from largest to smallest -sarcomere, myofibrils, muscle, actin & myosin, muscle fibers, fascicle\nmuscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomere, actin & myosin\nWhat is a fascicle?\nWhat is the origin of a muscle?\nless moveable of the two bones is considered to be the starting point of the muscle\nWhat is the insertion of a muscle?\nthe end of a muscle attached to a movable part\nWhat is an aponeurosis?\nBroad, flat, sheet like connective tissue that connects muscles to a bone or another muscle\nWhat is a myofilament?\nthreadlike structures found in myofibrils which aid in contraction, composed of myosin (thick) and actin (thin)\nWhat is the M-line?\nsupporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone\nWhat is a cross bridge?\nWhat is the sliding filament theory?\ntheory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still\nWhat is titin?\nelastic protein, keeps thick and thin filaments aligned\nWhat is acetylcholine?\nneurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell\nWhat is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?\nwhen released from the SR, they stimulate the reaction leading to muscle contraction by attaching to regulatory proteins on actin.\nWhat is an action potential?\nElectrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters\nsliding filament model\nneuromuscular junction\nmuscle fiber\nmuscle attachments\nLabel the skeletal muscle
+__label__positive Sunday, February 2, 2014\n\nClass 10 - Biology - How do Organisms Reproduce? (Fill In Blanks)\n\nClass 10 - Biology - How do Organisms Reproduce?\u00a0\nClass 10 - Biology - How do Organisms Reproduce?\nCross-section of Flower\nFill in the Blanks\n\n[Asexual Reproduction in Plants]\n\n1. The ability of plant cells to give rise to whole plant is called as ____.\n\n2. In Asexual reproduction the gametes are ______ (formed/not formed).\n\n3. In yeasts, ____ is the most common type of asexual reproduction.\n\n4. In grafting, the union occurs through formation of ____ between the two grafts.\n\n5. The process of formation of spores is called ____.\n\n6. Asexual reproduction method in spirogyra is called _______.\n\n7. Orchids and Ornamental Plants are generally reprodued asexually. One of the common vegetative propagation technique used for these plants is _______.\n\n[Sexual Reproduction in Plants]\n\n8. Plants like Hibiscus and mustard have ________ (bisexual/unisexual) flowers.\n\n9. In sexual reproduction, the male and female gametes fuse together and form a ____.\n\n10. Ovule develops from a cushion like part of the ovary ____.\n\n11. Pollen grains of a flower transfer to the stigma of the carpel of the same flower is called ____.\n\n12. Fertilization occurs ________ (inside/outside) the ovary.\n\n13. Ovary grows rapidly and ripens to forms a fruit, while the seed contains the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under suitable condition. This process is known as __________.\n\n[Sexual Reproduction in Animals]\n\n14. The male gametes are called _______\n\n15. The zygote undergoes multiple divisions, which are _____ (mitotic/meiotic) type.\n\n16: Earthworm is an organism of ____________ type i.e. it contains reproductive organs of both male and female genders.\n\n17: In male frog, thousands of spermatozoa are discharged in a group, which is called as ____.\n\n[Human Reproductive System]\n\n18. The period of sexual maturation is called ________\n\n19. The male hormone secreted by testes to regulate production of sperms is called ______\n\n20. The gestation period in human beings is _____.\n\n21. Two Fallopian tube unite into an elastic bag like structure known as ___________.\n\n22. Fertilization occurs in the ________(ovary/ Fallopian tube) of female genital tract.\n\n23. The Embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the help of a\nspecial tissue called ________\n\n24. The stage which marks the end of menstruation in the woman is called _________.\n\n25. Female sex hormones are _____ and ____________ which are produced in ovary.\n\n26. Surgical methods of contraception are ________ and __________.\n\n1: Totipotency\n2: not formed\n3: budding\n4: parents\n5: sporulation\n6: fragmentation\n7: tissue culture\n8: bisexual\n9: zygote\n10. placenta\n11. self pollination\n12. inside\n13. Germination\n14: sperms\n15: mitotic\n16: hermaphrodite\n17: Milt\n18: puberty.\n19: testosterone\n20: 40 weeks\n21: uterus\n22: fallopian tube\n23: placenta\n24: menupause\n25: oestrogen, progesterone\n26: vasectomy and tubectomy\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment
+__label__positive Question DetailsNormal\n$ 30.00\nEntrepreneurs whose actions make current products and technologies\nQuestion posted by\n\nQuestion 1\n\nEntrepreneurs whose actions make current products and technologies obsolete adversely affect the economy.\n\n\n\nQuestion 2\n\nAn organizational feasibility analysis consists of judging the management's prowess (skill) and resource sufficiency.\n\n\n\nQuestion 3\n\nFor an entrepreneur, the advantages of becoming a franchisee include ALL below EXCEPT:\n\na. A proven product within an established market\n\n\u00a0b. franchisor's ongoing support\n\nc. cost of the franchise\n\nd. availability of financing\n\nQuestion 4\n\nThe purpose of a business plan is not to force an entrepreneur to systematically think through the new venture.\n\n\n\nQuestion 5\n\nThe reason given most commonly for becoming an entrepreneur is having a passion for the business.\n\n\n\n\nQuestion 6\n\nThe reason for planning growth of an entrepreurial firm is:\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Capturing economies of scale to lower buying costs and production costs\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Capturing economies of scope to expand product lines\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ability to attract and retain talented employees\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Market leadership\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All of the above\n\nQuestion 7\n\nExpression of an entrepreneurial idea is not copyrightable, but the actual idea\u00a0is copyrightable.\n\n\n\nQuestion 8\n\nThe entrepreneurial process always includes ALL of the following EXCEPT\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Developing business ideas.\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Deciding to be an entrepreneur\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Planning to go public\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Moving from an idea to an entrepreneurial firm\n\nQuestion 9\n\nGenerally, industries are more attractive when the threat of substitutes is ________.\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0High\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0low\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0neutral (neither high or low)\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0high for manufacturing firms and low for service firms\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0high for service firms and low for manufacturing firms\n\nQuestion 10\n\nIn general, industries are more attractive when the ________.\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0majority of the threats are high\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0majority of the threats are low\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0threat of each of the forces is neutral-neither low nor high\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0threat of each of the five forces is high\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0threat of each of the five forces is low\n\nQuestion 11\n\nFinding ways to avoid need for external funding through creativity or any means necessary is called \"seeding.\"\u00a0\n\n\n\nQuestion 12\n\nWhich of the following statements about target markets is incorrect?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0If you don\u2019t know who your target customers are, you won't be able to assess whether you are meeting their needs\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Targeting your market is simply defining who your primary customer will be.\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0By focusing on a target market, a firm can usually avoid head-to-head competition with competitive leaders and can serve a specialized market.\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A target market is a place within a larger market segment that represents a narrower group of customers with similar needs.\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It's easter to be \"all things to all people\" than to focus on a narrower market.\n\nQuestion 13\n\nRewards-based \"crowdfunding\" raises money for entrepreneurs in exchange for equity in the business.\n\n\n\nQuestion 14\n\n________ is the process of determining whether a business idea is viable\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Feasibility analysis\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Opportunity recognition\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Viability analysis\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Achievability analysis\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Scenario analysis\n\nQuestion 15\n\nAccording to the textbook, how do well-managed firms respond to the five forces that determine industry profitability?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They switch industries if the forces are too compelling.\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They focus on one force intently and excel by overcoming that force.\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They overcome each of the forces.\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They ignore the forces.\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They try to position their firms in a way that avoids or diminishes the forces.\n\nQuestion 16\n\nMarketing action that results in a product being thought of differently by consumers is called:\u00a0(choose one)\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0consumer commercialization\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0skimming\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0market segmentation\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0penetration\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0repositioning\n\n\nQuestion 17\n\nIn most industries, the major determinant of industry profitability is the level of competition among the firms already competing in the industry.\n\n\n\nQuestion 18\n\nOnce a firm decides to enter an industry and chooses a market in which to compete, it must gain an understanding of its competitive environment. This challenge can be undertaken by completing a(n) ________ analysis.\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Business\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Industry\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Competitor\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Strategic\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Market\n\nQuestion 19\n\n\u00a0The most important thing an entrepreneur can do to build a strong ethical culture is to lead by example.\n\n\n\nQuestion 20\n\nA complete misread of the customer is usually not fatal to business success if the business model is ambitious.\n\n\n\nQuestion 21\n\nWhich of the following is not an attribute of an attractive industry?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is young rather than old\n\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is not crowded\n\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is late rather than early in its life cycle\n\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is important to the customer\n\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Is fragmented rather than concentrated\n\nQuestion 22\n\nWhich ONE of the following most is important for an entrepreneur to be successful?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Intelligence Quotient\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Desire to be wealthy\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Emotional Intelligence\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Strategic Intelligence\n\nQuestion 23\n\nA potential entrepreneurial opportunity is limited by its \"window of opportunity.\"\n\n\n\nQuestion 24\n\nMulti-level marketing (MLM) is often criticized because:\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Some multi-level marketing (MLM) firms focus more on getting new distributors rather than selling products\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Multi-level marketing usually doesn't give exclusive rights to an area or territory.\n\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Multi-level marketing (MLM) is often compared to a \"pyramid scheme\" since the market can become saturated as new distributors are added.\n\nd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All of the above\n\ne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0None of the above\n\nAvailable Solution\n$ 30.00\nEntrepreneurs whose actions make current products and technologies\n  \u2022 This solution has not purchased yet.\n  \u2022 Submitted On 21 Jan, 2018 06:58:18\nSolution posted by\n1. 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+__label__positive Med Surg Final.txt\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user Anonymous on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. In pulmonary edema the medical management will often include what?\n    Furosemide (Lasix) IV, oxygen therapy , orthopenic position, and morphine sulfate to decrease respiratory rate.\n  2. What would the nursing interventions be for a patient with pulmonary edema, excess fluid volume, and altered tissue permeability?\n    Assess indicators of patient\ufffds fluid volume status, such as breath sounds, skin turgor, and pedal/sacral/periorbital edema, mx I&O, administer diuretics as ordered, and weigh daily.\n  3. What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?\n    Increased capillary pressure from left ventricular failure\n  4. What does sputum look like in pulmonary edema?\n    Frothy, pink sputum\n  5. What type of diet is recommended for a pt with pulmonary edema?\n    Low-sodium diet\n  6. What is pulmonary embolism?\n    Foreign substance causing obstruction to the blood supply to lung tissue\n  7. What is the normal range for d-dimer?\n  8. How long is a pt on anticoagulant therapy for a pulmonary embolism?\n    One year\n  9. What is the most definite method of diagnosing a pulmonary embolism?\n    pulmonary angiogram\n  10. What is pulmonary edema?\n    Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused by severe left ventricular dysfunction\n  11. What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?\n    Severe respiratory distress, frothy sputum, coughing, choking\n  12. Most pulmonary embolisms (PEs) originate from where?\n    deep vein thrombosis (DVT)\n  13. Chest pain from pulmonary embolism (PE) is typically what?\n    pleuritic and worsens upon inspiration\n  14. What is the medical management and nursing interventions of the patient with pulmonary embolism?\n    Bed rest, administration of IV Heparin per protocol, semi-fowlers position, and oxygen per mask or nasal cannula.\n  15. What position will the nurse instruct the pt with emphysema to enhance the effectiveness of breathing during dyspnea periods?\n    sitting on the side of the bed, leaning on an overbed table\n  16. A nurse is caring for a client with emphysema who is receiving oxygen. The nurse checks the oxygen flow rate to ensure that it does not exceed what?\n  17. What is the purpose of pursed lip breathing?\n    Promote carbon dioxide elimination\n  18. The low pressure alarm sounds on the ventilator. The nurse checks the client then attempts to determine the cause of the alarm but is unsuccessful. What initial action will the nurse take?\n    Ventilate the client manually\n  19. What does a pt w/emphysema become barrel chested?\n    Because of over inflation of the lungs\n  20. How much fluid should a pt w/emphysema consume each day?\n    2-3 L\n  21. What effective breathing technique is used for a pt w/emphysema?\n    Pursed-lip breathing\n  22. What does Peak-flow monitoring measure?\n    how well air moves out of the lungs-during forceful exhalation\n  23. Which type of medication is used as rescue medication in acute asthma exacerbation\n    Short-acting beta,-agonists.\n  24. Asthma is best characterized as what type of disease?\n    an inflammatory disease\n  25. What are the nursing interventions for a pt with ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung expansion during an acute attack of asthma?\n    Administer oxygen therapy as ordered, remain with patient during acute attack to decrease fear and anxiety, incorporate rest periods into activities and interventions, and maintain semi-fowlers position to facilitate ventilation.\n  26. How is TB spread?\n    inhaling the TB bacteria after a person coughs, speaks, or sneezes\n  27. What is the most common etiologic factor for this diagnosis in patients with Tb who do are not compliant?\n    little or no motivation to adhere to a long-term drug regimen\n  28. The appropriate nursing intervention for Mr. K age 40, diagnosed with active Tb would be what?\n    place the patient in acid -fast bacilli (AFB) isolation precautions\n  29. What diagnostic test that will confirm TB?\n    Sputum culture\n  30. What identifies the route of transmission of TB?\n    The airborne route\n  31. A nurse is reading the results of a Mantoux skin test on a client with no documented health problems. The site has no induration and a 1-mm area of ecchymosed. What are the results of this test?\n  32. A nurse is caring for a client who had a Mantoux skin test implantation 48 hours ago on admission to the nursing unit and reads the result of the skin test as positive. What nursing action is priority?\n    Report the findings\n  33. A client being discharged from the hospital to home with a diagnosis of TB is worried about the possibility of infecting the family and others. What information would help the client get the most reassurance?\n    The family will be treated prophylactically and the client will not be contagious after 2 to 3 consecutive weeks of medication therapy.\n  34. A nurse has reinforced discharge teaching with a client who was diagnosed with TB and has been on medication for 1\ufffd weeks. Which statement shows that the client has understood the teaching?\n    \ufffdI should not be contagious after 2 to 3 weeks of medication therapy\ufffd\n  35. A client with TB asks a nurse about precautions to take after discharge from the hospital to prevent infection of others. The nurse develops a response based on the understanding that TB is transmitted how?\n    By droplet nuclei\n  36. A nurse is preparing to give a bed bath to an immobilized client with TB. What should the nurse plan to wear when performing this care?\n    Particulate respirator, gown, and gloves.\n  37. A client with TB, whose status is being monitored in an ambulatory care clinic, asks the nurse when it is permissible to return to work. When does the nurse tell the pt he can return to work?\n    After three sputum cultures are negative.\n  38. What type of isolation is recommended for a patient w/TB?\n    Acid-fast bacillus\n  39. What type of masks do visitors of TB pts use?\n    Particulate respiration mask\n  40. Which of the following statements accurately describe the disease tuberculosis (TB)? Most people who become infected with TB organism do not progress to the active disease stage.\n  41. Ms. C., age 45, is being evaluated to rule out pulmonary tuberculosis. Which finding is most closely associated with TB?\n    Night Sweats\n  42. The health care workers for Ms. C., who is diagnosed with active tuberculosis, are instructed in methods of protecting themselves from contracting tuberculosis. The centers of disease controls and prevention currently recommend that health care workers who care for TB-Infected patients wear what?\n    a small micron fitted filtration mask\n  43. A nurse is assigned to care for a patient following a left pneumonectomy. The nurse would avoid positioning the client how?\n    On the side\n  44. What is the most common surgical treatment for lung cancer?\n  45. What is a pneumonectly?\n    Surgical removal of a lung\n  46. The primary goal for the patient with bronchiectasis is that the patient will what?\n    maintain removal of bronchial secretions.\n  47. What is bronchiectasis?\n    Irreversible chronic dilation of bronchi that destroys bronchial elastic & muscular elements\n  48. What are the signs & symptoms of bronchiectasis?\n    Dyspnea, cyanosis & clubbing of the fingers\n  49. What volume is O2 delivered to the pt with bronchiectasis?\n    Low flow\n  50. What is the cure for bronchiectasis?\n    Surgical removal of the lung\n  51. What is a cystectomy?\n    Surgical removal of the bladder\n  52. What type of surgery is less invasive and less stressful for a pt with BPH?\n  53. How is tissue removed during TURP?\n    Through the urethra\n  54. What type of catheter is used on a pt with TURP?\n    Closed bladder irrigation\n  55. What type of solution is used in a closed bladder irrigation?\n    An isotonic solution\n  56. What should the pt expect after prostatic surgery?\n  57. Why should catheter drainage tubes be checked frequently?\n    For kinks that would occlude urine and cause bladder spasms\n  58. What diet is important for a pt with nephrotic syndrome?\n    Protein replacement, low salt\n  59. What meds are used to treat nehprotic syndrome?\n    Corticosteroids, loop diurectics\n  60. What is cystitis?\n    Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder\n  61. What are the signs and symptoms of cystitis?\n    Dysuria, urinary frequency and pyuria\n  62. Cystitis is confirmed by a u/a that reveals a bacterial count greater than what?\n  63. What is interstitial cystitis?\n    A chronic pain disorder in the urinary bladder and surrounding region\n  64. What statement by the client with Cushing\ufffds syndrome indicates that the instructions related to dietary management were understood?\n    \ufffdI can eat foods that contain potassium.\ufffd\n  65. What is a feature of Cushing syndrome?\n    Increased susceptibility to infection\n  66. What causes Cushing Syndrome?\n    Overstimulation of ACTH\n  67. What is hypokalema?\n    Not enough potassium\n  68. What are the clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome?\n    Moonface, buffalo hump\n  69. What is striae?\n    A streak or linear scar that often results from stretching of the skin\n  70. In the pt with Cushings syndrome, what results in hyperglycemia?\n    Impaired carbohydrate metabolism\n  71. What type of diet is indicated for a pt with Cushings syndrome?\n    Low sodium, reduce calories and carbs, and high potassium\n  72. When a nurse notes that a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus has lipodystrophy on both upper thights, what information should the nurse obtain from the client?\n    Plan of injection rotation.\n  73. Which client complaint would alert the nurse to a possible hypoglycemic reaction?\n  74. After several diagnostic tests, a client is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The nurse understands that which symptom is indicative of this disorder?\n  75. What should the pt avoid when taking tolbutamide (Orinase) for diabetes mellitus?\n  76. What disorder caused by secretion of insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?\n    Diabetes insipidus\n  77. What is the main problem with diabetes mellitus type 2?\n    Abnormal resistance to insulin action.\n  78. In caring for a patient with diabetes mellitus who is experiencing an acute hyperglycemic reaction (diabetic ketoacidosis), what interventions would be appropriate?\n    Insulin IV via infusion pump\n  79. What is diabetes insipidus?\n    A disorder of the pituitary in which ADH is deficient\n  80. How much urine can a pt with diabetes insipidus lose in an hour?\n  81. What are the characteristics of diabetes insipidus?\n    Polyuria and polydipsia\n  82. What is the normal serum sodium level?\n  83. What happens to urine specific gravity in a pt with diabetes insipidus?\n    it drops below 1.003\n  84. How much fluid should a pt with diabetes insipidus intake?\n    2600 ml\n  85. What causes polydipisa and polyuria related to diabetes?\n    Fluid shifts resulting from the osmotic effect of hyperglycemia\n  86. In planning care for a patient with type 2 diabetes admitted to the hospital with pneumonia, the nurse recognizes that the patient may have what?\n    Sufficient endogenous insulin to prevent ketosis but is at risk for development of hyperosmolar coma\n  87. At what time of day is a diabetic pt at risk for hypoglycemia?\n    In the late afternoon and at bedtime\n  88. What is a diabetic diet designed to do?\n    Help normalize blood glucose through a balanced diet\n  89. What is an appropriate instruction or the pt with diabetes related to care of the feet?\n    Inspect all surfaces of the feet daily\n  90. Which oral hypoglycemic works primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production and lowers fasting blood glucose levels?\n    Metformin (Glucophage)\n  91. What types of insulin are used in an insulin pump?\n    Regular and rapid-acting\n  92. How long is the onset of regular insulin (Humulin R)?\n    30 minutes to an hour\n  93. How long is the onset of action of Lispro (Humalog)?\n    15 minutes\n  94. How long is the onset of action of NPH (Humulin N)?\n    2 hours\n  95. Why is caffeine restricted in a pt with diabetes insipidus?\n    Because it acts as a diuretic\n  96. What is deficient in a pt with diabetes insipidous?\n  97. What is diabetes mellitus?\n    Improper metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins\n  98. When does insulin reach its peak level?\n    30 minutes after meals and returns to normal in 2-3 hours\n  99. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 dibetes?\n    Type 1 is insulin dependent (IDDM) and Type 2 is non insulin dependent (NIDDM)\n  100. What causes IDDM?\n    Destruction of beta-cell function\n  101. What are the causes of NIDDM?\n    Decreased tissue, overproduction of insulin, abnormal glucose regulation\n  102. How is glucose stored?\n    As glycogen in the liver\n  103. What must be present for muscle cells and other body cells to utilize glucose?\n  104. What is hyperglycemia?\n    Excess glucose in the bloodstream\n  105. How does the body get rid of excess glucose in the bloodstream?\n    The kidneys will excrete it in urine, called glycosuria\n  106. What is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?\n    Fruity smell to the breath\n  107. What causes diabetic ketoacidosis?\n    Acute insulin deficiency, decreased peripheral glucose utilization, increased fat mobilization and ketogenesis\n  108. What are the normal lab values for fasting blood sugar?\n  109. What amount is considered abnormal in an FBS?\n    126 or more\n  110. What does the HbA1c measure?\n    The amount of glucose that has become incorporated into the hemoglobin within an erythrocyte\n  111. What is the normal lab value for HbA1c?\n  112. When is a postprandial blood sugar taken?\n    2 hours after a meal\n  113. What level may indicate the presence of DM in a PPBS?\n    Plasma glucose over 160\n  114. What affects the accuracy of an oral glucose tolerance test?\n    Adequate pt preparation and cooperation\n  115. What is the medical management for DM?\n    Education, monitoring, meal planning, medication, exercise\n  116. What type of diet is recommended for a pt with DM?\n    45%-50% carbs, 10%-20% proteins, no more than 30% fats\n  117. What is important about food intake for pts with IDDM?\n    It should be evenly distributed throughout the day\n  118. How long does exercise reduce insulin and increase glucose uptake?\n    72 hours\n  119. How often should blood glucose be monitored during the times of stress or illness?\n    Every 1-2 hours\n  120. When should the pt with DM be instructed to contact their physician?\n    When blood glucose level is 250 or more\n  121. When is insulin given intramuscularly?\n    During diabetic ketoacidosis\n  122. What are the classifications of insulin?\n    Rapid-acting, insulin apart, short-acting, intermediate acting, long acting\n  123. What is a \ufffdpeakless\ufffd insulin that provides a continous insulin level?\n  124. What is lipodystrophy?\n    The loss of local fat deposits\n  125. How can a nurse prevent lipodystrophy?\n    Administer insulin at room temp and rotate injection sites\n  126. How does a nurse prevent medication errors when administering insulin?\n    Have the dose drawn in the syringe and checked by another nurse\n  127. What is hypoglycemia?\n    Not enough glucose in the blood\n  128. What are the signs of hypoglycemia?\n    Faintness, weakness, excessive perspiration, irritability, hunger, palpitations, trembling, drowsiness\n  129. What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?\n    Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia\n  130. Why is insulin not injected into the muscle?\n    Because it enters the bloodstream too quickly and can cause hypoglycemia\n  131. Which part of the body provides the fastest, least variable absorption?\n    The abdomen\n  132. What is as close a substitute to a healthy, working pancrease?\n    An insulin pump\n  133. What is a bolus of insulin?\n    A quantity of insulin delivered to cover a carbohydrate meal\n  134. What is the function of metformin (glucophage)?\n    It reduces hepatic glucose production and lowers fasting blood glucose levels\n  135. What must a pt have for oral hypoglycemics to be effective?\n    Some function insulin production\n  136. Why is calcium gluconate prescribed for a pt after a thyroidectomy?\n    To treat hypocalcemic tetany\n  137. What nursing action is appropriate for a pt after a thyroidectomy who has developed hoarseness and a weak voice?\n    Reassure the client that this is usually a temporary condition.\n  138. What would require the nurse\ufffds immediate attention when caring for a postop thyroidectomy pt?\n    Laryngeal stridor\n  139. A nurse is caring for a client after thyroidectomy and monitoring for signs of thyroid storm. What manifestation is associated with this disorder?\n  140. What signs or symptoms should be reported immediately to the RN/MD for further evaluation in the pt who has undergone a thyroidectomy?\n    Numbness in the fingers, Heart rate of 160, Noticeable arm twitching when you took patient's blood pressure\n  141. How is a pt placed after a thyroidectomy?\n    Supine with pillows supporting the head and shoulders\n  142. What two conditions should the nurse monitor for after a thyroidectomy?\n    Tetany and edema\n  143. What is Chvotek\ufffds sign?\n    An abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve\n  144. What condition will cause a pt to have a positive Chvotek\ufffds sign?\n  145. What is Trousseau\ufffds sign?\n    A test in which a BP cuff is inflated to above systolic BP for 3 minutes.\n  146. What will happen with a positive Trousseau\ufffds sign?\n    Carpal spasm in pts with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia\n  147. What is a thyroid storm?\n    A condition in which large amounts of thyroid hormones are released\n  148. What is administered for the emergency treatment of tetany?\n    Calcium gluconate\n  149. When does a thyroid crisis generally occur?\n    In the first 12 hours post op\n  150. What are the signs and symptoms of a thyroid crisis?\n    Nausea, vomiting, severe tachycardia, hyperthermia, exaggerated symptoms of hyperthyroidism\n  151. What are the three goals of thyroid storm management?\n    Induce normal thyroid state, prevent cardiovascular collapse, prevent excessive hyperthermia\n  152. What is a sign that damage to the laryngeal nerve may have occurred in a pt who has had a thyroidectomy?\n    The pt is becoming increasingly hoarse.\n  153. What is hyperthyroidism?\n    Overproduction of T4 and T3\n  154. What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?\n    Edema of the anterior portion of the neck, bulging eyes\n  155. What is the diet therapy for a patient with hyperthyroidism?\n    Foods high n calories, vitamins, minerals, and carbs\n  156. What does a radioactive iodine uptake test determine?\n  157. How is the radioactive iodine given?\n    By mouth to the fasting patient\n  158. What is important to obtain from a patient before a radioactive iodine uptake test?\n    Allergies and signed consent\n  159. What drugs are given to treat hyperthyroid?\n    PTU, methimazole (Tapazole)\n  160. What is the gold standard for treating hyperthyroidism?\n    Ablation therapy using radioactive iodine\n  161. How often is the thyroid checked during a RAIU?\n    2, 6 & 24 hours\n  162. What type of diet is important for a pt w/hyperthyroidism?\n    Foods high in calories, vitamins, minerals, and carbs\n  163. What is hypothyroidism?\n    A condition in which the thyroid fails to secrete sufficient hormones, resulting in a slowing of all of the body\ufffds metabolic processes\n  164. What type of diet is important for a patient with hypothyroidism?\n    High-protein, high-fiber, low-calorie\n  165. Appropriate nursing care for the patient with hypothyroidism would include what?\n    Encourage fluids\n  166. What is severe hypothyroidism called?\n  167. What should the nurse watch for in a pt w/hypothyroidism that could indicate cardiac involvement?\n    Chest pain, dyspnea, changes in rate and rhythm.\n  168. Mr. A., age 71, is admitted with an exacerbation of COPD. He has dependent edema and ascites as well as dyspnea. A complication that may occur in CIPD is which some of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli are destroyed, resulting in pulmonary hypertension, blood returning to the right side of the heart, and signs and symptoms of right-sided HF is what?\n    cor pulmonale\n  169. A patient with COPD asks why the heart is affected by the respiratory disease. The nurse\ufffds response to the patient is based on the knowledge that cor pulmonale is characterized by what?\n    right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to increased pulmonary vascular resistance\n  170. Ineffective airway clearance related to tracheobronchial obstruction and/or secretions is a nursing diagnosis for a patient with COPD. Which of the following are correct?\n    Offer small, frequent, high-calorie, high-protein feedings. Encourage generous fluid intake. Have patient turn and cough every 2 hours;; teach effective coughing technique.\n  171. A nurse is caring for a client hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note in evaluating the client?\n    A hyper inflated chest on x-ray\n  172. Mr. F., age 52, had a laryngectomy due to cancer of the larynx. Discharge instructions are give to Mr. F. and his family. Which response, by written communication from Mr. F, or verbal response by the family, will be a signal to the nurse that the instructions need to be decalcified?\n    It is acceptable to take over-the-counter medications now that conditions are stable.\n  173. What is orthopnea?\n    A condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably\n  174. What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure?\n    Crackles, SOB, pink-frothy sputum, orthopnea, pulmonary edema\n  175. What is the number one dysrhythmia that occurs with an arterial embolism?\n  176. What is the most serious type of dysrhythmia?\n    Ventricular fibrillation\n  177. Why would a physician perform carotid massage on a patient with a diagnosis of rapid rate atrial fibrillation? The procedure may stimulate the vagus nerve to slow the heart rate.\n  178. What is atrial fibrillation?\n    A very rapid production of atrial impulses characterized by an atrial rate of 350 to 600 beats per minute (atria fibrillates or quivers rather than contracts)\n  179. What is ventricular fibrillation?\n    Occurs when the ventricular musculature of the heart is quivering\n  180. What happens during atrial fibrillation?\n    The atria quivers instead of contracts\n  181. What is cardiomyopathy?\n    A term used to describe a group of heart muscle diseases that primarily affects the structural or functional ability of the myocardium\n  182. What are the primary forms of cardiomyopathy?\n    Dilated (ventricular), hypertrophic (increased heart size), and restrictive (ventricular walls are rigid)\n  183. What are the secondary forms of cardiomyopathy?\n    Infective, metabolic, nutritional, alcohol, peripartum, drugs, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, \ufffdcrack\ufffd heart\n  184. What are the most common signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy?\n    Angina, syncope, fatigue, and dyspnea on exertion\n  185. What is a dysrhythmia?\n    Any cardiac rhythm that deviates from normal sinus rhythm\n  186. How is tachycardia characterized?\n    Heartbeat of 100-150 or more per minute\n  187. How is bradycardia characterized?\n    By a pulse rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute\n  188. What is supraventricular tachycardia?\n    The sudden onset of a rapid heartbeat characterized by a pulse rate of 150-250 beats per minute.\n  189. What is an arterial aneurysm?\n    An enlarged, dilated portion of an artery\n  190. Why is the aorta prone to aneurysm?\n    Because it is continuously exposed to high pressures\n  191. What is the first priority of care for a patient with an aneurysm?\n    Control of hypertension\n  192. What are the nursing interventions of a patient diagnose with acute infective endocarditis?\n    Restricted activity for several weeks.\n  193. What is endocarditis?\n    An infection of inflammation of the inner membranous lining of the heart, valves\n  194. What are the signs and symptoms of endocarditis?\n    Flu-like symptoms, undue fatigue, chest pain, headaches, petechia, oral mucosa\n  195. What is cardiogenic shock?\n    Pump failure; Complication of MI and heart failure\n  196. Why was the term \ufffdcongestive heart failure\ufffd changed to just \ufffdheart failure\ufffd?\n    Because not every patient suffering from heart failure has pulmonary congestion\n  197. How is nitroglycerin administered?\n    PO, 1 tablet every 5 minutes times 3.\n  198. What is the first step to determine why a patient isn\ufffdt compliant with their meds?\n    Ask them why they aren\ufffdt taking their meds\n  199. What symptoms are seen in angina pectoris?\n    Chest pain that radiates down the left arm, dypsnea, anxiety, apprehension, diaphoresis and nausea\n  200. What would you expect to see in a patient with suspected cocaine use?\n    An enlarged heart\n  201. What should be assessed in a patient before they are sent to the cardiac cath lab?\n    Any allergies\n  202. When is the hormone b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) released?\n    It\ufffds secreted by the heart in response to pressure overload as in a heart failure\n  203. What type of medication is nitroglycerin?\n    A vasodilator \ufffd it will lower BP\n  204. What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure?\n  205. What are the signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure?\n    Edema in legs, jugular vein distention, liver enlargement, ascites\n  206. What are the signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure?\n    Edema in legs, jugular vein distention, liver enlargement, ascites\n  207. What should a postmyocardial patient being prepared for discharge be instructed to do?\n    Begin a cardiac rehab program\n  208. What is the primary function of patient teaching following a myocardial infarction?\n    To assist the patient to develop a healthy lifestyle\n  209. What is an important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with remote telemetry?\n    Never remove telemetry and allow patient to shower unless physician has written the order to allow a shower\n  210. What is the name of the neurohormone released from the left ventricle in response to volume expansion and pressure overload that has emerged as the blood marker for the identification of individuals with CHF?\n    B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)\n  211. What is the normal range for B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?\n    0 to 100 pg/ml\n  212. What is a myocardial muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury and is useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction?\n    Tropin l\n  213. What typical vital signs will display in a patient presenting with a myocardial infarction?\n    Hypertension, tachycardia, weakened pulse, temperature elevation\n  214. What cardiac markers is specific to the heart, not influenced by skeletal muscle trauma or renal failure, and rises 3 hours following a myocardial infarction?\n    Troponin I\n  215. What nursing care is followed for a patient with myocardial infarction?\n    Bedrest with commode privileges for 24 to 48 hours.\n  216. What breath sounds would a nurse expect to hear in a patient with myocardial infarction who suddenly becomes tachycardic and shows signs of air hunger?\n  217. What is a myocardial infarction?\n    An occlusion of a major coronary artery\n  218. How long does it take myocardial cells to die?\n    4-6 hours\n  219. Jaundice results when there is an excess amount of what in the bloodstream?\n  220. What is the preferred diagnostic test for visualizing the biliary tree in a pt with jaundice?\n    Gallbladder ultrasound\n  221. What is multiple myeloma?\n    Bone marrow cancer that metastasizes to the bone\n  222. What labs should the nurse monitor in a pt with multiple myeloma?\n    Calcium\ufffdwatch for hypercalcemia\n  223. What is the best food item to administer with oral iron supplements?\n    Orange juice\n  224. What nursing intervention should be incorporated into the plan of care for a child with aplastic anemia with WBC of 6000 and platelet of 27,000/mm?\n    Encourage quiet play activities\n  225. What test is used to detect pernicious anemia?\n    Schilling test\n  226. What would a nurse expect to specifically note with in a pt with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?\n    Increased calcium level\n  227. What is a priority nursing intervention for the client with multiple myeloma?\n    Encourage fluids\n  228. What intervention is a priority in the nursing plan of care for a pt with thrombocytopenia?\n    Monitor the client for bleeding\n  229. What medication is given to the patients with sickle cell anemia?\n    IV Dulodid\n  230. What does anemia cause?\n    Delivery of insufficient amounts of oxygen to tissues and cells\n  231. What is pernicious anemia?\n    The absence of a glycoprotein intrinsic factor secreted by the gastric mucosa\n  232. What is thrombocytopenia?\n    Blood platelets below 150,000\n  233. What is sickle cell anemia?\n    An illness in which the blood cells shape in crescents and get stuck to one another and occlude vessels\n  234. What would the nurse expect to find during the physical assessment of a pt with thrombocytopenia?\n    Petechiae and purpura\n  235. What is an important nursing intervention goal to establish for a person who has iron deficiency anemia?\n    Alternate periods of rest and activity to balance oxygen supply and demand\n  236. What is a nursing intervention for a pt during a sickle cell crisis?\n    Administration of large doses of continuous opioid analgesics\n  237. What foods should be included in the diet of a pt with iron deficiency anemia?\n    Dark green leafy veggies ad organ meats\n  238. In addition to the general symptoms of anemia, the pt with pernicious anemia also manifests what?\n    Neurological symptoms\n  239. What statement by the pt with pernicious anemia would indicate the she has understood the teaching?\n    \ufffdI\ufffdll have to take B12 shots for the rest of m life.\ufffd\n  240. What type of data indicates that iron deficiency anemia is not currently managed effectively?\n  241. In a pt with sickle cell anemia, why does the sickling crisis not stop when oxygen therapy is started?\n    when red cells sickle, they occlude small vessels, which causes more local hypoxia and more sickling\n  242. How is a pt positioned during a needle liver biopsy?\n    Supine with the right arm over the head\n  243. What is the most common form of hepatitis, having an incubation period of 10-40 days.\n    Hepatitis A\n  244. What snack choices would be appropriate for a pt suffering from acute pancreatitis?\n    Reduced fat cheese and whole wheat crackers\n    Gallbladder ultrasound\n  246. How is the pt instructed to breathe during a needle liver biopsy?\n    Exhale fully and not breathe while the needle is inserted\n  247. What causes jaundice in a pt?\n    An excess of bilirubin\n  248. What is a needle liver biopsy?\n    A test in which a needle is inserted into the liver between the 6 & 7 or 7 & 8 intercostal spaces\n  249. After a cholesysectomy, why would a pt complain about shoulder pain?\n    Diaphragmatic irritation secondary to residual carbon dioxide\n  250. What is jaundice?\n    The appearance of yellowish skin, discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes\n  251. What is the best form of preventing hepatitis A & B?\n  252. What is a critical aspect nursing interventions following a liver transplantation?\n    Monitor for infection\n  253. What vitamins are given intravenously with fluids for the dehydrated hepatitis pt?\n    C (healing), B (assists liver to absorb vit), K (blood clotter)\n  254. What can happen to a pt after a liver transplant, who has liver disease secondary to viral hepatitis?\n    They often experience reinfection of the transplanted liver with hepatitis B or C\n  255. What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?\n    General malaise, aching muscles, headaches, chills, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, diarrhea and constipation.\n  256. What would be an appropriate nursing intervention in a pt with viral hepatitis and no appetite?\n    Offer small, frequent meals\n  257. What immunosuppressant drug is utilized in the success of a liver transplant?\n  258. What are the major postop complications of a liver transplant?\n    Rejection and infection\n  259. How is hepatitis diagnosed?\n    A normal lab test will be negative for the presence of the antigen\n  260. How is hepatitis G spread?\n    Unsafe tattooing or piercing; coinfection of Hepatitis C\n  261. How is hepatitis B spread?\n    Through contaminated blood transfusion, direct contact with body fluids, sexual contact\n  262. What are the nursing interventions following a liver biopsy?\n    Ensure that platelet, clotting or bleeding time or okay and report any abnormal lab values to the doc; observe for the symptoms of bleeding\n  263. How is hepatitis A spread?\n    Through the fecal-oral route, usually by contaminated food\n  264. How is hepatitis E spread?\n    Oral-fecal route; spreads through fecal contamination of water\n  265. Following a liver biopsy, how long is a pt to lay on their right side?\n    A minimum of 2 hours to splint the puncture site\n  266. How is hepatitis D spread?\n    Coinfection of hepatitis B\n  267. What infection control method would be priority to include in the plan of care to prevent hepatitis B in a pt considered to be at high risk for exposure?\n    Hepatitis B vaccine\n  268. What type of hepatitis is contracted from contaminated food?\n    Hepatitis A\n  269. What should the nurse encourage in order to provide adequate nutrition to a pt with viral hepatitis, who is complaining of loss of apetite?\n    Increase intake of fluids\n  270. What signs or symptoms would a nurse expect to note in a pt with acute viral hepatitis?\n  271. What physician order would a nurse verify on the chart of a pt with acute pancreatitis?\n    Morphine sulfate for pain\n  272. What position will aggravate the pain in a pt with acute pancreatitis?\n    Lying flat\n  273. What foods are allowed for a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    Toast, cereal, rice, tea, fruit, juice, and hard candies\n  274. What nursing interventions are included in planning care for a pt with metastatic cancer of the liver?\n    Focus primarily on symptomatic and comfort measures\n  275. What is the treatment for cancer of the liver?\n  276. What do most pts already have when diagnosed with cancer of the liver?\n  277. What are the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?\n    Dyspepsia, changes in bowel habits, gradual weight loss, ascites, enlarged spleen and spider telangiectases\n  278. What causes ascites?\n    Portal hypertension and hypoalbumin\n  279. What is the number one drug of choice for alieving pain of pancreatitis?\n  280. What is cirrhosis?\n    A chronic, degenerative disease of the liver in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue and the lobules are infiltrated with fat\n  281. What are the signs and symptoms of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis?\n    Low grade fever, elevated leukocyte count, clay-colored stools that contain fat, dark amber urine\n  282. What is hepatic encephalopathy?\n    Brain damage caused by liver disease where there is ammonia intoxication\n  283. What are the various forms of cirrhosis?\n    Alcoholic, postnecrotic, primary biliary, secondary biliary, cardiac\n  284. What type of diet is prescribed for a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    Very low protein to no protein diet\n  285. What is ascites?\n    An accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity\n  286. What is cholecystitis?\n    An inflammation of the gallbladder\n  287. How can pain from pancreatitis be alleviated?\n    By flexing the trunk, leaning forward from a sitting position, or by assuming the fetal position\n  288. Why is it especially important for the pt to cough and deep breathe postoperatively following an open cholecystectomy?\n    The pt tends to take shallow breaths due to the placement of the incision\n  289. What will the administration of analgesic morphine cause in pts with acute pancreatitis?\n    Spasms of the sphincter of Oddi\n  290. Hepatitis types B,C,D, & G are spread mainly through which routes?\n    Blood transfusions, contaminated needles and instruments, direct contact with body fluids from infected people\n  291. What nursing diagnoses could be related to a liver needle biopsy?\n    Pain, related to leakage of blood and bile into the peritoneal cavity\n  292. When caring for a pt with hepatic encephalopathy the nurse may give enemas, provide a low-protein diet, and limit physical activity. Why are these measures taken?\n    To decrease the production of ammonia\n  293. In hepatic encephalopathy, what is the nurse assessing for when she requests the pt stretch out the arm and hyperextend the wrist with the fingers separated, relaxed, and extended to see whether rapid, irregular flexion and extension (flapping) of the wrist occur?\n  294. Which types of hepatitis now have vaccines for prevention?\n    A & B\n  295. Why is a T-tube inserted during a cholecystectomy?\n    To keep the duct open and allow drainage\n  296. What type of food is limited in a pt with advanced cirrhosis of the liver?\n  297. Following a laparoscopic cholecystecomty, what should the pt report?\n    Bile-colored drainage or pus from any incision\n  298. Why is lactulose given to a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    It decreases the bowel\ufffds pH thus decreasing the production of bacteria within the bowel\n  299. What is the stool and urine color of a pt who is jaundiced?\n    Dark tea-colored urine and clay-colored stools\n  300. When caring for a pt with acute pancreatitis, what lab reports may be anticipated?\n    Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated hematocrit and leykocytosis\n  301. What is the nurses response to a pt with advanced cirrhosis who asks why his abdomen is so swollen?\n    Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia cause a fluid shift into the peritoneal space\n  302. What labs are taken for cirrhosis?\n    PT INR\n  303. What is the post op care for an open cholecystectomy?\n    Monitor vital signs and observe dressing for exudates or hemorrhage\n  304. What is hepatitis?\n    An inflammation of the liver resulting from several types of viral agents or exposure to toxic substances\n  305. How is hepatitis C spread?\n    Needle sticks, contaminated blood transfusions\n  306. Why is neomycin given to a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    To reduce the bacterial flora of the colon\n  307. What is pancreatitis?\n    Inflammation of the pancreas and may be acute or chronic\n  308. What types of drugs are avoided until the liver regains adequate function?\n    Drugs that are normally detoxified in the liver\n  309. What is a cholesystectomy?\n    A procedure to remove the gallbladder\n  310. What two major factors are most commonly associated with pancreatitis?\n    Alcoholism and biliary tract disease\n  311. What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?\n    Severe abdominal pain radiating to the back; low-grade fever, vomiting, jaundice, weight loss, steatorrhea, and tachycardia\n  312. What is the primary use of nonabsorbable antibiotics as preparation for bowel surgery?\n    To reduce the bacterial flora in the colon\n  313. What is the most important nursing intervention to decrease post op edema and pain in a male pt following an inguinal herniorraphy?\n    Elevation of the scrotum with a support or small pillow\n  314. How is hernia reduced?\n    Returned to its original position by manipulation\n  315. When can a temp colostomy be closed?\n    6 weeks to 3 months after the initial procedure\n  316. What is the treatment of diverticulus disease when muscle atrophy is responsible?\n    Low-residue diet, stool softeners, and bed rest\n  317. How can dumping syndrome be relieved?\n    Eating 6 small meals without fluids and by lying down after eating to slow the movement of food\n  318. What are the types of hernias?\n    Ventral, femoral, inguinal and umbilical\n  319. What is a hernia?\n    A protrusion of a viscus through an abnormal opening or a weakened area in the wall of a cavity\n  320. What is an incarcerate hernia?\n    One that cannot be returned to its original position\n  321. What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn\ufffds disease?\n    Ulcerative colitis is curable with a colectomy; Chrohn\ufffds often recurs after surgery\n  322. How would a stoma appear if a prolapse occurred?\n    Protruding and swollen\n  323. Dumping syndrome is a disorder associated with what condition?\n    Following gastric resection or peptic ulcer surgery\n  324. What is a nursing diagnosis for a pt with ulcerative colitis?\n    Imbalanced nutrition, less than body related to bowel hyper\n  325. What is diverticulitis?\n    The inflammation of one or more diverticula\n  326. What are the sings and symptoms of dumping syndrome?\n    Diphoresis, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea, borborygmi and dyspepsia\n  327. Which nursing measure will the nurse instruct the pt to follow to help prevent dumping syndrome?\n    Limit the fluids taken with meals\n  328. What recommendations for food choices would you give a pt who has been diagnosed with diverticulosis as a result of muscle thickening and increased intracolonic pressure?\n    Bran, fruits and vegetables\n  329. What are the difficulties of the hiatal hernia pt?\n    Gastroesophageal reflux, heartburn, strangulation, infarction and ulceration\n  330. What is diverticulosis?\n    The presence of pouchlike herniations\n  331. What is a hiatal hernia?\n    A protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm\n  332. What symptoms will indicate the occurrence of dumping syndrome?\n    Sweating and pallor\n  333. What is ulcerative colitis?\n    Abcessess in the rectum and up through the large intestine\n  334. What is dumping syndrome?\n    A condition of weakness and sweating following eating related to rapid emptying of the stomach\n  335. What is the treatment for diverticulus when muscle thickening is responsible?\n    High-fiber diet of bran, fruits and veggies\n  336. What lab values are decreased as a sign of a fat embolism?\n    Hemoglobin and hematocrit\n  337. What are the signs and symptoms of a fat embolism?\n    Chest pain, localized muscle weakness, spasticity and rigidity, all especially if a pt has multiple broken bones\n  338. What medications are used to control RA?\n    Antiinflammatory drugs and aspirin\n  339. When may a prothesis be fitted?\n    2 or 3 weeks post op\n  340. Besides joints, what other systems can RA affect?\n    Lung, heart, blood vessels, muscles, eyes and skin\n  341. Why is it necessary to warp an amputated extremity?\n    To facilitate proper fit and use of a prothesis\n  342. What type of disease is RA?\n    A chronic, systemic disease that\ufffds also though of as an autoimmune disorder\n  343. How are flexion hip contractures prevented postoperatively?\n    By raising the foot of the bed slightly\n  344. How much sleep is recommended for a pt with RA?\n    8-10 hours a nig and a 2 hour nap during the day\n  345. What is the most common type of fracture treated in the hospital?\n    Hip fracture\n  346. How is a fat embolism formed?\n    When a bone breaks, the fat deposits in the marrow are released into the bloodstream\n  347. What is an extracapsular fracture?\n    When a fracture occurs outside of the hip joint capsule\n  348. What is an impacted fracture?\n    Where one bone fragment is forcibly impacted into another bone fragment\n  349. What is compartment syndrome?\n    The progressive development of arterial vessel compression and reduced blood supply to an extremity\n  350. What are signs of a hip fracture?\n    Inability to move the leg voluntarily, and shortening or external rotation of the leg\n  351. What is a transverse fracture?\n    A break that runs directly across the bone\n  352. What are the signs of compartment syndrome?\n    inability to flex the fingers or toes, coolness of the extremity and absence of a pulse\n  353. What is an oblique fracture?\n    A break along the slant of the bone at a 45 degree angle\n  354. What is an intrascapular fracture?\n    When the femur is broken inside the joint\n  355. What is a comminuted fracture?\n    The bone is splintered into three or more fragments at the site of the break\n  356. What is the maximum elevation for the head of bed on a hip fracture patient?\n    45 degrees\n  357. How high can a limb with compartment syndrome be elevated?\n    No higher than the heart\n  358. What is a complete fracture?\n    A fracture entirely through the bone\n  359. Why does phantom pain occur?\n    Because the nerve tracks that register pain in the amputated area continue to send a message to the brain\n  360. What diagnostic tests are performed prior to an amputation?\n    CBC, BUN, potassium levels, urinalysis\n  361. In a pt with gout, what is the fluid intake increased to?\n    2000 ml\n  362. What is gout?\n    A metabolic disease resulting from an accumulation of uric acid in the blood\n  363. What is a greenstick fracture?\n    An incomplete fracture; the bone is only broken on one side\n  364. What is a spiral fracture?\n    Where the break coils around the bone\n  365. What are the three compartment of the knee?\n    Medial (inside), lateral (outside), patello-femoral (kneecap)\n  366. What is a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty?\n    A partial knee replacement\n  367. What is a knee arthroplasty?\n    Total knee replacement\n  368. What is seen in patients with compartmental syndrome?\n    Absence of pulsation in the affected extremity\n  369. When does physical therapy begin following a partial knee replacement?\n    The first day after surgery\n  370. Who is a partial knee replacement recommended for?\n    Select pts 50 years and older\n  371. What is colchine used for?\n    To treat gout\n  372. Which diagnostic test is used to assist in the confirmation of RA?\n  373. Who is not a candidate for a partial knee replacement?\n    Pts with RA or lupus\n  374. When can a pt bear weight on the leg following a prosthetic hip replacement?\n    6 weeks to 3 months\n  375. What causes gout?\n    Eating too many organ meats, yeast, herring, mackerel and scallops\n  376. What is RA?\n    Most serious form of arthritis and leads to severe crippling\n  377. What is the preoperative preparations focused on prior to an amputation?\n    The pts physical and emotional status\n  378. When is a lumbar puncture contraindicated?\n    In a pt with suspected brain tumor or ICP\n  379. What is the earliest sign of ICP?\n    Change in level of consciousness\n  380. What happens to vital signs in ICP?\n    Increased BP, decreased Pulse, decreased respirations\n  381. What is the first, most subtle clue to trouble in ICP?\n    Pupils reacting sluggishly\n  382. What type of pupil should be reported immediately?\n    A blown pupil\n  383. What is Cushing\ufffds response?\n    Widened pulse pressure, increased systolic BP, & bradycardia\n  384. What type of respirations are related to the level of brainstem compression or failure?\n    Sterterous or Cheyne-stokes\n  385. What is the first step to manage ICP?\n    Ensuring adequate oxygenation to support brain function\n  386. What three types of medications are used to treat ICP?\n    Osmotic diuretics, corticosteroids, and anticonvulsants\n  387. How is a pt with ICP placed?\n    Head of bed 30-45 degrees to promote venous return\n  388. Why is hip flexion avoided in a pt with ICP?\n    It causes increased pressure\n  389. What medication actually reduces ICP?\n  390. How should a pt with ICP breathe when moving?\n    They should exhale\n  391. What is atelectasis?\n    The collapse of lung tissue that prevents respiratory exchange of CO2 & O2 most often occurring after surgery\n  392. How often is incentive spirometer recommended for a pt with atelectasis?\n    10 x\ufffds every hour while awake\n  393. How does chemotherapy work?\n    By interfering with the cells\ufffd ability to multiply or reproduce\n  394. What is a common problem for a pt receiving chemo?\n  395. What does a temp of 100 or more indicate in the pt receiving chemo?\n    An impending infection\n  396. What is one of the most common complications of the mouth of a chemo pt?\n    Swallowing problems and systemic infections\n  397. What should the chemo pt rinse their mouth with every 2-4 hours?\n    Normal saline or sodium bicarbonate\n  398. What should the pt taking chemo do to prevent lung infection?\n    Cough, deep breathe, use incentive spirometer\n  399. What two types of colony-stimulating factors can prevent or manage neutropenia?\n    G-CSF & GM-CSF\n  400. Why is fatigue a major problem for pts on chemo who have anemia?\n    Decreased oxygenation to tissues from the decreased hemoglobin\n  401. What is tumor lysis syndrome?\n    Rapid lysis of malignant cells as a result of chemotherapy\n  402. When is a pillow placed under a pt\ufffds head postoperatively?\n    After the pt is fully conscious\n  403. Why is the postop pts head of bed raised to a 45 degree angle?\n    To prevent aspirating of vomit\n  404. What is the first thing a nurse should do if she notices her pt going into shock?\n    Administer oxygen\n  405. What is dehiscence?\n    Separation of a surgical incision or rupture of a wound closure\n  406. What are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?\n    Chest pain, fever, productive cough or dyspnea\n  407. What is the acceptable urine output level postoperatively?\n    30 ml per hour\n  408. Why is preoperative teaching important?\n    Wound healing then occurs more rapidly\n  409. When is preoperative pt teaching completed?\n    1-2 days before surgery\n  410. What type of drugs reduce spasms of smooth muscles and decrease gastric, bronchial, and salivary secretions?\n  411. What is urticaria?\n    Presence of wheals or hives in an allergic reaction\n  412. What are wheals?\n    Round elevations of the skin that are white in the center and pale red peripherally\n  413. What are the clinical manifestations of urticaria?\n    Pruritus, edema and burning pain\n  414. What drugs can provide relief from urticaria?\n    Antihistamine and epinephrine\n  415. What is hypovolemic shock?\n    Severe blood and fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body\n  416. What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock?\n    Cool, clammy skin, anxiety, confusion, decreased urine output\n  417. What medications are given to a pt to treat hypovolemic shock?\n    Dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine\n  418. What causes hypovolemic shock?\n    Blood loss from injuries, burns, diarrhea, vomiting\n  419. What is the most common sign of a UTI in an elderly patient?\n  420. What chronic conditions can predispose a pt to recurrent UTI\ufffds?\n    DM, MS, spinal cord injuries, hypertension, kidney disease\n  421. What are the common signs and symptoms of a UTI?\n    Urgency, frequency, burning, hematuria\n  422. What type of UTI is a bladder infection?\n  423. What type of UTI is a kidney infection?\n  424. What is urosepsis?\n    Septic poisoning due to retention and absorption of urinary products in the tissues\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMed Surg Final.txt\n2010-02-23 02:57:29\nMed Surg Final Exam\n\nMed Surg Final Exam\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive Food-where does it come from Worksheet-3\n\nFood-where does it come from Worksheet-3\n\n\nFill in the blanks:\n\n  1. _______ is the other name of maize.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n  2. In cold regions, people mostly drink ________ milk.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n  3. Squirrels use their teeth to _______ food such as nuts.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n  4. Wheat, rice etc are known as ________.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nMultiple-Choice Question:\n\n  1. Identify the great French chemist who developed the process of \u201cpasteurization\u201d.\n\n(A) Charles Darwin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n(B) Louis Pasteur\n\n(C) Watson and Crick\n\n\n  1. The stem of potato plant is eaten as vegetable. There is a specific name given to the stem of potato plants. What is it?\n\n(A) Tuber\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Bulb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Rhizome\n\n\n  1. Which of the following country produces almost half of the world\u2019s harvest of maize?\n\n(A) United States\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Australia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Japan\n\n\n  1. Which of the following dairy product is prepared by churning fresh cream?\n\n(A) Ghee\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Butter\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Cheese\n\n\n  1. Animals that eat only plants and plant products are known as:\n\n(A) Herbivores\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Carnivores\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Omnivores\n\n\n  1. The mouth-part of butterflies and humming are shaped like ____ that helps them in sucking nectar from flowers.\n\n(A) Pipe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Roll\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Straw\n\n\n  1. What kind of teeth do lions and tigers have that helps them to tear flesh?\n\n(A) Curved and pointed front teeth\n\n(B) Wide and blunt front teeth\n\n(C) Sharp and pointed front teeth (canines)\n\n\nMultiple Choice Questions: With More than one option:\n\n  1. Mark the plants whose flowers are consumed as food.\n\n(A) Broccoli\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 (B) Ginger \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 (C) Potato\n\n(D) Garlic\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 (E) Pumpkin\n\n\n  1. Chicken eggs are rich sources of:\n\n(A) Proteins\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Carbohydrates\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Fats\n\n(D) Minerals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (E) Vitamins\n\n\n  1. Mark the herbivorous animals.\n\n(A) Cow\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Rabbits\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Dog\n\n(D) Sheep\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (E) Human being\n\n\n  1. Mark the omnivorous animals.\n\n(A) Human being\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) Bear\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 (C) Jackals\n\n(D) Giraffe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (E) Crow\n\n\n\n  1. We should eat same variety of food in order to stay healthy.\n  2. Different parts of a plant serve as the source of food.\n  3. Honey is a sweet liquid produced by bees from the nectar of flowers.\n  4. Animals depend on plants and other animals for their food.\n  5. Deer are herbivores.\n  6. All the animals have same feeding habits.\n\n\nAnswer key:\n\n  1. Corn\n  2. Yak\u2019s/ Yaks/ Yak\n  3. Gnaw\n  4. cereal/ cereals\n  5. (B)\n  6. (A)\n  7. (A)\n  8. (B)\n  9. (A)\n  10. (C)\n  11. (C)\n  12. (A,E)\n  13. (A,E)\n  14. (A,B,D)\n  15. (A,B,E)\n  16. False\n  17. True\n  18. True\n  19. True\n  20. True\n  21. False
+__label__positive A Long and Illustrious History Test 5\n\nTime Left: 00:00:00\n\nYour Time: 00:00:00\n\nWhich Battle does the Bayeux Tapestry commemorate?\n\nWhich of the following countries were not on the allies side during the Second World War?\n\nWhich statement out of the following do you think about early 20th century Britain is NOT true?\n\nWhat was the name of the horrific battle of 1916 that had casualties over 60,000 British soldiers on the very first day?\n\nWho was elected Prime Minister in May 2010?\n\nWhat is the name of the modern political party which is sometimes referred by the name Tories?\n\nElizabeth-I was born to __________\n\nIn what way the balance of power between monarch and Parliament altered by the Bill of Rights?\n\nDuke of Wellington defeated Napoleon in 1815 which brought an end to the French Wars. Which of the following wars was that?\n\nSince which year did The Bill of Rights come into effect?\n\nWhich of the following statements is true about Anne Boleyn?\n\nWhich of these statements is true?\n\nFrom the given list of statements, identify the two factors that contributed to the emergence of a strong middle class in Britain.\n\nBritish army was eventually defeated by the North American colonists. In which year did Britain recognise these colonies?\n\nWilliam, Duke of Normandy lost his life in the Battle of Hastings.\n\nWhat is the term used for defining voting rights of every adult male and female?\n\nIs the statement below TRUE or FALSE?\n\nKingdoms of Anglo-Saxon communities were widespread in Wales and Scotland.\n\nSince how long were the Romans remained in Britain?\n\nIn which year was Margaret Thatcher first elected as Conservative MP?\n\nFill the gap with appropriate choice from the following. The prehistoric village of Skara Brae is situated in _____________.\n\nThe religious reforms of the Church of England that was introduced by Charles I, were agreed upon by the Puritans.\n\nA monastery on the Isle of Skye was founded by St Columba.\n\nNearly 28,000 Indian origin deportees from which country Britain admitted during 1970?\n\nWhat does it mean by Magna Carta?
+__label__positive 2013 December UGC NET Solved Question Paper in Social Medicine and Community Health, Paper III\n\n1. India is on the verge of eradicating which of the following diseases?\n\n(A) Poliomyelitis\n\n(B) Leprosy\n\n(C) Malaria\n\n(D) Lymphatic Filariasis\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n2. Which of the following is a conditional cash transfer scheme implemented at the ICDs level?\n\n(A) Kishori Shakti Yojana\n\n(B) Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for employment of adolescent girls\n\n(C) Indira Gandhi Matratva Sahayog Yojana\n\n(D) Nutrition Programme for adolescent girls\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n3. The most effective tool for measuring incidence of a disease in community is\n\n(A) Case control study\n\n(B) Cohort study\n\n(C) Cross sectional study\n\n(D) Retrospective study\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n4. The relationship between prevalence incidence and duration of an illness for stable condition is expressed as\n\n(A) Prevalence = Incidence + duration\n\n(B) Prevalence = Incidence \u2013 duration\n\n(C) Prevalence =\n\n(D) Prevalence = Incidence \u00d7 duration\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n5. Panchayati Raj at village level includes following bodies excepts:\n\n(A) Gram Sabha\n\n(B) Lok Sabha\n\n(C) Gram Panchayat\n\n(D) Nyaya Sabha\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n6. Declaration of the Rights of the Child was adopted in 1959 by\n\n\n\n\n(D) United Nations\n\nAnswer: (D)www.netugc.com\n\n\n7. If a drug prevents mortality but does not give complete cure of a disease, then the effect will be\n\n(A) Increase in Incidence\n\n(B) Increase in Prevalence\n\n(C) Decrease in Incidence\n\n(D) Decrease in Prevalence\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n8. In Biostatistics all are the parameters excepts\n\n(A) \u03bc\n\n(B) N\n\n(C) \u03c3\n\n(D) n\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n9. Giving access to the suitable environment for ready expression of genes is called\n\n(A) Eugenics\n\n(B) Population Genetics\n\n(C) Euthenics\n\n(D) Human Genome Project\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n10. All the following are criteria for identifying \u201cat risk\u201d infants except:\n\n(A) Birth weight less than 2.5 kg\n\n(B) Birth order of 3 or more\n\n(C) Weight below 70% of the expected weight.\n\n(D) Failure to gain weight during three successive months.\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n11. The study of time, place, person distribution of a disease is known as\n\n(A) Descriptive Epidemiology\n\n(B) Experimental Epidemiology\n\n(C) Analytical Epidemiology\n\n(D) Clinical Epidemiology\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n12. \u201cYates correction\u201d is applied to\n\n(A) Standard error of mean\n\n(B) Standard error of proportion\n\n(C) Paired \u2018t\u2019 test\n\n(D) Chi square test\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n13. \u201cThe relative frequencies of each gene allele tends to remain constant from generation to generation\u201d is stated by\n\n(A) Mendelian Law\n\n(B) Genotype Expression\n\n(C) Hardy Weinberg Law\n\n(D) Phenotype Expression\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n14. Years of potential life lost is a type of\n\n(A) Mortality Indicator\n\n(B) Morbidity Indicator\n\n(C) Disability Indicator\n\n(D) Utilization Rate\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n15. The advantages of case control studies are the following except:\n\n(A) Quick result are obtained\n\n(B) Useful in rare disease\n\n(C) Costs less\n\n(D) Relative risk can be calculated\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n16. All are the types of selection bias except\n\n(A) Volunteer Bias\n\n(B) Berkesonian Bias\n\n(C) Survivorship Bias\n\n(D) Observers Bias\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n17. Turners Syndrome is a Genetic disease related to abnormality of\n\n(A) Chromosome 21\n\n(B) Y chromosome\n\n(C) Any Autosome\n\n(D) x chromosome\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n18. Which of the following is a event type disability indicator?\n\n(A) Limitation of mobility\n\n(B) Bed disability days\n\n(C) Limitation to perform the basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL)\n\n(D) Confinement to Bed house\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n19. The ratio between incidence among exposed persons and incidence among non-exposed persons is known as\n\n(A) Odds ratio\n\n(B) Attributable risk\n\n(C) Relative risk\n\n(D) Population attributable risk\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n20. Daily requirement of folic acid during pregnancy as per ICMR 2010 recommendation is\n\n(A) 500 mcg\n\n(B) 200 mcg\n\n(C) 80-120 mcg\n\n(D) 300 mcg\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n21. Out of total tuberculosis load the percentage contribution of childhood tuberculosis is\n\n(A) < 10\n\n(B) 10 to 20\n\n(C) 30 to 40\n\n(D) \u2265 50\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n22. Subjective state of the person who feels aware of not being well is referred to as\n\n(A) Dysfunction\n\n(B) Diseases\n\n(C) Sickness\n\n(D) Illness\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n23. A study was started in the year 2005 in Nashik with 30,000 population of alcoholics. The occurrence of cancer amongst them was studied in 2012-13. The study design is\n\n(A) Cash control study\n\n(B) Prospective cohort study\n\n(C) Retrospective cohort study\n\n(D) Cross sectional study\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n24. Protein energy ratio is maximum for\n\n(A) Fish\n\n(B) Cow milk\n\n(C) Tur dal\n\n(D) Banana\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n25. The first round of the National Pulse Polio Immunisation in India was held during\n\n(A) 1985-86\n\n(B) 1990-91\n\n(C) 1995-96\n\n(D) 2000-01\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n26. Handicap in children refers to an impairment or other circumstances that interfere with all except\n\n(A) Normal Growth\n\n(B) Normal Development\n\n(C) Capacity to fulfil a social role\n\n(D) Capacity to learn\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n27. A verbal autopsy means\n\n(A) examination of a dead body where post mortem facilities are not available.\n\n(B) finding out the cause of death by interviewing the relative of a dead person.\n\n(C) inquest report of panchanama.\n\n(D) periodic death conference.\n\nAnswer: (B)www.netugc.com\n\n\n28. Approximate Energy Expenditure in Kcal/hour on walking 4 kilometres/hour for 60 kg reference man is\n\n(A) 132\n\n(B) 160\n\n(C) 360\n\n(D) 750\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n29. Persistent carrier state for hepatitis-B refers to carriers of more than\n\n(A) 3 months\n\n(B) 6 months\n\n(C) 9 months\n\n(D) 12 months\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n30. Goal No. 4 is Millennium Development Goal (MDG) related to child health is, to reduce under 5 mortality rate between 1990-2015 by\n\n\n\n\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n31. One of the unsaturated fatty acids of animal origin is\n\n(A) Milk\n\n(B) Mutton\n\n(C) Eggs\n\n(D) Fish oil\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n32. Which article of the constitution of India covers all health subjects enumerated in union list, concurrent list & States list?\n\n(A) 39\n\n(B) 45\n\n(C) 47\n\n(D) 246\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n33. Stop TB strategy was started by WHO in\n\n(A) 1996\n\n(B) 2002\n\n(C) 2006\n\n(D) 2012\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n34. Abdominal fat accumulation is indicated by waist hip ratio\n\n(A) >1 in Men 8 > 0.85 in Women\n\n(B) >1 in Men 8 > 1 in Women\n\n(C) >2 in Men 8 > 0.5 in Women\n\n(D) >1 in Men 8 > 0.5 in Women\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n35. Lowest Glycemic Index Food has to be selected by an obese person. The best, amongst the following will be\n\n(A) White Bread\n\n(B) Corn Flakes\n\n(C) Beans\n\n(D) Brown rice\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n36. All are the models of Health Education except\n\n(A) Socio economic model\n\n(B) Medical model\n\n(C) Motivational model\n\n(D) Social interventional model\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n37. As per 2011 census when is India predicted to reach the replacement level of fertility?\n\n(A) 2016\n\n(B) 2021\n\n(C) 2026\n\n(D) 2031\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n38. \u201cJai Vigyan Mission Mode\u201d project is being carried out in India for community control of\n\n(A) Stroke\n\n(B) Hypertension\n\n(C) Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic Heart Disease\n\n(D) Cancer\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n39. As per the criteria decided by WHO Anemia in children aged 6 months to 5 years is defined as Haemoglobin below the following levels in venous blood\n\n(A) 13 g/dl\n\n(B) 12.5 g/dl\n\n(C) 12 g/dl\n\n(D) 11 g/dl\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n40. Interruption of transmission of disease from a large geographic area is called as\n\n(A) Elimination\n\n(B) Eradication\n\n(C) Control\n\n(D) Monitoring\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n41. Which of the following states/union territories has the lowest sex ratio as per 2011 census?\n\n(A) Haryana\n\n(B) Bihar\n\n(C) Uttar Pradesh\n\n(D) Chandigarh\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n42. The optimum size of base population for a population based cancer registry is in the range of\n\n(A) 0.2 \u2013 0.4 million\n\n(B) 0.4 \u2013 0.7 million\n\n(C) 1 \u2013 2 million\n\n(D) 2 \u2013 7 million\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n43. NALGONDA technique is used for the removal of\n\n(A) Ergot\n\n(B) Beta Oxalyl Amino Alanine\n\n(C) Fluorine\n\n(D) Sanguinarine\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n44. Population in which of the following countries has 100% access to both safe water and adequate sanitation\n\n(A) Sri Lanka\n\n(B) Maldives\n\n(C) Thailand\n\n(D) India\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n45. The optimum fluorine concentration in drinking water in India in ppm is\n\n(A) < 0.5\n\n(B) 0.5 to 0.8\n\n(C) 0.9 to 1.2\n\n(D) >1.2\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n46. Natural history of disease is best established by\n\n(A) Cohort study\n\n(B) Case control study\n\n(C) Randomised controlled trial\n\n(D) Prevalence study\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n47. Which of the following microorganisms is not killed by pasteurisation of milk?\n\n(A) Bacillus anthracis\n\n(B) Brucella\n\n(C) Staphylococcus\n\n(D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n48. The number of member countries in South East Asia Region of WHO is\n\n(A) 9\n\n(B) 10\n\n(C) 11\n\n(D) 12\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n49. Immunisation of mother against tetanus provides immunity to the new born for a period of\n\n(A) one month\n\n(B) three months\n\n(C) six months\n\n(D) twelve months\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n50. Ability of an infectious agent to undergo multiplication in a host is\n\n(A) Virulence\n\n(B) Communicability\n\n(C) Infectivity\n\n(D) Pathogecity\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n51. According to ICMR guidelines 2010 the additional energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation are respectively.\n\n(A) 350 calories and 600 calories\n\n(B) 325 calories and 500 calories\n\n(C) 250 calories and 550 calories\n\n(D) 300 calories and 450 calories\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n52. What is the size of the dust particle causing pneumoconiosis?\n\n(A) 1 to 3 microns\n\n(B) 2.0 to 3.5 microns\n\n(C) 0.5 to 3 microns\n\n(D) 0.5 to 5 microns\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n53. The disease Dengue fever is transmitted by\n\n(A) Anopheles mosquitoes\n\n(B) Culex mosquitoes\n\n(C) Aedes mosquitoes\n\n(D) Mansonia mosquitoes\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n54. Immunization is a type of\n\n(A) Primary Prevention\n\n(B) Secondary Prevention\n\n(C) Tertiary Prevention\n\n(D) Primordial Prevention\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n55. Which of the following is not a \u201cbasic activity\u201d in the management process?\n\n(A) Planning\n\n(B) Organising\n\n(C) Communicating\n\n(D) Terminal Evaluation\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n56. Plant foods having highest retinol equivalents in microgms/100 gms is\n\n(A) Spinach\n\n(B) Amaranth\n\n(C) Carrot\n\n(D) Orange\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n57. Lymphatic Filariasis is not a public health problem in\n\n(A) Bihar\n\n(B) Kerala\n\n(C) Jammu & Kashmir\n\n(D) Gujarat\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n58. Underlying cause of death in International form of death certificate is recorded on\n\n(A) Line (a) of Part I\n\n(B) Line (b) of Part I\n\n(C) Line (c) of Part I\n\n(D) Part II\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n59. \u2018Rachet Principle\u2019 is applicable in relation to\n\n(A) Performance appraisal\n\n(B) Systems analysis\n\n(C) Network analysis\n\n(D) Behaviour analysis\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n60. The single must sensitive tool for evaluating iron status is by measurement of\n\n(A) MCHC percentage\n\n(B) Haemoglobin concentration\n\n(C) Serum iron concentration\n\n(D) Serum ferritin\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n61. Leprosy is considered as a eliminated if the prevalence is less than\n\n(A) 1 percent\n\n(B) 1 per 1,000 population\n\n(C) 1 per 10,000 population\n\n(D) 1 per 1,00,000 population\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n62. Sample Registration System (SRS) estimates of child mortality rate in India is calculated as\n\n(A) Annual no. of deaths in children below 5 years per 1000 live births.\n\n(B) Annual no. of deaths in children below 5 years per 1000 under five children.\n\n(C) Annual no. of deaths in children below 5 years per 10,000 live births.\n\n(D) Annual no. of deaths in children below 5 years.\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n63. The critical path method in health planning and management refers to\n\n(A) The shortest path taken to complete the project.\n\n(B) The longest path taken to complete the project.\n\n(C) The mid-point of reviewing the project.\n\n(D) The ideal path taken to complete the project.\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n64. Specificity of a screening test is the ability to correctly identify:\n\n(A) True Negatives\n\n(B) True Positives\n\n(C) False Positives\n\n(D) False Negatives\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n65. Peculiarity of AIDS epidemic in North Eastern State of India is\n\n(A) Spread by homosexuality\n\n(B) Higher mother to Child transmission\n\n(C) Female preponderance\n\n(D) Transmission by IV drug abuse\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n66. The recommended method of disposal of waste sharps under biomedical waste guidelines is\n\n(A) Incineration\n\n(B) Disinfection and disposal in landfill\n\n(C) Disinfection and mutilation shredding\n\n(D) Autoclaving\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n67. Notification of a disease is the important source of information. The internationally notifiable disease are the following except\n\n(A) Plague\n\n(B) Yellow fever\n\n(C) Measles\n\n(D) Cholera\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n68. According to NFHS-3 the approximate percentage of anaemia in women is follows:\n\n(A) 57.9%\n\n(B) 50.5%\n\n(C) 70%\n\n(D) 45.5%\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n69. Approximate population of India in the year 2011 was\n\n(A) 1.11 Billion\n\n(B) 1.21 Billion\n\n(C) 1.31 Billion\n\n(D) 1.41 Billion\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n70. Characteristics of waste suitable for incineration are\n\n(A) waste having low heating volume\n\n(B) halogenated plastics\n\n(C) waste with high mercury content\n\n(D) pressurised gas containers\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n71. The Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) of a group of 11 years old girls follows a normal distribution with a mean of 300 litres per minute, with a S.D. of 20 litres/min. The correct statement would be\n\n(A) All girls lungs are functioning well.\n\n(B) About 95% girls have PEFR between 260 and 340 litres/minute.\n\n(C) About 5% of the girls have PEFR below 260 litres.\n\n(D) All the PEFR must be less than 340 litres/minute.\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n72. The weight of two large hen eggs without shell is about\n\n(A) 80 gmswww.netugc.com\n\n(B) 100 gms\n\n(C) 120 gms\n\n(D) 150 gms\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n73. Strength of sewage is expressed in terms\n\n(A) Biochemical oxygen demand\n\n(B) Chemical oxygen demand\n\n(C) Suspended solids\n\n(D) E.coli. count\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n74. Which of the following \u201cCholesterol/HDL ratio\u201d values is recommended as a clinical goal for Coronary Heat Disease prevention:\n\n(A) < 2\n\n(B) < 2.5\n\n(C) < 3.5\n\n(D) < 4\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n75. Type I error is\n\n(A) Accepting a Null Hypothesis\n\n(B) Accepting a Null Hypothesis when false\n\n(C) Rejecting a Null Hypothesis\n\n(D) Rejecting a Null Hypothesis when true\n\nAnswer: (D)
+__label__positive Chemistry Test 1\n\nCard Set Information\n\nChemistry Test 1\n2012-02-05 22:06:56\nChemistry Basic Theory\n\nTCC Chem Test 1.\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\n  1. What is the definition of a theory?\n    A theory explains what happens.\n  2. What is a Law?\n    A law tells what happens.\n  3. What is Chemistry?\n    Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.\n  4. What are the two properties of matter?\n    Physical and Chemical.\n  5. What are the two types of Physical Properties and what do they mean.\n    \u2022 Intensive - Independent of quanity\n    \u2022 Extensive - Depends on the quanity.\n  6. Chemical properties are all?\n  7. What is the two types of measurements\n    \u2022 Quanitative: uses numbers\n    \u2022 Qualititative: uses words\n  8. When are zeros considered Significant digits?\n    \u2022 Zeros are consistant when they are\n    \u2022 1. between significant digits\n    \u2022 2. trailing zeros behind the decimal place\n  9. What is the unit of measure for Pressure?\n  10. What are the unit of measure for Energy?\n  11. What are the unit of measure for volume?\n    \u2022 For solids it is measured in cubic meters\n    \u2022 For Liquids it is measured in mLs\n  12. What is the formula for Density?\n    Density = Mass/Volume\n  13. What are the 3 states of matter?\n    Solid, Liquid, Gas\n  14. What are the 3 groups of matter?\n    \u2022 1. Elements\n    \u2022 2. Compounds\n    \u2022 3. Mixtures\n  15. What are the 7 Diatomic Elements?\n    Hydrogen(H2), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Fluorine (F2) Chlorine (Cl2), Iodine (I2), Bromine (Br2)\n  16. What is an element?\n    element consists of only 1 type of atom and cannot be seperated by ordinary chemical means\n  17. What is a compound?\n    compound consists of 2 or more elements per represenative particle that is made or seperated by chemical reactions in definite porportions. They have chemical and physical properties that are different than their contained elements.\n  18. What is a mixture?\n    A mixture is 2 or more substances that are physically combines and are made or separated by physical means in any porportion.\n  19. What are the two types of mixtures?\n    \u2022 Heterogenus - 2 or more phases\n    \u2022 Homogenus - one have 1 phase and are uniform\n  20. What is an atom?\n    an atom is the smallest particle of an element found free in nature that keeps it's properties.\n  21. What does Daltons Atomic Theory state?\n    \u2022 1. elements are made up of indivisible particles called atoms\n    \u2022 2. atoms of the same element are the same.\n    \u2022 3. atoms of elements combine in definite porportions by mass to produce compounds\n    \u2022 4. In a chemical reaction atoms of elements are combined,separated or rearranged.\n  22. What are the 3 laws derived from Dalton's Atomic Theory?\n    \u2022 Law of Definite Porportions - means same compound with same properties\n    \u2022 Law of Multiple Porportions - different porportions mean different compounds\n    \u2022 Law of Conservation - matter can not be created or destroyed.\n  23. What does JJ Thompsons Theory state?\n    Plum Pudding Model - electrons (e-) are scattered throughout the atom.\n  24. What does Rutherfords theory state?\n    An atom is mostly space with a dense positive charged nucleus that contains protons and neutrons. electrons are outside of the nucleus. Protons and Neutrons have a mass of 1 AMU.\n  25. What part of an atom determines its chemial behavior?\n    electron (e-)\n  26. In a neutral atom how many protons and electrons are there?\n    a neutral atom has equal Protons and Electrons.\n  27. What are the two types of ions?\n    \u2022 cat-ions - positive charge, more protons than electrons\n    \u2022 anions - negative charge, more electrons than protons\n  28. What are the first three isotopes of Hydrogen (H)\n    \u2022 Proteum - Most common form of Hydrogen\n    \u2022 Deuterum- Heavy Hydrogen\n    \u2022 Tritium - radioactive Hydrogen\n  29. What does the Bohr Theory state?\n    electrons circle the nucleus in discrete orbits with fixed energy with no more than 8 electrons in the outer most shell.\n  30. What is a quantum?\n    a measure of energy that is required for an electron to jump from 1 energy level to the next higher energy level.\n  31. What is the value of Planc's Constant?\n  32. What is the Speed of Light? (C)\n  33. What is the formula for the speed of light?\n  34. What is the measure of Wavelength?\n    The distance from peak to peak on a sine wave\n  35. C\n  36. H\n  37. He\n  38. What is photoelectric effect?\n    When a photon strikes a shiny metal, an electron is thrown off\n  39. What is Threshhold frequency?\n    the lowest frequency at which an electron is thrown off\n  40. What is the DeBroglie Equation?\n    (wavelength = planc constant/ mass*velocity)\n  41. What is the formula for Ryberg's Constant?\n    n= energy level\n  42. What does the Heisenberg Uncertainity Theory state?\n    you can not know where an object is and its velocity at the same time, only one or the other.\n  43. What do the quantum numbers n, l and and mean?\n    n = principle quantum number - energy level\n\n    l - angular momentum - sub level (tells shape)\n\n    = magnetic quantum # (tells orbital orientation)\n\n    = spin quantum # (tells direction)\n  44. What does the aufbau principle state?\n    electrons enter the lowest energy sublevels first\n  45. What does Pauli's exclusion principle state?\n    an orbital can describe at most 2 electrons and the electrons must have opposite spins - no 2 electrons can have the same quantum number\n  46. What does Hund's rule state?\n    in a sublevel, when electrons fill it, each orbital must have 1 electron in it before electrons will pair up.\n  47. What is the electron configuration for Cr (chromium)?\n    [s] [d]\n  48. What is the electron configuration for Cu (Copper)\n  49. What is an Acid\n    an acid is anything that dissociates to form H+ ions and an anion\n  50. What is a binary acid and it's anion ends in -ide\n    a binary acid is a gas that combines with water to form a hydro_____ic acid (ie HCl --> HCl(aq)\n  51. an acid with an anion ending in -ate\n    acid forms to form a ________ic acid (ie = Nitric Acid)\n  52. an acid with an anion ending in -ite\n    it has one less H than a similar -ate acid creates a _____ous acid (ie Nitrous Acid)\n  53. Column 1 on the Periodic table consists of the\n    Alkali metals with the exception of Hydrogen\n  54. Column 2 of the Periodic table consists of the?\n    Alkaline Earth Metals\n  55. Columns 3 through Column 12 on the Periodic Table are called the\n    Transition elements\n  56. Column 18 on the Periodic Table consists of the...\n    Noble Gases\n  57. Column 17 of the Periodic Table consists of the\n  58. The nonmetals on the Periodic Table are which\n    starts on column 13 at B (Boron) diagonally down to Te (Tellurium) and then Column 17 down to Iodine.\n  59. As atomic size decreases\n    atomic forces increase\n  60. Li\n  61. Be\n  62. Na\n  63. Mg\n  64. K\n  65. Ca\n  66. Rb\n  67. Sr\n  68. Cs\n  69. Fr\n  70. Ra\n  71. Cr\n  72. Mn\n  73. Fe\n  74. Co\n  75. Ni\n  76. Cu\n  77. Zn\n  78. Ag\n  79. Au\n  80. Pt\n  81. W\n  82. Cd\n  83. Hg\n  84. B\n  85. N\n  86. O\n  87. F\n  88. Al\n  89. Si\n  90. P\n  91. S\n  92. Cl\n  93. As\n  94. Se\n  95. Te\n  96. I\n  97. Pb\n  98. Bi\n  99. Po\n  100. At\n  101. Ne\n  102. Ar\n  103. Kr\n  104. Xe\n  105. Ra\n  106. U\n  107. Which columns on the Periodic Table are the S levels\n    Columns 1 and 2\n  108. Which columns on the Periodic Table are the P levels?\n    Columns 13-18\n  109. Which columns on the Perodic Table are the D levels\n    Columns 3-12 : remember they are 1 energy level less than the row they are on.\n  110. What is electron affinity?\n    the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom.\n  111. what does the Wave Quantum mechanical model state?\n    an electron is described as a standing wave and the exact position of an electron is never known.\n  112. What are the orbital shapes for each energy level\n    \u2022 S- Sphere\n    \u2022 P- Dumbell\n    \u2022 D- Double Dumbell\n    \u2022 F- Flower
+__label__positive Lower GI Bleeds Flashcards Preview\n\nGastro > Lower GI Bleeds > Flashcards\n\nFlashcards in Lower GI Bleeds Deck (5)\nLoading flashcards...\n\nWhat are the causes of a lower GI bleed?\nDifferentiate them based off of age, pain and size of bleed\n\nElderly \u2013 Diverticulitis, Colorectal Cancer, Angiodysplasia (vascular malformation in the gut), Ischaemic Colitis/Acute mesenteric ischemia\nYounger \u2013 Inflammatory Bowel Disease\nBoth \u2013 Haemorrhoids, Rectal Varices, Infection, C. diff, Rectal Varices, Severe Upper GI bleed\n\nPainful \u2013 Haemorrhoids (Local Pain/Itching), Upper GI bleed (Epigastric pain), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Abdominal Pain), Anal Fissure (Local Pain), Acute mesenteric ischaemia Colitis (severely painful), Ischaemic colitis (Moderate flank pain), Infection (generalised abdominal discomfort)\nPainless - Diverticulitis, Colorectal cancer, Angiodysplasia, Rectal Varices\n\nLarge Bleed \u2013 Diverticulitis, Upper GI bleed, Rectal Varices, Acute mesenteric ischaemia\nSmall Bleed \u2013 Haemorrhoids, Colorectal cancer, Anal Fissure, Infection, Ischaemic Colitis\nVariable \u2013 Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Angiodysplasia\n\n\nWhat are the symptoms of a lower GI Bleed?\n\nHaematochezia (Fresh Blood) \u2013 Normally Seen in lower GI bleed, but can be seen in profuse upper GI bleed\nAnaemia - Chronic Bleeds\nShock \u2013 Fainting or postural dizziness\n\nSpecific Questions to ask:\nColorectal cancer \u2013 Change in bowel habit, weight loss, anorexia\nRectal Varices \u2013 History of alcoholism/Liver disease\nIschaemic Colitis/Acute mesenteric Ischaemia - Cardiovascular risk factors\n\n\nWhat will you find on examination of a lower GI bleed?\n\nWhat is the degree of anaemia/shock\nEnd of the bed:\nReduced skin turgidity - Hypovolaemia\nPale \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nLow urine output \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nIncreased capillary refill \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nWeak Peripheral pulses \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nCold peripheries \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nHypotension - Hypovolaemia\nTachycardia - Hypovolaemia\nDry Mucous membranes - Hypovolaemia\nBruit \u2013 May indicate ischemic colitis or mesenteric ischemia\nMass \u2013 Colorectal cancer\nWeak Peripheral pulses \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nCold peripheries \u2013 Hypovolaemia\nVisible Anorectal cancer\nEstablish presence of blood/melaena\n\n\nWhat investigations will you order in a lower GI bleed?\n\nStool cultures (send multiple samples)\u2013 Only if infection suspected, to rule out infective causes.\nTest any stool sent for C. Diff\nFull set of observations\n\nFBC - To assess severity of bleed with Hb levels and to look for infection (WCC\nU&E - A raised urea comparative to creatinine is classical of an upper GI bleed. May also see dehydration if lots of blood loss\nLFT\u2019s \u2013 Liver disease can predispose to rectal varices and reduced clotting levels\nClotting - They are bleeding, especially important in patients with signs of chronic liver disease and those on anticoagulants\nCross Match \u2013 Between 2 and 6 units depending on the severity of the bleed\nTotal Iron Binding Capacity/Ferritin - Looking for Iron deficiency due to a chronic bleed\n\nAbdominal X-Ray - To see any signs of colitis (oedema/thumb printing)\nErect CXR \u2013 Looking for any perforation\nColonoscopy - After patient stabilised and within 24 hours of admitting\nCT Scan \u2013 If no cause found\nAngiography \u2013 If no cause found, can help to localise site of bleeding\n\n\nWhat is the immediate management of a lower GI Bleed?\n\nWhat is the Treatment: (Indication for admission (>60, haemodynamic instability, still bleeding, NSAIDS/Anti coagulants, Severe Co-morbidity)\nA-E approach\nGet IV Access (2 wide bore cannulas)/Give O2 to maintain sats of 94+ /Attach 12 lead ECG\nMake sure not to use saline in liver disease\nInsert Urinary Catheter\nAssessment with AMPLE history and brief examination\nGet help - Medical reg on call/consider ITU if large bleed\nFrequent Observations - Constant or 15 minutely\nTransfusion with O- Blood or Cross matched blood if Hb<70\nTransudes with Platelets if platelet count >50\nKeep patient bedbound, they may feel the need to pass a large stool, but this could be another GI bleed resulting in collapse.\nGet advice from consultant/haematology on anticoagulation \u2013 Use FFP in patient with INR >1.5 and use PCC in actively bleeding patients taking warfarin. Factor VIIa can be used if either of these do not work. Stop any warfarin and talk to specialist about other blood thinners. Stop any NSAIDS in acute phase if possible.\nKeep Nil by Mouth\nArrange urgent colonoscopy - Immediately in severe bleeds, within 24 hours of all bleeds\n\nMedical: Treatment for massive bleeds (Other bleeds will likely not require specific treatment to stop the blood loss, simply treat the underlying cause)\nGeneral Management - Colonoscopy coagulation and injection with vasoconstrictors or sclerosing agents of any bleeding sites\nDiverticulitis - Colonoscopy with bipolar coagulation, adrenaline injection or metallic clips\nAngiodysplasia - Colonoscopy Thermal Therapy with Argon\nRectal Varices \u2013 Colonoscopy Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy\nIschaemic Colitis - Nil by Mouth and IV hydration\n\nIn Recurrent Bleeds - Resection of affected bowel
+__label__positive 64 Natural language processing interview questions and answers | 2019\n\nSpread the love\n\nAre you planning machine leaning expert or nlp engineer ? Here is the best list of 64 nlp interview questions that helps to crack the interview easily.\n\nIf you are not still yet completed machine learning and data science. Here is the list of machine learning interview questions, data science interview questions, python interview questions\u00a0and sql interview questions.\n\nWhat is NLP(natural language processing) ?\nNatural language processing is a subfield of computer science, information engineering, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data\nWhat is applications of NLP ?\nText classification, Text summarization, Name entity recognization, part of speech tagging, language model building, Machine translation, Spell checking, speech recognization, character recognization.\nWhat is tokenization ?\nSplitting the sentence into words\nWhat is stemming ?\u00a0\nStemming is the process of reducing a word to its word stem that affixes to suffixes and prefixes.\nWhat is lemmatizing ?\u00a0\nLemmatizing is also same like stemming but the difference is lemmantizing words known with dictionary.\nWhat is Normalization ?\u00a0\nConverting different range of values to same scale from 0 to 1.\nWhat is POS (parts of speech) tagging ?\u00a0\nTagging a word with noun, pronoun, adverd, adjective etc.\nWhat is NER (name entity recognition)?\nNER refers to name entiyy recognization like places, organizations, companies etc.\nWhat are nlp libraries and tools ?\u00a0\nCoreNLP from Stanford group.\nNLTK, the most widely-mentioned NLP library for Python.\nTextBlob, a user-friendly and intuitive NLTK interface.\nGensim, a library for document similarity analysis.\nSpaCy, an industrial-strength NLP library built for performance.\nWhat are stop words ?\u00a0\na, the , an etc like repeated words in text, that doesn\u2019t give any additional value to context. we can filter those words by using nltk library standard function.\nWhat are punctuation\u2019s ? How can you remove it ?\u00a0\nWhat is Noise Removal ?\u00a0\nRemove unwanted data from corpus. Like if you are working sentiment analysis, we have to remove ?\u201d! etc.\nWhat is Wordnet ?\u00a0\nWordNet is a lexical database for the English language. It groups English words into sets of synonyms called synsets, provides short definitions and usage examples, and records a number of relations among these synonym sets or their members.\nHow can you find synonyms and antonyms for a word ?\u00a0\nRefer here\nWhat is NLG (Natural language Generation) ?\nIt\u2019s about generating new text from understanding old data.\nWhat is NLU (Natural language understanding) ?\nIt\u2019s about understanding of natural language. How humans are communicating in different scenarios.\nWhat is Corpus ?\u00a0\nIt\u2019s a collection of text documents.\nWhat is N- Gram, Unigram, Bigram \u00a0and Trigram?\u00a0\nit\u2019s about word analysis, unigram means single word, bigram means double words and trigram means tripple word.\nWhat is Language modeling ?\u00a0\nA statistical language model is a probability distribution over sequences of words. Given such a sequence, say of length m, it assigns a probability to the whole sequence. The language model provides context to distinguish between words and phrases that sound simila\nWhat is Latent semantic analysis ?\nWhat is word embedding ?\nWord embedding is the collective name for a set of language modeling and feature learning techniques in natural language processing where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers\nWhat are word embedding libraries ?\u00a0\nWhat is word2vec ?\u00a0\nWhat is Glove ?\u00a0\nGloVe, coined from Global Vectors, is a model for distributed word representation. The model is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words. This is achieved by mapping words into a meaningful space where the distance between words is related to semantic similarity.\nWhat is Fasttext ?\u00a0\nfastText is a library for learning of word embeddings and text classification created by Facebook\u2019s AI Research lab. The model allows to create an unsupervised learning or supervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words\nWhat is Genism ?\nGensim is a production-ready open-source library for unsupervised topic modeling and natural language processing, using modern statistical machine learning. Gensim is implemented in Python and Cython for top performance and scalability\nWhat is text mining ?\u00a0\nWhat is Information Extraction ?\u00a0\nWhat is object standardization ? When it will be used ?\u00a0\nText data often contains words or phrases which are not present in any standard lexical dictionaries. These pieces are not recognized by search engines and models.\nWhat is text generation ? When we will do it ?\nGenerate new text from understanding old data.\nWhat is text summarization ? When we will do it ?\nAutomatic summarization is the process of shortening a text document with software, in order to create a summary with the major points of the original document. Technologies that can make a coherent summary take into account variables such as length, writing style and syntax.\n\nIt\u2019s widely used in news article sites.\n\nWhat is Topic Modeling ? When we will do it ?\nTopic modeling\u00a0is a type of statistical\u00a0modeling\u00a0for discovering the abstract \u201ctopics\u201d that occur in a collection of documents. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is an example of\u00a0topic model\u00a0and is used to classify text in a document to a particulartopic\nWhat is sentiment analysis ? When we will do it ?\nWhat Term frequency(TF) ?\nWhat is Inverse term frequency (IDF) ?\nWhat is difference between NLTK and Spacy ?\nWhat is difference between OpenNLP and NLTK ?\nWhat is sequence modeling ? How it\u2019s helpful in NLP ?\nWhat is dependency parsing \u00a0?\nWhat is semantic parsing ?\nWhat is constituency parsing ?\nWhat is difference between shallow parsing and dependency parsing ?\nHow does the PageRank algorithm work?\nWhat is Differentiate regular grammar and regular expression.\nHow will you estimate the entropy of the English language?\nWhat is bagofwords model ?\nWhat is cosine distance ?\nWhat is doc2vec model ?\nWhat is CBOW( continuous bag of words )\nWhat is Skip-gram ?\nWhat are models to reduce dimensionality of data in nlp\nLatent Dirichlet Allocation\nLatent Semantic Indexing\nKeyword Normalization\nWhat is document-term matrix ?\nA document-term matrix or term-document matrix is a mathematical matrix that describes the frequency of terms that occur in a collection of documents.\nWhat is pragmatic analysis in NLP?\nHow can you find word similarity in nlp ?\nHow can you find sentence similarity in nlp ?\nHow can you find document similarity in nlp ?\nWhat is NLP usage in recommendation engines ?\nWhat are conditional random fields ?\nWhat are hidden markov fields ?\nWhat is Naive bayes algorithm, When we can use this algorithm in NLP ?\nWhat is Text Matching / Similarity techniques ?\nLevenshtein Distance\nPhonetic Matching\nFlexible String Matching\nCosine Similarity\nWhat is Coreference Resolution ?\nWhat is Ambiguity in NLP ?\nExplain about one project you have done in Nlp from start to ending.
+__label__positive Central Processing\n\n59 terms by missdawa\u00a0\n\nReady to study?\nStart with Flashcards\n\nCreate a new folder\n\nAdvertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nThe ____________ reqires that the healthcare facilityreport malfuncation of the medical devices that have contributed to patient injury, illness , and / or death to the manufacturer and the FDA.\n\nSafe Medical Device\n\nThe largest operating channel of the an endoscop is the _ channel\n\nInstrument (biopsy)\n\nThe Process by Which the unwrapped instrument are steamed for immediate use when an emergency situtation arises, is called:\n\nFlash Sterization\n\nWhich of the following is a system used to treat the final rinse of water for cleaning?\n\n\nMedical Device reporting is regulated by the :\n\n\nChemical indicatrs are classifed by the FDA as devices:\n\nClass II\n\nWatches and other jewelry a should be worn in the central service department work areas because :\n\nthey harbor bacteria\n\nLoaner instrument should:\n\nbe decontaminated before use\n\nin ABC inventory Control system , \"A\" items represents:\n\nthe smallest number of items and the largest dollar value\n\nAsset Management\n\nwhich of the following is not an example of surgical asepsis?\n\nRod-shaped bacteria are classified as\n\n\nFloors in the Central Service Department should be in:\n\nWet mopped daily\n\nMicroorganisms reproduce by process called\n\nBinary fission\n\nPurified water should have the PH of :\n\n\nThe absence of microorganism that causes disease is called :\n\n\nStandards and regulations help set levels of _______ in Central Service Departments\n\nQuality, Safety, Efficiency\n\nIn medical terminology, the propose of a combinig vowel is to:\n\nmake the word easier to pronouce\n\nThese carry blood away from the heart\n\n\nA system that keeps track of the all incoming and outgoing supplies so that quantities of supplies in storage are known at all times, is:\n\nperpetual inventory systems\n\nwhen arranged plastic-paper pouches in the sterilizer, the pouches should be arranged :\n\n\nWhich of the following can be removed from water a reverse osmosis process is used?\n\n\nIn the event of a load recall, information about specfic load contents can be obtained from:\n\nthe sterilization log\n\nMechanical Sterilizer\n\nThe most efficient type of dry heat sterilizer is\n\nOrtho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) is classified as\n\na high disinfectant\n\nHealthcare regulation and Standard provide consistency of department activities by outlining\n\nminimal performance standard\n\nwater softner are used to remove __________ water\n\nCalcium and magnesium\n\nThe removal of kidney is called a:\n\n\nWhich type of scope is used to visualize the lower part of the large intestine?\n\n\nSterile Package should be stored no lower than _____ inches from the floor\n\n\nTo achieve a reasonable level of disnfecion, alchol used as an intermediate- level disinfectant must remain in wetcontac with the surface of the object being disinfected for minimum of of____________ minutes\n\n5 min.\n\nCommon Vechcile\n\nA mode of bacterial transmission that would take place when an infectious agent was transmitted through an item such as food or water is called:\n\nAgency which may intervene in a matter of worker protection even if there are no specfic postions is called a :\n\njob description\n\nWhen using the PHscale, which of the following numbers would suggest the most alkalines?\n\n\nWhich of the following is an example of regulated waste?\n\nBlood soaked sponges\n\nThe main theory of Standards Precuations is that:\n\nPatients may pose a risk of infection whether they have been diagonsed with an infection disease or not\n\nWhich of the following types of trsh must be red- bagged?\n\nregulated medical waste\n\nBacteria that growwell in warm temperture (122-158 F) are called:\n\n\nWhich of the following systems involves the transfer of the control of the healthcare facility's equipment mangenement to an external entity?\n\n\nThe percentage of items filled (available) when an order is placed is called the:\n\nInventory Service Level\n\nThis prion is of speical concern to Central Service technician because it cannot be destroyed by normal sterilzation cycle:\n\n\nWhat type of carts/baskets should be used in an EtO sterilizer?\n\n\nWhich of the following would be the best choice for the cleaning walls fixtures and floors in the decontamination areas?\n\nA Quaternary Ammoinum Compound\n\nWhich of the following instruments marking in methods is not recommended?\n\n\nThe angency responsible for the pre-market requirements od medical devices:\n\n\nWhich of the information is not included on MSDM Sheet\n\nrequired inventory levels\n\nHinge Joint\n\nThe knee is an example of a\n\nThese chemicals are used to slow the growth of bacteria on living tissue such as skin\n\n\nThe surgical procedure that removes tissue or displaced bone in the wrist area to release pressure on the median nerves is called:\n\nCarpal tunnel repair\n\nFlash Sterilization of implants is not recommended by the\n\n\nInformation on each package that identifies the date of sterilizationthe aterilizer, and the sterilizer cycle run is contianed in the\n\nLoad Control Number\n\nIf a sterilizer has successfully killed all the bacterial spores in a biologicial indicator\n\nIt is called a negative test\n\nThe 2 most common temperture used in steam sterilization process is:\n\n320-325 F\n\nSterilizer loads containing implants\n\nmust contain bioloigical indicator\n\nThe spore used in the testing of steam sterilization is:\n\nGeobacillus atrophaeus\n\nBiological testing should be performed in an ethlyene oxide sterilizer:\n\nIn every load\n\nThe first step in the sterilization process is:\n\nThrouogh Cleaning\n\nThe class C Fires involves\n\nenegerized electrical equipment\n\nSome bacteria develope hard shells around them which makesthem more difficult to destroy. these bacterias are called :\n\n\nRound-shaped Bacteria are classified as :\n\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? 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+__label__positive Mindterm 1 Flashcards Preview\n\nBIOL 331 > Mindterm 1 > Flashcards\n\nFlashcards in Mindterm 1 Deck (74):\n\nDescribe gated transport\n\nthe active transport of specific macromolecules through selective gates (such us the nuclear pore) and permits the free diffusion of small molecules b/w topologically equivalent spaces\n\n\nDescribe protein translocation\n\ntransmembrane protein translocators transport a protein into a across a membrane into a topologically distinct space. usually has to be unfolded. used to form integral proteins\n\n\nDescribe vesicular transport\n\nmembrane enclosed transport vesicles (can be small and circular or large and irregular) transport protein to a topologically equivalent compartment.\n\n\nDifferentiable b/w signal sequence, peptidase, and patch\n\na signal sequence is a stretch of 15-60 AA specifying a specific place in the cell; once sorting is complete it is cleaved by a specialized signal peptidase,\nsignal patches are formed by from internal signal squences that when folded create a 3D patch (used in nuclear import and vesicular transport)\n\n\nWhat signal sequence is used to return proteins to the ER\n\nKDEL at the C-terminus\n\n\nDifferentiate b/w the nuclear envelope, the inner membrane and the outer membrane\n\nthe nuclear envelope encloses DNA and defines the nuclear compartment, consists of two consecutive and continuous membranes with very different protein constituents, is penetrated by the nuclear pore. INM has binding sites of the chromosomes and for the nuclear lamina. ONM is continuous with the ER and contains ribosomes that secrete proteins into the perinuclear space.\n\n\nWhat is the nuclear pore complex and nucleoporin?\n\nthe NPC is is a pore in the NM that acts for active selective transport and free diffusion of small molecules. Nucleoporins are the proteins that make up NPC.\n\n\nWhat is the Nuclear Localization Sequence?\n\na signal sequence - consisting of one or two K and R residues, can be found anywhere on the pps, thought to form patches or loops on protein surface, only one subunit is needed in a multi complex. a nuclear import receptor is needed to bind to the NLS and transport it in. each NSR (imporins) recognizes a subset of sequences, the protein of interest can be transported folded.\n\n\nWhat is the function of FG repeats?\n\nThey interact weakly, which gives the protein tangle gel-like properties that\nimpose a permeability barrier to large macromolecules, and they serve as docking\nsites for nuclear import receptors\n\n\nWhat are the different RANs\n\nGAP converts ran-GTP to ran-GDP is on the cytosolic side while GEF on the nuclear. GAP - converts ran GDP to ran-GTP\n\n\nHow does nuclear import work?\n\nreceptors dock to FG repeats even with no cargo with the help of the FG repeats the receptor enters the nucleus where ran-GEF bind and causes the receptor to realize its cargo. the empty receptor with GTP goes back to the cytosol. Ran-GAP triggers Ran-GTP to hydrolyze its bound GTP, thereby converting\nit to Ran-GDP\n\n\nWhy is there only unloading on he nuclear side?\n\nBecause the Ran-GDP in the cytosol does not bind to import (or export)\nreceptors, unloading occurs only on the nuclear side\n\n\nHow does nuclear export work?\n\nran-gtp bound receptor on the nuclear side promotes binding of export cargo, it then moves through the pore, meets gap which hydrolyses GTP causing the receptor to release cargo\n\n\nHow can we regulate import vs export?\n\nIn high Ca2+,\nthe protein phosphatase calcineurin binds\nto NF-AT and dephosphorylates it. The dephosphorylation exposes nuclear import signals and the binding of calcineurin blocks a nuclear export signal.\nThe complex of NF-AT and calcineurin is therefore imported into the nucleus,.\n\n\nHow does the nuclear membrane dissolve during mitosis?\n\nnuclear lamina is POted by Cdk and depolymerizes, NPC are as well and causing them to dissemble and relocate into the cytosol. ran-gef remains anchored to chromosome therefore, as you move further away from the chromosome the concentration of ran-gap increases.\n\n\nWhat is TOM?\n\ntranslocase of the outer membrane. required for the translocation of all proteins. initially transports into the inter membrane space. helps insert proteins in the membrane\n\n\nWhat is TIM?\n\ntranslocase of the inner membrane.\nTIM 23 transfers soluble proteins and help insert proteins into the matrix and then into membrane\nTIM 22 mediates the insertion of only certain membrane proteins from the matrix for metabolites\n\n\nWhat is the SAM complex?\n\nbeta barrel specific sorting and assembly machinery. aid folding f beta barrel folding in the outer membrane\n\n\nWhat is the OXA complex?\n\noxidase assembly protein. insertion of proteins made in the mitochondria and some that were translocated from cytosol to the inner membrane.\n\n\nIn what state are Mitochondria protein precursors in for translocation?\n\nthey are unfolded and stablized by chaperone proteins like HSP 70 that bind directly onto the signal sequence. pon binding to tom they are stripped from the chaperone and are inserted signal first into the organelle.\n\n\nhow can you determine if the protein crosses both mitochondria membranes at once or one at a time?\n\nby cooling a cell-free mitochondrial import\nsystem to arrest the proteins at an intermediate step in the translocation process. arrested proteins no longer contain their N-terminal signal\nsequence, indicating that the N-terminus must be in the matrix space\n\n\nWhat is mtHsp 70?\n\nThe mitochondrial hsp70 is part of a multisubunit protein assembly that is bound\nto the matrix side of the TIM23 complex and acts as a motor to pull the precursor protein into the matrix space., mtHsp 70 binds to the pp being imported, conformational change. and releases the protein chain in an ATP-dependent step, exerting a ratcheting/pulling force on the protein being imported.\n\n\nwhere does translocation to the mitochondria get energy?\n\noutside the mitochondria ATP is needed for the pp to bind to TOM.\nonce bound to tim further translocation through the TIM translocation channel\nrequires the membrane potential made by the H+ gradient from the (H+ rich) inner membrane to the matix and one in the matrix space where mtHsp 70 uses it to act as a motor to pull the pp in.\n\n\nExplain pathway 1 for translation of an interregnal protein into the inter membrane space/ IMM\n\nusually only the N terminal SS enters the matrix, following it the stop transfer sequence (a stretch of hydrophobic AA) stops translation into the matrix. translation my tom continues and the ss is cleaved in the matrix. the stop transfer sequ is realesed my tim 23 into the membrane\n\n\nExplain pathway 2for the translation of an interregnal protein into the inter membrane space/ IMM\n\ntim 23 translates the entire protein to the matrix. a signal peptidase cleaves exposing the stop transfer sequ that directs it to the OXA complex that inserts it into the membrane.\n\n\nExplain pathway 3 for the translation of an interregnal protein into the inter membrane space/ IMM?\n\nmultipass proteins dont have a N-termi ss instead they and an internal one. they completly cross with tom and then chaperones guild it to tim 22. which inserts it into the membrane. tim 22 requires ia membrane potential.\n\n\nHow is REDOX chem used to drive protein import?\n\nproteins with cys motifs for disulphide bonds with Mia 40 which releases the protein in their oxidized form. Mia is in reduced form only to be deoxidized my passing e- from the ETC\n\n\nWhat is the import signal for most peroxysome proteins?\n\nSKL at the c-termini\n\n\nDifferentiate b/w co-translational and post-translational import.\n\nco-translational import is when the ribosome is attached to the ER, as one side of the pp elongates the other side in translocated into the lumen.\npost-translational- occurs for mitochondria, and chloroplast, where is synthesis is completed and the unfolded peptide is maintained for translocation.\n\n\nwhat is the signal hypothesis?\n\nWhen a ribosome translates an mRNA in vivo in the absence of the microsomes the protein synthesized was slightly longer than when translated in the presence of ER microsomes. this difference is due to the initial presence of the N-termi leader sequence that directs the secreted protein to the ER that is later cleaved by a signal peptidase before the pp is complete.\n\n\nhow is the ER ss directed to the ER?\n\na signal-recognition particle (SRP), which cycles between the ER membrane\nand the cytosol and binds to the signal sequence, and an SRP receptor in\nthe ER membrane.\n\n\nHow does the SRP bind to the pp and the ribosome?\n\none side binds to the leader sequence while the other binds to the elongation factor binding site of the ribosome, this causes a stall that gives the ribosome time to bind to the ER membrane ensuring the pp enters the ER, this also prevents misfolding, and reduces the need for chaperones.\n\n\nHow is the SRP receptor involved?\n\nonce the ss and the SRP bind a receptor on the SRP for the SRP receptor is exposed. The binding of the SRP to its receptor brings the SRP\u2013ribosome complex to an unoccupied protein translocator. the srp and the srp receptors are released and the translocator finishes the transfer.\n\n\nDifferentiate b/w membrane bound and free ribosomes.\n\nthey are functionally and anatomically identical only differing in the proteins that they are translating. membrane bound are attached to the cytsolic surface of the rER and translated proteins with the ER ss. while free ribosomes are used to translate all other proteins\n\n\nwhat is sec61?\n\nis a protein translocator complex that forms an aqueous pore across the membrane. has alpha helices that surround a central pore that is gated by a short alpha helix. when closed the the pore is impermeable. the pore is also able to open on its side allowing access to lateral transition in the hydrophobic core of the membrane.\n\n\nhow is post-translational import used to import to the ER?\n\nsimilar to import for the mitochondria. sec 61 assessory proteins span the lumenal domain and allow HSP 70 like chaperones to bind on to the growing pp as it emerges in the ER lumen. proteins that use this route are made in the cytosol and maintain the unfolded state by chaperones.\n\n\nhow is the ER signal used twice?\n\nfirst SRP binds to the ss. the ss also binds to specific place in the translocator, serving as a start transfer sequence opening the pore.\n\n\nhow are single pass proteins inserted to the membrane?\n\nthe N-termi ss starts translocation but an additional hydrophobic segment in the polypeptide chain stops the transfer process before the entire polypeptide chain is translocated.\nThis stop-transfer signal anchors the protein in the membrane after the\nER signal sequence has been cleaved off. with he (+) charged stretch following the internal sequ to be on the cytosolic side\n\n\nHow are multi-pass proteins made?\n\na second start-transfer sequence reinitiates\ntranslocation further down the polypeptide chain until the next stop-transfer sequence causes polypeptides release, and so on for subsequent start-transfer and stop-transfer sequences nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable ss\n\n\nHow does SRP recognize a stretch to be a start or stop sequence?\n\nBy recognizing the\nfirst appropriate hydrophobic segment to emerge from the ribosome, the SRP\nsets the \u201creading frame\u201d for membrane integration: after the SRP initiates translocation,\nthe translocator recognizes the next appropriate hydrophobic segment\nin the direction of transfer as a stop-transfer sequence\n\n\nhow does glycosolation occur?\n\na precursor oligrosaachride is added en bloc to proteins in the ER, the sugar is added to the NH2 group of ASN by oligrosaaccharyl transferase. A special lipid molecule called dolichol anchors the precursor oligosaccharide in the ER membrane\n\n\nare there any patterns to N linked glycosolation?\n\n\n\nHow does diversity in N linked glycsolation arise?\n\nfrom the later modification of the original precursor oligosaccharide.\nWhile still in the ER, three glucoses and one mannose are\nquickly removed from the oligosaccharides of most glycoproteins.\n\n\nwhat are calnexin and calreticulin?\n\nThese chaperones are carbohydrate-binding\nproteins, or lectins, which bind to oligosaccharides on incompletely folded proteins\nand retain them in the ER. also promote the association of incompletely folded proteins with another ER chaperone and aggregation of unfolded proteins. calanexin is in the membrane and calreticulin is soluble\n\n\nHow, then, do calnexin and calreticulin distinguish properly folded from incompletely folded proteins?\n\nglucosyl transferase that keeps adding a glucose to those oligosaccharides that have\nlost their last glucose. It adds the glucose, however, only to oligosaccharides that\nare attached to unfolded proteins. Thus, an unfolded protein undergoes continuous\ncycles of glucose trimming and addition until properly folded\n\n\nDescribe the process of retrotranslocation?\n\nfails are exported from the ER, degraded by proteasome, requires energy, chaperones, and PDI, E3 ubiquitin ligase\n\n\nhow are missfolded proteins found?\n\nN-linked oligosaccharides, which serve as timers that measure how long a protein has spent in the ER. The slow trimming of a particular mannose on the core oligosaccharide tree by an enzyme in the ER\ncreates a new oligosaccharide structure that ER-lumenal lectins of the retrotranslocation\napparatus recognize. Proteins that fold and exit from the ER faster than the mannosidase can remove its target mannose therefore escape degradation.\n\n\nwhat is the UPR-unfolded protein response?\n\nincludes an increased transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in retrotranslocation and protein degradation in the cytosol, ER chaperones, and many other proteins to increase the folding capacity.\n\n\ndescribe the IRE 1 path of activation the UPR\n\nThe oligomerization and autophosphorylation of IRE1 causes it to excise introns to produce an active transcription regulatory protein. This protein activates the transcription\nof genes encoding the proteins that help mediate the unfolded protein response\n\n\ndescribe the PERK path of activation the UPR\n\nactivates a second transmembrane kinase in the ER, PERK, that phosphorylates a translation initiating factor that reduces the production of new proteins. some proteins are translated when initiating factors are scare, these proteins help in activating the UPR.\n\n\ndescribe the ATF 6 pathway\n\nwhen missfolded proteins accumulate ATF6 ( a transmembrane protein) is sent to the golgi where it is cleaved by a protease. it is now able to relocate to the nucleus where it can activate genes encoding proteins for the UPR.\n\n\nwhat is Bpi?\n\na resident of the ER where it binds to the lumenal tails of ATF6, PERK, and IRE 1 to supress activity, when levels of unfolded proteins increase Bip is titrated away.\n\n\nhow does glycosolation act as a protein anchor to membranes?\n\nthe covalent attachment of glycosylphosphatidylinositol\n(GPI) anchor to the C-terminus of some membrane proteins. This linkage forms in the lumen of the ER, where, at the same\ntime, the transmembrane segment of the protein is cleaved off.\n\n\nhow does the Er assemble most lipid bilayers?\n\noccurs exclusively in the cytosolic leaflet. fatty acid bound proteins in the cytosol help move them to the membrane. After arrival in the ER membrane and activation with CoA, acyl transferases successively add two fatty acids to glycerol phosphate to produce phosphatidic acid (water insoluble and remains in the leaflet). the polar heads are then modified giving them their chemical nature.\n\n\nwhat is dark field microscopy?\n\nexploits that light rays can be scattered in any direction by allowing the light to enter the sample for the side. only some of the light enters the objective lens. this creates a bright image on a black background .\n\n\nwhat are phase contrast microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy?\n\na wave's path length is changed as it refract through an organelle, the phases is shifted relative to light that has passed through an adjacent thinner. by increasing\nthese phase differences so that the waves are more nearly out of phase, producing\namplitude differences when the sets of waves recombine,\n\n\nwhat is the significance of phase-contrast, differential-interference-contrast, and dark-field microscopy?\n\nthey make it possible to watch the movements involved in such processes as mitosis\nand cell migration.\n\n\nhow does electronic image processing improve image quality?\n\nby using CCD and CMOS, which are greatly more sensitive to light than the human eye. these cameras produce electronic images, they can be processed in various ways to extract latent information and adjust for multiple flaws.\n\n\nwhat are the steps in sample preparation?\n\nfix, embed, and section with a microtome.\n\n\nhow can we reveal the chemical make up of sells and organelles?\n\nstaining with organic dyes that have an affinity for specific sub cellular components; stains absorb light of certain wavelengths and introduce contrast by reducing amplitude\nflorescent probes and in-situ hybridization.\n\n\nhow are antibodies used in microscopy?\n\nWhen labeled\nwith fluorescent dyes, antibodies are invaluable for locating specific molecules\nin cells by fluorescence microscopy (Figure 9\u201316); labeled with electron-dense\nparticles such as colloidal gold spheres, they are used for similar purposes in the\nelectron microscope\n\n\nhow can blurs be removed in optical microscopy?\n\nby focusing on a chosen plane in a thick specimen while\nrejecting the light that comes from out-of-focus regions above and below that\ndeconvolution: automated image capture system with precise z stack axis control to produce a z stack that are process by the computer to deblur\nconfocal: only light from a point of focus is captured, decreasing detector pinhole size results in thinner optical slice.\n\n\nWhat is FRET, how is it used and why is it important?\n\nflorescence resonance energy transfer. two molecules of interest are labels with flurophores where the emission spectrum of one overlaps with excitation of another. if the molecules are in close proximity there is a transfer of energy from one flurophore to the other, the emission of the second is seen although the molecule is excited by a photon specific to the excitation of the first.\n\n\nwhat is photo-activation?\n\nsynthesizing an inactive form of the fluorescent molecule of interest, introducing it into the cell, and then activating\nit suddenly at a chosen site in the cell; A microscope can be used to focus a strong pulse of light from a laser on a region.\nSince only the photoactivated proteins are fluorescent within the cell, the trafficking, turnover, and\ndegradative pathways of proteins can bemonitored.\n\n\nwhat is FRAP?\n\nfluorescence return after photobleaching. strong focused\nbeam of light from a laser to extinguish the GFP fluorescence in a specified region; after which one can analyze the way in which remaining unbleached\nfluorescent protein molecules move into the bleached area\n\n\nexplain examples of fluorescence indicators\n\nCa+ shifts the excitation and emissions spectra depending on their binding state\npH have spectra dependent on pH\n\n\nexplain single particle reconstruction\n\naveraging method where several images of a particle are combined into one image, about 0.5nm allows to see some secondary structures\n\n\nwhat is cryo-electron microscopy?\n\nby flash freezing we prevent the formation of ice crystals the interrupt the structures.\n\n\nhow is membrane fluidity dependent on the PL?\n\nif short and with double bonds, there is reduced interactions and less force keeping them together; reducing the phase transition point.\n\n\nhow is cholesterol used to maintain membrane fluidity?\n\nUnder normal conditions cholesterol enhances the permeability barrier and strengthens. b/c it prevents the hydrophobic tails from interacting, preventing phase transition.\n\n\nwhat are lipid rafts?\n\nspecific lipids and membrane proteins seam to associate in small micro-domains = lipid rafts\nhelp keep proteins together to function in concert,\n\n\ndescribe the asymmetry of the plasma membrane\n\nphosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are found on the outer leaflet\nphosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanoloamine are found in the inner leaflet\nPS serves as an apoptosis signal\n\n\nHow does protein interaction limit lateral movement of lipids?\n\nself-assembly into large aggregates\ntethering to macromolecules outside the cell\ntethering to macromolecules inside the cell\nthrough interactions with proteins on an adjacent cell\n\n\nhow can FRAP be used to study the membrane?\n\nby marking a membrane protein of interest with a fluoroprobe or with GFT, by bleaching an area and timing how long it takes for fluorescence to return.
+__label__positive logo image\n\nSCMT Final Practice Questions\n\nIn the future, how is the heterogeneity of products on a given truckload expected to change?\nIt is expected to increase.\nAt the economy level, the price of transportation is ______________. At the carrier level, it is __________________.\nInelastic, elastic\nThe long tail of demand refers to an increased _____________________________.\nNumber of SKUs\nWhat percentage of total GDP does transportation account for?\nTransportation is a key part of retailers\u2019 strategies to?\nBridge the physical and digital environments\nIn the U.S., water transportation is divided into which categories?\nIn China, what product dominates rail movements?\nIn the U.S., which is largest in terms of ton miles moved?\nWhy might starting an LTL carrier be even more difficult than starting a TL carrier?\nThe capital investment required is much greater.\nIn the U.S., which mode represents the largest total spend?\nMotor Carriage\nWhich country is the world\u2019s second largest exporter of merchandise?\nHow is the capacity of ocean liners typically measured?\nWhich type of firm is an intermediary between an ocean carrier and a shipper?\nWhat has happened to the percentage of the population employed in manufacturing since the 1940s?\nIt has decreased\nWhat can be used to determine the classification in which a product fits?\nHarmonized Tariff\nWhat has happened to the total percentage of GDP associated with manufacturing since the 1940s?\nIt has not changed\nHow does the in-transit carrying cost % typically relate to the inventory carrying cost % when the inventory is stored in a warehouse?\nIn-transit carrying cost % is typically lower than the warehouse inventory carrying cost %\n_______________ is the time between when an order is placed and when it is received and becomes available for use.\nLead time\nGenerally, total annual cost = set up cost + holding cost + safety stock cost + average in-transit inventory cost.\nIf the cost of capital for a firm increases, what do you expect happens to the in-transit inventory carrying cost?\nIn-transit inventory carrying cost increases\nAnnual transit cost is a function of which two items?\nAnnual demand and the transit rate\nWhich of the following are true? (Mark all that apply.)\nIf a company is using LTL, then the transportation rate should be considered when calculating the EOQ.\n\nIf a company is using a truckload carrier, then the transportation rate should not be considered when calculating the EOQ.\n\nWhen comparing two different carriers or modes of transportation, there are probably two major differences; cost and service.\nIf using less-than-truckload transportation, which aspects of total cost are affected? (Check all that apply.)\nSafety stock cost\n\nTransit cost\n\nIn-transit inventory cost\n\nCycle stock cost\n\nIf lead time is constant, certain and always the same, then the cost of safety stock must be considered when calculating total inventory cost.\nTo estimate average in-transit inventory, the transit time (days) should be multiplied by the ________________________________.\nDaily Demand Rate\nIf using truckload transportation and the transit rate increases, what do you expect should happen to the company\u2019s order quantity?\nShould Stay the Same.\nTo take into account the effects of transportation on total cost, we replace item cost (C) with item cost plus transit rate (C + Cm)\nin the total annual cost equation\nIf using less-than-truckload transportation and the transit rate increases, what do you expect should happen to the company\u2019s order quantity?\nWhich of the following are generally true? (Mark all)\nAs a firm\u2019s degree of globalization increases, is potential for outsourcing internal capabilities for gain advantage with product design increases.\n\nTariffs are the taxes that countries levy on imports from other countries.\n\nWhich are reasons why a product, like jeans, might be produced in multiple countries?\nLabor Specialization\n\nAgreements between countries\n\nWhich primary motivation typically happens first for a U.S. company?\nThe company wants to produce globally to sell domestically.\nWhich capability is even more important when doing business globally?\nWhich of the following can be a big problem for U.S. companies when doing business internationally, such as in India and China?\nTime Zone Differences\n\nTransport Equipment Differences\n\nWhich are reasons why doing business in China may be challenging? (Check all that apply)\nRelationships between business partners are different.\n\nRelationships with the government are different.\n\nHow carriers are used may be different.\n\nWhat is the primary meaning of postponement?\nWhich if any of the following statements are true.\n\nA.) When a company makes finishing touches to a product close to its original point of manufacture, it is practicing postponement.\n\nB.) Practicing postponement is probably a losing strategy given the rapid advances in technology.\n\nC.) Postponement adds flexibility and agility to manufacturing and distribution processes.\n\nD.) Practicing postponement can be advantageous from both an inventory and forecasting standpoint.\n\nC. and D.\nHow does postponement likely affect forecast accuracy?\nIt increases acuuracy\nAs the degree of globalization increases, which cost is most likely to increase?\nIf a company shifts from domestic to offshore production, which of the following statements is/are likely to be true?\nSafety Stock increases\nReasons to do business globally include ___________.\nI. Access to new markets\nII. Access to new or needed products\nIII. Decrease transportation cost\nIV. Decrease manufacturing cost\nI, II, and III\nWhich is and example of postponement\n3D Printing\nAs the number of touch-points in a global supply chain increase, which of the following is likely true?\nLead time variability increases\nApplying the total cost concept within logistics often means trying to account for intangible costs, such as markdowns or lost sales. (T/F)\nThe continuous review model is a _________ order quantity model and a ________time model.\nfixed, variable\n______________ is the TMS ability to decide which shipment to tender first.\n______________ is pulling together shipments that are going to the same geographic area.\n______________ is making a shipment available to a specific carrier.\nTendering and dispaching\nWhat is one of the most important operational aspects of a WMS?\nThe accuracy of the information/data.\nIn a warehouse management system, records must be maintained for each item in stock showing:\nThe quantity on hand, received, and shipped.\nWhat technology may be used by the warehouse to keep accurate information on incoming items?\nRadio frequency identification.\nWhich of the following statements about MRP systems are TRUE?\nThe lowest quantity of a certain product that a supplier is willing to sell is known as their MOQ.\nWhich MRP system input element specifies how many, and when, the firm plans to produce each end inventory item?\nMaster Production Schedule\nWhat is MRP?\nA production planning, scheduling, and inventory control system mainly used to manage manufacturing processes.\nInventory requirements of a manufacturer that is part of a distribution requirements planning system are typically calculated from:\nforetasted end demand of the downstream partners.\nMRP and DRP are time-based planning systems. What is the significance of \u201ctime\u201d in these systems?\nBoth specify exactly when products are required to be available.\nCan DRP be applied to a retailer\u2019s business?\nWhich is often the most important output of a WMS?\nAccurate Inventory Information\nMost transportation management systems optimize mode selection.\nWhich type of inventory is being managed by a MRP system?\nRaw Materials\nWhich is NOT an input to an MRP system?\nTransportation Schedule\nTo which other information system is a WMS usually directly connected?\nIf using both MRP and DRP, at what level of the supply chain is the independent demand forecasted?\nDistribution points to where shipments are made.\nWhich firm uses and MRP system\n\nNeed essay sample on \"SCMT Final Practice Questions\"? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you for only $ 13.90/page\n\nCan\u2019t wait to take that assignment burden offyour shoulders?\n\n\nAlready on Businessays? Login here\n\nNo, thanks. I prefer suffering on my own\nSign in / Sign up\nNo, thanks. I prefer suffering on my own\nNot quite the topic you need?\nWe would be happy to write it\nJoin and witness the magic\nService Open At All Times\nComplete Buyer Protection\nPlagiarism-Free Writing\n\nEmily from Businessays\n\n
+__label__positive Roundgod's blog\n\nBy\u00a0Roundgod, history, 6 days ago, In English,\n\nThis is a problem in CSAcademy Contest Romanian IOI 2017 Selection #3, Pitmutation, which basically is: Given two permutations A,\u2009B of length N with some positions fixed while some positions remains unknown, find the number of configurations such that there are exactly S positions p1,\u2009p2,\u2009...,\u2009pS, where Api\u2009>\u2009Bpi, both N,\u2009S\u2009\u2264\u2009300.\n\nI've already come up a solution when there are no fixed positions. For simplicity, we can consider B as identity permutation and later multiply the answer by N!. Then we decompose the permutation into cycles. Let dp[i][j] denote the number of configurations, when there are i elements remaining, and the needed number of Api\u2009>\u2009Bpi positions is j. Enumerate the length of cycle the smallest element is in for transferring, which involves precalculating another DP: dp2[i][j] denote the number of permutations A of length i that consists of one cycle such that there are j positions x where Ax\u2009>\u2009A(x\u2009+\u20091)%i. This precomputation can be done in O(N2). With the help of this array, the original can be calculated in O(N3). Also can be optimized to using FFT. Furthermore, since we only concern the answer with S such positions, and every time we are multiplying the same polynomial, so we only need 2 times of DFT, and thus the complexity is O(N2).\n\nHowever, I can't generalize this solution to the case where there are fixed positions, and also I can't find an editorial for this problem. Is there anyone willing to share some insights? Thanks in advance!\n\n  \u2022 Vote: I like it \u00a0\n  \u2022 +22\n  \u2022 Vote: I do not like it \u00a0\n\n6 days ago, # |\n\nBy the way, how can I find tutorials to those CSAcademy problems without analysis?\n\n4 days ago, # |\n\u00a0 Vote: I like it +26 Vote: I do not like it\n\nAn important condition in the problem is : \"For some indices between 1 and N you know the cards of the first player, and for the other indices you know the cards of the second player.\", which I have missed initially. ._.\n\nWith this condition, the problem can be splitted into two independent subproblems, which is like \"Find the number of ways to match a sequence of integers (a1,\u2009a2,\u2009...,\u2009ak) with (1,\u20092,\u2009...,\u2009k) so that the number of api\u2009\u2265\u2009i is exactly k\".\n\nSort ai. Now, you can do something like dp[i][j]\u2009=\u2009 number of ways to pair the first i elements so that there are exactly j occurrences of api\u2009\u2265\u2009i (and not pair the elements with api\u2009<\u2009i). At the end, you have to multiply dp[k][j] by (k\u2009-\u2009j)! to pair the remaining elements, but we might overcount the ways to pair the elements so that the number of api\u2009\u2265\u2009i is more than k, so we should subtract for all j'\u2009>\u2009j.
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nUse the basic null sequences to show that $\\left(\\dfrac{n^{10}10^n}{n!}\\right)_{\\large n\\in \\mathbb{N}}$ is a null sequence.\n\nWill someone provide a hint?\n\nshare|improve this question\n\"Let $\\varepsilon>0$ be given...\" \u2013\u00a0 andybenji Jan 10 '13 at 19:09\n@andybenji But the question indicates not to work from first principles, but instead to use basic null sequences to prove the statement. \u2013\u00a0 Ryan Jan 10 '13 at 19:12\n@Ryan I think he meant it as a joke. \u2013\u00a0 Git Gud Jan 10 '13 at 19:15\n@Ryan Yeah, factorials are very hard to work with using the definition. Can you think of a sequence that's greater in absolute value (after finitely many terms) than the given one but is still a null sequence? \u2013\u00a0 andybenji Jan 10 '13 at 19:25\n@Ryan Not at all. Let $a_n>0$. If $\\lim a_{n+1}/a_{n}<1$ then $\\lim a_n=0$. What's more, $\\sum a_n$ converges. \u2013\u00a0 Pedro Tamaroff Jan 10 '13 at 22:29\n\n2 Answers 2\n\nup vote 2 down vote accepted\n\nFor large enough $n$, $\\Bigl(\\frac{n^{10}10^n}{n!}\\Bigr)$ is less than $\\Bigl(\\frac{11^n}{n!}\\Bigr)$ because $1.1^n$ is eventually larger than $n^{10}$ (to prove this take logarithms). So we only need to show that $x_n = \\Bigl(\\frac{11^n}{n!}\\Bigr)$ is a null sequence and then an application of the Sandwich Theorem yields the result.\n\nTo this end, firstly note that $x_n$ > 0 for all n and so for n = 22 your sequence is equal to some constant greater than 0. Call this constant c.\n\nShow that for n > 22, $\\Bigl(\\frac{x_{n+1}}{x_{n}}\\Bigr) < 1/2$ and so, roughly speaking, getting from $x_n$ to $x_{n+1}$ requires you multiplying by a number less than $1/2$.\n\nThen write $x_n < c \\Bigl(\\frac{1}{2^n}\\Bigr)$ for all n > 22, and as mentioned above apply the Sandwich Therorem.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nThanks Adam. The key observation is that $1.1^n$ is eventually larger than $n^{10}$. Taking logarithms, this turns out to be clearly untrue, doesn't it? \u2013\u00a0 Ryan Jan 10 '13 at 20:08\nWell let me ask you: What is log $1.1^n$ ? What is log$(n^{10})$ ? \u2013\u00a0 Adam Rubinson Jan 10 '13 at 20:12\nright, and log1.1 > 0, so that (10logn)/(log1.1) > 0, and also logn is much much slower than n as n tends to infinity. Working in base 10 for example, log(1000000) = 6 < 1000000. You can formally prove that lim(log(x) / x) = 0 if you wanted to, but I assumed that this was known. \u2013\u00a0 Adam Rubinson Jan 10 '13 at 20:36\nCheck your original assertion \"$1.1^n$ is eventually greater than $n^{10}$\". This is equivalent to $\\frac{log (1.1)}{10} > \\frac{log(n)}n$, which is false, right? \u2013\u00a0 Ryan Jan 10 '13 at 20:45\n@Ryan Not false at all. You have a (positive) constant on the left hand side, and something that tends to $0$ as $n\\to\\infty$ on the right hand side. \u2013\u00a0 mrf Jan 10 '13 at 22:21\n\nFor $n$ sufficiently large $n^{10}<10^n$. Now consider:\n\n$$\\frac{100^n}{n!}=\\frac{100}{n}\\cdot \\frac{100}{n-1}\\cdots \\frac{100}{1}$$\n\nFor all $n>100:\\;\\;\\dfrac{100}{n}\\leq\\dfrac{100}{101}$ so from the above: $\\dfrac{100^n}{n!}\\leq N\\cdot\\left(\\dfrac{100}{101}\\right)^{n-100}$ which yields\n\n$$\\dfrac{10^n n^{10}}{n!}<N\\cdot\\left(\\dfrac{100}{101}\\right)^{n-100}\\;\\;\\text{etc.}$$\n\nOtherwise, a nice way is to consider:\n\n$$e^{100}=\\sum_0^{\\infty} \\frac{100^n}{n!}$$\n\n$\\to$ series converges so the summand must be a null-sequence.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Glossary of muscoskeletal system\n\nStart Studying! Add Cards \u2193\n\nKyphosis is also known as?\nDowager's hump\nWhat is \"kyphosis\" ?\nante-posterior or forward bending of thoracic spine with convexity of curve in posterior direction\nscarring within a joint leading to stiffness or fixation: may be the result of chronic joint inflammation\nsmall fluid-filled synovial cyst usually on the dorsal surface of the wrist or foot\n\nWhat is the etiology?\nlumbar spine deformity resulting in ante-posterior curvature with concavity in posterior direction.\n\nEtiology: muscular dystrophy, obesity, flexion contracture of hip, congenital dislocation of hip.\ndeformity resulting in lateral curvature of the thoracic spine\nWhat is the etiology and significance of scoliosis?\nidiopathic or congenital condition, fracture, or dislocation, osteomalacia.\nMorton's neuroma is also known as ?\nMoron's toe or plantar neuroma\nWhat is a Morton's neuroma?\n\nWhat is the treatment?\nneuroma in web space between third and fourth metatarsal heads, causing sharp, sudden attacks of pain and burning sensations.\n\nSurgical excision\nHallux valgus\n\nalso known as a ?\nHallus Valgus can be described as?\ndeformity of the great toe consisting of lateral angulation of great toe toward the second toe.\nHow is a Hallus Valgus treated?\nshoes with wide forefoot\nuse of bunion pads\nsurgical removal: may include temporary or permanent internal fixation\nhammer toe\ndeformity of the second through the fifth toes,\ntearing of a ligament\nstrecthing of muscle an fascia sheath\ncomplete separation of articular surface of joint due to ligament injury\nincomplete separation of articular surfaces of joint due to ligamnet injury\nrepetitive strain injury\ntendon and mucle strain with inflammation and decreased circulation.\ninflammation of synovial membrane sac at friction sites\ncarpal tunnel syndrome\ncompression of median nerve in the wrist\nmeniscus injury\ncartilage compression and tearing associated with rotational stress\nimpingement syndrome\nentrapement of soft-tissue structure under coracoacromial arch of the shoulders\nrotator cuff injury\ntear within muscles or ligaments of shoulder\nRICE is indicate for initial management of what type of injury?\nsprains and strains\nThe earliest warning sign of compartmental syndrome\nprodressive pain that is distal to the injury and is unrelieved by usual analagesics\nadvantages of synthetic fiberglass cast\nlightweight and waterproof and support immediate mobilization\n\nAdd Cards\n\nYou must Login or Register to add cards
+__label__positive \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nExpected value question\n\n  1. Feb 6, 2010 #1\n    A catalog contains 10 itmes. Two people, A and B each select 3 items from the catalog independently. What is the expected value of the number of items A and B ordered.\n\n    My attempt:\n    Let A chose any 3 items. The probability that B\n    Chose 1 similar item is 3/10\n    Chose 2 of the same items = 3/10*2/9\n    Chose 3 of the same items = 3/10*2/9*1/8\n\n    And so the expected value is 1*(3/10) +2*(3/10*2/9) + 3*(3/10*2/9*1/8) = 11/24\n    But he awnsers page sais it is 0.9\n    I don't really know what I'm doing wrong\n    Guidance needed :)\n  2. jcsd\n  3. Feb 6, 2010 #2\n    How did you compute your probabilities?\n    Last edited: Feb 6, 2010\n  4. Feb 6, 2010 #3\n    A chose any 3 items.\n    Then the chance that B chose one of them is 3/10. He has three chances to chose one of ten objects. The chance that B chose 2 of the same is 3/10*2/9 since he had 3 chances for the first one and two chances out of the nine remaining for the next one. etc\n  5. Feb 6, 2010 #4\n    The probability that the first item B chooses is one of A's items is 3/10. But what about the other two? With no restriction, they could be anything: one of A's or not one of A's, coincidental with the first item, etc.\n  6. Feb 6, 2010 #5\n    I don't see why.\n    The chance that B took one item is 3/10. Then to chose another item he has two choices left out of 9 other items. So 2/9 and multiply by 3/10 since to get the seconed item he had to get the first item.\n  7. Feb 6, 2010 #6\n    Suppose you want to know the probability that B chooses exactly one of A's items. Then he has to choose one of the 3 items of A, and two of the remaining 7.\n  8. Feb 6, 2010 #7\n    Ok. I got it. Thanks for the help, much apreciated.\n\nSimilar Discussions: Expected value question
+__label__positive Exam 4- Histamine and Histamine Blockers\n\n255 terms by mandee2024\n\nCreate a new folder\n\nAdvertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\n\nLow molecular weight endogenous amine that is found in low concentrations in most tissue except for the brain:\n\nmast cells\n\nWhat cells are found in the skin, GOT and lungs and have high amounts of histamine?\n\n\nBesides mast cells, what other circulating cells have high amounts of histamine?\n\n\nIn order for cells to release histamine, what state does the cell have to be in?\n\n\nHistamine acts through which transmembrane receptors?\n\n\nHow many mechanisms can break down histamine?\n\nhistamine N- methyltransferase\n\nWhat metabolizes histamine first?\n\nmonoamine oxidase\n\nWhat enxyme plays a role in histamine degradation that, if inhibited, will cause an increase in histamine response?\n\n\nWhat drugs can inhibit monoamine oxidase resulting in increased histamine response?\n\ndiamine oxidase\n\nWhat is the second way that histamine can be metabolized?\n\n\nHistamine is stored in vesicles associated with what?\n\n\nHow any types of histamine receptors are there?\n\ng protein receptors\n\nWhen histamine binds to a receptor, what causes the physiologic and pathologic responses?\n\nstimulates gastric acid secretion\n\nPhysiologic response to histamine receptor activation?\n\nallergic reactions\n\nPathologic response to histamine receptor activation?\n\n\nWhat is a pathological total body event?\n\n\nWhich histamine receptor is found on all smooth muscle, endothelium, and CNS tissue?\n\nall of it\n\nWhich smooth muscle are h1 receptors found on?\n\n- vasodilation\n- bronchoconstriction\n- bronchial smooth muscle contraction\n- separation of endothelial cells\n- pain and itching due to insect stings\n\nFive things that h1 activation causes:\n\nbecause it causes bronchoconstriction\n\nHow can h1 receptor activation cause pulmonary HTN?\n\nseparation of endothelial cells\n\nHow does h1 cause hives?\n\n- allergic rhinitis\n- motion sickness\n\nH1 receptors are primarily involved in what two things?\n\nmotion sickness\n\nWhich one of the 2 symptoms that h1 causes do we care about?\n\nh1 antagonists\n\nWhat types of drugs will reverse the effects of h1 activation?\n\nparietal cells\n\nWhere are h2 receptors located?\n\nstimulate gastric acid secretion\n\nWhat is the primary action of h2 receptors?\n\nalpha 2\n\nH3 histamine receptor is like which adrenergic receptor?\n\nCNS and peripheral nervous tissue\n\nWhat 2 places are h3 receptors found?\n\n\nWhat 4 neurotransmitters are released by h3?\n\n\nWhich receptor is found in basophils, bone marrow, intestines, thymus, and spleen?\n\n\nH4 plays a role in what?\n\n\nWhich histamine receptor increases cAMP by stimulating adenylate cyclase?\n\n\nWhich histamine receptor stimulates phophoinositide turnover and influx of calcium?\n\n\nWhich histamine receptor has presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release (dopamine, GABA, glutamate, ACH, NE, and 5ht)?\n\n\nThe effects of these receptors on smooth muscles is rapid and transient, they are sensitive to lower histamine concentrations, they cause constriction and increased GI motility:\n\n\nThese receptors on neurons inhibits the release and synthesis of histamine:\n\n\nResponse of these receptors on smooth muscle is slow and sustained and they cause dilation:\n\n- hypotension from vasodilation\n- reflex tachycardia\n- increased capillary permeability\n- decreased peripheral resistance\n\nWhat are the 4 combined receptor responses of h1 and h2 on smooth muscle?\n\n\nIf a pt is on a beta blocker and they experience hypotension, will there be any reflex tachycardia?\n\n- fluid\n- increased capillary permeability causes total body edema and depleted intravascular volume\n\nWhat is one of the major treatments of anaphylaxis and why?\n\n\nWhat is h1's predominant action on the bronchi tissue?\n\n\nWhat is h2's action on the bronchi tissue?\n\n\nThe actions produced by h1 and h2 are the same or opposite?\n\n- slows av conduction\n- decreases HR\n- coronary vasoconstriction\n\n3 actions of h1 on the heart:\n\npromotes ca influx\n\nHow does h2 act an a positive inotrope (increases myocardial activity)?\n\n\nWhat does the cardiac h2 response do to automaticity, chronotropy, and HR?\n\n\nWhat does h2 do to the frequency of arrhythmias?\n\n\nWhat does h2 do to the coronary arteries?\n\nparietal cells\n\nWhich cells do h2 receptors cause increased secretion of hydrogen ions?\n\nallergic reaction\n\nWhat is an immune mediated reaction due to prior sensitization?\n\nno- they're one of several\n\nAre histamines the only signals in allergic reactions?\n\n\nAre the signal responses by allergens the same or variable?\n\n\nAnaphylaxis is an immune mediated response due to prior sensitization of what?\n\n\nWhich drug is protein from fish sperm and is the reversal agent for heparin?\n\nif they've ever had a vascetomy becuase they will be sensitive to the protamine that is given\n\nWhat do we have to ask male pts before having cabg and why?\n\n\nWhich substance causes a predominant histamine response but is more responsive to histamine receptor antagonism?\n\n\nLeukotrienes are predominant ____.\n\nedema and pruritis\n\nThe variable effect of histamines in human is seen when they are blocked by a h antagonist with:\n\nhypotension and bradycardia\n\nThe variable effect of histamines in human is seen when they are not completely blocked by a h antagonist with:\n\nsurface of the mast cell and inhibits histamine release\n\nWhere does cromolyn work and what does it do?\n\n\nWhen does cromolyn have to be given to be effective?\n\n\nYou're in the OR, the pts PAP and PIP both increase rapidly and the PAOP falls, what is occuring?\n\nfluid is leaving the vasculature and into the interstitium\n\nWhy does the PAOP fall in anaphylaxis?\n\n- hypotension\n- circulatory collapse\n- bronchial artery vasoconstriction\n- bronchospasm\n- angioedema\n- urticaria\n\n6 clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis:\n\nRV failure\n\nWhat is a risk of acute bronchial artery vasoconstriction?\n\nincreased PIP\naltered ETCO2 curve\n\n3 things that can mean bronchospasm:\n\n\nWhich ETCO2 waveform shows bronchospasm?\n\nangioedema can still persist that you cannot see\n\nWhy should you let the cuff down a few minutes before pulling the ETT?\n\nsevere hypotension\n\nWhen the IgE antigen stimulates histamine, tryptase, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, kinins, and nitric oxide, what occurs?\n\nmast cells\n\nWhich antigen's mechanism is via cellular signaling via phospholipase C and what are the inflammatory cells?\n\n\nWhich antigen's mechanism is via complement activation and anaphylatoxin generation and what are the inflammatory cells?\n\n\nAnaphylaxis or anaphylactiod:\nNo sensitization required and may occur at first drug exposure.\n\nsplit dosing\n\nWhat technique does Dr. Nolan suggest when trying to get around an anaphylactoid reaction?\n\n\nWhich drug class has the highest incidence of anaphylactic reactions?\n\nrocuronium, atracurium, succinylcholine\n\nWhat are the alleged 3 most common NMBs associated with anaphylaxis?\n\n\nWhat is the agent that is the second highest in causing anaphylaxis?\n\n\nWhat is the third highest in causing anaphylaxis?\n\n\nWhat 3 abx are the most associated with anaphylaxis?\n\nPCN and cephalosporins\n\nWhat two abx are cross reactive?\n\n- bananas\n- avocados\n- kiwis\n- mangos\n- stone fruits\n\n5 fruits that are associated with latex allergy:\n\nmultiple operations and other incidences of frequent contact with latex\n\nWhat other situations place people at risk for developing latex allergy?\n\ntest dose\n\nWhat can clinicians administer to see if a reaction is going to occur?\n\n\nCan nonreactive test doses be followed by analphylaxis?\n\nspeed of administration\n\nWhat is important in drugs that are known histamine releasers, but not for anaphylaxis, since small doses may trigger reactions?\n\nbecause they are histamine releasing events\n\nWhy doesn't pretreating work with dyes?\n\n\nCan pretreated patients for anaphylaxis with antihistamines or steroids still have anaphylaxis?\n\n\nAre radiocontrast media reactions immunologically related?\n\n\nA true drug allergy or allergic reaction has what 3 signs?\n\n\nWhat percent chance can pts with penicillin allergies have a reaction with cephalosporins?\n\n10 minutes\n\nHow many minutes before the initial loading dose of a drug should the test dose be administered?\n\n1) Discontinuation of drug that caused it\n2) 100% o2\n3) IVF\n4) IV epinephrine\n5) diphenhydramine\n6) rantidine or cimetidine\n7) albuterol\n8) cortocosteroids\n\nWhat are the steps in managing anaphylaxis?\n\nprofound vasodilation causes hypovolemia\n\nWhy do we need to give volume with anaphylaxis?\n\nnorepi or vasopressin\n\nIf hypotension is refractory in anaphylaxis then what can we give?\n\nrefractory hypotension or vasodilitary shock\n\nWhy give vasopressin in anaphylaxis (2)?\n\n5-10 mcg\n\nInitial epinephrine bolus in anaphylaxis?\n\n100-500 mcg\n\nEpinephrine for vascular collapse:\n\nafter the epi\n\nGive diphenhydramine when?\n\nalpha 1 and beta 2 agonist\n\nWhat kind of drug is epinephrine?\n\n\nDiphenhydramine blocks which receptor?\n\n\nRanditine or cimetidine blocks which receptor?\n\nrelax the bronchial smooth muscle\n\nWhy do we give albuterol and ipratropium in anaphylactic reaction?\n\n- to prevent late or delayed symptoms\n- early hours of the resuscitation period\n\nWhy do we give corticosteroids in anaphylaxis? When do we give them?\n\n\n2 mg in 250 mL can run at what rate for 1 mcg/min?\n\nBeta 2 agonists (terbutaline or albuterol)\n\nWhat do we treat bronchospasm with?\n\nmake it longer\n\nWhat do you need to do to the e time in bronchospasm?\n\nmilrinone, inhaled NO, inhaled prostacyclin\n\nWhat are 4 pulmonary vasodilating drugs that can treat pulmonary HTN if blood pressure is stable?\n\n\nDo histamine receptor antagonists inhibit histamine?\n\nthey prevent binding of the histamine to the receptor thus preventing the response\n\nHow do h blockers work?\n\n\nHow many generations of h blockers are there for the h1 receptor?\n\nclassical histamines\n\n1st generation antihistamines are considered what?\n\n\nSecond generation antihistamines are what?\n\n3-6 hours\n\n- Sedative and anticholinergic effects:\n- Antiemetic effects:\n- DOA:\n\n4 to 24 hours\n\n- Sedative effects:\n- Anticholinergic and antiemetic effects:\n\nfirst generation H1 antagonists\n\nDiphenhydramine and promethazine are what class?\n\n\nWhich second generation h1 antagonists have no sedative effects, anticholinergic activity, or antiemetic effects?\n\n\nWhich h2 blocker is the only one with mild sedative effects while the rest have none?\n\nfirst generation h1 blockers\n\nThese h blockers are lipid soluble and can cross the BBB, they are well absorbed, and metabolized:\n\n\nAre first generation h1 blockers able to be ionized?\n\nconstipation or diarrhea\ndry mouth\nblurred vision\nurinary retention\n\nAdverse reactions of 1st gen h1 blockers (8):\n\n\nAre h1 blockers the best choice for inhibition of allergic rhinitis?\n\n\nH1 receptor blockers are useful in what symptoms?\n\nmotion sickness\nAllergic reaction\nsleep aid\n\nH1 receptor blockers are prescribed for (4) in addition to conjunctivitis and urticaria:\n\nH1 antihistamine overdose\n\nFever, excitement, pupil dilation, hallucinations, and convulsions are all signs of what?\n\nactivated charcoal\ngastric lavage\n\nTreatment for H1 antihistamine overdose (4):\n\nhot as a stove\nred as a beet\ndry as a bone\nmad as a hatter\n\nWay to remember the S&Ss of H1 antihistamine overdose:\n\n2nd gen h1 antihistamines\n\nLipid soluble with highly ionized functional group resulting in less CNS penetration, well absorbed, metabolized in the liver, and the half life is 5-6 hours:\n\nperipheral receptors\n\nThe 2nd gen h1 antagonists are selective for which h1 receptors?\n\n- sedative\n- antipruritic\n- antiemetic\n- anticholinergic\n\nDiphenhydramine actions (4) as a h1 antagonist (1st gen):\n\n- allergenic and allergic reactions\n- sedation\n- prevention of motion sickness\n\nIndications of duphenhydramine (4):\n\n10-50mg IV q4hours\n400mg per day max\n\nAdult dose of diphenhydramine:\n\nprimarily hepatic metabolism and renal excretion\n\nClearance of diphenhydramine and promethazine:\n\nadverse effects of diphenhydramine\n\nHypotension, tachycardia, dizziness, urinary retention, seizures, sedation, delirium are all adverse effects of what drug?\n\n\nWhat adverse effect of diphenhydramine is the reason that we give epi first?\n\n\nPromethazine antagonizes what 3 receptors?\n\nantiemetic and sedation\n\nWhat are the muscarinic receptors responsible for?\n\n\nThe hypotensive and anticholinergic adverse effects of promethazine are mild or marked?\n\n\nThe action of the D2 receptor causes what adverse effects?\n\n\nWhat can occur with intraarterial or extravasated injections of promethazine?\n\n\nCan promethazine cross the placenta?\n\nif the etiology is known\n\nWhen should be the only time you use promethazine for vomiting?\n\nA- 1st gen h1 antagonists\nB- 2nd gen h1 antagonists\n\n2nd gen h1 blockers\n\nAll of these are what?\n\nthey are considered non-drowsy\n\n2nd gen h1 blockers have what main difference from 1st gen h1 blockers?\n\nallergic rhinitis\n\n2nd gen h1 blockers are recommended as the first line of treatment of what?\n\nchronic urticaria\n\n2nd gen h1 blockers are also used for what problem?\n\n\nAre injected corticosteroids without major reactions?\n\n\nThis 2nd gen h1 blocker shouldn't be given with fruit juice as it decreases the efficacy and is used to treat seasonal allergies like hay fever and chronic urticaria:\n\nperipheral h1 receptors\n\nWhich receptor do histamine blockers work on to relieve chronic urticaria?\n\n\nWhich 2nd gen h1 blocker has an active metabolite?\n\nSee More\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording\n\nCreate Set
+__label__positive Ask Your Question\n\nconfidence value and threshold in opencv\n\nasked 2013-04-21 07:32:27 -0500\n\nagile gravatar image\n\nWhat is the difference between \"confidence\" value in Face Recognizer predict method and \"threshold\" in model consrtuctor?\n\nI want to just grab the LBP histogram from the source image and compare it with the previous stored LBP Histograms and I want a probabilistic match. Like top three matches. I am presently grabbing the LBP Histogram through train method and I want a set of distances from the predict method not just a single predicted label.\n\n\nedit retag flag offensive close merge delete\n\n1 answer\n\nSort by \u00bb oldest newest most voted\n\nanswered 2013-04-21 07:54:05 -0500\n\nberak gravatar image\n\nthe 'confidence' value is actually the distance between the test and the closest found image.\n\nthe 'threshold' value passsed into the constructor is used in the predict method, any distance greater than that is ignored (thresholded).\n\nunfortunately, to achieve more than one result, you'd have to hack the source, or copy parts of it into your source code (contrib/src/facerec.cpp).\n\ndon't be afraid of it, the code is quite easy.\n\ngood luck!\n\nedit flag offensive delete link more\n\n\nif confidence is the distance between test and the closest it means it is the distance return by CompareHist. i.e \"dist\" in the code: double dist = compareHist(_histograms[sampleIdx], query, HISTCMP_CHISQR);\n\nIf that is the case, then why the dist is compared with minDist (which is confidence value). if((dist < minDist) && (dist < _threshold)) {..}\n\nagile gravatar imageagile\u00a0( 2013-04-21 08:21:44 -0500 )edit\n\ndist is Not the distance between test and the closest , but distance between test and the current item from the train set.\n\nfrom there on its just a nearest-neighbour search\n\nberak gravatar imageberak\u00a0( 2013-04-21 09:09:25 -0500 )edit\n\nThanks. I am doing it for android and using JavaCV. But I don't know if it source is available in JavaCV. But I can write my own predict method. i just need comareHist which is available in android opencv and javacv as well.\n\nagile gravatar imageagile\u00a0( 2013-04-22 05:53:59 -0500 )edit\n\nQuestion Tools\n\n\nAsked: 2013-04-21 07:32:27 -0500\n\nSeen: 5,208 times\n\nLast updated: Apr 21 '13
+__label__positive Science Quiz\nQuestion 1 of 10\nWhat sterile animal is produced when a male donkey breeds with a female horse?\nQuestion 2 of 10\nWhat is hyperglycemia?\nQuestion 3 of 10\nTo escape snide coverage of his \"moon rockets,\" Robert Goddard fled to what community, which today is, ironically enough, best known as a supposed UFO landing pad?\nQuestion 4 of 10\nWhat British media mogul set a record for the fastest crossing of the English channel by an amphibious vehicle?\nQuestion 5 of 10\nWhat type of blood cell helps fight and eat germs?\nQuestion 6 of 10\nIn addition to inventing a proto-computer, Charles Babbage also invented the cowcatcher. What is this?\nQuestion 7 of 10\nWhat are circuits with more than one pathway for electrons called?\nQuestion 8 of 10\nBefore he designed the Saturn V that launched Apollo 11, he was a member of both the Nazi party and the SS, having used slave labor from the Dora concentration camp. Who?\nQuestion 9 of 10\nHow cold does it need to be outside before it can snow?\nQuestion 10 of 10\nWhich chemical element is named after the inventor of dynamite?\n\nMore interesting quizzes
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nshow password\n\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know (0)\nKnow (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nATI - Practice\n\nATI Practice Questions Part 1\n\nThis is a common side effect of albuterol if it is used excessively. tachycardia\nWhat is the greatest risk following a thoracentisis? pneumothorax\nIn a patient post thoracentisis, what might decreased breath sounds indicate? pneumothorax\nWhy would a blood specimen from a radial artery be aspirated into a heparinized syringe? Heparinization is required for an accurate sampling result.\nWhy is it necessary to perform the Allen test before drawing a blood sample from a radial artery? This prevents the use of an artery that has insufficient blood flow, which can damage the hand.\nWhy should patients with COPD receive a high calorie and high protein diet? Patients with COPD have difficulty obtaining enough calories and protein duet to fatigue and satiety. Therefore the food that is consumed should be high in calories and protein.\nIn the patient with COPD, when should respiratory treatments be scheduled in reference to meals? before meals\nWhat does continuout bubbling in the water seal chamber of a test tube indicate? A possible air leak which will require further action.\nIn a patient with a chest tube following surgery, drainage greater than what amount would require further action. 100 mL/hr\nWhy should the nurse have a pair of padded clamps in the room of a patient who has had a chest tube inserted? In case the chest tube becomes disconnected.\nIs a cough related to pneumonia usually productive or nonproductive? productive\nWith pneumonia, a SaO2 level below what is expected? 95%\nWhat would we expect the temperature of a patient with bacterial pneumonia to do? elevate\nWill a patient with bacterial pneumonia have tachypnea, or bradypnea? In an attempt to increase oxygen levels, respirations will increase, therefore tachypnea.\nIf a patient has lung cancer, we may expect to see what in the sputum and why? Blood because the tumor may be bleed.\nIn a patient with lung cancer what usually happens to the tactile fremitus? It is usually increased due to tumor spaces being replaced with tumor tissue or fluids.\nWhat condition can occure with too much or scheduled suctioning? Hypoxia\nIf a patient is hypoventilating, will the patient be more likely to develop respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? Respiratory acidosis\nWhat is the greatest risk for a patient who has just been diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism? This patient is at greatest risk for respiratory arrest related to extension of the clot.\nThis is a short acting Beta 2 agonist which acts quickly to produce bronchodilation and would be used for a patient with an acute asthma attack. albuterol (proventil)\nWhen a patient has a vent, what alarm will a kink in the tubing cause to go off? The high pressure alarm.\nWhen a patient has a vent, what alarm will a leak in the artificial airway cuff cause to go off? The low pressure alarm.\nWhat alarm will an excess of secretions cause to go off with the vent patient? The high pressure alarm.\nWhat alarm does biting of the tracheal tube cause to go off with the vent patient? The high pressure alarm.\nWhat color will Rifampin (Rifadin) which is given to patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, turn the urine? orange\nShould Rifampin (Rifadin) which is used for pulmonary tuberculosis, be taken on an empty stomach or with meals? It should be taken on an empty stomach.\nWhat happens to the PaO2 in acute respiratory failure? It is decreased.\nDoes acute respiratory failure result in respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? Respiratory acidosis\nWhat will happen to the carbon dioxide levels in acute respiratory failure? It will rise.\nA tension pneumothorax will cause the trachea to deviate to what side? The unaffected side.\nAn increase of respiratory rate indicates what in the work of breathing? An increase in the work of breathing and the need for improvement of oxygen delivery.\nWhat type of isolation precautions should be implemented for the patient who is admitted with active tuberculosis? Airborne isolation. Negative pressure room.\nWhat kind of precautions should be implemented with the patient with Rubella? Droplet precautions.\nThis type of isolation protects patients from outside infections, such as patients who are receiving bone marrow transplants. Neutropenic precautions.\nWhat type of precaustions would be implemented for the patient with Scabies> Contact precautions.\nWhat is the greatest risk to the patient following a bronchoscopy? Aspiration because of a depressed gag reflex.\nA patient taking the aminoglycoside Gentamicin(Garamycin) which is an antibiotic should be watched for signs of what condition? Nephrotoxicity\nIs Catopril used to reduce or increase blood pressure? reduce blood pressure\nIn patients with renal impairment, what can Sodium Bicarbonate cause? It can cause system alkalosis.\nAbsorption of sodium can either increase or decrease blood pressure. Which one is it? Increase blood pressure, but it is contraindicated in patients with renal impairment.\nWhat is Eryhropoeitn given to patients with chronic renal failure for? To treat the associated anemia.\nWhy would a patient with oliguric renal failure be given Dopamine (Intropin)? To enhance blood flow to the kidneys and to increase the patient's blood pressure.\nHemodialysis is contraindicated for patient who are not able to take what kind of medications? Anticoagulants\nIn acute renal failure what happens to the potassium level? It is usually elevated.\nIn acute renal failure what happens to the sodium level? It is usually decreased\nWhat happens to the hct in acute renal failure? It is usually decreased.\nWhy cant a chronic renal failure patient use salt substitute? Because it contains potassium.\nWhy cant a chronic renal failure patient take milk of magnesia? Because it is too high in sodium.\nWhat might weight gain indicate in a chronic renal failure patient? It might indicate fluid retention caused by poorly functioning kidneys.\nIn a patient who has just undergone a tranurethral resectioning of the prostate, what causes the strong urge to urinate and what should the nurse do in this situation? Bladder spasms are causing the urge to urinate, the nurse should administer a belladonna and opium suppository.\nWhat is the greatest risk to the patient who has had hemodialysis 1 hour ago? Hypoventilation\nAcute pylonephritis is an acute bacterial infection that is treated with IV antibiotics\nWhat is pyuria? Presence of WBC's in the urine.\nWhat type of a diuretic is Spironolactone? It is a potassium sparing diuretic.\nWhat action does polystyrene sulfonate have on the patient with elevated potassium levels? It is an exchange resin that will absorb excess potassium.\nWhat will Oxybutynin (Ditropan)do for the patient with mixed (urge and stress) incontinence? It will decrease the leaking of urine, relieving symptoms of stress incontinence.\nWhat color is the urine of a patient with acute glomerulonephritis? It is usually dark colored, a reddish brown color.\nDo patients with nephrotic syndrome experience hypoalbuminuria or hyperalbuminuria? Hypoalbuminuria\nPersons with gout need to limit the amount of foods high in what? Purines\nIn the patient receiving hemodialysis, a rapid increase of fluids can result in cerebral edema and IICP putting the patient at risk for what? seizures\nWhat type of technique is used for changing the dressing on a penrose drain? sterile technique\nIf a patient has an eviscerated wound, after covering it with a saline soaked dressing, what should be done next? Vitals should be taken to determine if the patient is in shock.\nIf a patient is on antihypertensive medications like Captopril (Catopen) what kind of a risk might it pose for the patient getting ready to undergo surgery? It could cause a hypotensive crisis when it is given with anethetic agents.\nIn the postoperative patient, reports of chest pain and SOB may indicate what occurence with the patient? Pulmonary Embolism
+__label__positive Portugal Flashcards Preview\n\n\u25ba Wine 1 > Portugal > Flashcards\n\nFlashcards in Portugal Deck (57):\n\nWhat are the primary grapes of Port?\n\nTouriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz (also known elsewhere in Portugal as Aragonez and everywhere else as Tempranillo)\n\n\nWhat is Portugal's most planted grape variety?\n\nThe white grape Fernao Pires, also called Maria Gomes, and is found mainly in the south.\n\n\nWhat is the most common red variety in Portugal?\n\nCastelao (also known as Periquita)\n\n\nCastelao (also known as Periquita)\n\nLess than a third\n\n\nWhat two white grapes are prominent in Vinho Verde?\n\nLoureiro and Alvarinho (known in Rias Baixas as Loureira and Albarino).\n\n\nWhat four grapes are important to Madeira?\n\nServial, Malvasia, Verdelho (known in Vinho Verde as Gouveio and in Spain as Godello), Boal (or Bual)\n\n\nWhat are \"lodges\" in reference to Port?\n\nThe warehouses where Port wines are traditionally aged until ready for shipping.\n\n\nWhat is the difference between the Duoro and the Duero?\n\nThe Duoro is what the river is called in Portugal and once it extends 60 miles eastward to the Spanish boarder, it becomes the Duero.\n\n\nWhat three subregions is the Duoro divided into?\n\nBaixo Corgo, Cima Corgo, and Duoro Superior.\n\n\nWhat style of port does the Baixo Corgo make?\n\nIn the westernmost section, the Baixo Corgo is a relatively fertile area with ample rainfall that makes mostly lighter styles of Port.\n\n\nWhat kind of climate does the Cima Corgo have and what type of port do they produce?\n\nThe central core of the Port region, this subzone has steep rocky slopes of schist and granite that have been terraced. It has hot summers, cold winters, less rain than Baixo Corgo and is considered to produced the finest ports.\n\n\nWhere is almost half the port vineyard acreage located?\n\nIn the Cima Corgo\n\n\nWhat is the climate like in the Duoro Superior?\n\nThe upriver, eastern part of the valley with more extreme temperatures than the Cima Corgo and very little rainfall. It is the largest subzone physically but contains less than a quarter of the area under vine for port.\n\n\nWhat are the 6 preferred varieties for Port production?\n\nTouriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo), Tinta Barroca, Tinta Cao, and Tinta Amarela (also known as Trincadeira)\n\n\nWhat are the two predominant varieties for white Port?\n\nMalvasia and Gouveio\n\n\nDefine \"ruby\" Port.\n\nLight style of Port, with a dark ruby red color and youthful aromas. Rubies are aged in large oak casks for a minimum of two to three years.\n\n\nDefine \"reserve\" Port.\n\nA blend of premium ruby Ports bottled after four to six years aging in oak vats and are more like tawny Ports.\n\n\nDefine \"Aged Tawny\" Port.\n\nA Port with enough additional aging that its color has taken on brownish tones and more mature oxidized flavors. Some are aged in wooden casks for decades.\n\n\nWhat is a \"pipe\" in reference to Port production?\n\nA pipe refers to the wooden casks that an aged tawny Port is aged in.\n\n\nDefine \"vintage\" Port.\n\nA port from a single year's harvest, bottled young and then cellared for many more years before release. Producers individually \"declare a vintage\" in excellent years, typically 3 out of 10.\n\n\nDefine \"cadastro\".\n\nA unique and complex vineyard ranking system in the Port region. It assesses 12 factors such as altitude, yield, and locality. Each vineyard is classified A to F (high to low).\n\n\nDefine \"beneficio\".\n\nThe volume of Port that a vineyard is allowed to produced, which artifically raises prices. The beneficio is based on the ranking given by the cadastro.\n\n\nDefine \"late bottled vintage\" Port.\n\nA wine from a single vintage, matured like a tawny in large oak vats for four to six years and then bottled for immediate release.\n\n\nDefine \"white\" Port.\n\nA commercial style of Port made from white grapes.\n\n\nWhat is the only DOC covering Port wines from the Douro Valley?\n\n\n\nWhat are estates called in the upper Douro Valley?\n\n\n\nWhat does \"maderization\" refer to?\n\nThe \"cooking\" process of the wine. A process discovered when ships took local wines from Portugal to the Far East or the Americas. The time the wine spent among the hot cargo did something that improved its character, resulting in amber-colored wine with nutty, caramelized flavors.\n\n\nWhat grape varieties are considered the \"noble\" grapes of Maderia?\n\nSercial, Verdelho (gouveio), Boal, and Malvasia.\n\n\nWhat is the most widely planted grape on the island of Madeira?\n\nTinta Negra Mole\n\n\nWhat grapes are used to make dry styles of Madeira?\n\nSercial, Verdelho, or Tinta Negra Mole (fortified after fermentation like a Sherry)\n\n\nWhat grapes are used to make sweet styles of Madeira?\n\nBoal, Malvasia, or Tinta Negra Mole (have their fermentation arrested like a Port)\n\n\nWhat are the two methods used to maderize a Madeira wine?\n\nCanteiro method (placing wine in casks in the rafters or canteiros of an uncooled warehouse where it will be subjected to high temperatures under the subtropical sun. several years or ages but produces complex flavors and considered the highest quality)\nEstufa method (leaving the wine in a concrete vat...an estufa or \"oven\"...and circulating hot water through a submerged coil. Faster method made for commercial wines.\n\n\nClassic Maderia takes the names of the noble grapes used for the style. What are these grapes, from driest to sweetest?\n\nSercial: Dry and highly acidic.\nVerdelho: Off-dry\nBoal: Raisiny and sweet\nMalmsey: (British corruption of Malvasia) Very sweet but balanced by acidity\n\n\nAre Maderia wines still labled based on grape names?\n\nNot since joining the EU. They are required to contain at least 85% of the variety in order to be termed a \"Sercial\" etc.\n\n\nWhat is the coolest/wettest part of Portugal? What types of wine does it produce?\n\nMinho. It produces much more white than red.\n\n\nWhich DOC produces almost all of the quality wine in Minho?\n\nVinho Verde DOC - literally meaning \"green wine\" to imply it's youth.\n\n\nWhat is the officially recommended Vinho Verde white and red grape varieties?\n\nWhite = Alvarinho\nRed = Amaral\n\n\nWhat red and white grapes are most commonly used for Vinho Verde wines?\n\nWhite = Loureiro\nRed = Vinhao\n\n\nWhere does most quality wine from the Douro Valley come from?\n\nWhere does most quality wine from the Douro Valley come from?\n\n\nWines made in the Douro region from nontraditional varieties (such as Cab Sav) do not qualify for the DOC and use what?\n\nVR Durinese\n\n\nWhich VR in Portugal is known for making almost twice as much vinho de mesa as country wine?\n\nBeiras VR\n\n\nWhat are the two significant DOCs in the Beiras VR region?\n\nBairrado DOC with a cool Mediterranean climate and the Dao DOC which is farther inland, surrounded by mountains, and has a more continental climate. They both produce white, red, rose, and sparkling wines. Reds make up the majority of the output in both cases.\n\n\nWhich VR and DOC in southeastern Portugal have a wine production that is increasing faster than any other region in the country?\n\nDOC Alentejo for quality wine and VR Alentejano for country wine.\n\n\nWhat are the leading grapes in the Alentejo region?\n\nAragonez (Tempranillo) and Tricadeira (Tinta Amarela)\n\n\nWhat wine classification of Portugals is equivalent to the French's \"vin de pays\"?\n\nVR wines\n\n\nWhich regions in Portugal make up the bulk of CTR production and area under vine?\n\nLisboa, Ribatejano (and Tejo, the identically bordered DOC), and Tras-os-Montes\n\n\nFrom north to south, what are the major wine regions of Portugal?\n\nTransmontano VR (Tras-os-Montes DOC), Minho VR (Vinho Verde DOC), Duriense VR (Porto DOC and Douro DOC), Beiras VR (Bairrada DOC and Dao DOC), Lisboa VR, Tejo VR (Ribatejo DOC), Peninsula de Setubal (Setubal DOC), Alentejano VR (Alentejo DOC), and Algarve VR\n\n\nWhat are the four levels of Portugese wine classification? From lowest to highest?\n\nVinho de mesa (1/4 of production)\nVinho regional (VR) - country wine from one of the 11 VR regions\nIndicacao de proveniencia regulamentada (IPR) - minor entry level quality wine that is likely to be phased out soon (like France's VDQS)\nDenominacao de origem controlada (DOC) - 27 DOCs at present, including Port and Madeira\n\n\nIs Portugal better knwon for international or indigenous grape varieties?\n\n\n\nWhat are three internationally known wines from Portugal?\n\nVinho Verdo, Port, Madeira\n\n\nIs Port fortified before or after fermentation stops? Name a style of Madeira that is fortified at the same stage?\n\nBefore, Malmsy\n\n\nWhat are the two most northern VR regions in Portual?\n\nTransmontano VR (Trans-os-Montes DOC) and Minho VR (Vinho Verde DOC)\n\n\nWhat is Transmontano VR known for?\n\nTransmontano VR contains the Tras-os-Montes DOC which represents the bulk of VR production and area under vine.\n\n\nWhat is Minho VR known for?\n\nMinho VR is the coolest and wettest part of the country, so it is not surprising that it produces more white than red. It includes Vinho Verde DOC which literally means \"green wine\" but can be red, white, or pink. The \"green\" implies youth.\n\n\nWhat grapes are important to the Vinho Verde DOC?\n\nLoureiro is the grape variety most commonly used for white Vinho Verde but Alvarinho (the same variety of Albarino of Rias Baixas) is considered the standout grape of most authorized varieties. Red Vinho Verde is made mostly from Vinhao.\n\n\nWhat is the alcohol content of Vinho Verde?\n\nUsually quite low. The minimum for white Vinho Verde is 8.5%.\n\n\nWhat appelation is Portugal's largest in area and second largest in quantity after Port?\n\nVinho Verde DOC
+__label__positive Quick Answer: What Causes Low Oxygen At Night?\n\nDoes being on oxygen weaken your lungs?\n\n\n\nWhat happens when you have lack of oxygen to the brain?\n\n\nWhy do I feel short of breath but my oxygen saturation is good?\n\n\nWhat is the lowest oxygen level you can live with?\n\n\nHow do you test for hypoxia?\n\n\nHow do you increase oxygen levels while sleeping?\n\nBut even low oxygen levels\u2014hypoxia or hypoxemia\u2014can cause problems, while high levels can improve our health\u2026.Improve Blood Oxygen Levels During Sleep: 12 Things To DoEat Well. \u2026 Exercise. \u2026 Get Fresh Air. \u2026 Improve the Air Quality in Your Home. \u2026 Sing. \u2026 Sleep on Your Side. \u2026 Deal With Your Sinus Problems. \u2026 Avoid Alcohol.More items\u2026\u2022\n\nHow can I increase oxygen in my blood?\n\n\nHow can I check my oxygen level at home?\n\n\nWhat are the four stages of hypoxia?\n\nHypoxia can be classified into four stages based on altitude and the associated performance decrements and physiological symptoms.Indifferent Stage, 0 \u2013 1,500 m (0 \u2013 5,000 ft)Complete Compensatory Stage, 1,500 \u2013 3,500 m (5,000 \u2013 11,400 ft)Partial Compensatory Stage, 3,500 \u2013 6,000 m (11,400 \u2013 20,000 ft)More items\u2026\u2022\n\nDo COPD patients die in their sleep?\n\n\nHow do I improve my breathing?\n\n\nWhat foods increase oxygen in the blood?\n\nFocus on iron-rich foods such as meat, poultry, fish, legumes and green leafy vegetables. These dietary choices can correct an iron deficiency, which could increase your body\u2019s ability to process oxygen and make you feel more energetic. Stock up on green vegetables like kale, broccoli and celery.\n\nDoes lack of oxygen make you sleepy?\n\nWhen your body is low on oxygen, you feel tired. Fatigue comes more quickly when your lungs can\u2019t properly inhale and exhale air. This sets up an unpleasant cycle. When you\u2019re left feeling lethargic because of a lack of oxygen, you\u2019re less likely to engage in physical activity.\n\nWhat is the first sign of hypoxia?\n\n\nWhat vitamin is good for oxygen levels?\n\nOranges. Packed with Vitamin C, oranges are easy to find all year and are tasty, too. Oranges are also packed with fiber, and they are excellent sources of vitamins B and A as well as nutrients such as folate, pantothenic acid, calcium, copper and potassium.\n\nCan stress cause low oxygen levels?\n\n\nHow do you know if your body is low on oxygen?\n\nYour body needs oxygen to work properly, so if your oxygen levels are too low, your body may not work the way it is supposed to. In addition to difficulty breathing, you can experience confusion, dizziness, chest pain, headache, rapid breathing and a racing heart.\n\nCan low oxygen levels be reversed?\n\nOxygen therapy is a treatment for lung disease. It is not a cure. Oxygen therapy will not reverse lung damage. Oxygen only helps people who suffer from very low blood-oxygen levels.\n\nWhat are the 4 types of hypoxia?\n\n\nWhat are the symptoms of low oxygen at night?\n\n\nWhat are the signs that a person needs oxygen?\n
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n30 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n  \u2022 3rd side (hint)\nWhat is Development?\nTwo types of nations are Developed & Less Developed/Developing\nWhat is a Developed Nation?\nA nation with a higher average level of material well-being.\nnations with highly developed infrastructure, highly industrialize & service oriented, high literacy rates\nWhat is a Less Developed Nation?\nA nation with a low level of material well-being.\nNations with poorly developed infrastructure & minimal industry, low literacy rates\nWhat is Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (per capita GDP)?\nA nation's gross domestic product (GDP) divided by its total population.\nused to compare the living standards within nations\nWhat is Industrialization?\nThe extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacture.\nrequires large amounts of energy to manufacture products\nWhat is Subsistence Agriculture?\nLevel of farming in which a person raises only enough food to feed his/her family\nfarming using simple tools, few machines on small tracts of land\nWhat is the Literacy Rate?\nThe proportion of the population over age 15 that can read & write\nDeveloped nations have a higher literacy rate than less developed nations\nWhat is Life Expectancy?\nThe average expected life span of an individual.\nIndicator of how well an economic system supports life and fends off death.\nWhat is Infant Mortality Rate?\nThe number of deaths that occur in the first year of life per 1000 births\nThe U.S.A. has a rate of 6.4 or 6.4 deaths out of every 1000 births in the 1st yr. of life\nWhat is Infrastructure?\nThe services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.\nex. are transportation & communication systems, roads, power plants, schools, & banks.\nWhat is a Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)?\nLess developed country that has shown significant improvement in the measures of development.\nex. are Mexico, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, & Taiwan.\nWhat is the World Bank?\nAn international organization devoted to assisting development.\nUses per capita gross national income (GNI) to categorize nations as high, middle, or low income.\nWhat is Population Growth Rate?\nThe increase in a country's population in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the population figure at the start of the year.\ntakes into account the # of births, deaths, & people migrating to/from a country; expressed as a percentage of the population figure at the start of the year.\nWhat is the Natural Rate of Population Increase?\nThe difference between the birth rate and the death rate.\nMany LCDs are experiencing an increase in life expectancy and population growth\nWhat is Arable?\nLand suitable for growing crops.\nAccounts for only 10% of Earth's land\nWhat is Malnutrition?\nInadequate nutrition.\nsuffered by the population in many of less developed nations. Causes low birth weight, brain damage & birth defects in children\nWhat is Internal Financing?\nFinancing derived from the savings of a country's citizens.\nDeveloping countries save for investment or look to the developed world for investment funds.\nWhat is Foreign Investment?\nInvestment originating from other countries.\nAmericans borrowed from othe countries in order to build the transamerican railroad.\nWhat is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?\nThe establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner.\nForeign investment is often a Multinational Corporation in an LDC.\nWhat is a Foreign Portfolio Investment?\nThe entry of funds into a country when foreigners make purchases in the country's stock and bond markets.\nEx. U.S. investor buys shares in a Mutual Fund which in turn buys shares in a Foreign company.\nWhat is the World Bank?\nThe largest provider of development assistance founded in 1940.\nIt raises money on financial markets & accepts contributions from the wealthier member nations.\nWhat is the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)?\nUnited Nations program dedicated to elimination of poverty through development\nworld's largest source of grant funding for economic & social development.\nWhat is Debt Rescheduling?\nLengthening the time of debt repayment and forgiving, or dismissing, part of the loan\nIn return the debtor nationis expected to accept an IMF stabilization program\nWhat is a Stabilization Program?\nAn agreement between a debtor nation and the IMF in which the nation agrees to revise its economic policy.\nProgram that provides incentives for higher export earnings & to lower imports.By increasing exports an LDC can earn more foreign money to repay debt.\nWhat is Privatization?\nThe sale or transfer of state-owned businesses to individuals\ngives individuals, not government, the right to make decisions about what to produce & how much to produce\nWhat is a Work Ethic?\nSystem of values that gives central importance to work.\nIn a free market, incentives, not quotas, influence people's labor.\nWhat is Glasnost?\nA policy of political \"openness\" introduced into the Soviet Union in the late 1980s\nEncouraged Soviet citizens to say what they wished without fear of government persecution.\nWhat is Perestroika?\nSoviet leader Gorbachev's plan for economic restructuring.\nCalled for a gradual change from a centrally planned system to free enterprise. Gorbachev desired to incorporate markets & incentives into the existing structure of communism.\nWhat is Light Industry?\nThe production of small consumer goods.\nEx. producing clothing, appliances, bicycles, etc.\nWhat are Special Economic Zones?\nDesignated regions in China where foreign investment is encouraged, businesses can make most of their own investment , and production decisions, and foreign companies are allowe to operate\nCoastal cities of Hong Kong & Taiwan are where China's places of Economic growth. Ex. Three Gorges Dam caused much displacement in population (>100 million) but brought economic growth to the area
+__label__positive [Unicode] \u00a0Frequently Asked Questions Home | Site Map | Search\n\n\nGeneral questions, relating to UTF or Encoding Forms\n\n\n\n\nByte Order Mark (BOM) FAQ\n\nGeneral questions, relating to UTF or Encoding Form\n\nQ: Is Unicode a 16-bit encoding?\n\nA: No. The first version of Unicode was a 16-bit encoding, from 1991 to 1995, but starting with Unicode 2.0 (July, 1996), it has not been a 16-bit encoding. The Unicode Standard encodes characters in the range U+0000..U+10FFFF, which amounts to a 21-bit code space. Depending on the encoding form you choose (UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32), each character will then be represented either as a sequence of one to four 8-bit bytes, one or two 16-bit code units, or a single 32-bit code unit.\n\nQ: Can Unicode text be represented in more than one way?\n\nA: Yes, there are several possible representations of Unicode data, including UTF-8,\u00a0 UTF-16 and UTF-32. In addition, there are compression transformations such as the one described in the UTS #6: A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode (SCSU).\n\nQ: What is a UTF?\n\nA: A Unicode transformation format (UTF) is an algorithmic mapping from every Unicode code point (except surrogate code points) to a unique byte sequence. The ISO/IEC 10646 standard uses the term \u201cUCS transformation format\u201d for UTF; the two terms are merely synonyms for the same concept.\n\nEach UTF is reversible, thus every UTF supports lossless round tripping: mapping from any Unicode coded character sequence S to a sequence of bytes and back will produce S again. To ensure round tripping, a UTF mapping must map all code points (except surrogate code points) to unique byte sequences. This includes reserved (unassigned) code points and the 66 noncharacters (including U+FFFE and U+FFFF).\n\nThe SCSU compression method, even though it is reversible, is not a UTF because the same string can map to very many different byte sequences, depending on the particular SCSU compressor. [AF]\n\nQ: Where can I get more information on encoding forms?\n\nA: For the formal definition of UTFs see Section 3.9, Unicode Encoding Forms in The Unicode Standard. For more information on encoding forms see UTR #17: Unicode Character Encoding Model. [AF]\n\nQ: How do I write a UTF converter?\n\nA: The freely available open source project International Components for Unicode (ICU) has UTF conversion built into it. The latest version may be downloaded from the ICU Project web site. [AF]\n\nQ: Are there any byte sequences that are not generated by a UTF? How should I interpret them?\n\nA: None of the UTFs can generate every arbitrary byte sequence. For example, in UTF-8 every byte of the form 110xxxxx2 must be followed with a byte of the form 10xxxxxx2. A sequence such as <110xxxxx2 0xxxxxxx2> is illegal, and must never be generated. When faced with this illegal byte sequence while transforming or interpreting, a UTF-8 conformant process must treat the first byte 110xxxxx2 as an illegal termination error: for example, either signaling an error, filtering the byte out, or representing the byte with a marker such as FFFD (REPLACEMENT CHARACTER). In the latter two cases, it will continue processing at the second byte 0xxxxxxx2.\n\nA conformant process must not interpret illegal or ill-formed byte sequences as characters, however, it may take error recovery actions. No conformant process\u00a0 may use irregular byte sequences to encode out-of-band information.\n\nQ: Which of the UTFs do I need to support?\n\nA: UTF-8 is most common on the web. UTF-16 is used by Java and Windows. UTF-8 and UTF-32 are used by Linux and various Unix systems. The conversions between all of them are algorithmically based, fast and lossless. This makes it easy to support data input or output in multiple formats, while using a particular UTF for internal storage or processing.\u00a0 [AF]\n\nQ: What are some of the differences between the UTFs?\n\nA: The following table summarizes some of the properties of each of the UTFs.\u00a0\n\nName UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE UTF-32 UTF-32BE UTF-32LE\nSmallest code point 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000\nLargest code point 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF\nCode unit size 8 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 32 bits 32 bits 32 bits\nByte order N/A <BOM> big-endian little-endian <BOM> big-endian little-endian\nFewest bytes per character 1 2 2 2 4 4 4\nMost bytes per character 4 4 4 4 4 4 4\n\nIn the table <BOM> indicates that the byte order is determined by a byte order mark, if present at the beginning of the data stream, otherwise it is big-endian.\u00a0[AF]\n\nQ: Why do some of the UTFs have a BE or LE in their label, such as UTF-16LE?\n\nA: UTF-16 and UTF-32 use code units that are two and four bytes long respectively. For these UTFs, there are three sub-flavors: BE, LE and unmarked. The BE form uses big-endian byte serialization (most significant byte first), the LE form uses little-endian byte serialization (least significant byte first) and the unmarked form uses big-endian byte serialization by default, but may include a byte order mark at the beginning to indicate the actual byte serialization used. [AF]\n\nQ: Is there a standard method to package a Unicode character so it fits an 8-Bit ASCII stream?\n\nA: There are three or four options for making Unicode fit into an 8-bit format.\n\na) Use UTF-8. This preserves ASCII, but not Latin-1, because the characters >127 are different from Latin-1. UTF-8 uses the bytes in the ASCII only for ASCII characters. Therefore, it works well in any environment where ASCII characters have a significance as syntax characters, e.g. file name syntaxes, markup languages, etc., but where the all other characters may use arbitrary bytes.\nExample: \u201cLatin Small Letter s with Acute\u201d (015B) would be encoded as two bytes: C5 9B.\n\nb) Use Java or C style escapes, of the form \\uXXXXX or \\xXXXXX. This format is not standard for text files, but well defined in the framework of the languages in question, primarily for source files.\nExample: The Polish word \u201cwyj\u015bcie\u201d with character \u201cLatin Small Letter s with Acute\u201d (015B) in the middle (\u015b is one character) would look like: \u201cwyj\\u015Bcie\".\n\nc) Use the &#xXXXX; or &#DDDDD; numeric character escapes as in HTML or XML. Again, these are not standard for plain text files, but well defined within the framework of these markup languages.\nExample: \u201cwyj\u015bcie\u201d would look like \u201cwyj&#x015B;cie\"\n\nd) Use SCSU. This format compresses Unicode into 8-bit format, preserving most of ASCII, but using some of the control codes as commands for the decoder. However, while ASCII text will look like ASCII text after being encoded in SCSU, other characters may occasionally be encoded with the same byte values, making SCSU unsuitable for 8-bit channels that blindly interpret any of the bytes as ASCII characters.\nExample: \u201c<SC2> wyj\u00dbcie\u201d where <SC2> indicates the byte 0x12 and \u201c\u00db\u201d corresponds to byte 0xDB. [AF]\n\nQ: Which of these approaches is the best?\n\nA: That depends on the circumstances: Of these four approaches, d) uses the least space, but cannot be used transparently in most 8-bit environments. a) is the most widely supported in plain text files and b) and c) use the most space, but are widely supported for program source files in Java and C, or within HTML and XML files respectively.\u00a0 [AF]\n\nQ: Which of these formats is the most standard?\n\nA: All four require that the receiver can understand that format, but a) is considered one of the three equivalent Unicode Encoding Forms and therefore standard. The use of b), or c) out of their given context would definitely be considered non-standard, but could be a good solution for internal data transmission. The use of SCSU is itself a standard (for compressed data streams) but few general purpose receivers support SCSU, so it is again most useful in internal data transmission. [AF]\n\n\nQ: What is the definition of UTF-8?\n\nA: UTF-8 is the byte-oriented encoding form of Unicode. For details of its definition, see Section 2.5, Encoding Forms and Section 3.9, Unicode Encoding Forms \u201d in The Unicode Standard. See, in particular, Table 3-6 UTF-8 Bit Distribution and Table 3-7 Well-formed UTF-8 Byte Sequences, which give succinct summaries of the encoding form. Make sure you refer to the latest version of the Unicode Standard, as the Unicode Technical Committee has tightened the definition of UTF-8 over time to more strictly enforce unique sequences and to prohibit encoding of certain invalid characters. There is an Internet RFC 3629 about UTF-8. UTF-8 is also defined in Annex D of ISO/IEC 10646. See also the question above, How do I write a UTF converter?\n\nQ: Is the UTF-8 encoding scheme the same irrespective of whether the underlying processor is little endian or big endian?\n\nA: Yes. Since UTF-8 is interpreted as a sequence of bytes, there is no endian problem as there is for encoding forms that use 16-bit or 32-bit code units. Where a BOM is used with UTF-8, it is only used as an encoding signature to distinguish UTF-8 from other encodings \u2014 it has nothing to do with byte order.\u00a0 [AF]\n\nQ: Is the UTF-8 encoding scheme the same irrespective of whether the underlying system uses ASCII or EBCDIC encoding?\n\nA: There is only one definition of UTF-8. It is the precisely the same, whether the data were converted from ASCII or EBCDIC based character sets. However, byte sequences from standard UTF-8 won\u2019t interoperate well in an EBCDIC system, because of the different arrangements of control codes between ASCII and EBCDIC. UTR #16: UTF-EBCDIC defines is a specialized UTF\u00a0 that will interoperate in EBCDIC systems. [AF]\n\nQ: How do I convert a UTF-16 surrogate pair such as <D800 DC00> to UTF-8? A one four byte sequence or as two separate 3-byte sequences?\n\nA: The definition of UTF-8 requires that supplementary characters (those using surrogate pairs in UTF-16) be encoded with a single four byte sequence. However, there is a widespread practice of generating pairs of three byte sequences in older software, especially software which pre-dates the introduction of UTF-16 or that is interoperating with UTF-16 environments under particular constraints. Such an encoding is not conformant to UTF-8 as defined. See UTR #26: Compatability Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-bit (CESU) for a formal description of such a non-UTF-8 data format. When using CESU-8, great care must be taken that data is not accidentally treated as if it was UTF-8, due to the similarity of the formats. [AF]\n\nQ: How do I convert an unpaired UTF-16 surrogate to UTF-8?\n\nA different issue arises if an unpaired surrogate is encountered when converting ill-formed UTF-16 data. By represented such an unpaired surrogate on its own as a 3-byte sequence, the resulting UTF-8 data stream would become ill-formed. While it faithfully reflects the nature of the input, Unicode conformance requires that encoding form conversion always results in valid data stream. Therefore a converter must treat this as an error. [AF]\n\n\nQ: What is UTF-16?\n\nA: UTF-16 uses a single 16-bit code unit to encode the most common 63K characters, and a pair of 16-bit code units, called surrogates, to encode the 1M less commonly used characters in Unicode.\n\nOriginally, Unicode was designed as a pure 16-bit encoding, aimed at representing all modern scripts. (Ancient scripts were to be represented with private-use characters.) Over time, and especially after the addition of over 14,500 composite characters for compatibility with legacy sets, it became clear that 16-bits were not sufficient for the user community. Out of this arose UTF-16. [AF]\n\nQ: What are surrogates?\n\nA: Surrogates are code points from two special ranges of Unicode values, reserved for use as the leading, and trailing values of paired code units in UTF-16. Leading, also called high, surrogates are from D80016 to DBFF16, and trailing, or low, surrogates are from DC0016 to DFFF16. They are called surrogates, since they do not represent characters directly, but only as a pair.\n\nQ: What\u2019s the algorithm to convert from UTF-16 to character codes?\n\nA: The Unicode Standard used to contain a short algorithm, now there is just a bit distribution table. Here are three short code snippets that translate the information from the bit distribution table into C code that will convert to and from UTF-16.\n\nUsing the following type definitions\n\ntypedef unsigned int16 UTF16;\ntypedef unsigned int32 UTF32;\n\nthe first snippet calculates the high (or leading) surrogate from a character code C.\n\nUTF16 X = (UTF16) C;\nUTF32 U = (C >> 16) & ((1 << 5) - 1);\nUTF16 W = (UTF16) U - 1;\nUTF16 HiSurrogate = HI_SURROGATE_START | (W << 6) | X >> 10;\n\nwhere X, U and W correspond to the labels used in Table 3-5 UTF-16 Bit Distribution. The next snippet does the same for the low surrogate.\n\nUTF16 X = (UTF16) C;\nUTF16 LoSurrogate = (UTF16) (LO_SURROGATE_START | X & ((1 << 10) - 1));\n\nFinally, the reverse, where hi and lo are the high and low surrogate, and C the resulting character\n\nUTF32 X = (hi & ((1 << 6) -1)) << 10 | lo & ((1 << 10) -1);\nUTF32 W = (hi >> 6) & ((1 << 5) - 1);\nUTF32 U = W + 1;\nUTF32 C = U << 16 | X;\n\nA caller would need to ensure that C, hi, and lo are in the appropriate ranges. [AF]\n\nQ: Isn\u2019t there a simpler way to do this?\n\nA: There is a much simpler computation that does not try to follow the bit distribution table.\n\n// constants\nconst UTF32 LEAD_OFFSET = 0xD800 - (0x10000 >> 10);\nconst UTF32 SURROGATE_OFFSET = 0x10000 - (0xD800 << 10) - 0xDC00;\n\n// computations\nUTF16 lead = LEAD_OFFSET + (codepoint >> 10);\nUTF16 trail = 0xDC00 + (codepoint & 0x3FF);\n\nUTF32 codepoint = (lead << 10) + trail + SURROGATE_OFFSET;\n\n\nQ: Why are some people opposed to UTF-16?\n\nA: People familiar with variable width East Asian character sets such as Shift-JIS ( SJIS) are understandably nervous about UTF-16, which sometimes requires two code units to represent a single character. They are well acquainted with the problems that variable-width codes have caused. However, there are some important differences between the mechanisms used in SJIS and UTF-16:\n\n\n  \u2022 In SJIS, there is overlap between the leading and trailing code unit values, and between the trailing and single code unit values. This causes a number of problems:\n\n    \u2022 It causes false matches. For example, searching for an \u201ca\u201d may match against the trailing code unit of a Japanese character.\n\n    \u2022 It prevents efficient random access. To know whether you are on a character boundary, you have to search backwards to find a known boundary.\n\n    \u2022 It makes the text extremely fragile. If a unit is dropped from a leading-trailing code unit pair, many following characters can be corrupted.\n\n  \u2022 In UTF-16, the code point ranges for high and low surrogates, as well as for single units are all completely disjoint. None of these problems occur:\n\n    \u2022 There are no false matches.\n\n    \u2022 The location of the character boundary can be directly determined from each code unit value.\n\n    \u2022 A dropped surrogate will corrupt only a single character.\n\n\n  \u2022 The vast majority of SJIS characters require 2 units, but characters using single units occur commonly and often have special importance, for example in file names.\n\n  \u2022 With UTF-16, relatively few characters require 2 units. The vast majority of characters in common use are single code units. Even in East Asian text, the incidence of surrogate pairs should be well less than 1% of all text storage on average. (Certain documents, of course, may have a higher incidence of surrogate pairs, just as phthisique is an fairly infrequent word in English, but may occur quite often in a particular scholarly text.) [AF]\n\nQ: Will UTF-16 ever be extended to more than a million characters?\n\nA: No. Both Unicode and ISO 10646 have policies in place that formally limit future code assignment to the integer range that can be expressed with current UTF-16 (0 to 1,114,111). Even if other encoding forms (i.e. other UTFs) can represent larger intergers, these policies mean that all encoding forms will always represent the same set of characters. Over a million possible codes is far more than enough for the goal of Unicode of encoding characters, not glyphs. Unicode is not designed to encode arbitrary data. If you wanted, for example, to give each \u201cinstance of a character on paper throughout history\u201d its own code, you might need trillions or quadrillions of such codes; noble as this effort might be, you would not use Unicode for such an encoding.\u00a0[AF]\n\nQ: Are there any 16-bit values that are invalid?\n\nA: Unpaired surrogates are invalid in UTFs. These include any value in the range D80016 to DBFF16 not followed by a value in the range DC0016 to DFFF16, or any value in the range DC0016 to DFFF16 not preceded by a value in the range D80016 to DBFF16. [AF]\n\nQ: What about noncharacters? Are they invalid?\n\nA: Not at all. Noncharacters are valid in UTFs and must be properly converted. For more details on the definition and use of noncharacters, as well as their correct representation in each UTF, see the Noncharacters FAQ.\n\nQ: Because supplementary characters are uncommon, does that mean I can ignore them?\n\nA: Just because supplementary characters (expressed with surrogate pairs in UTF-16) are uncommon does not mean that they should be neglected. They include:\n\n  \u2022 emoji symbols and emoticons, for interoperating with Japanese mobile phones\n\n  \u2022 uncommon (but not unused) CJK characters, important for personal and place names\n\n  \u2022 variation selectors for ideographic variation sequences\n\n  \u2022 important symbols for mathematics\n\n  \u2022 numerous minority scripts and historic scripts, important for some user communities\n\nQ: How should I handle supplementary characters in my code?\n\nA: Compared with BMP characters, the supplementary characters are relatively uncommon in most contexts. That fact can be taken into account when optimizing implementations for best performance: execution speed, memory usage, and storage. This is particularly useful for UTF-16 implementations, and to a lesser degree in UTF-8 implementations.\n\nQ: What is the difference between UCS-2 and UTF-16?\n\nA: UCS-2 is obsolete terminology which refers to a Unicode implementation up to Unicode 1.1, before surrogate code points and UTF-16 were added to Version 2.0 of the standard. This term should now be avoided.\n\nUCS-2 does not describe a data format distinct from UTF-16, because both use exactly the same 16-bit code unit representations. However, UCS-2 does not interpret surrogate code points, and thus cannot be used to conformantly represent supplementary characters.\n\nSometimes in the past an implementation has been labeled \"UCS-2\" to indicate that it does not support supplementary characters and doesn't interpret pairs of surrogate code points as characters. Such an implementation would not handle processing of character properties, code point boundaries, collation, etc. for supplementary characters. [AF]\n\n\nQ: What is UTF-32?\n\nA: Any Unicode character can be represented as a single 32-bit unit in UTF-32. This single 4 code unit corresponds to the Unicode scalar value, which is the abstract number associated with a Unicode character. UTF-32 is a subset of the encoding mechanism called UCS-4 in ISO 10646. For more information, see Section 3.9, Unicode Encoding Forms in The Unicode Standard. [AF]\n\nQ: Should I use UTF-32 (or UCS-4) for storing Unicode strings in memory?\n\nA: This depends. If you frequently need to access APIs that require string parameters to be in UTF-32, it may be more convenient to work with UTF-32 strings all the time. However, the downside of UTF-32 is that it forces you to use 32-bits for each character, when only 21 bits are ever needed. The number of significant bits needed for the average character in common texts is much lower, making the ratio effectively that much worse. In many situations that does not matter, and the convenience of having a fixed number of code units per character can be the deciding factor.\n\nIncreasing the storage for the same number of characters does have its cost in applications dealing with large volume of text data: it can mean exhausting cache limits sooner; it can result in noticeably increased read/write times or in reaching bandwidth limits; and it requires more space for storage. What a number of implementations do is to represent strings with UTF-16, but individual character values with UTF-32.\n\nThe chief selling point for Unicode is providing a representation for all the world\u2019s characters, eliminating the need for juggling multiple character sets and avoiding the associated data corruption problems. These features were enough to swing industry to the side of using Unicode (UTF-16). While a UTF-32 representation does make the programming model somewhat simpler, the increased average storage size has real drawbacks, making a complete transition to UTF-32 less compelling. [AF]\n\nQ: How about using UTF-32 interfaces in my APIs?\n\nA: Except in some environments that store text as UTF-32 in memory, most Unicode APIs are using UTF-16. With UTF-16 APIs\u00a0 the low level indexing is at the storage or code unit level, with higher-level mechanisms for graphemes or words specifying their boundaries in terms of the code units. This provides efficiency at the low levels, and the required functionality at the high levels.\n\nIf its ever necessary to locate the nth character, indexing by character can be implemented as a high level operation. However, while converting from such a UTF-16 code unit index to a character index or vice versa is fairly straightforward, it does involve a scan through the 16-bit units up to the index point. In a test run, for example, accessing UTF-16 storage as characters, instead of code units resulted in a 10\u00d7 degradation. While there are some interesting optimizations that can be performed, it will always be slower on average. Therefore locating other boundaries, such as grapheme, word, line or sentence boundaries proceeds directly from the code unit index, not indirectly via an intermediate character code index.\n\nQ: Doesn\u2019t it cause a problem to have only UTF-16 string APIs, instead of UTF-32 char APIs?\n\nA: Almost all international functions (upper-, lower-, titlecasing, case folding, drawing, measuring, collation, transliteration, grapheme-, word-, linebreaks, etc.) should take string parameters in the API, not single code-points (UTF-32). Single code-point APIs almost always produce the wrong results except for very simple languages, either because you need more context to get the right answer, or because you need to generate a sequence of characters to return the right answer, or both.\n\nFor example, any Unicode-compliant collation (See UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algogrithm (UCA)) must be able to handle sequences of more than one code-point, and treat that sequence as a single entity. Trying to collate by handling single code-points at a time, would get the wrong answer. The same will happen for drawing or measuring text a single code-point at a time; because scripts like Arabic are contextual, the width of x plus the width of y is not equal to the width of xy. Once you get beyond basic typography, the same is true for English as well; because of kerning and ligatures the width of \u201cfi\u201d in the font may be different than the width of \u201cf\u201d plus the width of \u201ci\". Casing operations must return strings, not single code-points; see http://www.unicode.org/charts/case/ . In particular, the title casing operation requires strings as input, not single code-points at a time.\n\nStoring a single code point in a struct or class instead of a string, would exclude support for graphemes, such as \u201cch\u201d for Slovak, where a single code point may not be sufficient, but a character sequence is needed to express what is required. In other words, most API parameters and fields of composite data types should not be defined as a character, but as a string. And if they are strings, it does not matter what the internal representation of the string is.\n\nGiven that any industrial-strength text and internationalization support API has to be able to handle sequences of characters, it makes little difference whether the string is internally represented by a sequence of UTF-16 code units, or by a sequence of code-points ( = UTF-32 code units). Both UTF-16 and UTF-8 are designed to make working with substrings easy, by the fact that the sequence of code units for a given code point is unique. [AF]\n\nQ: Are there exceptions to the rule of exclusively using string parameters in APIs?\n\nA: The main exception are very low-level operations such as getting character properties (e.g. General Category or Canonical Class in the UCD). For those it is handy to have interfaces that convert quickly to and from UTF-16 and UTF-32, and that allow you to iterate through strings returning UTF-32 values (even though the internal format is UTF-16).\n\nQ: How do I convert a UTF-16 surrogate pair such as <D800 DC00> to UTF-32? A one 4-byte sequence or as two 4-byte sequences?\n\nA: The definition of UTF-32 requires that supplementary characters (those using surrogate pairs in UTF-16) be encoded with a single 4-byte sequence.\n\nQ: How do I convert an unpaired UTF-16 surrogate to UTF-32?\n\nA: If an unpaired surrogate is encountered when converting ill-formed UTF-16 data, any conformant converter must treat this as an error. By representing such an unpaired surrogate on its own, the resulting UTF-32 data stream would become ill-formed. While it faithfully reflects the nature of the input, Unicode conformance requires that encoding form conversion always results in valid data stream. [AF]\n\nByte Order Mark (BOM) FAQ\n\nQ: What is a BOM?\n\nA: A byte order mark (BOM) consists of the character code U+FEFF at the beginning of a data stream, where it can be used as a signature defining the byte order and encoding form, primarily of unmarked plaintext files. Under some higher level protocols, use of a BOM may be mandatory (or prohibited) in the Unicode data stream defined in that protocol. [AF]\n\nQ: Where is a BOM useful?\n\nA: A BOM is useful at the beginning of files that are typed as text, but for which it is not known whether they are in big or little endian format\u2014it can also serve as a hint indicating that the file is in Unicode, as opposed to in a legacy encoding and furthermore, it act as a signature for the specific encoding form used. [AF]\n\nQ: What does \u2018endian\u2019 mean?\n\nA: Data types longer than a byte can be stored in computer memory with the most significant byte (MSB) first or last. The former is called big-endian, the latter little-endian. When data is exchanged, bytes that appear in the \"correct\" order on the sending system may appear to be out of order on the receiving system. In that situation, a BOM would look like 0xFFFE which is a noncharacter, allowing the receiving system to apply byte reversal before processing the data. UTF-8 is byte oriented and therefore does not have that issue. Nevertheless, an initial BOM might be useful to identify the datastream as UTF-8. [AF]\n\nQ: When a BOM is used, is it only in 16-bit Unicode text?\n\nA: No, a BOM can be used as a signature no matter how the Unicode text is transformed: UTF-16, UTF-8, or UTF-32. The exact bytes comprising the BOM will be whatever the Unicode character U+FEFF is converted into by that transformation format. In that form, the BOM serves to indicate both that it is a Unicode file, and which of the formats it is in. Examples:\n\nBytes Encoding Form\n00 00 FE FF UTF-32, big-endian\nFF FE 00 00 UTF-32, little-endian\nFE FF UTF-16, big-endian\nFF FE UTF-16, little-endian\n\nQ: Can a UTF-8 data stream contain the BOM character (in UTF-8 form)? If yes, then can I still assume the remaining UTF-8 bytes are in big-endian order?\n\nA: Yes, UTF-8 can contain a BOM. However, it makes no difference as to the endianness of the byte stream. UTF-8 always has the same byte order. An initial BOM is only used as a signature \u2014 an indication that an otherwise unmarked text file is in UTF-8. Note that some recipients of UTF-8 encoded data do not expect a BOM. Where UTF-8 is used transparently in 8-bit environments, the use of a BOM will interfere with any protocol or file format that expects specific ASCII characters at the beginning, such as the use of \"#!\" of at the beginning of Unix shell scripts. [AF]\n\nQ: What should I do with U+FEFF in the middle of a file?\n\nA: In the absence of a protocol supporting its use as a BOM and when not at the beginning of a text stream, U+FEFF should normally not occur. For backwards compatibility it should be treated as ZERO WIDTH NON-BREAKING SPACE (ZWNBSP), and is then part of the content of the file or string. The use of U+2060 WORD JOINER is strongly preferred over ZWNBSP for expressing word joining semantics since it cannot be confused with a BOM. When designing a markup language or data protocol, the use of U+FEFF can be restricted to that of Byte Order Mark. In that case, any U+FEFF occurring in the middle of a file can be treated as an unsupported character[AF]\n\nQ: I am using a protocol that has BOM at the start of text. How do I represent an initial ZWNBSP?\n\nA: Use U+2060 WORD JOINER instead.\u00a0\n\nQ: How do I tag data that does not interpret U+FEFF as a BOM?\n\nA: Use the tag UTF-16BE to indicate big-endian UTF-16 text, and UTF-16LE to indicate little-endian UTF-16 text. If you do use a BOM, tag the text as simply UTF-16. [MD]\n\nQ: Why wouldn\u2019t I always use a protocol that requires a BOM?\n\nA: Where the data has an associated type, such as a field in a database, a BOM is unnecessary. In particular, if a text data stream is marked as UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE or UTF-32LE, a BOM is neither necessary nor permitted. Any U+FEFF would be interpreted as a ZWNBSP.\n\nDo not tag every string in a database or set of fields with a BOM, since it wastes space and complicates string concatenation. Moreover, it also means two data fields may have precisely the same content, but not be binary-equal (where one is prefaced by a BOM).\n\nQ: How I should deal with BOMs?\n\nA: Here are some guidelines to follow:\n\n  1. A particular protocol (e.g. Microsoft conventions for .txt files) may require use of the BOM on certain Unicode data streams, such as files. When you need to conform to such a protocol, use a BOM.\n\n  2. Some protocols allow optional BOMs in the case of untagged text. In those cases,\n\n    \u2022 Where a text data stream is known to be plain text, but of unknown encoding, BOM can be used as a signature. If there is no BOM, the encoding could be anything.\n\n    \u2022 Where a text data stream is known to be plain Unicode text (but not which endian), then BOM can be used as a signature. If there is no BOM, the text should be interpreted as big-endian.\n\n  3. Some byte oriented protocols expect ASCII characters at the beginning of a file. If UTF-8 is used with these protocols, use of the BOM as encoding form signature should be avoided.\n\n  4. Where the precise type of the data stream is known (e.g. Unicode big-endian or Unicode little-endian), the BOM should not be used. In particular, whenever a data stream is declared to be UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE or UTF-32LE a BOM must not be used. (See also Q: What is the difference between UCS-2 and UTF-16?.) [AF]
+__label__positive Featured Post\n\n9th August 2016 Current Affairs Questions and Answers\n\n\nIndia GK Question Paper 112\n\nIndia GK Question Sample Paper 112: India General Knowledge (GK) Sample Question Paper No. 112 with Collection of 20\u00a0 Question\u00a0of India GK Questions under GK Quiz in PDF @\u00a0\u00a0India GK Sample Papers. India General Knowledge (GK) and General Science (GS) Questions are also available with Quiz on daily basis.\n\nFor Update on India GK Quiz Follow us on\u00a0\nIndia GK Question Paper NO. 112:\nQ.1861 In India which one of the following is not a natural harbour?\nA. Chennai\nB. Cochin\nC. Mumbai\nD. Vishakhapatnam\n\nQ.1862 Where is the 'Black Pagoda'?\nA. Madurai\nB. Konark\nC. Khajuraho\nD. None of these\nQ.1863 The second largest Island (next to Greenland) of the world is-\nA. Borneo\nB. Malagasy\nC. Sumatra\nD. New Guinea\n\nQ.1864 Which of the following is not a fruit?\nA. Torato\nB. Cucumber\nC. Pumpkin\nD. Potato\nAns: D\n\nQ.1865 Sound waves do not travel in?\nA. Hydrogen\nB. Vacuum\nC. Iron\nD. Water\nAns: B\n\nQ.1866 The ozone is situated in-\nA. Troposphere\nB. Stratosphere\nC. Mesosphere\nD. Exosphere\n\nQ.1867 If two points are placed just on either side of the International Date Line, the difference in time between these two points will approximately be how many hours?\nA. 12 hours\nB. 18 hours\nC. 24 hours\nD. nil\nAns: C\n\nQ.1868 Which one of the following rivers flows near Paris?\nA. Rhine\nB. Volga\nC. Danube\nD. Thames\nAns: A\n\nQ.1869 Which one of the following latitudes forms a great circle?\nA. 00\nB. 23 \u00bd 0\nC. 66 \u00bd 0\nD. 900\nAns: A\n\nQ.1890 Which one of the following is known as the Pearl City?\nA. Cochin\nB. Tuticorin\nC. Rameswaram\nD. Masulippatanam\nAns: B\n\nQ.1891 The Pacific Ocean was so named by\nA. Bartholomew Diaz\nB. Magellan\nC. Vasco da Gama\nD. Columbus\nAns: B\n\nQ.1892 Who was the first man to reach the South Pole?\nA. Robert Walpole\nB. Amundson\nC. Robert Peary\nD. none of these\nAns: B\n\nQ.1893 Which of the following cities are situated on the banks of river \u2018Tigris\u2019?\nA. Sharjah\nB. Baghdad\nC. Dubai\nD. London\nAns: B\n\nQ.1894 Which of the following is not an island?\nA. Greenland\nB. Ireland\nC. Cuba\nD. Sweden\nAns: D\n\nQ.1895 Which of the following places are connected by the Adam\u2019s bridge?\nA. Israel and Jerusalem\nB. Amman and Damascus\nC. Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman\nD. Dhanushkodi and Talaimannar\nAns: D
+__label__positive Logo learn the Quran caption learn the Quran\nLearn the Quran\n\nThe Unseen = (AlGhayb)\n\nQ: Who owns the Unseen?\nA: And to Allah belongs the Unseen of the Heavens and the earth and the Command of The Hour (Day of Judgment) is as in the wink of an eye or it is nearer indeed Allah upon everything is All-Capable.\nTranslation of: Ayah 77, Surat AlNahl. (16:77)\nWords: Ghayb = Unseen, AlSamawat = The Heavens, AlArdh = The earth, AlSa'ah = The Day of the Judgment, KaLamhiLBasr = As in the wink of an eye - In a wink, Agrab = Nearer, Kuli Shaye' = Upon everything, Qadeer = All-Capable.\n\nQ: What is the answer to those who say that they will certainly get what is unseen?\nA: And did you see the one who had disbelieved in Our lines (Qur'an) and said that he would certainly get wealth and children. Had he been informed about the Unseen or had he taken a promise from The Most Merciful. Never! We will write what he says and We will prolong a lot the punishment for him and We will make him inherit what he says and he will come to us alone.\nTranslation of: Ayat 77 - 80, Surat Maryam.\nWords: Kafara = Disbelieved, Mal = Wealth - Money, Walad = Children, Ittala = Was informed, A'hd = Promise, Namudu = Prolong, AlAzab = The Punishment,\n\nQ: Do the prophets get some information about the Unseen World?\nA: He (Allah) knows the Unseen and He does not inform anyone of His Unseen; but whom He has chosen for a prophet; and He makes surveillance (by angels against the jinn) precede him (the prophet) from the front and follow him from the back; to make sure that they (prophets) had delivered the Messages of their God; and He (Allah) has knowledge of what they (prophets and angels) had and He had counted the numbers of everything.\nTranslation of: Ayat 26 - 28, Surat AlJinn.\nWords: Yudhir = Informs, Ahad = Anyone, Irtadha = Has chosen, Rasool = Prophet, Risalat = Messages, Aha'ta = Had knowledge, Ladaihim = They have, Ah'sa = Counted, Kula Shay' = Everything, Ahsa = Counted, Adad = numbers,\n\nQ: Does Allah know the secrets of our hearts?\nA: Those who fear their God secretly, for them is Forgiveness and a great Reward. And Keep your talk secret or say it; He (Allah) has full knowledge of what is in your hearts. How can The One Who created not know! and He is The Most Kind and The Expert.\nTranslation of: Ayat 12 - 14, Surat AlMulk.\nWords: Yakhsha = Fears, Maghfirah = Forgiveness, Ajr = Reward, Kabeer = Great, As'irou = Keep secret, Ijharou = Say, That AlSoudour = Heart.\n\nQ: How much is the knowledge of Allah about the hidden things?\nA: O my son (Luqman* said to his son) (even) if it (deed) is the weight of a seed of mustard and it is in a rock or in the Heavens or the earth Allah will bring it forth (for account) for Allah is All-Kind, All-Expert.\nTranslation of: Ayah 16, Surat Luqman. (31:16)\n\n* A wise man said to be a carpenter from a place south of Egypt in Africa. According to \"Tafseer waBayan Mufridat AlQuran\" in Arabic page 412: A righteous man who used to give formal advisory opinion \"fatwa\" before the prophethood of David \"= Dawood\". Then he gained the knowledge delivered by the Prophet David and stopped giving \"AlFatwa\". He said: Should it not be enough for me (giving Fatwa) when there is enough 'knowledge' above me for me (Allah's Message in the Qur'an) (= ala aktafi itha kufeetu).\nWords: Misthqal = Weight of, Habbah = Seed, Khardal = Mustard, Sakhrah = Rock, Ya'ti = Brings forth.\n\nQ: What comes under the knowledge of the the Unseen?\nA: Indeed Allah has the knowledge of the Hour (time of the Day of Judgment) and He sends down the rain and He knows what is in the wombs (before the fetus is made) and no soul knows what is going to earn tomorrow (what will happen) and no soul knows in what land it is going to die indeed Allah is All-Knowing, All-Acquainted.\nTranslation of: Ayah 34, Surat Luqman. (31:34)\nWords: Indahu = He has, Ilm = Knowledge, AlSa'ah = The Hour - Day of Judgment, Yunazil = Sends down, Ghaysth = Rain, Ya'lam = Knows, Ar'ham = Wombs, Tadri = Knows, Nafs = Soul, Taksib = Earns, Ghad = Tomorrow, Ardh = Land, Tamout = Dies.\n\nQ: Faith means to believe in the Unseen with your intellect without seeing it. Is it advisable for a person to become Muslim at the time of death for example?\nA: Are they waiting for the angels to come? Or for your God to come? Or for some of the Signs (miracles - punishment) of your God to come? The day when any of the Signs of your God comes then the soul's faith (in Allah) will be of no use to it if it did not have faith earlier or if it did not earn in its faith good deeds; Say: Wait (for the Signs)! For we are waiting (for Allah's Judgment)!\nTranslation of: Ayah 158, Surat AlAn'am.\nWords: Yanthur = Wait, Ta'tee = Comes, Ayat = Signs, Yanfe' = Be of use, Kasabat = Earned, Khairun = Good deeds, Muntathir = Waiting.\n\nQ: How far does Allah's knowledge extend?\nA: He (Allah) knows what goes into the earth (rain, the dead...etc) and what comes out of it (plants, animals...etc) and what comes down from the sky (angels, revelations, rain...etc) and what ascends (angels, souls...etc) into it and He is the Most-Merciful the Most-Forgiving. And those who disbelieve say: The Hour (Judgment Day) will not reach us. Say (command to Prophet Muhammad) yes indeed - by my God - it will certainly come upon you - (Allah) the All-Knowing of the the unseen - Not a tiny particle in the Heavens nor in the earth is hidden from Him and nothing smaller nor bigger except in a Clear Record (in the Heavens).\nTranslation of: Ayat 2 - 3, Surat Saba'.\nWords: Ya'lam = He knows, Yalij = Goes into, Yakhruj = Comes out, Yanzil = Comes down, Ya'ruj = Ascends, Ta'ti = Reaches - Comes, AlSaa'ah = The Hour, Ya'zab = Is Hidden, Misthqal Tharrah = Tiny particle, Asghar = Smaller, Akbar = Bigger, Kitab = Record - Book, Mubeen = Clear - Self-Explanatory.\n\nQ: Why did the Muslims around the Prophet Mohammad grieved when the Romans lost the war against the Persians? And what does Allah tell them about the Unseen?\nNote: Alif Lam Meem; The Romans were Christians. The Persians then were Magus (worshippers of Fire).\nA: The Romans have been defeated; In a land close by (Mecca) and they after their defeat will be victorious; In a few years; To Allah (refers) the whole matter from the past and in the future and then the faithful (Muslims) will rejoice. With Allah's support He makes victorious whoever He pleases and He is the All-Powerful, the Compassionist. It is the promise of Allah and Allah does not fail His promise but yet a lot of people do not know.\nTranslation of: Ayat 1 - 6, Surat AlRoum.\nNote: The Romans lost the war against Persia when the Muslims were in Mecca. Then the Romans won the war against Persia when the Muslims were in AlMadina.\nWords: Guliba = Has been defeated, Adna = Close by, Ardh = Land, Yaghlib = To be victorious, Bidh' = few, Tafrah = Rejoices, Yansur = Makes victorious, Wa'd = Promise, Ya'lam = Knows.\n\nQ: Are even the small details of everything in the world recorded?\nNote: Remember that Allah's standards of everything are sublime and higher than humans.\nA: And with Him (Allah) are the keys of the unseen - no one knows them except He - and He knows what is in the earth and sea and no leaf falls without Him knowing it and neither a grain in the depths of darkness of the earth nor a tender (plant) neither a dry (plant) except in an Unmistakable Record*.\nTranslation of: Ayah 59, Surat AlAn'am.\n* Called the Guarded Tablet (Al'Lowh AlMahfoudh) kept in the Heaven.\nWords: Ind = With, Mafateh = Keys, Ya'lam = Knows, Bar = Earth - Land, Bahr = Sea, Habbah = Grain, Ratb = Tender - Wet, Yabis = Dry, Kitab Mubeen = Unmistakable Record - Clear Book.\n\nQ: What are some points for contemplation from Allah's knowledge of the unseen?\nNote: What Allah swears by are extraordinary points for attention and contemplation. Reference can be both in life and in the World of the Unseen.\nA: By the Mount (Sinae)*; And by the (Initial) Record (with Allah) written in lines (Kitab Mastoor)**; In a scroll spread open*** (on the Day of Judgment); By the much-frequented House**** (of Allah); By the Ceiling (sky) that is lifted high*****; By the ocean which is overflowing******; For the punishment of your God is certainly coming to pass; For it there is no repellent.\nTranslation of: Ayat 1 - 8, Surat AlToor. (52:1-8)\n* Where Allah talked to the Prophet Moses.\n** In life refers to Allah's Holy Books. Also remember that the first thing Allah created was the pen.\n*** for reading. Also \" --- and We (Allah) will take out (= nukhrij) for him (everyone) on the Day of Judgment a record he will find it spread open;\" Translation of Line 13 in Chapter AlIsra' in the Qur'an.\n**** In a summary of a saying of the Prophet Muhammad to his companions: Do you know what is \"ALBayt AlMa'mour\" ( = The much-frequented House \"of Allah\")? They said: Allah and His Prophet know better! The Prophet said: It is a House of Allah in the Heaven exactly over the position of AlKa'bah (in Mecca) - if it falls it will fall on AlKa-bah. Everyday (differnt) seventy thousand angels pray in it (= itha kharajou minhu lem ya'oudou akhir ma alayhim)(each seventy thousand has the channce to pray only once). Source: Mukhtasar Tafseer Ibn Kastheer. Volume 3, page 389.\n***** The Sky will become fragile and will be split open on the Day of Judgment \"When the sky is split open;\" Translation of Line 1 in Chapter AlInshiqaq in the Qur'an.\n****** Water \"of life\" under Allah's Throne which will flow down to raise up the dead on the Day of Judgment. See Why is the creation of humans from earth compared to the creation of plants?\nNote: In a summary of a saying of the Prophet Muhammad: There is no day but the water becomes on the verge of overflowing on earth but Allah stops it. Source: Mukhtasar Tafseer Ibn Kastheer. Volume 3, page 389.\nWords: Toor = Mount, Kitab = Record, Mastoor = Written in lines, Riq = Scroll, Manshour = Spread open, Bayt = House, Ma'mour = Much-frequented, Saqf = Ceiling - Sky, Marfou' = Lifted high, Bahr = Ocean - Body of water, Athab = Punishment, Lawaqi' = Certainly is going to pass (happen), Da'fi' = Repellent.\n\nQ: Why should we control ourselves at times of grief or happiness?\nA: No misfortune happens on earth or in yourselves except (it is) in a Record* before We (Allah) bring it into existence - for that is for Allah easy; So that you do not grieve** over what you missed neither do you become maliciously delighted** with what turns well for you and Allah does not like anyone who is self-conceited, boastful.\nTranslation of: Ayat 22 - 23, Surat AlHadeed.\n* Remember that the first thing Allah created was the pen.\n** Man should be patient in time of grief and grateful to Allah in time of joy.\nNote: In a summary of two sayings of the Prophet Muhammad: The Prophet Moses debated with Adam so he told him: You caused man to be expelled from the Heaven with your sin so you made him suffer. Adam said: How many years you found out that Allah had written the Torah before I was created? Moses said: Forty years. Adam said: Did you see in it \"And Adam disobeyed His God so he was deluded.\" Moses said: Yes! Adam said: So do you blame me if I did something that Allah had written for me to do forty years before creating me! The Prophet Muhammad said: So Adam won the debate. Source: Mukhtasar Tafseer Ibn Kastheer. Volume 2, page 496.\nWords: Asaba = Happens - Museebah = Misfortune - Calamity, Kitab = Record, Nabra' = We bring into existence, Yaseer = Easy, LiKayla = So that, Fata= Missed, Tafrah = You become maliciously delighted, Aata = Turns well for you - Becomes in your favour - Comes your way, Kulu = Anyone, Mukhtal = Who is self-conceited, Fakhour = Boastful.\n\nQ: What did Allah prewrite before making the creation?\nNote: Remember to Allah the past, the present and the future of everything is an open book.\nA: And We (Allah) destined for Hell many Jinn and humans; They have hearts with which they do not understand (faith in Allah) and they have eyes with which they do not see and they have ears with which they do not hear; They are like the cattle; Yet they are further astray; Those are the unaware.\nTranslation of: Ayah 179, Surat AlA'raf.\nNote: In a summary of a saying of the Prophet Muhammad: Allah wrote the fate of all his creation before creating the Heavens and the earth by fifty thousand years and His Throne then was on water. Source: Mukhtasar Tafseer Ibn Kastheer, page 68.\nNote: From the Qur'anic line it is understood that Jinn, from whom is Satan, have hearts, eyes and ears.\nWords: Thara' = Destined - Made, Quloub = Hearts, Yafqah = Understands, A'yun = Eyes, Yubsir = Sees, A'than = Ears, Yasme' = Hears, An'am = Cattle, Adhal = Further astray, Ghafil = Unaware - Inattentive.\n\nQ: What is destiny (fate)?\nA: --- and the Command of Allah is a decreed destiny (fate).\nTranslation of: Ayah 38, Surat AlAhzab.\nNote: The complete line 38 and a line before it.\nWords: Amr = Command, Qadar = Destiny - Fate, Maqdoura = Decreed - Predestined - Has to be fulfilled.\n\nQ: With what other description is Allah's unseen in the Other World associated?\nNote: Allah's unseen world will be revealed on the Day of Judgment.\n\nA: And (command to Prophet Muhammad) say do (good) work for Allah will see your work and His Prophet and the believers (after the Prophet)* and then you will be returned to the All-Knowing (= Aalim) of the Unseen and Witness (= AlGhayb welShahadah) ** and He will inform you about what you were doing.\nTranslation of: Ayah 105, Surat AlTawbah.\n* Each Prophet is a witness upon his companions. Remember the Prophet Jesus (= Issa) was a witness on his people when he was among them. On the Day of Judgement there will be witnesses among the believers besides the Prophets and the angels.\n** Each of us will be either a witness or witnessed (The Day of Judgement will take place in the presence of spectators 'witnesses').\nNote: Muslims should compete to be witnesses for Allah on the Day of Judgment. The words \"shaheed\" and \"shuhada'\" are used many times in the Qur'an. Every time witness(es) is meant and not martyrs (in the Arabic Language \"shaheed\" also means a martyr).\nNote:Islam is based on the testimony \"I witness that there is no god but Allah and I witness that Muhammad is a prophet of Allah.\" Remember the Covenant with Allah.\nWords: E'malou = Do work, Saturadoun = You will be returned, Aalim AlGhayb = The All-Knowing of the Unseen - The All-Knowing of the Hidden, AlShahadah = The Witness - The Testimony.\n\nQ: How do you know that Allah has pre-knowledge of what is going to happen?\nA: And there is nothing unseen in the Heavens or the earth except in an explicit Record* (with Allah).\nTranslation of: Ayah 75, Surat AlNaml.\n* Allah's Record in which everything was written before creating man.\nWords: Ghaaibah = Hidden, Kitab = Record, Mubeen = Explicit - Clear.\n\nQ: What two things that man conceals does Allah the Holder of the Unseen know?\n\nA: He knows the treachery of the eyes* and what the hearts conceal.\nTranslation of: Ayah 19, Surat Ghafir (40:19).\n* (= Khaainat AlA'yun). Looking intentionally at the forbidden or signaling (winking) a forbidden thing with the eyes.\nNote: In a summary of a saying of the Prophet Muhammad: The Prophet wanted someone specific to be killed. When the person came to the gathering no one killed him. The Prophet asked the companions later why no one took action. One of them said only if you winked to us about him. The Prophet answered Allah's messengers should not have the treachery of the eyes (= Khaainat alA'yun). Source will be added later insha Allah.\nWords: Ya'lam = He knows, Khaainat AlA'yun = The treachery of the eyes, Tukhfi = Conceal, AlSudour = The hearts - The chests.\n\nQ: What is associated with the Unseen?\nA: (Everything belongs to) The All-Knowing of the Unseen and Witness* - so Exalted (= Ta'ala) is He above what they partner (with Him).\nTranslation of: Ayah 92 , Surat AlMo'minoun.\n* Note that the Other World is the world of the Unseen and Witness. The Unseen will then become seen and proved.\nNote: Ayat 88 - 89 in Surat AlMo'minoun in the Qur'an.\nWords: Aalim = The All-Knowing, AlShahadah = Witness, FaTa'ala = So Exalted is He, Yushrikoun = They partner.\n\nQ: Which god that people join as partner with Allah knows the World of the Unseen (the Hidden)?\nNote:: (Joining partner(s) with Allah (= yushrikoun from 'shirk'): Please read first the translation of the preceding Lines 59 - 64 in Surat AlNaml.\nA: Say (command to Prophet Muhammad) none of those in the Heavens or the earth knows the Unseen except Allah and they* do not (even) feel when they are going to be raised up.\nTranslation of: Ayah 65, Surat AlNaml. (27:65)\n* Idols are forms for creatures worshipped by disbelievers.\nWords: La Ya'lem = None knows, AlGhayb = The unseen - The future, Ma Yasharoun = They do not feel, Yubasthoun = They will be raised up.\n\nQ: What is the name of the Other World that is hidden from us?\nA: (Allah is) All-Knowing (= Aalim) of the Unseen and Witness* - The AlMighty The All-Wise.\nTranslation of: Ayah 18, Surat AlTaghabun. (64:18)\n* The Other World is the World of the Unseen and Witness.\nWords: Alim = All-Knowing, AlGhayb = The unseen - The hidden, AlShahdah = The Witness - The Testimony.\n\nQ: What is an example of supernatural truths (= Ghaybiyyat) which belong to Allah's Unseen/Invisible World?\nA: The Gardens of Eden (complete bliss) which the Most-Merciful had promised His servants in the Unseen (Invisible = BilGhayb) - indeed it is that His Promise is going to be realized.\nTranslation of: Ayah 61, Surat Maryam. (19:61)\nWords: Jannat = Gardens, Eden = Complete Bliss, Wa'ada = Had promised, Ibadahu = His servants, BilGhayb = In the Unseen - In the invisible, Kana Ma'tiyya = Is going to be realized.\n\nQ: What is the Attribute of Allah for All-Knowing the unseen of the past, present and future of this world?\nNote: Remember that Allah is All-Knowing of the 'Unseen and Witness' (= Aalim AlGhayb welShahadah) - indication here is to the coming Other World.\nA: Indeed Allah is All-Knowing of the Unseen of the Heavens and earth (Universe)* (= Aalim Ghayb AlSamawat welArdh) - indeed He is All-Knowing of what is in the bottom of hearts** .\nTranslation of: Ayah 38, Surat Fatir.\n* Remember where there are stars in the Universe that is only the lowest Heaven.\n** \"= BiThat AlSodour\": Place of deep hidden human secrets and feelings.\nWords: BiThat AlSodour = What is in the bottom of hearts.\n\nQ: Why should a believer seek refuge with Allah against the bad thoughts that pass through his mind?\nA: And if you raise your voice (Allah knows it) - because He (Allah) knows what is secret and what is more concealed*.\nTranslation of: Ayah 7, Surat Taha. (20:7)\n* For example when one winks. (In Surat Ghafir)\nWords: Tajhar BilQawl = Raise your voice, FaInnahu = Because He knows, AlSirr = What is secret, Akhfa = What is mroe concealed.\n\nBack learn the Quran
+__label__positive Select Board & Class\n\n\nBoard Paper of Class 12-Humanities 2018 Economics (SET 1) - Solutions\n\nGeneral Instructions:\n\n\u00a0(i) All questions in both sections are compulsory.\n\n(ii) Marks for questions are indicated against each question.\n\n(iii) Question No.1-4 and 13-16 are very short answer questions carrying 1 mark each. They are required to be answered in one sentence each.\n\n(iv) Question No.5-6 and 17-18 are short answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answers to them should not normally exceed 60 words each.\n\n(v) Question No.7-9 and 19-21 are also short answer questions carrying 4 marks each. Answers to them should not normally exceed 70 words each.\u00a0\n\n(vi) Question No.10-12 and 22-24 are long answer questions carrying 6 marks each. Answers to them should not normally exceed 100 words each.\n\n(vii) Answers should be brief and to the point and the above word limits should be adhered to as far as possible.\n\n  \u2022 Question 2\n    At what level of production is total cost equal to total fixed cost? VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 3\n    Which of the following does not cause shift of supply curve of a good?\n    (Choose the correct alternative)\n    (a) Price of input\n    (b) Price of the good\n    (c) Goods and services tax\n    (d) Subsidy VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 4\n    Which of the following measures of price elasticity shows elastic supply?\n    (Choose the correct alternative)\n    (a) 0\n    (b) 0.5\n    (c) 1.0\n    (d) 1.5 VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 5\n    Explain the central problem of \"What is produced and in what quantities.\".\n\n    In what circumstances may the production possibility frontier shift away from the origin? Explain. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 6\n    A consumer buys 200 units of a good at a price of Rs 20 per unit. Price elasticity of deamnd is (\u2013) 2. At what price will he be willing to purchase 300 units? Calculate. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 7\n    Write a budget line equation of a consumer if the two goods purchased by the consumer, Good X and Good Y are priced at Rs 10 and Rs 5 respectively and the consumer's income is Rs 100.\n\n    Define marginal rate of substitution. Explain its behaviour along an indifference curve. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 8\n    Explain the conditions of producer's equilibrium under perfect competition. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 9\n    Explain the implications of \"freedom of entry and exit of firms\" under perfect competition. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 10\n    A consumer consumes only two goods X and Y. Explain the conditions of consumer's equilibrium using Utility Analysis. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 11\n    Draw Average Variable Cost (AVC), Average Total Cost (ATC) and Marginal Cost (MC) curves in a single diagram. State the relation between MC curve and AVC and ATC curves. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 12\n    Define price floor. Explain the implications of price floor.\n    Market of a good is in equilibrium. If the demand for the good 'decreases'. Explain the chain of effects of this change. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 13\n    Give one example of negative externalities. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 14\n    Credit creation by commercial banks is determined by (Choose the correct alternative)\n    (a) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)\n    (b) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)\n    (c) Initial Deposits\n    (d) All the above VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 15\n    State the two components of M1 measure of Money Supply. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 17\n    Distinguish between stock and flow variables with suitable examples.\n\n    What are capital goods? How are they different from consumption goods? VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 18\n    Define investment multiplier. How is it related to marginal propensity to consume? VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 19\n    What is monetary policy? State any three instruments of monetary policy. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 20\n\n    Define full employment in an economy. Discuss the situation when aggregate demand is more than aggregate supply at full employment income level.\n\n\n    What are two alternative ways of determining equilibrium level of income? How are these related?\n\n\n  \u2022 Question 21\n    What is ex-Ante consumption? Distinguish between autonomous consumption and induced consumption. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 22\n    What is government budget? Explain its major components.\n\n    Explain (a) allocation of resources and (b) economic stability as objectives of government budget. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 23\n    Discuss briefly the meanings of :\n    (i) Fixed Exchange Rate\n    (ii) Flexible Exchange Rate\n    (iii) Managed Floating Exchange Rate VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 24\n    Calculate (a) Operating Surplus, and (b) Domestic Income :\n    \u00a0 \u00a0 (Rs in crores)\n    (i) Compensation of employees 2,000\n    (ii) Rent and interest 800\n    (iii) Indirect taxes 120\n    (iv) Corporation tax 460\n    (v) Consumption of fixed capital 100\n    (vi) Subsidies 20\n    (vii) Dividend 940\n    (viii) Undistributed profits 300\n    (ix) Net factor income to abroad 150\n    (x) Mixed income 200\nMore Board Paper Solutions for Class 12 Humanities Economics\nWhat are you looking for?
+__label__positive wir gedenken seiner in Ehrfurcht.\n\nI have only understanding about genitive personal pronouns is that it is used with genitive verb like in above given example though I would like to know that Is there any other way to use genitive personal pronouns or Is it only used with genitive verb?\n\n\nGerman case inflection is governed mostly by verbs and prepositions. You've seen how genitive verbs (very rare) work.\n\nGenitive prepositions can in principle govern the same forms. For instance,\n\nDon't bother on my account\n\ncould translate to\n\nMach Dir wegen meiner keine Umst\u00e4nde\n\nbut in practice, the incorporated form meinetwegen/seinetwegen etc. is used instead. Some other genitive prepositions are semantically unlikely to take personal pronouns, e.g. \"gem\u00e4ss\", \"innerhalb\", or \"w\u00e4hrend\". Perhaps the most commonly used is \"statt\", which is semantically rather generic, so you do occasionally see the phrase \"statt meiner\"; but even this is more often said as \"an meiner Stelle\".\n\nFinally, cases can occur motivated by an entire construction rather than a governing word. A recent example here showed how a dative can express beneficiary semantics without a verb: \"Dem deutschen Volke\" (to the German people). There is such a constructino with the gentive, which expresses possession:\n\nDie H\u00f6hle des L\u00f6wen = the lion's den\n\nIn theory this could motivate constructions such as *\"Das Auto meiner\", but again, this is never done, since we have possessive pronouns for that task: \"mein Auto\".\n\nOverall, then, genitive pronouns are much more likely to be worked around than used. It's probably safe to say that they are threatened by total extinction.\n\n  \u2022 Meiner Ansicht nach nicht. \u2013\u00a0Janka Jan 29 '19 at 10:50\n\nGenitive forms of personal pronouns are used with certain adjectives:\n\nals wir seiner ansichtig wurden\nEr ist ihrer \u00fcberdr\u00fcssig geworden.\nDieser Kerl mu\u00df sich seiner sehr sicher sein.\nDas Ich ist nur insofern, inwiefern es sich seiner bewu\u00dft ist.\nSie schmissen ihn und seine Leute, als sie ihrer gewahr wurden, sofort hinaus.\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive \ufeff Molecules of Biology - Subject Review - SAT Biology E/M Subject Test \ufeff\n\nSAT Biology E/M Subject Test\n\nPart II:\u00a0Subject Review\n\nChapter 3\u00a0Molecules of Biology\n\nTo understand the complex topics covered in the Biology E/M Subject Test, you must first have a general understanding of basic organic chemistry. In this chapter, we will look at organic chemistry at its most basic level\u2014atoms, molecules, compounds\u2014and see how it directly applies to the biological concepts you will learn about.\n\nAtoms, Molecules, and Compounds\n\nAtoms\u00a0are the fundamental units of the physical world. Individual atoms combine in chemical reactions to form\u00a0molecules:\n\natom + atom \u2192 molecule\n\nH + H \u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0 H2\n\nThus, a molecule is just a combination of atoms. Molecules can also react with other atoms or other molecules to form larger molecules:\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0reactants \u2192 product\n\n2 H2\u00a0+ O2\u00a0\u2192 2 H2O\n\nIf a molecule contains different types of atoms (as does the molecule above), it is called a\u00a0compound. For example, CCl4\u00a0is a compound because the molecule has both carbon and chlorine in it. On the other hand, H2\u00a0is a molecule but is NOT a compound, because the only atoms in the molecule are hydrogen atoms. (If a molecule contains only a single type of atom, it is an\u00a0element.)\n\nIn chemical reactions, the molecules or atoms that are interacting are called\u00a0reactants\u00a0and are found on the left side of the arrow. The\u00a0products\u00a0(the results of the interactions) are found on the right side of the arrow.\n\nWhat Organic Chemistry Means\n\nOrganic chemistry is simply the chemistry of molecules and compounds that contain carbon. Molecules and compounds that contain carbon are said to be\u00a0organic, whereas molecules that do not contain carbon are said to be\u00a0inorganic. There\u2019s a single exception to this rule: carbon dioxide (CO2). Even though carbon dioxide contains carbon, it is an inorganic compound.\n\n\nCarbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules. Most molecules within a cell, other than water, are carbon based. Therefore, these molecules are sometimes called\u00a0biomolecules. Carbon is common in living things because it has only four electrons in the highest energy level of the electron shells that surround the nucleus. Carbon can therefore form up to four bonds with other atoms.\n\nQuick Quiz #1\n\nCheck the appropriate boxes:\n\n\u00a0\u00a01.\u00a0Water (H2O) is an [\u00a0\u00a0organic\u00a0\u00a0inorganic\u00a0] compound.\n\n\u00a0\u00a02.\u00a0Cl2\u00a0[\u00a0\u00a0is\u00a0\u00a0is not\u00a0] a compound.\n\n\u00a0\u00a03.\u00a0H2O [\u00a0\u00a0is\u00a0\u00a0is not\u00a0] a compound.\n\n\u00a0\u00a04.\u00a0Methane (CH4) is an [\u00a0\u00a0organic\u00a0\u00a0inorganic\u00a0] compound.\n\n\u00a0\u00a05.\u00a0Cl2\u00a0[\u00a0\u00a0is\u00a0\u00a0is not\u00a0] a molecule.\n\n\u00a0\u00a06.\u00a0Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an [\u00a0\u00a0organic\u00a0\u00a0inorganic\u00a0] compound.\n\n\u00a0\u00a07.\u00a0Products are found on the [\u00a0\u00a0right\u00a0\u00a0left\u00a0] side of the arrow in a chemical reaction.\n\nCorrect answers can be found in\u00a0Chapter 15.\n\nThere are many organic molecules. Fortunately, as far as biology is concerned, there are only four important types of organic molecules. Most of them are very large, and they\u2019re referred to as macromolecules. The four biologically important macromolecules are the only ones you need to worry about for the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test.\n\nThe four important organic molecules are\n\n1. proteins\n\n2. carbohydrates\n\n3. lipids\n\n4. nucleic acids\n\nThese four macromolecules are\u00a0polymers. Polymers are strings of repeated units. The individual units of polymers are called\u00a0monomers. An example you\u2019re probably more familiar with is a string of pearls. Each individual pearl would be a monomer; strung together, the monomers form a polymer: the whole necklace. Let\u2019s take a look at the first biologically important macromolecule: protein.\n\nBiologically Important Macromolecule #1: Protein\n\nProteins are polymers of\u00a0amino acids. In other words, the monomer that makes up a protein is an amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids, and they all have the same basic structure:\n\nThe box encloses the backbone of the amino acid. It\u2019s called the backbone because this is the part of the molecule that is constant from amino acid to amino acid. All 20 amino acids contain the same backbone structure.\n\nThere are two carbon atoms in the backbone. The first is bonded to a hydrogen (H) atom on one side and an NH2\u00a0group on the other side. The NH2\u00a0group is called the\u00a0amino group. The other carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom and an OH group. Notice that the oxygen is bonded to the second carbon by a\u00a0double bond. The COOH group is called the\u00a0carboxyl group. If you know what the boxed structure looks like, with its amino and carboxyl group, you\u2019ll be able to recognize amino acids on the test. Take a good, long look at the structure in the box, then draw it (three times) on the next page so you\u2019ll really be familiar with it.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Draw it:\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Draw it again:\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Draw it again:\n\nWe\u2019ve already said that all 20 amino acids contain the same backbone structure. But what about the R part of the molecule? The R part of the molecule is called the side-chain, and makes each amino acid different from all the others. All amino acids have the same basic backbone, but different amino acids differ with respect to R. R could be anything from a simple hydrogen atom to a whole long chain of carbon atoms with different groups bonded to them. The side-chain gives the amino acid its identity.\n\nThe R-Group\n\nThe fourth bond of the\ncentral carbon in an amino\nacid is sometimes called\nthe R-group, or the side\nchain. It is this side chain\non an amino acid that\ngives the amino acid its\nunique chemical\n\nIn the amino acid glycine, R is just a hydrogen atom:\n\nIn the amino acid cysteine, R is a carbon atom and a sulfur (S) atom, along with some hydrogen atoms:\n\nAgain, there are 20 different possibilities for R groups. You don\u2019t have to know all of them, but you should be able to recognize the backbone of an amino acid.\n\nAmino Acids Combine to Form Proteins\n\nAmino acids bond together in a chain to form a\u00a0protein. Remember, a long chain of repeated units (monomers; in this case, amino acids) is called a polymer (in this case, a protein). Let\u2019s look at how two amino acids join:\n\nNotice the circles around the OH group of amino acid #1 and around the H of amino acid #2. The carbon from amino acid #1 loses the OH and bonds instead to the nitrogen on amino acid #2. The nitrogen from amino acid #2 loses one H in the process:\n\nThe new bond between the amino acids is called a\u00a0peptide bond. Notice that water (H2O) is removed. Peptide bonds are said to be formed by\u00a0dehydration synthesis.\n\nWhen many amino acids join to form a long amino acid chain, this chain is called a protein. Because the amino acids in the chain are all held together by peptide bonds, the protein can also be referred to as a\u00a0polypeptide.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Peptide bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis in which a molecule of water is removed to join two amino acids.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Peptide bonds are broken in the reverse process, called\u00a0hydrolysis, when a water molecule is added to the structure.\n\nProteins have many different functions. They are enzymes, hormones, channels, structural elements, carriers, messengers, etc. Don\u2019t worry yet about these specific functions. They\u2019ll come up later as we talk about cells and the body. But do remember that proteins have many different three-dimensional shapes and many different functions.\n\nQuick Quiz #2\n\nFill in the blanks and check the appropriate boxes:\n\n\u00a0\u00a01.\u00a0The bond that holds two amino acids together is called a __________bond.\n\n\u00a0\u00a02.\u00a0The assembly of a protein from its amino acid constituents involves the [\u00a0\u00a0addition\u00a0\u00a0removal\u00a0] of water and is called ______________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a03.\u00a0An amino acid is a [\u00a0\u00a0monomer\u00a0\u00a0polymer\u00a0] of a protein.\n\n\u00a0\u00a04.\u00a0Because proteins are essentially chains of amino acids linked together by ________________ bonds, a protein might also be called a ______________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a05.\u00a0The disassembly of a protein into its component amino acids is called __________________ and involves the [\u00a0\u00a0addition\u00a0\u00a0removal\u00a0] of water.\n\nCorrect answers can be found in\u00a0Chapter 15.\n\nBiologically Important Macromolecule #2: Carbohydrate\n\nThe monomer for a carbohydrate is a\u00a0saccharide. The term\u00a0saccharide\u00a0refers to \u201csweetness\u201d; carbohydrates are essentially sugar molecules. All carbohydrates have a common factor: They are made only of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.\n\nThe carbohydrate is unique among the macromolecules because it is the only macromolecule for which the monomer by itself is considered to be a carbohydrate. A single saccharide can be called a carbohydrate. In fact, there is a whole group of carbohydrates that are made only of a single saccharide. They are called\u00a0monosaccharides\u00a0(mono\u00a0= one).\n\n\nCarbohydrates, or \u201ccarbs\u201d as they are sometimes referred to, include the sugar molecules dissolved in a bottle of soda as well as the starch molecules found in pasta and potatoes. Carbohydrates can be used by the body minutes after they are eaten, or they can be stored for use later. Although people involved in athletics seem more concerned with carbs than nonathletes, carbohydrates are an important source of energy for all of us, athlete or not.\n\nMonosaccharides are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in a fixed ratio. The number of carbon atoms is equal to the number of oxygen atoms, and the number of hydrogen atoms is equal to twice the number of either carbon atoms or oxygen atoms. In other words, the Cs, Hs, and Os exist in a 1:2:1 ratio.\n\nThe generic chemical formula for a monosaccharide is\n\n\nThe two monosaccharides you need to know for the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test are\u00a0glucose\u00a0and\u00a0fructose. Glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula: C6H12O6. So what is different about them?\n\nGlucose and fructose differ in the arrangement of their atoms:\n\nIn the glucose molecule, the double-bonded oxygen is located on the top carbon. In the fructose molecule, it\u2019s located on the second carbon from the top.\n\nGlucose and Fructose: A Quick Review\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Glucose and fructose are both carbohydrates.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Both are monosaccharides.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Both have the formula C6H12O6.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Glucose and fructose differ in the way the double-bonded oxygen is oriented within the molecule.\n\nOne last thing you should know about glucose is that it can also form a ring structure:\n\n\nRemember that many carbohydrates are polymers: strings of repeated units. So it makes sense, then, that monosaccharides would link together to form larger carbohydrates. If only two monosaccharides link together, the result is a carbohydrate made of two monomers: a\u00a0disaccharide\u00a0(di\u00a0= two).\n\nThe disaccharides you need to know about for the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test are\u00a0maltose\u00a0and\u00a0sucrose. Maltose is formed from two molecules of glucose. When the two molecules bond together, a molecule of water (H2O) is removed. This is dehydration synthesis, just like we saw for peptide bond formation. The chemical formula for maltose\u00a0is not\u00a0C12H24O12\u00a0(2 \u00d7 glucose). Remember that two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom disappear, so the chemical formula for maltose is\u00a0C12H22O11.\n\nSucrose is commonly known as table sugar. It is formed when a molecule of glucose combines with a molecule of fructose in a dehydration synthesis reaction.\n\nThe two disaccharides to know are\u00a0maltose\u00a0and\u00a0sucrose.\n\n\n\n\nwater molecule\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nwater molecule\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIf the number of monosaccharides joined together exceeds two, the molecule is simply known as a\u00a0polysaccharide\u00a0(poly\u00a0= many). There are three polysaccharides to know about for the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test: glycogen, starch, and cellulose. All three of these are polymers of glucose. In other words, they are formed from many, many, many molecules of glucose bonded together.\n\nIf glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all polymers of glucose, what\u2019s the difference between them? The difference is in the\u00a0way\u00a0the glucose molecules are linked\ntogether, and that\u2019s almost all you have to know.\n\nThe other bit of information you need to know about these large polysaccharides is their function. Because they\u2019re large chains of glucose, they act as a good storage form for glucose. We will see later that glucose is the primary form of cellular \u201cfood,\u201d so it makes sense that organisms would want to store it. Different organisms store glucose in different forms:\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Glycogen:\u00a0the form in which animals (including the human animal) store glucose\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Starch:\u00a0the form in which plants store glucose\n\nWhat about cellulose? Because of the way the glucose molecules are linked together in cellulose, cellulose is a much stronger, more rigid molecule. It is used for plant structures such as stems, leaves, and wood.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cellulose:\u00a0a structural polysaccharide that forms the plant\u2019s cell walls\n\nQuick Quiz #3\n\nFill in the blanks and check the appropriate boxes:\n\n\u00a0\u00a01.\u00a0Starch serves as a means of storing glucose in [\u00a0\u00a0plants\u00a0\u00a0animals\u00a0].\n\n\u00a0\u00a02.\u00a0A molecule of maltose is formed from two molecules of __________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a03.\u00a0Glucose and fructose [\u00a0\u00a0are\u00a0\u00a0are not\u00a0] identical molecules.\n\n\u00a0\u00a04.\u00a0A molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose, both of which are _________________________, combine to form a molecule of ____________, which is a _______________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a05.\u00a0Cellulose is a _________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a06.\u00a0Glycogen serves as a means for storing glucose in [\u00a0\u00a0plants\u00a0\u00a0animals\u00a0].\n\n\u00a0\u00a07.\u00a0The chemical formula for both glucose and fructose is ___________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a08.\u00a0The chemical formula for sucrose is _________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a09.\u00a0Cellulose and glycogen differ in the way that ___________________molecules are bonded together.\n\n10.\u00a0The chemical formulas for sucrose and maltose [\u00a0\u00a0are\u00a0\u00a0are not\u202f]\u00a0identical.\n\nCorrect answers can be found in\u00a0Chapter 15.\n\nBiologically Important Macromolecule #3: Lipid\n\nLipids are fats\u2014oils, butter, lard, and so on. The function of lipids are many: they function as energy storage compounds and components of cell membranes in addition to providing insulation and cushioning. The monomer for a lipid is a\u00a0hydrocarbon. Simply put, this is just a carbon atom with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it.\n\nHydrocarbons can link together to form long chains:\n\nThe chains can vary in length and are usually between 12 and 24 carbons long. Hydrocarbon chains are very\u00a0hydrophobic, meaning that they do not interact well with water. Consider what would happen if you put equal amounts of water and cooking oil in a glass and shook it up, then let it sit on the table. The oil and water would begin to separate, and after some time they would be found in separate layers in the glass. The oil (a lipid) is hydrophobic, and it does not want to interact with the water. Another term for hydrophobic is\u00a0nonpolar. Lipids are also referred to as being nonpolar.\n\nLike Water Off a\u2026\n\nEver wonder why ducks\nand geese survive so well\nin wet environments? A\ngland just above the tail\nproduces an oily\n(hydrophobic) substance that\nthe bird spreads over\nits outer layer of feathers.\nThis helps waterproof the\nfeathers and keeps the\nthick down underneath\ndry and warm. In a related\nmanner, humans keep\ntheir skin from becoming\ntoo dry by spreading moisturizers\non it\u00a0\u2026\u00a0these\nhydrophobic creams keep\nwater in the skin cells by\nforming an oily barrier that\nwater cannot cross.\n\nThe three most common forms in which lipids are found in the body are as\u00a0triglyceridesphospholipids, and\u00a0cholesterol. Let\u2019s take a look at each of these molecules.\n\n\nTriglycerides consist of three fatty acids (tri\u00a0= three) bonded to a glycerol molecule (glyc\u00a0= glycerol). A fatty acid is just a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. A glycerol molecule is an alcohol that has three carbon atoms in it.\n\nMost of the fats you eat are in the form of triglycerides, and your body stores fats in the form of triglycerides.\n\n\nPhospholipids look very much like triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acid chains is replaced with a phosphate group (\u2013PO32\u2013).\n\nThe phosphate group is\u00a0hydrophilic\u00a0(can interact with water). Another word to describe it is\u00a0polar.\n\nPhospholipids are polar on one end (the phosphate end) and nonpolar on the other (the fatty acid end).\n\nA common way to represent phospholipids is something like the figure on the next page.\n\nWhen phospholipids interact with one another, they align themselves so that their polar phosphate head groups stay together and their nonpolar fatty acid tails stay together:\n\nOften they form a double layer:\n\nThis double layer of phospholipids is known as a\u00a0lipid bilayer. Lipid bilayers form cell membranes. We\u2019ll talk more about cell membranes a little later on.\n\n\nCholesterol is a unique lipid. It is not made of long hydrocarbon chains; instead, the hydrocarbons form rings. Cholesterol is found only in animal cells, in cell membranes along with phospholipids. Additionally, all the steroid hormones in the body (for example, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone) are derived from cholesterol.\n\n\nCholesterol is probably best known because of its negative reputation. Cholesterol is most infamous for its association with cardiovascular diseases. You may have heard about \u201cgood\u201d cholesterol and \u201cbad\u201d cholesterol. \u201cGood cholesterol\u201d is HDL, or a high density lipoprotein. \u201cBad cholesterol\u201d is LDL, or a low density lipoprotein. Most doctors will recommend that people have an LDL level in their blood of <100 mg/dL, or even considerably less than that for people with a history of heart problems.\n\nCholesterol does have positive functions. Your body needs cholesterol to build and maintain cell membranes and to produce steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. Cholesterol is found in the body tissues and blood of all animals.\n\nQuick Quiz #4\n\nFill in the blanks and check the appropriate boxes:\n\n\u00a0\u00a01.\u00a0Triglycerides are made of one molecule of _____________________and three _________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a02.\u00a0Lipids in general are [\u00a0\u00a0hydrophilic\u00a0\u00a0hydrophobic\u00a0].\n\n\u00a0\u00a03.\u00a0The primary lipid found in cell membranes is __________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a04.\u00a0Steroid hormones are derived from _________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a05.\u00a0Steroid hormones [\u00a0\u00a0are\u00a0\u00a0are not\u00a0] hydrophobic.\n\n\u00a0\u00a06.\u00a0Fats are stored in the body in the form of _____________________.\n\nCorrect answers can be found in\u00a0Chapter 15.\n\nBiologically Important Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acid\n\nNucleic acids are acidic macromolecules (\u201cacids\u201d) typically found in the nucleus of the cell (\u201cnucleic\u201d). Specifically, they are\u00a0DNA\u00a0(deoxyribonucleic acid) and\u00a0RNA\u00a0(ribonucleic acid). The monomer of a nucleic acid is a\u00a0nucleotide, so nucleic acids are sometimes referred to aspolynucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base:\n\nLet\u2019s consider the structure of DNA first. RNA is very similar to DNA, so once you understand how DNA is constructed, it will be easy to understand how RNA is constructed.\n\nThe \u201cbase\u201d in the figure above can be replaced by one of four different chemicals referred to as nucleotide bases.\n\nThe four possible nucleotide bases for DNA are\n\nAdenine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Guanine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cytosine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thymine\n\nBecause there are four types of DNA bases, there are really four types of DNA nucleotides:\n\nNotice that the sugar and the phosphate are constant from nucleotide to nucleotide. The sugar and the phosphate are known as the backbone of the nucleotide.\n\nWhen nucleotides bond to form a long chain (a polynucleotide), the chain is a strand of DNA. Because the four types of nucleotides can bond in any order, many different strands of DNA can be made. Here\u2019s an example of three possible strands:\n\nEach is a strand of DNA, and each is a polymer of nucleotides, but each strand differs from the others because of the order in which the nucleotides are\nbonded together.\n\nDNA Is Double-Stranded\n\nAs you may already know, DNA is a double-stranded molecule. Two strands of DNA pair up to form a ladder like structure that twists on itself. This double spiral of DNA strands is known as a\u00a0double helix. The double helix was first discovered in 1956 by two scientists named James Watson and Francis Crick. (They were assisted by the work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin) Here\u2019s how the double helix is formed:\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Two strands of DNA line up next to each other.\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The sugar-phosphate portions of the two nucleotide chains form the sides of the ladder.\n\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The bases bond to each other and form the rungs of the ladder.\n\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The ladder twists into a spiral to form the double helix.\n\nRosalind Franklin\n\nJames Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the double-helix structure of DNA molecules. However, they were assisted by the pioneering work of Rosalind Franklin. She learned X-ray diffraction techniques while working in Paris as a physical chemist. In 1952 she produced X-ray photographs of DNA strands, which showed the \u201ctwisted ladder\u201d structure. Watson and Crick used these photographs when they published their model of the structure of DNA.\n\nBelow is a drawing of the DNA ladder before it twists into the double helix.\n\nNucleotide Base Pairing\n\nThere is one very important thing you should know about the rungs of the ladder: The bases that form the rungs bond to each other very specifically.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Adenine and thymine will bond only with each other.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cytosine and guanine will bond only with each other.\n\nSometimes the bonding of a nucleotide base with its partner is referred to as forming a base pair or, simply,\u00a0base pairing.\n\nBase Pair Memory Trick\n\nHere\u2019s a mnemonic device to help you remember how bases pair up. Write down the bases in alphabetical order:\n\nAdenine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cytosine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Guanine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thymine\n\nThen remember that\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the two bases on the ends form a base pair (bond) with each other\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the two bases in the middle form a base pair (bond) with each other\n\nTwo strands of DNA that can form base pairs with each other at each nucleotide are said to be\u00a0complementary. So the two strands of a double helix are complementary. Each nucleotide base on one strand is bonded to its partner on the other strand.\n\nA common question on the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test involves choosing the correct complementary strand if you\u2019re given a sequence of nucleotide bases. It\u2019s not a difficult question as long as you remember the base pairing rules. Look at the following example:\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0If a particular base sequence in DNA is Adenine-Guanine-Cytosine, then the complementary strand has the base sequence\n\n(A)\u00a0\u00a0Cytosine-Adenine-Guanine\n\n(B)\u00a0\u00a0Thymine-Adenine-Guanine\n\n(C)\u00a0\u00a0Cytosine-Thymine-Adenine\n\n(D)\u00a0\u00a0Thymine-Cytosine-Guanine\n\n(E)\u00a0\u00a0Guanine-Adenine-Thymine\n\nFollowing the base pairing rules (adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine), we quickly see that choice\u00a0D\u00a0presents the correct order of bases in the complementary strand.\n\nThere is one last thing to remember about DNA base pairing: the number of bonds that hold each pair together. The type of bond that holds the base pairs together is a\u00a0hydrogen bond. Look back at the figure of the \u201cuntwisted\u201d ladder. Notice that the A-T base pair is held together by two hydrogen bonds, while the G-C base pair is held together by three hydrogen bonds. What this means is that G-C base pairs are stronger than A-T base pairs. Thus, a DNA double helix that contains many G-C base pairs will be more stable (stronger) than a DNA double helix that contains many A-T base pairs.\n\n\nRNA is a polymer of nucleotides that\u2019s similar to DNA. The biggest difference between RNA and DNA is that RNA is a single-stranded molecule whereas DNA is double-stranded (a double helix). Another difference is that RNA does not use thymine as a nucleotide base; instead, it uses a base called\u00a0uracil. Uracil can form a base pair with adenine in RNA, just like thymine does in DNA (RNA can fold on itself to form base pairs). Below is a summary of the differences between RNA and DNA.\n\nThe fact that RNA is single-stranded allows it to assume various unique shapes. There is no second strand to lock it into a double-helix shape. It can form base pairs with itself, and this allows it to fold up into many different three-dimensional shapes. We\u2019ll talk more about RNA later on when we discuss protein synthesis in more detail.\n\nQuick Quiz #5\n\nFill in the blanks and check the appropriate boxes:\n\n\u00a0\u00a01.\u00a0The fact that double-stranded DNA forms a double helix was discovered by __________________ and __________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a02.\u00a0The four DNA nucleotide bases are ______________________, ______________________, _______________________, and\n\n\u00a0\u00a03.\u00a0RNA [\u00a0\u00a0is\u00a0\u00a0is not\u00a0] a double-stranded molecule.\n\n\u00a0\u00a04.\u00a0RNA nucleotides [\u00a0\u00a0do\u00a0\u00a0do not\u00a0] contain the exact same bases as DNA nucleotides.\n\n\u00a0\u00a05.\u00a0In DNA, guanine forms a base pair with ______________________, whereas adenine forms a base pair with _______________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a06.\u00a0The nucleic acid \u201cbackbone\u201d is made up of ____________________and _________________________.\n\n\u00a0\u00a07.\u00a0The sugar in DNA is [\u00a0\u00a0ribose\u00a0\u00a0deoxyribose\u00a0].\n\n\u00a0\u00a08.\u00a0In RNA, adenine can form a base pair with ____________________.\n\nCorrect answers can be found in\u00a0Chapter 15.\n\nKey Words\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\namino acids\n\namino group\n\ndouble bond\n\ncarboxyl group\n\n\npeptide bond\n\ndehydration synthesis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nlipid bilayer\n\ndeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)\n\nribonucleic acid (RNA)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ndouble helix\n\nbase pairing\n\n\nhydrogen bond\n\n\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Atoms are the fundamental units of the physical world and combine in chemical reactions to form molecules.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0An element is any substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0If two or more elements are combined, they form a compound.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The four biologically important macromolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each of the 20 amino acids has a basic backbone structure with one different R-group.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Carbohydrates are made of only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Common carbohydrates include monosaccharides (like glucose and fructose), disaccharides (like sucrose and maltose), and polysaccharides (like glycogen, starch, and cellulose).\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Lipids are composed of hydrocarbons linked to each other. A hydrocarbon is a carbon atom with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The most common forms of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nucleic acids are biologically important macromolecules that are found in the nucleus of every cell.\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids that make life possible.
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\nLog in using Clever\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\nSign up using Clever\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\nDidn't know it?\nclick below\nKnew it?\nclick below\nDon't know\nRemaining cards (0)\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nTeam 7-1 Africa 2\n\nThe Equator passes through these 6 countries. Gabon, Congo Republic, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, and Somalia\nAfrica's largest island Madagascar\nAfrica's smallest country Seychelles\nOnly African country with much land above 10,000 feet. Ethiopia\nWhich mountain stretches across the length of Morocco and northern Algeria? The Atlas Mts.\nEgypt has an area of land below the sea level called? Qatara Depression\nThe world's largest river, winds its way from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea. Nile\nWhat is Nigeria's capital? Abuja\nWhat is Ethiopia's capital? Addis Ababa\nWhat is Sudan's capital? Khartoum\nWhat is Morocco's capital? Rabat\nWhy does the northern part of Africa have so few people? because of the Sahara Desert\nWhat is most of the land in Africa devoted to? subsistence farming\nWhich African countries were independent in 1940 Egypt, Liberia, and South Africa\nWhere is the Niger River Delta located? Nigeria\nWhere is the Cristal Mts. located? Gabon\nWhere is Lake Volta located? Ghana\nWhere is the Adomaoua Plateau located? Cameroon\nWhere is the Grain Coast located? Liberia\nWhat is the coastal desert in Namibia called? Namib Desert\nWhat percentage of South Africa's population is non-African? 24%\nWhat percentage of South Africa's imports come from European Union? 24.7%\nWhere is most of Africa's oil found? in the north\nLittle aluminum is mined in this part of Africa? in the south\nMost of Africa's copper is mined here? in the south\nMost of Africa's gold is mined in....... both northern and southern Africa\nMost slaves came from which part of Africa? the west coast\nThe Serengeti Plain is on the northern part of this country. Tanzania\nWhat is the vegetation around the Equator? broadleaf trees\nWhich animals live in scattered areas in southern and eastern Africa. black rhinoceros\nWhich animal only lives in one small area in eastern Africa? mountain gorilla\nWhich animal is especially equipped to live in dry regions? flightless ostrich\nWhat is the only enemy of the mountain gorilla? humans\nTanzania had more than 200 ivory seizures in how many years? 10 years\nMost of the world's ivory comes from where? African elephants\nCreated by: moonocean\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards
+__label__positive Crisis Intervention Chapter 3\n\n29 terms by dmacdonald95\n\nCreate a new folder\n\nAdvertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nWhat is the overarching process that happens continuously during crisis intervention?\n\n\nWhat two categories contain the six-steps of crisis intervention?\n\nListening and Acting\n\nWhat is psychological first aid?\n\nEstablishing physical safety and linking clients to basic resources while reducing their immediate stressors\n\nWhat are the first 3 steps of the 6-step model?\n\nDefine the problem, ensure safety, provide support\n\nWhat are the next 3 steps of the 6-step model?\n\nExamine alternatives, making plans, obtaining comitment\n\nWhat is equilibrium?\n\nA state of stability or balance\n\nWhat is mobility?\n\nThe ability to change, cope or adapt to normal events\n\nWhat are the ABC's of assessment in crisis intervention?\n\nAffective, Behavioural, Cognitive\n\nWhat does affective state refer to?\n\nThe client's emotions or emotional stability\n\nWhat is behavioural functioning?\n\nThe client's actions, what they can and are doing\n\nWhat is cognitive state?\n\nThe client's mental state, thoughts and beliefs\n\nWhat does TAF stand for?\n\nThe Triage Assessment Form\n\nHow do we rate clients on the TAF?\n\nWe start with the highest number and \"rule it out\", working backwards\n\nWhat are the four factors used in assessing a client's emotional stability?\n\nDuration, Degree, Ecosystem, Developmental Stage\n\nHow do we tell the \"depth\" of a client's emotional strength reservoir?\n\nThe less the client is able to see towards the future, the shallower their reservoir\n\nWhat does it mean to own a feeling?\n\nTo use an \"I\" statement to communicate possession of a feeling\n\nWhy is it important to own feelings?\n\nSo that you don't group yourself with others and place your client in a position of hostility or defenceless compliance\n\nWhat is an assertion statement?\n\nAn owning statement (directed at the client) that asks for their commitment to some action or behaviour\n\nWhat are the four dimensions of listening?\n\nGive full attention to the client, respond in a way that lets the client know you understand, use facilitative responses that help the client move towards resolution, and help clients understand the impact of the crisis\n\nWhat is the creating awareness strategy of crisis intervention?\n\nBringing to awareness repressed thoughts and feelings that help the client to define the problem\n\nWhat does it mean to allow a client catharsis?\n\nAllowing the client to vent, which helps the client define the problem and be supported by the crisis worker\n\nWhat is increasing expansion?\n\nThis refers to activities to open up a client's view of the situation\n\nWhat 5 techniques are used in being empathetic?\n\nAttending, verbal and non-verbal empathetic understanding, reflecting feelings, and appropriate silence\n\nHow does a worker use verbal empathetic understanding?\n\nParaphrasing emotions (\"I hear that you're feeling very frustrated\")\n\nHow does a worker use reflection of feeling?\n\nMake an educated guess about the person is feeling with a conditional (\"It semes like you...\")\n\nWhen is a crisis worker nondirective?\n\nWhen the client is able to carry out their own actions\n\nWhen is a crisis worker collaborative?\n\nWhen the client has some level of mobility but is not immobile\n\nWhen is the crisis worker directive?\n\nWhen there is a serious risk (high teens low 20's on the TAF) of danger to the client or others\n\nWhat is the purpose of an action plan?\n\nTo provide short-term steps to give the client control and relieve the immediate crisis\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording\n\nCreate Set
+__label__positive Kapitel 01: Introduction\n\n\nPsychological testing is about individual differences and measuring differences between people.\n\nStatistics, validity and reliability are the key when evaluating test techniques.\n\nBasic questions related to chapter 1:\n\n\u2022 What are the basic principles behind psychological assessment?\n\u2022 Who are the key figures in the history of psychological assessment?\n\u2022 What are the core characteristics of (+ issues relating to) different approaches?\n\u2022 What is the use of different approaches in different areas of applied psychology?\n\u2022 Ways of classifying tests?\n\nA short history:\n\n\u2022 2000 BC \u2013 the Chinese use tests for job selection purposes\n\u2022 16th century \u2013 beginning focus on individualism + individual differences\n\u2022 LOCKE (17th century) \u2013 emphasis on empiricism (true knowledge comes from experience)\n\u2022 DARWIN (1870\u2019s)\u2013 focus on the significance of individual characteristics and differences\n\u2022 FECHNER, WUNDT, EBBINGHAUS \u2013 experimental psychologists\n\u2022 GALTON (1822-1911) \u2013 the importance of individual differences, ex mental ability tests, statistical analysis of data, the normal distribution, standard deviation, correlation etc.)\n\u2022 BINET (1857-1911) \u2013 identifying which children were in need of special education, tests to identify children\u2019s abilities at different ages, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test.\n\u2022 PEARSON (1857-1936) \u2013 regression analysis, correlation coefficient, chi-square test.\n\u2022 THURSTONE (1887-1955) \u2013 techniques for measurement scales, assessment of attitudes, new methods of factor analysis.\n\u2022 RASCH (1901-1980) \u2013 statistical models known as Rasch models, measuring attitudes on a continuum/scale.\n\u2022 CATTELL (1905-1998) \u2013 contribution to the theoretical development of personality by applying empirical techniques to understand it\u2019s basic structure.\n\u2022 ANASTASI (1908-2001) \u2013 the \u201dtest guru\u201d, studies of cultural differences, test construction, test misuse, misinterpretation, cultural bias etc.\n\u2022 KLINE (1937-1999) \u2013 explaining psychometrics, arguing in favour of truly scientific forms of measurement, transforming psychology into a pure science.\n\nF\u00f8rst en interesse for individuelle forskelle, derefter udvikling af statistiske v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer (ex analyser af forholdet mellem individuelle karakteristika).\n\nHas a psychiatric background which is problematic due to unclear diagnostic categories and discussions concerning the concept of \u201dmental illness\u201d ex Foucault who says that mental illness is a cultural construct.\n\nA short history:\n\u2022 Esquirol (18th C)\n\u2022 Charcot (19th C)\n\u2022 Freud (20th C)\n\u2022 DSM-IV & ICD-10 (20th-21th C)\n\n\nSTANDARDIZATION:\u00a0ensuring the test is administered in the same way to all people and providing means of comparing test results (ex normative info on how different groups score on test).\n\nRELIABILITY:\u00a0the accuracy and consistency of scores.\n\nVALIDITY:\u00a0making sure you measure what you think and want to.\n\n\nHow do you measure an abstract concept?\n\n\nHow do you know what you are measuring?\n\n\u201dEvidence of validity provides a justification of the inferences you can make from an assessment\u201d\n\n\n2 kinds of test:\n\u2022 Maximum performance (ex speed, power, intelligence)\n\u2022 Typical performance (ex personality, beliefs, interests)\n\nDifferent ways of classifying assessment:\n\u2013 Maximum performance or typical performance\n\u2013 Standardized or non-standardized\n\u2013 Individual administration or group administration\n\u2013 Method of scoring responses (ex objective or subjective)\n\u2013 Cognitive or affective\n\nQuality criteria of psychological tests:\n\u2013 Scope\n\u2013 Reliability\n\u2013 Validity\n\u2013 Acceptability\n\u2013 Practicality\n\u2013 Fairness\n\u2013 Utility\n\nUses of psychological tests:\n\u2013 Research\n\u2013 Practical\n\u2013 Diagnosis\n\u2013 Assessing change in response to therapy/treatment\n\n\nSkriv et svar\n\n\nWordPress.com Logo\n\nDu kommenterer med din WordPress.com konto. Log\u00a0Out\u00a0/\u00a0 Skift\u00a0)\n\nGoogle photo\n\nDu kommenterer med din Google konto. Log\u00a0Out\u00a0/\u00a0 Skift\u00a0)\n\nTwitter picture\n\nDu kommenterer med din Twitter konto. Log\u00a0Out\u00a0/\u00a0 Skift\u00a0)\n\nFacebook photo\n\nDu kommenterer med din Facebook konto. Log\u00a0Out\u00a0/\u00a0 Skift\u00a0)\n\nConnecting to %s
+__label__positive Monday, January 2, 2012\n\nNetwork Engineer Interview Questions and Answers\n\nInterview Questions\n\nA) Tell me something about yourself.\nTell about your eductaion, place you belong to, some struggle in life which shows that you have positive attitude and will to fight the odds.\n\nB) Technical Questions:\n\n1) What are the types of LAN cables used? What is a cross cable?\n\n\n\n\n5) What is Active Directory?\n\n\n7) What is IPCONFIG command? Why it is used?\n\n\nWe can't do the same with workgroup.\n\n\n\n\n13) What is RIS? What is Imaging/ghosting?\n\n14) What is VPN and how to configure it?\n\nUpdate the network card driver.\n\n\n\n\n19) What is a router? Why we use it?\n\n20) What are manageable and non manageable switches?\nSwitches which can be administered are calledmanageable switches. For example we can create VLAN for on such switch. On no manageable swiches we can't do so.\n\n21. What is NIC?\nA network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface controller) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network\n\n22. What is USB?\n\nUniversal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. Devices like Modem, Mouse, Keyboard etc can be connected.\n\n23. Dialup vs. Broadband\n\nA broadband connection (ADSL) provides high-speed Internet access over a standard phone line. The advantage of a broadband connection over a standard dialup service, is that Broadband is considerably faster, and is \"always-on\", meaning that once you\"re logged on, your PC is online until the PC is turned off again.\n\nBroadband offer high-speed Internet access and allows telephone calls and a permanent Internet connection to share a single phone line simultaneously whereas in Dialup connection either Internet connection or telephone call can made at given time.\n\n24. LAN and WAN\n\n\n\n25. Microsoft Access\n\nMicrosoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational database management system from Microsoft.\n\n26. What is RAS?\n\nRemote Access Services (RAS) refers to any combination of hardware and software to enable the remote access to tools or information that typically reside on a network of IT devices.\n\n27. Difference between Client Mail and Web Mail?\n\nEmail clients download your emails onto your computer. Using a specialized email program such as Outlook Express or Apple Mail has the advantage of giving you complete control over your email; every email you receive is placed on your computer and you can keep as many large file attachments as you want.\nChecking your email through our webmail is similar to using Hotmail or Yahoo! Mail. You never actually copy your messages to your computer; in fact, you are looking at them through your web browser on somebody else\"s computer. When you are not online, you are not able to see your email.\n\n28. RAM and ROM\n\n\nPronounced rahm, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile.\n\n29. Spamguard\n\nSpam Guard is an Outlook add-in that filters email that arrives in your inbox. If the sender of any message cannot be identified then the message is moved into a spam quarantine folder. Messages deposited in the spam quarantine folder can be inspected and either deleted or approved at your leisure.\n\n30. Firewall and Antivirus\n\nAntivirus is a software program which helps protect a computer against being infected by a virus.\n\n31. DNS\n\nShort for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they\"re easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name might translate to\n\n32. IPConfig\n\nIPConfig is a command line tool used to control the network connections on Windows NT/2000/XP machines. There are three main commands: \"all\", \"release\", and \"renew\". IPConfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. Used without parameters, IPConfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.\n\n33. Trace route\n\nTrace route is the program that shows you the route over the network between two systems, listing all the intermediate routers a connection must pass through to get to its destination. It can help you determine why your connections to a given server might be poor, and can often help you figure out where exactly the problem is. It also shows you how systems are connected to each other, letting you see how your ISP connects to the Internet as well as how the target system is connected.\n\n1) What is IP Address ?\n\n2) What are the layers of network ?\n\n3) What are the different types of network ?\n\n4) What is networking ?\n\n5) What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model ?\n\n6) What is TCP/IP ?\n\n7) What is HTTP?\n\n8) What is Protocol ?\n\n9) What is communication medium ?\n\n10) What is PORT ?\n\n11) What is SOCKET ?\n\n12) What is the difference between PORT and SOCKET?\n\n13) What is wireless networking ?\n\n14) What is topology ?\n\n15) What are the different types of topology ?\n\n16) What is the size of IP Address?\n\n17) What is FTP ?\n\n18) What is SMTP ?\n\n19) What are the different types of protocol ?\n\n20) What is Dial-Up connection ?\n\n21) What is Broad Band Connection?\n\n22) What is the difference between Dial-up and broad band connection?\n\n23) What IEEE standard for wireless networking?\n\nAns: 802.11g\n\n24) What is IEEE standard ?\n\nAns: Institute of electrical and electronic engineer.They develop standard for networking
+__label__positive As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.\n\nWhat is Knowledge Discovery in Bioinformatics? PDF Download\n\nLearn Knowledge Discovery definition in bioinformatics with explanation to study \u201cWhat is Knowledge Discovery\u201d. Study knowledge discovery explanation with bioinformatics terms to review bioinformatics course for online degree programs.\n\nKnowledge Discovery Definition\n\n  \u2022 Identification of connections between pieces of information that were not known when the information was first entered.\n\n    Essential Bioinformatics by Jin Xiong\n\nKnowledge Discovery Explanation\n\nKnowledge discovery means to analyze the newly discovered data and extract the useful information from that raw data. For example, in term of biology, the genome of an organism is sequenced, to identify the coding genes from the sequence and find homolgs of that organism is termed as knowledge discovery.\n\nKeep Learning Bioinformatics Explanations\n\nWhat is Lateral Gene Transfer and Horizontal Gene Transfer?\n\nHorizontal gene transfer sometimes known as lateral gene transfer is a phenomenon in which transmission of genetic information from ...\n\nWhat is E-Value?\n\nThe E-value is a probability value that tells a given sequence match is by chance. The higher the E-value, higher ...\n\nWhat is Neural Network?\n\nNeural network is a network in which multiple nodes are interlinked with each other to solve a problem. ...\n\nWhat is Hairpin Loop?\n\nHairpin loop is a secondary structure formed when single stranded RNA or DNA formed base pair with itself and forms ...\n\nWhat is Bulge Loop?\n\nA secondary structure formed in nucleic acid helices when two or more consecutive bases remain unpaired and forms a bubble, ...\n\nWhat is Coiled Coils?\n\nWhen different alpha helices from same or different protein, interact with each other form the structure known as coiled coil. ...
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n25 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n  \u2022 3rd side (hint)\nPerfect Competition exists when:\n-many firms sell an identical product to many buyers\n-there are no restrictions on entry or exit to the market\n-established firms have no advantage over new firms\n- sellers and buyers are well informed about prices\nA price taker is:\nsomeone who cannot influence price of its product.\nWhich market type is a price taker?\nperfect competition\nEconomic profit =\ntotal revenue - total cost of production\nMarginal revenue is\nthe change in total revenue that results from a one unit increase in quantity sold.\nIn the long run, a firm in perfect competition earns:\nNormal profit.\nWhat is normal profit?\nZero economic profit and zero economic loss in the long run.\nWhat is an incentive for new firms to enter perfect competition (or a market)?\nEconomic profit\nWhat happens as new firms enter the market in perfect competition?\nThe price falls and economic profit of each existing firm decreases.\nWhat is an incentive for firms to leave the market in perfect competition?\nEconomic loss\nWhat happens as firms exit the market in perfect competition?\nthe price rises and the economic loss of each remaining firm decreases.\nWhat are external economies?\nFactors beyond control of an individual firm that lower its costs as the market output increases.\nThe change in the long run equilibrium price depends on what?\nExternal economies and external diseconomies.\nExternal diseconomies?\nfactors outside the control of a firm that raise the firms's costs as market output increases.\nWhat is the long run market supply curve:\nshows the relationship b/w the quantity supplied and the price as the number of firms adjusts to achieve zero economic profit.\nWhat is the shut down point in perfect competition?\nthe output and price at which price equals minimum average variable cost.\nWhat is a monopoly?\narises when one firm sells a good or service that has no close substitutes and a barrier blocks the entry of new firms.\nWhat is Monopolistic competition?\nwhen a large number of firms compete by making similar but slighty different products.\nnike, fila, reebock..\nwhen a small number of firms compete. Can produce almost identical products or differentiated products.\nairplane manufacturer, kodak and fuji\nPeople in perfect competition face what kind of demand?\nperfectly elastic b/c the other firms have perfect subsitutes.\nProfit is maximized how?\nAt the output level at which total revenue exceeds total cost by the largest amount.\nBecause of __________, total cost eventually increases faster than total revenue.\nDecreasing marginal returns\nIn perfect competition, on a graph, economic profit is...\nthe vertical distance b/w the total cost and total revenue curves.\nIn perfect competition, marginal revenue equals...\nThe market price\nIn perfect competition, profit is maximized when\nmarginal cost equals marginal revenue.
+__label__positive APPENDIX 1. Interview questions used to describe hunting practices.\n\nHunting Practices\nHunter\u2019s name\nHow many times per month do you go hunting?\nDo you specifically hunt certain species?\nIs hunting is a way for you to cover your own consumption or to earn cash? If both, which is the most important motivation for hunting?\nAre there any perdiods during the year when you do not hunt? Why? Are there any periods during the year when you particularly hunt? Why?\nIs season an important factor? Why?\nDo you go hunting alone or in groups? How many people are there in a group?\nDo you sometimes hunt for someone else? For specific orders?\nWhere do you hunt during the rainy season? During the dry season? Iboutou (secondary forest)\nKouba (agricultural fields)\nIndombo (marshy forest)\nIssuaka (mature forest)\nAre there seasons when hunting is easier? Why? Short dry season\nMain rainy season\nShort rainy season\nMain dry season\nHow far from the village do you usually go to hunt? < 2 h\nbetween 2 and 5 h\nbetween 5 and 10 h\n> 10 h\nWhat weight can one hunter carry on the way back to the village?\nWhat are the different tecniques that you use to hunt?\nWhat animal is the most easy to hunt (using the different techniques mentioned above)?\nIn what type of forest is it easier to hunt (using the different techniques mentioned above)?\nIf gun hunting\n\nWas it easy to buy a gun? Where? How much?\nIs it easy to find cartridges? Where? how much?\nCan you estimate how many missed shots you have out of 10 cartridges?\nWhat species are easiest to shoot?\nDo you use calls to attract animals? When? Where? What animals?\nIf snare hunting\nHow many snares do you currently have?\nHow do you choose where and when to place snares? In what type of forest?\nAt what time of the day do you set snares? How often do you return to check the snares?\nHow long does a snare line stay in place? What makes you decide to change the location of your snare line?\nHow much does a snare cable cost?\nImagine that you set 100 snares. How many would have caught an animal by the first day that you returned to check them?\nWhat are the traditional practices that you use before or during hunting?
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n95 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat are the causes of breast masses?\ninflammatory conditions, response to fluctuating hormones, benign neoplasms, malignant neoplasms\nHow do the breasts change from prepuberty to menarche? During menstrual cycle?\n-prepuberty: breast tissue has a few ducts;\n-menarche: ducts further develop-->terminal buds proliferate to give rise to lobules (sites of milk formation)\n-During secretory phase of menstrual cycle: stroma surrounding lobules gets edematous-->breast fullness\n@ what age, are you more likely to find a malignant mass?\nWhat is acute mastitis? What causes it? When does it occur? Sx's?\nIn first few wks post delivery; Principal organism: Staphylococcus (Streptococcus); Portal of entry: nipple crack;\n-Infection confined to 1 segment of breast leading to pain, localized swelling, & inflammation.\nHow does mammary duct ectasia present? At what age?\npalpable mass, often w/ bloody nipple discharge & necrotic debris thru nipple; Get enlarged ducts filled w/ debris & surrounded by fibrous tissue, lots of chronic inflammatory cells; Age: late reproductive life & post menopause;\nWhat is often in a post-menopasual obese patient & presents as a palpable mass that you think may be breast CA until further study?\nfat necrosis; since breast has lots of fatty tissue, subject to trauma or radiotherapy. Macro: well defined area <2cm, micro: anucleate fat cells surrounded by foamy histiocytes w/ Ca deposition & fibrosis (late)-->b/c fat is a lipid, so saponification of fat is a byproduct of calcium.\nWhat breast change is in 50% of women & thought to be due to hormonal stimulation? 10% get clinically apparent dz manifest by periodic discomfort & palpable masses like Breast CA. Age?\nfibrocystic change; 30-60 y/o age group;\nIn fibrocystic change, describe the microscopic lesions of a 30-45 y/o vs someone 40-menopause. What is thought to cause this?\n30-45: fibroadenosis & epithelial hyperplasia;\n40-menopause: fibrocystic change & cystic hyperplasia. b/c of imbalance b/w hyperplasia of ductule & lobular epithelium w/ each menstrual cycle.\nOn palpation, describe the differences w/ fibrocystic change in younger vs older age group.\nyounger: diffuse granularity & nodularity; tender esp during secretory phase or premenstrual period of cycle;\nolder: ill-defined rubbery mass;\n-areas of discrete swelling representing cyst presence-->making it hard to distinguish from localized CA\nWhat is 'blue domed cyst disease'?\nwhat breast surgeons call fibrocystic change; grossly on younger women: multiple nodules og gray tissue, in older women you have large cysts\nWhen does fibrocystic change tend to begin to appear?\npremenopausal women when breast CA incidence is starting to inc;\nDo benign proliferative breast lesions inc the chance of subsequently getting breast CA?\nw/ atypical hyperplasia (disorderly cell growth & nuclear pleomorphism) are inc risk for breast CA (5x higher risk!)\nDo women w/ cystic change tend to have atypical hyerplasia?\nno, majority (70%) do not-->so not @ inc risk of getting CA.\nWhat has a hobnail appearance?\nMicroscopy of apocrine metaplasia of fibrocystic change.\n@ what age does gynecomastia tend to occur? What are the causes? Unilateral or bilateral?\n-adolescence or older males;\n-from hormonal effect; assoc w/ Klinefelter's syndrome, liver dz, certain drugs like digitalis;\n-often unilateral; variable amt of ductule proliferation & prominent edematous & cellular stroma\nDescribe juvenile hypertrophy. When does it occur?\nExcessive & persistent enlargement of 1 or both breasts in 11-14 y/o females.\n-usually coincides w/ menarche, but may precede it\nWhat does juvenile hypertrophy look like micro & macro?\nmicro: proliferation of all elements of breast (epithelium, ductules, stroma)\nmacro: identical to adjacent breast tissue;\nWhat is metaplastic change?\nreplacement of 1 cell type w/ another type\nWhat are the characteristics of apocrine metaplasia?\n-cells w/ granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, round nuclei;\n-sometimes have decapitation secretions or coarse hyaline globules;\n-frequently in fibrocystic change;\n-papillary morphology common in cysts;\n-NO NECROSIS SEEN (ddx apocrine intraductal CA)\nWhat is clear cell metaplasia?\nclear of vacuolated cytoplasm rather than granular & eosinophilic\nWhat is squamous metaplasia associated w/?\ninfarcted papilloma which may follow FNA biopsy, Phyllodes tumor, syringomatous adenoma, ducts w/ perareolar abscess, lining of biopsy cavity (squamous metaplasia can be confused w/ CA!)\nDescribe the characteristics of mucinous metaplasia.\n-rare, typically affects nl isolated lobule, may occur in papilloma, no known pre-neoplastic potential;\nWho gets lactational change and how does it present?\n-Repro age females w/ recurrent hx of pregnancy; rarely, postmenopausal females (digitalis, neuroleptics); males on stilbestrol;\n-May present as mass during pregnancy or post-partum.\nDescribe the micro & macro changes of lactational change?\nmacro: sharply circumscribed, may involve a pre-existing tubular adenoma (=lactating adenoma) <5cm.\nmicro: expanded lobules, secretory or regressive patterns seen. Foamy (milk thats being produced) background differentiates it from CA.\ndescribe the characteristics of scerlosis adenosis. Bilateral or unilateral?\n-common lesion, often bilateral!\n-may form mass (<2cm), but usually microscopic finding;\nWhat do you seen w/ micro of sclerosing adenosis?\nmicro: lobular architecture preserved-->this is key to diagnosis; fibrosis may distort lumina & make myoepithelial cells prominent. (preservation of epithelium & myoepithelium=bening. If you lose myoepithelial cells, then its an invasive CA).\nWhat is in the differential diagnosis of someone w/ sclerosing adenosis?\n-atypical apocrine adenosis: atypical lobular cells w/ apocrine cells;\n-invasive CA: no myoepithelial cells (loses this layer!)\nWho is affected by complex sclerosing lesion/radial scar and how does it appear? Bilateral or unilateral?\n-middle age to older women.\n-frequently multiple & bilateral\n-radiology: stellate mass is suspicious\n-macro: may form palpable mass;\n-micro: central scar w/ stellate arrangement of ducts; pattern may be obscrued by only pt of lesion being sampled w/ core biopsy; 30% have atypia & CA.\nHow does someone w/ duct ectasia/periductal mastitis present?\nmajority are subclinical; pts present w/ nipple pain & tenderness or chronic nipple discharge.\nDescribe the lesion of duct ectasia/periductal mastitis.\n-Lesion shows lymphoplasma infiltrate & pigmented histiocytes w/ foam cells in epithelium & lumen which obliterate lumen rather than cause ectasia. Acute form w/ PMNs is rarely seen.\nWhat is collagenous spherulosis & what should be considered in its differential diagnosis?\n-incidental microscopic finding consisting of spheres of eosinophilic material surrounded by myoepithelial cells Epithelial cells around lesion may be benign, atypical or malignant.\n-DDx: DCIS, Adenoid cystic CA, lobular neoplasia\nWhat population is more likely to get acute mastitis? They have an increased chance of getting what?\noften cracks in nipple in nursing women-->allows bacterial entry (staph or anaerobes);\n-inc risk for inversion of nipple or congenital anomaly;\n-Micro: squamous metaplasia of lg ducts or thick walled abscess cavity from chronic infection.\nWhat is the cause of granulomatous mastitis? what should be in the differential?\n-idiopathic in US;\n-DDx: TB, fungi, protozoa, duct rupture, rxn to CA, sarcoid, Wegener's.\nLeakage/rupture of silicome implants can cause what? Whats in micro?\nMastitis-->from additives and/or silicone. Micro: histiocytes w/ FBG w/ fibrosis & empty spaces w/ refractile material. Changes in regional lymph nodes\nBesides gynecomastia, what other breast pathology can occur in males? It feels like painless dense rubbery fibrous tissue. Its also in women 24-72 age range.\nLymphocytic mastitisu (DM or fibrous mastopathy is the idiopathic form)\nA pt w/ systemic dz like RA or amyloidosis can get what in the breast? What does it look like w/ macro/micro?\namyloid tumor in breast; Macro: nodule w/ granular or waxy cut surface. Micro: amorphous eosinophilic material w/ FBG rxn. (Congo red-->apple green birefringence)\nwhat is the most common benign breast neoplasm in women 25-35 y/o? who is more likely to get them?\nfibroadenoma; african americans\ndo fibroadenomas predispose to breast CA?\nWhat does fibroadenoma feel like on palpation and on cut section?\nusually solitary, freely movable & not fixed to chest wall; don't infiltrate surrounding tissue; cut section: soft gray; micro: biphasic appearance of proliferation of ductules & mensenchyme\nThe myxoid change of a fibroadenoma is associate w/ Carney's complex. What is Carney's complex?\nmyxoma of heart, skin, hyperpigmentation of skin & endocrine changes.\nWhat benign neoplasm is in women >50 y/o & is the most common cause of bloody breast discharge from torsion/hemorrhage? Its found as single lesion w/ large duct, usually close to nipple\nIntraductal papilloma (no myoepithelail cells, have atypical intraductal proliferation; arborizing growth pattern projecting into lg duct; can get CA in papilloma)\nAre intraductal and intralobular CA invasive?\nNo, they're non-invasive in situ and early dz, but they can be assoc w/ fibrosis, may present as mass, & detect w/ mammography.\nWhat is it called when there is ductal (DIN) and lobular neoplasia (LIN)?\nIntraductal neoplasia (these are preneoplastic processes for malignnacy)\nWhat are the characteristics of DIN?\ndistinct cell borders, secondary lumens-rosettes, larger nuclei than LIN, variants: stratified, spindle cell, apocrine;\nWhat are the characteristics of LIN?\nindistinct cell borders, solid or loosely cohesive, intracytoplasmic lumens, small uniform nuclei, variants: pleomorphic;\nWhich stage of DIN has cribriform proliferation of uniform cells?\nDIN 1: low risk\nWhich stage of DIN has comedo necrosis (completely occludes duct?\nWhat is microinvasive CA? If you detect this, how is it managed?\ncluster of tumors cells break thru basement membrane, area <2mm; managed as DCIS;\nWhat % of DCIS has been found to have metastasized?\nWhat does microinvasive CA look like on micro?\ntongue-like invasion from duct; stroma frequently fibroblastic & myxoid.\nWhat condition will cause an inc risk for invasive lobular & ductal bilaterally, is not detectable macroscopically, and on micro is in a clover like pattern?\nHow are LIN 1, 2, & 3 lesions differentiated?\nbased on inc distention of acini to confluence of acini.\nAt 50 years old, what is your risk of developing breast CA?\nWhat is the risk of developing breast CA in American women?\n1 in 8\nBreast cancer is the _____ cancer in women, and ______in cancer deaths in women.\ntop, 2nd in most\nHow have the incidence and mortality of breast CA changes in the past half century?\n1% annual inc in incidence (lung cancer has had a much larger change inc in incidence), constant mortality (thus more cures & found @ much earlier stages-->more in situ & stage 1 b/c of inc emphasis of breast CA diagnosis & more mammograms)\nWhat is the 5 yr survival in someone w/ stage 1 vs stage 4 breast ca?\nstage 1: 84%, Stage 4: 48%\nWhat % of breast CA's now are node negative at diagnosis?\nWhat % of breast CA are small, noninvasive lesions picked up my mammograms?\nIs the incidence of breast CA higher in white or black women? Prognosis?\nincidence higher in whites, prognosis worse in blacks\nWhich countries have inc risk of breast ca: those in N America & N. Europe or those in Africa or Asia?\nN. America/N. Europe\nHow do you define regional spread of breast cancer/\nto lymph nodes, chest wall, or skin\nWhat are the risk factors for breast ca?\nage, country, fam hx, previous hx of CA or breast dz, estrogen: early menarche & late menopause & obesity, estrogenic drugs but OCPs seem ok, inc income or SES, previous fibrocytsic dz if atypical hyperplasia is detected in lesion\nshould a woman w/ breast cancer diagnosis take OCPS?\nno b/c breast CA growth is promoted by estrogen\nIs a patient w/ benign breast dz at inc risk of getting breast CA?\ndepends on type of dz; low risk w/ proliferative dz w/ no atypia; Significantly inc risk w/ proliferative dz w/ atypia.\nPts w/ which gene mutation have 85% chance of developing CA by 70?\nBRCA1 mutation\nPts w/ which gene have a worse breast CA prognosis?\nWhich Breast CA gene is assoc w/ inc risk of ovarian CA?\nWhich 2 gene mutations are responsible for 80% of familial early onset causes of IDC, NOS?\nBRCA1 (chromosome 17q21) & BRCA2 (chrom 13q12-13)\nWhat is the most common type of infiltrating ductal CA?\nWhat is the tx for infiltrating ductal CA?\nlumpectomy or simple mastectomy\nWhat is IDC w/ dermal lymphatic plugging by tumor emboli w/ LN mets?\n'inflammatory' CA\nWhen does infiltrating ductal CA have a nipple discharge?\nif its assoc w/ larger ducts\nWhat 3 things does the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system measure?\ntubule formation, mitotic activity, nuclear pleomorphism\nWhat are the three grades of infiltrating ductal carcinoma accoding to the S-B-R system?\n3-5: well differentiated, grade 1; 6-7: moderately differtiated, grade 2; 8-9: poorly differentiated, grade 3.\nWhat age group gets infiltrative ductal CA vs intralobular CA?\ninfiltrative: pre and post menopausal women;\nintralobular: premenopausal women\nHow does intralobular ca present?\nNOT as mass--usually incidental finding; Usually bilateral and multifocal!\nWhat % of intralobular CA develops into invasive cancer?\n25%. Controversy about amt of surgery, sometimes bilateral mastectomy for invasive\nIs invasive breast CA usually w/ pre or post menopausal women?\nUsually post\nInvasive breast cancer is usually of what type?\nis premenopausal ca and those found in 20s and 30s usually aggressive?\nYES! usually aggressive, bilateral, assoc w/ fam hx of breast cancer\nWhich types of breast CA have a better prognosis?\nmucinous, tubular, medullary are better compared to infiltrating lobular and ductal which have a similar tx & prognosis.\nWhat is Paget's dz?\ntype of breast CA where overlying epidermis is infiltrated by individual Cancer cells arising in underlying adjacent breast CA; Sx: eczema centered primarily around nipple & areolar region;.\nWhat are the characteristics of male breast cancer/\n1% of all breast cancer; older men; Sx: asymtpomatic, nipple discharge or Paget's dz.\n-inc risk w/ Klinefelter's\n-same prognosis as female breast CA\n-higher incidence of mets (55%)\n-ER+. +/- PR +, +/-RSA\nWhat is a phyloddes utmor (aka giant fibroadenomas or cystosarcoma phyloddes)?\n-tend to occur in 40 y/0, presents as painless discrete mass, often longstanding w/ sudden enlargement;\n-consists of epithelium and assoc neoplastic stroma (biphasic tumor like fibroadenoma) & heterologous elements more often seen (chondroid, osseous, lipioud) than in fibroadenoma.\n-tend to recur but don't metastasize, good prognosis;\n-Image: leaf like processes protrude into cystic spaces lined by epithelial & myoepithelial cells;\nWhat is peau d'orange?\nas skin lymphaics are invaded, skin taken on characteristics dimpling similar to orange skin in appearance.\nWhat happens as the breast malignancy grows?\ncan palpate mass, infiltrates into surrounding breast tissue, attaches to underlying muscle, peau d'orange, nipple retraction w/ growth into surrounding muscle; malignancy can ulcerate thru skin, bleed, discharge necrotic material\nWhich lymph nodes does breast CA drain into?\nWhat are the most common places of breast CA mets?\nbrain, bone marrow (but can go anywhere; painful to bone as its osteoblastic)\nPost mastectomy, where does breast CA commonly occur?\nscar site, can recur as much as 20 yrs post initial tx\nWhat are the 4 stages of breast CA?\nStage I: node negative;\nStage II: breast mass w/ LN mets or involvement of overlying skin\nStage III: more extensive, involves extensive adherence to skin, muscle, fixed lymph nodes\nStage IV: widely metastatic dz\nWhich breast CA pt has the best prognosis?\nif their axillary LN's are negative (or one w/ less than 4 positive ones); if pt has hormone receptors (ER or PR)b/c can remove estrogen influence or anti-estrogens like tamoxifen\nWhich monoclonal Ab drug has been shown to slow growth of HER-2 positive tumors. It blocks HER-2 receptors and controls growth.\nDoes chemo inc breast CA pt survivial?\nyes, but if LN negative, reluctance to tx them w/ aggressive chemo-->should look at different prognostic factors\nPts w/ which gene amplification (aka erbB2/neu) have inc numbers of growth factor receptors, have more aggressive malignancies, and this is overexpressed in 25-35% of primary breast CA's and is assoc w/ inc risk of recurrent dz or shorter overall survivial?\nHER-2 gene
+__label__positive property>volumetric flowrate\n\nWhat is Volumetric Flowrate?\n\nwater flowing at treatment plant\n\nThe volumetric flow rate of a system is defined as a measure of the volume of fluid passing a point in the system per unit time. The volumetric flow rate, Q, can be calculated as the product of the cross-sectional area, A, and the average flow velocity, v. The volume of fluid that flows past a given cross sectional area per second is Q = A.v. Strictly v is a vector, but in internal flows through pipes, for example, there is only one possible flow direction. The SI units for volumetric flow rate are cubic metres per second, although many other units are commonly used depending on the industry, such cubic feet per second or litres per second.\n\nIn fluid dynamics and hygrometry, the volumetric flow rate is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. As defined by Darcy's law, volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux. Volumetric flux is represented by the symbol q and its SI units are m3/(m2.s) or m/s. The volumetric flow rate is given by the integration of a flux over an area. When the fluid flows in an angle \u03b8, the volumetric flow rate Q can be calculated as:\n\nQ = A \u028b cos \u03b8\n\nwhere A is the area of the pipe and \u028b is the uniform velocity of the fluid with an angle \u03b8. When the fluid flow is perpendicular to the area A, the angle \u03b8 = 0. The volumetric flow rate is\n\nQ = A \u028b cos \u03b8\n\nThe above equation is for one-dimensional incompressible flows and it is commonly referred to as the continuity equation. If the velocity of the fluid through the area is non-planar then the volumetric flow rate must be calculated by using a surface integral.\n\nMeasuring Volumetric Flow Rate\n\nA fluid flow meter is a device used for measuring the rate of fluid flow or volumetric flow rate. In its simplest form it is comprised of a tube, and a tapered float which rises or falls depending on the flow. The float is often designed to spin with due to the fluid flow which reduces the chance of it getting stuck at low flow rates (or at least makes it obvious if it has done so), and because of this the device is known as a rotameter. An automatic version may have a light source and a light detecting device for remote measurement. A variety of other devices exist that work on a similar principle of a variable flow area.\n\nMany other devices have been devised for measuring volumetric flowrate. An important category is the positive displacement devices that repeatedly fill a vessel. These can be used where precise measurement is required because the fluid is being metered (e.g. for sale). Turbine flow meters have a small turbine that drives a generator to indicate the flowrate. The venturi meter uses a constriction in a pipe to provide a small amount of resistance to the flow and then uses a manometer to measure the pressure difference. Various other devices essentially measure the fluid velocity, from which the flowrate can be derived.\n
+__label__positive Science M3\n\nHideShow resource information\nB3- Where does respiration take place?\nMitochondria- respiration supplies energy for the cell. Cells that have a high energy requirement e.g. muscle cells have large amounts of mitochondria.\n1 of 34\nB3- How do the four bases in DNA pair up?\nA-T and G-C. This is complementary base pairing.\n2 of 34\nB3- What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?\nglucose + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water (+energy released)\n3 of 34\nB3- What is produced during anaerobic respiration?\nLactic acid- toxic to cells, cause cramp and fatigue.\n4 of 34\nB3- What are gametes?\nSex cells (egg&sperm). These are haploid so they only have half the amount of chromosomes.\n5 of 34\nB3- In which organs does meiosis occur?\nTestes and Ovaries\n6 of 34\nB3- What is mitosis and meiosis?\nMitosis- produces new cells for growth. Meiosis- cells in testess and ovaries divide to produce gametes for sexual reproduction(introduces genetic variation).\n7 of 34\nB3- Name the four components of blood.\nPlasma, Platelets, Red blood cells, White blood cells.\n8 of 34\nB3- What does the pulmonary artery do?\nTakes blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen.\n9 of 34\nB3- Name the process of producing organisms with desired characteristics through a breeding programme.\nSelective breeding. *intensive selective breeding reduces gene pool, number of different allelles in population decrease= less variation. This can lead to harmful recessive characteristics.\n10 of 34\nB3- What is gene therapy?\nChanging a persons genes in order to cure genetic disorders.\n11 of 34\nB3- How has genetic engineering helped people people with diabetes?\nThe production of human insulin by genetically engineered bacteria.\n12 of 34\nB3- Suggest some possible uses for cloning.\nMass production of animals with desirable characteristics, Producing lots of animals which produce a human product, Producing human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy\n13 of 34\nChemistry- What are the negative particles in an atom called?\n14 of 34\nChemistry- Where are the proton and neutrons found in an atom?\n15 of 34\nChemistry- What is an ion?\nA charged atom or group that has lost or gained electrons.\n16 of 34\nChemistry- What 3 things can displayed formula tell you?\nThe different types of atom found in a compound, the number of each type of atom, where the bonds are in a compound.\n17 of 34\nC3- What is rate of reaction?\nA measure of the amount of product made in a specific time.\n18 of 34\nC3- How can rate of reaction be increased?\nIncrease temperature, concentration(for reactants in solution), pressure(for reactants that are gases) or add a catalyst.\n19 of 34\nC3- How does temperature increase the rate of reaction?\nThe reactant particles have more kinetic energy and move around faster, making them more likely to collide and collisions are higher energy making them more likely to form a product.\n20 of 34\nC3- What is the process of making bonds called?\nENDOTHERMIC- chemical reactions that need more energy to break bonds than released when new bonds are made are endothermic reactions.\n21 of 34\nC3- What is the process of breaking bonds called?\nEXOTHERMIC- chemical reactions that release more energy when making bonds than breaking them are exothermic reactions.\n22 of 34\nC3- What are the 4 stages for extracting chemicals from plants?\nCrushing, boiling, dissolving and chromatography.\n23 of 34\nC3- Name 3 allotropes of carbon.\nDiamond, graphite and Buckminster fullrene.\n24 of 34\nP3- What 2 quantities are needed to calculate speed?\n25 of 34\nP3- What does the gradient of a dt graph represent?\n26 of 34\nP3- State the equation used to calculate acceleration.\nA(m/s2) = Change in speed(m/s) / Time taken for change(s)\n27 of 34\nP3- What does the acceleration of -5m/s2 tell you about the motion of the object?\nSlowing down- deceleration\n28 of 34\nP3- What are the main features of cars designed to prevent accidents?\nABS, traction control, cruise control, paddle shifts.\n29 of 34\nP3- What feature on a lorry reduces air resistance?\nA deflector.\n30 of 34\nP3- How does an increase in collision time affect the force felt by the driver?\nIt decreases.\n31 of 34\nP3- Which 2 forces on a skydiver are equal when falling at terminal speed?\nWeight and air resistance.\n32 of 34\nP3- When an object falls at terminal speed, what happens to its kinetic energy?\nStays the same- the speed isn't changing so the KE doesn't increase.\n33 of 34\nP3- What happens to the size of the KE of an object if its speed is doubled?\nIt quadruples.\n34 of 34\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nB3- How do the four bases in DNA pair up?\n\n\n\nCard 3\n\n\nB3- What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nB3- What is produced during anaerobic respiration?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nB3- What are gametes?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Science resources:\n\nSee all Science resources \u00bbSee all Living and Growing resources \u00bb
+__label__positive Name:\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 ID:\u00a0\n\nAstronomy Essentials\n\nShort Answer\n\n\nWhat does the Universe include?\n\n\nWhat is the Big Bang?\n\n\nHow long ago did the Universe form?\n\n\nExplain why the galaxies are moving outward.\n\n\nIf you had a spaceship that could move at the speed of light, could you visit another galaxy?\u00a0 Explain!\n\n\nWhat is astronomy?\n\n\nWhich six planets did the ancients know about?\u00a0 Why did they not know about the other three planets?\n\n\nWhy was astronomy important to the ancients?\n\n\nWhat did the ancients use when studying the sky?\n\n\nWho was the first astronomer to use a telescope?\n\n\nWhy did sailors use the stars and not the planets to find their way at sea?\n\n\nWhy did the Greeks call some stars planetes?\n\n\nGalileo, Kepler, and Copernicus believed in which model of the solar system?\n\n\nExplain the difference between the heliocentric and geocentric models of the solar system.\n\n\nExplain how our ideas about the solar system have changed over the last 2,000 years.\n\n\nWho came up with the Scientific Method and what is it?\n\n\nAristotle and Ptolemy believed what about the solar system?\n\n\nWhy did it take so long for people to accept the heliocentric model of the solar system instead of the geocentric model?\n\n\nHow has technology helped change our ideas about the Universe?\n\n\nWhat is the name of the telescope that orbits the Earth?\n\n\nGalaxies are made up of what?\n\n\nAstronomers classify galaxies on the basis of what?\n\n\nWhy do we use scale models while studying astronomy?\n\n\nThere are how many types of galaxies and what are their names?\n\n\nThe oldest stars are found in what type of galaxy?\n\n\nExplain what a nebula is and why is it important?\n\n\nDescribe the Milky Way Galaxy and tell where our solar system is located.\n\n\nCorrectly identify each of these three galaxies.\nA. sa028-1.jpg B. sa028-2.jpg\nC. sa028-3.jpg\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Start Over
+__label__positive In order to keep the correct degrees of freedom (which are 2) for massless gauge fields one imposes,\n\n$$p^\\mu \\epsilon_\\mu = 0 \\tag1$$\n\nTogether with the gauge redundacy/equivalence relation,\n\n$$\\epsilon_\\mu \\sim \\epsilon'_\\mu = \\epsilon_\\mu + F(p)p_\\mu \\tag2$$\n\nBecause $\\epsilon$ and $\\epsilon'$ satisfy Eq. (1).\n\nNow, the amplitude of any process with 2 gauge fields in the final state, $\\epsilon_\\mu\\epsilon_\\nu M_{\\mu\\nu}$, has to be gauge invariant and due to Eq. (2), that implies\n\n$$p^\\mu\u00b7M_{\\mu\\nu} = 0 \\tag3$$\n\nNevertheless, for non-abelian theories our massless gauge fields transform for small parameter $\\omega = \\omega(x)$ and $g$ the coupling constant as\n\n$$A_\\mu \\rightarrow A_\\mu + \\partial_\\mu\\omega - ig[A_\\mu, \\omega] \\tag4$$\n\nFrom here you can say that the gauge redudancy for non-abelian fields should be:\n\n$$\\epsilon_\\mu \\sim \\epsilon'_\\mu = \\epsilon_\\mu + F(p)p_\\mu + G(p)\\epsilon_\\mu \\tag5$$\n\nBut now, from Eq. (5) you get that Eq. (2) is changed, in order to preserve gauge invariance, by\n\n$$(p^\\mu + \\epsilon^\\mu)M_{\\mu\\nu} = 0 \\tag6$$\n\nBut in many book appears that in QCD we hold Eq. (2) which should imply null amplitude accordingly to Eq. (6). What am I misunderstanding?\n\n\n\nYour Answer\n\n\nBrowse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
+__label__positive Bookmark and Share\n\nFront Back\nwhat is cytology\nthe study of structure and function of cells\nwhat are the two types of microscopy\nlight and electron\nwhat magnification can light microscopy have\nup to 1000 times\nwhat do they call a photograph that has been taken through a light microscope\nlight micrograph\nwhat is the difference between TEM and SEM micrographs\ntransmission electron micrographs\u00a0are photos of very thin sections that reveal fine lines, and scanning electron micographs provide less but are 3D\nour body cell is surrounded by what watery medium\nextracellular fluid\nwhat is the extracellular fluid that is in most tissues\ninterstitial fluid\nwhat is cytoplasm\nthe cells contents\nthe cytoplasm can be subdivided into two things. what are they\nthe liquid-cytosol, and cellular structures called the organelles\nthe phosphlipids are two distinct layers, which are\nhydrophilic (heads on the outside) and hrdrophobic (tails on the outside)\nwhat are the most common membrane protiens\ntransmembrane protiens, which will span the width of the membrane, other membranes are patially emmbeded or loosley bound\nwhat may membrane protiens function as\nreceptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, or identifiers\nwhat are known as the lock and key protiens\nrecptor protiens, certian materials trigger them to open or close\nwhat function as cell lubricants and adhesives\nglycoproteins and glycolipids, they keep they bodys immune system from attcking itself\nwhat is the difference between passive and active processes\npassive moves ions and molecules across the membrane without any energy used by the cell, and active uses ATP (adenosine triphospate) to do the same thing\nwhat are the two types of passive processes\ndiffusion (osmosis) and filtration\nwhat is diffusion\nthe net movement of molecules from an area of high concentreation to an area of low concentration\nwhat is the differnce between high and low concentrations\nconcentration gradient\nwhat can alcohol, fatty acids, and steriods do\nthey can difffuse right through the lipid portions of the membrane, so can oxygen and carbon dioxide\nwhat is the diffusion of water across a membrane\nwhat is isotonic\na soulution that doesnt let water in or out\nwhat is hypertonic\na soulution where only water can come in, which may make it lyse or burst\nthe shrinking of a blood vessel is called what\ncrenation, they shrivel and dehydrate\nwhat is hypertonic\nwhere the blood vessel loses water\nwhat is the filtration process\nwhere it uses the blood pressure the push the water and nutreints into the body tissues\nwhat is active trasport\nwhere the cell uses ATP to move ions or molecules through the cell membrane\nhow much ATP is used in a resting cell in the sodium-potassium exchange\nabout %40 of the ATP\nwhat is endocytosis\nthe packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for import into the cell\nwhat is the sodium potassium concentration of the cytosol\nHigher potasium, where the opposite is true for extracellular fluid\nwhat are the organelles\nthey give the cell its structure, performs maintenance, and metabolism. They contain the nucleous, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysomes, and peroxisomes\nwhat is the cytoskeleton\nthe internal protien framework of the cell\nwhat are the micofilaments made from\nthe protien actin, they act with filaments made of the protien myosin to produce powerful contractions\nwhat are microtubles\nthey are made from the protien tublin which give they cytoskeleton stength and rigidity\nwhat do the microvilli do\nthey are the small finger shaped projections on the cell that have the most surface area and do most of the absorbing\nwhat are the flagella\norganells that are sperm\nwhat is the differnce between centrioles and cilia\ncentrioles are short microtubules that produce the spindle fibers that move DNA, and cilia are long extensions of the cell membrane and they require ATP cause they move\nwhat are ribosomes\norganells that produce protiens using info from the DNA. Fixed ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum\nwhat are the proteasomes\nthey are hollow and contain protien breaking ensymes (proteases) they are responsible for recycling damaged protiens\nwhat is the endoplasmic reticulum\nit is around the nucleus and has four functions, synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification\nwhat is the difference between smooth and rough ER\nSER is where the lipids and carbs are produced, and the RER is on the outersuface and releases them\nwhat are the three functions of the golgi apperatus\nthe mod and packaging of hormones and enzymes, the renewal and mod of the cell membrane, and the packaging of special enzymes for use in the cytosol\nwhat are the three type of vessicles in the golgi apparatus\nlysomes, secretory (discharges from the cell), and membrane renewal (adds to the cell)\nwhat are lysomes\ndigestive ensymes that perform cleanup and recycle\nwhat does the lysomes do in dead or damaged cells\nthey release active enzymes into the cytosol that destroy the protiens and organelles. it is called autolysis, and this is basically suicide of the cell\nwhat do the mitochondria do for the cell\nthey provide the energy for it\nwhat is glycolysis\nwhere six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into three-carbon\u00a0puruvic acid molecules for energy\ndefine aerobic metabolism\ncellular respiration\nwhat is the nucular envelope\nit consists of a double membrane that surounds the nucleous and separates it's fluid (nucleoplasm)\nwhat is a histone\nit is in the DNA strands\nwhat is a benign tumor\na tumor in where it stays within a connective tissue capsule, such a tumor can be removed with surgery\nx of y cards Next >|
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n25 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n  \u2022 3rd side (hint)\nPerfect Competition exists when:\n-many firms sell an identical product to many buyers\n-there are no restrictions on entry or exit to the market\n-established firms have no advantage over new firms\n- sellers and buyers are well informed about prices\nA price taker is:\nsomeone who cannot influence price of its product.\nWhich market type is a price taker?\nperfect competition\nEconomic profit =\ntotal revenue - total cost of production\nMarginal revenue is\nthe change in total revenue that results from a one unit increase in quantity sold.\nIn the long run, a firm in perfect competition earns:\nNormal profit.\nWhat is normal profit?\nZero economic profit and zero economic loss in the long run.\nWhat is an incentive for new firms to enter perfect competition (or a market)?\nEconomic profit\nWhat happens as new firms enter the market in perfect competition?\nThe price falls and economic profit of each existing firm decreases.\nWhat is an incentive for firms to leave the market in perfect competition?\nEconomic loss\nWhat happens as firms exit the market in perfect competition?\nthe price rises and the economic loss of each remaining firm decreases.\nWhat are external economies?\nFactors beyond control of an individual firm that lower its costs as the market output increases.\nThe change in the long run equilibrium price depends on what?\nExternal economies and external diseconomies.\nExternal diseconomies?\nfactors outside the control of a firm that raise the firms's costs as market output increases.\nWhat is the long run market supply curve:\nshows the relationship b/w the quantity supplied and the price as the number of firms adjusts to achieve zero economic profit.\nWhat is the shut down point in perfect competition?\nthe output and price at which price equals minimum average variable cost.\nWhat is a monopoly?\narises when one firm sells a good or service that has no close substitutes and a barrier blocks the entry of new firms.\nWhat is Monopolistic competition?\nwhen a large number of firms compete by making similar but slighty different products.\nnike, fila, reebock..\nwhen a small number of firms compete. Can produce almost identical products or differentiated products.\nairplane manufacturer, kodak and fuji\nPeople in perfect competition face what kind of demand?\nperfectly elastic b/c the other firms have perfect subsitutes.\nProfit is maximized how?\nAt the output level at which total revenue exceeds total cost by the largest amount.\nBecause of __________, total cost eventually increases faster than total revenue.\nDecreasing marginal returns\nIn perfect competition, on a graph, economic profit is...\nthe vertical distance b/w the total cost and total revenue curves.\nIn perfect competition, marginal revenue equals...\nThe market price\nIn perfect competition, profit is maximized when\nmarginal cost equals marginal revenue.
+__label__positive AIIMS PG November 2014 Questions\n\nAIIMS PG Exam Preparation\n\nLatest AIIMS PG Nov 2014 Questions are updated here.\n\nAIIMS PG Entrance 2014 was conducted on 09 November.\u00a0AIIMS PG 2014 result will be published hereClick for AIIMS PG Jan 2015 Prospectus.\u00a0The general feedback is that there was a high proportion of AIIMS PG\u00a0questions were new, clinical scenarios and image questions. Questions are recollected from the memory of candidates and posted here on this post. You could post your answers and explanations as reply.\n\n1. Which of the following is the treatment option for stage T3N0M0 Laryngeal carcinoma?\n\nA. Radiotherapy\nB.\u00a0Radiation Therapy and Surgery\nC. Chemotherapy\nD.\u00a0None of the above\n\n2. Which of the following segments mediate H-reflex (Hoffmann reflex)?\n\nA. C2-C3\nB. T3-T4\nC. S1\nD. C3-T1\n\n3. Cri-Du-Chat syndrome is due to the deletion of :\n\nA. Chromosome 6\nB. Chromosome 5\nC. Chromosome 2\nD. Chromosome 4\n\n4. What is the fatal dose of Arsenic for human?\n\nA. 120 \u2013 200mg\nB. 30.75 \u2013 35.67mg\nC. 2 \u2013 3mg\nD. 0.456 \u2013 2.345mg\n\n5. What is the blood level of lithium that could reliably predict toxicity?\n\nA. 0.6-0.75 mmol/L\nB. > 0.8 mmol/L\nC. > 1.5 mmol/L\nD. > 2 mmol/L\n\n6. Which among the following arteritis is not seen in adults?\n\nA. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)\nB. Buerger\u2019s disease\nC. Kawasaki disease\nD. Thromboangiitis obliterans\n\n7. Which among the following is the drug for advanced prostate carcinoma?\n\nA. Goserelin acetate\nB. Fulvestrant\nC. Nateglinide\nD. Leflunomide\n\n8. Which of the following is the most common form of parasuicide?\n\nA. Cutting forearm\nB. Overdose of medication\nC. Self Burn\nD. Hanging\n\n\n\nFree Gold Pack \u2013 Register Now\n80+ mock tests and over 3000 MCQs for FREE\n\nCourses & Offers\nG2M Capsule packages for your medical pg entrance examinations with offer.\n\nYou may also like...
+__label__positive Take the tour \u00d7\n\nSuppose $K$ is a centrally symmetric, strictly convex body in $\\mathbb{R}^2$. Let denote the curvature and the support function of $\\partial K$, boundary of $K$, respectively with $\\kappa$ and $s$. If $m\\le\\frac{\\kappa}{s^3}(K)\\le M$ for some positive numbers $m$ and $M$, does it mean there are ellipsoids $E_1$ and $E_2$ such that $E_1\\subseteq K\\subseteq E_2$ and $$\\frac{\\kappa}{s^3}({E_1})=M,~~~ \\frac{\\kappa}{s^3}(E_2)=m ~~~~? $$\n\nshare|improve this question\nCould you say more about what $s$ is? I think of a \"support function of $X$\" as being a function that is 1 for points in $X$ and 0 otherwise. But apparently not in this case. \u2013\u00a0 Carl Feynman Apr 9 '11 at 16:38\n@Carl Feynman The support function $h_A:\\mathbb{R}^n\\to\\mathbb{R}$ of a non-empty closed convex set $A$ in $\\mathbb{R}^n$ is given by :$ h_A(x)=\\sup\\{ x\\cdot a: a\\in A\\},$ \u2013\u00a0 MINI Apr 9 '11 at 17:06\nI think it should be $M$ for the smaller ellipsoid and $m$ for the larger one. \u2013\u00a0 Sergei Ivanov Apr 9 '11 at 18:31\n@Sergei Ivanov edited. \u2013\u00a0 MINI Apr 9 '11 at 18:33\nSorry, I was confused by the word \"ellipsoid\" (rather than \"ellipse\") and thought that it was in $\\mathbb R^3$. \u2013\u00a0 Sergei Ivanov Apr 10 '11 at 22:09\nshow 3 more comments\n\n1 Answer\n\nup vote 4 down vote accepted\n\nYes this is true. Let me handle the inner ellipse, the outer one is similar.\n\nFor brevity, denote $\\kappa/s^3$ by $a$. It is easy to see that $$ a = \\frac{\\dot\\gamma\\wedge\\ddot\\gamma}{(\\gamma\\wedge\\dot\\gamma)^3} $$ where $t\\mapsto \\gamma(t)$ is any counter-clockwise parametrization of the boundary curve. For an ellipse, this is a constant inverse proportional to the square of the area. So we have to prove that the maximum-area ellipse contained in $K$ has $a\\le M$.\n\nSo let $E$ be the maximum-area ellipse contained in $K$. Since the problem is centro-affine invariant, we may assume that $E$ is the unit circle. Then we have to prove that $M\\ge 1$.\n\nConsider the points where $\\partial K$ touches $\\partial E$. One easily sees that the intervals between these points on the circle are no greater than $\\pi/2$, otherwise $E$ could be made larger. Choose coordinates so that one of the touch points is $(1,0)$, then there is another touch point of the form $(\\cos\\theta,\\sin\\theta)$ where $0<\\theta\\le\\pi/2$. Observe that the arc of $\\partial K$ between these touch points is contained in the square $[0,1]^2$.\n\nParametrize $\\partial K$ by spanned area, i.e. by a curve $t\\mapsto\\gamma(t)$ such that $\\gamma\\wedge\\dot\\gamma=1$. Then $\\gamma\\wedge\\ddot\\gamma=0$, hence $\\ddot\\gamma(t)=-a(t)\\gamma(t)$ for all $t$ where $a(t)$ is the centro-affine curvature. Let $\\gamma(t)=(x(t),y(t))$, then $\\ddot x(t)=-a(t)x(t)$ and $\\ddot y(t)=-a(t)y(t)$. Suppose that $M=\\sup a(t)<1$. Since $x(0)=1$, $\\dot x(0)=0$, $y(0)=0$ and $\\dot y(0)=1$, a standard comparison theorem for equations of the form $\\ddot x=-ax$ implies that $x(t)>\\cos t$ and $y(t)>\\sin t$ for all $t\\in(0,\\pi/2]$. Therefore $x(t)^2+y(t)^2>1$ for all $t\\in(0,\\pi/2]$ and $y(\\pi/2)>1$. This means that $\\gamma$ leaves the square $[0,1]^2$ before is has a chance to touch the circle again, a contradiction.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n@Sergei Ivanov Superbe! \u2013\u00a0 MINI Apr 11 '11 at 20:46\nadd comment\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive OSU Phenology Garden Network\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat is phenology?\n\nPhenology is the study of recurring biological phenomena and their relationship to weather.\u00a0 Bird migration, hunting and gathering seasons, blooming of wildflowers and trees, and the seasonal appearance of insects are examples of phenological events that have been recorded for centuries.\u00a0 We have all observed that plants bloom earlier in warm springs.\u00a0 Insects also emerge earlier when it is warm than in cooler seasons.\u00a0 Because the development of both plants and insects is temperature dependent, plants can accurately track the environmental factors that determine when insects are active.\u00a0 For this reason, plant phenology can be used to predict insect emergence.\u00a0 Indeed, the use of plant phenology to predict insect activity is an old practice, with recorded observations dating back at least 300 years.\u00a0 In fact, research at The Ohio State University has shown that plants bloom and insects emerge in virtually the same order every year, no matter what kind of weather occurred that winter or spring.\u00a0 For this reason, the flowering sequence of plants can be used as a biological calendar to predict insect activity, and to time other gardening practices that are dependent on a particular stage of plant development, such as propagation or weed control.\u00a0 The trees and shrubs planted in the OSU Phenology Garden network sites will be monitored for the first and full bloom, which will assist with identifying insect activity.
+__label__positive Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nWhat are body planes?\n\nImaginary lines used for reference.\n\nWhat are the different planes in the human body used?\n\nMedian plane, coronal plane, and transverse plane.\n\nWhat is a section?\n\nA real or an imaginary cut made along a plane.\n\nWhat is a cut along the median plane?\n\nSagittal section.\n\nWhat is a cut along the coronal plane?\n\nFrontal section.\n\nWhat is a cut through the transverse plane?\n\n\nWhat is anatomical position?\n\nThe body is erect, feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward.\n\nWhat are the directional terms?\n\nSuperior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.\n\nWhat is the dorsal cavity?\n\nIncludes the cranial and spinal cavities.\n\nWhat is the ventral cavity?\n\nIncludes the orbits and the nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominalpelvic cavities.\n\nWhat is Histology?\n\nThe study of tissues.\n\nWhat is a tissue?\n\nA group of cells that act together to perform a specific function.\n\nWhat are the four fundamental tissues?\n\nEpithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.\n\nWhat is Epithelial tissue?\n\nCells over, line and protect the body and it's internal organs.\n\nWhat is Connective tissue?\n\nFramework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs.\n\nWhat is Nerve tissue?\n\nComposed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia.\n\nWhat is Muscle tissue?\n\nTissue that has the ability to contract or shorten. Voluntary muscle (skeletal) and involuntary muscle (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle).\n\nWhat is a cell?\n\nThe basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs.\n\nWhat is an organelle?\n\nA object inside a cell that has a specific function.\n\nWhat is a nucleus?\n\nContains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Main part of a Eukaryotic cell.\n\nWhat is a Ribosome?\n\nUsed for synthesis of proteins.\n\nWhat are enzymes?\n\nProteins (99%), that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.\n\nWhat is Mitosis necessary for?\n\nGrowth and repair.\n\nWhat happens during Mitosis?\n\nThe DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells.\n\nWhat is Meiosis?\n\nSpecial cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes), the chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23, so when the egg and sperm unite in fertilization the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes.\n\nWhat are the principal membranes?\n\nMucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous - composed of epithelial tissue.\n\nWhat are the different types of glands?\n\nSudoriferous, sebaceous, and ceruminous.\n\nWhere does cartilage replace bone in embryonic development?\n\nJoints, the thorax, and various rigid tubes.\n\nWhat is the largest organ in the body?\n\nThe skin.\n\nWhat does the skin consist of?\n\nTwo layers: the epidermis (the outer most protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells; and the dermis which is the underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures.\n\nWhat does the Dermis rest on?\n\nThe subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the superficial muscles.\n\nWhat are the layers of the Epidermis?\n\nStratum corneum, stratum lucedum, tratum granulosum, and the inner most stratum germinativum.\n\nWhat layer does mitosis occur in the Epidermis?\n\nThe stratum gerninativum.\n\nWhat is Melanin?\n\nA protein pigment found in epidermal cells, protect skin against radiation from the sun.\n\nWhat does the Dermis contain?\n\nFibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.\n\nWhat are the two types of sweat glands?\n\nEccrine and apocrine.\n\nWhat are Eccrine glands?\n\nWidely most distrubuted sweat glands that regulate the body tempearture by releasing a watery scretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.\n\nWhat are Apocrine glands?\n\nMainly in the armpits and the groin area. Contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. The cell debris attracts bacteria, and the presense of bacteria results in body oder.\n\nWhat do Sebaceous glands release?\n\nSebum - through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying.\n\nWhat is oil produced by?\n\nHolocrine secretion, in which whole cells of the gland are part of the secretion.\n\nWhat are the appendages of the skin?\n\nHair and nails.\n\nWhat are hair and nails composed of?\n\nA strong protein called keratin.\n\nWhat can hair, skin and nails be used for in diagnosis?\n\nThey may show changes in different diseases that can be used in clincal conditions. i.e., skin cancer is a clinical condition that is associated with the skin.\n\nWhat does the bodys framework consist of?\n\nBone, cartilage, ligaments, plus the joints between the bones.\n\nWhat are the functions of the skeletal system?\n\nSupport, permission of movement, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), protection of internal organs, detoxification (removal of poisons), provision for muscle attachment, and mineral storage (particularly calcium and phosphorus).\n\nWhat are the different shapes of bones?\n\nLong, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.\n\nWhat is a Long bone?\n\nHas an iregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy (cancellous) bone, and a shaft or diaphysis, composed mainly of compact bone.\n\nWhat are the cells that form compact bone?\n\n\nWhat do Osteoblasts turn into when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix?\n\nThey stop dividng but continue to maintain bone tissue as osteocytes.\n\nWhat does the axial skeleton consist of?\n\n28 bones of the skull. Separated into 14 facial bones, and the 14 bones of teh cranium.; and 33 bones of the veretebral column. Final portion consist of the bones of the thorax, the sternum and the 12 pairs of ribs.\n\nWhat are the facial bones?\n\nTwo nasal bones, two maxillary bones, two zygomatic bones, one mandible (only moveable bone in the skull), two palatine bones, one vomer, two lacrimal bones, and two inferior nasal conchae.\n\nWhat do the bones of the cranium consist of?\n\nSingle occipital, frontal, ehtmoid, and sphenoid and the paired parietal, temporal, and ossicles of the ear.\n\nWhat are the ossicles of the ear?\n\nMalleus, incus and stapes.\n\nWhat are the bones of the vertebral column?\n\nSeven cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae (fused to form the sacrum), and the occygeal vertebrae (tailbone.\n\nWhat does the Appendicular Skeleton consist of?\n\nIncludes the bones of girdles and the limbs.\n\nWhat is the upper portion of the appendicular skeleton?\n\nConsists of the pectoral or shoulder girdle, the clavicle and scapula and the upper extremeity.\n\nWhat are the bones in the arm?\n\nThe humerus, the radius and ulna, the carpals (wrist bones), the metatarsals (bones of the hand), and the phalanges (bones of the fingers).\n\nWhat is the lower portion of the appendicular skeleton?\n\nConsists of the pelvic girdle or os coxae, and the lower extremitys.\n\nWhat does the os Coxae consist of?\n\nConsists of the fused ilium, ischium and pubis.\n\nWhat do the lower extremeitys of the appendicular skeleton consist of?\n\nFemur (thighbone), the tibia and fibula, the tarsals (ankle bones), the metatarsals (bones of the foot), and the phalanges.\n\nHow do Muscles produce movement?\n\nBy contracting in response to nervous stimulation.\n\nWhat does Muscle contraction result from?\n\nSliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber.\n\nWhat does each muscle cell consist of?\n\nMyofibrils, which in turn are made up of still smaller units called sarcomeres.\n\nWhat needs to happen for a muscle cell to contract?\n\nCalcium and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) must be present. Nervous stimulation from motor neurons cause the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions attach to inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments within the cell, moving them aside so that cross-bridges can form between actin and myosin filamens. Using energy supplied by ATP, the filaments slide together to produce contraction.\n\nWhat are Skeletal muscles?\n\nMake up the muscular system, also called voluntary muscle because they are under concious control. These muscles must work in pairs.\n\nWhat is a prime mover?\n\nA muscle that executes a given movement.\n\nWhat is the Antagonist?\n\nA muscle that provides the opposite movement.\n\nWhat are synergists?\n\nMuscles that may work in cooperation with the prime mover.\n\nHow can muscles be classified?\n\nAccording to the movement they elicit. There are flexors and extensors. Abducters and adducters.\n\nWhat is a flexor?\n\nReduce the angle at the joint.\n\nWhat is an extensor?\n\nIncrease the angle at the joint.\n\nWhat is an abductor?\n\nDraw the limb away from the midline.\n\nWhat is an adductor?\n\nReturn the limb back toward the body.\n\nWhat does the Nervous System consist of?\n\nBrain, spinal cord, and the nerves.\n\nWhat is the function of the Nervous System?\n\nThis vital system enables us to percieve many of the changes that take place in our external and internal environments and to respond to those changes (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching are examples of perception). It enables us to think, reason, remember and carry out other abstract activities. It makes possible body movements by skeletal muscles, by supplying them with nerve impulses that cause contraction. It works closely with endocrine glands, correlating and integrating body functions such as digestion and reprodution.\n\nWhat do all actions of the nervous system depend on?\n\nThe transmission of nerve impulses over neurons or nerve cells.\n\nWhat are Nerve cells?\n\nThe functional units of the nervous system.\n\nWhat are the main parts of a Neuron?\n\nBody, axon and dendrites.\n\nWhat are dendrites?\n\nTrasmit the impulse toward the cell body.\n\nWhat are axons?\n\nTransmit the impulse away from the body.\n\nHow is the Nervous System divided?\n\n\nWhat does the PNS consist of?\n\nAll the nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS.\n\nWhat do Sensory (Afferent) neurons trasmit?\n\nTrasmit nerve impulses toward the CNS.\n\nWhat do Motor (Efferent) neurons transmit?\n\nTransmit nerve impulses away from the CNS, toward the effector organs such as the muscles, glands, and digestive organs.\n\nWhat are the major parts of the brain?\n\nThe cerebrum (associated with movement and sensory input), the cerebellum (responsible for muscular coordiation), and the medulla oblongata (controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate).\n\nWhat is the Spinal Cord?\n\nApproximately 18 inches long and extends from the base of the skull (foramen magnum) to the first or second lumbar veretebra (L1 or L2).\n\nHow many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?\n\n\nWhat are Simple Spinal Reflexes?\n\nRelfexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.\n\nWhat are the different tracts to and from the brain of the Spinal Cord?\n\nAscending and descending tracts.\n\nWhere do Sensory impulses enter?\n\nThe dorsal horns of the spinal cord.\n\nWhere do Motor impulses leave?\n\nThe ventral horns of the spinal cord?\n\nWhat is the Endocrine system?\n\nAssists the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation.\n\nWhere do the Endocrine System and the Nervous system meet?\n\nThe hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.\n\nWhat governs the Pituitary Gland?\n\nThe hypothalamus.\n\nWhat is the Hypothalamus controlled by?\n\nThe feedback of hormones in the blood?\n\nWhat is the difference between the control of the Central Nervous System and the Endocrine System?\n\nThe endocrine system has long-lasting and widespread effects.\n\nWhat are Hormones?\n\nChemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells.\n\nWhat are the two major groups of hormones?\n\nSteroid hormones, and protein hormones.\n\nWhat are Steriod hormones?\n\nHormones that target the cells and have direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.\n\nWhat are Protein hormones?\n\nHormones that remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger; usually adenosine mono phosphate (AMP).\n\nHow do most hormones affect cell activity?\n\nBy altering the rate of protein synthesis.\n\nWhat is the pituitary gland?\n\nThe master gland, it is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum. It has two major portions: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).\n\nWhat are the hormones of the adenohypophysis called?\n\nTropic hormones because they act mainly on other endocrine glands. i.e.; Somatotropin (STH) or growth hormone (GH), adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH).\n\nWhat do hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary consist of?\n\nOxytocin (the labor hormone) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).\n\nWhat are the other important endocrine glands?\n\nThyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and the gonads (the ovaries and the testes).\n\nWhat does whole blood consist of?\n\n55% plasma and 45 % formed elements.\n\nWhat are formed elements?\n\nErythrocytes (Red Blood Cells), Leukocytes (White Blood Cells), and platelets.\n\nWhere are formed elements produced?\n\nProduced from stem cells in red bone marrow.\n\nWhat are Erythrocytes?\n\nModified formed elements that are used for transport of oxygen.\n\nWhat is oxygen bounded too?\n\nBounded to the pigmented protein hemoglobin.\n\nHow are the five types of leukocytes distinguished?\n\nBasis of size, appearance of the nucleus, staining properties, and presense or absense of visible cytoplasmic granules.\n\nWhat are WBC's active in?\n\nPhagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes), and antibody formation (lymphcytes).\n\nWhat is the purpose of platelets?\n\nActive in the process of blood clotting.\n\nWhat does Blood serve for?\n\nTransportation of oxygen and nutrients to body cells and to carry away carbon dixoide and metabolic waste.\n\nWhat does Plasma contain?\n\nApproximately 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products and hormones, which are dissolved or suspended in water.\n\nWhat is the heart?\n\nA double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circult.\n\nWhere is blood recieved?\n\nThe atria.\n\nWhere is blood pumped into circulation by?\n\nThe ventricles.\n\nWhat are the valves between the atria and the ventricles?\n\nInclude the tricuspid on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid on the left.\n\nWhat are Semilunar valves?\n\nFound at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.\n\nHow is blood supplosed to the heart muscle (the myocardium)?\n\nThrough the coronary arterties.\n\nWhere does Blood drains from the myocardium directly into?\n\nRight atrium through the coronary sinus.\n\nWhat is the hearts intrinsic beat initiated by?\n\nThe sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium.\n\nWhat does the ECG measure?\n\nThe wave of electrical activity of the intrinsic beat that in initiated by the sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conuction system through the myocardium.\n\nWhat is the cardiac cycle?\n\n\nWhat is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?\n\n\nWhat is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?\n\n\nWhat does the Vascular system include?\n\nArteries that carry blood away from the heart, veins that carry blood toward the heart, and the microscopic vessesl (the capillaries) through which exchanges take place betwen the blood and the cells of the body.\n\nWhere do the systemic arteries begin?\n\nThe aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body.\n\nWhat happens to arteries as they get farther away from the heart?\n\nThey become thinner and thinner.\n\nWhat are the smallest arteries called?\n\n\nWhat is the Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae?\n\nLarge veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart.\n\nWhat is the structure of artery walls?\n\nThick and elastic. They carry blood under high pressure.\n\nWhat do Vasoconstriction and vasodilation result from?\n\nContraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls.\n\nWhat do Vasoconstriction and vasodilation influence?\n\nBlood pressure and blood distribution to the tissues.\n\nWhat is the structure of veins walls?\n\nThinner and less elastic then those of the arteries, they carry blood under lower pressure.\n\nWhat are Mechanisms that draw venous blood back to the heart?\n\nPressure of skeletal muscle on the veines, expansion of the chest in breathing, and valves in the veins of the legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction.\n\nWhat are the components of the Respiratory System?\n\nThe nose, phayrnx, larynx, trachae, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, diaphragm and muscles surrounding the ribs.\n\nWhat is Respiration controllded by?\n\nThe respiratory control center in the medulla of the brain.\n\nWhat does the Respiratory System do?\n\nOxygen to the body and elimantes carbon dioxide.\n\nWhat is External Respiration?\n\nRefers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.\n\nWhat is Internal Respiration?\n\nRefers to the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.\n\nWhat do the passageways between the nasal cavity and the alveoli serve as?\n\nConduction of gases to and from the lungs. Also to warm, filter, and moisten upcoming air.\n\nWhat are the upper respiratory tubules lined with?\n\nCilia that help to trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.\n\nWhat does Inhalation require?\n\nContraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs.\n\nWhat is Exhalation?\n\nA passive process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the horax decreases in size.\n\nWhen is oxygen released from hemoglobin?\n\nWhen the concentration of oxygen drops in the tissues.\n\nWhat is carbon dioxide converted to?\n\nBicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells. This also release hydrogen ions, Co2 remains as a regulator of blood pH.\n\nWhat does the ailentary canal consist of?\n\n\nSee More\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? 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+__label__positive Child Psych 1st test vocab\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user medic11 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome\n    Mental retardation, slow growth & facial abnormalities caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy\n  2. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder\n    Range of physical, mental & behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure\n  3. Embryo\n    Prenatal organism fr. 2-8 wks aft conception\n  4. Amnion\n    Membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid\n  5. Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder\n    Least severe FAS disorder causing brain inj but w/normal physical growth& absence of facial abnormalities\n  6. Age of Viability\n    Age @ which a fetus can survive if born early\n  7. Teratogen\n    Any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period\n  8. Developmental Science\n    All changes we experience during our life span\n  9. Microsystem\n    Bronfenbrenner's innermost level of environment that includes activities & interaction patterns in immediate surroundings\n  10. Mesosystem\n    Bronfenbrenner's 2nd level of environment that encompasses connections between microsystems; home, school, neighborhood etc\n  11. Describe Sociocultural Theory\n    The ways that culture of a social grp is transmitted fr generation to generation\n  12. Independent Variable\n    One that an investigator expects to cause change in another variable\n  13. Describe an Environmental Design\n    Design that permits inferences about cause & effect b/c researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign ppl 2 or more tx conds\n  14. What is a structured observation?\n    One where an investigator sets up a lab situation to evoke certain behavior so each participant has = opportunity to display a response\n  15. Describe a Naturalistic Observation.\n    Observing behavior of interest in the field or natural environment\n  16. What is Bronfenbrenner's Macrosystem?\n    Outermost level of environment & includes culture, values, laws, customs & resources\n  17. Describe Bronfenbrenner's exosystem.\n    These are social settings that dont contain children but affect childrens experiences in immediate settings\n  18. What is plasticity?\n    Ability for development to be open to change in response to influential experiences\n  19. What are contexts?\n    Unique combinations of environmental & personal circumstances resulting in different paths of change\n  20. What is the fetus?\n    A prenatal organism fr 9th wk to end of pregnancy\n  21. Describe implantation.\n    Time when blastocyst burrows deep into uterine lining\n  22. Describe Partial Fetal Alcohol Sndrome.\n    FAS disorder characterized by facial abnormalities & brain inj caused by consumption of sm amts of alcohol during pregnancy\n  23. What is the placenta?\n    Structure that separates mother's bloodstream fr that of fetus while permitting exchange of nutrients & waste\n  24. What are trimesters?\n    3 equal periods in prenatal period\n  25. The umbilical card is. . . .\n    The link between the prenatal organism & the placenta\n  26. A dependent variable is one that . . . .\n    the investigator expects to be influenced by an independent variable\n  27. Describe random assignment.\n    Unbiased procedure used to choose participants that increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across tx grp\n  28. A longitudinal design is one that. . . .\n    participants are studied as they age & changes are noted\n  29. Childhood development is an area devoted to what?\n    Understanding constancy & change fr conception thru adolescence\n  30. Behavior Modification is described as what?\n    Procedures that combine conditioning & modeling t eliminate undesirable behaviors & increase desirable ones\n  31. What is mutation?\n    A sudden permanent change to DNA\n  32. Genetic counseling . . . .\n    Helps couples to assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a heredity disorder & choose the best course of action\n  33. What are prenatal diagnostic methods?\n    Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems b/f birth\n  34. What is coparenting?\n    Mutually supporting each others parenting behaviors\n  35. What is Socioeconomic Status & 3 variables that determine it?\n    Combined factors that help determine social position & economic well being. Determined by (1) Yrs of education (2) job prestige & skill requirements (3) Income\n  36. An extended family household is one that . . . .\n    parents & children live with one or more adult relatives\n  37. What are fetal monitors?\n    Electronic instruments that track fetal HR during labor\n  38. Describe induced labor.\n    Labor is started artificially by breaking the amnion & admin oxytocin to stim contractions\n  39. What is a cesarian delivery?\n    Surgical birth of a child\n  40. Describe Breech Position.\n    When a fetus is presenting with feet or buttocks 1st.\n  41. What is a theory?\n    An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains & predicts behavior\n  42. What are cohort effects?\n    A threat to accuracy in longitudinal findings caused by cultural/historical change\n  43. Describe behaviorism.\n    Directly observable events - stimuli & responses\n  44. What does Maturation refer to?\n    A genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth\n  45. Erikson's psychosocial theory states that. . . .\n    In addition to mediating between Id impulses & superego demands, Ego makes positive contributions to development\n  46. Freud's psychosexual Theory say that. . . .\n    The way parents manage their child's sexual & aggressive drives in 1st few yrs is crucial for healthy personality development\n  47. The psychoanalytic perspective says that. . . .\n    Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives & social expectations. How they resolved determines persons ability to learn, get along w/others & cope w/anxiety\n  48. The social learning theory recognizes that . . .\n    Children acquire skills by modeling, observing & imitating others\n  49. Information Processing is what?\n    A view of human mind that ses it as a symbol manipulating system through which info flows\n  50. What is DNA?\n    The chem substance that makes up chromosomes\n  51. A gene is . . . .\n    Segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome\n  52. Gametes are what?\n    Sex cells - sperm & ovum\n  53. Meiosis is the process of what?\n    Cell division that forms gametes or sex cells\n  54. Resilience is described as what?\n    Ability to adapt effectively in face of threats to development\n  55. What is mitosis?\n    Process of DNA duplicating itself\n  56. A zygote is a . . . .\n    cell that results when a sperm & ovum unite\n  57. Sex chromosomes are which ones?\n    The 23rd pair. Males = XY Females = XX\n  58. A phenotypes is what?\n    A directly observable characteristic of an individual\n  59. Kinship Studies are those that. . .\n    Compare characteristics of family members in order to obtain heritability estimates\n  60. Public policies are . . .\n    Laws & govt programs designed to improve current conditions\n  61. A stage is described as what?\n    qualitative changes in thinking, feeling & behaving that characterize specific periods of development\n  62. An allele is . . . .\n    One gene fr mother & one fr father that occur on the same place on a chromosome\n  63. Fraternal or dizygotic twins are described as what?\n    2 infants resulting fr the release & fertilization of 2 ova but are genetically NOT alike\n  64. Homozygous occurs when?\n    Alleles fr both parents are alike & the child will display the inherited trait\n  65. Heterozygous occurs when?\n    Alleles fr each parent are different\n  66. Continuous development is described as what?\n    Process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with\n  67. Identical or monozygotic twins occur when?\n    A zygote separates into 2 clusters of cells that develop into 2 individuals w/same genetic make up\n  68. Autosomes are what?\n    23 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticists number fr longest to shortest\n  69. A genotype is what?\n    A complex blend of genetic info that determines our species & influences all our unique characteristics\n  70. Chromosomes are . . . .\n    Rod like substances that store & transmit genetic info\n  71. X-linked inheritance applies when?\n    A harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males a more likely to be affected.\n  72. Describe dominant - recessive inheritance.\n    Occurs when only 1 allele affects a childs characteristics\n  73. A carrier is a . . . .\n    heterozygous individual w/1 recessive allele that they can pass on to their children\n  74. Natural or prepared child birth is one that utilizes . . .\n    A grp of techniques aimed @ reducing pain & medical intervention & makes child birth as rewarding as possible\n  75. The APGAR scale is a way of. . .\n    Assessing a newborn's condition quickly\n  76. A transition in labor occurs when?\n    At climax of stage 1 when frequency & strength of contractions are @ their peak & cervix opens completely\n  77. Discontinuous development is what?\n    Development process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge @ specific times\n  78. A clinical interview is described as what?\n    A flexible, conversational style used to probe participants for their POV\n  79. The clinical or case study method is described as a. . . .\n    Method for brining together a wide range of info on one child to include interviews, observation &/or test scores\n  80. Cognitive - developmental theory says that. . . .\n    Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate & explore their worlds\n  81. A sensitive period is one that is. . . .\n    Biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge b/c individual is especially responsive to environmental influences\n  82. Developmental cognitive neuroscience is described as . . .\n    Info processing research that brings together researchers fr psychology, biology, neuroscience & medicine to study relationship between changes in brain & developing childs cognitive processing & behavior patterns\n  83. Visual acuity is what?\n    Fineness of discrimination\n  84. SIDS is described as the . . . .\n    Unexpected death of an infant <1 yr of age\n  85. Rapid eye mvmt sleep is defined as?\n    Sleep state when brain wave activity is very similar to that of the waking state\n  86. States of arousal are defined as?\n    Degrees of sleep or wakefulness\n  87. A reflex is an . . . .\n    Inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation\n  88. Bonding is the development of what?\n    Feelings of affection & concern for an infant\n  89. Neonatal Mortality is the . . . .\n    Rate of death within the 1st month of life\n  90. Nature vs nurture controversy is an age old argument that what?\n    Questions whether genetic or environmental factors are more important in influencing development\n  91. Infant mortality is described as what?\n    Number of deaths in 1st year of life/1000 live births\n  92. A small-for-date child is described as one that . . .\n    Is below expected weight considering length of pregnancy\n  93. Anoxia defined as what?\n    Inadequate O2 supply\n\nCard Set Information\n\nChild Psych 1st test vocab\n2011-09-29 11:37:04\nChild Psych\n\nVocab for 1st test\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive Section 5:DNA and Traits - part b\n\nS4.C2.PO(1-4) S2.C1.PO(1-4) C2.PO(1-4) S3.C2.PO(3)\n\nthe study of the traits of organisms.\n\nclick to find the answer to today's question What is a gene pool?\n\nSexual reproduction involves the combining of a sperm cell and an egg cell from two individuals. The offspring of this \"cross\" will have characteristics from both \"parents\". Organisms that are produced by crossing individuals with different traits are known as hybrids. In most cases, hybrid organisms are more successful than those that are produced from a very limited gene pool. This is sometimes called hybrid vigor. While gene sharing is well understood today, before Gregor Mendel the process was a mystery. Homeboy Mendel\n\nGregor Mendel link to an Internet Website is known as the father of modern genetics. Mendel's genius was that he noticed differences in peas being grown in his gardenlink to a local picture and applied the scientific method to determine the cause of these differences. He published a paper in 1865 with these three conclusions to his research:\n\nAt the time, chromosomes and the process of meiosis were unknown. Mendel's work was considered obscure and unimportant until 1900, when Walter Sutton proposed the Chromosome Theory.\n\nImportant genetic terms:\n\nGenotype - the genetic makeup of an organism.\nPhenotype - the external appearance of an organism.\nHomozygous trait - the genes for that trait are the same.\nHeterozygous trait - the genes for that trait are not the same.\nMonohybrid cross - a cross between individuals with one pair of contrasting genes.\nDihybrid cross - a cross between individuals with two pairs of contrasting genes.\nParents - the two organisms whose genes produce offspring.\nF1 generation - the offspring from parents.\nF2 generation - the offspring produced by crossing two F1 individuals.\n\nGene - A discrete unit of heredity information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA carried on chromosomes.\n\nAllele - An alternative forma of a gene. (Stem length:\u00a0 T = tall stem\u00a0\u00a0 t = short stem)\n\nCodominant - both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals (AB blood type).\n\nComplete dominance - the dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies\n\nIncomplete dominance - a phenotype of a heterozygous individual (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotype of the two types of homozygous individuals (AA, aa). (does not blend)\n\nSex linked gene - A gene located on either sex chromosome.\n\n\n\nTo understand genetics, one must understand probabilities.\n\nRandom events and probability The traits that are passed from parents to offspring are determined by the combination of genes that are in the gametes. This is a random event in nature. The probability of a particular event occurring is the fraction of outcomes in which that event occurs.\n\nWhat is the probability of the number 5 coming up when a dice is rolled?\n\nWhat is the probability of rolling an even number with a dice?\n\nWhat is the probability of cutting an ace from a deck of shuffled cards?\n\nIntroduction to Punnett Squares:\n\nA Punnett Square is a chart drawn to determine the probable results of a genetic cross. To be able to draw a Punnett Square, you must know the genotype of both parents.\n\nSample Problem 1. \u00a0 In roses, red flowers are dominant over white flowers. What are the possible offspring when a homozygous red rose is crossed with a homozygous white rose.\n\nNine steps are needed to solve problem 1:\n\nWrite genotype for each parent.\n  \u2022 Use a capital case letter of the dominant trait to represent a dominant gene.\n    \u2022 R - for the dominant trait red.\n  \u2022 Use a small case letter of the dominant trait to represent a recessive gene.\n    \u2022 r - for the recessive white.\n  \u2022 If no dominant trait is present, use a small letter of each trait.\n  \u2022 Both parents are homozygous in the sample problem. The genotypes for the cross are -\n    RR X rr\nWrite the possible gametes of one parent across the top.\n\nWrite the possible gametes of the other parent down the side.\n\nDraw the lines of your Punnett Square. This is the first time you know how many squares are inside the Punnett Square.\n\nCombine the gametes from each parent in the squares. Always write capital letters first.\n\nCount the number of each possible combination present in your Punnett Square. These are the offspring genotypes.\n4 \u00a0 R r\nThe phenotypes are the way the offspring appear.\n4 \u00a0 red\nSince the genes are not the same,\nthis trait is heterozygous.\nDivide the number of each combination type by the total combinations.\n\nYou now have the probability ratio for the offspring of the parents.\n\n4 / 4\n\nFour out of Four, or all (100%), of the offspring will be heterozygous red,\nR r\n\nSample Problem 2. \u00a0 Draw a Punnett Square showing the possibilities when two of the Rr offspring above are crossed. \u00a0\n\nWhat genotypes are predicted by this square? \u00a0\n\nWhat phenotypes are predicted by this square? \u00a0\n\nSample Problem 3. \u00a0 In carnations, neither red nor white is dominant. What are the possible results when two pink carnations are crossed?\n\nSince neither trait is dominant, no capital letters are used in the Punnett Square. Use the first letter of each trait to indicate that gene in the square. \u00a0\n\nAssignment 1.5b - DNA and Traits\nScoring criteria\nlink to a local webpage\n\nPart 1: History of Genetics\n\n  1. Why is Gregor Mendel considered the father of genetics?\n  2. View this video on Mendel and Classical Genetics\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 in order to answer the following video questions.\n    1. Describe two rejected hypothesis about heredity and why they were rejected?\n    2. How did Mendel figure out that blending was not responsible for pink flower offspring of red and white flowers?\n    3. Draw a diagram describing and defining the term allele.\n    4. Explain how alleles are related to the terms homozygous and heterozygous?\n    5. What is the relationship between phenotype and genotype?\n    6. Explain how probability is part of genetics?\n    7. How does the canary breeder get reds into the genetics of canaries?\n    8. Why are test crosses important in genetics?\n    9. What lead to Mendel's discovery of the principles of inheritance?\n  3. Visit this site link to an Internet Website and explore inheritance patterns just as Gregory Mendel did. Complete the first four sections recording all data and questions on paperlink to a local webpage for each of these sections.\n    1. Pure breeding\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n    2. Do Traits Blend\n    3. Patterns of Inheritance\n\n\nPart 2: Probability and The Punnett Square\n\n  1. Explain how probability can be used to predict the outcome of a random event?\n  2. What is needed to construct a Punnett square?\n  3. Explain why a Punnett square would be used?\n  4. What does a capital letter represent in a Punnett Square?\n  5. When you see a Punnett Square with no capital letters in it, what do you know about the traits represented in the square?\n  6. Explain the difference between an organisms genotype and phenotype.\n  7. Is the offspring used in sample question 2 above heterozygous or homozygous for the trait?\n  8. Complete the above sample Punnett square problems (in green boxes, problems 1,2, 3) here. Include the genotype and phenotype percentages for the f1 generation.\n\nPart 3: Practice monohybrid crosses (show all Punnett square work)\n\n  1. Let's say that in seals, the gene for the length of the whiskers has two alleles.\u00a0 The dominant allele (W) codes for long whiskers & the recessive allele (w) codes for short whiskers.\n\n    a)\u00a0 What percentage of offspring would be expected to have short whiskers from the cross of two\n\n    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 long-whiskered seals, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous?\n    b)\u00a0 If one parent seal is pure long-whiskered and the other is short-whiskered, what percent of\n\n    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 offspring would have short whiskers?\n\n\n  2. In chimpanzees, straight fingers are dominant to bent fingers. Complete a Punnett square to show the genotypes and phenotypes expected for the following cross: heterozygous straight x homozygous bent.\n\n\nHonors biology:\n\n  1. Use this link to visit the University of Arizona's\u00a0 link to an Internet Website The Biology project Monohybrid Cross problem set. Read the directions at the site carefully and complete questions 1-8. Copy each of the questions along with the work you did to get your answers on a sheet of paper or in this assignment.\n\n\nResearch Links:\n\n\n\nBiology Class Nucleic Acid Page\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA gene pool refers to all the genes that can be shared by reproduction within a population.
+__label__positive VMware 2V0-622PSE Exam Review Questions \u2013 Updated 2017\n\nVMware Certified Professional 6.5 \u2013 Data Center Virtualization PSE certification as a profession has an incredible evolution over the last few years. VMware 2V0-622PSE Data Center Virtualization PSE exam is the forerunner in validating credentials against . Here are updated VMware 2V0-622PSE exam questions, which will help you to test the quality features of DumpsSchool exam preparation material completely free. You can purchase the full product once you are satisfied with the product.\n\nVersion: 8.0\nQuestion: 1\n\nWhat color indicates that the Liquid Contact Indicators inside a MacBook Pro (13-inch, Mid 2012, have been triggered?\n\nA. Red\nB. Blue\nC. White\nD. Yellow\n\nAnswer: A\n\nQuestion: 2\n\nWhat is the likely cause of an iMac (21.5-inch, Late 2013) producing a single error tone at startup that repeats every five seconds?\n\nA. The unit does not have RAM or RAM is not installed properly.\nB. The logicboard has failed and must be replaced.\nC. The RAM does not pass data integrity tests.\nD. The hard drive has failed S.M.A.R.T. status.\n\nAnswer: A\n\nQuestion: 3\n\nApple recommends a DIMM installation scheme for the Mac Pro (Late 2013) that:\n\nA. Increases processing power\nB. Enhances graphics processing\nC. Optimizes system cooling\nD. Enables use of special memory module\n\nAnswer: D\n\nQuestion: 4\n\nYou must know the AppleCare name of an Intel iMac before performing which of the following actions?\n\nA. Starting upfrom OS X Recovery HD\nB. Running Mac Resource Inspector.\nC. Replacing the logic board\nD. Resetting the NVRAM.\n\nAnswer: C\n\nQuestion: 5\n\nWhich of the following could indicate accidental damage when inspecting the inside of a Mac mini (Late 2012) before a repair?\n\nA. Light dust in the fans\nB. Third-party RAM installed\nC. Lint gathered near the rear vents\nD. Oxidation or discoloration of the logic board\n\nAnswer: D\n\nQuestion: 6\n\nWhich of the following is a valid electrical safety precaution when working on a computer or display with exposed, potentially energized parts?\n\nA. Use only metal screw drivers or fingers as needed to connect or disconnect cables.\nB. Always wear an ESD wrist or heel strap when working on plugged in systems.\nC. Be very careful handling the logic board or power supply while the computer is plugged in.\nD. Remove rings, watches, necklaces, metal-rimmed eyewear and other metallic articles before workingon the computer.\n\nAnswer: D\n\nClick Here to Get All VMware 2V0-622PSE Exam Questions:
+__label__positive 8th Physics Review 3 Week Assessment: Question Preview (ID: 16558)\n\nBelow is a preview of the questions contained within the game titled 8TH PHYSICS REVIEW 3 WEEK ASSESSMENT: 3 Week Assessment Review .To play games using this data set, follow the directions below. Good luck and have fun. Enjoy! [print these questions]\n\n\nAll elements in the same group have--\na) The same atomic number. b) the same atomic mass. c) the same color. d) similar chemical properties.\nIn a chemical reaction between (KSO4) and (CaCl2) which element cannot be on the PRODUCT side?\na) K b) S c) Fe d) Cl\nProtons are found--\na) in the energy levels b) in the nucleus of an atom c) in the nucleus of a cell d) paired up with electrons in energy levels.\nThe unit used to measure force is--\na) Celsius b) Newton c) Gram d) Meters\n2H4O In this chemical formula, how many Hydrogen atoms are present?\na) 3 b) 8 c) 4 d) 2\nThe fastest train in the world moves at 500 km/hr. How far will it go in 2 hours?\na) 1200 km b) 900 km c) 250 km d) 1000 km\nA track is 400 m around. If it takes a person 200 seconds to run one lap, how fast did they run the lap?\na) 6 m/s b) 3 m/s c) 7 m/s d) 2 m/s\nForce is a--\na) push or pull b) unbalanced c) balanced d) All of the above\nVelocity is--\na) speed with acceleration b) speed with direction c) acceleration d) inertia\nWhich example is best describing friction?\na) A feather falling from the sky b) rolling a bowling ball c) a rocket taking off from earth d) rubbing your hands together to create heat\nWhich formula represents Newton's 2nd law of motion?\na) M= f/a b) s=d/t c) d= s x t d) f= m x a\nAccording to Newton's 1st law (inertia) an object will stay in motion unless a force acts on it. What type of force must act on the object to make it move?\na) Outside b) Unbalanced c) Balanced d) Heavy\nA basketball bouncing off the gym floor is an example of which law?\na) Newton's 1st law b) Newton's 2nd law c) Newton's 3rd Law d)\nWhen Sally went sky diving, she first jumped from the airplane, then released her parachute to slow her fall. Why does the parachute slow Sally's fall?\na) It decreases air resistance b) It increases air resistance c) it increases gravity d) It makes her lighter\nAccroding to the laws of motion, motion will only occur if the force is---\na) Balanced b) Strong c) weak d) Unbalanced\nWhich statement best describes Newton's 3rd law of motion?\na) F= m x a b) An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. c) s=d/t d) For every action there is an equal reaction.\nHow much force is needed to stop a bus moving 300 Newtons West.\na) 300 N South b) 300 N East c) 300 N West d) 300 N North\nSodium carbonate is used to soften water. Its formula is Na2CO3. Which element is not in the formula?\na) NA b) H c) C d) O\nWhat instrument is used to measure force?\na) Metric Ruler b) Triple beam balance c) Spring Scale d) Graduated Cylinder\nIf two teams are playing tug-o-war and Team A pulls with a force of 50 Newtons, and Team B pulls with a force of 70 Newtons, what will the outcome be?\na) The teams will not move because the force is balanced. b) The teams will move in the direction of the weaker force, with a force of 30 Newtons. c) The teams will move in the direction of the stronger force, with a force of 20 newtons. d) The people will move in the direction of the stronger force, with a force of 50 Newtons.\nPlay Games with the Questions above at ReviewGameZone.com\nTo play games using the questions from the data set above, visit ReviewGameZone.com and enter game ID number: 16558 in the upper right hand corner at ReviewGameZone.com or simply click on the link above this text.\n\nLog In\n| Sign Up / Register
+__label__positive I'm trying to find some mathematical docs about the complex (analytic signal) band pass filtering in discrete time. I've read some text already but most of them describes the problem in real time only.\n\nI would really appreciate some equations.\n\n\nI found this coefficients' computation equation for real signals:\n\n$$ w_{bp}(n) = \\begin{cases} \\displaystyle\\frac{\\sin\\left[2\\pi f_{t2}\\left(n-\\frac M2\\right)\\right]}{\\pi\\left(n-\\frac M2\\right)}-\\frac{\\sin\\left[2\\pi f_{t1}\\left(n-\\frac M2\\right)\\right]}{\\pi\\left(n-\\frac M2\\right)}, & \\text{if } n \\ne \\frac M2 \\\\[2ex] 2\\left(f_{t2} - f_{t1}\\right), & \\text{if } n = \\frac M2 \\end{cases} $$\n\nI know I have to specify the FIR filter order ($M$) which is approximately 4 / Normalised width of transition band. The application of the filer is a simple convolution of the coefficients computed by the equation above and real signal samples.\n\nNow what I need to know is how to achieve this in complex plain. I also found a similar thread here, which describes the low pass filter design.\n\nPS: I already have my complex $f_c = 5 \\textrm{ kHz}$ signal sampled at $f_s = 32\\textrm{ kHz}$ and I'm familiar with the complex plain problematics.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Could you be a bit more concrete? What exactly do you want to know? You could post the relevant equations in continuous-time, and ask about their discrete-time equivalents. You could also look up \"discrete-time Hilbert transformer\". I think many people here could help you if you clarified your question a bit. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt L. Jan 7 '16 at 21:50\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @MattL. Thanks, i just did some update of the question. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0r.a.m- Jan 7 '16 at 22:14\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Solution: I used a GNU radio implementation of FIR filter designer class, which can be found here > github.com/gnuradio/gnuradio/blob/\u2026 $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0r.a.m- Mar 6 '16 at 18:47\n\nTake a (real-valued) low pass filter with impulse response $h_{LP}[n]$ and with cut-off frequency $(f_2-f_1)/2$, where $f_1$ and $f_2$ are the lower and upper band edges of the desired band pass filter. Define a center frequency $f_0=(f_1+f_2)/2$. Then a real-valued band pass filter is obtained by\n\n$$h_{BP}[n]=2h_{LP}[n]\\cos(2\\pi f_0n)\\tag{1}$$\n\nDepending on the design of the low pass filter, the filter in $(1)$ can be identical to the one in your question.\n\nIf you want a complex-valued band pass filter with a pass band at positive frequencies (but not at negative frequencies), you simply have to modulate the low pass impulse response $h_{LP}[n]$ by a complex exponential instead of by a cosine:\n\n$$h^c_{BP}=h_{LP}[n]e^{j2\\pi f_0n}\\tag{2}$$\n\n\nperhaps the equation you need is the real-valued impulse response of, what is in the frequency domain, a one-sided BPF that is pushed up to $f_c$ (i think what Matt is calling \"$f_0$\").\n\ni think more generally it is\n\n$$ h[n] = h_\\text{re}[n] \\cos(\\omega_c n) - h_\\text{im}[n] \\sin(\\omega_c n) $$\n\n\n$$ h_\\text{im}[n] = \\mathcal{H} \\left\\{ h_\\text{re}[n] \\right\\} $$\n\nso whatever is the frequency response of $h_\\text{re}[n]$, the positive-frequency half of that frequency response is slide up from its left edge being at 0 (or $\\omega=0$) to its left edge being at $\\omega_c$.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ But your filter $h[n]$ is real-valued, so it can't be a \"one-sided BPF\", but its frequency response is (conjugate) symmetrical. Am I missing something? $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt L. Jan 7 '16 at 23:27\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Now I see what you mean. If $h_L[n]=h_{re}[n]+jh_{im}[n]$ is an analytic low pass filter, where $h_{im}[n]$ is the Hilbert transform of $h_{re}[n]$, then the complex-valued one-sided BPF is $$h[n]=h_L[n]e^{jn\\omega_c}=(h_{re}[n]\\cos(n\\omega_c)-h_{im}[n]\\sin(n\\omega_c))+j(h_{im}[n]\\cos(n\\omega_c)+h_{re}\\sin(n\\omega_c))$$. $\\omega_c$ is the lower band edge of the analytic BPF. In my answer, $f_0$ is the center frequency of the BPF. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt L. Jan 7 '16 at 23:37\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ your $f_0$ is the amount of frequency that the $H_{LP}(f)$ is translated. \"center\" is a more difficult thing to define if there happens to be no line of symmetry to base it on. but the amount something is translated is an fully objective thing to define. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0robert bristow-johnson Jan 8 '16 at 3:43\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive Tuesday, October 25, 2011\n\n\n1. Which of the following pairs does not match ?\n(A) Trans Siberian Railway\u2014Moscow to Vladivostok\n(B) Canadian Pacific Railway\u2014Halifax to Vancouver\n(C) Orient Express Railway\u2014Paris to Istanbul\n(D) Cape Cairo Railway\u2014Warsaw to Madrid\n\n2. Which is the largest canal of the world ?\n(A) Suez canal\n(B) Panama canal\n(C) Kra canal\n(D) Bhakra canal\n\n3. Which of the following are connected by Suez canal ?\n(A) Red Sea and Dead Sea\n(B) Red Sea and Arabian Sea\n(C) Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea\n(D) Red Sea and Black Sea\n\n4. Which of the following ports is not situated at Pacific coast ?\n(A) Vancouver\n(B) Los Angeles\n(C) San Francisco\n(D) Miami\n\n5. Which of the following airports is not situated at New York-Tokyo air route ?\n(A) London\n(B) Paris\n(C) Rome\n(D) Panama\n\n6. Which of the following occupations is not related to tertiary economy ?\n(A) Transport\n(B) Hunting and gathering\n(C) Trade\n(D) Communication\n\n7. In which region of the world are nights the winters ?\n(A) Tundra region\n(B) Mediterranean region\n(C) Tropical desert region\n(D) Equatorial region\n\n8. Which of the following is not the most developed part of the world ?\n(A) Most of the Western Europe\n(B) Japan\n(C) Nepal\n(D) South-East Australia\n\n9. The school of Environmental Determinism was born in\u2014\n(A) Germany\n(B) India\n(C) England\n(D) France\n\n10. Who was the father of the school of possibilism ?\n(A) Davis\n(B) Chisolm\n(C) Vidal-de-la-Blache\n(D) Aristotle\n\n11. Which of the following is secondary consumer ?\n(A) Goat\n(B) Lion\n(C) Reindeer\n(D) None of these\n\n12. How much is the area of India ?\n(A) 32,87,263 sq. km\n(B) 99,76,140 sq. km\n(C) 95,97,000 sq. km\n(D) 31,40,200 sq. km\n\n13. Which is the southern-most point of India ?\n(A) Kanyakumari\n(B) Goa\n(C) Indira point\n(D) Rameshwaram\n\n14. From economic point of view, the most important rocks are\u2014\n(A) Dharwar\n(B) Gondwana\n(C) Vindhyan\n(D) Cuddapah\n\n15. The stretch of the Himalayas between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers is called\u2014\n(A) The Assam Himalayas\n(B) The Punjab Himalayas\n(C) The Nepal Himalayas\n(D) The Kumaon Himalayas\n\n16. The flood plain along river banks formed by newer alluvium is called\u2014\n(A) Bhabar\n(B) Khadar\n(C) Tarai\n(D) Bangar\n\n17. Which river is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' ?\n(A) Kosi\n(B) Chambal\n(C) Gandak\n(D) Son\n\n18. In which state are the Mahadeo hills located ?\n(A) Bihar\n(B) Rajasthan\n(C) Madhya Pradesh\n(D) Chhattisgarh\n\n19. The 'Kalabaisakhis' originate during\u2014\n(A) Winter season\n(B) Rainy season\n(C) Period of retreating monsoon\n(D) Summers\n\n20. What type of forests are the 'Sunderbans' ?\n(A) Tidal forests\n(B) Monsoon forests\n(C) Tropical Evergreen forests\n(D) Temperate Evergreen forests\n\n21. The 'Regur' soil is\u2014\n(A) Red soil\n(B) Black soil\n(C) Alluvial soil\n(D) None of these\n\n22. Which river basin has the maximum amount of water available for irrigation ?\n(A) The Ganga\n(B) The Indus\n(C) The Brahmaputra\n(D) Mahanadi\n\n23. Which state of India is the largest producer of Iron ore ?\n(A) Karnataka\n(B) Orissa\n(C) Jharkhand\n(D) Madhya Pradesh\n\n24. Which mineral is known as 'Black Gold' ?\n(A) Iron ore\n(B) Bauxite\n(C) Coal\n(D) Manganese\n\n25. Which food grain occupies the largest cropped area in India ?\n(A) Maize\n(B) Wheat\n(C) Rice\n(D) Sugarcane\n\n26. Which of the following states is the largest producer of wheat ?\n(A) Punjab\n(B) Uttar Pradesh\n(C) Haryana\n(D) Madhya Pradesh\n\n27. The leading jowar (Sorghum) producing state in India is\u2014\n(A) Maharashtra\n(B) Andhra Pradesh\n(C) Karnataka\n(D) Bihar\n\n28. Which of the following is a cash crop ?\n(A) Rice\n(B) Wheat\n(C) Jowar\n(D) Sugarcane\n\n29. Which of the following is a fibre crop ?\n(A) Sugarcane\n(B) Jute\n(C) Wheat\n(D) Maize\n\n30. Which of the following states is the leading producer of sugarcane in India ?\n(A) Uttar Pradesh\n(B) Madhya Pradesh\n(C) Punjab\n(D) Bihar\n\n31. Which Indian state has the highest per hectare production of cotton ?\n(A) Haryana\n(B) Maharashtra\n(C) Tamil Nadu\n(D) Punjab\n\n32. Which state is the largest producer of tea in India ?\n(A) Assam\n(B) West Bengal\n(C) Kerala\n(D) Karnataka\n\n33. Which of the following is a basis to divide agriculture into different types ?\n(A) Cropping system\n(B) Water supply and moisture\n(C) Availability of land\n(D) All of these\n\n34. In India, the local name of shifting cultivation is\u2014\n(A) Jhum\n(B) Kumari\n(C) Penda\n(D) All of these\n\n35. Which city of Madhya Pradesh, as per census of 2001, is most populated ?\n(A) Jabalpur\n(B) Mandsaur\n(C) Bhopal\n(D) Indore\n\n36. What is the problem faced by Indian farmers ?\n(A) Small and fragmented land holdings\n(B) Lack of capital\n(C) Faulty marketing system\n(D) All of the above\n\n37. Which of the following is not a merit of green revolution ?\n(A) Increase in agricultural production\n(B) Reduction in the import of food grains\n(C) Prosperity of the farmers\n(D) Regional imbalance\n\n38. What is National Water Grid Plan ?\n(A) To link the Himalayan rivers with peninsular rivers\n(B) To link east and west flowing rivers of the peninsular\n(C) To link the rivers of India with the rivers of Pakistan\n(D) None of the above\n\n39. Which of the following is called the 'Cottonopolis' of India ?\n(A) Kanpur\n(B) Agra\n(C) Mumbai\n(D) Ahmedabad\n\n40. After crushing the sugarcane, the left over baggasse is used as :\n(A) Fuel\n(B) Mixed with jaggery ('gur')\n(C) Mixed in sugar\n(D) None of the above\n\n41. Which of the following raw materials is needed for the manufacturing of cement ?\n(A) Limestone\n(B) Sea shells\n(C) Slag from steel plant\n(D) All of the above\n\n42. Which of the following cement plants is located in Madhya Pradesh ?\n(A) Satna\n(B) Durg\n(C) Narnaul\n(D) None of these\n\n43. Which of the following factors is responsible for regional disparities in India ?\n(A) Regional variations in relief\n(B) High incoherence of temperature in different parts of India\n(C) Regional variations in the availability of minerals\n(D) All of the above\n\n44. Which of the following is not an area of the highest agricultural productivity ?\n(A) Punjab\n(B) Haryana\n(C) Madhya Pradesh\n(D) Western Uttar Pradesh\n\n45. Who used the method of ranking coefficient for the first time in India in order to calculate agricultural productivity ?\n(A) Prof. Mohammed Shafi\n(B) Prof. Jasbir Singh\n(C) Prof. M.G. Kendall\n(D) Prof. Dudley Stamp\n\n46. Which of the following is a method to eradicate poverty ?\n(A) More investment in productive activities\n(B) Increased savings\n(C) Population control\n(D) All of the above\n\n47. Which is the period of rapid growth of India's population ?\n(A) 1901\u20131921\n(B) 1921\u20131951\n(C) 1951\u20131981\n(D) 1981\u20132001\n\n48. Which of the following is an effect of globalization on India ?\n(A) Increase in foreign trade\n(B) Increase in the number of foreign banks\n(C) Direct foreign investment\n(D) All of the above\n\n49. Which of the following is a result of 'Green House Effect' ?\n(A) Rise in temperature\n(B) Industrial development\n(C) Population growth\n(D) None of these\n\n50. Which disease is not caused by drinking polluted water ?\n(A) Cholera\n(B) Diarrhoea\n(C) Jaundice\n\n51. Which of the following states of India has the highest sex ratio ?\n(A) Chhattisgarh\n(B) Kerala\n(C) Tamil Nadu\n(D) Nagaland\n\n52. Which one of the following Indian cities has population more than 50 lakh, as per the census of 2001 ?\n(A) Rajkot\n(B) Ludhiana\n(C) Jaipur\n(D) Hyderabad\n\n53. Which of the following states does not have common boundary with Madhya Pradesh ?\n(A) Gujarat\n(B) Rajasthan\n(C) Jharkhand\n(D) Bihar\n\n54. Which of the following landforms is not found in Madhya Pradesh ?\n(A) Betul Plateau\n(B) Pulicat Lake\n(C) Bharner Mountain Range\n(D) Kaimur Hills\n\n55. The 'Bad land' landform is found in\u2014\n(A) Thar desert\n(B) Chambal valley\n(C) Sundarban delta\n(D) Gulf of Kachchh\n\n56. Which state of India is the largest producer of diamond ?\n(A) Madhya Pradesh\n(B) Chhattisgarh\n(C) Jharkhand\n(D) Rajasthan\n\n57. Which of the following pairs is not correct ?\n(A) Assam\u2014Magh Bihu\n(B) Haryana\u2014Tea Festival\n(C) Punjab\u2014Hola Mohalla\n(D) Madhya Pradesh\u2014Fair of Nagaji\n\n58. Which state is the only producer of tin in India ?\n(A) West Bengal\n(B) Jammu and Kashmir\n(C) Assam\n(D) Madhya Pradesh\n\n59. The total number of districts in Madhya Pradesh is\u2014\n(A) 25\n(B) 48\n(C) 47\n(D) 37\n\n60. What is the name of handicrafts emporia centres of Madhya Pradesh ?\n(A) Koel\n(B) Mayur\n(C) Kingfisher\n(D) Mriganayanee\n\n61. Which ocean, according to Wegener, surrounded Pangaea on all sides ?\n(A) Panthalassa\n(B) Indian Ocean\n(C) Atlantic Ocean\n(D) Arctic Ocean\n\n62. Many island arcs and peripheral trenches of the Pacific Ocean are the result of\u2014\n(A) The convergence of two continental plates\n(B) The convergence of a continental plate and an oceanic plate\n(C) The convergence of two oceanic plates\n(D) None of the above\n\n63. Exfoliation is most active\u2014\n(A) in regions where frost occurs regularly\n(B) in limestone areas\n(C) at high altitudes\n(D) in arid or semi-arid regions, which have a large diurnal range of temperature\n\n64. Which of the following landforms is not formed by weathering ?\n(A) Rift valley\n(B) Crevasses\n(C) Talus\n(D) Yardang\n\n65. Which of the following is not a process of river erosion ?\n(A) Hydraulic action\n(B) Deflation\n(C) Corrosion\n(D) Attrition\n\n66. Which of the following landforms is formed by glacier ?\n(A) Tarn\n(B) Lagoon\n(C) Lappies\n(D) Doline\n\n67. With what are the Inselberg and Hamada associated ?\n(A) Glacial erosion\n(B) Wind erosion\n(C) River erosion\n(D) Wind deposition\n\n68. Which of the following is a Caldera lake ?\n(A) Lake Chilka\n(B) Lake Pulicat\n(C) Lake Toba\n(D) None of these\n\n69. Which instrument is used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake ?\n(A) Seismograph\n(B) Hythergraph\n(C) Altimeter\n(D) None of these\n\n70. Which of the following pairs is correct ?\n(A) Alfred Wegener\u2014Plate Tectonics\n(B) Archdeacon pratt\u2014Continental Drift Theory\n(C) William Moris Davis\u2014Geographical Cycle of Erosion\n(D) Walter Penck\u2014Theory of Isostasy\n\n71. Which of the following is an example of volcanic mountains ?\n(A) Rockies\n(B) Fujiyoma\n(C) Salt range\n(D) Caucasus\n\n72. The example of an intermontane plateau is\u2014\n(A) The Plateau of Bolivia\n(B) The Plateau of Antrim\n(C) The Deccan Plateau\n(D) The Plateau of Pantagonia\n\n73. Monadnocks are situated in\u2014\n(A) Mountain\n(B) Fold mountain\n(C) Peneplain\n(D) Loess plain\n\n74. That layer of the atmosphere, where ozone gas is found\u2014\n(A) Troposphere\n(B) Stratosphere\n(C) Mesosphere\n(D) Thermosphere\n\n75. Radiant energy from the sun that strikes the earth is called\u2014\n(A) Solar constant\n(B) Insolation\n(C) Heat budget\n(D) Terrestrial radiation\n\n76. The maximum annual range of temperature occurs over\u2014\n(A) Poles\n(B) Near the equator\n(C) Coastal regions\n(D) Asia and North America at latitude 60\u00b0N\n\n77. Which of the following are horse latitudes ?\n(A) 30\u00b0to 35\u00b0latitudes in both the hemispheres\n(B) 10\u00b0North latitude\n(C) 60\u00b0latitude\n(D) None of the above\n\n78. Which of the following statements is not true ?\n(A) When the temperature of air increases, the pressure of air decreases\n(B) When the temperature of air decreases, the pressure of air increases\n(C) A rising thermometer shows a falling barometer\n(D) When air rises, the pressure of air increases\n\n79. Which pair is incorrect ?\n(A) Fohn\u2014Dry and warm wind\n(B) Chinook \u2014Snow eater\n(C) Mistral \u2014Winter season\n(D) Bora \u2014North America\n\n80. Which of the following is not a cyclone ?\n(A) Tornado\n(B) Hurricane\n(C) Typhoon\n(D) Sirocco\n\n81. Which one of the following is not erosional landform of wind ?\n(A) Cirque\n(B) Inselberg\n(C) Mushroom rock\n(D) Zeugen\n\n82. Which type of rainfall occurs over north-west India during winter season ?\n(A) Cyclonic rainfall\n(B) Orographic rainfall\n(C) Convectional rainfall\n(D) Anticyclonic rainfall\n\n83. In which of the spheres of the atmosphere temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5\u00b0centigrade with a height of one thousand metres ?\n(A) Mesosphere\n(B) Ionosphere\n(C) Ozonosphere\n(D) Troposphere\n\n84. Ratio between water and land on the earth is \u2014\n(A) 78 : 22\n(B) 71 : 29\n(C) 80 : 20\n(D) 20 : 80\n\n85. The northern hemisphere is called as\u2014\n(A) The land hemisphere\n(B) The water hemisphere\n(C) Water planet\n(D) None of these\n\n86. The ocean's greatest depth is\u2014\n(A) Aleutian Trench\n(B) Japan Trench\n(C) Mariana Trench\n(D) Java Trench\n\n87. The zone of highest salinity is\u2014\n(A) The tropical zone of the sea\n(B) The temperate zone of the sea\n(C) The polar zone of the sea\n(D) None of the above\n\n88. Which one of the following is a warm ocean current ?\n(A) Kurushio current\n(B) California current\n(C) Okhotsk current\n(D) Falkland current\n\n89. Which one of the following is an example of coral island ?\n(A) Ellice\n(B) Barren\n(C) Krakatao\n(D) Sandwich\n\n90. Which one of the following is an activity of the Eskimos and Lapps ?\n(A) Agriculture\n(B) Plantation agriculture\n(C) Hunting and fishing\n(D) None of these\n\n91. Bushman is associated with\u2014\n(A) Kalahari desert\n(B) Congo basin\n(C) Himalaya mountains\n(D) Malwa plateau\n\n92. Which one of the following is not a habitat of the Santhals ?\n(A) West Bengal\n(B) Orissa\n(C) Jharkhand\n(D) Punjab\n\n93. Which state of India has the highest percentage of scheduled tribe population ?\n(A) Mizoram\n(B) Nagaland\n(C) Meghalaya\n(D) Assam\n\n94. Which continent has the highest growth of population ?\n(A) Africa\n(B) South America\n(C) Europe\n(D) Asia\n\n95. Which is not a sparsely populated area ?\n(A) Cold Polar Region\n(B) Sahara\n(C) South-Eastern Asia\n(D) Kalahari\n\n96. Which one of the following has maximum farm-houses ?\n(A) India\n(B) United States of America\n(C) China\n(D) Japan\n\n97. Which one of the following is a mining city ?\n(A) Kalgoorlie\n(B) Oxford\n(C) Singapore\n(D) Islamabad\n\n98. Which one of the following pairs is correct ?\n(A) Concentric Zone Theory\u2014E.W. Burgess\n(B) Sector Theory\u2014Alfred Weber\n(C) Multi-Nuclei Theory\u2014Homer Hoyt\n(D) Fused Growth Theory\u2014Griffith Taylor\n\n99. The largest producer of rice in the world is\u2014\n(A) India\n(B) Sri Lanka\n(C) China\n(D) Bangladesh\n\n100. Which one of the following geographical conditions is not favourable for wheat cultivation ?\n(A) 10\u00b0celcius temperature at the time of sowing\n(B) Loamy soils\n(C) More than 250 cm annual rainfall\n(D) Level land\n\n101. Which of the following is also grown as a 'Zaid' crop ?\n(A) Sugarcane\n(B) Cotton\n(C) Maize for fodder\n(D) Jute\n\n102. Tea can be grown on\u2014\n(A) Hill slopes\n(B) Plains\n(C) Swamps\n(D) None of these\n\n103. Which of the following is a plantation crop ?\n(A) Wheat\n(B) Maize\n(C) Barley\n(D) Coffee\n\n104. Which of the following is not a rubber producing country ?\n(A) Thailand\n(B) India\n(C) Sri Lanka\n(D) None of these\n\n105. Which of the following statements is correct in relation to cotton production ?\n(A) Cotton is grown in tropical areas\n(B) Sri Lanka is the largest exporter of cotton\n(C) Cotton is a dominant crop in areas of over 1000 cm annual rainfall\n(D) Cotton can also be grown in Tundra region\n\n106. Which state of India has the largest area under forests ?\n(A) Punjab\n(B) Madhya Pradesh\n(C) Maharashtra\n(D) Bihar\n\n107. Grand Bank is a major producer of\u2014\n(A) Rice\n(B) Marine fisheries\n(C) Iron ore\n(D) Tea\n\n108. Which of the following is a type of iron ore ?\n(A) Anthracite\n(B) Lignite\n(C) Peat\n(D) Limonite\n\n109. Manganese is used for making\u2014\n(A) Iron and steel\n(B) Paint\n(C) China clay\n(D) In all these\n\n110. Which state of India is the largest producer of copper ?\n(A) Madhya Pradesh\n(B) Rajasthan\n(C) Jharkhand\n(D) Assam\n\n111. Bauxite is used for making\u2014\n(A) Coal\n(B) Gold\n(C) Aluminium\n(D) None of these\n\n112. Which continent of the world has the maximum known coal reserves ?\n(A) North America\n(B) South America\n(C) Australia\n(D) Africa\n\n113. Which of the following pairs is correct ?\n(A) Jharia coalfield\u2014Jharkhand\n(B) Girdih coalfield\u2014West Bengal\n(C) Korba coalfield\u2014Madhya Pradesh\n(D) Umaria coalfield\u2014Chhattisgarh\n\n114. In which rocks are the oil reserves mainly found in India ?\n(A) Igneous\n(B) Sedimentary\n(C) Metamorphic\n(D) None of these\n\n115. Which of the following pairs does not match ?\n(A) Lower Sileru\u2014Andhra Pradesh\n(B) Nagarjun Sagar\u2014Karnataka\n(C) Koyna\u2014Maharashtra\n(D) Pong\u2014Punjab\n\n116. Which of the following pairs is not correct ?\n(A) Jog\u2014Waterfall\n(B) Ankleshwar\u2014Mineral oilfield\n(C) Bokaro\u2014Gold mine\n(D) Paradwip\u2014Iron and steel plant\n\n117. Not related to textile industry is\u2014\n(A) Spinning\n(B) Weaving\n(C) Jute\n(D) Pulp\n\n118. Which is India's first oil refinery ?\n(A) Digboi\n(B) Panipat\n(C) Trombay\n(D) Vishakhapatnam\n\n119. Manchester is known for\u2014\n(A) Silk Industry\n(B) Woollen Textile\n(C) Cotton Textile\n(D) None of these\n\n120. Which is the most universal mode of transport ?\n(A) Road Transport\n(B) Rail Transport\n(C) Ocean Transport\n(D) None of these\n\n\n1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (C)\n11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (D) 20. (A)\n21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (A) 28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (A)\n31. (D) 32. (A) 33. (D) 34. (D) 35. (D) 36. (D) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (A)\n41. (D) 42. (A) 43. (D) 44. (C) 45. (C) 46. (D) 47. (C) 48. (D) 49. (A) 50. (D)\n51. (B) 52. (D) 53. (D) 54. (B) 55. (B) 56. (A) 57. (B) 58. (D) 59. (B) 60. (D)\n61. (A) 62. (B) 63. (D) 64. (A) 65. (B) 66. (A) 67. (B) 68. (C) 69. (A) 70. (C)\n71. (B) 72. (A) 73. (C) 74. (B) 75. (B) 76. (D) 77. (A) 78. (D) 79. (D) 80. (D)\n81. (A) 82. (A) 83. (D) 84. (B) 85. (A) 86. (C) 87. (A) 88. (A) 89. (A) 90. (C)\n91. (A) 92. (D) 93. (A) 94. (A) 95. (C) 96. (B) 97. (A) 98. (A) 99. (C) 100. (C)\n101. (C) 102. (A) 103. (D) 104. (D) 105. (A) 106. (B) 107. (B) 108. (D) 109. (D)\u00a0\n\n110. (B) 111. (C) 112. (A) 113. (A) 114. (B) 115. (B)\n116. (*) In given pairs (C) and (D) pairs are incorrect. So this question is wrong.\n117. (D) 118. (A) 119. (C) 120. (A)\n\n1 comment:
+__label__positive Med Surg Final.txt\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user Anonymous on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. In pulmonary edema the medical management will often include what?\n    Furosemide (Lasix) IV, oxygen therapy , orthopenic position, and morphine sulfate to decrease respiratory rate.\n  2. What would the nursing interventions be for a patient with pulmonary edema, excess fluid volume, and altered tissue permeability?\n    Assess indicators of patient\ufffds fluid volume status, such as breath sounds, skin turgor, and pedal/sacral/periorbital edema, mx I&O, administer diuretics as ordered, and weigh daily.\n  3. What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?\n    Increased capillary pressure from left ventricular failure\n  4. What does sputum look like in pulmonary edema?\n    Frothy, pink sputum\n  5. What type of diet is recommended for a pt with pulmonary edema?\n    Low-sodium diet\n  6. What is pulmonary embolism?\n    Foreign substance causing obstruction to the blood supply to lung tissue\n  7. What is the normal range for d-dimer?\n  8. How long is a pt on anticoagulant therapy for a pulmonary embolism?\n    One year\n  9. What is the most definite method of diagnosing a pulmonary embolism?\n    pulmonary angiogram\n  10. What is pulmonary edema?\n    Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused by severe left ventricular dysfunction\n  11. What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?\n    Severe respiratory distress, frothy sputum, coughing, choking\n  12. Most pulmonary embolisms (PEs) originate from where?\n    deep vein thrombosis (DVT)\n  13. Chest pain from pulmonary embolism (PE) is typically what?\n    pleuritic and worsens upon inspiration\n  14. What is the medical management and nursing interventions of the patient with pulmonary embolism?\n    Bed rest, administration of IV Heparin per protocol, semi-fowlers position, and oxygen per mask or nasal cannula.\n  15. What position will the nurse instruct the pt with emphysema to enhance the effectiveness of breathing during dyspnea periods?\n    sitting on the side of the bed, leaning on an overbed table\n  16. A nurse is caring for a client with emphysema who is receiving oxygen. The nurse checks the oxygen flow rate to ensure that it does not exceed what?\n  17. What is the purpose of pursed lip breathing?\n    Promote carbon dioxide elimination\n  18. The low pressure alarm sounds on the ventilator. The nurse checks the client then attempts to determine the cause of the alarm but is unsuccessful. What initial action will the nurse take?\n    Ventilate the client manually\n  19. What does a pt w/emphysema become barrel chested?\n    Because of over inflation of the lungs\n  20. How much fluid should a pt w/emphysema consume each day?\n    2-3 L\n  21. What effective breathing technique is used for a pt w/emphysema?\n    Pursed-lip breathing\n  22. What does Peak-flow monitoring measure?\n    how well air moves out of the lungs-during forceful exhalation\n  23. Which type of medication is used as rescue medication in acute asthma exacerbation\n    Short-acting beta,-agonists.\n  24. Asthma is best characterized as what type of disease?\n    an inflammatory disease\n  25. What are the nursing interventions for a pt with ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung expansion during an acute attack of asthma?\n    Administer oxygen therapy as ordered, remain with patient during acute attack to decrease fear and anxiety, incorporate rest periods into activities and interventions, and maintain semi-fowlers position to facilitate ventilation.\n  26. How is TB spread?\n    inhaling the TB bacteria after a person coughs, speaks, or sneezes\n  27. What is the most common etiologic factor for this diagnosis in patients with Tb who do are not compliant?\n    little or no motivation to adhere to a long-term drug regimen\n  28. The appropriate nursing intervention for Mr. K age 40, diagnosed with active Tb would be what?\n    place the patient in acid -fast bacilli (AFB) isolation precautions\n  29. What diagnostic test that will confirm TB?\n    Sputum culture\n  30. What identifies the route of transmission of TB?\n    The airborne route\n  31. A nurse is reading the results of a Mantoux skin test on a client with no documented health problems. The site has no induration and a 1-mm area of ecchymosed. What are the results of this test?\n  32. A nurse is caring for a client who had a Mantoux skin test implantation 48 hours ago on admission to the nursing unit and reads the result of the skin test as positive. What nursing action is priority?\n    Report the findings\n  33. A client being discharged from the hospital to home with a diagnosis of TB is worried about the possibility of infecting the family and others. What information would help the client get the most reassurance?\n    The family will be treated prophylactically and the client will not be contagious after 2 to 3 consecutive weeks of medication therapy.\n  34. A nurse has reinforced discharge teaching with a client who was diagnosed with TB and has been on medication for 1\ufffd weeks. Which statement shows that the client has understood the teaching?\n    \ufffdI should not be contagious after 2 to 3 weeks of medication therapy\ufffd\n  35. A client with TB asks a nurse about precautions to take after discharge from the hospital to prevent infection of others. The nurse develops a response based on the understanding that TB is transmitted how?\n    By droplet nuclei\n  36. A nurse is preparing to give a bed bath to an immobilized client with TB. What should the nurse plan to wear when performing this care?\n    Particulate respirator, gown, and gloves.\n  37. A client with TB, whose status is being monitored in an ambulatory care clinic, asks the nurse when it is permissible to return to work. When does the nurse tell the pt he can return to work?\n    After three sputum cultures are negative.\n  38. What type of isolation is recommended for a patient w/TB?\n    Acid-fast bacillus\n  39. What type of masks do visitors of TB pts use?\n    Particulate respiration mask\n  40. Which of the following statements accurately describe the disease tuberculosis (TB)? Most people who become infected with TB organism do not progress to the active disease stage.\n  41. Ms. C., age 45, is being evaluated to rule out pulmonary tuberculosis. Which finding is most closely associated with TB?\n    Night Sweats\n  42. The health care workers for Ms. C., who is diagnosed with active tuberculosis, are instructed in methods of protecting themselves from contracting tuberculosis. The centers of disease controls and prevention currently recommend that health care workers who care for TB-Infected patients wear what?\n    a small micron fitted filtration mask\n  43. A nurse is assigned to care for a patient following a left pneumonectomy. The nurse would avoid positioning the client how?\n    On the side\n  44. What is the most common surgical treatment for lung cancer?\n  45. What is a pneumonectly?\n    Surgical removal of a lung\n  46. The primary goal for the patient with bronchiectasis is that the patient will what?\n    maintain removal of bronchial secretions.\n  47. What is bronchiectasis?\n    Irreversible chronic dilation of bronchi that destroys bronchial elastic & muscular elements\n  48. What are the signs & symptoms of bronchiectasis?\n    Dyspnea, cyanosis & clubbing of the fingers\n  49. What volume is O2 delivered to the pt with bronchiectasis?\n    Low flow\n  50. What is the cure for bronchiectasis?\n    Surgical removal of the lung\n  51. What is a cystectomy?\n    Surgical removal of the bladder\n  52. What type of surgery is less invasive and less stressful for a pt with BPH?\n  53. How is tissue removed during TURP?\n    Through the urethra\n  54. What type of catheter is used on a pt with TURP?\n    Closed bladder irrigation\n  55. What type of solution is used in a closed bladder irrigation?\n    An isotonic solution\n  56. What should the pt expect after prostatic surgery?\n  57. Why should catheter drainage tubes be checked frequently?\n    For kinks that would occlude urine and cause bladder spasms\n  58. What diet is important for a pt with nephrotic syndrome?\n    Protein replacement, low salt\n  59. What meds are used to treat nehprotic syndrome?\n    Corticosteroids, loop diurectics\n  60. What is cystitis?\n    Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder\n  61. What are the signs and symptoms of cystitis?\n    Dysuria, urinary frequency and pyuria\n  62. Cystitis is confirmed by a u/a that reveals a bacterial count greater than what?\n  63. What is interstitial cystitis?\n    A chronic pain disorder in the urinary bladder and surrounding region\n  64. What statement by the client with Cushing\ufffds syndrome indicates that the instructions related to dietary management were understood?\n    \ufffdI can eat foods that contain potassium.\ufffd\n  65. What is a feature of Cushing syndrome?\n    Increased susceptibility to infection\n  66. What causes Cushing Syndrome?\n    Overstimulation of ACTH\n  67. What is hypokalema?\n    Not enough potassium\n  68. What are the clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome?\n    Moonface, buffalo hump\n  69. What is striae?\n    A streak or linear scar that often results from stretching of the skin\n  70. In the pt with Cushings syndrome, what results in hyperglycemia?\n    Impaired carbohydrate metabolism\n  71. What type of diet is indicated for a pt with Cushings syndrome?\n    Low sodium, reduce calories and carbs, and high potassium\n  72. When a nurse notes that a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus has lipodystrophy on both upper thights, what information should the nurse obtain from the client?\n    Plan of injection rotation.\n  73. Which client complaint would alert the nurse to a possible hypoglycemic reaction?\n  74. After several diagnostic tests, a client is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The nurse understands that which symptom is indicative of this disorder?\n  75. What should the pt avoid when taking tolbutamide (Orinase) for diabetes mellitus?\n  76. What disorder caused by secretion of insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?\n    Diabetes insipidus\n  77. What is the main problem with diabetes mellitus type 2?\n    Abnormal resistance to insulin action.\n  78. In caring for a patient with diabetes mellitus who is experiencing an acute hyperglycemic reaction (diabetic ketoacidosis), what interventions would be appropriate?\n    Insulin IV via infusion pump\n  79. What is diabetes insipidus?\n    A disorder of the pituitary in which ADH is deficient\n  80. How much urine can a pt with diabetes insipidus lose in an hour?\n  81. What are the characteristics of diabetes insipidus?\n    Polyuria and polydipsia\n  82. What is the normal serum sodium level?\n  83. What happens to urine specific gravity in a pt with diabetes insipidus?\n    it drops below 1.003\n  84. How much fluid should a pt with diabetes insipidus intake?\n    2600 ml\n  85. What causes polydipisa and polyuria related to diabetes?\n    Fluid shifts resulting from the osmotic effect of hyperglycemia\n  86. In planning care for a patient with type 2 diabetes admitted to the hospital with pneumonia, the nurse recognizes that the patient may have what?\n    Sufficient endogenous insulin to prevent ketosis but is at risk for development of hyperosmolar coma\n  87. At what time of day is a diabetic pt at risk for hypoglycemia?\n    In the late afternoon and at bedtime\n  88. What is a diabetic diet designed to do?\n    Help normalize blood glucose through a balanced diet\n  89. What is an appropriate instruction or the pt with diabetes related to care of the feet?\n    Inspect all surfaces of the feet daily\n  90. Which oral hypoglycemic works primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production and lowers fasting blood glucose levels?\n    Metformin (Glucophage)\n  91. What types of insulin are used in an insulin pump?\n    Regular and rapid-acting\n  92. How long is the onset of regular insulin (Humulin R)?\n    30 minutes to an hour\n  93. How long is the onset of action of Lispro (Humalog)?\n    15 minutes\n  94. How long is the onset of action of NPH (Humulin N)?\n    2 hours\n  95. Why is caffeine restricted in a pt with diabetes insipidus?\n    Because it acts as a diuretic\n  96. What is deficient in a pt with diabetes insipidous?\n  97. What is diabetes mellitus?\n    Improper metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins\n  98. When does insulin reach its peak level?\n    30 minutes after meals and returns to normal in 2-3 hours\n  99. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 dibetes?\n    Type 1 is insulin dependent (IDDM) and Type 2 is non insulin dependent (NIDDM)\n  100. What causes IDDM?\n    Destruction of beta-cell function\n  101. What are the causes of NIDDM?\n    Decreased tissue, overproduction of insulin, abnormal glucose regulation\n  102. How is glucose stored?\n    As glycogen in the liver\n  103. What must be present for muscle cells and other body cells to utilize glucose?\n  104. What is hyperglycemia?\n    Excess glucose in the bloodstream\n  105. How does the body get rid of excess glucose in the bloodstream?\n    The kidneys will excrete it in urine, called glycosuria\n  106. What is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?\n    Fruity smell to the breath\n  107. What causes diabetic ketoacidosis?\n    Acute insulin deficiency, decreased peripheral glucose utilization, increased fat mobilization and ketogenesis\n  108. What are the normal lab values for fasting blood sugar?\n  109. What amount is considered abnormal in an FBS?\n    126 or more\n  110. What does the HbA1c measure?\n    The amount of glucose that has become incorporated into the hemoglobin within an erythrocyte\n  111. What is the normal lab value for HbA1c?\n  112. When is a postprandial blood sugar taken?\n    2 hours after a meal\n  113. What level may indicate the presence of DM in a PPBS?\n    Plasma glucose over 160\n  114. What affects the accuracy of an oral glucose tolerance test?\n    Adequate pt preparation and cooperation\n  115. What is the medical management for DM?\n    Education, monitoring, meal planning, medication, exercise\n  116. What type of diet is recommended for a pt with DM?\n    45%-50% carbs, 10%-20% proteins, no more than 30% fats\n  117. What is important about food intake for pts with IDDM?\n    It should be evenly distributed throughout the day\n  118. How long does exercise reduce insulin and increase glucose uptake?\n    72 hours\n  119. How often should blood glucose be monitored during the times of stress or illness?\n    Every 1-2 hours\n  120. When should the pt with DM be instructed to contact their physician?\n    When blood glucose level is 250 or more\n  121. When is insulin given intramuscularly?\n    During diabetic ketoacidosis\n  122. What are the classifications of insulin?\n    Rapid-acting, insulin apart, short-acting, intermediate acting, long acting\n  123. What is a \ufffdpeakless\ufffd insulin that provides a continous insulin level?\n  124. What is lipodystrophy?\n    The loss of local fat deposits\n  125. How can a nurse prevent lipodystrophy?\n    Administer insulin at room temp and rotate injection sites\n  126. How does a nurse prevent medication errors when administering insulin?\n    Have the dose drawn in the syringe and checked by another nurse\n  127. What is hypoglycemia?\n    Not enough glucose in the blood\n  128. What are the signs of hypoglycemia?\n    Faintness, weakness, excessive perspiration, irritability, hunger, palpitations, trembling, drowsiness\n  129. What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?\n    Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia\n  130. Why is insulin not injected into the muscle?\n    Because it enters the bloodstream too quickly and can cause hypoglycemia\n  131. Which part of the body provides the fastest, least variable absorption?\n    The abdomen\n  132. What is as close a substitute to a healthy, working pancrease?\n    An insulin pump\n  133. What is a bolus of insulin?\n    A quantity of insulin delivered to cover a carbohydrate meal\n  134. What is the function of metformin (glucophage)?\n    It reduces hepatic glucose production and lowers fasting blood glucose levels\n  135. What must a pt have for oral hypoglycemics to be effective?\n    Some function insulin production\n  136. Why is calcium gluconate prescribed for a pt after a thyroidectomy?\n    To treat hypocalcemic tetany\n  137. What nursing action is appropriate for a pt after a thyroidectomy who has developed hoarseness and a weak voice?\n    Reassure the client that this is usually a temporary condition.\n  138. What would require the nurse\ufffds immediate attention when caring for a postop thyroidectomy pt?\n    Laryngeal stridor\n  139. A nurse is caring for a client after thyroidectomy and monitoring for signs of thyroid storm. What manifestation is associated with this disorder?\n  140. What signs or symptoms should be reported immediately to the RN/MD for further evaluation in the pt who has undergone a thyroidectomy?\n    Numbness in the fingers, Heart rate of 160, Noticeable arm twitching when you took patient's blood pressure\n  141. How is a pt placed after a thyroidectomy?\n    Supine with pillows supporting the head and shoulders\n  142. What two conditions should the nurse monitor for after a thyroidectomy?\n    Tetany and edema\n  143. What is Chvotek\ufffds sign?\n    An abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve\n  144. What condition will cause a pt to have a positive Chvotek\ufffds sign?\n  145. What is Trousseau\ufffds sign?\n    A test in which a BP cuff is inflated to above systolic BP for 3 minutes.\n  146. What will happen with a positive Trousseau\ufffds sign?\n    Carpal spasm in pts with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia\n  147. What is a thyroid storm?\n    A condition in which large amounts of thyroid hormones are released\n  148. What is administered for the emergency treatment of tetany?\n    Calcium gluconate\n  149. When does a thyroid crisis generally occur?\n    In the first 12 hours post op\n  150. What are the signs and symptoms of a thyroid crisis?\n    Nausea, vomiting, severe tachycardia, hyperthermia, exaggerated symptoms of hyperthyroidism\n  151. What are the three goals of thyroid storm management?\n    Induce normal thyroid state, prevent cardiovascular collapse, prevent excessive hyperthermia\n  152. What is a sign that damage to the laryngeal nerve may have occurred in a pt who has had a thyroidectomy?\n    The pt is becoming increasingly hoarse.\n  153. What is hyperthyroidism?\n    Overproduction of T4 and T3\n  154. What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?\n    Edema of the anterior portion of the neck, bulging eyes\n  155. What is the diet therapy for a patient with hyperthyroidism?\n    Foods high n calories, vitamins, minerals, and carbs\n  156. What does a radioactive iodine uptake test determine?\n  157. How is the radioactive iodine given?\n    By mouth to the fasting patient\n  158. What is important to obtain from a patient before a radioactive iodine uptake test?\n    Allergies and signed consent\n  159. What drugs are given to treat hyperthyroid?\n    PTU, methimazole (Tapazole)\n  160. What is the gold standard for treating hyperthyroidism?\n    Ablation therapy using radioactive iodine\n  161. How often is the thyroid checked during a RAIU?\n    2, 6 & 24 hours\n  162. What type of diet is important for a pt w/hyperthyroidism?\n    Foods high in calories, vitamins, minerals, and carbs\n  163. What is hypothyroidism?\n    A condition in which the thyroid fails to secrete sufficient hormones, resulting in a slowing of all of the body\ufffds metabolic processes\n  164. What type of diet is important for a patient with hypothyroidism?\n    High-protein, high-fiber, low-calorie\n  165. Appropriate nursing care for the patient with hypothyroidism would include what?\n    Encourage fluids\n  166. What is severe hypothyroidism called?\n  167. What should the nurse watch for in a pt w/hypothyroidism that could indicate cardiac involvement?\n    Chest pain, dyspnea, changes in rate and rhythm.\n  168. Mr. A., age 71, is admitted with an exacerbation of COPD. He has dependent edema and ascites as well as dyspnea. A complication that may occur in CIPD is which some of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli are destroyed, resulting in pulmonary hypertension, blood returning to the right side of the heart, and signs and symptoms of right-sided HF is what?\n    cor pulmonale\n  169. A patient with COPD asks why the heart is affected by the respiratory disease. The nurse\ufffds response to the patient is based on the knowledge that cor pulmonale is characterized by what?\n    right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to increased pulmonary vascular resistance\n  170. Ineffective airway clearance related to tracheobronchial obstruction and/or secretions is a nursing diagnosis for a patient with COPD. Which of the following are correct?\n    Offer small, frequent, high-calorie, high-protein feedings. Encourage generous fluid intake. Have patient turn and cough every 2 hours;; teach effective coughing technique.\n  171. A nurse is caring for a client hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note in evaluating the client?\n    A hyper inflated chest on x-ray\n  172. Mr. F., age 52, had a laryngectomy due to cancer of the larynx. Discharge instructions are give to Mr. F. and his family. Which response, by written communication from Mr. F, or verbal response by the family, will be a signal to the nurse that the instructions need to be decalcified?\n    It is acceptable to take over-the-counter medications now that conditions are stable.\n  173. What is orthopnea?\n    A condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably\n  174. What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure?\n    Crackles, SOB, pink-frothy sputum, orthopnea, pulmonary edema\n  175. What is the number one dysrhythmia that occurs with an arterial embolism?\n  176. What is the most serious type of dysrhythmia?\n    Ventricular fibrillation\n  177. Why would a physician perform carotid massage on a patient with a diagnosis of rapid rate atrial fibrillation? The procedure may stimulate the vagus nerve to slow the heart rate.\n  178. What is atrial fibrillation?\n    A very rapid production of atrial impulses characterized by an atrial rate of 350 to 600 beats per minute (atria fibrillates or quivers rather than contracts)\n  179. What is ventricular fibrillation?\n    Occurs when the ventricular musculature of the heart is quivering\n  180. What happens during atrial fibrillation?\n    The atria quivers instead of contracts\n  181. What is cardiomyopathy?\n    A term used to describe a group of heart muscle diseases that primarily affects the structural or functional ability of the myocardium\n  182. What are the primary forms of cardiomyopathy?\n    Dilated (ventricular), hypertrophic (increased heart size), and restrictive (ventricular walls are rigid)\n  183. What are the secondary forms of cardiomyopathy?\n    Infective, metabolic, nutritional, alcohol, peripartum, drugs, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, \ufffdcrack\ufffd heart\n  184. What are the most common signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy?\n    Angina, syncope, fatigue, and dyspnea on exertion\n  185. What is a dysrhythmia?\n    Any cardiac rhythm that deviates from normal sinus rhythm\n  186. How is tachycardia characterized?\n    Heartbeat of 100-150 or more per minute\n  187. How is bradycardia characterized?\n    By a pulse rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute\n  188. What is supraventricular tachycardia?\n    The sudden onset of a rapid heartbeat characterized by a pulse rate of 150-250 beats per minute.\n  189. What is an arterial aneurysm?\n    An enlarged, dilated portion of an artery\n  190. Why is the aorta prone to aneurysm?\n    Because it is continuously exposed to high pressures\n  191. What is the first priority of care for a patient with an aneurysm?\n    Control of hypertension\n  192. What are the nursing interventions of a patient diagnose with acute infective endocarditis?\n    Restricted activity for several weeks.\n  193. What is endocarditis?\n    An infection of inflammation of the inner membranous lining of the heart, valves\n  194. What are the signs and symptoms of endocarditis?\n    Flu-like symptoms, undue fatigue, chest pain, headaches, petechia, oral mucosa\n  195. What is cardiogenic shock?\n    Pump failure; Complication of MI and heart failure\n  196. Why was the term \ufffdcongestive heart failure\ufffd changed to just \ufffdheart failure\ufffd?\n    Because not every patient suffering from heart failure has pulmonary congestion\n  197. How is nitroglycerin administered?\n    PO, 1 tablet every 5 minutes times 3.\n  198. What is the first step to determine why a patient isn\ufffdt compliant with their meds?\n    Ask them why they aren\ufffdt taking their meds\n  199. What symptoms are seen in angina pectoris?\n    Chest pain that radiates down the left arm, dypsnea, anxiety, apprehension, diaphoresis and nausea\n  200. What would you expect to see in a patient with suspected cocaine use?\n    An enlarged heart\n  201. What should be assessed in a patient before they are sent to the cardiac cath lab?\n    Any allergies\n  202. When is the hormone b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) released?\n    It\ufffds secreted by the heart in response to pressure overload as in a heart failure\n  203. What type of medication is nitroglycerin?\n    A vasodilator \ufffd it will lower BP\n  204. What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure?\n  205. What are the signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure?\n    Edema in legs, jugular vein distention, liver enlargement, ascites\n  206. What are the signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure?\n    Edema in legs, jugular vein distention, liver enlargement, ascites\n  207. What should a postmyocardial patient being prepared for discharge be instructed to do?\n    Begin a cardiac rehab program\n  208. What is the primary function of patient teaching following a myocardial infarction?\n    To assist the patient to develop a healthy lifestyle\n  209. What is an important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with remote telemetry?\n    Never remove telemetry and allow patient to shower unless physician has written the order to allow a shower\n  210. What is the name of the neurohormone released from the left ventricle in response to volume expansion and pressure overload that has emerged as the blood marker for the identification of individuals with CHF?\n    B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)\n  211. What is the normal range for B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?\n    0 to 100 pg/ml\n  212. What is a myocardial muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury and is useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction?\n    Tropin l\n  213. What typical vital signs will display in a patient presenting with a myocardial infarction?\n    Hypertension, tachycardia, weakened pulse, temperature elevation\n  214. What cardiac markers is specific to the heart, not influenced by skeletal muscle trauma or renal failure, and rises 3 hours following a myocardial infarction?\n    Troponin I\n  215. What nursing care is followed for a patient with myocardial infarction?\n    Bedrest with commode privileges for 24 to 48 hours.\n  216. What breath sounds would a nurse expect to hear in a patient with myocardial infarction who suddenly becomes tachycardic and shows signs of air hunger?\n  217. What is a myocardial infarction?\n    An occlusion of a major coronary artery\n  218. How long does it take myocardial cells to die?\n    4-6 hours\n  219. Jaundice results when there is an excess amount of what in the bloodstream?\n  220. What is the preferred diagnostic test for visualizing the biliary tree in a pt with jaundice?\n    Gallbladder ultrasound\n  221. What is multiple myeloma?\n    Bone marrow cancer that metastasizes to the bone\n  222. What labs should the nurse monitor in a pt with multiple myeloma?\n    Calcium\ufffdwatch for hypercalcemia\n  223. What is the best food item to administer with oral iron supplements?\n    Orange juice\n  224. What nursing intervention should be incorporated into the plan of care for a child with aplastic anemia with WBC of 6000 and platelet of 27,000/mm?\n    Encourage quiet play activities\n  225. What test is used to detect pernicious anemia?\n    Schilling test\n  226. What would a nurse expect to specifically note with in a pt with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?\n    Increased calcium level\n  227. What is a priority nursing intervention for the client with multiple myeloma?\n    Encourage fluids\n  228. What intervention is a priority in the nursing plan of care for a pt with thrombocytopenia?\n    Monitor the client for bleeding\n  229. What medication is given to the patients with sickle cell anemia?\n    IV Dulodid\n  230. What does anemia cause?\n    Delivery of insufficient amounts of oxygen to tissues and cells\n  231. What is pernicious anemia?\n    The absence of a glycoprotein intrinsic factor secreted by the gastric mucosa\n  232. What is thrombocytopenia?\n    Blood platelets below 150,000\n  233. What is sickle cell anemia?\n    An illness in which the blood cells shape in crescents and get stuck to one another and occlude vessels\n  234. What would the nurse expect to find during the physical assessment of a pt with thrombocytopenia?\n    Petechiae and purpura\n  235. What is an important nursing intervention goal to establish for a person who has iron deficiency anemia?\n    Alternate periods of rest and activity to balance oxygen supply and demand\n  236. What is a nursing intervention for a pt during a sickle cell crisis?\n    Administration of large doses of continuous opioid analgesics\n  237. What foods should be included in the diet of a pt with iron deficiency anemia?\n    Dark green leafy veggies ad organ meats\n  238. In addition to the general symptoms of anemia, the pt with pernicious anemia also manifests what?\n    Neurological symptoms\n  239. What statement by the pt with pernicious anemia would indicate the she has understood the teaching?\n    \ufffdI\ufffdll have to take B12 shots for the rest of m life.\ufffd\n  240. What type of data indicates that iron deficiency anemia is not currently managed effectively?\n  241. In a pt with sickle cell anemia, why does the sickling crisis not stop when oxygen therapy is started?\n    when red cells sickle, they occlude small vessels, which causes more local hypoxia and more sickling\n  242. How is a pt positioned during a needle liver biopsy?\n    Supine with the right arm over the head\n  243. What is the most common form of hepatitis, having an incubation period of 10-40 days.\n    Hepatitis A\n  244. What snack choices would be appropriate for a pt suffering from acute pancreatitis?\n    Reduced fat cheese and whole wheat crackers\n    Gallbladder ultrasound\n  246. How is the pt instructed to breathe during a needle liver biopsy?\n    Exhale fully and not breathe while the needle is inserted\n  247. What causes jaundice in a pt?\n    An excess of bilirubin\n  248. What is a needle liver biopsy?\n    A test in which a needle is inserted into the liver between the 6 & 7 or 7 & 8 intercostal spaces\n  249. After a cholesysectomy, why would a pt complain about shoulder pain?\n    Diaphragmatic irritation secondary to residual carbon dioxide\n  250. What is jaundice?\n    The appearance of yellowish skin, discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes\n  251. What is the best form of preventing hepatitis A & B?\n  252. What is a critical aspect nursing interventions following a liver transplantation?\n    Monitor for infection\n  253. What vitamins are given intravenously with fluids for the dehydrated hepatitis pt?\n    C (healing), B (assists liver to absorb vit), K (blood clotter)\n  254. What can happen to a pt after a liver transplant, who has liver disease secondary to viral hepatitis?\n    They often experience reinfection of the transplanted liver with hepatitis B or C\n  255. What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?\n    General malaise, aching muscles, headaches, chills, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, diarrhea and constipation.\n  256. What would be an appropriate nursing intervention in a pt with viral hepatitis and no appetite?\n    Offer small, frequent meals\n  257. What immunosuppressant drug is utilized in the success of a liver transplant?\n  258. What are the major postop complications of a liver transplant?\n    Rejection and infection\n  259. How is hepatitis diagnosed?\n    A normal lab test will be negative for the presence of the antigen\n  260. How is hepatitis G spread?\n    Unsafe tattooing or piercing; coinfection of Hepatitis C\n  261. How is hepatitis B spread?\n    Through contaminated blood transfusion, direct contact with body fluids, sexual contact\n  262. What are the nursing interventions following a liver biopsy?\n    Ensure that platelet, clotting or bleeding time or okay and report any abnormal lab values to the doc; observe for the symptoms of bleeding\n  263. How is hepatitis A spread?\n    Through the fecal-oral route, usually by contaminated food\n  264. How is hepatitis E spread?\n    Oral-fecal route; spreads through fecal contamination of water\n  265. Following a liver biopsy, how long is a pt to lay on their right side?\n    A minimum of 2 hours to splint the puncture site\n  266. How is hepatitis D spread?\n    Coinfection of hepatitis B\n  267. What infection control method would be priority to include in the plan of care to prevent hepatitis B in a pt considered to be at high risk for exposure?\n    Hepatitis B vaccine\n  268. What type of hepatitis is contracted from contaminated food?\n    Hepatitis A\n  269. What should the nurse encourage in order to provide adequate nutrition to a pt with viral hepatitis, who is complaining of loss of apetite?\n    Increase intake of fluids\n  270. What signs or symptoms would a nurse expect to note in a pt with acute viral hepatitis?\n  271. What physician order would a nurse verify on the chart of a pt with acute pancreatitis?\n    Morphine sulfate for pain\n  272. What position will aggravate the pain in a pt with acute pancreatitis?\n    Lying flat\n  273. What foods are allowed for a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    Toast, cereal, rice, tea, fruit, juice, and hard candies\n  274. What nursing interventions are included in planning care for a pt with metastatic cancer of the liver?\n    Focus primarily on symptomatic and comfort measures\n  275. What is the treatment for cancer of the liver?\n  276. What do most pts already have when diagnosed with cancer of the liver?\n  277. What are the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?\n    Dyspepsia, changes in bowel habits, gradual weight loss, ascites, enlarged spleen and spider telangiectases\n  278. What causes ascites?\n    Portal hypertension and hypoalbumin\n  279. What is the number one drug of choice for alieving pain of pancreatitis?\n  280. What is cirrhosis?\n    A chronic, degenerative disease of the liver in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue and the lobules are infiltrated with fat\n  281. What are the signs and symptoms of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis?\n    Low grade fever, elevated leukocyte count, clay-colored stools that contain fat, dark amber urine\n  282. What is hepatic encephalopathy?\n    Brain damage caused by liver disease where there is ammonia intoxication\n  283. What are the various forms of cirrhosis?\n    Alcoholic, postnecrotic, primary biliary, secondary biliary, cardiac\n  284. What type of diet is prescribed for a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    Very low protein to no protein diet\n  285. What is ascites?\n    An accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity\n  286. What is cholecystitis?\n    An inflammation of the gallbladder\n  287. How can pain from pancreatitis be alleviated?\n    By flexing the trunk, leaning forward from a sitting position, or by assuming the fetal position\n  288. Why is it especially important for the pt to cough and deep breathe postoperatively following an open cholecystectomy?\n    The pt tends to take shallow breaths due to the placement of the incision\n  289. What will the administration of analgesic morphine cause in pts with acute pancreatitis?\n    Spasms of the sphincter of Oddi\n  290. Hepatitis types B,C,D, & G are spread mainly through which routes?\n    Blood transfusions, contaminated needles and instruments, direct contact with body fluids from infected people\n  291. What nursing diagnoses could be related to a liver needle biopsy?\n    Pain, related to leakage of blood and bile into the peritoneal cavity\n  292. When caring for a pt with hepatic encephalopathy the nurse may give enemas, provide a low-protein diet, and limit physical activity. Why are these measures taken?\n    To decrease the production of ammonia\n  293. In hepatic encephalopathy, what is the nurse assessing for when she requests the pt stretch out the arm and hyperextend the wrist with the fingers separated, relaxed, and extended to see whether rapid, irregular flexion and extension (flapping) of the wrist occur?\n  294. Which types of hepatitis now have vaccines for prevention?\n    A & B\n  295. Why is a T-tube inserted during a cholecystectomy?\n    To keep the duct open and allow drainage\n  296. What type of food is limited in a pt with advanced cirrhosis of the liver?\n  297. Following a laparoscopic cholecystecomty, what should the pt report?\n    Bile-colored drainage or pus from any incision\n  298. Why is lactulose given to a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    It decreases the bowel\ufffds pH thus decreasing the production of bacteria within the bowel\n  299. What is the stool and urine color of a pt who is jaundiced?\n    Dark tea-colored urine and clay-colored stools\n  300. When caring for a pt with acute pancreatitis, what lab reports may be anticipated?\n    Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated hematocrit and leykocytosis\n  301. What is the nurses response to a pt with advanced cirrhosis who asks why his abdomen is so swollen?\n    Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia cause a fluid shift into the peritoneal space\n  302. What labs are taken for cirrhosis?\n    PT INR\n  303. What is the post op care for an open cholecystectomy?\n    Monitor vital signs and observe dressing for exudates or hemorrhage\n  304. What is hepatitis?\n    An inflammation of the liver resulting from several types of viral agents or exposure to toxic substances\n  305. How is hepatitis C spread?\n    Needle sticks, contaminated blood transfusions\n  306. Why is neomycin given to a pt with hepatic encephalopathy?\n    To reduce the bacterial flora of the colon\n  307. What is pancreatitis?\n    Inflammation of the pancreas and may be acute or chronic\n  308. What types of drugs are avoided until the liver regains adequate function?\n    Drugs that are normally detoxified in the liver\n  309. What is a cholesystectomy?\n    A procedure to remove the gallbladder\n  310. What two major factors are most commonly associated with pancreatitis?\n    Alcoholism and biliary tract disease\n  311. What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?\n    Severe abdominal pain radiating to the back; low-grade fever, vomiting, jaundice, weight loss, steatorrhea, and tachycardia\n  312. What is the primary use of nonabsorbable antibiotics as preparation for bowel surgery?\n    To reduce the bacterial flora in the colon\n  313. What is the most important nursing intervention to decrease post op edema and pain in a male pt following an inguinal herniorraphy?\n    Elevation of the scrotum with a support or small pillow\n  314. How is hernia reduced?\n    Returned to its original position by manipulation\n  315. When can a temp colostomy be closed?\n    6 weeks to 3 months after the initial procedure\n  316. What is the treatment of diverticulus disease when muscle atrophy is responsible?\n    Low-residue diet, stool softeners, and bed rest\n  317. How can dumping syndrome be relieved?\n    Eating 6 small meals without fluids and by lying down after eating to slow the movement of food\n  318. What are the types of hernias?\n    Ventral, femoral, inguinal and umbilical\n  319. What is a hernia?\n    A protrusion of a viscus through an abnormal opening or a weakened area in the wall of a cavity\n  320. What is an incarcerate hernia?\n    One that cannot be returned to its original position\n  321. What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn\ufffds disease?\n    Ulcerative colitis is curable with a colectomy; Chrohn\ufffds often recurs after surgery\n  322. How would a stoma appear if a prolapse occurred?\n    Protruding and swollen\n  323. Dumping syndrome is a disorder associated with what condition?\n    Following gastric resection or peptic ulcer surgery\n  324. What is a nursing diagnosis for a pt with ulcerative colitis?\n    Imbalanced nutrition, less than body related to bowel hyper\n  325. What is diverticulitis?\n    The inflammation of one or more diverticula\n  326. What are the sings and symptoms of dumping syndrome?\n    Diphoresis, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea, borborygmi and dyspepsia\n  327. Which nursing measure will the nurse instruct the pt to follow to help prevent dumping syndrome?\n    Limit the fluids taken with meals\n  328. What recommendations for food choices would you give a pt who has been diagnosed with diverticulosis as a result of muscle thickening and increased intracolonic pressure?\n    Bran, fruits and vegetables\n  329. What are the difficulties of the hiatal hernia pt?\n    Gastroesophageal reflux, heartburn, strangulation, infarction and ulceration\n  330. What is diverticulosis?\n    The presence of pouchlike herniations\n  331. What is a hiatal hernia?\n    A protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm\n  332. What symptoms will indicate the occurrence of dumping syndrome?\n    Sweating and pallor\n  333. What is ulcerative colitis?\n    Abcessess in the rectum and up through the large intestine\n  334. What is dumping syndrome?\n    A condition of weakness and sweating following eating related to rapid emptying of the stomach\n  335. What is the treatment for diverticulus when muscle thickening is responsible?\n    High-fiber diet of bran, fruits and veggies\n  336. What lab values are decreased as a sign of a fat embolism?\n    Hemoglobin and hematocrit\n  337. What are the signs and symptoms of a fat embolism?\n    Chest pain, localized muscle weakness, spasticity and rigidity, all especially if a pt has multiple broken bones\n  338. What medications are used to control RA?\n    Antiinflammatory drugs and aspirin\n  339. When may a prothesis be fitted?\n    2 or 3 weeks post op\n  340. Besides joints, what other systems can RA affect?\n    Lung, heart, blood vessels, muscles, eyes and skin\n  341. Why is it necessary to warp an amputated extremity?\n    To facilitate proper fit and use of a prothesis\n  342. What type of disease is RA?\n    A chronic, systemic disease that\ufffds also though of as an autoimmune disorder\n  343. How are flexion hip contractures prevented postoperatively?\n    By raising the foot of the bed slightly\n  344. How much sleep is recommended for a pt with RA?\n    8-10 hours a nig and a 2 hour nap during the day\n  345. What is the most common type of fracture treated in the hospital?\n    Hip fracture\n  346. How is a fat embolism formed?\n    When a bone breaks, the fat deposits in the marrow are released into the bloodstream\n  347. What is an extracapsular fracture?\n    When a fracture occurs outside of the hip joint capsule\n  348. What is an impacted fracture?\n    Where one bone fragment is forcibly impacted into another bone fragment\n  349. What is compartment syndrome?\n    The progressive development of arterial vessel compression and reduced blood supply to an extremity\n  350. What are signs of a hip fracture?\n    Inability to move the leg voluntarily, and shortening or external rotation of the leg\n  351. What is a transverse fracture?\n    A break that runs directly across the bone\n  352. What are the signs of compartment syndrome?\n    inability to flex the fingers or toes, coolness of the extremity and absence of a pulse\n  353. What is an oblique fracture?\n    A break along the slant of the bone at a 45 degree angle\n  354. What is an intrascapular fracture?\n    When the femur is broken inside the joint\n  355. What is a comminuted fracture?\n    The bone is splintered into three or more fragments at the site of the break\n  356. What is the maximum elevation for the head of bed on a hip fracture patient?\n    45 degrees\n  357. How high can a limb with compartment syndrome be elevated?\n    No higher than the heart\n  358. What is a complete fracture?\n    A fracture entirely through the bone\n  359. Why does phantom pain occur?\n    Because the nerve tracks that register pain in the amputated area continue to send a message to the brain\n  360. What diagnostic tests are performed prior to an amputation?\n    CBC, BUN, potassium levels, urinalysis\n  361. In a pt with gout, what is the fluid intake increased to?\n    2000 ml\n  362. What is gout?\n    A metabolic disease resulting from an accumulation of uric acid in the blood\n  363. What is a greenstick fracture?\n    An incomplete fracture; the bone is only broken on one side\n  364. What is a spiral fracture?\n    Where the break coils around the bone\n  365. What are the three compartment of the knee?\n    Medial (inside), lateral (outside), patello-femoral (kneecap)\n  366. What is a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty?\n    A partial knee replacement\n  367. What is a knee arthroplasty?\n    Total knee replacement\n  368. What is seen in patients with compartmental syndrome?\n    Absence of pulsation in the affected extremity\n  369. When does physical therapy begin following a partial knee replacement?\n    The first day after surgery\n  370. Who is a partial knee replacement recommended for?\n    Select pts 50 years and older\n  371. What is colchine used for?\n    To treat gout\n  372. Which diagnostic test is used to assist in the confirmation of RA?\n  373. Who is not a candidate for a partial knee replacement?\n    Pts with RA or lupus\n  374. When can a pt bear weight on the leg following a prosthetic hip replacement?\n    6 weeks to 3 months\n  375. What causes gout?\n    Eating too many organ meats, yeast, herring, mackerel and scallops\n  376. What is RA?\n    Most serious form of arthritis and leads to severe crippling\n  377. What is the preoperative preparations focused on prior to an amputation?\n    The pts physical and emotional status\n  378. When is a lumbar puncture contraindicated?\n    In a pt with suspected brain tumor or ICP\n  379. What is the earliest sign of ICP?\n    Change in level of consciousness\n  380. What happens to vital signs in ICP?\n    Increased BP, decreased Pulse, decreased respirations\n  381. What is the first, most subtle clue to trouble in ICP?\n    Pupils reacting sluggishly\n  382. What type of pupil should be reported immediately?\n    A blown pupil\n  383. What is Cushing\ufffds response?\n    Widened pulse pressure, increased systolic BP, & bradycardia\n  384. What type of respirations are related to the level of brainstem compression or failure?\n    Sterterous or Cheyne-stokes\n  385. What is the first step to manage ICP?\n    Ensuring adequate oxygenation to support brain function\n  386. What three types of medications are used to treat ICP?\n    Osmotic diuretics, corticosteroids, and anticonvulsants\n  387. How is a pt with ICP placed?\n    Head of bed 30-45 degrees to promote venous return\n  388. Why is hip flexion avoided in a pt with ICP?\n    It causes increased pressure\n  389. What medication actually reduces ICP?\n  390. How should a pt with ICP breathe when moving?\n    They should exhale\n  391. What is atelectasis?\n    The collapse of lung tissue that prevents respiratory exchange of CO2 & O2 most often occurring after surgery\n  392. How often is incentive spirometer recommended for a pt with atelectasis?\n    10 x\ufffds every hour while awake\n  393. How does chemotherapy work?\n    By interfering with the cells\ufffd ability to multiply or reproduce\n  394. What is a common problem for a pt receiving chemo?\n  395. What does a temp of 100 or more indicate in the pt receiving chemo?\n    An impending infection\n  396. What is one of the most common complications of the mouth of a chemo pt?\n    Swallowing problems and systemic infections\n  397. What should the chemo pt rinse their mouth with every 2-4 hours?\n    Normal saline or sodium bicarbonate\n  398. What should the pt taking chemo do to prevent lung infection?\n    Cough, deep breathe, use incentive spirometer\n  399. What two types of colony-stimulating factors can prevent or manage neutropenia?\n    G-CSF & GM-CSF\n  400. Why is fatigue a major problem for pts on chemo who have anemia?\n    Decreased oxygenation to tissues from the decreased hemoglobin\n  401. What is tumor lysis syndrome?\n    Rapid lysis of malignant cells as a result of chemotherapy\n  402. When is a pillow placed under a pt\ufffds head postoperatively?\n    After the pt is fully conscious\n  403. Why is the postop pts head of bed raised to a 45 degree angle?\n    To prevent aspirating of vomit\n  404. What is the first thing a nurse should do if she notices her pt going into shock?\n    Administer oxygen\n  405. What is dehiscence?\n    Separation of a surgical incision or rupture of a wound closure\n  406. What are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?\n    Chest pain, fever, productive cough or dyspnea\n  407. What is the acceptable urine output level postoperatively?\n    30 ml per hour\n  408. Why is preoperative teaching important?\n    Wound healing then occurs more rapidly\n  409. When is preoperative pt teaching completed?\n    1-2 days before surgery\n  410. What type of drugs reduce spasms of smooth muscles and decrease gastric, bronchial, and salivary secretions?\n  411. What is urticaria?\n    Presence of wheals or hives in an allergic reaction\n  412. What are wheals?\n    Round elevations of the skin that are white in the center and pale red peripherally\n  413. What are the clinical manifestations of urticaria?\n    Pruritus, edema and burning pain\n  414. What drugs can provide relief from urticaria?\n    Antihistamine and epinephrine\n  415. What is hypovolemic shock?\n    Severe blood and fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body\n  416. What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock?\n    Cool, clammy skin, anxiety, confusion, decreased urine output\n  417. What medications are given to a pt to treat hypovolemic shock?\n    Dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine\n  418. What causes hypovolemic shock?\n    Blood loss from injuries, burns, diarrhea, vomiting\n  419. What is the most common sign of a UTI in an elderly patient?\n  420. What chronic conditions can predispose a pt to recurrent UTI\ufffds?\n    DM, MS, spinal cord injuries, hypertension, kidney disease\n  421. What are the common signs and symptoms of a UTI?\n    Urgency, frequency, burning, hematuria\n  422. What type of UTI is a bladder infection?\n  423. What type of UTI is a kidney infection?\n  424. What is urosepsis?\n    Septic poisoning due to retention and absorption of urinary products in the tissues\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMed Surg Final.txt\n2010-02-23 02:57:29\nMed Surg Final Exam\n\nMed Surg Final Exam\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive Definition of Weak Atheism\n\nWeak atheism is defined as simply the absence of belief in gods or the absence of theism. This is also the broad, general definition of atheism. The definition of weak atheism is used as a contrast to the definition of strong atheism, which is the positive assertion that no gods exist. All atheists are necessarily weak atheists because by definition all atheists do not believe in any gods; only some go on to assert that some or no gods exist.\n\nSome people deny that weak atheism exists, confusing the definition with that of agnosticism. This is a mistake because atheism is about (a lack of) belief whereas agnosticism is about (a lack of) knowledge. Belief and knowledge are related by separate issues. Thus weak atheism is compatible with agnosticism, not an alternative to it. Weak atheism overlaps with negative atheism and implicit atheism.\n\nUseful Examples\n\n\"Weak atheists do not find the evidence for the existence of gods persuasive. While theists say that deities, or gods, do exist, weak atheists do not necessarily disagree. Some simply hold no opinion on the matter. Others more actively have doubts that gods exist. They consider it likely that gods do not exist because no one can prove that they do. In this respect, weak atheism is similar to agnosticism, or the view that gods might or might not exist but no one can know for certain.\"\n\n- World Religions: Primary Sources, Michael J. O'Neal and J. Sydney Jones
+__label__positive [RSArchive Icon]\nRudolf Steiner Archive Section Name Rudolf Steiner Archive & e.Lib\n\nCourse for Young Doctors\n\nRudolf Steiner Archive & e.Lib Document\n\n\nHighlight Words\n\nCourse for Young Doctors\n\nYoung Doctors Course: Lecture VII\n\nSchmidt Number: S-5573\n\nOn-line since: 10th September, 2008\n\n\nDornach, January 8, 1924\n\nWe will spend the first part of the time today in answering questions which do not belong to the general category of which I have already spoken. We will then continue the theme of yesterday's lecture in order, tomorrow, to come to the esoteric conclusion.\n\nMost of the questions fit into what I have said to you in general. There are only a few questions which call for a specific answer and we will take these more or less at random.\n\nQuestion: Are there definite exercises for strengthening the so-called magnetic healing forces, and what are these exercises?\n\nThis, of course, necessitates a few words about the nature of the forces of magnetic healing. The magnetic healing forces are forces which play, essentially, between the etheric body of the one person and the etheric body of the other. You must picture to yourselves that the efficacy of what goes by the name of healing magnetism is based on the following \u2014 suppose somebody has a very strong character, that is to say, it is possible for him to unfold his will very strongly. Indications can be given to such a person. I can, for instance, say to him when he is suffering from some illness or other; every morning at eleven o'clock you should think about the sun; think that the sun warms your head first, and then that the warmth of your head passes to your upper arm, lower arm, hands, so that your own power is strengthened; then, when you have strengthened your own power, try to make a clear mental picture of what you feel about your illness, in order, then, through the power of your will, to get rid of it. This procedure may help, when the illness is not connected with damage to a specific organ, whereby the damage can naturally extend itself to all four parts of the elemental body: the solid, fluid, aeriform, and warmth elements. Although I do not say that it will invariably help, for there is always something problematic about these things.\n\nThrough the indications given him, the astral body of the patient has been stimulated. The indication which he has put into practice, this picturing of the sun, the warmth in his head, and so on, which has still further strengthened his will \u2014 this has worked upon his astral body. The astral body has worked upon his etheric body and the etheric body in turn has worked in a healing way on his physical body and has been able to adjust, to nullify the trouble which is not a deep, organic one. It cannot be said that such healing can only occur in what modern medicine calls \u201cfunctional\u201d disturbance in contrast to organic disturbance where there is an actual disturbance of the organs themselves. This difference is, as a matter of fact, quite inexact. It is impossible to say where functional disturbances cease and organic disturbances begin. In functional diseases there are always slight organic disturbances as well, only these latter cannot be proved by the crude methods of physiology and pathology today. In a case like that which I have described, we are not applying the forces of magnetic healing, but we are calling upon the patient's power to heal himself and this method, when it can be used, is the best, under all circumstances. We thereby strengthen the patient's will, as we make him well.\n\nThe following is also possible. Out of our own astral body, without the patient exerting his own will, we can influence our own etheric body in such a way that our own etheric body works upon the etheric body of the patient in the same way as, in the previous case, the astral body worked. It is in this that healing magnetism consists. The magnetic healer does this unconsciously; he influences his own etheric body with his astral body. Instinctively, he can then so direct the forces he unfolds that as he passes them on to the patient they strengthen the patient's forces. You must realize that if it is to be a question of healing, the magnetic healer must use means that are able, somehow, to bring it about. If we have a patient who is weak, of whose will we can expect nothing, the forces of healing magnetism may sometimes be applied. But I want to say, with emphasis, that magnetic healing forces are pretty problematical and are not equally useful in all cases. The instinctive faculty of activating one's own astral body in order thereby to influence one's own etheric body and then work over into the etheric body of the patient \u2014 this instinctive faculty is an individual one. There are people in whom it is strong, others in whom it is weak, others who do not possess it at all. There are people who are, by nature, magnetic healers \u2014 certainly there are. But the important thing is this, that the faculty is, as a rule, of limited duration. The natural magnetic healers have this magnetism, as it is called. When they begin to apply it, it may work very well; after a time it begins to wane, and later on it often happens that magnetic healers, after this faculty has died down in them, go on acting as if they still had it, and then charlatanism begins.\n\nThis is the precarious element when magnetic healing becomes a profession. This kind of healing really cannot be made into a profession. That is what must be said about it. The process of magnetic healing \u2014 when a person has the faculty for it \u2014 is only unconditionally effective when it is carried out with genuine compassion for the patient, a compassion that goes right down into one's organism. If you practice magnetic healing with a real love for the patient, then it cannot be done as a profession. If real love exists it will always be able to lead to something good, if no trouble arises from another side. But it can only be done on occasions, when karma leads us to a person whom we are able, out of love, to help; then the outer sign may be a laying on of the hand, or a stroking and then what is happening is that the astral body is passing on its forces to the etheric body which then works upon the ether body of the other person.\n\nSomething must still be said from another aspect about what goes on here. The healing always proceeds from the astral body, either from the patient's own astral body or from the astral body of the magnetizer. The reverse is the case in therapy where medicaments are used. When you give medicaments you introduce into the physical body substances which then work partly upon the inner forces and partly upon the rhythm of the physical body in such a way that the etheric body of the patient is influenced. The healing always proceeds from the etheric body. If you influence the etheric body from the astral body \u2014 which is a psychical healing \u2014 this lies in the realm of magnetic healing and is somewhat problematic, having a humanitarian, social element in it, something to do with the relations of one human being to another. Rational therapy must proceed from intervention by means of medicaments which proceed from the physical body and pass into to the etheric body. Always, however, the healing proceeds from the etheric body. It is a complete illusion that the physical body, when it has become ill, can itself bring about any healing. The physical body has, precisely, the basis of illness within it, and the cause of healing must always come from the etheric body.\n\nQuestion: What relationships are there between the heart and the uterus and its position on the one hand, and experiences of the soul such as pain or joy, on the other?\n\nThere are direct relationships. In the first place, even though they are not in physical contact, heart and uterus belong together as closely as sun and moon. Sun and moon belong together in such a way that both of them throw the same light on an object. Sometimes the sun throws the light directly, at other times by the indirect way of passing first to the moon and being reflected back from there. The organ of the heart contains direct impulses for the human organism. It is the organ of perception for the blood circulation which goes on in the normal organism. The uterus is so constituted that it is the organ of perception for the circulation that comes about after fertilization. That is its purpose. It is just like the moon reflecting the sun's light; the uterus reflects what the heart perceives in the blood circulation; it radiates it back. They belong together as sun and moon inasmuch as what these organs perceive are like direct and reflected influences. When a human being is once in existence, he needs the heart forces; when he first begins to develop he needs reflected heart force and this comes from the uterus.\n\nThese organs, together with certain others \u2014 lungs bring it more down to the etheric-physical body \u2014 these organs, heart and uterus, are, physically, nothing else than that which, seen from the spiritual, is the soul nature of the human being. Perhaps I may put it as follows \u2014 suppose you develop imaginative cognition. When you have developed imaginative cognition and look at a human being, you actually get the picture of sun and moon when you look at heart and uterus. That is the corresponding spiritual reality which the human being experiences in his soul. There is a real correspondence between what goes on in the heart and in the uterus \u2014 goes on, that is, in the half-unconscious region of the soul, for generally speaking, the life of soul is otherwise influenced by thoughts. A delicate process is unveiled in imaginative cognition, namely, an intimate connection of heart and uterus. But those who can only observe a little, can see how, half-consciously or half-unconsciously, shall I say, the activity of the heart develops under the influence of the physical environment. A person whose life is such that he constantly\nreceives shocks through his profession, let us say, has in his subconsciousness an exact counterpart in his life of soul of the heart activity which is there set up, and this reflects itself \u2014 in the case of woman \u2014 in the uterus. We can then see how what takes place there is transferred to the constitution of the embryo.\n\nQuestion: Here is a question that is difficult to answer because it must either be answered superficially, that is to say as a mere communication, or one must go into it thoroughly. The question is: How does the wearing of pearls and precious stones work upon individual organs?\n\nThere is an effect, certainly, but the effect can only be judged when one is able to look into the spiritual world; the effect has to be judged according to the individual. It can quite well be said, for example: Sapphire works upon a certain temperament, upon a choleric temperament, but really only in an individual case. There certainly are effects but to answer the question completely one would have to enter into deeper things than is possible today.\n\nQuestion: This next question: \u201cHow can one get insight into karma in cases of individual illness?\u201d can only be answered out of what I have said in the lectures.\n\nMuch will have resulted from what has been said and much will come out of what I still have to say.\n\nQuestion: Here is another: Are there favorable connections between the degree and length of time of the post-mortem processes of decay (Verwesungsvorg\u00e4nge = processes of decay) and the destiny of the individual in the spiritual world?\n\nThere are really no connections which would have any significance for us as human beings. The process of decay is not, of course, the purely physical process which it is usually considered to be by chemistry. There is something deeply spiritual connected with it. This was felt in the days of the old, instinctive knowledge. It was said: The innermost kernel, or essence, of a thing is the real or essential being (Wesen) and the prefix ver always means the movement towards something. If, for example, you say, \u201cto have a sudden rapid movement (zucken),\u201d that is a movement. But if you say verz\u00fccken, that is the tendency, the movement towards a sudden rapid movement. If you say verwesen (to decay), this means a movement towards Wesen, towards real being, a rising into real being.\n\nMan is not an entirely self-enclosed being. Spiritual beings work and create in him. Spiritual beings are within our physical, etheric and astral bodies. It is only in the ego organization that we are free. These spiritual beings within the physical, etheric, and astral bodies are bound up with what happens in the physical body after death. The question of cremation and decay is closely connected with this. But all these things are bound up with human karma. One can only say this: So far as the individual human being as such is concerned the question is really not of very great importance.\n\nQuestion: Has a post-mortem examination any influence on the destiny of the dead from a certain point of time after death?\n\nIt has no influence at all upon the destiny of the dead.\n\nMost of the questions have been answered in the lectures. But here is still one that has a certain importance.\n\nQuestion: Are the healing faculties possessed by a physician of a purely personal nature or are they affected by community, that is to say, not only by connections between physician and patient but by community among physicians? Is it conceivable that the individual physician could acquire, through such community, powers that cannot be his if he works all by himself? Does not this happen, for example, in the communities of priests?\n\nThis is certainly the case, as it is with all communities of human beings. Forces can flow to an individual from every community of human beings, only the community must be real \u2014 it must be felt, experienced. What I have described to you and shall do more clearly still tomorrow is of such a nature that it can build a community among you in connection with us here, even if for the present we can only communicate by means of correspondence. It is meant to unite you in such a way that when you are alone, you will feel that forces flow to you not only by way of the intellectual, but also by way of the spirit.\n\nQuestion: Is there any value in iris diagnosis, graphology, chiromancy?\n\nThe ideal would be that you should be able to observe the general state of a human being from a small piece of his finger nail which you cut off. This is quite possible \u2014 a very great deal can be learned from this. Equally you can learn a great deal from one hair of a human being. But here you must remember how different, how individual is the hair of each person. Some of you are fair, some of you have black hair. What underlies this? Those of you who are dark have in the blackness of the hair an iron process which is going on in the hair. Blondeness comes from a sulfur process which is particularly strong in those people who have red hair. These things are of the very greatest interest. I have actually known people of whom it could be said that they were really fiery, with their bright red hair. A very strong sulfur process is present here, whereas in black hair there is a comparatively strong iron process. You must remember that this emanates from the whole human organism. A person who has red hair is always producing something that is a highly combustible substance \u2014 sulfur \u2014 and his hair is permeated with it. The other person who has black hair secretes iron \u2014 a substance that is not combustible but of a different character. This reveals a deep-seated difference between the two people in their whole organization. In individual cases, much can be learned about the whole human being from the kind of hair he has.\n\nIf this is so, why should it not be possible to learn about a person from the constitution of his iris? But you must remember that a very high form of knowledge is required for these things, not the nonsensical knowledge which the diagnosticians possess about the iris. That, of course, is dilettantism. The way to real knowledge of these things which rest on true foundations comes only at the end, just as the way to astrology comes only at the last stages of spiritual knowledge. Before that stage has been reached, astrology is terrible dilettantism. The same applies to chiromancy and graphology.\n\nFor graphology, genuine inspiration is necessary. The way a human being writes is entirely individual. At the very most there are indications, but they are quite crude. Inspiration is necessary before anything about a human being can be deduced by graphology. The strange thing about graphology is that from the handwriting of a person we can more or less get at the condition he was in seven years previously. Anyone, therefore, who wants to know something about a person as he is now, will have to take a circuitous path; he gets at the inner conditions which were there seven years previously and then, if he has the necessary vision, from what he perceives of seven years ago, he can arrive at a more fundamental knowledge than would otherwise be possible. So, you see, something can actually be accomplished.\n\nAs it is with the hair and the iris, so it is with chiromancy. For that you must have inspiration \u2014 not the superficial principles that are customarily given. A very special talent which someone or other may possess is necessary in order to be able to get to the bottom of the lines in the hand. The lines are, it is true, closely connected with the development of a human being. You need only compare your own hands and look at the lines in the left hand and in the right. Even in ordinary life there is a difference, for one person writes with his right hand, another with his left. With inspiration we can read the karma of a person from the lines in his left hand. In the right hand one usually sees the personal capacities and industriousness which a person has acquired during this life. His destiny has fashioned this earth life and his capacities lead him on into the future. None of these things is without foundation, but it is exceedingly dangerous to represent them in public because here we come to a region where seriousness and charlatanism border very closely upon each other.\n\nAt the end of the lecture yesterday, I said that out of the very nature of the world processes, medicine must be bound up with deep-seated morality of the soul. For I told you that real, true knowledge of a medicament to a certain extent deprives the knower himself of the power of this medicament; there is something in the knowledge of the medicament which excludes from the knower the possibility of being healed by its means. Naturally, the purely chemical working is not excluded, but that is not real knowledge. Just think of the following\u2014the muscular system of man is understood through imagination, as I said yesterday. We learn to know what is working in a muscle when we attain to pictorial, imaginative cognition. But if we want to know what has a healing effect in some organ that is of the nature of a muscle, then the therapeutic knowledge must also be imaginative. True knowledge of an inner organ is of the nature of inspiration; that is the real knowledge; it is not chemical knowledge. If you really know that some medicament works upon the muscular system in a certain way, then you have this knowledge through imagination. Yes, but imaginative knowing is not like the knowing which we usually visualize today. The latter kind of knowing does not go very deeply into the human being. It really exists only in the head, whereas imaginative knowing simultaneously takes hold of the muscular system. Therapeutic knowledge that is also imaginative is of such a nature that you actually feel this knowledge in your muscles. What matters is that you shall take these things in real earnestness.\n\nIn order that you may fully understand, I want to say something paradoxical on this subject, but the paradox here happens to be the truth. My Philosophy of Spiritual Activity has been little understood because people have not known how to read it. They have read it just as they would read any other book. But the Philosophy of Spiritual Activity is not the same as other books. It weaves in thoughts, but in thoughts that are truly experienced. Abstract, logical thoughts such as are current in science today are experienced in the brain. The thoughts to which I have given expression in my Philosophy of Spiritual Activity \u2014 and here comes the paradox \u2014 are experienced by one's whole being, in the bony system. And let me say something still stranger. It has happened\u2014only people have not noticed it because they did not connect the two things \u2014 it has happened that when people have really understood this book that often in the course of reading, and especially when they have finished the book, they have more than once dreamed of skeletons. This is connected in the moral sphere, with the position of the Philosophy of Spiritual Activity in regard to the freedom of the world.\n\nFreedom, or spiritual activity, consists in this: that from out the bones the muscles are moved in the external world. The unfree person follows his impulses and instincts; the free person directs himself in accordance with the demands and exigencies of the world which he must first love. He must acquire a relationship to the world. This expresses itself in the imagination of the bony system. Inwardly, it is the bony system that experiences the thoughts when they are truly experienced. They are experienced with the whole being, with the whole of the earthy man. Thoughts, then, that are truly experienced, are experienced with the bony system. There have been people who wanted to paint pictures after reading my books and they have shown me all kinds of things. They have wanted to bring the thoughts in the Philosophy of Spiritual Activity into the form of pictures. If one really wants to paint what it contains, one would have to produce dramatic scenes, performed by human skeletons. Free spiritual activity is something in which we must get rid of everything that is purely instinctive; similarly, what a person experiences when he has the thoughts of free spiritual activity is something in which he must unburden himself of his flesh and blood; he must become a skeleton, he must become of the earth. The thoughts must become earthy in the true sense. This means that one must free oneself by dint of hard work.\n\nI mention this in order that you may realize that even ordinary thoughts generate something that lays hold of the whole being of man.\n\nIf we pass on from thoughts to imagination, we experience imagination in the muscular system. Inspiration is experienced when we experience our own inner organs. When it is a matter of inspirations, however, we must not forget the saying: Naturalia non sunt turpia (the natural is not despicable). For under certain circumstances, the most wonderful inspirations are experienced with the kidneys or with other organs in the lower part of the body.\n\nHigher knowledge, therefore, is something that involves the whole being of man, and those who have no knowledge of imaginations and inspirations do not know that the activity of imagination is a labor that is quite like physical labor because it puts a strain on the very muscles. Real imagination is like actual physical labor. There is a relationship between physical labor and imagination. If I may be allowed to say something personal, I have always found that imagination was helped a great deal by the fact that when I was a boy, I used to hack wood, dig potatoes, work with a spade, sow seed, and such things. I do not want to blow my own trumpet by saying this, but to have done these things did help to exert the muscles and so made imagination easier. If you have exerted the muscles in youth, imagination will be easier for you in later life. But remember this: movements that do not involve exertion, that are not real labor, are of no use, play is of no use at all for imagination. I am not saying anything against play in itself, for you need only read what I say about educational subjects to find that I have nothing whatever against play. What imagination does is to bring the resting muscle\u2014for this must naturally take place while the muscle is at rest \u2014 to bring the resting muscle to an experience that is similar to actual physical labor.\n\nIf you embark on the medical path in association with us here, you will learn about these strange things and you will realize that the knowledge of these therapeutic matters takes hold of your muscular system; and this will be of significance in your own karma.\n\nLet us take a specific case. I will construct quite an idealistic one\u2014the true therapy of smallpox. Real smallpox calls up a very strong inspiration, with intuition as well. And the knowledge that comes to you here, when you are real therapists in this domain, works much more strongly upon you \u2014 when it is real knowledge \u2014 does a vaccination; in a different sense it works much more strongly, and in studying the therapy of smallpox as a physician you will bring about a kind of healing in yourself in advance, prophylactically, and will therefore be able, when you understand the connection, to go among smallpox patients without fear, and full of love.\n\nOf course all these things have their other side too. As I have said, if the knowledge of a medicament is a true imaginative or inspired knowledge, then the healing forces are there; it need not even be one's own imagination, it may be that of someone else. In itself it has healing forces. Even to have the idea of a medicament has an effect, and it works. But it works only so long as you are without fear. Fear is the opposite pole to love. If you go into a sick room with fear, none of your therapeutic measures will help. If you can go into a sick room with love, without thought of yourself, if you can direct the whole of your soul to those whom you have to heal, if you can live in love, in your imaginative and inspired knowledge, then you will be able to place yourselves within the process of healing not as a knower who is a bearer of fear, but as a knower who is a bearer of love.\n\nThus medicine is impelled into the realm of the moral not only from without but also from within. This is true to a high degree in the sphere of medicine, as it is true in all spheres of spiritual knowledge. Courage must be developed. I have told you that courage is all around us. Air is an illusion; it is courage that is everywhere around us. If we are really to live in the world in which we breathe, we need courage. If we are timid or cowardly, if we do not live together with the world but exclude ourselves from it, we breathe only in semblance. What is above all things for medicine is courage, the courage to heal. It is indeed so: if you confront an illness with the courage to heal, this is the right orientation which in ninety percent of cases leads you right. These moral qualities are most intimately connected with the process of healing.\n\nThus it should be as I have said: A first course for medical students should consist in creating a basis through knowledge of nature and of the being of man, knowledge of the cosmos as well as of man. Then, in a second course, there would come the esoteric deepening, the deepening of esoteric knowledge of the working of the healing forces, so that medicine would be regarded as I described in the fourth lecture and will speak of again tomorrow. A final course would aim at bringing therapy into connection with the development of the true moral faculties of the physician. If such a final course were able to produce these moral qualifications, then diseases would become, for the physician, the opposite of what they are for the patients; they would become something that he loves \u2014 not, of course, in order to be enhanced and cultivated so that the patient may remain ill as long as possible \u2014 but loved because illness only acquires its meaning when it is healed. What does this mean?\n\nTo be healthy means to have the so-called 'normal' qualities of soul and spirit within one; to be ill, to have some illness, however, also means that one is being influenced by some spiritual quality. I know, of course, that learned men of the modern age will say, on hearing this: \"Ah, now comes the old doctrine of being possessed.\" Yes, but it is really a question whether the old doctrine of being possessed is worse than the new. Which is worse\u2014to be possessed by spirits or by bacilli? It is a matter there of examining the relative values. Modern physicians with their theories acknowledge the fact of such \"possession\"\u2014only their mentality is more suited to preach a materialistic kind of possession.\n\nThe truth is that when a person has an illness, he has a spiritual quality within him which, in the ordinary course of his life, is not present. Yet it is a spiritual quality. Here again I must voice a paradox. I am going to speak now of a reality in connection with the Zodiac: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. Now there is a colossal difference between these upper seven constellations and the five lower constellations. If you can reach to imagination, you get a picture of a male being in the cosmos for these seven upper constellations, and the picture of a female being for the five lower constellations. So that in imaginative vision, male-female in an enclosed serpent form is spread over the Zodiac.\n\nNobody can have this imagination without going through the following experience. Think of the illness of smallpox which reveals itself in physical symptoms. But suppose you were able to do the following: picture to yourselves a person suffering from smallpox who in his astral body and ego organization had the power today to draw out the whole illness and to experience it only in the astral body and in the ego, so that in that moment his physical and etheric bodies would be well. Suppose such a thing were hypothetically possible. What I have said cannot actually happen, but if you want to have this imagination you must do the same thing as I have described as a hypothetical case, without your physical body and etheric body having smallpox. In the astral body and ego organization, free from the physical and etheric bodies, you must experience the illness of smallpox. In other words: you must experience, spiritually, a spiritual correlate of physical illness. The illness of smallpox is the physical image of the condition in which ego organization and astral body are when they have such an imagination. You will realize now that in smallpox there is proceeding, but in this case from the human being himself, the same influence out of which, in spiritual knowledge, the heavenly imagination comes.\n\nYou see, my dear friends, how closely illness is related to the spiritual life \u2014 not to the physical body; illness is closely related to the spiritual life. Illness is the physical imagination of the spiritual life and because the physical imagination is in the wrong, because it ought not to imitate certain spiritual processes \u2014 therefore that which in the spiritual world may be something very sublime, is, under certain circumstances, illness in the physical organization.\n\nIn trying to understand the nature of illness we must say to ourselves: Were it not possible for certain spiritual beings to be brought down into a realm where they do not rightly belong, then these beings would not be present even in the spiritual world. The close relationship of true spiritual knowledge with illness is clear from this. When we have spiritual knowledge we have knowledge of illness. If one has a heavenly imagination such as that of which I spoke, one knows what smallpox is, because it is only the physical projection of what is experienced spiritually. And so it is, really, with all knowledge of illness. We can say: If heaven, or indeed hell, take too strong a hold of the human being, he becomes ill; if they only take hold of his soul or his spirit, he becomes wiser, or cleverer, or a seer.\n\nThese are things which you must inwardly digest, my dear friends, and then you will realize what the task of Anthroposophy is in connection with medicine, for Anthroposophy reveals the true, divine archetypes of the illnesses which are their demonic counterparts. But this can lead you more and more deeply to the recognition that what is necessary today as a reform of medical study is to be sought in the domain of Anthroposophy.\n\nLast Modified: 31-Mar-2020\nThe Rudolf Steiner Archive is maintained by:\nThe e.Librarian: elibrarian@elib.com
+__label__positive wood burning stoves 2.0\nThe moose likes Programmer Certification (SCJP/OCPJP) and the fly likes About principal characteristics of OOP Big Moose Saloon\nRegister / Login\n\nBookmark \"About principal characteristics of OOP\" Watch \"About principal characteristics of OOP\" New topic\n\nAbout principal characteristics of OOP\n\nJack Lau\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Aug 30, 2002\nPosts: 166\nHello all,\nThe following question is from www.jchq.net\nName three principal characteristics of Object Oriented programming?\n1) encapsulation, dynamic binding, polymorphism\n2) polymorphism, overloading, overriding\n3) encapsulation, inheritance, dynamic binding\n4) encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism\nThe answer is 4\nI know 4 is a correct answer, but I don't understand why 3 is not correct.\nLate binding, dynamic binding and polymorphism are not the same ?\nThanks in advance!\nBikhu Matre\n\nJoined: Nov 14, 2003\nPosts: 7\nTry this.\nvani vani\n\nJoined: Nov 19, 2003\nPosts: 1\nStatic binding means that the function being called is determined as the program is compiled\nDynamic binding is the opposite of static binding. The binding decision is delayed until runtime. This allows you to add components to your program while it is still running. If the runtime environment is designed to support this (and Rhapsody should be), it opens up a lot of interesting possibilities.\n\nThe C++ language supports a limited version of dynamic binding called late binding. In C++, a function call must type-match exactly the called function (called static typing) or else type-match exactly an inherited function. Though C++ virtual functions allow you to delay the binding until runtime, the type constraints still apply. Late binding is still restricted. Dynamic binding is unconstrained.\nAnupreet Arora\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Jun 17, 2003\nPosts: 81\nI believe that polymorphism is a broader term, which groups the concepts of dynamic binding, static binding, super class variables to access sub class objects, overriding, dynamic method dispatch etc.\nAnd Ans C is correct because its Polymorphism that is one of the pillars of OOPs and not just dynamic binding.\nComments are welcome.\nAnupreet Arora\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Jun 17, 2003\nPosts: 81\nCorrection : Ans D\nsubject: About principal characteristics of OOP\nIt's not a secret anymore!
+__label__positive HIS - Exam 3 Flashcards.txt\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview\n\n\n  1. Where is the Congo River?\n    Goes through Congo and the Northern portion of The Congo Basin\n  2. Where is Mt. Kilimanjaro?\n    In Tanzania near the coast\n  3. Where is the \u201cbackbone mountain range?\u201d\n    Africa does not have one\n  4. Where is Victoria Falls?\n    Border of Zambia, and Zimbabwe\n  5. Where is Lake Victoria?\n    Middle of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda\n  6. Where is Cape of Good Hope?\n    The Southern-most tip of Africa\n  7. Where is the Horn of Africa?\n    The pointed coast area of Somalia\n  8. What is the capital of Nigeria?\n  9. What is the capital of South Africa?\n  10. What is the capital of Ethiopia?\n    Abbis Ababa\n  11. What is the capital of Uganda?\n  12. What is the capital of Kenya?\n  13. What is the capital of Tanzania?\n  14. What is the capital of Zimbabwe?\n  15. What is the capital of Rwanda?\n  16. Where are the Atlas Mtns?\n    Northern Africa on the coast near Spain\n  17. Where is the Sahara Desert?\n    All of Northern Africa\n  18. Where is the Nile River?\n    Goes through Egypt\n  19. Where is the Jordan River?\n    Eastern border of Israel\n  20. Where is the Tigris River?\n    East of Baghdad (In Iraq)\n  21. Where is the Euphrates River?\n    West of Baghdad (In Iraq)\n  22. Where is the Red Sea?\n    Between North Africa and Saudi Arabia (Southwest Asia/Middle East)\n  23. Where is the Persian Gulf?\n    Between Saudi Arabia and Iran\n  24. Where is the Dead Sea?\n    Borders Jordan on the East and Israel on the West (dumps into Red Sea)\n  25. Where is the Negev Desert?\n    Central Israel\n  26. Where is Sudan?\n    West of Ethiopia and the Red Sea\n  27. What is the capital of (South) Sudan?\n  28. Where is Darfur?\n    Western border of Sudan\n  29. Where is Turkey?\n    South of the Black Sea\n  30. What is the capital of Turkey?\n  31. What is the capital of Saudi Arabia?\n  32. What are the European Colonial Objectives? (4)\n    -A port along the West African coast, -A water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia, -Resources and slaves (1500's), -Mineral resources and markets (1850s)\n  33. What was Belgium's role in colonialism?\n    -King Leopold II gains Congo, -Signed \"agreements\" with chiefs, -Took hostages and money to enforce quotas of rubber, -King had a private army in the region to enforce his policies, -led to first major 20th cent. \"human rights\" movement, -8-10 mill dead, Congo still feels effects\n  34. Where was direct rule colonialism happening?\n    France and Germany\n  35. In direct rule colonialism, who ruled?\n    Imported nationals to rule\n  36. How did direct rule colonialism affect Africa(ns)?\n    Made them \"French-like,\" ex: language, food, etc., and assimilated them and became part of \"Greater France\"\n  37. What affects did indirect rule have on the British?\n    Used local language, created \"states,\" used locals to establish if possible, and defeated most popular ruler but kept his system\n  38. What affect did colonialism policies have on Portugal?\n    \"Exploitation:\" first to enslave and colonize, one of the last to grant independence, maintained rigid control, raw resource oriented\n  39. How has colonialism affected religion in Islam?\n    Becomes suppressed so it becomes \"rebellious\" against the Europeans\n  40. How has colonialism affected religion in West and South Africa?\n    Christianity still growing w/more \"home grown\" versions\n  41. What affect did nationalism have?\n    Pan-African view (result of colonialism), created nations out of previously \"disorganized\" lands\n  42. What is the Pan-African view?\n    Result of colonialism, a movement that seeks to unify all African people into one African community\n  43. What are the great diseases of Africa?\n    Malaria, yellow fever, AIDS, river blinds, sleeping sickness, bilharzia\n  44. What is an endemic?\n    within a population (ex: chickenpox)\n  45. What is an epidemic?\n    sudden outbreak at local, regional scale\n  46. What is a pandemic?\n    Worldwide spread\n  47. What is the dominant language in 16 States of the realm?\n  48. What is oil's impact?\n    Standard of living, Modernization, Regional disparities, Foreign investment, Political upheaval and strategic importance\n  49. What makes Israel different?\n    Modern day Israel is a state that was created and and set up by Europe and given to the Jews.\n  50. Israeli-Palestinian conflict?\n    Israel isn't considered a legit state by the Middle East which causes conflict, The Palestinians held the territory (modern Israel) prior to it being given to the Israelis so they weren't and still are not happy about it so there is constant fighting. Key issues are: mutual recognition, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, Palestinian freedom of movement and legalities concerning refugees\n  51. Struggle for Jerusalem?\n    Jerusalem is a holy city that is important to both judaism (old capital, 1st & 2nd temples) and islam (Muhammad ascends into Heaven), so both the Israelis and the Palestinians REALLY want control of it.\n  52. What is the Fertile Crescent?\n    Nicknamed the \"Cradle of Civilization:\" region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia; includes: Mesopotamia, the land around the Tigris and Euphrates River, the major nation is Iraq, & portions of Iran\n  53. 6 day war?\n    (1967) Israel gains: Arab-Israeli conflict\n  54. Islam?\n    Islam = \u201csubmission to God,\u201d Civil war between Muhammad\u2019s descendants (Shi\u2019ites) and the Umayyads (Sunnis), Shi\u2019ites eventually win and move capital to Baghdad, while Sunnis settle in Damascus, muhammad is way to Allah, works based, and the Five Pillars\n  55. Muslim?\n    Muslim = \u201cone who surrenders,\u201d muslim sources: Q'uran and Hadith or Sunnah\n  56. What are the occupied territories of Israel?\n    Golan Heights, West Bank, Gaza Strip\n  57. Zionism?\n    Pogroms, Theodor Herzl,homeland\n  58. Balfour Declaration?\n    Immigration to Palestine\n  59. War of Independence?\n    (1948) Israel seizes more land\n  60. Armistice?\n    (1949) 900,000 Palestinian \"Refugees\"\n  61. UN Partition Plan?\n    Jewish and Arab, Economic union, British leave in 1948, Israel as a State (May 14, 1948)\n\nCard Set Information\n\nHIS - Exam 3 Flashcards.txt\n2011-11-03 01:22:43\n\nAfrica, Middle East\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive Honors Biology - Unit 2-1-2.1 Unit Systems test\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user veiwsonic2 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. What are the five characteristics of life?\n    \u2022 1. Cellular Respiration\n    \u2022 2. Metabolism\n    \u2022 3. Responsiveness\n    \u2022 4. Growth and Development\n    \u2022 5. Reproduction\n    \u2022 (CMRGR)\n  2. What are the simplest organisms? (Think number of cells)\n  3. What are complex organisms (Think number of cells)\n    Multi-celled with cells that have CELL SPECIALIZATION.\n  4. Name some unicellular organisms;\n    bacteria, SOME protists (protozoans, phytoplankton), yeast\n  5. Name some complex organisms;\n    Animals, plants, fungi, SOME protists (algae)\n  6. What is the order of the organization of life from smallest to largest?\n    \u2022 -Atoms\n    \u2022 -Biological macro-molecules\n    \u2022 -Organelles\n    \u2022 -Cells\n    \u2022 -Tissues\n    \u2022 -Organs\n    \u2022 -Organ systems\n    \u2022 -Organisms\n    \u2022 (A bad orc could toast other obese orcs)\n  7. Name some biological macro-molecules\n    \u2022 -Proteins\n    \u2022 -Lipids\n    \u2022 -Carbohydrates\n    \u2022 -Nucleic acid\n  8. Name some organelles\n    \u2022 -nucleus\n    \u2022 -ribosomes\n    \u2022 -mitochondria\n  9. Name some kinds of cells\n    \u2022 -Muscle cells\n    \u2022 -Nerve cells\n  10. Name some types of tissues\n    \u2022 -Nerve tissue\n    \u2022 -Wood tissue\n    \u2022 -Parenchyma\n  11. Name some organs\n    \u2022 -lung\n    \u2022 -leaf\n    \u2022 -root\n  12. Name some organ systems\n    \u2022 -Cardiovascular system\n    \u2022 -Muscular system\n    \u2022 -Nervous system\n    \u2022 -Root system\n  13. What is a stimulus?\n    A change in an environment that causes a response\n  14. Give some examples of stimuli\n    Temperature, pH, or acidity changes\n  15. What is a response?\n    A reaction to a stimulus\n  16. Why does an organism have a response to stimuli?\n    Because organisms want to maintain homeostasis\n  17. What is homeostasis?\n    A steady state of unchanging, stable internal conditions\n  18. What systems figure out the stimulus and form a response?\n    The nervous and endocrine systems\n  19. What is regulation?\n    All processes which help an organism to maintain homeostasis\n  20. What is evolution?\n    A long term response to environmental stimuli; species adapt and change in response to challenging environmental conditions\n  21. Give an example of evolution\n    A food shortage -> Organism starts to eat a new kind of food -> Body slowly changes in order to obtain food\n  22. How to unicellular organisms grow and develop?\n    They increase in size (grow in individual cell volume)\n  23. How to multicellular organisms grow and develop?\n    They increase in the number of cells and their cells increase in volume\n  24. What is cell division called?\n  25. In growth and development of organisms, there is a balance between what two things having to do with cells?\n    # of cells that die and # of cells reproduced\n  26. Wat is development?\n    Changes that an organism goes through as it reaches mature adult form\n  27. What are the 9 stages of development?\n    \u2022 1. Zygote\n    \u2022 2. Morula (32)\n    \u2022 3. Blastula (Hollow; in uterus wall)\n    \u2022 4. Gastrula (MANY layers)\n    \u2022 5. Embryo\n    \u2022 6. Fetus\n    \u2022 7. Newborn\n    \u2022 8. Child\n    \u2022 9. Adult\n  28. What are telomeres?\n    The protective tips at the ends of strands of DNA\n  29. Is reproduction necessary to the life of an individual?\n  30. Is reproduction essential for the species's creation of new organisms?\n    Heck, yeah!\n  31. What is A-sexual reproduction?\n    One parent, NO genetic variation, ENERGETICALLY INEXPENSIVE\n  32. What is sexual reproduction?\n    Two parents, genetic variation, ENERGETICALLY EXPENSIVE\n  33. What is the difference between sexual and a-sexual reproduction?\n    -A-sexual reproduction has one parent whereas sexual has two\n\n    -A-sexual reproduction has absolutely NO genetic variation through the generations, whereas sexual has a fair amount of genetic variation\n\n    -A-sexual reproduction is NOT energetically expensive, where sexual reproduction is\n  34. What is DNA?\n    A molecule that caries an individual's genetic code and determines the organism's identity and physical traits\n  35. What is a gene?\n    A specific region of DNS that causes the expression of a particular physical trait\n  36. What are some physical traits that genes can effect?\n    Eye color, hair color, number of muscle cells, etc\n  37. What's the difference between a gene, DNA, and a chromosome?\n    A gene is a specific section of DNA which is a molecule that carries genetic code. A chromosome is essentially a grouping of DNA\n  38. Image Upload\n    What is number one representing?\n    A Zygote\n  39. Image Upload\n    What is number two representing?\n    A Morula\n  40. Image Upload\n    What is number three representing?\n    A Blastula\n  41. Image Upload\n    What is number four representing?\n    A Gastrula\n  42. What is a chromosome?\n    Thread-like structures of packaged DNA with a centromere as a center point, and two sets of \"arms;\" The\u00a0p arms, or shorter set of arms, and the\u00a0q arms, or the longer set of arms\n  43. What are muscle striations?\n    On muscles, they appear as stripes on segments of the muscle cells, and they help for the muscle cells to be stronger\n  44. Is Skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary>\n  45. Is skeletal muscle striated or non-striated?\n  46. Where is skeletal muscle found\n    Attatched to the skeleton\n  47. What is the purpose of skeletal muscle\n    Movement of the body\n  48. Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?\n  49. Is smooth muscle striated or non-striated?\n  50. Where is smooth muscle found?\n    On the walls of hollow organs or blood vessels\n  51. What is the purpose of smooth muscle?\n    Involuntary movements such as peristalsis\n  52. What is peristalsis?\n    The involuntary movement that is a wave of contractions; ie peristalsis is used to squish/push food from the mouth to the stomach\n  53. Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?\n  54. Is cardiac muscle striated or non-striated?\n  55. Where is cardiac muscle found?\n    The heart\n  56. What is the purpose of cardiac muscle?\n    It causes contractions of the heart\n  57. Image Upload\n    What kind of muscle is this?\n  58. What does smooth muscle look like?\n    Oval-like things that just slightly overlap with nuclei anywhere\n  59. What does cardiac muscle look like?\n    \"Random\" blobs with nuclei anywhere\n  60. What is an origin?\n    A point where muscle attaches to the stationary bone (doesn't move during flexing)\n  61. What is the insertion?\n    The point where muscle attaches to the moving bone. Muscles often work in antagonistic pairs at a joint\n  62. How to antagonistic pairs work?\n    One muscle contracts to bend a joint and the other contracts to straighten the joint\n  63. What is a flexor?\n    A muscle that bends the joing\n  64. What is an extensor?\n    A muscle that straightens a joing\n  65. Image Upload\n    Label the diagram\n    Image Upload\n  66. What are the five functions of a skeletal system?\n    \u2022 -Supports the entire body (fights gravity)\n    \u2022 -Protects portions of the body\n    \u2022 -Produces blood cells\n    \u2022 -Stores calcium, a mineral which gives strength to bones (involved in muscular contractions and nerve functions)\n    \u2022 -Provides a place for muscles to attach\n  67. What is the axial skeleton?\n    The part of the skeleton that runs from the top of the head to the hips, containing the skull, vertebral column, and ribs (think central)\n  68. What is the appendicular skeleton?\n    Bones that branch out from the axial skeleton, including the pelvis, scapula, clavicle, and bones of the arms and legs (think appendages)\n  69. Image Upload\n    Label this Generalized Bone Structure Diagram\n    Image Upload\n  70. True or false: Bone are not alive\n  71. What is the periosteum?\n    THe touch membrane which covers the bone surface which contains many blood vessels and nerves\n  72. What is compact bone?\n    The layer which is the hard part of the bone; contains \"Haversian\" canals\n  73. What are Haversian canals?\n    Channels where blood vessels are found in compact bone\n  74. What is spongy bone?\n    Hard, but not dense bone; makes bones light yet strong\n  75. What are the two types of blood marrow?\n    Red and yellow marrow\n  76. Where is red marrow found?\n    In spongy bones\n  77. What does red marrow do?\n    It produces red blood cells and white blood cels\n  78. What is yellow marrow?\n    consists of fat cells and acts as an energy reserve\n  79. What is ossification?\n    The process of hardening cartilage into bone through the addition of minerals such as calcium\n  80. What is Cartilage?\n    A type of flexible tissure\n  81. What does cartilage do?\n    Provides support, flexibility, and cushioning\n  82. Where is cartilage found?\n    In the nose, ears, between vertebrae, and in between bones in joints\n  83. What are joints?\n    The location where to bones meet\n  84. What are the three types of joints?\n    Fixed joints, semimovable joints, and movable joints\n  85. What are fixed joints?\n    No movement where bones meet (ex. the skull)\n  86. What are semi-movable joints?\n    joints that permit limited movement (ex. vertebral column and ribs)\n  87. What are movable joints?\n    Joints that allow movement where bones meet\n  88. What are the five kinds of movable joints?\n    \u2022 1. Hinge\n    \u2022 2. Ball & socket\n    \u2022 3. Pivot\n    \u2022 4. Gliding\n    \u2022 5. Saddle\n    \u2022 (HBPGS)\n  89. What is a hinge joint (it's movable)\n    A joint that moves back and forth (ex. elbow and knee\n  90. What is a ball and socket joint? (it's movable)\n    A joint that rotates in a circle, up, down, forward, and backwards (ex. hip and shoulder)\n  91. What is a pivot joint? (it's movable)\n    A joint that can move side to side and up and down (ex. top (1st and second vertebrae) of the vertaebral column)\n  92. What is a gliding joint? (it's movable)\n    A joint which allows bones to slide over one another (ex. wrist and foot bones)\n  93. What is a saddle joint? (it's movable)\n    A joint which allows to rotate the thumb and grasp objects\n  94. What is a ligament?\n    A tough band of connective tissue which holds bones of a joint in place (BONE to BONE) (think of a GARMENT on a skeleton)\n  95. What is synovial fluid?\n    A lubricating substance secreted by cells lining the surface of a joint\n  96. What is a tendon?\n    Connective tissue which holds MUSCLE to a BONE (think that muscles TEND to get sore)\n  97. What is a hormone?\n    a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that specifically influences certain target cells (Hormones are the texts of the body)\n  98. What is the endocrine system?\n    A system of glands that transmit chemical messages throughout the body\n  99. What are 7 examples of endocrine glands?\n    \u2022 1. Pineal gland\n    \u2022 2. Pituitary gland\n    \u2022 3. Adrenal gland\n    \u2022 4. Thyroid gland\n    \u2022 5. Parathyroid gland\n    \u2022 6. Ovaries/testes\n    \u2022 7. Pancreas\n  100. Does it take a long or a short time for a message to be sent through the nervous system?\n    a short time\n  101. Is the response of a nervous system message rapid or gradual?\n  102. What kinds of messages are sent through the nervous system?\n    Electrochemical signals\n  103. Does it take a long or a short time for a message to be sent through the endocrine system?\n    A long time (2-4 seconds)\n  104. Is the response of an endocrine system message rapid or gradual?\n    Gradual over a couple of minutes\n  105. What kind of messages are sent through the endocrine system?\n    Chemicals dissolved in blood\n  106. What is negative feedback?\n    A change of bodily conditions outside the acceptable range that triggers an automatic response to maintain homeostasis\n  107. What is the Negative Feedback Mechanism/Loop?\n    The release of a specific hormone that corrects or negates the original stimulus\n  108. Suppose the stimulus is you eat and your blood sugar level rises; form the negative feedback loop for this situation.\n    \u2022 Normal blood sugar level\n    \u2022 \"Eat!\"\n    \u2022 Stimulus: blood sugar level rises\n    \u2022 Receptor: pancreas\n    \u2022 Control center: pancreas releases the hormone insulin\n    \u2022 Effector: body cells open cell membranes to glucose\n    \u2022 response: blood glucose lowers\n    \u2022 Normal blood sugar level\n  109. What 3 things does the nervous system do?\n    \u2022 -Senses changes in the environment\n    \u2022 -Allows responses to stimuli\n    \u2022 -Maintains homeostasis\n  110. What is the Central Nervous System (CNS comprised of?\n    The brain in spinal chord\n  111. Name five functions of the brain\n    \u2022 -Controls and coordinates voluntary muscular activity\n    \u2022 -Think, learn, reason, and remember\n    \u2022 -Receives input from sensory organs and responds\n    \u2022 -Maintains balance\n    \u2022 -Controls the movement of involuntary muscle\n  112. What is the Peripheral Nervous System comprised of?\n    Nerve pathways outside of the CNS; made up of two divisions\n  113. What are the two divisions of the PNS?\n    The sensory and motor divisions\n  114. What makes up the Sensory division of the PNS?\n    Sensory receptors and neurons\n  115. What makes up the Motor division of the PNS?\n    Motor neurons\n  116. What does the Sensory division of the PNS do?\n    It acquires information from external and internal environments and relays it to the CNS\n  117. What are three types of Sensory neurons/nerve cells and what do they respond to?\n    \u2022 Thermoreceptors - Changes in temperature\n    \u2022 Pain receptors - Tissue damage\n    \u2022 Mechanoreceptors - Movement and pressure\n  118. What does the Motor division of the PNS do?\n    It conducts response of CNS to effectors and allows the body, through muscles and glands, to respond to sensory input; conducts electrochemical signals to muscles/glands\n  119. What is an effector?\n    A muscle or gland stimulated by a neuron\n  120. What is a neurotransmitter?\n    A chemical released by axon terminals that diffuse and carry the neuron's signal across the synapse\n  121. What does a cell body contain?\n    The nucleus and organelles\n  122. What are dendrites?\n    Membrane-bound extensions from the cell body that receive signals from other nerve cells\n  123. What is an axon?\n    A long, membrane-bound projection that transmits signals away from the cell body\n  124. What is the axon terminal?\n    The end of the axon which may stimulate a muscle, gland, or another nerve cell\n  125. What is the myelin sheath?\n    A lipid layer around most nerve cells that insulates and speeds the transmission of electrochemical signals\n  126. Draw a reflex arc of someone stubbing their toe\n    Image Upload\n  127. Label the diagram\n\n    Image Upload\n    Image Upload\nCard Set:\nHonors Biology - Unit 2-1-2.1 Unit Systems test\n2014-10-16 22:38:19\nHonors Biology Unit Systems test\n\nTest #1 on the Muscular and Skeletal System, the Muscular Movement of Bone, Nerves, and Characteristics of Life. ADD NERVOUS SYSTEM NOTES TO THIS.\nShow\u00a0Answers:
+__label__positive Mindterm 1 Flashcards Preview\n\nBIOL 331 > Mindterm 1 > Flashcards\n\nFlashcards in Mindterm 1 Deck (74):\n\nDescribe gated transport\n\nthe active transport of specific macromolecules through selective gates (such us the nuclear pore) and permits the free diffusion of small molecules b/w topologically equivalent spaces\n\n\nDescribe protein translocation\n\ntransmembrane protein translocators transport a protein into a across a membrane into a topologically distinct space. usually has to be unfolded. used to form integral proteins\n\n\nDescribe vesicular transport\n\nmembrane enclosed transport vesicles (can be small and circular or large and irregular) transport protein to a topologically equivalent compartment.\n\n\nDifferentiable b/w signal sequence, peptidase, and patch\n\na signal sequence is a stretch of 15-60 AA specifying a specific place in the cell; once sorting is complete it is cleaved by a specialized signal peptidase,\nsignal patches are formed by from internal signal squences that when folded create a 3D patch (used in nuclear import and vesicular transport)\n\n\nWhat signal sequence is used to return proteins to the ER\n\nKDEL at the C-terminus\n\n\nDifferentiate b/w the nuclear envelope, the inner membrane and the outer membrane\n\nthe nuclear envelope encloses DNA and defines the nuclear compartment, consists of two consecutive and continuous membranes with very different protein constituents, is penetrated by the nuclear pore. INM has binding sites of the chromosomes and for the nuclear lamina. ONM is continuous with the ER and contains ribosomes that secrete proteins into the perinuclear space.\n\n\nWhat is the nuclear pore complex and nucleoporin?\n\nthe NPC is is a pore in the NM that acts for active selective transport and free diffusion of small molecules. Nucleoporins are the proteins that make up NPC.\n\n\nWhat is the Nuclear Localization Sequence?\n\na signal sequence - consisting of one or two K and R residues, can be found anywhere on the pps, thought to form patches or loops on protein surface, only one subunit is needed in a multi complex. a nuclear import receptor is needed to bind to the NLS and transport it in. each NSR (imporins) recognizes a subset of sequences, the protein of interest can be transported folded.\n\n\nWhat is the function of FG repeats?\n\nThey interact weakly, which gives the protein tangle gel-like properties that\nimpose a permeability barrier to large macromolecules, and they serve as docking\nsites for nuclear import receptors\n\n\nWhat are the different RANs\n\nGAP converts ran-GTP to ran-GDP is on the cytosolic side while GEF on the nuclear. GAP - converts ran GDP to ran-GTP\n\n\nHow does nuclear import work?\n\nreceptors dock to FG repeats even with no cargo with the help of the FG repeats the receptor enters the nucleus where ran-GEF bind and causes the receptor to realize its cargo. the empty receptor with GTP goes back to the cytosol. Ran-GAP triggers Ran-GTP to hydrolyze its bound GTP, thereby converting\nit to Ran-GDP\n\n\nWhy is there only unloading on he nuclear side?\n\nBecause the Ran-GDP in the cytosol does not bind to import (or export)\nreceptors, unloading occurs only on the nuclear side\n\n\nHow does nuclear export work?\n\nran-gtp bound receptor on the nuclear side promotes binding of export cargo, it then moves through the pore, meets gap which hydrolyses GTP causing the receptor to release cargo\n\n\nHow can we regulate import vs export?\n\nIn high Ca2+,\nthe protein phosphatase calcineurin binds\nto NF-AT and dephosphorylates it. The dephosphorylation exposes nuclear import signals and the binding of calcineurin blocks a nuclear export signal.\nThe complex of NF-AT and calcineurin is therefore imported into the nucleus,.\n\n\nHow does the nuclear membrane dissolve during mitosis?\n\nnuclear lamina is POted by Cdk and depolymerizes, NPC are as well and causing them to dissemble and relocate into the cytosol. ran-gef remains anchored to chromosome therefore, as you move further away from the chromosome the concentration of ran-gap increases.\n\n\nWhat is TOM?\n\ntranslocase of the outer membrane. required for the translocation of all proteins. initially transports into the inter membrane space. helps insert proteins in the membrane\n\n\nWhat is TIM?\n\ntranslocase of the inner membrane.\nTIM 23 transfers soluble proteins and help insert proteins into the matrix and then into membrane\nTIM 22 mediates the insertion of only certain membrane proteins from the matrix for metabolites\n\n\nWhat is the SAM complex?\n\nbeta barrel specific sorting and assembly machinery. aid folding f beta barrel folding in the outer membrane\n\n\nWhat is the OXA complex?\n\noxidase assembly protein. insertion of proteins made in the mitochondria and some that were translocated from cytosol to the inner membrane.\n\n\nIn what state are Mitochondria protein precursors in for translocation?\n\nthey are unfolded and stablized by chaperone proteins like HSP 70 that bind directly onto the signal sequence. pon binding to tom they are stripped from the chaperone and are inserted signal first into the organelle.\n\n\nhow can you determine if the protein crosses both mitochondria membranes at once or one at a time?\n\nby cooling a cell-free mitochondrial import\nsystem to arrest the proteins at an intermediate step in the translocation process. arrested proteins no longer contain their N-terminal signal\nsequence, indicating that the N-terminus must be in the matrix space\n\n\nWhat is mtHsp 70?\n\nThe mitochondrial hsp70 is part of a multisubunit protein assembly that is bound\nto the matrix side of the TIM23 complex and acts as a motor to pull the precursor protein into the matrix space., mtHsp 70 binds to the pp being imported, conformational change. and releases the protein chain in an ATP-dependent step, exerting a ratcheting/pulling force on the protein being imported.\n\n\nwhere does translocation to the mitochondria get energy?\n\noutside the mitochondria ATP is needed for the pp to bind to TOM.\nonce bound to tim further translocation through the TIM translocation channel\nrequires the membrane potential made by the H+ gradient from the (H+ rich) inner membrane to the matix and one in the matrix space where mtHsp 70 uses it to act as a motor to pull the pp in.\n\n\nExplain pathway 1 for translation of an interregnal protein into the inter membrane space/ IMM\n\nusually only the N terminal SS enters the matrix, following it the stop transfer sequence (a stretch of hydrophobic AA) stops translation into the matrix. translation my tom continues and the ss is cleaved in the matrix. the stop transfer sequ is realesed my tim 23 into the membrane\n\n\nExplain pathway 2for the translation of an interregnal protein into the inter membrane space/ IMM\n\ntim 23 translates the entire protein to the matrix. a signal peptidase cleaves exposing the stop transfer sequ that directs it to the OXA complex that inserts it into the membrane.\n\n\nExplain pathway 3 for the translation of an interregnal protein into the inter membrane space/ IMM?\n\nmultipass proteins dont have a N-termi ss instead they and an internal one. they completly cross with tom and then chaperones guild it to tim 22. which inserts it into the membrane. tim 22 requires ia membrane potential.\n\n\nHow is REDOX chem used to drive protein import?\n\nproteins with cys motifs for disulphide bonds with Mia 40 which releases the protein in their oxidized form. Mia is in reduced form only to be deoxidized my passing e- from the ETC\n\n\nWhat is the import signal for most peroxysome proteins?\n\nSKL at the c-termini\n\n\nDifferentiate b/w co-translational and post-translational import.\n\nco-translational import is when the ribosome is attached to the ER, as one side of the pp elongates the other side in translocated into the lumen.\npost-translational- occurs for mitochondria, and chloroplast, where is synthesis is completed and the unfolded peptide is maintained for translocation.\n\n\nwhat is the signal hypothesis?\n\nWhen a ribosome translates an mRNA in vivo in the absence of the microsomes the protein synthesized was slightly longer than when translated in the presence of ER microsomes. this difference is due to the initial presence of the N-termi leader sequence that directs the secreted protein to the ER that is later cleaved by a signal peptidase before the pp is complete.\n\n\nhow is the ER ss directed to the ER?\n\na signal-recognition particle (SRP), which cycles between the ER membrane\nand the cytosol and binds to the signal sequence, and an SRP receptor in\nthe ER membrane.\n\n\nHow does the SRP bind to the pp and the ribosome?\n\none side binds to the leader sequence while the other binds to the elongation factor binding site of the ribosome, this causes a stall that gives the ribosome time to bind to the ER membrane ensuring the pp enters the ER, this also prevents misfolding, and reduces the need for chaperones.\n\n\nHow is the SRP receptor involved?\n\nonce the ss and the SRP bind a receptor on the SRP for the SRP receptor is exposed. The binding of the SRP to its receptor brings the SRP\u2013ribosome complex to an unoccupied protein translocator. the srp and the srp receptors are released and the translocator finishes the transfer.\n\n\nDifferentiate b/w membrane bound and free ribosomes.\n\nthey are functionally and anatomically identical only differing in the proteins that they are translating. membrane bound are attached to the cytsolic surface of the rER and translated proteins with the ER ss. while free ribosomes are used to translate all other proteins\n\n\nwhat is sec61?\n\nis a protein translocator complex that forms an aqueous pore across the membrane. has alpha helices that surround a central pore that is gated by a short alpha helix. when closed the the pore is impermeable. the pore is also able to open on its side allowing access to lateral transition in the hydrophobic core of the membrane.\n\n\nhow is post-translational import used to import to the ER?\n\nsimilar to import for the mitochondria. sec 61 assessory proteins span the lumenal domain and allow HSP 70 like chaperones to bind on to the growing pp as it emerges in the ER lumen. proteins that use this route are made in the cytosol and maintain the unfolded state by chaperones.\n\n\nhow is the ER signal used twice?\n\nfirst SRP binds to the ss. the ss also binds to specific place in the translocator, serving as a start transfer sequence opening the pore.\n\n\nhow are single pass proteins inserted to the membrane?\n\nthe N-termi ss starts translocation but an additional hydrophobic segment in the polypeptide chain stops the transfer process before the entire polypeptide chain is translocated.\nThis stop-transfer signal anchors the protein in the membrane after the\nER signal sequence has been cleaved off. with he (+) charged stretch following the internal sequ to be on the cytosolic side\n\n\nHow are multi-pass proteins made?\n\na second start-transfer sequence reinitiates\ntranslocation further down the polypeptide chain until the next stop-transfer sequence causes polypeptides release, and so on for subsequent start-transfer and stop-transfer sequences nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable ss\n\n\nHow does SRP recognize a stretch to be a start or stop sequence?\n\nBy recognizing the\nfirst appropriate hydrophobic segment to emerge from the ribosome, the SRP\nsets the \u201creading frame\u201d for membrane integration: after the SRP initiates translocation,\nthe translocator recognizes the next appropriate hydrophobic segment\nin the direction of transfer as a stop-transfer sequence\n\n\nhow does glycosolation occur?\n\na precursor oligrosaachride is added en bloc to proteins in the ER, the sugar is added to the NH2 group of ASN by oligrosaaccharyl transferase. A special lipid molecule called dolichol anchors the precursor oligosaccharide in the ER membrane\n\n\nare there any patterns to N linked glycosolation?\n\n\n\nHow does diversity in N linked glycsolation arise?\n\nfrom the later modification of the original precursor oligosaccharide.\nWhile still in the ER, three glucoses and one mannose are\nquickly removed from the oligosaccharides of most glycoproteins.\n\n\nwhat are calnexin and calreticulin?\n\nThese chaperones are carbohydrate-binding\nproteins, or lectins, which bind to oligosaccharides on incompletely folded proteins\nand retain them in the ER. also promote the association of incompletely folded proteins with another ER chaperone and aggregation of unfolded proteins. calanexin is in the membrane and calreticulin is soluble\n\n\nHow, then, do calnexin and calreticulin distinguish properly folded from incompletely folded proteins?\n\nglucosyl transferase that keeps adding a glucose to those oligosaccharides that have\nlost their last glucose. It adds the glucose, however, only to oligosaccharides that\nare attached to unfolded proteins. Thus, an unfolded protein undergoes continuous\ncycles of glucose trimming and addition until properly folded\n\n\nDescribe the process of retrotranslocation?\n\nfails are exported from the ER, degraded by proteasome, requires energy, chaperones, and PDI, E3 ubiquitin ligase\n\n\nhow are missfolded proteins found?\n\nN-linked oligosaccharides, which serve as timers that measure how long a protein has spent in the ER. The slow trimming of a particular mannose on the core oligosaccharide tree by an enzyme in the ER\ncreates a new oligosaccharide structure that ER-lumenal lectins of the retrotranslocation\napparatus recognize. Proteins that fold and exit from the ER faster than the mannosidase can remove its target mannose therefore escape degradation.\n\n\nwhat is the UPR-unfolded protein response?\n\nincludes an increased transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in retrotranslocation and protein degradation in the cytosol, ER chaperones, and many other proteins to increase the folding capacity.\n\n\ndescribe the IRE 1 path of activation the UPR\n\nThe oligomerization and autophosphorylation of IRE1 causes it to excise introns to produce an active transcription regulatory protein. This protein activates the transcription\nof genes encoding the proteins that help mediate the unfolded protein response\n\n\ndescribe the PERK path of activation the UPR\n\nactivates a second transmembrane kinase in the ER, PERK, that phosphorylates a translation initiating factor that reduces the production of new proteins. some proteins are translated when initiating factors are scare, these proteins help in activating the UPR.\n\n\ndescribe the ATF 6 pathway\n\nwhen missfolded proteins accumulate ATF6 ( a transmembrane protein) is sent to the golgi where it is cleaved by a protease. it is now able to relocate to the nucleus where it can activate genes encoding proteins for the UPR.\n\n\nwhat is Bpi?\n\na resident of the ER where it binds to the lumenal tails of ATF6, PERK, and IRE 1 to supress activity, when levels of unfolded proteins increase Bip is titrated away.\n\n\nhow does glycosolation act as a protein anchor to membranes?\n\nthe covalent attachment of glycosylphosphatidylinositol\n(GPI) anchor to the C-terminus of some membrane proteins. This linkage forms in the lumen of the ER, where, at the same\ntime, the transmembrane segment of the protein is cleaved off.\n\n\nhow does the Er assemble most lipid bilayers?\n\noccurs exclusively in the cytosolic leaflet. fatty acid bound proteins in the cytosol help move them to the membrane. After arrival in the ER membrane and activation with CoA, acyl transferases successively add two fatty acids to glycerol phosphate to produce phosphatidic acid (water insoluble and remains in the leaflet). the polar heads are then modified giving them their chemical nature.\n\n\nwhat is dark field microscopy?\n\nexploits that light rays can be scattered in any direction by allowing the light to enter the sample for the side. only some of the light enters the objective lens. this creates a bright image on a black background .\n\n\nwhat are phase contrast microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy?\n\na wave's path length is changed as it refract through an organelle, the phases is shifted relative to light that has passed through an adjacent thinner. by increasing\nthese phase differences so that the waves are more nearly out of phase, producing\namplitude differences when the sets of waves recombine,\n\n\nwhat is the significance of phase-contrast, differential-interference-contrast, and dark-field microscopy?\n\nthey make it possible to watch the movements involved in such processes as mitosis\nand cell migration.\n\n\nhow does electronic image processing improve image quality?\n\nby using CCD and CMOS, which are greatly more sensitive to light than the human eye. these cameras produce electronic images, they can be processed in various ways to extract latent information and adjust for multiple flaws.\n\n\nwhat are the steps in sample preparation?\n\nfix, embed, and section with a microtome.\n\n\nhow can we reveal the chemical make up of sells and organelles?\n\nstaining with organic dyes that have an affinity for specific sub cellular components; stains absorb light of certain wavelengths and introduce contrast by reducing amplitude\nflorescent probes and in-situ hybridization.\n\n\nhow are antibodies used in microscopy?\n\nWhen labeled\nwith fluorescent dyes, antibodies are invaluable for locating specific molecules\nin cells by fluorescence microscopy (Figure 9\u201316); labeled with electron-dense\nparticles such as colloidal gold spheres, they are used for similar purposes in the\nelectron microscope\n\n\nhow can blurs be removed in optical microscopy?\n\nby focusing on a chosen plane in a thick specimen while\nrejecting the light that comes from out-of-focus regions above and below that\ndeconvolution: automated image capture system with precise z stack axis control to produce a z stack that are process by the computer to deblur\nconfocal: only light from a point of focus is captured, decreasing detector pinhole size results in thinner optical slice.\n\n\nWhat is FRET, how is it used and why is it important?\n\nflorescence resonance energy transfer. two molecules of interest are labels with flurophores where the emission spectrum of one overlaps with excitation of another. if the molecules are in close proximity there is a transfer of energy from one flurophore to the other, the emission of the second is seen although the molecule is excited by a photon specific to the excitation of the first.\n\n\nwhat is photo-activation?\n\nsynthesizing an inactive form of the fluorescent molecule of interest, introducing it into the cell, and then activating\nit suddenly at a chosen site in the cell; A microscope can be used to focus a strong pulse of light from a laser on a region.\nSince only the photoactivated proteins are fluorescent within the cell, the trafficking, turnover, and\ndegradative pathways of proteins can bemonitored.\n\n\nwhat is FRAP?\n\nfluorescence return after photobleaching. strong focused\nbeam of light from a laser to extinguish the GFP fluorescence in a specified region; after which one can analyze the way in which remaining unbleached\nfluorescent protein molecules move into the bleached area\n\n\nexplain examples of fluorescence indicators\n\nCa+ shifts the excitation and emissions spectra depending on their binding state\npH have spectra dependent on pH\n\n\nexplain single particle reconstruction\n\naveraging method where several images of a particle are combined into one image, about 0.5nm allows to see some secondary structures\n\n\nwhat is cryo-electron microscopy?\n\nby flash freezing we prevent the formation of ice crystals the interrupt the structures.\n\n\nhow is membrane fluidity dependent on the PL?\n\nif short and with double bonds, there is reduced interactions and less force keeping them together; reducing the phase transition point.\n\n\nhow is cholesterol used to maintain membrane fluidity?\n\nUnder normal conditions cholesterol enhances the permeability barrier and strengthens. b/c it prevents the hydrophobic tails from interacting, preventing phase transition.\n\n\nwhat are lipid rafts?\n\nspecific lipids and membrane proteins seam to associate in small micro-domains = lipid rafts\nhelp keep proteins together to function in concert,\n\n\ndescribe the asymmetry of the plasma membrane\n\nphosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are found on the outer leaflet\nphosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanoloamine are found in the inner leaflet\nPS serves as an apoptosis signal\n\n\nHow does protein interaction limit lateral movement of lipids?\n\nself-assembly into large aggregates\ntethering to macromolecules outside the cell\ntethering to macromolecules inside the cell\nthrough interactions with proteins on an adjacent cell\n\n\nhow can FRAP be used to study the membrane?\n\nby marking a membrane protein of interest with a fluoroprobe or with GFT, by bleaching an area and timing how long it takes for fluorescence to return.
+__label__positive Exotics Q2 page 2\n\nmaxwheeler's version from 2015-11-12 16:06\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nBy what age are rats and mice sexually mature, and how long is gestationSexual maturity - 6 to 10 weeks, Gestation - 3 weeks\nWhy are rodents prone to heat stressNo sweat glands\nWhat is the best time to make appointments for ratsEvening (nocturnal)\nWhat is the normal color of rat and mice teethOrange\nShould rat and mice teeth be clipped No\nWhat gland behind the eyes of rats and mice produces porphyrin and lipid rich secretions (and tears) and can become excessive under stress or diseaseHarderian Gland\nShould rats and mice be fasted before surgeryNo, they do not vomit\nWhat effect will cause female mice housed together in large groups to not cycleWhitten effect\nWhat effect in female mice may cause an embryo not to implant if she is exposed to a strange maleBruce effect\nWhat type of castration technique should be used when castrating male rats and whyClosed, inguinal rings are open\nWhat is barberingDominant mouse chews fur off other mice\nWhat is the most common tumor in miceAdenocarcinoma\nWhat species of fur mites might you see on rats and miceMobia musculi, Mycoptes musculinus, Radfordia affinis\nWhat type of virus is responsible for mouse hepatitis virusCoronavirus\nWhat CS are associated with mouse hepatitisAffects neonates, severe enteritis, dehydration, no milk in GI tract\nWhat CS are associated with rotavirus in miceAffects neonates, mild enteritis, diarrhea with soiling on haircoat\nWhat CS are associated with Sendai virus in miceMild respiratory distress, fatal in neonates and weanlings, adults recover in 2 months\nWhat bacteria usually causes respiratory disease in miceMycoplasma pulmonis\nWhat zoonotic organisms wil lcause dematophytosis in mice and ratsTrichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis\nWhat is the most common tumor in ratsFibroadenoma\nIn the rat, what are your differentials for a skin swellingFibroadenoma, Adenocarcinoma, Abscess\nWhat are some CS of chronic progressive nephropathy in ratsPU/PD, Proteinuria, hydrothorax and ascites in advanced stages\nWhat coronavirus is commonly seen in ratsSialodacryoadenitis virus\nWhat agents may play a role in respiratory disease of ratsMycoplasma pulmonis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Corynebacterium kutscheri, CAR Bacillus
+__label__positive uploaded image\n\nConsider the triangular Voltage Signal (V) as a function of time in ms.\n\nEach coordinate is from 0 to .1, .2, .3 .... to .9.\n\na. Identify th end points in time where the function is discontinuous.\n\nb. What is the period of the signal?\n\nc. What is the voltage as t approaches .2 ms from the left?\n\nd. What is the voltage as t apporoaches .2 ms from the right?\n\ne. Plot the derivative of this function in the interval 0<.8 ms.\n\nf. What is the derivative at t=.2 ms?\n\nFrom this graph I know that the function is discontinuous at each point where there is a kink in the graph. ie., .2, .4, and .8\n\n\nFor the answer posted on this question, \"GURU\" says that this function is also discontinuous at 0 and .8, could someone please expain this? I thought that a function is only discontinuous where there is a kink or point in the function, not at 0 and the endpoint of the function?\n\nAlso the plot for the derivative of this function was explained by GURU and I'm not sure it is right or how he came up with the answer, please give a more detailed explanation.\n\n\nDetailed answers to tough\nhomework problems
+__label__positive Thread: C++ memory questions\n\n  1. #1\n    Registered User\n    Join Date\n    Jul 2007\n\n    C++ memory questions\n\n    I'm trying to clear up a little bit of my beginner's confusion about how things are stored in memory.\n\n    Suppose I have the following code:\n    char buffer1[5];\n    char buffer2[10];\n    char *ptr1 = buffer1;\n    char *ptr2 = buffer2;\n    When I use gdb, I see that ptr1 contains an address ending in 07, and ptr2 contains an address ending in 1a. If I did my hex math correctly, that's 0x13 which is 19 bytes away. From this I gather that the stack is growing up. However, if buffer2 is sitting on top of buffer1 in the stack, and buffer2 is 10 bytes, shouldn't buffer2 be only 10 bytes away from the head of buffer1?\n\n    Then I thought about memory only being word addressable, so really buffer1 takes up 8 bytes because that makes two words, and buffer3 takes up 3 bytes because that makes three words. Where does this \"extra\" storage get filled up? And even so, how can the blocks be 19 bytes away because that doesn't divide evenly into words.\n    Last edited by jcafaro10; 04-05-2009 at 07:47 PM.\n\n  2. #2\n    30 Helens Agree neandrake's Avatar\n    Join Date\n    Jan 2002\n    5 bytes + 10 bytes + 4 bytes + 4 bytes. Maybe one of the pointers was located between one of the buffers. Sounds odd, but it might be the compiler trying to rearrange the stack frame in order to make exploiting more difficult. Either case, 19 can be acquired through both arrays and size of one of the pointers.\n    Environment: OS X, GCC / G++\n    Codes: Java, C#, C/C++\n\n  3. #3\n    Registered User\n    Join Date\n    Jul 2007\n    What about word addressing?\n\nPopular pages Recent additions subscribe to a feed\n\nSimilar Threads\n\n  1. Replies: 7\n  2. Random memory questions\n    By Blackroot in forum Windows Programming\n    Replies: 3\n    Last Post: 04-04-2007, 09:33 PM\n  3. pointers\n    By InvariantLoop in forum C Programming\n    Replies: 13\n  4. Accessing Video Memory Information...need help\n    By KneeLess in forum C++ Programming\n    Replies: 8\n    Last Post: 08-24-2003, 03:53 PM\n  5. Manipulating the Windows Clipboard\n    By Johno in forum Windows Programming\n    Replies: 2
+__label__positive Top 50 Data Structures Interview Questions & Answers (2021)\n\n1) What is data structure?\n\nData structure\u00a0refers to the way data is organized and manipulated. It seeks to find ways to make data access more efficient. When dealing with the data structure, we not only focus on one piece of data but the different set of data and how they can relate to one another in an organized manner.\n\n2) Differentiate between file and structure storage structure.\n\nThe key difference between both the data structure is the memory area that is being accessed. When dealing with the structure that resides the main memory of the computer system, this is referred to as storage structure. When dealing with an auxiliary structure, we refer to it as file structures.\n\n3) When is a binary search best applied?\n\nA binary search is an algorithm that is best applied to search a list when the elements are already in order or sorted. The list is searched starting in the middle, such that if that middle value is not the target search key, it will check to see if it will continue the search on the lower half of the list or the higher half. The split and search will then continue in the same manner.\n\n4) What is a linked list?\n\nA linked list is a sequence of nodes in which each node is connected to the node following it. This forms a chain-like link for data storage.\n\n5) How do you reference all the elements in a one-dimension array?\n\nTo reference all the elements in a\u00a0 one -dimension array, you need to use an indexed loop, So that, the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus one. In this manner, You can reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.\n\n6) In what areas do data structures are\u00a0applied?\n\nData structures are essential in almost every aspect where data is involved. In general, algorithms that involve efficient data structure is applied in the following areas: numerical analysis, operating system, A.I., compiler design, database management, graphics, and statistical analysis, to name a few.\n\n7) What is LIFO?\n\nLIFO is a short form of Last In First Out. It refers how data is accessed, stored and retrieved. Using this scheme, data that was stored last should be the one to be extracted first. This also means that in order to gain access to the first data, all the other data that was stored before this first data must first be retrieved and extracted.\n\n8 ) What is a queue?\n\nA queue is a data structure that can simulate a list or stream of data. In this structure, new elements are inserted at one end, and existing elements are removed from the other end.\n\n9) What are binary trees?\n\nA binary tree is one type of data structure that has two nodes, a left node, and a right node. In programming, binary trees are an extension of the linked list structures.\n\n10) Which data structures are applied when dealing with a recursive function?\n\nRecursion, is a function that calls itself based on a terminating condition, makes use of the stack. Using LIFO, a call to a recursive function saves the return address so that it knows how to return to the calling function after the call terminates.\n\n11) What is a stack?\n\nA stack is a data structure in which only the top element can be accessed. As data is stored in the stack, each data is pushed downward, leaving the most recently added data on top.\n\n12) Explain Binary Search Tree\n\nA binary search tree stores data in such a way that they can be retrieved very efficiently. The left subtree contains nodes whose keys are less than the node\u2019s key value, while the right subtree contains nodes whose keys are greater than or equal to the node\u2019s key value. Moreover, both subtrees are also binary search trees.\n\n13) What are multidimensional arrays?\n\nMultidimensional arrays make use of multiple indexes to store data. It is useful when storing data that cannot be represented using single dimensional indexing, such as data representation in a board game, tables with data stored in more than one column.\n\n14) Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear data structures?\n\nIt depends on where you intend to apply linked lists. If you based it on storage, a linked list is considered non-linear. On the other hand, if you based it on access strategies, then a linked list is considered linear.\n\n15) How does dynamic memory allocation help in managing data?\n\nApart from being able to store simple structured data types, dynamic memory allocation can combine separately allocated structured blocks to form composite structures that expand and contract as needed.\n\n16) What is FIFO?\n\nFIFO stands for First-in, First-out, and is used to represent how data is accessed in a queue. Data has been inserted into the queue list the longest is the one that is removed first.\n\n17) What is an ordered list?\n\nAn ordered list is a list in which each node\u2019s position in the list is determined by the value of its key component, so that the key values form an increasing sequence, as the list is traversed.\n\n18) What is merge sort?\n\nMerge sort, is a\u00a0 divide-and-conquer approach for sorting the data. In a sequence of data, adjacent ones are merged and sorted to create bigger sorted lists. These sorted lists are then merged again to form an even bigger sorted list, which continues until you have one single sorted list.\n\n19) Differentiate NULL and VOID\n\nNull is a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier. A variable that is given a Null value indicates an empty value. The void is used to identify pointers as having no initial size.\n\n20) What is the primary advantage of a linked list?\n\nA linked list is an ideal data structure because it can be modified easily. This means that editing a linked list works regardless of how many elements are in the list.\n\n21) What is the difference between a PUSH and a POP?\n\nPushing and popping applies to the way data is stored and retrieved in a stack. A push denotes data being added to it, meaning data is being \u201cpushed\u201d into the stack. On the other hand, a pop denotes data retrieval, and in particular, refers to the topmost data being accessed.\n\n22) What is a linear search?\n\nA linear search refers to the way a target key is being searched in a sequential data structure. In this method, each element in the list is checked and compared against the target key. The process is repeated until found or if the end of the file has been reached.\n\n23) How does variable declaration affect memory allocation?\n\nThe amount of memory to be allocated or reserved would depend on the data type of the variable being declared. For example, if a variable is declared to be of integer type, then 32 bits of memory storage will be reserved for that variable.\n\n24) What is the advantage of the heap over a stack?\n\nThe heap is more flexible than the stack. That\u2019s because memory space for the heap can be dynamically allocated and de-allocated as needed. However, the memory of the heap can at times be slower when compared to that stack.\n\n25) What is a postfix expression?\n\nA postfix expression is an expression in which each operator follows its operands. The advantage of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses or to consider operator precedence.\n\n26) What is Data abstraction?\n\nData abstraction is a powerful tool for breaking down complex data problems into manageable chunks. This is applied by initially specifying the data objects involved and the operations to be performed on these data objects without being overly concerned with how the data objects will be represented and stored in memory.\n\n27) How do you insert a new item in a binary search tree?\n\nAssuming that the data to be inserted is a unique value (that is, not an existing entry in the tree), check first if the tree is empty. If it\u2019s empty, just insert the new item in the root node. If it\u2019s not empty, refer to the new item\u2019s key. If it\u2019s smaller than the root\u2019s key, insert it into the root\u2019s left subtree, otherwise, insert it into the root\u2019s right subtree.\n\n28) How does a selection sort work for an array?\n\nThe selection sort is a fairly intuitive sorting algorithm, though not necessarily efficient. In this process, the smallest element is first located and switched with the element at subscript zero, thereby placing the smallest element in the first position.\n\nThe smallest element remaining in the subarray is then located next to subscripts 1 through n-1 and switched with the element at subscript 1, thereby placing the second smallest element in the second position. The steps are repeated in the same manner till the last element.\n\n29) How do signed and unsigned numbers affect memory?\n\nIn the case of signed numbers, the first bit is used to indicate whether positive or negative, which leaves you with one bit short. With unsigned numbers, you have all bits available for that number. The effect is best seen in the number range (an\u00a0unsigned 8-bit number has a range 0-255, while the 8-bit signed number has a range -128 to +127.\n\n30) What is the minimum number of nodes that a binary tree can have?\n\nA binary tree can have a minimum of zero nodes, which occurs when the nodes have NULL values. Furthermore, a binary tree can also have 1 or 2 nodes.\n\n31) What are dynamic data structures?\n\nDynamic data structures are structures that expand and contract as a program runs. It provides a flexible means of manipulating data because it can adjust according to the size of the data.\n\n32) In what data structures are pointers applied?\n\nPointers that are used in linked list have various applications in the data structure. Data structures that make use of this concept include the Stack, Queue, Linked List and Binary Tree.\n\n33) Do all declaration statements result in a fixed reservation in memory?\n\nMost declarations do, with the exemption of pointers. Pointer declaration does not allocate memory for data, but for the address of the pointer variable. Actual memory allocation for the data comes during run-time.\n\n34) What are ARRAYs?\n\nWhen dealing with arrays, data is stored and retrieved using an index that refers to the element number in the data sequence. This means that data can be accessed in any order. In programming, an array is declared as a variable having a number of indexed elements.\n\n35) What is the minimum number of queues needed when implementing a priority queue?\n\nThe minimum number of queues needed in this case is two. One queue is intended for sorting priorities while the other queue is used for actual storage of data.\n\n36) Which sorting algorithm is considered the fastest?\n\nThere are many types of sorting algorithms: quick sort, bubble sort, balloon sort, radix sort, merge sort, etc. Not one can be considered the fastest because each algorithm is designed for a particular data structure and data set. It would depend on the data set that you would want to sort.\n\n37) Differentiate STACK from ARRAY.\n\nStack follows a LIFO pattern. It means that data access follows a sequence wherein the last data to be stored when the first one to be extracted. Arrays, on the other hand, does not follow a particular order and instead can be accessed by referring to the indexed element within the array.\n\n38) Give a basic algorithm for searching a binary search tree.\n\n  1. if the tree is empty, then the target is not in the tree, end search\n    2. if the tree is not empty, the target is in the tree\n    3. check if the target is in the root item\n    4. if a target is not in the root item, check if a\u00a0target is smaller than the root\u2019s value\n    5. if a target is smaller than the root\u2019s value, search the left subtree\n    6. else, search the right subtree\n\n39) What is a dequeue?\n\nA dequeue is a double-ended queue. This is a structure wherein elements can be inserted or removed from either end.\n\n40) What is a bubble sort and how do you perform it?\n\nA bubble sort is one sorting technique that can be applied to data structures such as an array. It works by comparing adjacent elements and exchanges their values if they are out of order. This method lets the smaller values \u201cbubble\u201d to the top of the list, while the larger value sinks to the bottom.\n\n41) What are the parts of a linked list?\n\nA linked list typically has two parts: the head and the tail. Between the head and tail lie the actual nodes. All these nodes are\u00a0linked sequentially.\n\n42) How does selection sort work?\n\nSelection sort works by picking the smallest number from the list and placing it at the front. This process is repeated for the second position towards the end of the list. It is the simplest sort algorithm.\n\n43) What is a graph?\n\nA graph is one type of data structure that contains a set of ordered pairs. These ordered pairs are also referred to as edges or arcs and are used to connect nodes where data can be stored and retrieved.\n\n44) Differentiate linear from a nonlinear data structure.\n\nThe linear data structure is a structure wherein data elements are adjacent to each other. Examples of linear data structure include arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. On the other hand, a non-linear data structure is a structure wherein each data element can connect to more than two adjacent data elements. Examples of nonlinear data structure include trees and graphs.\n\n45) What is an AVL tree?\n\nAn AVL tree is a type of binary search tree that is always in a state of partially balanced. The balance is measured as a difference between the heights of the subtrees from the root. This self-balancing tree was known to be the first data structure to be designed as such.\n\n46) What are doubly linked lists?\n\nDoubly linked lists are a special type of linked list wherein traversal across the data elements can be done in both directions. This is made possible by having two links in every node, one that links to the next node and another one that connects to the previous node.\n\n47) What is Huffman\u2019s algorithm?\n\nHuffman\u2019s algorithm is used for creating extended binary trees that have minimum weighted path lengths from the given weights. It makes use of a table that contains the frequency of occurrence for each data element.\n\n48) What is Fibonacci search?\n\nFibonacci search is a search algorithm that applies to a sorted array. It makes use of a divide-and-conquer approach that can significantly reduce the time needed in order to reach the target element.\n\n49) Briefly explain recursive algorithm.\n\nRecursive algorithm targets a problem by dividing it into smaller, manageable sub-problems. The output of one recursion after processing one sub-problem becomes the input to the next recursive process.\n\n50) How do you search for a target key in a linked list?\n\nTo find the target key in a linked list, you have to apply sequential search. Each node is traversed and compared with the target key, and if it is different, then it follows the link to the next node. This traversal continues until either the target key is found or if the last node is reached.\n\n\n  1. very informative and basic question about datastructure.\n\n    1. Nice\u2026 but still more topics need to cover.\n\n  2. tanq\u2026.it was very effective to me\u2026\n\n  3. Avatar krishnendu says:\n\n    very helpfull, thank you very much\n\n  4. Thanks\u2026\u2026. This is really helpful To me\n\n  5. thanks \u2026it helped me a lot\u2026\n\n  6. Avatar vishwajeet says:\n\n    thanku it is most important questions\n\n  7. Thank you,it was very helpful\n\n  8. Avatar Syeda anush Fatima says:\n\n    Thanku this viva voice is so much important for me and I\u2019m glad that I found your page thanku sir \u2665\n    Wish you luck \ud83d\ude0a\n\n  9. Avatar Dilipkumar says:\n\n    Very use full..tq so much admin.\n\n  10. Avatar Sreelatha says:\u2019s very helpful for me\n\n  11. Avatar Anju Ashok says:\n\n    Very helpful thank you\n\n  12. Avatar Priya ora says:\n\n    Nice series of questions\n\n  13. Avatar Himanshu Joshi says:\n\n    Can you also put some tricky questions of data structure in this.\n\n  14. Avatar Deekshitha says:\n\n    Tq it was very helpfull to us\n\n  15. Avatar Solomon mamo says:\n\n    Interesting. And helpfull kip it up\n\n  16. very informative and helpful\u2026\n\n  17. Avatar Pratiksha says:\n\n    Tysm.. Its verv helhelp to me..\n\n  18. Avatar Premalatha v says:\n\n    Got a clear idea about interview based questions on data structures.\n\n  19. Thanks its very helpful\n\n  20. Thank u sir\u2026today is my viva and I guess these are the most favourable questions which are going to be asked\u2026Thanks a lot..\n\n  21. Avatar Pradnya Ravindra Giri says:\n\n    It is very helpful\u2026 Thank you\n\n  22. Avatar Pavani Andanapalli says:\n\n    Preparing for Government exams .is dis career.guru99 was helpful to me or not can u please reply me\n\n  23. Avatar Mubarak miyan says:\n\n\n    Helpfully question\n\n  24. Tqsm it\u2019s very useful for me thank you very much\n\n  25. very informative.. Thanks for putting all together\n\n  26. Avatar Alex Kirosso says:\n\n    very helpfull, thank you very much\n\n  27. Avatar siddhi balaji shitole says:\n\n    note for it\n\n  28. very useful \u2026 easy to understand\n\n  29. awesome!! the learning questions and answers was really easy and simple, and test in the end was the best price!!\n\n  30. Avatar s.vishnupriya says:\n\n    tq very nice question my helpfull .\n\n  31. Thank you so much for giving these such a valuable questions\u2026\n\n  32. Avatar Milan sharma says:\n\n    Good sets of questions but requirements of adding more questions to it\n\n  33. Very helpful thanks\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\n\n  34. thanks\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..alot\n\n  35. Avatar Anushka Saha says:\n\n    It was really helpful.\n\nLeave a Reply to akhil; Cancel reply\n
+__label__positive Make your own free website on\n\ndefinition| derivation |graph | application|sample problems| links\n\n\n\nWhat is Logistic growth?\n\nA logistic growth curve is an S-shaped (sigmoidal) curve that can be used to model functions that increase gradually at first, more rapidly in the middle growth period, and slowly at the end, leveling off at a maximum value after some period of time.\n\n\nIn 1838, the Belgian Pierre-Francois Verhulst suggested a revised model which would eliminate the undesirable effect of unlimited growth from the exponential model..\nwhich is the same as\n\n\nbirthrate of the population, under optimal conditions\n\nK carrying capacity-the level of the population that can be sustained by the given environment.\nm mortality constant\n\nSometimes it can be helpful to think of the equation in this form:\n\n\nValue of y 0 0<y<K K y>K\n\u00a0 0 + 0 -\n\nWe notice that y decreases and thus the slope of the tangent lines to be drawn is negative whenever y>K but that whenever 0<y<K, the slopes are positive, and y increases.\n\nAnalysis of the logistic growth curve:\nThe initial part of the curve is exponential; the rate of growth accelerates as it approaches the midpoint of the curve. At the midpoint (K/2), the growth rate begins to decelerate but continues to grow until it reaches an asymptote, K which is called the \"Carrying Capacity\" for the environment.\n\n\nPopulation growth, spreading of a rumor or virus,newton\u2019s law of cooling\n\nThe logistic growth model is a more accurate representation of population growth becauseit takes into account that there are outside factors that may effect growth.\n\nIt is frequently used to model biological growth patterns where there is an initial exponential growth period followed by a leveling off as more of the population is infected or as the food supply or some other factor limits further growth.
+__label__positive Solved Paper JE (Mechanical) - 2013 - Himachal Pradesh General Knowledge\n\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sulphur in pig iron tends to make it: - Ans. Hard\n\n2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maximum percentage of carbon in ferrite is: - Ans. 0.025\n\n3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Surface plate is usually made of grey cast iron because it provides: - Ans. Lubricating due to graphite flakes\n\n4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following is not the accessory of slip gauges? - Ans. Measuring Jaws\n\n5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prairie Grasslands are mainly found in: - Ans.\u00a0 USA\n\n6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cyclones in China Sea region are known as: Typhoons\n\n7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Security Council of United Nations Organization has 5 permanent members\n\n8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The WTO (World Trade Organization) has its headquarters at: - Ans. Geneva\n\n9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Benito Mussolini belonged to: - Ans. Italy\n\n10)\u00a0 World war-II commenced in: - Ans. 1939\n\n11)\u00a0 \u2018Azlan Shah Cup\u2019 is associated with: - Ans.\u00a0 Hockey \u00a0\n\n12)\u00a0 Who was the founder of Mughal Dynasty in India? - Ans.\u00a0 Babur \u00a0\n\n13)\u00a0 Who wrote \u2018Gora\u2019? - Ans. Rabindranath Tagore\n\n14)\u00a0 Cardiology is the \u00a0- Ans. Study of heart\n\n15)\u00a0 Who discovered \u2018X-ray\u2019? - Ans. W. Roentgen\n\n16)\u00a0 The loud speaker converts: - Ans. Electrical energy into sound energy\n\n17)\u00a0 A piece of bloating paper soaks ink because of the: - Ans. Capillary action\n\n18)\u00a0 Which of the following is the best conductor of heat? - Ans. Silver\n\n19)\u00a0 A device used to measure electric current is: - Ans. Ammeter\n\n20)\u00a0 Battery is a device used to convert: - Ans. Chemical energy into electrical energy\n\n21)\u00a0 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has: - Ans. Methane \u00a0\u00a0\n\n22)\u00a0 Which part of flame is used by goldsmiths to heat the gold? - Ans. Outermost part\n\n23)\u00a0 Which is the main component of brass and bronze? - Ans. Copper \u00a0\n\n24)\u00a0 Which gas propels the cork of a champagne bottle? - Ans. Carbon dioxide\n\n25)\u00a0 Which of the following is not correct? - Ans. Water can be used as extinguisher in case of electrical or oil fire\n\n26)\u00a0 The main symptom of pneumonia is: - Ans.\u00a0 Decrease in respiratory efficiency \u00a0\n\n27)\u00a0 The study of heredity and variations is known as: - Ans. Genetics\n\n28)\u00a0 Oral polio vaccine was discovered by: - Ans. Albert Bruce Sabine\n\n29)\u00a0 Which of the following trees is worshipped by the people of Indus valley civilization? - Ans. Pipal\n\n30)\u00a0 What was the standard unit of exchange of the Aryans? - Ans. Cow\n\n31)\u00a0 Which of the following Vedas, contains charms and spells to ward off evils and diseases? - Ans. Atharvaveda\n\n32)\u00a0 The word \u2018Kaivalya\u2019 is associated with: - Ans. Vardhman Mahavira \u00a0\n\n33)\u00a0 Mahaprabhu Chaitanya, a saint of bhakti movement, belonged to: - Ans. Bengal \u00a0\n\n34)\u00a0 Whose reign is considered the \u2018Golden Age\u2019 of the Mughal empire? - Ans. Shahjahan\n\n35)\u00a0 Vasco-da-Gama was a: - Ans. Portuguese\n\n36)\u00a0 Who was severely beaten in lathi charge while opposing the Simon Commission? - Ans. Lala Lajpat Rai\n\n37)\u00a0 Who gave the slogan \u2018Do or Die\u2019? - Ans. Mahatma Gandhi\n\n38)\u00a0 Indian Constitution has adopted the Idea of Fundamental Duties from: - Ans. Erstwhile USSR\n\n39)\u00a0 \u2018Right to Equality\u2019 is a - Ans. Fundamental Right\n\n40)\u00a0 Who is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces? - Ans. President\n\n41)\u00a0 As per Census 2011, what is the literacy rate in India? - Ans. 74.04%\n\n42)\u00a0 What is the equivalent of \u2018General\u2019 of Army in Navy? - Ans. Admiral\n\n43)\u00a0 Which was the first talkie of India? - Ans. Alam Ara\n\n44)\u00a0 \u2018Malihabad\u2019 is famous for : - Ans. Mangoes \u00a0\n\nDirection: (Question Nos. 47 to 51): In each of the following questions, four words are given, out of which three are alike in some manner and the fourth one is different. Choose the odd one.\n\n45)\u00a0 A) Cow\u00a0 B) Buffalo\u00a0 C) Goat\u00a0 D) Cub\n\n46)\u00a0 A) Gold\u00a0 B) Silver C) Platinum D) Necklace\n\n47)\u00a0 A) Oil\u00a0 B) Glue\u00a0 C) Yeast\u00a0 D) Gum\n\n48)\u00a0 A) Calculator\u00a0 B) Laptop\u00a0 C) Computer\u00a0 D) Palmtop\n\n49)\u00a0 A) Potato\u00a0 B) Tomato\u00a0 C) Ladyfinger\u00a0 D) Bamboo\n\n50)\u00a0 Kalatope is situated in the district of :- Ans. Chamba\n\n51)\u00a0 The river Satluj rises from: - Ans. Mansarovar \u00a0\n\n52)\u00a0 Which of the following districts does not touch the boundaries of Punjab? - Ans. Mandi\n\n53)\u00a0 \u2018Kamlahgarh\u00a0 Fort\u2019 is located at: - Ans. Sarkaghat\n\n54)\u00a0 Who was appointed by Ahmed Shah Durrani as Governor of Punjab in 1759 A.D.? - Ans. Ghamand Chand\n\n55)\u00a0 Raja Sansar Chand was the famous ruler of : - Ans. Kangra\n\n56)\u00a0 Which of the following was the capital of Rampur Bushahr State in the ancient time? - Ans. Kamru\n\n57)\u00a0 What is Pink Rhododendron? - Ans. A rose variety\n\n58)\u00a0 Which of the following hill stations has been declared \u2018Favorite Hill Destination\u2019, by the travel magazine \u2018Outlook Traveler\u2019 this year? - Ans. Dalhousie\n\n59)\u00a0 The famous Christ Church is located at: - Ans. Shimla\n\n60)\u00a0 Uranium in Himachal Pradesh is found at: - Ans. Kullu\n\n61)\u00a0 Parvati\u00a0 Hydroelectricity Project has the capacity of: Uranium in Himachal Pradesh are found at: 2051 MW\n\n62)\u00a0 As per the Census-2011, which of the following districts has the lowest literacy rate in H.P.? - Ans. Chamba\n\n63)\u00a0 \u2018Bahar\u2019 , \u2018Malhar\u2019 and \u2018Bageshwari\u2019 are the varieties of: - Ans. Tea\n\n64)\u00a0 Which of the following is the largest cottage industry in Himachal Pradesh? - Ans. Weaving and Knitting of Wool\n\n65)\u00a0 Trilokinath temple is in: - Ans. Lahaul Spiti \u00a0\n\n66)\u00a0 The Tapovana, known as \u2018Sandeepani Himalayas\u2019, is located near: - Ans. Dharmsala \u00a0\u00a0\n\n67)\u00a0 In which year was the Una Tehsil transferred to Himachal Pradesh? - Ans. 1966\n\n68)\u00a0 \u2018Presidential\u00a0 Retreat\u2019 is situated at: - Ans. Chharabara\n\n69)\u00a0 \u2018Dhungari Mela\u2019 is associated with: - Ans. Hidimba Devi\u00a0 \u00a0\n\n70)\u00a0 Who was the first Governor of Himachal Pradesh? - Ans. S. Chakarvarti\n\n71)\u00a0 \u2018Halog\u2019 is associated with: \u00a0- Ans. Dhami Firing Tragedy\n\n72)\u00a0 Who was the first to give call for the creation of separate of separate Hill State in 1946? - Ans. Pt. Padam Dev\n\n73)\u00a0 How many seats are there of Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha? - Ans. 68\n\n74)\u00a0 Himachal Pradesh stands second in the production of Ginger on National level.\n\nDirections\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0(Questions Nos. 77 to 80):\u00a0 Choose the correct spellings of the word, from the four alternatives A, B, C and D given below:\n\n75)\u00a0 A) Warrior B) Warrior C) Warrior D) Wareor\n\n76)\u00a0 A) Surrender B) Surender\u00a0 C) Surrander D) Surendder\n\n77)\u00a0 A) Japaneese\u00a0 B) Japanese\u00a0 C) Japanse D) Japanise\n\n78)\u00a0 A) Parsut\u00a0 B) Pursuit\u00a0 C) Pursoot\u00a0 D) Parsuit\n\nDirections\u00a0\u00a0 (Question Nos. 81 to 83):\u00a0 Choose the word which is most opposite to the word given in capital letter, from the given alternatives A, B, C and D.\n\n79)\u00a0 DOLEFUL: Happy\n\n80)\u00a0 FLEXIBILITY: Rigidity\n\n81)\u00a0 GROTESQUE: Natural\n\nDirections (Question\u00a0 Nos. 84 to 86): Fill the blanks by choosing the most appropriate\u00a0 word, form\u00a0 alternatives A, B, C and D given below.\n\n82)\u00a0 He is very fast in calculations.\n\n83)\u00a0 I am convinced by his innocence.\n\n84)\u00a0 The bright color of this shirt has faded away.\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 : (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902 \u00a087 \u0938\u0947 90) : \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 I \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0905\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 I\n\n85)\u00a0 A) \u092a\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0928 \u00a0B) \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0941\u0930 \u00a0C) \u092e\u0943\u0926\u0941\u0932 \u00a0D) \u0905\u0935\u092f\u092f\u0940\n\n86)\u00a0 \u00a0A) \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u00a0B) \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 C) \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u00a0D) \u0924\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\n\n87)\u00a0 A) \u0917\u0935\u093f\u0936 B) \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0941\u0915 C) \u0916\u0947\u091a\u0930 D) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923\n\n88)\u00a0 A) \u092f\u0941\u0927\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0930 B) \u0905\u0924\u092f\u0902\u0924 C) \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f D) \u0905\u0902\u0924:\u0915\u0930\u0923\n\n\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0936: (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0928 91 \u0938\u0947 93):\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0902\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093f\u092f\u0947 |\n89)\u00a0 \u0906\u0932\u0938\u0940\nA)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 B) \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e C) \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0938\u0940 D) \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940\n90)\u00a0 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\nA)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928 B) \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0928 C) \u0906\u0928\u0926\u093f\u0924 D) \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924\n91)\u00a0 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\nA)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 B) \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0917 C) \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f D) \u0917\u0939\u0928\n92)\u00a0 \u0908\u092a\u094d\u0938\u093e\nA)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e B) \u0908\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u093e C) \u0932\u093e\u0932\u091a D) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\n93)\u00a0 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\nA)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0906\u0926\u0930 B) \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 C) \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 D) \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\n\n94)\u00a0 Air refrigeration cycle works on: -Ans. Bell-Coleman cycle\n\n95)\u00a0 Drop forging is used to produce: -Ans. Large components \u00a0\n\n96)\u00a0 Casting is a: -Ans. Primary shaping process\n\n97)\u00a0 The cutting tools are made from: -Ans. High speed steel\n\n98)\u00a0 Ball bearing are, usually, made from: -Ans. Chrome steel\n\n99)\u00a0 Which of the following is the case hardening process? -Ans. Carburising, Cyaniding and Nirtriding\n\n100)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cold working of metal increases: -Ans. Tensile strength, Yield strength and Hardness\n\n101)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alloy wheels are manufactured using which of these processes? -Ans. \u00a0Die casting\n\n102)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When a pattern in three parts the top part is known as a: -Ans. Cope\n\n103)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thermit, used in thermit welding is a mixture of: -Ans. Iron oxide and aluminum\n\n104)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The flux commonly used in brazing is: -Ans. Borax\n\n105)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The center of gravity of a plane figure is called: -Ans. Centroid\n\n106)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Coulomb friction is the name of: -Ans. Dry friction\n\n107)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For self locking lifting machine the efficiency must be: -Ans. less than 50%\n\n108)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Impulse has the same unit as: -Ans. Momentum \u00a0\n\n109)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The fuel mostly used in boilers is: -Ans. Bituminous\n\n110)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The ratio of brake power to indicated power of an I.C. engine is called: -Ans. Mechanical efficiency\n\n111)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Molecular transmission of heat is smallest in case of: -Ans. Gases\n\n112)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A perfect black body is: -Ans. One which absorbs total radiant energy\n\n113)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The internal energy of an ideal gas is: -Ans. A function of temperature alone\n\n114)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A choke is applied in a car: -Ans. For starting in cold weather\n\n115)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In a 2 stroke engine we got one power stroke in: -Ans. 360\u00b0 of crank rotation\n\n116)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A carburetor is used, to supply: -Ans. Petrol + Air\n\n117)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The function of clutch in Automobiles: -Ans. To disengage power from engine to gear box \u00a0\n\n118)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The fly wheel influence the: -Ans. mean speed of the prime mover\n\n119)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The height of watt governor (in meters) is equal to: -Ans. 8.95/N2\n\n120)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An automobile steering gear is an example of: -Ans. lower pair\n\n121)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The crowning of pulley is done to: -Ans. make the belt run in the center of pulley face width\n\n122)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The range of pressure angle for spur gear is: -Ans. 14.5 - 20\u00b0\n\n123)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A bicycle remains stable in running through a bend because of: -Ans. Radius of curved path\n\n124)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A typewriter constitutes a: -Ans. Mechanism\n\n125)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following laws is applicable for the behavior of a perfect gas? -Ans. Boyle\u2019s Law, Charles\u2019 Law and Gay-Lussac\u2019s Law\n\n126)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 According Boyle\u2019s law for a perfect gas: -Ans. P2/P1 = V1/V2, if kept constant\n\n127)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Intensive property of a system is one whose value: -Ans. does not depend on the mass of system, like temperature, pressure\n\n128)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Extensive property of a system is one whose value: -Ans. depends upon the mass of a system like volume\n\n129)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Work done in a free expansion process is: -Ans. zero\n\n130)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Properties of substances like pressure, temperature and density in thermodynamics co-ordinates are: -Ans. point function\n\n131)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Heat and work are: -Ans. path functions\n\n132)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For reversible adiabatic process, change in entropy is: -Ans. zero\n\n133)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When a system undergoes a process such that \u0283\u03b4Q/T=0 & \u0394S>0, the process is: -Ans. Reversible adiabatic\n\n134)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A reversible heat engine operates between 1600K and T2K and another reversible heat engine operates between T2K and 400K. If both the engines have the same heat input and output, the temperature T2 must be equal to: -Ans. 800K\n\n135)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Super charging is the process of: -Ans. supplying the intake of an engine with air at a density greater than the density of surrounding atmosphere\n\n136)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Air standard auto cycle efficiency is expressed as: -Ans. 1-(1/r)Y-1/Y\n\n137)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following statements is correct? -Ans. all reversible engines working between the same temperature limits have the same efficiency\n\n138)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The size of inlet valve of an engine in comparison to an exhaust wall is -Ans. less\n\n139)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following is more viscous lubricating oil? -Ans.SAE 30\n\n140)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Characteristic of a gas constant is equal to -Ans. Cp-Cv\n\n141)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adiabatic process is-Ans. Reversible Process\n\n142)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The economizer is used in boiler to-Ans. Extract heat form the exhaust flue gases\n\n143)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The feed check valve is used in order to-Ans. regulate flow of boiler water\n\n144)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The compressor capacity with decreases in suction temperature-Ans. increases\n\n145)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gas turbine works on-Ans. Brayton or Atkinson cycle\n\n146)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In gas turbines high thermal efficiency is obtained in-Ans. Closed cycle\n\n147)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stefan Boltzmann Law is applicable for heat transfer by-Ans. Radiation\n\n148)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 According to Stefan\u2019s law, the total radiation from a black body per second per unit area is proportional to-Ans. T4\n\n149)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The amount of radiation mainly depends on-Ans. nature of body, temperature of body and type of surface of body\n\n150)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ammonia-absorption refrigeration cycle requires-Ans. very little work input\n\n151)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The moisture in refrigerant is removed by-Ans. driers\n\n152)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refrigerator in aero planes usually employs the following refrigerant: -Ans. Air\n\n153)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Domestic refrigerator working on vapour compression cycle uses the following type of expansion device: -Ans. thermostatic expansion valve\n\n154)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Absorption system normally uses the following refrigerant: -Ans. ammonia\n\n155)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The co-efficient of friction depends on-Ans. nature of the surface\n\n156)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For maximum range of projectile, the angle of projection should be - Ans. 45\u00b0\n\n157)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kinetic friction as compared to static friction is-Ans. less\n\n158)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following remains constant during the flight of a projectile? -Ans. horizontal component of velocity\n\n159)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following materials is the most elastic? -Ans. rubber\n\n160)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Resilience of material is considered when it is subjected to-Ans. shock loading\n\n161)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A tapered bar of length L with diameter D at base and having specific weight \u03c1 is suspended freely under its own weight. The elongation of the bar wills be-Ans. \u03c1I3/6E\n\n162)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For the same lift and the same angle of ascent, a similar base circle wills give-Ans. Constant Isochronisim\u00a0\n\n163)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mohr\u2019s circle can be used to determine the stress on inclined surface-Ans.\u00a0Principal stress, Normal stress and Tangential stress\n\n164)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The power of a porter governor is-Ans. inversely proportional to s2\n\n165)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The designation M 33*3 of a bolt means-Ans. metric threads of 33 mm outside diameter and 2 mm pitch\n\n166)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eye bolts are used for-Ans. lifting and transportation of machines\n\n167)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A riveted joint may fail due to-Ans. shearing of the rivet, tearing off the plate at an edge and crushing of the rivet\n\n168)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Delta iron occurs at- Ans. between 1400\u00b0 C and 1539\u00b0 C\n\n169)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following constitutes of steels is the softest and least strong? -Ans. ferrite\n\n170)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The crystal structure of gamma iron is-Ans. F.C.C.\n\n171)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cast iron is characterized by minimum of the following percentage of carbon: -Ans. 2%\n\nShare on Google Plus\n\nAuthor: Karun Bharmoria\n\n    Blogger Comment\n\n\nPost a Comment\n\nPopular Posts
+__label__positive Recent Posts\n\nRecent Posts Widget\n\nGA Questions Asked For IBPS PO RRB IV on 5th September 2015\n\nSubject : Questions and Answers For IBOS RRB PO - IV and Exam Analysis.\n\nMorning Shift:\u00a0\n\nEnglish Section/Hindi Section: English section was of easy difficulty level. Hindi Section was of Easy to Moderate difficulty level.\n\nReading Comprehension (Economics) \u2013 10 questions\nCloze Test (Story based) \u2013 10 questions(Easy)\nSpotting Error & Sentence Improvement \u2013 10 Questions\nFill in the Blanks (Two Blanks) \u2013 5 Questions\nSynonym/Antonym \u2013 5 Questions\nParajumbles \u2013 5 Questions(Easy)\nThe overall good attempt in this section is 28-30\n\nReasoning Section: Reasoning section was of moderate level.\u00a0\n\nSeating Arrangement (Circular) \u2013 5 Questions\nLinear Arrangement(floor-wise) \u2013 5 Questions \u2013 Difficult\nSyllogism \u2013 5 Questions\nPuzzle \u2013 5 Questions\nCoding \u2013 Decoding \u2013 5 Questions\nInequalities \u2013 5 Questions\nData Sufficiency\nBlood Relation \u2013 3 questions\nLogical Reasoning\nOverall Good Attempt in this section was 25-27\n\nNumerical Ability: The Numerical Ability Section was of moderate to high difficulty level.\u00a0\n\nData Interpretation (3 Set 1 graph, 1 table, 1 Pie Chart) \u2013 15 Questions) \u2013\u00a0 Lengthy & Difficult\nEquations - 5 Questions.\nSingle Marks - 15 Questions.\nNumber Series\u00a0 \u2013 5 Questions\u00a0 \u2013 Moderate.\n\nComputers Sections: computers was easier than all sections Just prepare general Questions and Internet topics, MS Office, Shortcuts,\n\nGeneral Awareness IBPS RRB PO - IV on 5th September Morning Shift:\nWhat is Egypt capital-\u00a0 Cairo\nWhat is Thailand currency- Baht\nWhere is PNB headquarter- New Delhi\nWho is NDB President -\u00a0 K.V. Kamath\nRamanujan award given to- Amalendu Krishna\nRenault Brand Ambassador- Ranbir Kapoor\nWho is the chief minister of Jharkhand - Raghubar Das\nThe International Atomic Energy Agency's headquarters locates at - Vienna, Austria\nWorld Vegetarian Day is observed annually on - October 1\nWhat is S in RTGS?- Settlement\nKisan Vikas Patra amount? - It is Available in denominations of Rs 1,000, 5000, 10,000 and Rs 50,000.\nNew Member of European Union - Croatia\nNew Governor of Sikkim - Sriniwas Patil\nPV sindhu related to - Badminton\nCommittee for NABARD - Shivaraman\nWhich company installed white label ATM first in country? - Tata\nKathakali is folk dance of -? Kerala\nLargest producer of Rice in world? - China\nCommercial paper is issued by - Corporate\nSaarc head office- Nepal\nTurning point author \u2013 APJ Abdul Kalam\nBlue revolution is related which \u2013 fish\nBrad Haddin related to?- Cricket\nState with largest area? Rajasthan\nTomato Festival location? Spain\nDICGC related to ? Banking\nDhanchayt video launch by? HDFC bank\nCERN member first Asian country ? Pakistan\nWorld information technology summit 2018- Hyderabad\nRRB sponser bank contribution - 35%\nChina contribution in NDB - 41%\nSmart humsafar - SBI\nRBI regulate - Money Market .\n\nEvening Shift:\u00a0\n\nGeneral Awareness IBPS RRB PO - IV on 5th September Evenning Shift:\u00a0\nGaddafi National stadium is located in: Lahore\nInternational Non violence day on: 2 Oct\nBhutan currency is: Ngultrum\nRicky ponting is related to: Cricket\nILO headquarter is situated at: Geneva\nIndia's rating in world football's Fifa ranking - 155th\nSuez Canal is connecting- Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea.\nPhilippines President- Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III\nManas National Park is located in: Assam\nGugamal National Park is located: Maharashtra\nLongest river in Asia: Yangtze River\nSimhadri Super Thermal Power Plant is located in: Andhra Pradesh\nMost expensive city in India- Mumbai\nUnion Minister of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Sanitation & Drinking Water: Chaudhary Birender Singh\n7th BRICS Summit was hekd in: Ufa,Russia\nWhat is the maximum amount of pension in Atal Pension Yojana?- Rs. 5000.\n\n\nPost a Comment
+__label__positive Brain Teasers Trivia Mentalrobics\nOptimized for Wii (visit full site)\n\nComputing Acronyms 101\n\nAn acronym is a word formed from the initial letter(s) of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term. You may be familiar with many common computing acronyms, but do you know what they stand for?\n\n\nQuiz ID:#10097\nFun:*** (2.56)\nDifficulty:* (1.05)\nCategory:Technology > Computers\nCreated By:Scubee\n\n\n#1 \u00a0 What does CPU stand for?\n\n#2 \u00a0 What does RAM stand for?\n\n#3 \u00a0 What does CDROM stand for?\n\n#4 \u00a0 What does LCD stand for?\n\n#5 \u00a0 What does DSL stand for?\n\n#6 \u00a0 What does MODEM stand for?\n\n#7 \u00a0 What does OEM stand for?\n\n#8 \u00a0 What does MP3 stand for?\n\n#9 \u00a0 What does FTP stand for?\n\n#10 \u00a0 What does DOS stand for?\n\n\n\n\nYou cannot read comments until you complete the quiz.\n\nTo post a comment, please visit the Full Site\n\nBack to Top\n\nCopyright \u00a9 1999-2007 | Green | Privacy | Conditions\n\nSign In
+__label__positive Skip to content\nRegister Sign in Wishlist\n\nChapter 01\n\nStudent resources for Chapter 01: Introduction\n\nStudy guide for Chapter 01: Introduction\n\nHere are some study questions that you can use in preparing for your exams on this unit. You should be able to understand each question, its relevance, and to answer it in your own words (no more than a sentence or two should be necessary). Try to think up original examples to illustrate points where appropriate.\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In what way is language pervasive in your life?\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why is language crucial to the creation of society?\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does it mean to say \u201clanguage is functional\u201d\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is linguistic creativity, and why is it important?\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give examples of arbitrariness in language.\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give examples of non-arbitrary linguistic forms.\n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give examples of language change in Modern English.\n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many languages are there in the world?\n9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many languages are there estimated to be in 2100?\n10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What factors might contribute to the decline in the number of languages?\n11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What issues are involved when people consider using the term \u201clanguage\u201d or \u201cdialect\u201d?\n12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does it mean to say that two languages are mutually intelligible?\n13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does it mean to say that linguistics is scientific?\n14.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the difference between a linguist and a polyglot?\n15.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What do linguists do?\n16.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are some of the questions that shape the field of linguistics?\n17.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What do we mean when we say \u201call languages are created equal\u201d?\n18.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic?\n19.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to grammar?\n20.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Discuss ways in which language is functional; why is this important?\n\nSign In\n\nPlease sign in to access your account\n\n\nNot already registered? Create an account now. \u00d7\n\nFind content that relates to you\n\nJoin us online\n\nThis site uses cookies to improve your experience. Read more Close\n\nAre you sure you want to delete your account?\n\nThis cannot be undone.\n\n\n\n\nPlease fill in the required fields in your feedback submission.
+__label__positive Concept Study Guide Chapter 1-17 Essay\n\nSubmitted By brookensullivan\nWords: 2334\nPages: 10\n\nCumulative Concept Guide Biology 1201\nChapters 1 \u2013 9, 12 \u2013 17\n\nChapter 1\n\n1a) What distinguishes a scientific theory from a simple claim?\n\n1b) Is a theory always true?\n\n2a) What is the difference between an organism and a population?\n\n2b) By definition, what makes something alive?\n\n3a) What are emergent properties, and how are they important to the study of biology? Give an example of an emergent property.\n\n3b) What is reductionism, and how is it limiting to the study of biology? What is meant by systems biology?\n\n3c) Starting with molecules, outline the hierarchy of life up to the biosphere.\n\nChapter 2\n\n1) What are valence electrons, and how do they account for activity among atoms?\n\n2a) What is an ionic bond? What is a covalent bond? What is meant by the term molecule?\n\n2b) What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? Give an example of a molecule for each.\n\n2c) Once a molecule is formed by covalent bonding, what determines how it will react with other molecules?\n\n3a) What are Van der Waals forces?\n\n3b) What is hydrogen bonding? Give an example of hydrogen bonding between molecules.\n\n4) What is a chemical reaction?\n\nChapter 3\n\n1a) Explain how the polarity of individual water molecules gives rise to water\u2019s emergent properties essential to life.\n\n1b) What is meant by cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension?\n\n1c) Explain why water has a relatively high boiling point compared to other substances.\n\n1d) Why does ice float in water? How is this fact important for lake water life?\n\n2a) What happens to ionic compounds when exposed to water? What is a hydration shell?\n2b) Label the following bonds as either strong or weak in the presence of water: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces.\n\n2c) What is meant by the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic? What kinds of molecules are hydrophilic? What kinds are hydrophobic? Are ions hydrophilic or hydrophobic?\n\n3a) What are acids and bases?\n\n3b) What is pH? What is pOH? What units are they measured in? What is the sum of the pH and the pOH for any given water based solution?\n\nKnow the specific properties of water and what they mean. You should also be able to calculate pH and pOH of solutions with actual numbers.\n\nChapter 4\n\n1) What properties of carbon make it ideal for forming large molecules?\n\n2a) What accounts for the diversity of interactions of carbon-based molecules?\n\n2b) Draw and label each of the seven functional groups, including charges where applicable.\n\n3a) What is an isomer? Define structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers.\n\n3b) How do isomers differ in chemical reactivity?\n\nKnow the chart on pages 64 \u2013 65 in the textbook!\n\nChapter 5\n\n1) What are monomers, and how are they combined into polymers? What type of bonds hold polymers together? How are polymers broken back down into monomers?\n\n2a) What are carbohydrates? What are monomers of carbohydrates called? What are polymers of carbohydrates called? What is the bond between carbohydrate monomers called?\n\n2b) What are the functions of carbohydrates to living things?\n\n2c) In what ways can organisms store energy using carbohydrates?\n\n3a) What are nucleic acids composed of? What is a nucleoside? What is the bond called that holds nucleic acids together?\n\n3b) What accounts for the uniformed width of DNA molecules?\n\n4a) What distinguishes lipids from other organic molecules?\n\n4b) What types of molecules are considered lipids?\n\n4c) What is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids?\n\n4d) What type of bond links fatty acids to glycols?\n\n4e) What are phospholipids? What structure do they form that is essential to life?\n\n5a) What is an amino acid? What two functional groups do all amino acids share? What accounts for the differing reactivity of the various amino acids?\n\n5b) What is the name of the bond that\u2026
+__label__positive What Are Three Categories of Organisms in the Ecosystem?\n\nBy Michael Ignatius\nMountain ecosystems are some of the most easily disrupted habitats in the world.\nJupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images\n\nAll ecosystems contain three basic types of organisms: producers, consumers and decomposers. Each type of organism plays a vital role in the ecosystem. If one of the three types of organisms were to disappear, all living things would die as the cyclical flow of life-giving energy collapsed.\n\n\nAn ecosystem is a network of living organisms and non-living things. The organisms in an ecosystem rely on each other and their environment to sustain themselves. An ecosystem may be any size, from a part of your home to regions larger than most nations. Different environments have their own unique ecosystems, but there is no such thing as a single, perfect environment. Organisms develop within a given environment and will adapt or perish as the environment changes.\n\n\nAlthough the three types of organisms work together in a cycle of energy, it is easiest to think of producers as the organisms that begin the cycle. Producers take energy from inorganic sources and convert it into sugars. Green plants are producers that take energy from the sun and create sugars through photosynthesis. Deep-sea bacteria are also producers; they live near vents in the ocean's floor and convert chemicals into sugar. Producers are autotrophs because they are at the base of the food chain (also known as trophic levels).\n\n\nAs their name suggests, consumers are the organisms that consume energy from producers. Insects and animals are consumers, and there are three types within this category. Herbivores are primary consumers because they eat only autotrophs (plants). Carnivores then consume these herbivores (insects and animals). If a carnivore only eats herbivores, it is a secondary consumer. A carnivore that eats the secondary consumer would be a tertiary consumer. Omnivores, such as humans, consume both autotrophs and herbivores (and occasionally carnivores).\n\n\nDecomposers are the final type of organism in an ecosystem. All producers and consumers eventually die and become detritus. The decomposers then consume this lifeless detritus and convert it into vital inorganic material. Decomposers return this inorganic material to the environment where it provides important nutrients for producers. Thus, the cycle begins again as nutrients provided by decomposers sustain producers, consumers feed on the producers and decomposers reintroduce the remaining energy.\n\nAbout the Author\n
+__label__positive Online Test \u2013 History Mains by Eminence\n\n1. Primitive man first learnt to\n2. The Indus valley civilization specialized in\n3. The salient feature of the Rigvedic religion was\n4. Purushasukta is found in the\n5. The word Buddha means\n6. who were the contemporaries of kanishka?\n7. which among the following is the oldest dynasty\n8. In whose court was a Chinese embassy sent by T'ang emperor?\n9. Harsha moved his capital from________ to ________\n10. Export trade in pre-gupta age was more extensive with\n11. Only three vedas were considered cononical.pointb the odd one out\n12. One of the major towns of the Godavari region in the satbahana kingdom was\n13. who were the immediate successors of the Mouryas in Magadha\n14. An image of dancing girl is found at\n15. The mighty gateways found at the temples of south India are called\n16. which of the following princely states was annexed by british\n17. Which of the following statesments is wrong?\n18. Pitt's India Act, which was meant to remove the defects of the Regulating Act,was passed in the year\n19. Match important court poets/scholars with there patrons\n\nA) Ravikirti Gupta\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01.Sumudra.\n\nB) Bhavabhuti\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2. Harsha.\n\nC) Harisena\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3) Pulakesin.\n\nD) Banabhatta\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4) Yashovarman of Kanauj.\n20. When did Muslim League adopt self government as one of its objectives?\n21. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?\n22. Which of the following Rajput clan does not belong to the Agnikula?\n23. Which among the following empires was located on the banks of Tungabhadra River?\n24. In which year Mohd. Ghori attacked first in India on Multan?\n25. Who among the following is said to be the pioneer of guerilla warfare in the Deccan region?\n26. Which among the following Mughal painters is credited for painting Siberian Crane and the Dodo for the first time?\n27. In which among the following battles, artillery was used for the first time?\n28. Who among the following was the founder of Gahadvala Dynasty?\n29. At which among the following places, Gokal Jat revolted against mughals in the 17th century?\n30. Which Mughal Emperor had put a ban on killing of animals in certain days?\n31. What was the main responsibility of Mir Bakshi during the Mughal Era?\n32. Dwarasamudra was the capital of which of the following dynasties?\n33. Which among the following states of India was ruled by the\u00a0Ahom Dynasty\u00a0in Sultanate and Mughal era?\n34. Which type of coins were\u00a0issued by the king of Vijayanagar empire, Tirumala Raya ?\n35. Consider the following statements about the Nasaq system of land revenue, prevalent in India during medieval India:\n  1. Nasaq system of Land revenue was prevalent in some parts of Akbar\u2019s territory\n  2. Nasaq System declined after death of Akbar\nWhich among the above statements is/ are correct?\n36. Who among the following were Saints of Varkari sect ?\n  1. Chakradhar\n  2. Jnanesvar\n  3. Namadev\n  4. Samarth Ramdas\nIndicate the correct answer form the codes given below.\n37. Via the treaty of Alinagar 1757, Nawab Sirj-ud-daula granted permission to the British to __:\n  1. Fortify Calcutta\n  2. Mint their own coins\n  3. Duty Free trade in Bengal\nSelect the correct option from the codes given below:\n38. Consider the following pairs:\nDepartment : Established byDiwan-i-Bandagan : Qutubuddin Aibak\nDiwan-i-Mustkharaj : Alauddin Khilji\nDiwan-i-Khairat : Firoz Shah Tughlaq\nWhich of the above is/are correctly matched?\n39. Consider the following:\n  1. Samarth Ramdas\n  2. Guru Ravidas\n  3. Kabir\n  4. Tulsidas\nWho among the above saints were contemporary of King Akbar?\n40. Which of the following is the modern site of ancient Hindu Kingdom of Kapisa?\n41. Which of the following kings was the successor of Mahmud of Ghazni?\n42. Which of the following built the first mosque in India, the \u2018Quwwat-ul-Islam\u2019 (Delhi)?\n43. Which of the following was the only Delhi Sultan who had received a comprehensive literary, religious, and philosophical education?\n44. Which of the following is correct regarding Delhi Sultanate?\n1. Most of\u00a0 Sultans were weak who gave themselves to pleasures and completely ruined themselves.\n2. The people obeyed the Sultans out of fear and not out of love.\n3. The Hindus were also forced to pay Jazia.\nSelect the correct option from the codes given below:\n45. Mahmud Khalji led campaigns against which of the following rulers?\n1) Gujarat\n2) Gondwana\n3) Orissa\nSelect the correct option from the codes given below:\n46. Ghiyas-ud-Din was succeeded by which of the following kings?\n47. Which of the following describes the Iqta land?\n48. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Deva Raya I?\n1. He was a patron of Kannada literature and architecture.\n2. A noted Jain poet, Madhura, was in his court.\nSelect the correct option from the codes given below:\n49. Which of the following is considered as the father of Carnatic music?\n50. Which of the following foreign travellers mention about slavery during the rule of the Vijayanagar kingdom?\n51. Which of the following king started the Bahmani expansion towards Berar?\n52. Which of the following succeeded Alauddin Ahmad Shah II?\n53. The Bahmani rulers employed which of the following people to train the soldiers in the latest weaponry?\n1) Turkish\n2) Arabs\nSelect the correct option from the codes given below:\n54. Shihab-uddin Mahmud during which of the following periods?\n55. Which of the following is identified as the founder of the Ram cult in north India?\n56. Who led Mahad\u00a0Satyagraha?\n57. The \u2018Tebhega\u2019 movement of 1946 is associated with which among the following current states of India?\n58. Which among the following events took place immediately before the massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh?\n59. With reference to the freedom struggle of India, who among the following was not a part of the \u201cBombay Triumvirate\u201d?\n60. Year 1757 is remembered to which among the following battles?\n61. Which Portuguese Viceroy followed the \u201cBlue Water\u201d policy in India?\n62. Which among the following was the most important reason of objection to Simon Commission by Indian nationalists?\n63. Who among the following is known to oppose the\u00a0Age of consent bill?\n64. James Augustus Hickey is also known as?\n65. In which year, Bengal British India Society was established?\n66. A notable newspaper \u201cSambad Prabhakar\u201d was published by whom?\n67. Salt has an important place while discussing the modern Indian History and freedom struggle. Consider the following statements in this context:\n  1. Exercise of British monopoly on salt began from Bengal in the 18th century\n  2. Government monopoly in salt ended immediately after the Salta Satyagraha\nWhich among the above statements is/ are correct?\n68. Which act provided for separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars?\n69. Vasco Da Gama died in which place of India?\n70. Which of the following were included in the fourteen points of Jinnah?\n  1. Separate set of Fundamental Rights for Muslims\n  2. Reservation of one Third of Seats for Muslims\n  3. Separation of Sindh from Bombay\n  4. One Third Muslim Ministers\nSelect the correct option from the codes given below:\n71. The Ilbert Bill was introduced for:\n72. Which among the following statements conform to the ideology of the Arya Samaj?\n  1. The Vedas are infallible\n  2. The marriageable age of the boys and girls should be 25 and 16 respectively\n  3. Encouraging female education\n  4. Recognition of interreligious marriages\nSelect the correct statements from the codes given below:\n73. Consider the following political leaders with their pen names:\n  1. Gopal Hari Deshmukh \u2013 Lokahitawadi\n  2. Chittaranjan Das \u2013 Deenbandhu\n  3. Subhash Chandra Bose \u2013 Prince of Patriots\nWhich of the above is/are correct?\n74. Who among the Odishan leader took part in the Great revolt of 1857?\n75. Who of following compared the British with the hive of Bees?\n76. Who of the following is known as the founder of the modern Indian postal service?\n77. Arrange the following places according to their chronological order of the date of broke out the revolt of 1857.\n1. Meerut\n2. Kanpur\n3. Delhi\n4. Lucknow\nChoose the correct option from the codes given below :\n78. Queen Victoria was declared the Empress of India in which year?\n79. By introducing which of the following act slavery was abolished in India?\n80. Which of the following was/ were the provisions of the Cabinet Mission?\n1. A Union of India would be constructed with British India and Princely State\n2. Provincial Assemblies were divided into three groups\n3. Provinces would enjoy autonomy and residual power\n4. An interim government would be formed\nChoose the correct option from the codes given below:\n81. Bal Gangadhar Tilak received the title Lokmanya during the time of which of the following incidents?\n82. Which of the following committee\u2019s main objective was to achieve the level of literacy in India similar to England within 40 years?\n83. Which among the following were the reason for the Santhal rebellion?\n1. Corrupt money lending practices by Mahajans\n2. Forced labour\n3. Forceful changing of religion by the Christian Missionaries\n4. Disrespect of women Santhals by the British\nChoose the correct option from the codes given below:\n84. In which year, East India Company acquired Bombay from Portuguese?\n85. Which among the following was the correct title of National Anthem of India, when it was originally penned by Rabindranath Tagore?\n86. In which of the following languages was the Ghadar Journal was first published?\n87. Basumati, the oldest Bengali Daily paper was edited by ___:\n88. Mahalwari System\u00a0of Revenue Settlement was introduced in which of the following?\n89. Treaty of Seringapatam was signed after which of the Anglo-Mysore wars?\n90. Consider the following matches:\n  1. Ashtapradan : Maratha Empire\n  2. AshtaDiggaja : Vijaynagar Empire\n  3. Navaratna : Chandra Gupta I\n  4. Dahasala : Administration of Akbar\nWhich among the above are matched correctly?\n91. Who was the author of the book \u201cThe Indian War of Independence \u2013 1857\u201d?\n92. Who was the Governor General of of British East India Company when Treaty of Seringapatnam (1792) was signed?\n93. India\u2019s first census was taken during the Viceroyship of whom?\n94. In which year, Bengal British India Society was established?\n95. Which of the following leaders were associated with Pagal Panthis Revolt (1825-50)?\n96. Who among the following personalities wrote a play \u2018Neel Darpan\u2019 to portray the oppression of indigo farmers?\n97. Brahmo Samaj:\n1.was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy\n2.does not permit idol or image worship\n3.permitted worship only through prayers,meditation and readings from upanishads\nWhich of the above statements is/are correct?\n98. Consider the following organisations with their founders:\n  1. British India Society \u2013 William Adam\n  2. Indian National Union \u2013 A.O. Hume\n  3. National Indian Association \u2013 Mary Carpenter\nWhich of the above is/are correct?\n99. Consider the following statements about Abhinav Bharat Society:\n  1. The society was established by Dinabandhu\u00a0Mitra\n  2. It was a revolutionary association which was formally disbanded in 1952\nWhich of the above statements is/are correct?\n100. Which of the following Organization was founded by Willam Jones with the help of Warren Hastings?
+__label__positive 200 Astronomy 2 Midterm Review Questions\n\n1. The scientist who worked out the mathematics of the connections between electricity, magnetism, and light in the 19th century was:\n\n\u00a0a. Albert Einstein\n\u00a0b. James Clerk Maxwell\n\u00a0c. Isaac Newton\n\u00a0d. Wilhelm Wien\n\u00a0e. Ludwig Boltzmann\n\n2. Which of the following statements about the nucleus of a typical atom (such as the carbon in your little finger) is FALSE:\n\n\u00a0a. the nucleus has an overall positive charge\n\u00a0b. the nucleus takes up a very small amount of space compared to the entire atom\n\u00a0c. the nucleus can contain both protons and neutrons\n\u00a0d. the nucleus repels the electrons which move around it\n\u00a0e. the nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom\n\n3. In the 19th century, it became clear that magnetism was not a separate force, but was always produced by the action of\n\n\u00a0a. electric charges that were in motion\n\u00a0b. the gravitational pull of the Earth\n\u00a0c. the strong nuclear force acting on electrons\n\u00a0d. light moving through a vacuum\n\u00a0e. rubbing a boy scout and a girl scout together to produce a fire\n\n4. Which of the following statements about electromagnetic radiation is FALSE?\n\na. it always spreads out at the speed of light\nb. it is given off by all objects that are not at a temperature of absolute zero\nc. it is typically produced when charged particles oscillate\nd. different waves of electromagnetic radiation differ in their wavelength or frequency\ne. it consists of charged particles given off by the nuclei of atoms\n\n5. Consider a radio wave from the transmitter of your favorite radio station, which has just reached the antenna of the radio in your room. Which of the following statements about this radio wave is CORRECT?\n\na. it has a frequency very close to the highest possible frequency for electromagnetic waves\nb. it traveled between the transmitter and your radio's antenna at the speed of sound\nc. its wavelength is much longer than the wavelength of the light you see reflected from the page of this exam\nd. the wave was originally produced by electrons that were not moving (at rest) inside the transmitter\ne. the reason that it could reach your radio is because all of space is filled with a medium called the aether in which electromagnetic waves can vibrate\n\n6. Which of the following travels through space the fastest?\n\na. light\nb. radio waves\nc. infrared\nd. x-rays\ne. you can't fool me, all of these travel through space at the same speed\n\n7. The fastest speed in the universe is:\n\na. the speed of sound\nb. the speed of light\nc. the speed of electron oscillations\nd. the speed with which Mercury orbits the Sun\ne. the speed with which weekends seem to pass\n\n8. The light which allows you to see this very interesting exam is made up of waves. In these waves, the distance between crests is called the:\n\na. frequency\nb. velocity\nc. wavelength\nd. amplitude\ne. you can't fool me; in these waves, the distance between crests is zero\n\n9. Which of the following has the longest wavelength?\n\na. radio\nb. visible light\nc. ultraviolet\nd. x-rays\ne. you can't fool me, all these have the same wavelength\n\n10. Which of the following has the highest frequency?\n\na. visible light\nb. gamma rays\nc. radio waves\nd. ultraviolet\ne. you can't fool me, all these have the same frequency\n\n11. A Hertz is\n\na. a unit of wavelength\nb. a unit of frequency\nc. a unit of velocity\nd. a unit of loudness\ne. a well-known car-rental company\n\n12. A fashion designer decides to bring out a new line of clothing which reflects the longest wavelength of visible light. These articles of clothing will be what color to the human eye?\n\na. yellow-green\nb. blue\nc. violet\nd. red\ne. black\n\n13. Which of the following statements about photons is FALSE?\n\na. photons always travel at the speed of light\nb. photons each carry a specific amount of energy\nc. a photon of light cannot pass through the atmosphere of the Earth, and thus cannot be seen at the Earth's surface\nd. high energy photons have a high frequency\ne. a gamma-ray photon is more energetic than a visible light photon\n\n14. After a nice dinner around the campfire on a camping trip, you and a friend decide to get away from the fire to observe the stars. As you get farther and farther away, you see the brightness of the fire:\n\na. increase with distance\nb. remain the same\nc. decrease as the distance squared\nd. change more and more in color (becoming redder)\ne. this can't be answered without having more information\n\n15. Not all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. Of the following types of waves that come from space, which one are you likely to be able to detect most easily from our planet's surface:\n\na. x-rays\nb. gamma rays\nc. infrared waves\nd. ultraviolet waves\ne. radio waves of the wavelength that carry FM broadcasts\n\n16. Most ultraviolet radiation does not penetrate to the Earth's surface. Instead it is absorbed in:\n\na. the ozone layer\nb. the ionosphere\nc. the region between the Earth and the Sun\nd. stratosphere\ne. tanning zone\n\n17. Human eyes evolved to detect visible light because:\n\na. it is the lowest energy band of the electromagnetic spectrum and thus easiest to detect\nb. it is the only kind of radiation that penetrates the Earth's atmosphere at all\nc. it is the band of the spectrum which is the least Doppler shifted coming from the Sun\nd. it is the band of the spectrum where the Sun puts out the most energy\ne. it is the band of the spectrum where the warm Earth glows the most effectively at night\n\n18. Which of the following statements about infrared radiation is TRUE?\n\na. it is the band of the electromagnetic spectrum where each wave or photon has the greatest energy\nb. it was first discovered in 1800 in an experiment using sunlight and thermometers\nc. unlike light, infrared can never travel as fast as the speed of light\nd. while many stars give off infrared, there is nothing on Earth at the right temperature to emit it\ne. it is the radiation responsible for giving sunburns (or in large doses, skin cancer)\n\n19. Which of the following is not a type of radio wave?\n\na. microwaves\nb. radar waves\nc. the waves that carry AM or FM broadcasts\nd. the sound waves coming from your transistor radio\ne. the waves that carry television transmissions\n\n20. A politician who has just said something very dumb on an AM all-talk radio station suddenly remembers the astronomy class he had in college,and starts to worry that his words are now moving outward into space at the speed of light (and will embarrass him forever). Does he have a reason to worry?\n\na. Yes, because all radio waves do travel at the speed of light and all of them escape from the Earth\nb. No, because radio waves travel much slower than the speed of light and will take a very long time to get anywhere\nc. No, because radio waves are all absorbed by the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere\nd. No, because AM radio waves are bounced back or scattered by the ionosphere\ne. Yes, because while all radio waves do not escape from the Earth, AM radio waves do\n\n21. (In the absence of a strong magnetic field), what is the chief factor that determines what type of electromagnetic radiation objects give off:\n\na. their mass\nb. their temperature\nc. their overall motion\nd. their chemical makeup\ne. their size\n\n22. The energy of random atomic and molecular motion is called\n\na. heat\nb. the Doppler shift\nc. spectroscopy\nd. velocity\ne. rock and roll\n\n23. Which of the following has the greatest average energy of random atomic and molecular motion?\n\na. a cube of ice\nb. a cube of water\nc. a cube of steam\nd. a cube of air (on Earth)\ne. a cube of the Sun\n\n24. An idealized object that does not reflect or scatter any radiation, but simply absorbs every bit of radiation that falls on it is called:\n\na. a Doppler surface\nb. an electromagnetic radiator\nc. a blackbody\nd. a spectrum\ne. a vice president\n\n25. Two stars are giving off electromagnetic radiation. The hotter star will:\n\na. give off more radiation at all wavelengths\nb. will have a higher average frequency of radiation\nc. will radiate energy at more than one wavelength\nd. will give off a continuous spectrum of waves\ne. all of the above\n\n26. An astronomer discovers a new star and wants to measure its temperature. She would do this by:\n\na. measuring the Doppler shift of its spectral lines\nb. making a blackbody curve and finding the wavelength of the peak (maximum)\nc. measuring the intensity of radio waves the star gives off\nd. measuring how much light the star reflects\ne. sending a graduate student with a very long (and durable) thermometer to the\nstar's vicinity\n\n27. An astronomer observes two ordinary stars. The first one turns out to be twice as hot as the second. This means that the first one radiates:\n\na. twice as much energy as the second\nb. roughly the same amount of energy as the second\nc. half as much energy as the second\nd. about 16 times the energy of the second\ne. this problem cannot be solved with just the information we were given\n\n29. Which of the following is NOT done best with a spectrometer?\n\na. measuring how bright sources of light in the universe appear\nb. measuring the different colors in the spectrum\nc. measuring the amount that lines are Doppler shifted\nd. measuring what elements are present in a star\ne. measuring what conditions are like in the cool atmosphere of a star\n\n30. An artist who likes working with sources of light decides to make a modern sculpture out of electrified glass tubes that contain very thin(rarified) neon gas. When the sculpture is finished, and the electricity is turned on, the tubes glow with a rich red color. What we are seeing is:\n\na. a continuous spectrum\nb. an absorption spectrum\nc. an emission spectrum\nd. a Doppler shift\ne. all of the above\n\n32. One of the great triumphs of spectroscopy was when astronomers identified a new element in the Sun (one that was only later found on Earth). Today, this element is called:\n\na. Solarium\nb. Hydrogen\nc. Einsteinium\nd. Helium\ne. Astronomium\n\n33. If I were to scale up an atom until it were the size of a sports arena, the space filled by the positive charges inside the atom (according to the work of Ernest Rutherford early in this century) would be:\n\na. as big as the entire stadium (and very thinly spread out)\nb. as big as the space filled by all the negative charges (that's why the atom is neutral)\nc. very small (perhaps the size of a soccer ball) and in the middle\nd. an extremely thin layer spread completely around the outer walls of the stadium\ne. this question cannot be answered (even roughly) without knowing which kind of atom we are discussing\n\n34. Atoms typically consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The most common isotope of one element, however, only has two of these three types of particles. This element is:\n\na. helium\nb. hydrogen\nc. uranium\nd. carbon\ne. silicon\n\n35. Two versions of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called:\n\na. molecules\nb. electron pairs\nc. isotopes\nd. ions\ne. re-runs\n\n36. As of the time our textbook went to press, 111 elements had been discovered. All of the ones over 92 have been made in physics laboratories. When element 112 is found, provided it is like the other artificially made elements, it will:\n\na. have only protons, no neutrons at all\nb. soon be used in industry to make new kinds of plastics\nc. have one of the smallest nuclei known\nd. only remain stable for an extremely small fraction of a second\ne. eventually be found in the Sun (with very high quality spectrometers)\n\n37. The idea that atoms radiate energy only when their electrons move from higher to lower energy levels was first advanced by:\n\na. J. J. Thomson\nb. Niels Bohr\nc. Ernest Rutherford\nd. Albert Einstein\ne. Christian Doppler\n\n38. Why do different types of atoms (elements) give off or absorb different spectral lines?\n\na. all elements have the same lines, but they are Doppler shifted by different amounts\nb. in some elements, electrons can only move to odd numbered levels, in others only to even numbered ones\nc. in heavier elements, diffraction spreads out the lines that the atom produces, making the colors different\nd. because the spacing of the energy levels is different in different atoms\ne. because some atoms do not have a ground state, while others have three or four\n\n39. When an atom has lost one or more electrons, it is said to be:\n\na. ionized\nb. excited\nc. in its ground state\nd. red shifted\ne. over the hill\n\n40. What happens as an electron falls from a higher level to a lower level in an atom?\n\na. a photon is given off\nb. the color of the wave involved shifts to the red\nc. a photon is absorbed\nd. another electron from the lower level takes its place\ne. nothing happens; electrons can only go from a lower level to a higher level\n\n41. How do astronomers learn what elements are present in a given star?\n\na. look at what color light dominates its continuous spectrum\nb. listen for coded signals in the radio waves it gives off in the FM band\nc. look at the absorption lines in its spectrum\nd. send spacecraft like Voyager to examine its make-up from close-up\ne. compare visible-light photographs of the star (taken with large telescopes) to those of the Sun.\n\n42. You are alone in a large, completely dark auditorium on Earth. What kind of telescope should I use from the other side of the auditorium to detect the electromagnetic radiation emitted by your body?\n\na. visible light\nb. infra-red\nc. ultra-violet\nd. black light\ne. no telescope will be effective if I am in a dark room\n\n43. I want to examine the surface of a planet which is covered by a thick atmosphere (which includes oxygen and contains a very thick layer of water clouds that never clear). What wavelength of electromagnetic radiation would I be smartest to use:\n\na. visible light\nb. x-rays\nc. radar waves\nd. ultra-violet\ne. none would work\n\n44. Planck's constant relates:\n\na. the energy of a wave to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom that emitted it\nb. the frequency of a wave to its energy\nc. the maximum energy emitted by a blackbody to its temperature\nd. the energy emitted by a star to its temperature\ne. the Doppler shift of a light source to its speed\n\n45. Which of the following consists of electro-magnetic waves with the shortest wavelength?\n\na. a beam of green light\nb. TV transmissions bringing us Monday night football\nc. the sound of the instructor's voice\nd. the waves of a dental x-ray\ne. the rays that tan a sunbather on the beach\n\n46. The two regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where the Earth's atmosphere is transparent (radiation can get in) are visible light and\n\na. ultraviolet\nb. x-rays\nc. some radio waves\nd. gamma-rays\ne. you can't fool me, the atmosphere is transparent ONLY for visible light\n\n47. Astronomical observatories have been available since ancient times, and many cultures set aside special sites for astronomical observations. What was missing from these observatories until about 1610 was:\n\na. a dark site, where lights did not get in the way\nb. graduate students with the ability to climb up to higher altitudes\nc. instruments for detecting radio waves\nd. a way of measuring from what direction in the sky a beam of light was coming\ne. telescopes\n\n48. The most important function of an astronomical telescope is to:\n\na. collect as much light as possible and bring it to a focus\nb. magnify (enlarge) celestial objects so we can see them clearly\nc. measure the color of an object\nd. bring distant objects closer by pulling on the light\ne. pierce through the clouds so a cloudy night is not wasted\n\n49. The first person (to the best of our knowledge) to turn a telescope to astronomical observations was:\n\na. Isaac Newton\nb. Galileo Galilei\nc. Adam Refractor\nd. Edwin Hubble\ne. Karl Jansky\n\n50. The size of the device that gathers (collects) radiation is called a telescope's:\n\na. magnification\nb. resolution\nc. aperture\nd. focal width\ne. Galilean criterion\n\n51. At the largest and most modern astronomical observatories on Earth today, which of the following regularly happens to the image formed by the telescope?\n\na. it is viewed by a group of graduate students who then make a sketch of it to have a permanent record\nb. it is recorded on a piece of black and white film, which is then developed\nc. it is reflected by a special arrangement of mirrors back into the beam and up into the sky\nd. it is recorded using an electronic detector called a CCD for later analysis\ne. it is recorded as a radio signal and sent by satellite to other observatories around the world\n\n52. The earliest telescopes used by astronomers were:\n\na. reflectors\nb. refractors\nc. radio telescopes\nd. about the aperture of the telescope on Mount Palomar\ne. used late at night to look into the neighbors' windows\n\n53. Your friend, a graduate student in astronomy, is giving you a special tour of the local observatory. You notice that in viewing the image from the telescope you are seeing it from underneath the primary mirror; the beam of light has come through a small hole in the main mirror to an eyepiece below. This telescope uses what focusing arrangement?\n\na. prime focus\nb. Newtonian focus\nc. Cassegrain focus\nd. Galilean focus\ne. out of focus\n\n54. The largest visible-light telescopes in the world use what device to collect as much light as possible before the light is brought to a focus (to act as the light bucket)?\n\na. lens\nb. spectroscope\nc. CCD\nd. mirror\ne. a valley in Puerto Rico\n\n55. Today, the largest telescope in the world that uses visible light is:\n\na. the Mount Palomar telescope\nb. the telescope in the valley in Puerto Rico\nc. the 236-inch in the Caucasus Mountains of the former Soviet Union\nd. the Keck Telescope in Hawaii\ne. the Hubble Space Telescope\n\n56. Which of the following has a longer integration time (can collect light for a longer period of time) than the human eye?\n\na. photographic film\nb. photographic plates\nc. a CCD (charge coupled device)\nd. all of the above\ne. none of the above\n\n57. To get away from the pressures of your astronomy class you and some friends decide to go to a football game. In the stadium, a friend gives you her binoculars to look through, and suddenly you realize that you are back to a subject covered in astronomy class. What type of telescope are you looking through when you use binoculars?\n\na. reflecting\nb. infra-red\nc. refracting\nd. Newtonian\ne. CCD\n\n58. A graduate student is trying to follow the weather on Jupiter for her PhD thesis. To see individual storms in the upper atmosphere of the planet, she needs to have excellent resolution. What type of telescope would be best for her to use?\n\na. a refractor, with as small an aperture as possible\nb. a radio telescope\nc. a large reflector in an observatory located at sea level\nd. a large reflector located in orbit above the Earth's atmosphere\ne. you can't fool me, no telescope can show the weather on Jupiter\n\n59. A new technique called adaptive optics allows astronomers to:\n\na. change the eyepieces of their telescopes much more quickly than ever before\nb. compensate for changes in the Earth's atmosphere and achieve better resolution\nc. increase the aperture of their telescopes by a very large factor\nd. change the region of the electro-magnetic spectrum in which their telescope is able to detect radiation\ne. use the observatory shop to make better eye-glasses for their graduate students\n\n60. Why do telescopes have to have a good motorized drive system to move them quickly and smoothly?\n\na. because the Earth is rotating with the telescope\nb. because astronomers typically have to look at many objects in the sky in a few minutes\nc. because all objects in the sky vary in brightness very quickly\nd. because the telescope can then be moved out from under the clouds to where it is clear\ne. because shooting stars (which is what astronomers mainly follow) move so quickly across the sky during a typical night\n\n61. When an astronomer involved in a research project says he is going to look at the observatory's plate collection, what will he be looking at?\n\na. a collection of souvenir plates, with painting of other observatories from around the world (astronomers collect these as a hobby)\nb. a series of metal disks used for changing the aperture of reflecting telescopes\nc. a series of glass plates, with light-sensitive chemicals on them, on which the appearance of the sky is recorded\nd. a series of insulated plastic shields, which are used to prevent stray infrared radiation from the observatory from interfering with observations\ne. what the special of the day is in the observatory cafeteria\n\n62. Which of the following is NOT a detector of radiation from space that astronomers use or have used?\n\na. eyes in the head of the astronomer\nb. a piece of photographic film\nc. a photographic plate\nd. a charge-coupled device (CCD)\ne. a telescope\n\n63. What type of telescope can be used routinely on the surface of the Earth during the DAY?\n\na. a visible-light telescope\nb. a radio telescope\nc. an x-ray telescope\nd. a gamma-ray telescope\ne. you can't fool me, there is no telescope that can be used during the DAY\n\n64. You are an astronomer who wants to study a faint star in the process of being born, which gives off most of its faint radiation in the infra-red. Which of the following would NOT be a step you would want to take?\n\na. heat your telescope, so its delicate optics are not cold\nb. try to have your telescope as high above the layers of water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere as possible\nc. shield your telescope from the radiation given off by your graduate students\nd. isolate your telescope in very cold surroundings\ne. make sure your telescope optics are kept as free of dust as possible\n\n65. Which of the following types of telescopes can be used ONLY above the Earth's atmosphere?\n\na. x-ray telescope\nb. visible-light telescope\nc. radio telescope\nd. reflector\ne. none of the above\n\n66. To break up light into the component colors that it contains astronomers use a device called:\n\na. a telescope\nb. a CCD\nc. a spectrometer\nd. Cassegrain splitter\ne. interferometer array\n\n67. The largest refracting telescope in the world, financed by a Chicago millionaire in the 1890's is at the:\n\na. Lick Observatory\nb. Yerkes Observatory\nc. Keck Observatory\nd. Hale Observatory\ne. Fraknoi/Morrison/Wolff Observatory\n\n68. A very wealthy donor decides to give a large sum of money to your college or university to build the world's largest visible-light gathering telescope. From an astronomical perspective, where would be the best location to put such a telescope?\n\na. in a dark spot right on the campus\nb. on the west coast of the U.S. very close to sea level (a location like Seattle, for example)\nc. close to a large city where there are many astronomers to use it\nd. on a tall, dry mountain peak\ne. wherever the donor wants to put it\n\n69. The first radio telescope was built in the 1930's by\n\na. Karl Jansky\nb. George Ellery Hale\nc. Edwin Hubble\nd. a consortium of European astronomers\ne. Heinrich Hertz\n\n70. Radio telescopes of modest size can't make out as much detail (have a lower resolution) than visible light telescopes. How do astronomers overcome this limitation?\n\na. we have built a radio telescope in the desert that covers 1000 square miles\nb. this problem can't be solved; radio telescopes will always show less detail\nc. we can connect several radio telescopes some distance apart together electronically to give us the resolution of a larger telescope\nd. we have launched several radio telescope satellites into orbit; each of which make out much more detail than visible light telescopes\ne. the same engineers responsible for the shape of the mirror for the Hubble Space Telescope are working on this problem; stay tuned\n\n71. In a radio telescope, the role that the mirror plays in visible-light telescopes is played by\n\na. a spectrometer\nb. an interferometer\nc. computer software\nd. a special kind of lens\ne. a large metal dish\n\n72. Of the following, which has the highest resolution (ability to make out fine detail):\n\na. the German 100-meter radio dish\nb. the 305-meter Arecibo radio dish in Puerto Rico\nc. the 64-meter radio dish near Parkes, Australia\nd. the Very Large Array of radio telescopes in New Mexico\ne. the Very Long Baseline Array of Radio Telescopes, stretching from the Virgin Islands to Hawaii\n\n73. Which of the following is NOT an advantage that the Hubble Space Telescope has over large telescopes on Earth?\n\na. the Hubble is above the Earth's atmosphere, which makes the stars twinkle and jiggle\nb. the Hubble can observe at wavelengths (such as UV) which cannot be seen from the ground\nc. the Hubble has a larger aperture than any visible-light telescope on Earth\nd. the Hubble has a better resolution than visible-light telescopes on Earth\ne. you can't fool me, all of these are advantages the Hubble has over earth-bound telescopes\n\n74. The Kuiper Airborne Observatory was\n\na. a small Lear jet with an 8-inch visible-light telescope on Board used to search for lost NASA spacecraft\nb. an x-ray telescope flying many kilometers up (so high that it had to be automated)\nc. a balloon which was designed to fly above the ozone layer and search for ultraviolet radiation from space\nd. an airplane with an infra-red telescope on board designed to fly above much of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere\ne. an aircraft used by Hollywood movie makers when they wanted to show astronauts in free fall\n\n75. Which of the following major telescopes is or was not located in space?\n\na. the Hubble Space Telescope\nb. the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory\nc. the International Ultraviolet Explorer\nd. the Keck Telescope\ne. the Roentgensatellit (ROSAT) x-ray telescope\n\n76. What was the major problem with the Hubble Space Telescope when it was first launched into orbit?\n\na. its antenna wouldn't open, so the data could not be sent back to Earth\nb. it was in the wrong orbit, so it dipped down into the Earth's thicker atmosphere regularly\nc. its spectroscope broke during the launch\nd. the mirror's shape was slightly off, so all the light did not come to a single focus\ne. the mirror cover was stuck in the partly on position, making part of the mirror not usable\n\n77. In the summer of 1996, the European Space Agency announced that it would be suspending the operations of the International Ultraviolet Explorer. Astronomers who were most unhappy about that announcement are likely to be studying what types of objects?\n\na. distant galaxies at the limits of the observable universe\nb. cool stars just being born from cosmic raw material\nc. very hot stars\nd. the Moon\ne. gamma-ray bursts\n\n78. The first x-ray telescope capable of forming images of x-ray source was called:\n\na. Hubble\nb. Einstein\nc. Uhuru\nd. Compton\ne. Bayonne\n\n79. When a knowledgeable amateur astronomer tells you that she has a 14-inch telescope, what does the number 14 refer to?\n\na. the number of times the image is magnified (how much bigger it looks)\nb. the length of the main telescope tube\nc. the focal length\nd. the length of the eyepiece tube\ne. the diameter of the primary lens or mirror\n\n80. The most sophisticated telescope for studying cosmic gamma rays (including the mysterious gamma-ray bursts) that astronomers have today is the:\n\na. Keck Telescope\nb. Compton Observatory\nc. Hubble Space Telescope\nd. the Very Large Array in New Mexico\ne. Rosat\n\n81. As astronomers learn more about the structure of the Sun, they find that it\n\na. has a small solid core inside\nb. is made entirely of liquid and (on the outside) hot gas\nc. is solid throughout, but with a large very hot atmosphere\nd. is made entirely of hot gas\ne. is made of billions of individual pieces of hot rock, all orbiting around each other in a whirling arrangement\n\n82. You are out on the beach, enjoying the warm sunshine with friends. As you glance (briefly we hope) up at the Sun, the part of the Sun that you can see directly is called its:\n\na. corona\nb. photosphere\nc. chromosphere\nd. core\ne. heliopause\n\n83. How do astronomers know what the outer layers of the Sun are made of?\n\na. we send graduate students to get samples\nb. spacecraft with good shielding have approached the Sun and obtained samples\nc. the surface layers of Mercury have been laid down by the Sun and are thus made of the same material as the Sun\nd. the Sun's wind gives us an accurate measure of all the different elements in the Sun\ne. we take an absorption line spectrum of the Sun, and the absorption lines tell us what elements are present in the outer layers\n\n84. The most common element in the Sun is\n\na. helium\nb. iron\nc. hydrogen\nd. water\ne. nitrogen\n\n85. The hotter region directly above the Sun's visible surface is called the\n\na. chromosphere\nb. photosphere\nc. corona\nd. ionization region\ne. convection zone\n\n86. As you go upwards from the Sun's photosphere,\n\na. the temperature decreases\nb. the density (number of atoms in a unit volume) decreases\nc. the layers get easier to see with the unaided eye\nd. the kinds of atoms present change drastically\ne. only red light can emerge\n\n87. The Sun's chromosphere and corona were discovered\n\na. using the first telescopes Galileo built\nb. in the late 19th century through the use of a spectrograph\nc. during total eclipses of the Sun\nd. using spacecraft that orbited Venus, a planet with a better view of the Sun\ne. by ancient shepherds, who saw reflections of the Sun in quiet pools of water\n\n88. The Sun's chromosphere contains many jet like projections that stick up into the transition region. These spikes of gas are called:\n\na. coronae\nb. spicules\nc. plages\nd. flares\ne. prominences\n\n89. Which part of the Sun's atmosphere is the hottest?\n\na. chromosphere\nb. transition region\nc. corona\nd. just above the photosphere\ne. you can't fool me, all these regions are at roughly the same temperature\n\n90. Which part of the Sun's atmosphere has the lowest density (number of atoms per unit volume)?\n\na. corona\nb. transition region\nc. chromosphere\nd. just above the photosphere\ne. you can't fool me, all these regions are at roughly the same density\n\n91. What mechanisms do astronomers believe is responsible for making the Sun's outer atmosphere so much hotter than its photosphere?\n\na. stirring by comets, meteors, and other pieces of solid material being pulled in by the Sun's strong gravity\nb. light reflected back from the terrestrial planets\nc. the Sun's magnetic field interacting with the charged particles that make up the atmosphere\nd. the ionization of a new element called coronium\ne. astronomers really don't have even a theory about what heats the Sun's outermost layers\n\n92. Astronomers first detected the presence of a wind of particles coming from the Sun by\n\na. sending a spacecraft much closer to the Sun than the planet Mercury\nb. by noting its effects on the atmosphere of Venus\nc. by dramatic and sudden changes in the spectrum of coronium\nd. using the experiments aboard Sputnik 1, the first spacecraft to go above the Earth's atmosphere\ne. by noting the wind's effects on the tails of comets\n\n93. The ten million tons of particles that escape the Sun each year in the form of the solar wind get out mainly from regions called\n\na. sunspots\nb. spicules\nc. aurorae\nd. coronal holes\ne. transition regions\n\n94. Solar wind particles can be captured by the Earth's magnetosphere. When these particles spiral down along the magnetic field into the atmosphere, they are responsible for:\n\na. aurorae (northern and southern lights)\nb. tropical storms (regions of rapidly rotating air)\nc. the greenhouse effect\nd. the reddish color we see during sunsets\ne. the poor quality of television programming in the world's northern hemisphere\n\n95. The granulation pattern that astronomers have observed on the surface of the Sun tells us that:\n\na. the Sun is a lot cooler on the inside than on the outside\nb. the Sun's surface is made of a thin solid that cracks easily\nc. hot material must be rising from the Sun's hotter interior\nd. the solar wind must consist of very small (low-mass) particles\ne. the Sun accumulates a lot of dirt and dust because of its large gravity\n\n96. Sunspots are darker than the regions of the Sun around them because\n\na. they consist of different elements than the rest of the Sun\nb. they are located in the corona and not on the photosphere\nc. they move much faster around the Sun than other material and thus heat up\nd. they are the shadows of the planets and asteroids seen on the bright surface of the Sun\ne. they are cooler than the material around them (although still very hot compared to Earth temperatures)\n\n97. Astronomers have concluded that the Sun's activity varies in an 11-year cycle. Which of the following statements about this cycle is TRUE:\n\na. Every 11 years sunspots completely cover the Sun, making its surface much darker\nb. The number of sunspots gets larger and smaller over the course of 11 years\nc. When sunspots are at a minimum, we get the largest number of flares and prominences\nd. The Sun's activity cycle shows absolutely no connection to its magnetic field\ne. The Sun's activity cycle is directly connected to the number of earthquakes at the continental plate boundaries on Earth\n\n98. How do astronomers know how strong the magnetic field of the Sun is?\n\na. they measure the magnetic field of the Earth, which is a direct result of the magnetic field of the Sun\nb. they measure the Sun's rotation using the Doppler effect\nc. they count the number of days in the year that we get an aurora in the upper atmosphere\nd. the measure the Zeeman effect (the splitting of spectral lines)\ne. the diameter of a star is directly related to the size of its magnetic field\n\n99. A Canadian college student who has taken an astronomy class goes home for the holidays and persuades his parents to let him borrow the family car. When he returns, he finds that his parents are very angry with him, claiming he left the garage door open. Yet he remembers that he carefully closed the garage door. After consulting with his astronomy instructor, he comes up with an alternative explanation for why the garage door is open. Which of the following is PART of that explanation?\n\na. The Sun was so bright and high in the sky in December in Canada that it got into his parents' eyes\nb. There was an eclipse of the Sun\nc. It was a time of solar maximum, and there had been a flare on the Sun\nd. No aurorae had been seen in the sky for many months\ne. The number of sunspots had reached an all-time minimum\n\n100. Which of the following is not part of some active regions on the Sun?\n\na. sunspots\nb. flares\nc. plages\nd. prominences\ne. granulation\n\n101. Astronomers now realize that active regions on the Sun are connected with\n\na. the dark regions between the bright granulation cells on the photosphere\nb. loops of magnetic field emerging from the surface of the Sun\nc. the absence of sunspots during a solar minimum\nd. great tropical storm systems in the Earth's atmosphere\ne. changes in the gravitational pull of the Sun over different parts of its photosphere\n\n102. Astronomers have found that the level of the Sun's activity varies over the centuries. How did they come to realize that this is so:\n\na. historical records of the number of sunspots seen on the Sun\nb. measuring the amount of radioactive carbon in tree rings\nc. historical records of auroral activity\nd. all of the above\ne. none of the above\n\n103. On Earth, a period of low solar activity, such as the Maunder Minimum, means:\n\na. less volcanic activity\nb. a climate with cooler temperatures\nc. a significant increase in the number of aurorae seen\nd. a much larger number of cloudy days\ne. very little; there is no connection between the Sun's activity and what happens on Earth\n\n104. Recently, some engineers and scientists have proposed building spaceships with enormous \"sails\" that catch the solar wind and use it to move the ship. What kinds of particles would be hitting this sail (i.e. what is the solar wind mostly made of):\n\na. nuclei of heavier atoms such as iron and nickel\nb. calcium atoms\nc. electrons and protons\nd. gamma-rays\ne. scientists do not have any idea of the composition of the solar wind; it is very mysterious\n\n105. When we use the light of atoms such as hydrogen and calcium to examine the Sun's outer layers, we can see bright \"clouds\" in the chromosphere\nright around the location of sunspots. These bright clouds are given the name:\n\na. granules\nb. spot umbras\nc. active regions\nd. Zeeman rings\ne. plages\n\n106. A friend (who does not have the vast new awareness which you have gained from this course) suggests that the mechanism that keeps the Sun shining as brightly as it does is the burning of coal. You brilliantly challenge his theory! Your challenge comes in several steps; which of the following is one of those steps?\n\na. we have found many more neutrinos than we expected in our underground experiments\nb. new protostars shine by gravitational collapse (the heat of clumping)\nc. the dating of radioactive rocks show that the Earth and the Sun are billions of years old\nd. most of the Sun is made of antimatter (which explodes when it touches matter)\ne. the C-N-O cycle can also produce helium\n\n107. When did scientists begin to understand how the Sun produces all the energy that it does?\n\na. Most of the process was already understood by the ancient Greeks\nb. Most of the process was understood by the end of the 18th century (the year 1800)\nc. Most of the process was understood by the end of the 19th century (the year 1900)\nd. The process was not well understood until the 1930's\ne. You can't fool me; astronomers still don't have a clue about how the Sun produces energy\n\n109. Physicists Kelvin and Helmholtz in the last century proposed that the source of the Sun's energy could be:\n\na. radioactive rocks\nb. a slow contraction\nc. meteorites falling in\nd. the annihilation of antimatter\ne. nuclear fusion\n\n110. Today we realize that the source of energy for the Sun is a process called\n\na. nuclear fusion\nb. Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction\nc. mechanical to thermal energy conversion\nd. radioactivity\ne. dilithium crystal moderation\n\n111. According to the formula E=mc2\n\na. mass has to travel at the speed of light before it can produce any energy\nb. energy can travel much faster than light (in fact its speed can be the speed of light squared)\nc. a little bit of mass can be converted into a substantial amount of energy\nd. when two masses collide, we always get a lot of light\ne. Einstein was a male chauvinist twice over\n\n112. In the formula E=mc2 the letter c stands for\n\na. the speed of sound\nb. the speed of an electron around the nucleus\nc. the amount of energy contained in one hydrogen nucleus\nd. the energy of a neutrino emerging from the Sun\ne. the speed of light\n\n113. The antimatter version of an electron is called a\n\na. proton\nb. neutrino\nc. antitron\nd. positron\ne. gammatron\n\n114. In the Sun, when a positron and an electron collide, they will produce:\n\na. a deuteron\nb. a neutron\nc. hydrogen\nd. a neutron\ne. energy in the form of a gamma ray\n\n115. Which of the following statements about antimatter is true?\n\na. antimatter is only a theory, we have no evidence that it exists\nb. antimatter only exists in Earth laboratories; it cannot be made in stars\nc. antimatter cannot be made in laboratories; we have tried but it just can't be done\nd. when equal amounts of matter and antimatter meet, they become pure energy\ne. our telescopes clearly see many antimatter stars in the Milky Way galaxy\n\n116. As originally suggested by Wolfgang Pauli, neutrinos have the following property:\n\na. they travel at the speed of light\nb. they have no mass\nc. they interact very weakly with ordinary matter\nd. they can be considered little packets of energy\ne. all of the above\n\n117. A college friend of yours who has been postponing taking any science courses hears you talking about the generation of nuclear energy in the Sun and makes the following observation: \"The whole idea of the atomic nucleus is pretty ridiculous. If an oxygen nucleus consists of eight protons and eight neutrons, the charge on the nucleus is positive. Since even I learned in high school that like charges repel, such a nucleus would find itself repulsive and quickly fall apart.\" How would you answer his argument.\n\na. gravity is much stronger than electric repulsion and holds every nucleus together\nb. the neutrons in the nucleus are negative, so they cancel the positive charge on the protons\nc. the nuclear force, which is attractive and stronger than electricity, holds the nucleus together\nd. the electrons outside the nucleus repel the protons and keep them inside the nucleus\ne. there is no answer; scientists do not have a clue about how the nucleus manages to keep itself together\n\n118. Which of the following particles has the lowest mass?\n\na. a neutrino\nb. a proton\nc. a neutron\nd. an electron\ne. the nucleus of a hydrogen atom\n\n119. The strongest force we know is\n\na. gravity, which holds the Earth and the Sun together\nb. electricity, which pulls unlike charges together\nc. the nuclear force which holds nuclei together\nd. the attraction of Bayonne, New Jersey, for tourists\ne. none of the above\n\n120. When two light elements undergo nuclear fusion,\n\na. the total mass involved increases\nb. the like charges in the nuclei attract, pulling the nuclei together faster and faster\nc. some of the energy in their mass is released\nd. only one survives; the other turns into a release of pure energy\ne. the result is always to make nuclei of iron\n\n121. When a large nucleus breaks apart (or is broken apart) into two smaller pieces, this is called\n\na. nuclear fusion\nb. nuclear binding\nc. the p-p chain\nd. equilibrium breaking\ne. nuclear fission\n\n122. If the \"fuel\" for nuclear fusion is nuclei of hydrogen, and the Earth's oceans are filled with hydrogen atoms all being jostled together, why isn't there a lot of fusion happening in our oceans?\n\na. the hydrogen in our oceans is the wrong type of hydrogen for fusion\nb. for hydrogen nuclei to fuse, they must get very close to each other, which the nuclei in the oceans cannot do\nc. for hydrogen to fuse, the nuclei must first join together in long p-p chains of atoms\nd. on Earth, only hydrogen that is in deep mines under the Earth is far enough underground for fusion\ne. you can't fool me, hydrogen in the Earth's oceans does undergo fusion; that's what keeps our oceans warm\n\n123. Where in the Sun does fusion of hydrogen occur?\n\na. only in the core\nb. only near the photosphere (its visible surface layer)\nc. pretty much throughout the Sun\nd. only in the layer where there is a lot of convection going on\ne. nowhere\n\n124. If it takes an average of 14 billion years before any proton inside the Sun will undergo fusion, and the Sun is only about 5 billion years old, why do astronomers believe that fusion is going on there now?\n\na. fusion begins with particles even lighter than protons, which fuse more easily\nb. there are an enormous number of protons inside the Sun, so some will fuse much sooner than the average\nc. fusion takes place in the hot atmosphere of the Sun (where it can happen faster), not inside (where it is slow)\nd. fusion inside the Sun involves carbon, not protons; carbon fuses much more quickly\ne. there is no fusion going on inside the Sun, and the fact cited in the question is one of the reasons why\n\n125. The process of fusion that keeps our Sun shining begins with which building blocks?\n\na. two electrons\nb. two deuterons\nc. two protons\nd. two Einsteinium nuclei\ne. two neutrinos\n\n126. Which of the following is NOT a product of the first step in the p-p chain of nuclear fusion?\n\na. a form of hydrogen\nb. a positron\nc. a neutrino\nd. a deuteron\ne. a form of helium\n\n127. At the end of the p-p chain of nuclear fusion in the Sun, hydrogen nuclei have been converted into:\n\na. carbon nuclei\nb. heavy hydrogen nuclei\nc. antimatter and nothing else\nd. a helium nucleus\ne. a lithium nucleus\n\n128. Who pays the bill for the energy generated by nuclear fusion in the Sun? In other words, where does the energy pouring out of the Sun come from ultimately?\n\na. the Sun is spinning more slowly as time goes on; rotation energy is lost\nb. heavy nuclei are breaking apart into lighter nuclei\nc. a little bit of mass is lost in each reaction and is turned into energy (the Sun is losing mass)\nd. material is falling into the Sun and being vaporized to produce energy\ne. American taxpayers pay this bill, as they do so many others!\n\n129. What happens to the positron created during the p-p chain of nuclear reactions inside the Sun?\n\na. it merges with a proton to become a deuterium (heavy hydrogen) nucleus\nb. it quickly collides with an electron and turns into gamma-ray energy\nc. it ultimately forms an anti-helium nucleus\nd. it turns quickly into a neutrino, which can escape from the Sun\ne. it just sits there at the core of the Sun for billions of years, unable to interact\n\n130. The Sun is an enormous ball of gas. Left to itself, a ball of so many atoms should collapse under its own tremendous gravity. Why is our Sun not collapsing?\n\na. the gravity of the planets around the Sun pulls its material outward, preventing collapse\nb. the pressure of the corona keeps the Sun's main body of gases confined to a small volume\nc. nuclear fusion in the core keeps the temperature and the pressure inside the Sun at a high enough level so that gravity is balanced\nd. neutrinos from the core exert an enormous pressure on the layers of the Sun as they travel outward, and keep our star from collapsing\ne. you can't fool me, the Sun is shrinking all the time, it just happens very slowly\n\n131. When great currents of hot material rise inside the Sun (and cooler material sinks downward), energy is being transferred by a process known as:\n\na. convection\nb. radiation\nc. conduction\nd. equilibrium\ne. politics\n\n132. Which of the following, produced at the core of the Sun, will take the shortest time to emerge from the Sun's photosphere (surface)?\n\na. a photon (wave) of gamma-rays\nb. a positron\nc. a neutrino\nd. a deuteron\ne. an x-ray produced after radiation has interacted with matter in the core\n\n133. Which part of the Sun has the greatest density?\n\na. the photosphere\nb. the core\nc. the convection region\nd. the corona\ne. you can't fool me; since the Sun is made of gas, all its parts have the same density\n\n134. Which of the following is a way for astronomers to learn more about the interior of the Sun?\n\na. study the corona during eclipses of the Sun\nb. study the oscillations (pulsations) of the Sun's surface\nc. follow the orbit of Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun\nd. take photographs of the Sun in the light absorbed by hydrogen atoms\ne. study the accounts in ancient legends of the realm where the devil is supposed to live\n\n135. The Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) Project is now engaged in:\n\na. measuring where earthquakes happen around the Earth by the waves they generate\nb. measuring the number of sunspots on the surface of the Sun at any given hour\nc. measuring the quality of the \"seeing\" (the jiggling of the Earth's atmosphere) at all the major observatories around the world\nd. measuring the pulsations of the Sun from stations around the world\ne. measuring how problems on the World Wide Web are affecting the communication among astronomers\n\n136. Which of the following is the best statement concerning the experiments that have been searching for neutrinos from the Sun?\n\na. So far, all the experiments have had technical problems detecting neutrinos, which are very \"antisocial\" and thus very hard to catch\nb. The experiments work OK, but they have so far found no neutrinos at all; not a single one\nc. All the neutrinos found in the experiments have been one of the other two types of neutrinos, not the electron neutrino that we expect coming from nuclear fusion in the Sun\nd. Now that they are working right, the experiments have found almost exactly the number of neutrinos that our models of the Sun have predicted should be coming\ne. The experiments have found only between 1/3 and 2/3 the number of neutrinos arriving from the Sun that our models predicted should be coming\n\n137. Which of the following is NOT an experiment that is searching for neutrinos coming from the Sun?\n\na. looking for radioactive argon atoms in a tank of cleaning fluid deep in an underground mine\nb. looking for changes in the Doppler shift of lines in the atmosphere of the Sun\nc. looking for radioactive gallium in a vast quantity of ordinary gallium\nd. looking with sensitive light meters in a giant vat of pure water deep underground in Japan\ne. all of the above are ways to search for neutrinos\n\n138. When an astronomer rambles on and on about the luminosity of a star she is studying, she is talking about:\n\na. what color the star is\nb. the total amount of mass in the star\nc. the star's apparent size (the size seen from Earth)\nd. how much energy the star gives off each second\ne. the elements she can see in the star's spectrum\n\n139. Two stars have the same luminosity, but star B is three times farther away from us than star A. Compared to star A, star B will look\n\na. three times brighter\nb. nine times brighter\nc. nine times fainter\nd. three times fainter\ne. just as bright as A\n\n141. An exhausted-looking astronomer comes off the mountain where his observatory is located and tells you he has been doing photometry. What has he been up to?\n\na. taking photos through bedroom windows in the valley below\nb. measuring the positions of stars on photographic plates taken over many years\nc. putting the light of stars through a spectrograph to measure what elements are present\nd. measuring the brightness of different stars\ne. counting the number of stars in different star clusters (groups)\n\n142. The first astronomer who did photometry in a systematic way (even though he did not have a telescope) was\n\na. Hipparchus\nb. Ptolemy\nc. Kepler\nd. Galileo\ne. Hubble\n\n144. Why are astronomers much more interested in the luminosity of a star than its apparent brightness?\n\na. because luminosity can be measured exactly, but apparent brightness can only be roughly estimated\nb. because the luminosity tells us how bright a star really is, while apparent brightness only tells us how bright it happens to look from Earth\nc. because the luminosity also tells us what elements the star is made of, while apparent brightness cannot tell us a star's chemical make-up\nd. because luminosity can tell us how bright it is inside the star, while apparent brightness only tells us about its outside layers\ne. you can't fool me, there is no difference between luminosity and apparent brightness; they are merely different terms for the same property of a star\n\n145. Which color star is likely to be the hottest?\n\na. red\nb. green\nc. blue-violet\nd. yellow\ne. orange\n\n146. Which type of star is the coolest (has the lowest surface temperature)?\n\na. O\nb. A\nc. M\nd. F\ne. G\n\n147. A team of astronomers takes spectra of thousands of different stars. The spectra show significant differences. The main reason the spectra of stars do not all look alike is that stars\n\na. are located in many different regions of the Milky Way\nb. have different temperatures\nc. are made of significantly different elements\nd. sometimes have atmospheres and sometimes do not\ne. change their spectra as they evolve, and so young stars have very different spectra from older ones\n\n148. If hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, why do we not see the lines of hydrogen in the spectra of the hottest stars?\n\na. in the hottest stars, hydrogen nuclei are forced to break apart into smaller nuclei\nb. in the hottest stars, all hydrogen in the star has quickly fused into helium\nc. in the hottest stars, hydrogen can quickly combine with oxygen to make H2O, whose spectrum consists of completely different lines\nd. in the hottest stars, the hydrogen atoms experience a huge Doppler shift, which moves the lines in the spectrum to a completely unrecognizable place\ne. in the hottest stars, hydrogen atoms are ionized, and so there are no electrons to produce lines in the spectrum\n\n149. Astronomers arrange the stars into groups called spectral classes (or types) according to the kinds of lines they find in their spectra. These spectral classes are arranged in order of decreasing:\n\na. decreasing surface temperature\nb. increasing mass\nc. increasing amount of hydrogen\nd. decreasing distance from us\ne. you can't fool me, there is no order to the spectral types (that's why the letters are not in alphabetical order)\n\n150. After days and days of work, a group of graduate students has finally measured the wavelengths of hundreds of lines in the spectrum of a distant star. If a number of the lines come from molecules such as titanium oxide, the star is likely to be which spectral type:\n\na. O\nb. B\nc. A\nd. M\ne. we need more information; lines from molecules can be found in stars of every spectral type\n\n151. The astronomer who, at the turn of the century, measured the spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars, leaving a catalog that astronomers used for the rest of the century, was:\n\na. Edwin Hubble\nb. Annie Cannon\nc. Cecilia Payne\nd. Joseph Fraunhofer\ne. James Lick\n\n152. A graduate student has spent a whole year doing a careful analysis of the spectrum of a star. While she has found lines from many elements, there was not a trace of the element helium in the spectra she has been analyzing. From this she can now conclude:\n\na. there is most likely no helium anywhere in the star\nb. all the helium must be in the core of the star; there is none of it in the outer regions\nc. since helium shows lines only in hot stars, this star must be relatively cool\nd. since helium is the kind of element that quickly bonds with others, all the helium in this star must be in the form of molecules\ne. the student was not surprised, because NO star ever shows any lines of helium\n\n153. At an astronomical conference, an astronomer gives a report on a star which has recently begun to interest astronomers because of hints that it may have a planet around it. In his report, the astronomer gives the speed with which this star is moving away from the Sun. How did the astronomer measure this speed?\n\na. by seeing how the luminosity of the star has been decreasing as it moves farther and farther away\nb. by seeing the star become much redder than it used to be\nc. by measuring the diameter of the star (which is easy to do) and noticing that it is getting smaller and smaller\nd. by looking at the Doppler shift in the lines of the star's spectrum\ne. the astronomer must be making up stories to impress his colleagues; there is no way to measure the speed with which stars move away or toward us.\n\n154. A star moving toward the Sun will show:\n\na. a shift in the spectral lines toward the blue end (as compared to the laboratory positions of these lines)\nb. a significant increase in its apparent brightness (magnitude)\nc. more and more helium lines as it approaches us\nd. a shift in the spectral lines toward the red end (as compared to the laboratory positions of these lines)\ne. no change that can be measured with our present-day instruments\n\n155. The motion of a star across the sky (perpendicular to our line of sight) is called its\n\na. radial velocity\nb. Doppler shift\nc. light travel time\nd. proper motion\ne. spectral type\n\n156. Imagine that a brilliant but quirky scientist in the biology department manages to put you in a deep freeze and you wake up in a million years. Which of the following statements about the sky you would see in that future time is correct?\n\na. all the stars and constellations would look exactly the same as they do now\nb. all the stars we can see in the sky today will have died in a million years\nc. if you could see them up close, almost all the stars in the sky today will have changed their color significantly in a million years\nd. because of proper motion, a number of the familiar constellations will look somewhat different in a million years\ne. at the present time, astronomers do not know enough about the universe to say what the sky might be like in a million years\n\n157. An astronomer whose secret hobby is riding merry-go-rounds has dedicated his career to finding the stars that rotate the most rapidly. But the stars are all very far away, so none of them can be seen to spin even when he looks through the largest telescopes. How then can he identify the stars that rotate rapidly?\n\na. all stars that rotate show a huge Doppler shift toward the blue end of the spectrum\nb. stars that rotate have a significantly lower luminosity than stars that do not rotate\nc. stars that rotate have much wider lines in their spectra than stars that do not\nd. stars that rotate bring the light atoms (like hydrogen) spinning up to their surfaces; so they can be identified by the elements they contain\ne. this astronomer better spend some more time enjoying his hobby, because he is not doing well at his job; there is no way we know about today to identify stars that rotate\n\n158. Most of the stars we can see with the unaided eye from Earth are\n\na. intrinsically fainter than the Sun\nb. very close to us (among the closest stars)\nc. more luminous (intrinsically brighter) than the Sun\nd. only visible to our eyes because they actually consist of three or more stars blending their light together\ne. undergoing some sort of explosion which makes their outer layers unusually bright\n\n159. Most of the really bright stars in our sky are NOT among the stars that are very close to us. Why then do they look so bright to us?\n\na. we see them in crowded regions of stars, which give us the impression that the stars there are brighter than they really are\nb. all the brightest stars are red, and red color is much easier to see against the black night sky\nc. these stars vary in brightness (flashing brighter and dimmer) and are thus easier to notice\nd. these stars are intrinsically so luminous, that they can easily be seen even across great distances\ne. actually, this is just an optical illusion; all stars are really the same brightness\n\n160. Some \"superstars\" give off more than 50,000 times the energy of the Sun. Why are there no such stars among the stars that are close to the Sun?\n\na. because conditions in the \"neighborhood\" of the Sun only permit low-mass (low luminosity) stars to form\nb. because such very luminous stars are extremely rare, and thus any small neighborhood in the Galaxy is unlikely to contain one of them\nc. because all stars in the vicinity of the Sun have planets, and planets rob a star of its brightness\nd. because such superstars only give off a lot of energy for a year or so, before they die\ne. because such superstars are really several hundred stars blending their light together (but so far away we can't distinguish individual stars); nearby stars are easy to separate\n\n161. The most common kinds of stars in the Galaxy have\n\na. low luminosity compared to the Sun\nb. spectra that show they contain mostly carbon\nc. enormous masses compared to the Sun\nd. diameters thousands of times greater than the Sun's\ne. a dozen or more stars in close orbit around them\n\n162. Which of the following characteristics of a single star (one that moves through space alone) is it difficult to measure directly?\n\na. its apparent brightness\nb. its temperature\nc. its chemical composition\nd. its mass\ne. you can't fool me, all of these are quite easy to measure directly\n\n163. Two stars that are physically associated (move together through space) are called\n\na. double stars\nb. main sequence stars\nc. brown dwarf pairs\nd. first contact stars\ne. binary stars\n\n164. Which of the following statements about spectroscopic binary stars is FALSE?\n\na. visually we can only see one star\nb. some of the lines in the spectrum are double, with the spacing changing over time\nc. an analysis of the ways the lines in the spectrum change allows us to calculate the star's distance directly\nd. we can use the spectrum to determine the sum of the masses of the two stars\ne. we can often use the changes in the positions of the spectral lines to measure the radial velocity of the stars in the system\n\n165. I am measuring the spectrum of the stars in a spectroscopic binary system. When one of the stars is moving toward the Earth in its orbit, we observe\n\na. that the lines in its spectrum get brighter\nb. that the lines in its spectrum merge with the lines of the other star\nc. that it is no longer possible to learn what elements are in the star\nd. that the lines in its spectrum show a blue-shift\ne. none of the above\n\n166. Which law do astronomers use to determine the masses of the stars in a spectroscopic binary system?\n\na. Wien's Law\nb. Kepler's Third Law\nc. Stefan-Boltzmann Law\nd. Hubble's Law\ne. Jenny Craig's Law\n\n167. Stars that do not have what it takes to succeed as a star (i.e. do not have enough mass to fuse hydrogen into helium at their centers) are called:\n\na. extras\nb. red giants\nc. spectroscopic stars\nd. brown dwarfs\ne. main sequence stars\n\n169. In 1995, astronomers identified a dim object called Gliese 229b, which appears to be a brown dwarf. Which of the following observations helped convince astronomers that they had indeed found an (elusive) brown dwarf?\n\na. its spectrum showed the molecule methane in the object's atmosphere\nb. its spectrum showed ionized helium (which can only exist at very cool temperatures)\nc. the star to which this object was a companion was also extremely dim\nd. it had an enormous radial velocity\ne. radio-telescope observations caught hints of the song \"Hi-ho, hi-ho, it's off to work we go...\"\n\n170. Why can astronomers not measure the diameters of stars directly?\n\na. stars are so bright, their light burns out all the delicate instruments we would use to measure their diameters\nb. stars change their diameters regularly, growing alternately larger and smaller\nc. stars are so far away, we cannot resolve (distinguish) their diameters\nd. stars are all in binary systems, and we can only see the combined diameter of both stars\ne. you can't fool me; measuring the diameter of any star is a relatively easy process\n\n171. For what type of star can astronomers measure the diameter with relative ease?\n\na. visual double stars\nb. white dwarf stars\nc. main sequence stars\nd. eclipsing binary stars\ne. any star that is not a brown dwarf\n\n172. An H-R Diagram plots the luminosity of stars against their:\n\na. mass\nb. diameter\nc. surface temperature\nd. age\ne. location in the sky\n\n173. In an H-R diagram, where can you check the spectral type of a star (whether it is an O type star or a G type star, for example)?\n\na. along the right (vertical axis)\nb. along the bottom (the horizontal axis)\nc. only in the red giant region\nd. only on the main sequence\ne. H-R diagrams have nothing to say about spectral types\n\n174. Who was the astronomer who is the \"H\" in H-R diagram?\n\na. Hubble\nb. Humason\nc. Hertzsprung\nd. Huggins\ne. Hoyle\n\n175. Ninety percent of all stars (if plotted on an H-R diagram) would fall into a region astronomers call:\n\na. the supergiant region\nb. the main sequence\nc. the white dwarf region\nd. the visual region\ne. the twilight zone\n\n176. Measurements show a certain star has a very high luminosity (100,000 x the Sun's) while its temperature is quite cool (3500\u00f8 K). How can this be?\n\na. it must be a main sequence star\nb. it must be quite small in size\nc. it must be quite large in size\nd. it must be brown dwarf and not a regular star\ne. this must be an error in observations; no such star can exist\n\n177. A white dwarf, compared to a main sequence star with the same mass, would always be:\n\na. larger in diameter\nb. smaller in diameter\nc. the same size in diameter\nd. younger in age\ne. less massive\n\n178. Imagine that powerful telescopes in the future give us a truly representative sampling of all the stars in the Sun's cosmic neighborhood. Where on the H-R diagram would most of the stars in our immediate vicinity lie?\n\na. in the upper right, among the supergiants\nb. in the upper left, among the bright main sequence stars\nc. in the middle of the main sequence, roughly where the Sun is\nd. in the lower left, among the white dwarfs\ne. in the lower right, among the least luminous main sequence stars\n\n179. A team of astronomers discovers one of the most massive stars ever found. If this star is just settling down in that stage of its life where it will be peacefully converting hydrogen to helium in its core, where will we find it on the H-R diagram?\n\na. among the supergiants, in the upper right\nb. a little bit below the Sun on the main sequence\nc. among the most brilliant of the white dwarfs, in the lower left\nd. near the very top of the main sequence, in the upper left\ne. it could be anywhere on the diagram; we would need more information to\ndetermine its place\n\n180. Astronomers identify the main sequence on the H-R diagram with what activity in the course of a star's life?\n\na. forming from a reservoir of cosmic material\nb. fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores\nc. letting go of a huge outer layer\nd. dying\ne. you can't fool me; so many stars are on the main sequence that there is no special stage in a star's life that can be identified with it\n\n181. Stars that lie in different places on the main sequence of the H-R diagram differ from each other mainly by having different:\n\na. compositions\nb. internal structure\nc. masses\nd. radial velocities\ne. ways that they formed\n\n182. One of your good friends who is on a diet asks you to point out the stars with the smallest mass on an H-R diagram that you are studying. Where are you sure to find the stars with the lowest mass on any H-R diagram?\n\na. among the white dwarfs\nb. among the stars at the top left of the main sequence\nc. among the stars at the bottom right of the main sequence\nd. among the supergiants\ne. stars with low mass can be located anywhere at all in the H-R diagram\n\n183. The apparent brightness of stars in general tells us nothing about their distances (i.e. we cannot assume that the dimmer stars are farther away.) In order for the apparent brightness of a star to be a good indicator of its distance, all the stars would have to be:\n\na. at the same distance\nb. the same composition\nc. the same luminosity\nd. by themselves instead of in binary or double-star systems\ne. a lot farther away than they presently are\n\n184. The original definition of a meter was\n\na. the distance from the extended index finger of the Emperor Napoleon to his nose\nb. one thousandth of the distance from Paris to London\nc. one billionth the distance from the Earth to the Sun\nd. one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to its pole\ne. one thousandth the diameter of the town of Bayonne, New Jersey\n\n185. Kepler's Laws can give us the relative distance of objects in the solar system. To convert these relative distances into actual distances, we need to:\n\na. measure the mass of the Sun\nb. measure the size of the Earth\nc. measure the distance directly to any object orbiting the Sun\nd. measure the length of the year exactly\ne. measure the time it takes for the Earth to spin once on its axis\n\n186. An astronomical unit is:\n\na. the distance to the nearest star\nb. the distance covered by light in one year\nc. the distance covered by light in one month\nd. the time it takes for the solar system to turn once on its axis\ne. the average distance between the Earth and the Sun\n\n187. Today, astronomers can measure distances directly to worlds like Venus, Mars, the Moon, or the satellites of Jupiter by\n\na. bouncing radar beams off them\nb. using x-ray telescopes\nc. using the Hubble Space Telescope to triangulate with\nd. using Cepheid variable stars that lie behind the planets\ne. sending graduate students out with very long tape measures\n\n188. Why did it take astronomers until 1838 to measure the parallax of the stars?\n\na. because most stars are too faint to see without a good telescope\nb. because the stars are so far away that their annual shift of position in the sky is too small to see without a telescope\nc. because detecting parallax requires measuring a spectrum, which only became possible in the 1830's\nd. because cepheid variable stars had not been discovered earlier\ne. because no one before then could conceive of the Earth moving around the Sun\n\n189. As astronomers use the term, the parallax of a star is\n\na. one half of the Doppler shift due to its radial velocity\nb. always equal to 1 AU\nc. one half the angle that a star shifts when seen from opposite sides of the Earth's orbit\nd. the time it takes a Cepheid variable star to go through one cycle of its brightness changes\ne. the time it takes for a star to move one second of arc of proper motion\n\n190. How far away would a star with a parallax of 0.2 arcsec be from us?\n\na. 2 parsecs\nb. 5 parsecs\nc. 0.2 parsecs\nd. 0.5 parsecs\ne. we need more information to answer this question\n\n191. If a star is 10 parsecs away, how long ago did the light we see from it tonight begins its journey toward us?\n\na. 10 years\nb. 0.1 years\nc. 10,000 years\nd. 32.6 years\ne. 6100 years\n\n192. The instrument astronomers have been using to make the most precise measurements of stellar parallax we have ever had is\n\na. the Keck telescope in Hawaii\nb. the Very Large Array of radio telescopes\nc. the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory\nd. the Hipparcos satellite\ne. a swimming-pool sized vat of cleaning fluid deep in the shaft of a gold mine\n\n193. An astronomer is observing a single star (and one which does not vary) which she knows is located about 40 LY away. What is the most likely method she or her colleagues used to obtain that distance?\n\na. bouncing radar beams off the star\nb. measuring the star's parallax\nc. the period-luminosity relationship\nd. Kepler's laws\ne. Hubble's law\n\n194. A type of star that has turned out to be extremely useful for measuring distances is\n\na. the eclipsing binaries\nb. the Cepheid variables\nc. the main sequence stars\nd. the white dwarf stars\ne. the stars that lie in the constellation of Orion\n\n195. A light curve for a star measures how its brightness changes with\n\na. time\nb. distance\nc. mass\nd. radial velocity\ne. age\n\n196. How do astronomers know that pulsating variable stars are actually expanding and contracting in diameter?\n\na. it is clear just by looking at the light curve\nb. they discover this by looking at an H-R diagram\nc. they can measure a regularly varying Doppler shift in the spectral lines\nd. they can measure the star's changing pull on a companion star around it\ne. astronomers are just guessing; at the distances of the stars, there is no way to show that stars are expanding and contracting\n\n197. Why do Cepheid variables have that strange name?\n\na. they were discovered by an astronomer named George Cepheid\nb. the first star discovered to be this kind of variable had the Latin name Cepheidus\nc. the word Cepheid means changing in brightness in ancient Greek\nd. the first such variable was discovered in a constellation called Cepheus\ne. the astronomer who discovered them had a dog named Ceffie\n\n198. The period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables was discovered by\n\na. John Goodricke\nb. Henrietta Leavitt\nc. Edward Pickering\nd. Henry Norris Russell\ne. Edwin Hubble\n\n199. The measurement of cosmic distances was helped tremendously by the discovery, in the early part of the 20th century, that in Cepheid variable stars, the average luminosity was related to:\n\na. their radial velocity\nb. the abundance of hydrogen in their atmospheres\nc. their distance from the Sun\nd. the length of time they took to vary\ne. their parallax\n\n200. Which of the following stars is a Cepheid variable?\n\na. Sirius\nb. Betelgeuse\nc. Rigel\nd. Mizar\ne. Polaris
+__label__positive Closed Loop Control System Versus Open Loop Control System In Mechanical Engineering\n\nMechanical Engineering\n\nClosed loop control system and open loop control system are the two important control systems for the modern control system in Mechanical Engineering . You just need some basic concept about the Feedback control system to learn about the closed loop and open loop control.\n\nFeedback Control Systems Mechanical Engineering\n\nA system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the output and the reference input by comparing them and using the difference as a means of control is called a feedback control system. Feedback control systems are not limited to\u00a0Mechanical Engineering but can be found in various none engineering fields as well. The human body, for instance, is a highly advanced feedback control system. Both body temperature and blood pressure are kept constant by means of physiological feedback. In fact, feedback performs a vital function: It makes the human body relatively insensitive to external disturbances, thus enabling it to function properly in a changing environment.\n\nClosed-Loop Control Systems Mechanical Engineering\n\nFeedback control systems are often referred to as closed-loop control systems in Mechanical Engineering. In practice, the terms feedback control and closed-loop control are used interchangeably. In a closed-loop control system the actuating error signal, which is the difference between the input signal and the feedback signal (which may be the output signal itself or a function of the output signal and its derivatives and/or integrals), is fed to the controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output of the system to a desired value. The term closed-loop control always implies the use of feedback control action in order to reduce system error.\nResearch and development Open-Loop Control Systems: Those systems in which the output has no effect on the control action are called open-loop control systems. In other words, in an open- loop control system the output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison with the input. One practical example is a washing machine. Soaking, washing, and rinsing in the washer operate on a time basis. The machine does not measure the output signal, that is, the cleanliness of the clothes. In any open-loop control system the output is not compared with the reference input. Thus, to each reference input there correspond a fixed operating condition; as a result, the accuracy of the system depends on calibration. In the presence of disturbances, an open-loop control system will not perform the desired task. Open-loop control can be used, in practice, only if the relationship between the input and output is known and if there are neither internal nor external disturbances. Clearly, such systems are not feedback control systems. Note that any control system that operates on a time basis is open loop. For instance, traffic control by means of signals operated on a time basis is another example of open-loop control.\n\nClosed-Loop versus Open-Loop Control Systems in Mechanical Engineering\n\nAn advantage of the closed loop control system is the fact that the use of feedback makes the system response relatively insensitive to external disturbances and internal variations in system parameters. It is thus possible to use relatively inaccurate and inexpensive components to obtain the accurate control of a given plant, whereas doing so is impossible in the open-loop case in Mechanical Engineering .
+__label__positive How does \\detokenize work?\n\nThe e-TeX Short Reference Manual states:\n\nWhen followed by a <general text>, expands to yield a sequence of character tokens of \\catcode 10 (space) or 12 (other) corresponding to a decomposition of the tokens of the <balanced text> of the unexpanded <general text>; c.f. \\showtokens. The effect is rather as if \\scantokens applied to the <general text> within a r\u00e9gime in which only \\catcodes 10 and 12 existed. Note that in order to preserve the boundaries between control words and any following letter, a space is yielded after each control word including the last.\n\nWhat does that mean in plain English? I want to understand this snippet of code:\n\n\nI think that \\task is defined as a macro taking one argument which calls \\@task. I don't know what \\@nil means -- it is probably used to end the macro call. I also don't know what \\relax and \\detokenize do, but detokenize takes the second part of the argument for the task macro (the parts are separated with semicolons).\n\n| improve this question | | | | |\n\n\\task takes one argument, passing it to \\@task which is defined in such a way that its arguments are delimited; if the call is\n\n\\@task xyz:AB:cde:u\\@nil\n\nthe first argument is xyz, the second is AB and the third is cde:u. Here \\@nil doesn't mean anything, it's just required by the syntax of \\@task and TeX throws it away.\n\n\\relax is a primitive of TeX, its function is \"do nothing\". The test\n\n\nis a safe way to determine if the argument #2 is empty. If it is, \\detokenize{#2} expands to nothing, so \\if compares the tokens \\relax and \\relax, which are indeed equal, so the \"true\" branch is followed, which starts immediately after the second \\relax, up to and excluding \\else. If #2 is not empty, say it's 30, \\if will compare \\relax with 3 which are different, so the \"false\" branch is followed, which starts after \\else up to and excluding \\fi.[1]\n\nThe similar construct \\if\\relax#2\\relax does not work in all cases, because \"all control sequences are equal as far as \\if is concerned\"\u00a0[2]. It would not work if #2 was \\relax (or any other control sequence, possibly followed by other tokens)! So we use \\detokenize that, as explained also by Joseph, splits everything into a string. So, even in the weird case that #2 is \\relax, \\if would compare the token \\relax with the character \\, which are different.\n\n[1] This is not strictly true, but it's an approximation of the truth sufficient for the purpose of this description.\n\n[2] TeX by Topic (section 13.2.1)\n\n| improve this answer | | | | |\n  \u2022 1\n    Thank you again! I think that I understand it now. There are two more points that are not that clear to me: 1. Why are arguments for \\@task split like that? xyz+AB+cde or xyz+AB:cde+u or xyz+AB+cde:u all seem to satisfy <part>:<part>:<part>. 2. Will \\detokenize split \\relax into \\ r e l a x? \u2013\u00a0ipavlic Jun 6 '11 at 14:50\n  \u2022 1\n    @ipavlic 1. TeX takes always the shortest token list that satisfies the requests (as long as the braces are balanced) so the first argument is anything up to the first colon, the second is anything from the first to the second colon and the third is anything from the second colon to \\@nil. 2. Yes. \u2013\u00a0egreg Jun 6 '11 at 14:57\n  \u2022 Doesn't then the third argument has to be cde:u instead of u as written in the answer? This should not be nitpicking, I am really not sure enough to edit it. If I am wrong, please explain why. \u2013\u00a0Patrick H\u00e4cker Oct 9 '12 at 17:19\n  \u2022 @MMM You're right. \u2013\u00a0egreg Oct 9 '12 at 17:28\n\nThe \\detokenize primitive converts all of its input into category code 12 ('other') tokens, except for spaces which stay as category code 10 ('space'). It is used to convert tokens into strings. For example, if we have\n\n\nthen \\foo would be a control word, i.e. one token, which is converted into 5 string characters (\\, f, o, o, ), all which are 'other' characters other than the space, which is a 'space'. Note the additional space at the end here: \\detokenize adds a space after each 'control word' (see below).\n\nI'll take your example one step at a time. First, \\@nil is being used as a delimiter here. The definition of \\@task means that the argument must contain :, then : again and finally \\@nil. This is used to 'tidy up' awkward input\n\n\\task{stuff:more stuff}\n\nwill be turned into\n\n \\@task stuff:more stuff::\\@nil\n\nwhich means #1 is stuff, #2 is more stuff and #3 is :. Thus it ensures that everything is 'used up': this is a common requirement.\n\nTo see \\detokenize in action, try something like\n\n\nA bit more on the addition of spaces by \\detokenize, and indeed more generally. Whenever TeX writes something that can be one or more tokens as a 'string', it always inserts a space after each 'control word' (escape character followed by one or more 'letters') to avoid confusion. For example, with\n\n\\catcode`\\X=12 % 'Other'\n\nyou get\n\nmacro:-> \\bar X\n\nwhere the space is not there in the original but tells us that \\bar is a control sequence followed by X, rather than printing just \\barX, which looks like it's a different thing. This makes sense as TeX skips spaces after control words, so the two versions are equivalent as far as it is concerned.\n\nThis 'insert spaces' behaviour is respected by \\detokenize, meaning that you get a space after each control word. The only place TeX doesn't insert these spaces is with \\string, which can only be used on a single token and so in places where there is no possible 'confusion'.\n\n| improve this answer | | | | |\n  \u2022 Let me see if I understand it correctly. #1 from task expands to stuff:more stuff in the command \\@task stuff:more stuff::\\@nil. The purpose of the added :: is to enable input without semicolons, e.g. \\task{1}. Now the semicolons will be concatenated to 1 to form 1:: which will satisfy the two-semicolons requirement of \\@task. \u2013\u00a0ipavlic Jun 6 '11 at 14:43\n  \u2022 @ipavlic: #1 is never expanded, rather it is replaced by the input, but the result is as you say \\@task stuff:more stuff::\\@nil is executed. You are also right about the :: part - without this, you'd be in trouble with non-conforming input. \u2013\u00a0Joseph Wright Jun 6 '11 at 14:47\n  \u2022 1\n    @ipavlic: \\detokenize leaves the result in the input stream. Thus you end up with \\detokenize{foo} => foo wherever it was used. In the current case, this is as part of a test, which will throw away any excess tokens. On the other hand, if you use it in a typesetting context then the material will just be typeset. See my edit \u2013\u00a0Joseph Wright Jun 6 '11 at 14:49\n  \u2022 1\n    So why does \\detokenize{\\something}\\bye comes out as '\"something' in the typeset output? I'd expect '\\something'. \u2013\u00a0AlexG May 30 '13 at 8:07\n  \u2022 1\n    @AlexG Font issue: the OT1 (Knuth original) font encoding doesn't have a \\ in the appropriate slot, it has \". Assuming LaTeX, using \\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} will solve this as in T1 encoding the slot is correct. \u2013\u00a0Joseph Wright May 30 '13 at 9:22\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive Vignette 2: Biobots reproduce!\n\nModule 1, Vignette 2: Biobots reproduce!\n\nScientists have developed a method to print millimeter-to-centimeter scale biological microrobots\u00a0or \u2018bio-bots.\u2019 These \u2018creatures\u2019 consist of soft-polymer materials and living cells. They\u00a0can be made in scales of 1 biobot per minute and thousands can be made in a few hours. They\u00a0are composed of three types of cells: \u2018sensing cells\u2019 that can sense the presence of neuro-toxins\u00a0in water supplies; \u2018actuator cells\u2019 that enable them to move and walk towards the source of the\u00a0toxins; and \u2018factory cells\u2019 that can release antidotes to neutralize the harmful effect of the toxins.\u00a0These biobot creatures can survive for months at a time and can be very beneficial for the\u00a0society.\n\nThe initial designs of the biobots produced above have now been improved to incorporate stem\u00a0cells so the biobots have self-healing characteristics. If they get minimally damaged, they can\u00a0heal themselves and continue the useful function that they are designed for. However, it was\u00a0found that during the healing process, some of the stem cells \u2018shed\u2019 and fall off of the parent\u00a0biobots. If these cells have already begun to differentiate into the sensing, actuating, and factory\u00a0cells, and if researchers provide the right chemical and physical environment, the daughter cells\u00a0have the capacity to produce identical biobots with the same functionalities as the parent bots.\u00a0While this was a very exciting discovery, the prospect of reproducing biobots can be daunting\u00a0and mixed. The number of biobots can increase by 2 over a month. It is not clear whether the\u00a0daughter cells can further reproduce or not.\n\n\n  1. Should the researchers determine whether the daughter cells can also reproduce and why?\n  2. What is the benefit or harm of investigating this line of research further?\n  3. Should the researchers publish or patent the designs and ideas?\n  4. What are the lessons learned?\n  5. Any comments:
+__label__positive I'm self-studying Kearns(2011), and here are two tricky questions I'm really curious about. I asked my classmates but they failed to answer it too. We really don't know how the first sentence can have another meaning, and we even couldn't figure out the meaning of the second question. Could you give some guidance? Thank you in advance!\n\n(1)The following sentence is scopally ambiguous. Give the formulae for both readings.\n\nClive wants to read the book that June is reading.\n\n(2) Ralph thinks that the man who lives upstairs from him is a spy. Ralph is a little paranoid \u2013 the flat upstairs is empty, and the noises Ralph hears on the stairs are merely a poltergeist. Does the sentence below encounter problems through the existential commitment of the?\n\nRalph thinks that the man who lives upstairs is a spy.\n\n  \u2022 2\n    (1) can mean that June is reading a particular book at the moment and Clive wants to read it, or that whatever book June happens to be reading at any given time, Clive always wants to read it. The second question is asking whether Ralph THINKS that the man who lives upstairs... involves a commitment to the existence of a man upstairs, and if so whether that is a problem, given that the flat is actually empty but for a poltergeist. \u2013\u00a0rchivers Oct 31 '20 at 14:38\n  \u2022 1\n    For the first question, the key point is that Clive may have wrong ideas about which book June is reading and thus about what she wants; does \"the book\" refer to the actual book June is reading (de re) or Clive's idea of what she's reading (de dicto)? \u2013\u00a0lemontree Oct 31 '20 at 15:35\n  \u2022 1\n    For the second question, the problem is that the man who lives upstairs doesn't actually exist (but Ralph thinks he does), so how to apply \"the\"? \u2013\u00a0lemontree Oct 31 '20 at 15:37\n  \u2022 1\n    If it's OK to posit a poltergeist, why isn't it OK for Ralph to posit a man upstairs? This one is a pretty opaque example, referentially speaking. \u2013\u00a0jlawler Oct 31 '20 at 16:42\n  \u2022 @lemontree\u2666 Thank you for your reply very much! For the first question, I tried to write down the formulae according to the tips you provided :) Is this what you mentioned? (a) de dicto: WANT TO READ(c, [The x: BOOK(x) & READ(j, x)]) \"Clive has a thought of reading the book that June is reading.\" (b) de re: [The x: BOOK(x) & READ(j, x)] WANT TO READ(c, x) \"The speaker reports Clive\u2019s aspiration to read the book.\" \u2013\u00a0ronghe Nov 2 '20 at 14:23\n\nYour Answer\n\n\nBrowse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
+__label__positive 8. Agriculture Indian Economy MCQ Agriculture\n\n1. Where is the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) situated ?\n\n(a) Bengaluru\n\n(b) Karnal\n\n(c) Mysore\n\n(d) Lucknow\n\n2. Indian Green Revolution started from :\u00a0\n\n(a) Pantnagar\n\n(b) Bengaluru\n\n(c) Kanpur\n\n(d) Delhi\n\n3. The Green Revolution in India has contributed to:\n\n(a) Inter-regional inequality\u00a0\n\n(b) Inter-crop inequality\n\n(c) Inter-class inequality\n\n(d) All of these\n\n4. The Bonded LabourSystem (Abolition) Act was legislated in:\n\n(a) 1974\u00a0\n\n(b) 1976\u00a0\n\n(c) 1977\u00a0\n\n(d) 1978\n\n5. In which of the following years was the Food Corporation of India (FCI) set up ? i o\n\n(a) 1955\u00a0\n\n(b) 1960\n\n(c) 1965\n\n(d) 1970\n\n6. Which of the following factors/policies were affecting the price of rice in India in the recent past ?\n\n1. Minimum Support Price\n\n2. Government\u2019s trading\n\n3. Government\u2019s stockpiling\n\n4. Consumer subsidies\n\nSelect the correct answer using the code given below:\n\n(a) 1, 2 and 4 only\n\n(b) 1, 3 and 4 only\n\n(c) 2 and 3 only\n\n(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4\n\n7. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme replace Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme was introduced in the year:\n\n(a) 1997\u00a0\n\n(b) 19980\n\n(c) 1999\n\n(d) 2000\n\n8. An objective of the National Food Security Mission is to increase the production of certain crops through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country. What are those crops ?\n\n(a) Rice and wheat only\n\n(b) Rice, wheat and pulses only\n\n(c) Rice, wheat, pulses and oil seeds only\n\n(d) Rice, wheat, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables\n\n9. Consider the following statements:\n\n\n\nWhich of these statements are correct ?\n\n(a) 1 only\n\n(b) 2 only\u00a0\n\n(c) Both 1 and 2\n\n(d) Neither 1 nor 2\n\nIndian Economy MCQ Agriculture\n\n\n(a) Commercial Banks\u00a0\n\n(b) Co-operative Banks\n\n(c) Regional Rural Banks\n\n(d) Microfinance Institutions\n\n11. TheNationalBankforAgriculture and Rural Development\n\n(NABARD) was established in the year\n\n(a) 1970\n\n(b) 1975\n\n(c) 1977\n\n(d) 1980\n\n(e) 1982\n\n12. The head office of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is located in\n\n(a) Lucknow\n\n(b) Hyderabad\n\n(c) New Delhi\n\n(d) Mumbai\n\n(e) None of these\n\n13. Which of the following is the organisation, which is the apex in co-operative sector and deals in procurement, distribution, export and import of selected agricultural\n\ncommodities ?\n\n\n\n\n(d) EXIM Bank\n\n(e) None of these\n\n14. As we all know, a lot of people from underdeveloped Statesmigratetovariousprogressive States as agricultural labour. What are the major problems of agriculture in India owing to which people have to leave their own land and work as labourer on somebody else\u2019s farm/land ?\n\n1. Lack of irrigation facilities, low productivity of land and uncertain monsoon\n\n2. Non-availability of fertilizers etc on subsidized rates\n\n3. Single crop cultivation\n\n(a) Only1\n\n(b) Only 2\n\n(c) Only 3\n\n(d) All the three\n\n(e) None of these\n\n15. Where is the Central Rice Research Institute located ?\n\n(a) Bengaluru\n\n(b) Kanpur\n\n(c) Coimbatore\n\n(d) Cuttack\n\n16. Which is NOTa source of Agriculture finance in India?\n\n(a) Co-operative Societies\n\n(b) Commercial Banks\n\n(c) Regional Rural Banks\n\n(d) None of these\n\n17. Agriculture sector directly employs one of the following percentages of labour force in India:\n\n(a) 20%\n\n(b) 30%%\n\n(c) 40%\n\n(d) 65%\n\nIndian Economy MCQ Agriculture\n\n18. NABARD was established in the:\n\n(a) Fourth Five Year Plan\n\n(b) Fifth Five Year Plan\n\n(c) Sixth Five Year Plan\u00a0\n\n(d) Eighth Five Year Plan\n\n19. The apex institution in the sphere of Agriculture credit is :\n\n(a) State Bank of India\u00a0\n\n(b) Reserve Bank of India\n\n(c) Regional Rural Bank\n\n\n20. The impact of Green Revolution was felt most in the production of:\n\n(a) Wheat\n\n(b) Rice\u00a0\n\n(c) Pulses\n\n(d) Oil Seeds\n\n21. Under which Five Year Plan agriculture register a negative growth ?\n\n(a) Third\u00a0\n\n(b) Fifth\n\n(c) Seventh\u00a0\n\n(d) Ninth\n\n22. Who is known as the Father of White Revolution in India ?\n\n(a) M. S. Swaminathan\n\n(b) V Kurien\n\n(c) K. N. Bahal\n\n(d) B. P. Pal\n\n23. The importance of agriculture in the Indian economy is indicated by its contribution to which of the following?\n\n(a) National income and employment\n\n(b) Industrial development and international trade\n\n(c) Supply of food-grains\n\n(d) All the above\n\n24. The apex organisation for Marketing Co-operatives at the national level is:\n\n(a) FCI\n\n(b) NAFED\u00a0\n\n(c) National Co-operative Union\n\n(d) National Agriculture Marketing Board\n\n25. Indian Pulse Research Institute is located in:\n\n(a) Allahabad\u00a0\n\n(b) Kanpur\n\n(c) Faizabad\n\n(d) Lucknow\n\n26. \u2018Everything else can wait, but not agriculture\u2019.\n\nThe above statement is attributed to:\u00a0\n\n(a) Jagjivan Ram\n\n(b) Jawahar Lal Nehru\n\n(c) Mahatma Gandhi\n\n(d) Sardar Patel\n\n27. Which of the following provides the largest credit to agriculture and allied sectors ?\n\n(a) Co-operative Banks\n\n(b) Regional Rural Banks\n\n(c) Commercial Banks\n\n(d) Co-operative and Regional Rural Banks\n\n28. The percentage of agriculture land is very high in all the following States except:\n\n(a) Punjab\n\n(b) Haryana\n\n(c) Uttar Pradesh\n\n(d) Sikkim\n\n29. Where was the first Agriculture University of India established ?\n\n(a) Kumarganj, Faizabad\u00a0\n\n(b) Pantnagar\n\n(c) Kanpur\n\n(d) Naini, Allahabad\n\n30. Where is the Indian Sugarcane Research Institute situated?\u00a0\n\n(a) New Delhi\n\n(b) Varanasi\u00a0\n\n(c) Kanpur\n\n(d) Lucknow\u00a0\n\nIndian Economy MCQ Agriculture\n\n31. Which is the agency the Government has engaged to grade and standardise various agricultural products ?\n\n(a) Food Corporation of India\n\n(b) Directorate of Marketing and Inspection\n\n(c) Bureau of Indian Standards\n\n(d) Central Statistical Organisation\n\n32. Which of the following has not been a component of the agriculture strategy that brought about the Green Revolution ?\n\n(a) Greater intensity of cropping\n\n(b) Guaranteed maximum prices\u00a0\n\n(c) New agricultural technology\n\n(d) Package of inputs\n\n33. The Blue Revolution is related with :\n\n(a) Fish Production\n\n(b) Food grain Production\n\n(c) Oilseed Production\n\n(d) Milk Production\n\n34. Indian agriculture is typically characterised as:\n\n(a) land surplus, labour scare economy\n\n(b) land surplus, labour surplus economy\n\n(c) land scare, labour surplus economy\n\n(d) land scare, labour scare economy\n\n35. The fertile land between two rivers is called:\n\n(a) Watershed\n\n(b) Water divide\n\n(c) Doab\n\n(d) Terai\n\n\n(a) Mulching\n\n(b) Shelter belt\n\n(c) Gully plugging\n\n(d) Terracing\u00a0\n\n37. The commission in India dealing with minimum support price, procurement price etc., in connection with agricultural goods is the\n\n(a) Planning Commission\n\n(b) Agricultural Costs and Price Commission\n\n(c) Agricultural Price Commission\n\n(d) National Marketing Commission\n\n38. The term Green Revolution has been used to indicate higher production through:\n\n(a) creation of grasslands\n\n(b) planting more trees\n\n(c) creation of gardens in urban areas\n\n(d) enhanced agricultural productivity per hectare\n\n\n(a) Nuclear Physics\n\n(b) Agriculture\n\n(c) Astrophysics\n\n(d) Medicine\u00a0\n\n40. The Green Revolution in India was the outcome of the efforts of who amongst the following ?\n\n(a) M.S. Swaminathan\n\n(b) C. Rangrajan\n\n(c) K.V. Kamath\n\n(d) Rakesh Mohan\n\n(e) None of these\n\n41. Which of the following are the chief characteristics of mixed farming?\n\n(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops\n\n(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field\n\n(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together\n\n(d) None of the above\n\nIndian Economy MCQ Agriculture\n\nNature Of Indian Economy\nNational income in India\nIndian Economy Planning\nPopulation of India\nNatural Resources Of India\u00a0\nInfrastructure Energy, Transportation, Communication\nIndian economy Social Sector\n\nIndian Economy MCQ Agriculture\n\nShare & Help Others\nTweet 20\nMCQ On Indian Economy\nIndian Economy GK Industry\n\nLeave a Comment\n
+__label__positive U3: Instructional Outcomes and Underlying Theories (EDID6503 unit 3)\n\nAnnika L-M\nFlashcards by , created over 4 years ago\n\nGraduate Instructional Design Flashcards on U3: Instructional Outcomes and Underlying Theories (EDID6503 unit 3), created by Annika L-M on 03/16/2015.\n\nAnnika L-M\nCreated by Annika L-M over 4 years ago\nICT in Education\nDherar Bani Faris\nInstructional Design\nSuvra Dash\nedexcel gcse german vocabulary\nAmerican West GCSE History Revision\nJasmine Box\nU2: Instructional Approaches and Underlying Theories flash cards (EDID6503 unit 2)\nAnnika L-M\nMethods of Instructional Design\nTaylor Walther\nProfessor Q\nU1: Framework for Instructional Theory revision quiz (EDID6503 unit 1)\nAnnika L-M\nQuestion Answer\nHow would you define reproductive skills? Activities that are repetitive, automated, and involving the same procedure. Algorithm\nHow are productive skills defined? Activities that involve the planning of a procedure through the application of theory, general principles, and creativity. Heuristic\nDistinguish between skills and knowledge Knowledge involves a combination of adding new elements to the store and reorganizing existing new elements to form new knowledge structures. Skills are developed with experience and practice\nProvide examples of interactive skills both for reproductive and productive skills Reproductive skills: good manners, tone of voice, socialized behaviours Productive skills: Leadership skills, supervision, persuasion\nWhat are the three steps in skills mastery for both reproductive and productive skills? 1. Imparting the essential knowledge content 2. Imparting the basic psychomotor skills 3. Developing proficiency\nWhat are the five stages in the development of psychomotor skills? 1.Acquiring knowledge of what should be done 2. Executing actions in a step-by-step manner 3. Transfer control from eyes to other sense 4. Automizing the skill 5. Generalizing the skill\nList the four categories that guide the principles of instruction 1. Information 2. Practice 3. Feedback 4. Transfer and generalization\nFor reproductive skills what teaching-learning approaches are appropriate Direct instruction\nWhat is the ideal way to impart essential knowledge for productive skills? Using expository methods\nWhat is the ideal way to impart psychomotor skills Using experiential methods\nWhat are the elements discussed under the Teaching for Understanding Framework? Generative topics, understanding goals, performances of understanding, ongoing assessment, reflective collaboration communities\nWhat does the term \u201cmultiple entry points\u201d imply? Learning is approached through different approaches e.g. visual arts, narratives, mathematics, etc.\nWhy should the Teaching for Understanding Framework focus on new technologies? 1) To foster students\u2019 understanding of important goals; 2) New technologies make curriculum more generative through a wider range of learning activities\nWhat are the four dimensions of understanding goals within and across disciplines? 1) Knowledge; 2) Methods; 3) Purpose; 4) Forms of expression\nTo enhance performances of understanding, what three sequences should be incorporated? 1) Introductory performance to relate prior knowledge to new content; 2) Structure a cycle of guided practice; 3) Culminating performance to help synthesize knowledge and skills\nWhat are the key features of effective assessment? Assessment from multiple sources, conducted frequently, embed informal assessment, assessment criteria made public\nWhat are the key features of a reflective collaborative community? Communicative, diverse perspectives, peer assessment, discussion and analysis. Respect, reciprocity\nHow should generative topics be approached to enhance understanding? Gradual transition into topics, structure curriculum around generative topics\nWhat is the best approach for integrating technology into the classroom? Through cycles of taking small steps, introducing new elements incrementally\nWhat factors influence the way technology is integrated into instruction? Access to reliable technology, teacher and student technical expertise, ability to make effective use of their expertise\nWhat five domains make up the taxonomy of affective outcomes proposed by Krathwohl, Bloom and Masia? Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, Characterization by value\nWhat is the underlying problem with understanding the affective domain in instruction? The definition of the domain and concepts are very broad and often unfocused\nWhat areas of research (disciplines) have conducted studies to refute the dualism of emotion and cognition? Neurobiology, psychiatry, research psychology\nWhat are the five domains of emotional intelligence? 1) Knowing ones emotions; 2) managing emotions; 3) motivating oneself; 4) recognizing emotions in others; 5) handling relationships\nWhat three instructional models have been implemented in educational settings to address emotional intelligence? 1) Emotional skill within a pedagogical approach; 2) Models that address the interrelationship between emotion and cognition to facilitate cognitive learning; 3) Programs that address emotional intelligence\nProvide an example of how Merrill\u2019s principle of problem\u2013orientation can be applied to teach emotional intelligence Through the use of stories\nWhen modelling the skills of emotional intelligence what aspects should the teacher pay attention to? 1) Reacting to the environment in an emotionally healthy way; 2) Teaching in an emotionally healthy way\nOf gender, cultural background, and student\u2019s home life, which external factor is most relevant to teachers but also most difficult to address? Students\u2019 home life\nWhen teachers are unable to control extreme disruptive behaviour in the classroom, what measures are recommended? Resorting to conventional methods like counselling psychology\nWhat strategy is suggested for helping older students regulate their own emotional state and that of others? Express how they feel verbally, or through emotion diaries\nHow is theme-based instruction defined? Theme-based instruction is an approach to facilitating learning that bring s together several domains of learning to support a unifying theme\nWhat other terms are used to refer to theme-based instruction? Integrated theme-based instruction, integrated or interdisciplinary curriculum, transdisciplinary or holistic learning\nWhat are the common features of theme-based learning? Development of instruction for a specified curriculum, instructional goals, activities, resources, assessment tied directly to an overarching, underlying, foundational theme.\nWhat are the advantages of using a theme-based instruction approach? Research shows that connecting instructional content and learning activities can improve student learning. A theme-based approach to instruction is a more natural way to learn.\nWhat are the two important theoretical foundations that guide theme-based instruction? Brain-based educational research and multiple intelligence theory\nWhat branch of brain-based research is most relevant to theme-based instruction? Pattern making through meaningful problem solving\nWhat five principles guide theme-based instruction? 1. Intelligence is a function of experience 2. Learning is an inseparable partnership between brain and body 3. There are multiple intelligences or ways of solving problems and/or producing products 4. Learning is a two-step process: i) Pattern seeking or meaning making through problem solving, and ii) Developing a mental program for using what we understand and wiring it into long term memory 5. Personality impacts learning and performance.\nWhat ten types of intelligences does Gardner propose? 1. Logical-mathematical; 2. Linguistic 3. Spatial; 4. Bodily-kinesthetic 5. Musical; 6. Intrapersonal 7. Interpersonal; 8. Naturalist 9. Existential; 10. Spiritual\nWhat are the fundamental principles in theme-based instructional theory? 1) Unifying theme; 2) focus on learning goals; 3) Variety in instructional method; 4) useful instructional resources; 5) Evaluation using authentic assessment\nWhat situationalities affect how theme-based instruction is implemented? 1) Administrative structures; Adapting instruction to individual learners; 3) Amount of interdisciplinary integration\nDefine: Knowledge The cluster of skills, abilities, habits, character traits, knowledge one must have in order to perform a job well\nDefine: Skill The quality of a person being able to perform a given task\nDefine: Competence Information of which a person, organization, or other entity is aware.\nDefine: Ability The capacity to perform a given type of task or activity with a given degree of effectiveness, efficiency, speed, or other measure of quantity or quality. Typically classified according to execution and management of performance\nDefine the following term related to skills: Reproductive skills Reproductive skills are activities that are repetitive and largely automatic\nDefine the following term related to skills: Productive skills Activities that involve planning or a procedure appropriate to the specific situation through the application of theory, general principles, and creativity\nList the four domains of skills Cognitive skills, psychomotor skills, reactive skills, interactive skills\nList four points that are important for a topic to be considered generative to foster understanding outcomes Generative topics are: 1. connected to multiple important ideas within and across academic disciplines, domains, and subject matters. 2. framed in authentic, accessible interesting ways related to experience. 3. approached from multiple entry points 4. framed in ways that generates and rewards continuous inquiry\nTo be successful in fostering understanding, what aspects must be addressed in assessment? 1. Assessment is most valuable when conducted often and when it suggestions for improvement in teaching and students\u2019 work. 2. Embed informal assessments during learning for example informal observations and formal assessment activities using structured rubrics 3. Assessments should come from multiple sources promote understanding 4. Assessment criteria should be made public 5. Involve students in developing and applying assessment rubrics to help them understand the criteria of quality work\nOne of the domains of emotional intelligence according to Goleman is that is a better indicator of life success than cognitive intelligence. True or False? False. The five domains noted by Goleman are: 1. Knowing one\u2019s emotions 2. Managing emotions 3. Motivating oneself 4. Recognizing emotions in others 5. Handling relationships\nList two ways to engage in instruction for emotional intelligence i. Through a school or district-wide program to develop emotional competence ii. Teacher acting individually in their own classroom to develop emotional competence\nWhat is one important precondition that must be met for theme-based approaches to be successful? The type and amount of administrative structure in the learning system. A supporting structure will encourage flexibility and creativity. A restrictive climate will hinder teachers from being creative.\nHow can yearlong themes in theme-based approaches be applied to the curriculum? The theme should be comprehensive, tie to the curriculum standards and also engage the students in their daily lives. The theme can be organized into major curricular components that are interrelated to topics throughout the school year.\nHow can multilevel instruction be applied to theme-based instruction? Multilevel instruction refers to instructional settings where students with different level levels of knowledge on the subject, different age level are working on different tasks to meet the same learning goals. Therefore multilevel instruction is important to meeting the individual needs or learning styles of the different students using different resources, thus providing them with multiple ways to learn.
+__label__positive Subtraction from base numbers of 10 using Vedic maths\n\nDoes your child find it difficult to solve subtractions? This second lesson of Vedic Mathematics will help your child to subtract from base numbers within seconds. Read this illustrative article on vedic maths for learning the trick.\n\nLesson 2 : Subtraction from 10, 100, 1000 using Vedic maths\n\nGenerally children find it difficult when they have to subtract a number from 100, 1000 or 10000. Since they have to borrow from the first digit and strike all the zeros make it no. 9 and so on. Finally the sum looks so shabby and the original number might not be seen. Here is an easy method using Vedic math no more mess or striking out, just a few seconds required to answer.\n\n\nNikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah:\n\nMeaning : All from 9 the last from 10.\n\nThis sutra is used in subtraction from base numbers like 10,100,1000,10000 and so on.\n\nFor example 1000 \u2013 876 = 124.\n\nHere the last number is 6, so friend of 6 is 4 or 6 is 4 short of 10.\nAccording to this sutra the last digit is subtracted from 10, and the rest from 9.\n\nExample 1\n- 52\n\nExample 2\n\n- 759\n\nExample 3\n\n- 6543\n\nIn all the above cases the last digit is subtracted from 10 and remaining from 9.\n\nApplying the second sutra the subtraction can be done from left to right. Except the last number the other numbers are subtracted from 9 and the last digit from 10.\n\nIf we apply the friends concept to this, the last number is the friend of 10 and remaining is the number short of 9.\n\n5486 (here friend of 6 is 4)\n\nThe remaining numbers are written using the base 9,from 9 -8 is short of 1, similarly from 9 ---- 4 is short of 5 and like wise.\n\nIn all the above cases we saw that the number that get subtracted is one digit short of the above number. Subtracting 5486 from 10000, here 10000 is a 5 digit number and 5486 is a four digit number finding the answer is not a problem.\n\nAdding Zeroes\n\nIn all of the above sums you may have noticed that the number of zeros in the first number is the same as the number of figures in the number being subtracted.\n\nFor example 1000\u2013571 has three zeros and 571 has three figures.\n\nSuppose if we subtract 54 from 1000 , here 54 is a two digit number and 1000 is a four digit number, the above sutra can be applied here by adding a zero in front of 54.\n\n946 ( here the last digit is subtracted from 10 and remaining from 9)\n\nBefore applying this sutra remember that the number to be subtracted must be only one digit short of the larger number. Else add zero in front of the digits.\n\n009 Here two zeros are added to make 9 a 3 digit number.\n991 Last from 10 and remaining from 9.\n\nMental Problems for practice:\n\nIn the following exercise you will need to insert zeros, but you can do that mentally.\n\nSubtract the following:\n\na. 1000 \u2013 57 b. 1000 \u2013 95 c. 1000 \u2013 15 d. 10000 \u2013 668\n\nNumbers starting with other than 1\n\nNow Let us look at one more variation\n\nThis method otherwise known as 'One Less'\n\n500 \u2013 46.\n\nYou have 500 instead of 100.\n\nIn fact the 46 will come off from one of the five hundreds, so that 400 will be left.\n\nSo 500 \u2013 46 = 454\nThe 5 is reduced by one to 4,(one less) and the All from 9 . . . formula is applied to 46 to give 54\n\n3000 \u2013 113 = 2887. The 3 is reduced by one to 2, (one Less)\nand the formula converts 113 to 887.\n\nNext Variation is called \"One More\"\n\nConsider the example 6000 - 3485 = 2515\n\nConsidering the thousands, the 6 will be reduced by 4 (one more than 3)\nbecause you are taking over 4 thousand away.\n\nAll from 9. . . is then applied to the 485 to give 515.\n\nHere the first digit 3 is made 4 by adding 1 and this is reduced from 6.\n\nWhen you have a sum like 6000-3485 where both numbers have the same number of digits reduce the first digit of the first number by one more than the first digit of the second number to get the first digit of the answer.\nAnd apply the formula to the remaining digits.\n\nNext variation in subtraction\n\nFind 7000 \u2013 27.\nYou will see here that you have a 2-digit number to subtract from 7000 which has three zeros.\n\nThe sum can be written 7000 \u2013 027.\nThen 7000 \u2013 027 = 6973.\n\nThe 7 is reduced to 6, and the formula converts 027 to 973.\n\nRelated Articles\n\nIntroduction to Vedic maths\n\nWhat is Vedic maths? Origination of Vedic maths. Basic sutras. Who all can learn Vedic maths? Maths is made simpler, easier by following these sutras. How to do all calculations in few seconds?\n\nVedic Maths lesson one for Addition\n\nThis lessons introduces the basic concepts of additions in Vedic maths. Here we will study the first sutra and concept of numbers and their friends. This lesson will be useful for Grade 1 and Grade 2 students.Try solving the sums given in the worksheets for practice.\n\nMore articles: Vedic Maths Tricks Vedic Maths Tips Vedic Maths Vedic Mathematics Mathematics\n\n\nAuthor: Adesola Adeyeye23 Feb 2014 Member Level: Gold \u00a0\u00a0Points : 2\n\nThis is a very good article that seek to educate the kids about subtraction and addition at base 10 level. I will like to add my own questions and answer to buttress the above article.\n\n\n123 - 100 = 23\n\n352- 200= 152\n\n\n\n1000- 540 = 460\n\n25000 - 20050 = 4950\n\n  \u2022 Name:
+__label__positive 9. Maurya Dynasty\n\n433. Who recognised Sandrokottos as Chandra Gupta Maurya?\n(A) William Jones\n(B) V. Smith\n(C) R. K. Mukherjee\n(D) D. R. Bhandharkar\nAns: (A)\n\n434. Chandragupta Maurya figures prominently in the book of\n(A) Bhasa\n(B) Sudraka\n(C) Vishakhadatta\n(D) Ashvaghosha\nAns: (C)\n\n435. Which among the following is India\u2019s oldest dynasty?\n(A) Gupta (B) Maurya\n(C) Vardhana (D) Kushana\nAns: (B)\n\n436. First Indian Empire was established by\n(A) Kanishka\n(B) Harsh\n(C) Chandra Gupta Maurya\n(D) Samundragupta\nAns: (C)\n\n437. Who was called as \u2018Sandrocottos\u2019 by Justin, the Greek Writer?\n(A) Chandragupta Maurya\n(B) Chandragupta I\n(C) Chandragupta II\n(D) Samudragupta\nAns: (A)\n\n438. Who of the following mentions about the meeting of Sandrokottos\n(Chandragupta Maurya) with Alexander, the Great?\n\n(A) Pliny\n(B) Justin\n(C) Strabo\n(D) Megasthenese\nAns: (B)\n\n439. By which name was Chanakya known in his childhood?\n(A) Ajaya (B) Chanakya\n(C) Vishnugupta (D) Deogupta\nAns: (C)\n\n440. Kautilya was prime minister of\n(A) Chandragupta Vikramaditya\n(B) Ashoka\n(C) Chandragupta Maurya\n(D) King Janak\nAns: (C)\n\n441. The Arthashastra of Kautilya is a\n(A) Play about Chandragupta Maurya\n(B) Biography\n(C) History of Chandragupta Maurya\n(D) Book on Principles of Government\nAns: (D)\n\n442. Another name of Chanakya was\n(A) Bhattswami\n(B) Vishnugupta\n(C) Rajshekhar\n(D) Vishakhdatta\nAns: (B)\n\n443. Kautilya\u2019s Arthashastra deals with the aspects of\n(A) Economic life\n(B) Political policies\n(C) Religious life\n(D) Social life\nAns: (B)\n\n444. Which one of the following is the seventh part of the State according to Saptang Theory of State?\n(A) Janapada (B) Durga\n(C) Mitra (D) Kosha\nAns: (C)\n\n445. Deimachus came to India during the reign of\n(A) Chandragupta Maurya\n(B) Bindusara\n(C) Ashoka\n(D) Kanishka\nAns: (B)\n\n446. Which of the following can be compared to \u2018Prince\u2019 of Machiavelli?\n(A) Kalidasa\u2019s \u2018Malvikagni Mitram\u2019\n(B) Kautilya\u2019s \u2018Arthashastra\u2019\n(C) Vatsyanana\u2019s \u2018Kamasutra\u2019\n(D) Thiruvalluvar\u2019s \u2018Thirukkural\u2019\nAns: (B)\n\n447. The remains of which ancient city have been found at the Kumrahar site?\n(A) Vaishali (B) Pataliputra\n(C) Kapilavastu (D) Shravasti\nAns: (B)\n\n448. Chandragupta\u2019s palace situated at Pataliputra is mainly made up of\n(A) Bricks (B) Stones\n(C) Woods (D) Clays\nAns: (C)\n\n449. Who amongst the following Mauryan rulers did conquer the Deccan?\n(A) Ashoka\n(B) Chandragupta\n(C) Bindusara\n(D) Kunala\nAns: (B)\n\n450. Bulandibagh was ancient site of\n(A) Kapilavastu (B) Pataliputra\n(C) Vaishali (D) Varanasi\nAns: (B)\n\n451. The Inscription which proves Chandragupta\u2019s way over Western India is\n(A) Kalinga Rock Inscription\n(B) Girnar Rock Inscription of Ashoka\n(C) Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman\n(D) Sopara Rock Inscription of Ashoka\nAns: (C)\n\n452. Who was the first king to conquer Malwa, Gujarat and Maharashtra?\n(A) Harsh\n(B) Skandgupta\n(C) Vikramaditya\n(D) Chandragupta Maurya\nAns: (D)\n\n453. Which Indian King defeated Seleucus, the administrator of Sindh and Afghanistan appointed by Alexander?\n(A) Samudragupta\n(B) Ashok\n(C) Bindusar\n(D) Chandragupta\nAns: (D)\n\n454. That Gujarat was included in the Kingdom of Chandragupta Maurya is proved by\n(A) Greek accounts\n(B) Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman\n(C) Jain tradition\n(D) Pillar Edict II of Ashoka\nAns: (B)\n\n455. The given map relates to\n(A) Kanishka at the time of his death\n(B) Samudragupta after the close of his South Indian campaign\n(C) Ashoka towards the close of his reign\n(D) Empire of Thaneswar on the eve of Harsha\u2019s accession\nAns: (C)\n\n456. In which year Chandragupta Maurya had defeated Seleucus?\n(A) 317 B.C. (B) 315 B.C.\n(C) 305 B.C. (D) 300 B.C.\nAns: (C)\n\n457. Which one territory of the following was not a part of Ashoka\u2019s empire?\n(A) Afghanistan (B) Bihar\n(C) Sri Lanka (D) Kalinga\nAns: (C)\n\n458. Who established \u2018Rajdharma\u2019 on triplex bases of longanimity, liberty and compassion?\n(A) Ashoka (B) Akbar\n(C) Ranjit Singh (D) Shivaji\nAns: (A)\n\n459. India\u2019s first hospital and herbal gardens were built by\n(A) Ashoka\n(B) Chandragupta Maurya\n(C) Lord Mahavir\n(D) Dhanvantari\nAns: (A)\n\n(A) Third Major Rock Edict\n(B) Second Major Rock Edict\n(C) Ninth Major Rock Edict\n(D) First Pillar Inscription\nAns: (B)\n\n461. A Buddhist Council during the reign of Ashoka was held at\n(A) Magadha (B) Pataliputra\n(C) Samastipur (D) Rajgriha\nAns: (B)\n\n462. \u2018Inspite of being Buddhist, Ashoka did not leave belief in Hinduism\u2019 validation of this fact is\n(A) Pilgrims\n(B) Belief in Moksha\n(C) Epithet of \u2018Devanampriya\u2019\n(D) Establishment of veterinary hospitals\nAns: (C)\n\n463. What were \u2018Sarthwah\u2019?\n(A) Brokers\n(B) Convoy of Merchants\n(C) Money lender\n(D) Pilgrims\nAns: (B)\n\n464. Rajjuka\u2019s were\n(A) Traders in the Chola Kingdom\n(B) Officers in the Mauryan administration\n(C) Feudal Lords in the Gupta empire\n(D) Soldiers in the Saka army\nAns: (B)\n\n465. Sarnath Pillar was built by\n(A) Harshavardhana\n(B) Ashoka\n(C) Gautam Buddha\n(D) Kanishka\nAns: (B)\n\n466. Which one of the following officials was not a part of the Mauryan administration?\n(A) Agraharika\n(B) Yukta\n(C) Pradeshika\n(D) Rajjuka\nAns: (A)\n\n467. Who of the following ruler constructed the \u2018Sanchi Stupa\u2019?\n(A) Bimbisara\n(B) Ashoka\n(C) Harshavardhana\n(D) Pusyamitra\nAns: (B)\n\n468. Which one of the following is considered the best Stupa?\n(A) Amaravati\n(B) Bharhut\n(C) Sanchi\n(D) Sarnath\nAns: (C)\n\n469. Language used in the inscription of Ashoka is\n(A) Sanskrit (B) Prakrit\n(C) Pali (D) Hindi\nAns: (B)\n\n470. Who constructed the \u2018Sanchi Stupa\u2019?\n(A) Chandragupta\n(B) Kautilya\n(C) Gautam Buddha\n(D) Ashoka\nAns: (D)\n\n471. The earliest inscription on stone was in which language?\n(A) Pali (B) Sanskrit\n(C) Prakrit (D) Brahmi\nAns: (C)\n\n472. Which one of the following Ashokan inscription is in \u2018Kharosthi\u2019 script?\n(A) Khalsi\n(B) Girnar\n(C) Shahbazgarhi\n(D) Meerut\nAns: (C)\n\n473. The first scholar who read Ashokan edicts was\n(A) Buhler\n(B) Robert Sebel\n(C) James Prinsep\n(D) Cordriguttan\nAns: (C)\n\n474. The Brahmi Script was first deciphered by letters inscribed on\n(A) Stone tablets (B) Seal\n(C) Pillars (D) Coins\nAns: (A)\n\n475. Who first deciphered the Brahmi Script?\n(A) A. Cunningham\n(B) A. H. Dani\n(C) Buhler\n(D) James Prinsep\nAns: (D)\n\n476. Ashokan inscriptions were first deciphered by\n(A) James Prinsep\n(B) George Buhler\n(C) Vincent Smith\n(D) Ahmad Hasan Dani\nAns: (A)\n\n477. Who of the following had first decipher the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?\n(A) George Buhler\n(B) James Prinsep\n(C) Max Muller\n(D) William Jones\nAns: (B)\n\n478. Who was the First Britisher to study Ashoka\u2019s edicts?\n(A) John Tower\n(B) Harry Smith\n(C) Charles Metcalfe\n(D) James Prinsep\nAns: (D)\n\n479. Which one of the following scripts of ancient India was written from right to left?\n(A) Brahmi (B) Nandnagari\n(C) Sharada (D) Kharoshti\nAns: (D)\n\n480. Pre-Ashokan Brahmi script was found at\n(A) Nagarjunakonda\n(B) Anuradhapura\n(C) Brahmagiri\n(D) Maski\nAns: (B)\n\n481. Which of the kings has been mentioned as \u2018Piyadassi\u2019 and \u2018Devanampriya\u2019 in inscriptions?\n(A) Chandragupta Maurya\n(B) Ashoka\n(C) Samudragupta\n(D) Harshavardhana\nAns: (B)\n\n482. The name by which Ashoka is referred to his inscriptions is\n(A) Chakravarti (B) Dharmadeva\n(C) Dharmakirti (D) Priyadarshi\nAns: (D)\n\n483. Which one of the following edicts mentions the personal name of Ashoka?\n(A) Kalsi\n(B) Rummindei\n(C) Special Kalinga Edict\n(D) Maski\nAns: (D)\n\n484. Which one of the following statements regarding Ashokan stone pillars is incorrect?\n(A) These are highly polished\n(B) These are monolithic\n(C) The shaft of pillars is tapering in shape\n(D) These are parts of architectural structures\nAns: (D)\n\n485. Which one of the following inscriptions contains the name of Ashoka?\n(A) Gujarra (B) Ahraura\n(C) Brahmagiri (D) Sarnath\nAns: (A)\n\n486. In which of the following inscriptions the name of \u2018Ashoka\u2019 has been mentioned?\n(A) Bhabru Edict\n(B) Rock Edict XIII\n(C) Rummindei Pillar Inscription\n(D) Minor Rock Edict of Maski\nAns: (D)\n\n(A) Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh\n(B) Datia district of Madhya Pradesh\n(C) Jaipur district of Rajasthan\n(D) Champaran district of Bihar\nAns: (B)\n\n488. The Rummindei Pillar of Ashoka was put up to mark\n(A) Birth of Buddha\n(B) Enlightenment of Buddha\n(C) First Sermon of Buddha\n(D) Demise of Buddha\nAns: (A)\n\n489. Kalsi is famous for\n(A) Buddhist Chaityas\n(B) Persian Coins\n(C) Rock edicts of Ashoka\n(D) Temples of Gupta period\nAns: (C)\n\n490. The only pillar on which Ashoka declares himself as the emperor of Magadha.\n(A) Minor pillar of Maski\n(B) Rummindei pillar\n(C) Queen pillar\n(D) Bhabru pillar\nAns: (D)\n\n491. Which Ashokan Rock Edict describes the victory and injuries of Kalinga war?\n(A) Rock Edict I\n(B) Rock Edict II\n(C) Rock Edict XII\n(D) Rock Edict XIII\nAns: (D)\n\n492. Where in Uttarakhand, was a copy of Emperor Ashok\u2019s Rock Edicts discovered?\n(A) Nainital\n(B) Pauri\n(C) Tehri\n(D) Kalsi (Dehradun District)\nAns: (D)\n\n(A) Rock Edict XIII\n(B) Rock Edict XII\n(C) Pillar inscription VII\n(D) Bhabru minor rock edict\nAns: (B)\n\n494. The accounts of Kalinga War is known to us by the\n(A) Rock Edict XIII\n(B) Rummindei Pillar Inscription\n(C) Accounts of Hiuen Tsang\n(D) Minor Rock Edict-I\nAns: (A)\n\n495. Which of the following South Kingdoms is not mentioned in the Ashokan inscriptions?\n(A) Chola (B) Pandya\n(C) Satiyaputta (D) Satavahana\nAns: (D)\n\n496. The Ashokan major rock edicts which tell us about the Sangam Kingdom include rock edicts\n(A) I and X (B) I and XI\n(C) II and XIII (D) II and XIV\nAns: (C)\n\n497. Ptolemy Philadelphus whose had diplomatic relation with Ashoka, was king of\n(A) Cyron (B) Egypt\n(C) Macedonia (D) Syria\nAns: (B)\n\n498. Which of the following inscriptions of Ashoka bans animal sacrifice on certain festive gathering, that probably included a ban on animal killing as well?\n(A) Rock Edict I\n(B) Pillar Edict V\n(C) Rock Edict IX\n(D) Rock Edict XI\nAns: (A)\n\n499. Rulers of which of the following dynasties had diplomatic relations with distant countries like Syria and Egypt?\n(A) Chola (B) Gupta\n(C) Maurya (D) Pallavas\nAns: (C)\n\n500. Turamaya, a contemporary of Ashoka was the ruler of\n(A) Egypt (B) Corinth\n(C) Macedonia (D) Syria\nAns: (A)\n\n501. In the Mauryan period, tax evasion was punished with\n(A) Death\n(B) Confiscation of goods\n(C) Imprisonment\n(D) None of the above\nAns: (A)\n\n502. Which one of the following ancient Indian records is the earliest royal order to preserve food-grains to be utilised during the crisis in the country?\n(A) Sohagaura Copper-plate\n(B) Rummindei Pillar-edict of Ashoka\n(C) Prayaga-Prasasti\n(D) Mehrauli Pillar inscription of Chandra\nAns: (A)\n\n503. In how many categories did Megasthenese divide the Indian Society?\n(A) Four (B) Five\n(C) Six (D) Seven\nAns: (D)\n\n504. Famous Greek ambassador Megasthenese came to the court of which emperor?\n(A) Ashoka\n(B) Harsha Vardhana\n(C) Chandragupta Maurya\n(D) None of the above\nAns: (C)\n\n505. The division of Mauryan \u2018Society into seven classes\u2019 is particularly mentioned in\n(A) Kautilya\u2019s Arthashastra\n(B) Ashokan Edicts\n(C) The Puranas\n(D) Megasthenes\u2019 Indica\nAns: (D)\n\n506. Which of the following sources states that there was no slavery in ancient India?\n(A) Arthashastra\n(B) Mudrarakshasha\n(C) Megasthenes\u2019 Indica\n(D) Vayupuran\nAns: (C)\n\n507. Which of the following sources gives a detailed account of city administration of the Mauryas?\n(A) Kautilya\u2019s Arthashastra\n(B) Megasthenes\u2019 Indica\n(C) Mudrarakashasa of Vishakha Datta\n(D) Inscription of Ashoka\nAns: (B)\n\n508. The description of the administration of Pataliputra is available in\n(A) Divyanadan\n(B) Arthashastra\n(C) Indica\n(D) Ashoka\u2019s inscription\nAns: (C)\n\n509. \u2018Indica\u2019 was originally written by\n(A) Nearchus (B) Megasthenes\n(C) Plutarch (D) Diodorus\nAns: (B)\n\n510. What is the name of Megasthenes\u2019s book?\n(A) Economics (B) Rig Veda\n(C) Purana (D) Indica\nAns: (D)\n\n511. \u2018Bhaga\u2019 and \u2018Bali\u2019 were\n(A) Military Departments\n(B) Sources of Revenue\n(C) Religious Ceremonies\n(D) Administrative Divisions\nAns: (B)\n\n512. Who was the author of \u2018Indica\u2019?\n(A) Vishnugupta (B) Megasthenes\n(C) Diamachus (D) Pliny\nAns: (B)\n\n513. \u2018Sita\u2019 in Maurya period means\n(A) A goddess\n(B) A religious sect\n(C) Revenue from Crown land\n(D) Barren land\nAns: (C)\n\n514. Land revenue, which was the chief source of income during the Mauryan period, was collected by which officer?\n(A) Agronomoi\n(B) Shulkadhyaksha\n(C) Sitadhyaksha\n(D) Akradhayaksha\nAns: (C)\n\n515. Which of the following Mauryan officers was incharge of weights and measures?\n(A) Pautavadhyaksha\n(B) Panyadhyaksha\n(C) Sitadhyaksha\n(D) Sunadhyaksha\nAns: (A)\n\n516. Who of the following was associated with the collection of revenue in Mauryan Mantriparishad?\n(A) Samaharta (B) Vyabharika\n(C) Antapala (D) Pradeshtha\nAns: (A)\n\n517. The most famous centre of learning during Maurya period was\n(A) Vaishali (B) Nalanda\n(C) Taxila (D) Ujjain\nAns: (C)\n\n518. \u2018Pankodakasannirodhe\u2019 was the Penalty in Mauryan administration, charged for\n(A) Filthy drinking water\n(B) Slushing the road\n(C) Throwing garbage\n(D) Stenching temples\nAns: (B)\n\n519. With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorising of Chronicles, dynastic histories, and epic tales was the profession of who of the following?\n(A) Shramana\n(B) Parivraajaka\n(C) Agrahaarika\n(D) Magadha\nAns: (D)\n\n520. Which aspect of municipal administration of today is continuing since the period of Mauryans?\n(A) Inspection of weight measure reamer\n(B) Determination of prices of goods\n(C) Registration of birth and death certificate\n(D) Protection of artisans\nAns: (C)\n\n(A) Kamasutra\n(B) Manavadharmashastra\n(C) Sukra Nitisara\n(D) Arthashastra\nAns: (D)\n\n522. The system governing villages through autonomous elected panchayats was evolved by\n(A) Kushans (B) Dravids\n(C) Aryans (D) Mauryans\nAns: (D)\n\n523. The social status assigned to the foreigners in Indian society by Manu was of the\n(A) Kshatriyas\n(B) Fallen Kshatriyas\n(C) Vaishyas\n(D) Sudras\nAns: (B)\n\n524. Which among of the following prohibits remarriage?\n(A) Jataka (B) Manusmiriti\n(C) Yagyavalkya (D) Arthashastra\nAns: (B)\n\n525. Realising the need of water, the first ruler who got a lake constructed in the Girnar area, was\n(A) Chandragupta Maurya\n(B) Ashoka\n(C) Rudradaman\n(D) Skanda Gupta\nAns: (A)\n\n526. The last Mauryan emperor was\n(A) Jaloka\n(B) Avanti Verma\n(C) Nandi Vardhana\n(D) Brihadratha\nAns: (D)\n\n527. In which of the following inscriptions, Ashoka\u2019s edicts are also found?\n(A) Junagarh inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman\n(B) Nashik Prashasti regarding Gautamiputra Satakarni\n(C) Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvavela\n(D) None of the above\nAns: (A)\n\n528. In which of the following inscription mentioned Chandragupta and Ashoka both?\n(A) Nasik inscription of Gautami putra Shatkarni\n(B) Junagarh inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman\n(C) Girnar inscription of Ashoka\n(D) Junagarh inscription of Skandgupta\nAns: (B)\n\n529. Which of the following sources mention the occurrence of the third Buddhist Council during the reign of Ashoka?\n1. Inscriptions of Ashoka\n2. Dipavamsa\n3. Mahavamsa\n4. Divyavadana Select the correct answer using the code given below.\n\n(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3\n(C) 3 and 4 (D) 1 and 4\nAns: (B)\n\n530. Consider the following statements.\n1. The last Mauryan ruler, Brihadaratha was assassinated by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga.\n2. The last Sunga King, Devabhuti, was assassinated by his Brahmana minister Vasudeva Kanva who usurped the throne.\n3. The last ruler of the Kanva dynasty was deposed by the Andhras. Which of these statements is/are correct?\n\n(A) 1 and 2 (B) Only 2\n(C) Only 3 (D) 1, 2 and 3\nAns: (D)\n\n531. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the code given below. List-I (Place)\n(a) Kaushambi (b) Kushinagar\n(c) Sarnath (d) Shravasti List-II (Monuments/Ruins)\n1. Dhamek Stupa\n2. Ghositarama Monastery\n3. Ramabhar Stupa\n4. Saheth Maheth Code\n(a) (b) (c) (d)\n\n(A) 2 1 3 4 (B) 4 3 2 1\n(C) 2 3 1 4 (D) 4 2 1 3\nAns: (C)\n\n532. The following Mauryan rulers were the followers of Buddhism\n1. Chandragupta\n2. Ashoka\n3. Bindusara\n4. Dasaratha Select the correct answer.\n\n(A) 1 and 2\n(B) 2 and 3\n(C) 3 and 4\n(D) 2 and 4\nAns: (D)\n\n533. Assertion (A): Ashoka annexed Kalinga to the Mauryan Empire. Reason (R): Kalinga controlled the land and sea routes to South India. Select the correct answer using the code given below. Code\n(R) is the correct explanation of (A)\nAns: (A)\n\n534. In the course of pilgrimage, Emperor Ashoka visited the following places. Which route did he follow?\n1. Gaya\n2. Kapilavastu\n3. Kushinagar\n4. Lumbini\n5. Sarnath\n6. Shravasti Select the correct answer from the code given below. Code\n\n(A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6\n(B) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 and 6\n(C) 4, 5, 6, 3, 2 and 1\n(D) 4, 2, 1, 5, 6 and 3\nAns: (B)\n\n535. Which of the following statements are correct about Mauryan Kings? They developed\n1. Culture, Art and Literature\n2. Gold coins\n3. Provincial Division\n4. Kingship to Hindukush Code\n\n(A) Only 1 (B) Only 2\n(C) 1, 2 and 3 (D) 1, 3 and 4\nAns: (D)\n\n536. Assertion (A): The Mauryan kings did not bestow land grants on religious basis. Reason (R): The peasants revolted against land grants. Select the correct answer using the code given below. Code\n(R) is the correct explanation of (A)\nAns: (C)\n\n537. The following persons came to India at one time or another\n1. Fa-Hien 2. I-Tsing\n3. Megasthanese 4. Hieun-Tsang The correct chronological sequence of their visits are\n\n(A) 3, 1, 2, 4 (B) 3, 1, 4, 2\n(C) 1, 3, 2, 4 (D) 1, 3, 4, 2\nAns: (B)\n\n538. According to the \u2018Arthashastra\u2019 of Kautilya the following courts existed in the judicial system of Mauryan Age\n1. Dharmamahamatra\n2. Dharmasthiya\n3. Rajjuka\n4. Kantakshodhana Code\n\n(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3\n(C) 1 and 3 (D) 2 and 4\nAns: (D)\n\n539. Who among the following rulers paid attention to the resource management in Girnar region some centuries before the Christian era?\n1. Mahapadma Nanda\n2. Ashoka\n3. Chandragupta Maurya\n4. Rudradaman Select the correct answer using the code given below. Code\n\n(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3\n(C) 3 and 4 (D) 2, 3 and 4\nAns: (B)\n\n540. Match List-I with List-II select the correct answer by using the code given below. List-I\n(a) Chandragupta\n(b) Bindusara\n(c) Ashoka\n(d) Chanakya List-II\n1. Piyadarshi 2. Sandrocottus\n3. Amitraghat 4. Vishnugupta Code\n(a) (b) (c) (d)\n\n(C) 2 3 1 4 (D) 3 4 2 1\nAns: (C)\n\n541. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?\n1. Lothal \u2013 Ancient Dockyard\n2. Sarnath \u2013 First Sermon of Buddha\n3. Rajgir \u2013 Lion Capital of Ashoka\n4. Nalanda \u2013 Great Seat of Buddhist Learning Select the correct answer using the code given below. Code\n\n(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 3 and 4\n(C) 1, 2 and 4 (D) 1 and 2\nAns: (C)\n\n\nLeave a Reply
+__label__positive The blood stem cell research that could change medicine of the future\n\n\nArtist's impression of blood stem cells\n\nBiomedical engineers have been trying to make blood stem cells in laboratory dishes to solve the problem of donor blood stem cell shortages. Image: Shutterstock\n\nBiomedical engineers and medical researchers at UNSW Sydney have independently made discoveries about embryonic blood stem cell creation that could one day eliminate the need for stem cell blood donors.\n\nThe achievements are part of a move in regenerative medicine towards the use of \u2018induced pluripotent stem cells\u2019 to treat disease, where stem cells are reverse engineered from adult tissue cells rather than using live human or animal embryos.\n\nBut while we have known about induced pluripotent stem cells since 2006, scientists still have plenty to learn about how cell differentiation in the human body can be mimicked artificially and safely in the lab for the purposes of delivering targeted medical treatment.\n\nRead more: Scientists are a step closer to developing 'smart' stem cells - and they're made from human fat\n\nTwo studies have emerged from UNSW researchers in this area that shine new light on not only how the precursor\u00a0blood stem cells occur in animals and humans, but how they may be induced artificially.\n\nIn a study published today in Cell Reports, researchers from UNSW School of Biomedical Engineering demonstrated how a simulation of an embryo\u2019s beating heart using a microfluidic device in the lab led to the development of human blood stem cell \u2018precursors\u2019, which are stem cells on the verge of becoming blood stem cells.\n\nAnd in an article published in Nature Cell Biology recently, researchers from UNSW Medicine & Health revealed the identity of cells in mice embryos responsible for blood stem cell creation.\n\nBoth studies are significant steps towards an understanding of how, when, where and which cells are involved in the creation of blood stem cells. In the future, this knowledge could be used to help cancer patients, among others, who have undergone high doses of radio- and chemotherapy, to replenish their depleted blood stem cells.\n\nEmulating the heart\n\nIn the study detailed in Cell Reports, lead author Dr Jingjing Li and fellow researchers described how a 3cm x 3cm microfluidic system pumped blood stem cells produced from an embryonic stem cell line to mimic an embryo\u2019s beating heart and conditions of blood circulation.\n\nShe said that in the last few decades, biomedical engineers have been trying to make blood stem cells in\u00a0laboratory dishes to solve the problem of donor blood stem cell shortages. But no one has yet been able to achieve it.\n\n\u201cPart of the problem is that we still don\u2019t fully understand all the processes going on in the microenvironment during embryonic development that leads to the creation of blood stem cells at about day 32,\u201d Dr Li said.\n\n\u201cSo we made a device mimicking the heart beating and the blood circulation and an orbital shaking system which causes shear stress \u2013 or friction \u2013 of the blood cells as they move through the device or around in a dish.\u201d\n\nTubes filled with coloured liquid join a microfluid device set in perspex\n\nThe microfluidic device that emulated an embryo's heartbeat and blood circulation. The cell seeding channels are filled with red food dye, while the heart ventricular contraction control channels and circulation valve control channels are filled with blue and green food dye respectively. Photo: UNSW/Jingjing Li\n\nThese systems promoted the development of precursor blood stem cells which can differentiate into various blood components \u2013 white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and others. They were excited to see this same process \u2013 known as haematopoiesis \u2013 replicated in the device.\n\nStudy co-author Associate Professor Robert Nordon said he was amazed that not only did the device create blood stem cell precursors that went on to produce differentiated blood cells, but it also created the tissue cells of the embryonic heart environment that is crucial to this process.\n\n\u201cThe thing that just wows me about this is that blood stem cells, when they form in the embryo, form in the wall of the main vessel called the aorta. And they basically pop out of this aorta and go into the circulation, and then go to the liver and form what's called definitive haematopoiesis, or definitive blood formation.\n\n\u201cGetting an aorta to form and then the cells actually emerging from that aorta into the circulation, that is the crucial step required for generating these cells.\u201d\n\n\u201cWhat we've shown is that we can generate a cell that can form all the different types of blood cells. We've also shown that it is very closely related to the cells lining the aorta \u2013 so we know its origin is correct \u2013 and that it proliferates,\u201d A/Prof. Nordon said.\n\nThe researchers are cautiously optimistic about their achievement in emulating embryonic heart conditions with a mechanical device. They hope it could be a step towards solving challenges limiting regenerative medical treatments today: donor blood stem cell shortages, rejection of donor tissue cells, and the ethical issues surrounding the use of IVF embryos.\n\n\u201cBlood stem cells used in transplantation require donors with the same tissue-type as the patient,\u201d A/Prof. Nordon said.\n\n\u201cManufacture of blood stem cells from pluripotent stem cell lines would solve this problem without the need for tissue-matched donors providing a plentiful supply to treat blood cancers or genetic disease.\u201d\n\nDr Li added: \u201cWe are working on up-scaling manufacture of these cells using bioreactors.\u201d\n\nMystery solved\n\nMeanwhile, and working independently of Dr Li and A/Prof. Nordon, UNSW Medicine & Health\u2019s Professor John Pimanda and Dr Vashe Chandrakanthan were doing their own research into how blood stem cells are created in embryos.\n\nIn their study of mice, the researchers looked for the mechanism that is used naturally in mammals to make blood stem cells from the cells that line blood vessels, known as endothelial cells.\n\n\u201cIt was already known that this process takes place in mammalian embryos where endothelial cells that line the aorta change into blood cells during haematopoiesis,\u201d Prof. Pimanda said.\n\n\u201cBut the identity of the cells that regulate this process had up until now been a mystery.\u201d\n\nRead more: Baby mice have a skill that humans want \u2013 and this microchip might help us learn it\n\nIn their paper, Prof. Pimanda and Dr Chandrakanthan described how they solved this puzzle by identifying \u00a0the cells in the embryo that can convert both embryonic and adult endothelial cells into blood cells. The cells \u2013 known as \u2018Mesp1-derived PDGFRA+ stromal cells\u2019 -\u2013\u00a0reside underneath the aorta, and only surround the aorta in a very narrow window during embryonic development.\n\nDr Chandrakanthan said that knowing the identity of these cells provides medical researchers with clues on how mammalian adult endothelial cells could be triggered to create blood stem cells \u2013 something they are normally unable to do.\n\n\u201cOur research showed that when endothelial cells from the embryo or the adult are mixed with \u2018Mesp1 derived PDGFRA+ stromal cells\u2019 \u2013 they start making blood stem cells,\u201d he said.\n\nWhile more research is needed before this can be translated into clinical practice \u2013 including confirming the results in human cells \u2013 the discovery could provide a potential new tool to generate engraftable haematopoietic cells.\n\n\u201cUsing your own cells to generate blood stem cells could eliminate the need for donor blood transfusions or stem cell transplantation. Unlocking mechanisms used by nature brings us a step closer to achieving this goal,\u201d Prof. Pimanda said.
+__label__positive This is a continuation of Is tropone aromatic?\n\nResonance forms of tropone\n\nI'm looking at the resonance form that does have the carbonyl double-bond, 1a. Can this resonance structure also be considered aromatic? Would the electrons from the C=O double bond also be delocalized through extended conjugation?\n\nTo me, this looks like a very similar situation to styrene, when we have an alkenyl sidechain attached to a benzene ring. Apparently, for alkenyl side-chains, Huckel's number is not affected, leaving an already aromatic compound to stay aromatic even though more electrons come into the conjugation.\n\nIn the case of tropone, would the C=O double bond interfere with electron counting for H\u00fcckel's rule?\n\n\nIn addition to Philipp's answer I'd like to share some orbital pictures which shall make the case rather obvious.\n\nLet me shortly remind you of the key part of the IUPAC definition for aromaticity:\n\n  1. In the traditional sense, 'having a chemistry typified by benzene'.\n\nI will therefore follow the same approach as in my answer to \"Is phenoxide aromatic?\" in comparing the orbital pictures.\n\nThe following orbitals are for the \u03c0 system of benzene, in increasing order of energy (DF-BP86/def2SVP). The two orbitals on the right are degenerate:\n\nPi orbitals of benzene\n\nAnalogously, the \u03c0 system for cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one is extensively delocalised and holds eight electrons. Note that the symmetry of this molecule is only $C_\\mathrm{2v}$ removing a lot of constraint from the electronic structure. This is also why the H\u00fcckel rule breaks down, since there are no more degeneracies observed.\n\nPi orbitals of cycloheptatrienone\n\nAlso note, that the LUMO of this molecule (pictured below) still has considerable bonding character and that reduction would most likely not destroy aromaticity. (The same statement also applies to oxidation.)\n\nLUMO of cycloheptatrienone\n\n\nMaybe my answer concerning the question why aniline is considered aromatic might help a bit. There I describe that groups that are cross-conjugated with the aromatic ring are not included into the \"H\u00fcckel-count\" and give some arguments why this is so.\n\nA similar argument would apply here: The keto group is cross-conjugated with the ring's \u03c0-system but in a different way than the amino group is in aniline because the carbonyl carbon is part of the ring. So, the role of the keto group's \u03c0 system is only to act as a bridge between the $\\ce{C=C}$ \u03c0-orbitals so that the ring is \"closed\". Thus, you wouldn't count the keto group's electrons but only the $\\ce{C=C}$ \u03c0-electrons. And this would lead to the conclusion that your cyclic ketone will be aromatic if it really is flat (that will have to be checked by NMR or other methods) because there are 6 \u03c0-electrons in the ring.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ So para-quinone is antiaromatic because not counting the conjugated pi electrons there are four in the ring. Does that make sense? Para-quinone is usually described as nonaromatic instead, and a look at molecular orbitals (even qualitatively) should convince you that the eight total pi electrons are in fact optimal for pi bonding in this molecule. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Oscar Lanzi Jan 29 '18 at 22:30\n\nYou can't apply Huckel's 4n+2 rule except for purely cyclic conjugation. When there are pendant pi bonds like the one in tropone all bets are off on 4n+2. You need to look at the MO structure to see if the total pi electron count, eight in this case, is optimal for the whole molecule, not just the ring. (In tropone it is.)\n\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive Astronomy Related Multiple Choice Questions With Answers \u2013 Part 3\n\nAstronomy Questions Answers Part 3 Eduhyme\n\nWe know that the constellations are not true groups of stars but only appear that way from our solar systems. The stars within a constellation are at greatly varying distances.\n\n\nAlso Read:\n\n\n1. A solar flare can produce\n\n(a) Disturbances in the Earth\u2019s magnetic field.\n(b) Lunar libration.\n(c) A total solar eclipse.\n(d) A dark spot on the Sun.\n(e) A reddish glow on the Moon.\n\n2. Longitudes are not assigned values greater than 180 degrees east or 180 degrees west because\n\n(a) Doing so would result in a redundant set of coordinates.\n(b) The King of England forbade it in the seventeenth century, and no one has contradicted him since.\n(c) Galileo saw that such a thing could not possibly occur.\n(d) 180 degrees represents a full circle.\n(e) Oh, but they are! Latitudes are commonly assigned values greater than 180 degrees east or 180 degrees west.\n\n3. The Sun\u2019s declination is 0 degrees on\n\n(a) January 21.\n(b) July 21.\n(c) October 21.\n(d) December 21.\n(e) None of the above dates.\n\n4. The Moon\u2019s diameter is\n\n(a) About 1/81 that of the Earth.\n(b) About 1/30 that of the Earth.\n(c) About 1/4 that of the Earth.\n(d) About the same as that of the Earth.\n(e) Variable, depending on its phase.\n\n5. Which of the following constellations consists of a group of stars early in their lifespans, and still shrouded in the gas and dust from which they formed?\n\n(a) The Pleiades\n(b) Orion\n(c) Ursa Minor\n(d) Pollux\n(e) Bootes\n\n6. In the southern hemisphere, the Sun\u2019s right ascension is 12 hours on or around the twenty-first day of\n\n(a) September.\n(b) December.\n(c) March.\n(d) June.\n(e) No month; the Sun ever reaches a right ascension of 12 hours in the southern hemisphere.\n\n7. The reddish color of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse is caused by\n\n(a) Sunlight passing through the Earth\u2019s atmosphere.\n(b) Sunlight reflected from the Earth back to the Moon.\n(c) Sunlight scattered by particles in interplanetary space.\n(d) Solar flares.\n(e) Solar prominences.\n\n8. If you were at the south geographic pole, the elevation of Polaris, the North Star, would be approximately\n\n(a) -90\u00b0\n(b) 0\u00b0.\n(c) +90\u00b0\n(d) 180\u00b0W.\n(e) 180\u00b0E.\n\n9. Scattered artificial light, such as that produced by the lights of a large city,\n\n(a) obscures many of the dimmer stars and constellations, which can be seen easily from locations in the outback.\n(b) Causes the Moon to appear larger than it really is.\n(c) Affects star visibility near the zenith more than star visibility near the horizon.\n(d) Has no effect on stargazing whatsoever.\n(e) Renders the dimmest stars more visible than they would be in the outback.\n\n10. If Orion, the hunter, appears to be standing upright in the southern sky on a January evening as seen from New Hampshire, then at the same time, to view\u00acers in Santiago, Chile, the hunter is\n\n(a) standing upright in the northern sky.\n(b) Tying on his side in the northern sty.\n(c) Standing on his head in the northern sky.\n(d) Invisible because the seasons in the southern hemisphere are inverted with respect to the seasons in the northern hemisphere.\n(e) Invisible because it would never rise above the horizon.\n\n11. The constellation Octans, near the south celestial pole, can be seen rising in the east on evenings in the month of\n\n(a) April.\n(b) July.\n(c) October.\n(d) January.\n(e) None of the above\n\n12. The relatively dark, central part of a sunspot is called the\n\n(a) Core.\n(b) Ecliptic.\n(c) Pole.\n(d) Umbra.\n(e) Synodic.\n\n13. Assuming that interstellar travel is possible and that humans will do it someday, the constellations will not be usable by the captains of interstellar space ships because\n\n(a) Stars are invisible at warp speeds.\n(b) The constellations have their characteristic shapes only from the vantage point of our solar system and its vicinity.\n(c) All the stars will have moved to new positions and the present constellations will no longer exist.\n(d) They do not radiate electromagnetic fields of the proper type.\n(e) Wrong assumption! The constellations will be perfectly good navigational tools for long-distance interstellar travel.\n\n14. Meridians on the Earth\n\n(a) Are circles centered at the equator.\n(b) Are circles centered at the south pole.\n(c) Are half circles connecting the north and south poles.\n(d) Are half circles parallel to the equator.\n(e) Are straight lines passing through the Earth\u2019s physical center.\n\n15. At which of the following times of year would the number of hours of daylight change the least rapidly from one day to the next?\n\n(a) Late June\n(b) Late August\n(c) Early October\n(d) Early March\n(e) Early April\n\n16. The angular diameter of the Moon, considered as a whole and as viewed from the Earth, is\n\n(a) About Vs the angular diameter of the Earth.\n(b) About V2 the angular diameter of the Sun.\n(c) Largest at apogee, and smallest at perigee.\n(d) Tilted about 5 degrees with respect to the ecliptic.\n(e) About the same as the angular diameter of the Sun.\n\n17. How many hours of right ascension are there in 30 degrees of arc, measured along the ecliptic?\n\n(a) One hour\n(b) Two hours\n(c) Three hours\n(d) Four hours\n(e) Six hours\n\n18. Which constellation, easily visible at temperate latitudes in both the northern and southern hemispheres, is also known as the hunter?\n\n(a) Hercules\n(b) Libra\n(c) Orion\n(d) Pollux\n(e) Ursa Major\n\n19. An effect of libration is:\n\n(a) That the Moon\u2019s orbit is not a perfect circle.\n(b) To accelerate solar particles as they encounter the Earth\u2019s magnetic field.\n(c) To cause the tides to lag the gravitational effects that produce them.\n(d) To let us see slightly more than half the Moon\u2019s surface.\n(e) To allow viewing of the solar corona during a total solar eclipse.\n\n20. The summer solstice in London, England, occurs within a day of\n\n(a) March 21.\n(b) June 21.\n(c) September 21.\n(d) December 21.\n(e) None of the above\n\n21. At the time of the first-quarter moon,\n\n(a) The Earth is directly between the Sun and the Moon.\n(b) The Moon is directly between the Sun and Earth.\n(c) The Sun is directly between Earth and the Moon.\n(d) The Moon is 90 angular degrees from the Sun in the sky.\n(e) The Moon is 180 angular degrees from the Sun in the sky.\n\n22. Which of the following constellations lies in the same direction as the center of our galaxy?\n\n(a) Cancer\n(b) Ursa Minor\n(c) Gemini\n(d) Orion\n(e) Sagittarius\n\n23. From which vantage point on the Earth would the star Sirius rise in the west and set in the east?\n\n(a) The far northern hemisphere\n(b) The North Pole\n(c) The equator\n(d) The far southern hemisphere\n(e) Nowhere\n\n24. What do the two stars Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti have in common?\n\n(a) They are both red giants.\n(b) They are members of a double-star system.\n(c) They have both been suggested as possibly having Earthlike planets.\n(d) They are both in the process of formation.\n(e) Nothing; these are the names of constellations, not stars.\n\n25 As seen from a multitude location in the southern hemisphere at around sunset, the first-quarter moon\n\n(a) Would be in the northern sky.\n(b) Would be in the southern sky.\n(c) Would be rising in the east.\n(d) Would be beneath the horizon and therefore not visible.\n(e) Might or might not be visible depending on the season of the year.\n\n26. The Sun\u2019s declination is approximately +90\u00b0 on or around the twenty-first day of\n\n(a) September.\n(b) December.\n(c) March.\n(d) June.\n(e) No month; the Sun never reaches a declination of +90\u00b0.\n\n27. The brightest star in the sky, other than the Sun, is\n\n(a) Procyon.\n(b) Deneb.\n(c) Rigel.\n(d) Sirius.\n(e) Aldebaran.\n\n28. Suppose that we make a scale model of the Earth-Moon system. The Earth\u2019s is represented by a beach ball 1 meter in diameter. The Moon would best be represented as:\n\n(a) A basketball 30 meters away.\n(b) A baseball 5 meters away.\n(c) Another beach ball 100 meters away.\n(d) A marble 3 meters away.\n(e) Another ball, but we need more data to know how big it should be and how far from the beach ball to place it.\n\n29. Azimuth is essentially the same thing as\n\n(a) Celestial longitude.\n(b) Right ascension.\n(c) Compass bearing.\n(d) Elevation.\n(e) Declination.\n\n30. In the southern hemisphere, azimuth 0\u00b0 is sometimes considered to be\n\n(a) east.\n(b) West.\n(c) South.\n(d) At the zenith.\n(e) At the nadir.\n\n31. The Sun\u2019s rotational period, averaged between the poles and the equator, is roughly\n\n(a) The same as the period of the Moon\u2019s orbit around the Earth.\n(b) The same as the Earth\u2019s rotational period.\n(c) One synodic day.\n(d) Synchronized with the tides.\n(e) Synchronized with the equinoxes.\n\n32. At the north celestial pole,\n\n(a) None of the observed constellations are circumpolar.\n(b) The stars all stay above the horizon for 11 hours and 58 minutes a day and stay below the horizon for the other 11 hours and 58 minutes.\n(c) Half the constellations are circumpolar.\n(d) All the observed constellations are circumpolar.\n(e) Polaris is exactly on the northern horizon.\n\n33. Suppose that you are in Calcutta, India, on March 21. For how long is the Sun above the horizon that day, measured with respect to the center of its disk?\n\n(a) Much longer than 12 hours\n(b) A little longer than 12 hours\n(c) Exactly 12 hours\n(d) A little less than 12 hours\n(e) Much less than 12 hours\n\n34. The constellations as we know them today would no longer exist if we were to travel in time\n\n(a) 100 years into the future.\n(b) 200 years into the future.\n(c) 300 years into the future.\n(d) 400 years into the future.\n(e) The constellations would appear the same as seen from all the above time- journey destinations.\n\n35. Magellanic Clouds are\n\n(a) high-altitude weather phenomena visible long after sunset.\n(b) Vast tracts of interstellar dust.\n(c) A part of the Sun\u2019s corona.\n(d) Caused by solar flares.\n(e) None of the above.\n\n36. The Sun derives its energy primarily from\n\n(a) Hydrogen combustion.\n(b) Hydrogen fusion.\n(c) matter-antimatter reactions.\n(d) Nuclear fission.\n(e) Gravitational pressure.\n\n37. From April 1 to July 1, as viewed at 10:00 P.M. from a multitude northern place such as Colorado, the circumpolar constellations appear to rotate\n\n(a) 90 degrees clockwise.\n(b) 90 degrees counterclockwise.\n(c) 180 degrees.\n(d) 0 degrees; they are in the same positions.\n(e) By some amount, but we need more information to quantitatively answer this question.\n\n\n(a) north celestial pole.\n(b) South celestial pole.\n(c) Vernal equinox.\n(d) Celestial equator.\n(e) None of the above.\n\n39. As seen from the Earth\u2019s equator, Polaris is approximately how many angular degrees from the zenith?\n\n(a) 0\u00b0\n(b) 30\u00b0\n(c) 60\u00b0\n(d) 90\u00b0\n(e) There is not enough information given here to answer this.\n\n40. The circumference of the ninetieth parallel in the northern hemisphere is\n\n(a) The same as that of the equator.\n(b) Half that of the equator.\n(c) one-third that of the equator.\n(d) Zero because it is the north geographic pole.\n(e) Impossible to determine without more information.\n\n41. The polar ice caps of Mars consist of\n\n(a) Methane and ammonia ice.\n(b) Frozen nitrogen.\n(c) Frozen water and carbon dioxide.\n(d) White sand exposed by the action of dust storms.\n(e) Clouds in the upper atmosphere.\n\n42. A shepherd moon\n\n(a) Tends to grow in size by accumulating stray meteors and comets.\n(b) acts to keep a planetar}? Ring from spreading out.\n(c) Has several smaller moons orbiting around it.\n(d) Gets its name from the fact that shepherds once used it to keep track of their sheep.\n(e) is another name for a full moon.\n\n43. If an object reflects one-quarter of the light that strikes it, then its albedo is approximately\n\n(a) 25.\n(b) 2.5.\n(c) 0.25.\n(d) 0.40.\n(e) 4.00.\n\n44. The notion that the Earth is a huge, living cell is known as\n\n(a) The geobiological theory.\n(b) The Gaia hypothesis.\n(c) The tidal theory.\n(d) The geogenetic theory.\n(e) Nothing! No one has ever had such an idea.\n\n45. The full phase of an inferior planet takes place at and near\n\n(a) Superior conjunction.\n(b) Inferior conjunction.\n(c) Superior opposition.\n(d) Inferior opposition.\n(e) No time; inferior planets never appear in full phase.\n\n46. The Roche limit of a planet is\n\n(a) The smallest orbital radius a moon can have without being broken up by the parent planet\u2019s gravity.\n(b) The minimum temperature at which oxygen in the atmosphere of a planet can exist in a gaseous state.\n(c) The maximum axial tilt a planet can have in order to be a hospitable place for the evolution of life.\n(d) The smallest radius a planet can have and still manage to hold down an atmosphere.\n(e) The maximum amount of ultraviolet radiation that can reach a planet\u2019s surface without killing the living things on it.\n\n47. Deimos is\n\n(a) One of the moons of Mars.\n(b) One of the volcanoes on Mars.\n(c) The highland region on Venus.\n(d) One of the moons of Venus.\n(e) One of the moons of Mercury.\n\n48. The Sun is closest to Earth during the southern-hemispheric\n\n(a) Spring.\n(b) Summer.\n(c) Fall.\n(d) Winter.\n(e) Irrelevant! The Sun is always the same distance from the Earth.\n\n49. The layer of Earth just beneath the crust is called the\n\n(a) Basaltic layer.\n(b) Ferromagnetic layer.\n(c) Mantle.\n(d) Outer core.\n(e) Volcanic layer.\n\n50. The so-called greenhouse gases\n\n(a) Help heat to escape from a planet.\n(b) Increase ultraviolet radiation reaching a planet\u2019s surface.\n(c) Block ultraviolet radiation.\n(d) Tend to trap heat in a planet\u2019s atmosphere.\n(e) Keep Earth from becoming like Venus.\n\n51. Ozone gas is known for its\n\n(a) tendency to block ultraviolet radiation.\n(b) Environmentally destructive effects.\n(c) Greenhouse properties.\n(d) Role in the ice ages.\n(e) Presence in low-level clouds.\n\n52. The lack of a substantial magnetic field around Mars\n\n(a) Allows the existence of an ionosphere similar to that of Earth.\n(b) Allows an ozone layer to form in the Martian atmosphere.\n(c) Lets high-speed subatomic solar particles reach the surface.\n(d) Is the result of a magnetically polarized iron and nickel core.\n(e) Is the result of intense volcanic activity.\n\n53. Uranus is\n\n(a) About one-quarter the diameter of Earth.\n(b) Slightly smaller than Earth.\n(c) About the same diameter as Earth.\n(d) Slightly larger than Earth.\n(e) About four times the diameter of Earth.\n\n54. On an Earth desert at high altitude, the temperature difference between day and night is considerable because\n\n(a) Sand retains heat well.\n(b) The wind blows hard.\n(c) Sand does not retain heat well.\n(d) There is almost no wind.\n(e) The air is thick.\n\n55. The orbit of Venus is\n\n(a) Retrograde with respect to the orbits of the other planets.\n(b) Nearly a perfect circle.\n(c) slanted at 98 degrees relative to Earth\u2019s orbit.\n(d) An eccentric ellipse.\n(e) in sync with its rotation, so it always keeps the same side facing the Sun.\n\n56. A manned space vessel would not be advised to enter a low orbit around Jupiter because\n\n(a) The temperature is extremely low.\n(b) There is not enough sunlight to navigate.\n(c) The radiation reaches dangerous or deadly levels.\n(d) There is no ozone layer.\n(e) The planet spins rapidly on its axis.\n\n57. Which of the following pairs of planets are both closer to the Sun than Mars?\n\n(a) Mercury and Earth\n(b) Earth and Saturn\n(c) Saturn and Uranus\n(d) Venus and Jupiter\n(e) Earth and Neptune\n\n58. The atmospheric pressure on the surface of Venus\n\n(a) is near zero because Venus has almost no atmosphere.\n(b) is somewhat less than the pressure at the surface of Earth.\n(c) is about the same as the pressure at the surface of Earth.\n(d) is slightly greater than the pressure at the surface of Earth.\n(e) is much greater than the pressure at the surface of Earth.\n\n59. Which of the following pairs of planets are almost exactly the same sizes?\n\n(a) Mercury and Jupiter\n(b) Venus and Mars\n(c) Mars and Jupiter\n(d) Uranus and Neptune\n(e) Neptune and Pluto\n\n60. When Jupiter is at inferior conjunction,\n\n(a) it appears full.\n(b) it appears half full.\n(c) it appears as a crescent.\n(d) it transits the Sun.\n(e) No! Jupiter never attains an inferior conjunction.\n\n61. On a long journey in interplanetary space, artificial gravity might be provided by\n\n(a) Special pressure suits.\n(b) Vigorous daily exercise.\n(c) Rotation of the living quarters in the vessel.\n(d) A massive slab of metal in the back of the ship.\n(e) Nothing; there is no such thing as artificial gravity.\n\n62. The term precession refers to\n\n(a) The distortion of the geomagnetic field by the solar wind.\n(b) The variation of Jupiter\u2019s rotation rate with latitude.\n(c) The wobbling of the Moon so that we see more than half of it over time.\n(d) The wobbling of Earth\u2019s axis over long periods of time.\n(e) The ionization of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere.\n\n63. A caldera is\n\n(a) A mountain.\n(b) A valley.\n(c) An escarpment.\n(d) A dried-up riverbed.\n(e) A volcanic crater.\n\n64. On the planet Venus, Ishtar is\n\n(a) A highland region.\n(b) A volcano.\n(c) A crater.\n(d) An escarpment.\n(e) Another name for the cloud deck.\n\n65. The layer of Earth\u2019s atmosphere in which weather occurs is known as the\n\n(a) ionosphere.\n(b) Isosphere.\n(c) Troposphere.\n(d) Stratosphere.\n(e) Thermosphere.\n\n66. Since the formation of the Solar System, the interior of Mars is believed to have cooled off faster than the interior of Earth because\n\n(a) Mars is farther from the Sun than is Earth.\n(b) Mars has a thinner atmosphere than does Earth.\n(c) Mars rotates faster than Earth.\n(d) The surface-area-to-volume ratio is larger than that of Earth because Mars itself is smaller.\n(e) No! Mars is believed to have cooled off more slowly than the Earth.\n\n67. The light regions in Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere, as seen through a telescope on Earth or from a great distance away in space, are\n\n(a) Whitecaps on the liquid surface.\n(b) Snow.\n(c) The tops of high clouds.\n(d) Blowing sand.\n(e) Volcanic eruptions.\n\n68. Some scientists think that the Pluto Charon system ought to be classified as\n\n(a) An asteroid.\n(b) A star.\n(c) A double comet.\n(d) A ring system.\n(e) A shepherd moon.\n\n69. Mercury does not often present itself well for observation because\n\n(a) It is extremely small.\n(b) It is extremely dense.\n(c) It is close to the Sun.\n(d) It is far from the Sun.\n(e) It always shows us its dark side.\n\n70. The temperature on the dark side of Mars\n\n(a) Is below 0\u00b0C.\n(b) Is about the same as the temperature on the daylight side.\n(c) Is a comfortable room temperature.\n(d) is hot enough to melt lead.\n(e) is near absolute zero.\n\n71. Jupiter\u2019s Great Red Spot is\n\n(a) A volcano.\n(b) A mountaintop.\n(c) An escarpment.\n(d) A crater.\n(e) A weather system.\n\n72. The upper clouds of Venus rush around the planet, completing one revolution in approximately\n\n(a) One Venus day.\n(b) One Venus year.\n(c) 24 Earth hours.\n(d) Four Earth days.\n(e) No! Venus has no clouds.\n\n73. Saturn\u2019s brightness, as we see it from Earth, is affected by\n\n(a) The angle at which Saturn\u2019s rings are presented to us.\n(b) The distance of Saturn from the Sun.\n(c) The tilt of Saturn on its axis.\n(d) The temperature on Saturn\u2019s surface.\n(e) The distance of Earth from the Sun.\n\n74. The most abundant gas in Earth\u2019s atmosphere is\n\n(a) Oxygen.\n(b) Hydrogen.\n(c) Helium.\n(d) Carbon dioxide.\n(e) Nitrogen.\n\n75. An escarpment is\n\n(a) A crater.\n(b) A volcano.\n(c) A tiny planetary Moon.\n(d) A moon that has escaped from a planet.\n(e) A cliff.\n\n76. The butterfly effect is another name for the fact that\n\n(a) Minor events always have small consequences.\n(b) Major events always have large consequences.\n(c) Minor events never have any consequences.\n(d) Seemingly insignificant events can have large consequences.\n(e) Life cannot exist on Mars.\n\n77. When Mars is at an ideal opposition,\n\n(a) It is closer to Earth than at any other time.\n(b) It is farther from Earth than at any other time.\n(c) It is brighter than Venus.\n(d) It is invisible because the light of the Sun washes it out.\n(e) It appears in a crescent phase.\n\n78. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere of Mars is\n\n(a) Oxygen.\n(b) Nitrogen.\n(c) Methane.\n(d) Carbon dioxide.\n(e) Carbon monoxide.\n\n79. Which of the following planets has not been observed to have rings?\n\n(a) Mars\n(b) Jupiter\n(c) Saturn\n(d) Uranus\n(e) Neptune\n\n80. Mercury is believed to have a core consisting of\n\n(a) Granite.\n(b) Water.\n(c) Solid metallic hydrogen.\n(d) Molten silicate rock.\n(e) Iron.\n\n81. The term epicycle refers to\n\n(a) The motion of a planet with respect to the stars.\n(b) The variation in the Moon\u2019s orientation with respect to Earth.\n(c) The speed of a planet\u2019s revolution around the Sun.\n(d) The wobbling of Earth on its axis.\n(e) A component of a planetary orbit according to Ptolemy.\n\n82. Which of the following planet has the most known moons?\n\n(a) Mercury\n(b) Mars\n(c) Saturn\n(d) Uranus\n(e) Pluto\n\n83. An accretion disk is\n\n(a) A ring around a planet such as Saturn.\n(b) A region around a planet in which orbits are stable.\n(c) The plane of the orbits of the planets around a star.\n(d) A rotating, flat cloud of matter from which planets form around a star.\n(e) a computer disk used for storing position data for celestial objects.\n\n84. Fill in the blank in the following sentence. The names of meteor showers derive from the positions of the ____________ in the sky, which tend to be the same, year after year, for any given meteor shower.\n\n(a) Escarpments\n(b) Originating comets\n(c) Originating asteroids\n(d) Radiants\n(e) Focal points\n\n85. Fill in the blank in the following sentence. The theory of __________, given sufficient time to operate, results in the evolution of life forms that are better and better suited to the particular environment in which they live.\n\n(a) Natural selection\n(b) Biological entropy\n(c) Conservation of energy\n(d) Thomas Malthus\n(e) Planetary evolution\n\n86. According to the geocentric theory\n\n(a) The Earth revolves around the Sun.\n(b) The Sun revolves around the Earth.\n(c) The Moon revolves around the Sun.\n(d) The distant stars are reflections of Earth.\n(e) Everything is sitting still in the Universe.\n\n87. A laser can be used in long-distance space communication when it is necessary to\n\n(a) Direct the energy in a narrow beam.\n(b) Use as wide a frequency range as possible.\n(c) Spread the radio waves over a wide angle.\n(d) Generate large amounts of intergalactic noise.\n(e) Slow down the rate of data transmission.\n\n88. Entropy has a tendency to\n\n(a) Turn chaos into order.\n(b) Equalize temperatures.\n(c) Create life.\n(d) Make stars shine.\n(e) Make planets form from cosmic dust.\n\n89. Thomas Malthus is known for his theory that\n\n(a) The human population increases geometrically, but the food supply increases arithmetically at best.\n(b) The human population increases arithmetically, but the food supply increases geometrically at best.\n(c) Both the human population and the food supply increase geometrically.\n(d) War ultimately will bring about the destruction of any technologically advanced civilization.\n(e) A desire to travel among the stars is a characteristic of any intelligent species.\n\n90. The Pluto-Charon system is unique in the sense that\n\n(a) The planet and the moon always keep the same faces toward each other.\n(b) The planet and the moon are the same size.\n(c) The moon is larger than the planet.\n(d) Both objects are believed to have once been moons of Neptune.\n(e) They are much warmer than the other outer planets or their moons.\n\n91. A comet might bum out because\n\n(a) It falls into the Sun.\n(b) A solar flare hastens the disintegration of its nucleus.\n(c) It is struck by a small asteroid, which shatters its nucleus.\n(d) Either a, b, or c take place.\n(e) No! Comets never burn out.\n\n92. Attempts to determine the number of advanced civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy have been carried out mathematically using\n\n(a) Radio waves.\n(b) Star charts.\n(c) Optical telescopes.\n(d) The Green Bank formula.\n(e) The Malthusian formula.\n\n93. The planet Venus has a retrograde orbit around the Sun\n\n(a) Because it was knocked out of alignment long ago by a collision with a protoplanet almost as large as itself.\n(b) Because it is influenced by the gravitational fields of Earth and Mercury.\n(c) Because it is tilted on its axis by almost 180 degrees.\n(d) Because it was originally from outside the Solar System and was captured by the Sun\u2019s gravity after all the other planets were formed.\n(e) No! The planet Venus does not revolve around the Sun in a retrograde manner, but in the same sense as all the other planets.\n\n94. So-called minor collisions, small asteroids striking planets, have been suggested as a catalyst for\n\n(a) Wiping out all life.\n(b) The evolution of intelligent life.\n(c) Creating dinosaurs.\n(d) Adding oxygen to the atmosphere.\n(e) Creating oceans.\n\n95. The Milky Way galaxy contains about\n\n(a) 20,000 stars.\n(b) 200,000 stars.\n(c) 2 million stars.\n(d) 20 million stars.\n(e) None of the above\n\n96. Copernicus was one of the earliest astronomers to hypothesize that\n\n(a) Earth revolves around the Sun.\n(b) The stars revolve around the Sun.\n(c) Epicycles exist within other epicycles.\n(d) The planets are more distant than the stars.\n(e) The Milky Way is not the only galaxy in the Universe.\n\n97. Planetary moons almost always have rotation periods that correspond to their orbital revolution periods\n\n(a) Because of tidal effects between the moon and the parent planet.\n(b) Because the moons orbit in the plane of the parent planet\u2019s equator.\n(c) Because the moons were captured from interplanetary space by the parent planet\u2019s gravity.\n(d) Because the moons are perfect spheres.\n(e) No! Planetary moons almost never have rotation periods that correspond to their orbital revolution periods.\n\n98. When we say a celestial body has a low albedo, we mean to say that it is\n\n(a) Relatively low in density.\n(b) Relatively low in specific gravity.\n(c) Nonspherical in shape.\n(d) Relatively dark in appearance.\n(e) not a good place for life to evolve.\n\n99. When a planet or moon that has many craters is viewed from a distance, some craters have bright lines that run outward from the center. Such lines are called\n\n(a) subcraters.\n(b) Crateroids.\n(c) Escarpments.\n(d) Rift valleys.\n(e) Rays.\n\n100. The age of the Solar System is believed by most scientists to be approximately\n\n(a) 4.6 million years.\n(b) 4.6 billion years.\n(c) 10 billion years.\n(d) 200 billion years.\n(e) 4.6 trillion years.\n\nCorrect Answers \u2013\n\n  1. A\n  2. A\n  3. E\n  4. C\n  5. A\n  6. A\n  7. A\n  8. A\n  9. A\n  10. C\n  11. E\n  12. D\n  13. B\n  14. C\n  15. A\n  16. E\n  17. B\n  18. C\n  19. D\n  20. B\n  21. D\n  22. E\n  23. E\n  24. C\n  25. A\n  26. E\n  27. D\n  28. A\n  29. C\n  30. C\n  31. A\n  32. D\n  33. C\n  34. E\n  35. E\n  36. B\n  37. B\n  38. E\n  39. D\n  40. D\n  41. C\n  42. B\n  43. C\n  44. B\n  45. A\n  46. A\n  47. A\n  48. B\n  49. C\n  50. D\n  51. A\n  52. C\n  53. E\n  54. C\n  55. B\n  56. C\n  57. A\n  58. E\n  59. D\n  60. E\n  61. C\n  62. D\n  63. E\n  64. A\n  65. C\n  66. D\n  67. C\n  68. C\n  69. C\n  70. A\n  71. E\n  72. D\n  73. A\n  74. E\n  75. E\n  76. D\n  77. A\n  78. D\n  79. A\n  80. E\n  81. E\n  82. C\n  83. D\n  84. D\n  85. A\n  86. B\n  87. A\n  88. B\n  89. A\n  90. A\n  91. D\n  92. D\n  93. E\n  94. B\n  95. E\n  96. A\n  97. A\n  98. D\n  99. E\n  100. B\n\nRelated Articles:\n\nLeave a Reply
+__label__positive HideShow resource information\n\nGlobular proteins\n\nAll enzymes are globular proteins (water soluble), act as catalysts, are specific, have an active site and their activity is affected by temperature and pH.\n\nThe active site of an enyme is where the catalytic activity of the enzyme occurs. It has a very specific, individual active site shape maintained by the tertiary structure. Often fewer than 10 amino acids form the actual active site, while the enyme consists of 100's.\n\nThey are often referred to as biological catalysts. A catalyst is defined as a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction but doesn't get used up. Industries have started using enzymes. Metabolism can be described as enzyme-driven.\n\nThe substrate is turned into a product.\n\nExtracellular enzymes catalyse reactions outside the cell. Intracellular enzymes catalyse reactions inside the cell.\n\n1 of 9\n\nCommon enzymes\n\nLactase - Catalyses the breakdown of lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose\n\nCatalase - Catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas\n\nRibulose biphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) - Catalyses the binding of carbon dioxide to ribulose biphosphate\n\nATP-ase - Catalyses the breakdown of ATP to produce ADP and a phosphate group\n\nGlycogen synthase - Catalyses the joining together of glucose molecules to form glycogen\n\n2 of 9\n\nEnzyme action\n\nCovalently bonded molecules are very stable. The activation energy is the amount of energy that must be applied for the reaction to proceed.\n\nEnzymes drive metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy needed. They are essential as otherwise reactions would be far too slow. The lock and key hypothesis is that the substrate is the key and the enzyme is the lock. Once they are in place then the reaction will proceed.\n\nA new hypothesis is the induced-fit hypothesis. This is that when a substrate molecule collides with an enyme then the active site shape changes slightly by fitting more closely around the substrate. Oppositely charged groups on the substrate and active site are close to each other to hold the substrate in place. This forms an enyme-substrate complex. This puts a strain on the substrate making it easier to destabilise it. The products formed are a different shape and so can move out of the enzyme, leaving it free to catalyse the same reaction with a new substrate.\n\n3 of 9\n\nTemperature, pH and concentration\n\nIncreasing temperature increases the kinetic energy the molecules have. There are more frequent collisions and this increases the rate of reaction.\u00a0However, the vibrations in the enzyme can break the weaker bonds holding together the tertiary structure which can unravel and the active site can be lost, so the enzyme stops working. This is irreversible and is known as denaturation\n\nThe lower the pH, the more hydrogen ions there are. These can interfere with hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds in the tertiary structure. The hydrogen ions can replace the hydrogen bonds by being attracted to the negative charges in the enzyme. This could also alter the charges in the active site which hold the substrate in place. At the optimum pH, the protons would give the active site it's best overall shape.\n\nIncreasing the concentration of enzymes means that more enzyme-substrate complexes can form and so rate of reaction increases. However the substrate concentration become a limiting factor. Increasing the concentration of substrates also has the same effect until the number of enzmes become a limiting factor.\n\n4 of 9\n\n\n\nCompetitive inhibitors have a similar shape to that of the substrate. They compete with the substrate molecules for a place in the active site. This reduces the rate of reaction as less enzyme-substrate complexes are formed. Increasing the substrate concentration will dilute the effect of a competitive inhibitor and increase the rate of reaction. It is usually reversible.\n\nNon-competitive inhibitors attach to part of the enzyme far away from the active site. They distort the tertiary structure and so the shape of the active site so the substrate no longer fits in. Increasing the substrate concentration will have no effect. This is usually irreversible but not always.\n\n5 of 9\n\n\nA cofactor is any substance that must be present in order for an enzyme-controlled reactions to take place at the appropriate rate.\n\nA coenzyme is a small, organic, non-protein molecule that binds to the active site for a short period of time. It takes part in the reaction but is then recycled. Often it carries chemical groups between enzymes in enzyme-controlled reactions that are part of a sequence. An example is when nicotinamide makes a cofactor that is essential for pyruvate dehydrogenase to work.\n\nA prosthetic group is a permanent coenzyme that contributes to the final 3D shape and the overall charge. An example is the zinc-based prosthetic group in carbonic anhydrase.\n\nAn inorganic ion cofactor is when the presence of a certain ion increases the rate of reaction. This can be by binding to either the enzyme or the substrate and making the enzyme-substrate complex easier to form. An example is chloride ions and amylase.\n\n6 of 9\n\nPoisons and drugs\n\nA poison can be because it inhibits or overactivates an enzyme. An example is potassium cyanide which is a non-competitive inhibitor for cytochrome oxidase which is used in respiration.\u00a0\n\nSnake venom also contains an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase which is involved in nerve transmission, causing paralyis.\n\nEthylene glycol (used in car antifreeze) when digested can be broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase into oxalic acid which is toxic. To treat this, fomepizole can be used which inhibits the action of the enzyme.\n\nIn cystic fibrosis, a symptom is that digestive enzyme passage is blocked. An enzyme covered in acid-resistant coat cant be prescribed,\n\nInfections by viruses can be treated by inhibitors of the enzyme protease to stop viruses from replicating.\n\n7 of 9\n\n\nHow and why different variables are kept constant:\n\n  \u2022 Temperature can be kept constant by using a water bath. This is because fluctuations in temperature can affect enzyme-controlled reactions.\n  \u2022 Enzyme concentration can be in an accurately measured solution. This is because reaction rate depends on concentration of enzyme molecules. In live tissues you must assume that all pieces of tissue contain the same amount of enzymes so you measure the mass.\n  \u2022 Substrate concentration can be in an accurately measure volume. This also affects the rate of the reaction.\n  \u2022 pH value can be maintained by using buffer solutions to keep H+ concentration constant.This is because the pH has an effect on the shape of the active site.\n8 of 9\n\n\nThe turnover number of an enzyme molecule is how many reactions it can catalyse in one second.\n\nUncontrolled enzymes are dangerous. An example is in multiple sclerosis when there is uncontrolled synthesis of enzymes that are set against nerve cells.\n\nIn metabolic processes, the product of an enzyme-controlled reaction is usually the substrate for the next enyme-controlled reaction in the sequence. This is called a metabolic pathway. The end product is often a non-competitive inhibitor for an enzyme earlier on to prevent excess products.\n\nA vital enzyme is ATP-synthase. It makes ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate group.\n\nAn inborn error of metabolism is when an enzyme is mutated due to incorrect instructions. An example is phenylketonuria. The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase doesn't function correctly to break down phenylalanine. This forms phenylpyruvic acid which can cause irreversible damage to developing brain tissue.\n\n9 of 9\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Biology resources:\n
+__label__positive This is \u201cMetallurgy\u201d, section 23.3 from the book Principles of General Chemistry (v. 1.0M). For details on it (including licensing), click here.\n\n\nHas this book helped you? Consider passing it on:\n\n23.3 Metallurgy\n\nLearning Objective\n\n  1. To understand how metals are extracted from their ores.\n\nVery few of the transition metals are found in nature as free metals. Consequently, almost all metallic elements must be isolated from metal oxide or metal sulfide ores. MetallurgyA set of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores and converted to more useful forms. is the set of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores and converted to more useful forms.\n\nMetallurgy consists of three general steps: (1) mining the ore, (2) separating and concentrating the metal or the metal-containing compound, and (3) reducing the ore to the metal. Additional processes are sometimes required to improve the mechanical properties of the metal or increase its purity. Many ores contain relatively low concentrations of the desired metal; for example, copper ores that contain even 1% Cu by mass are considered commercially useful.\n\nAfter an ore has been mined, the first step in processing is usually to crush it because the rate of chemical reactions increases dramatically with increased surface area. Next, one of three general strategies is used to separate and concentrate the compound(s) of interest: settling and flotation, which are based on differences in density between the desired compound and impurities; pyrometallurgy, which uses chemical reduction at high temperatures; and hydrometallurgy, which employs chemical or electrochemical reduction of an aqueous solution of the metal. Other methods that take advantage of unusual physical or chemical properties of a particular compound may also be used. For example, crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) are tiny but rather powerful magnets; in fact, magnetite (also known as lodestone) was used to make the first compasses in China during the first century BC. If a crushed ore that contains magnetite is passed through a powerful magnet, the Fe3O4 particles are attracted to the poles of the magnet, allowing them to be easily separated from other minerals.\n\nNote the Pattern\n\nMetallurgy depends on the separation of a metal compound from its ore and reduction to the metal at high temperature (pyrometallurgy) or in aqueous solution (hydrometallurgy).\n\nSettling and flotation have been used for thousands of years to separate particles of dense metals such as gold, using the technique known as panning, in which a sample of gravel or sand is swirled in water in a shallow metal pan. Because the density of gold (19.3 g/cm3) is so much greater than that of most silicate minerals (about 2.5 g/cm3), silicate particles settle more slowly and can be poured off with the water, leaving dense gold particles on the bottom of the pan. Conversely, in flotation, the compound of interest is made to float on top of a solution. Blowing air through a suspension of the crude ore in a mixture of water and an organic liquid, such as pine tar, produces a \u201cfroth\u201d that contains tiny particles of hydrophobic solids, such as metal sulfides, while more hydrophilic oxide minerals remain suspended in the aqueous phase (Figure 23.6 \"Froth Flotation\"). To make the separation more efficient, small amounts of an anionic sulfur-containing compound, such as Na+C2H5OCS2, are added; the additive binds to the sulfur-rich surface of the metal sulfide particles and makes the metal sulfide particles even more hydrophobic. The resulting froth is highly enriched in the desired metal sulfide(s), which can be removed simply by skimming. This method works even for compounds as dense as PbS (7.5 g/cm3).\n\nFigure 23.6 Froth Flotation\n\n(a) When air is blown through a mixture of a finely ground metal sulfide ore and water, the more hydrophobic metal sulfides form a froth that can be easily removed, allowing them to be separated from more hydrophilic metal oxides and silicates. (b) A froth containing precious metal sulfides is formed as a by-product during the production of metallic nickel. (c) An anionic sulfur additive with hydrophobic \u201ctails\u201d can be used to enhance the hydrophobic character of metal sulfide particles, which causes them to be attracted to the air/water interface in the foam.\n\n\nIn pyrometallurgy, an ore is heated with a reductant to obtain the metal. Theoretically, it should be possible to obtain virtually any metal from its ore by using coke, an inexpensive form of crude carbon, as the reductant. An example of such a reaction is as follows:\n\nEquation 23.4\n\nCaO(s)\u00a0 + \u00a0C(s) \u0394 Ca(l)\u00a0 + \u00a0CO(g)\n\nUnfortunately, many of the early transition metals, such as Ti, react with carbon to form stable binary carbides. Consequently, more expensive reductants, such as hydrogen, aluminum, magnesium, or calcium, must be used to obtain these metals. Many metals that occur naturally as sulfides can be obtained by heating the sulfide in air, as shown for lead in the following equation:\n\nEquation 23.5\n\nPbS(s)\u00a0 + \u00a0O 2 (g) \u0394 Pb(l)\u00a0 + \u00a0SO 2 (g)\n\nThe reaction is driven to completion by the formation of SO2, a stable gas.\n\nPyrometallurgy is also used in the iron and steel industries. The overall reaction for the production of iron in a blast furnace is as follows:\n\nEquation 23.6\n\nFe 2 O 3 (s)\u00a0 + 3 C(s) \u0394 2Fe(l)\u00a0 + 3 CO(g)\n\nThe actual reductant is CO, which reduces Fe2O3 to give Fe(l) and CO2(g); the CO2 is then reduced back to CO by reaction with excess carbon. As the ore, lime, and coke drop into the furnace (Figure 23.7 \"A Blast Furnace for Converting Iron Oxides to Iron Metal\"), any silicate minerals in the ore react with the lime to produce a low-melting mixture of calcium silicates called slag, which floats on top of the molten iron. Molten iron is then allowed to run out the bottom of the furnace, leaving the slag behind. Originally, the iron was collected in pools called pigs, which is the origin of the name pig iron.\n\nFigure 23.7 A Blast Furnace for Converting Iron Oxides to Iron Metal\n\n(a) The furnace is charged with alternating layers of iron ore (largely Fe2O3) and a mixture of coke (C) and limestone (CaCO3). Blasting hot air into the mixture from the bottom causes it to ignite, producing CO and raising the temperature of the lower part of the blast furnace to about 2000\u00b0C. As the CO that is formed initially rises, it reduces Fe2O3 to form CO2 and elemental iron, which absorbs heat and melts as it falls into the hottest part of the furnace. Decomposition of CaCO3 at high temperatures produces CaO (lime) and additional CO2, which reacts with excess coke to form more CO. (b) This blast furnace in Magnitogorsk, Russia, was the largest in the world when it was built in 1931.\n\nIron that is obtained directly from a blast furnace has an undesirably low melting point (about 1100\u00b0C instead of 1539\u00b0C) because it contains a large amount of dissolved carbon. It contains other impurities (such as Si, S, P, and Mn from contaminants in the iron ore that were also reduced during processing) that must be removed because they make iron brittle and unsuitable for most structural applications. In the Bessemer process, oxygen is blown through the molten pig iron to remove the impurities by selective oxidation because these impurities are more readily oxidized than iron (Figure 23.8 \"A Basic Oxygen Furnace for Converting Crude Iron to Steel\"). In the final stage of this process, small amounts of other metals are added at specific temperatures to produce steel with the desired combination of properties.\n\nFigure 23.8 A Basic Oxygen Furnace for Converting Crude Iron to Steel\n\n(a) A blast of oxygen is used to agitate the molten iron and oxidize impurities to products that dissolve in the less dense slag layer. The slag and the molten steel are removed by tilting the entire furnace and pouring the liquids out through the taphole. (b) A basic oxygen furnace is being filled with molten iron from a blast furnace.\n\n\nThe most selective methods for separating metals from their ores are based on the formation of metal complexes. For example, gold is often found as tiny flakes of the metal, usually in association with quartz or pyrite deposits. In those circumstances, gold is typically extracted by using cyanide leaching, which forms a stable gold\u2013cyanide complex\u2014[Au(CN)2]:\n\nEquation 23.7\n\n4Au(s)\u00a0+\u00a08NaCN(aq)\u00a0+\u00a0O2(g)\u00a0+\u00a02H2O(l) \u2192 4Na[Au(CN)2](aq)\u00a0+\u00a04NaOH(aq)\n\nVirtually pure gold can be obtained by adding powdered zinc to the solution:\n\nEquation 23.8\n\nZn(s)\u00a0+\u00a02[Au(CN)2](aq) \u2192 [Zn(CN)4]2\u2212(aq)\u00a0+\u00a02Au(s)\n\nA related method, which is used to separate Co3+, Ni2+, and Cu+ from Fe, Mn, and Ti, is based on the formation of stable, soluble ammonia complexes of ions of the late transition metals.\n\nExample 3\n\nSuppose you are working in the chemistry laboratory of a mining company that has discovered a new source of tungsten ore containing about 5% WS2 in a granite matrix (granite is a complex aluminosilicate mineral). You have been asked to outline an economical procedure for isolating WS2 from the ore and then converting it to elemental tungsten in as few steps as possible. What would you recommend?\n\nGiven: composition of ore\n\nAsked for: procedure to isolate metal sulfide\n\n\nDetermine which method would be most effective for separating the metal sulfide from the ore. Then determine the best method for reducing the metal to the pure element.\n\n\nYou need to separate and concentrate the WS2, convert it to a suitable form so it can be reduced to the metal (if necessary), and then carry out the reduction. Because the new ore is a binary metal sulfide, you could take advantage of the hydrophilic nature of most metal sulfides to separate WS2 by froth flotation. Then, because most metal sulfides cannot be reduced directly to the metal using carbon, you will probably need to convert WS2 to an oxide for subsequent reduction. One point to consider is whether the oxide can be reduced using carbon because many transition metals react with carbon to form stable carbides. Here is one possible procedure for producing tungsten from this new ore:\n\n  1. Grind the ore and separate WS2 from the silicate matrix by flotation.\n  2. Convert the crude WS2 to an oxide by roasting in air (because W is in group 6, you anticipate that roasting will yield WO3, the oxide in the highest possible oxidation state). The reaction will also produce SO2, which will have to be removed by scrubbing the exhaust gases to minimize environmental pollution.\n  3. Reduce the oxide with hydrogen gas at high temperature to avoid carbide formation:\n\n    WO 3 (s)\u00a0 + 3 H 2 (g) \u0394 W(s)\u00a0 + 3 H 2 O(g)\n\n\nPropose an economical procedure for converting a silicate mineral deposit containing BaCO3 to the pure Ba metal.\n\n\n  1. Dissolve the sample containing barium carbonate in HCl(aq) to give Ba2+(aq), which will allow the insoluble silicate minerals to be removed by filtration.\n  2. Precipitate the barium from solution as BaCO3 by adding solid Na2CO3.\n  3. Dissolve the solid BaCO3 in concentrated HCl and remove the water by evaporation to obtain anhydrous BaCl2.\n  4. Reduce molten BaCl2 to the metal by electrolysis.\n\n\nThe conversion of metals from their ores to more useful forms is called metallurgy, which consists of three general steps: mining, separation and concentration, and reduction. Settling and flotation are separation methods based on differences in density, whereas pyrometallurgy is based on a chemical reduction at elevated temperatures, and hydrometallurgy uses chemical or electrochemical reduction of an aqueous solution. In pyrometallurgy, a reductant must be used that does not form stable compounds with the metal of interest. In hydrometallurgy, metals are separated via the formation of metal complexes.\n\nKey Takeaway\n\n  \u2022 A metal is separated from its ore and then isolated by using pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy or by taking advantage of unusual chemical or physical properties of a particular compound.\n\nConceptual Problems\n\n  1. Coke is a plentiful and inexpensive reductant that is used to isolate metals from their ores. Of Cr, Co, W, Cu, Ni, Os, Fe, Mn, La, and Hf, which cannot be isolated using this reductant? Why?\n\n  2. Hydrometallurgy is the preferred method for separating late transition metals from their ores. What types of ligands are most effective in this process?\n\n\n  1. Coke cannot be used as a reductant for metals that form stable carbides, such as the early transition metals (La, Hf, and W).\n\nStructure and Reactivity\n\n  1. Tantalum and niobium are frequently found together in ores. These elements can be separated from other metals present by treatment with a solution of HF. Explain why this is an effective separation technique.\n\n  2. A commercially important ore of chromium is chromite (FeCr2O4), which is an analogue of magnetite (Fe3O4). Based on what you know about the oxidation states of iron in magnetite, predict the oxidation states of the metal ions in chromite.\n\n  3. Pure vanadium is obtained by reducing VCl4 with H2 or Mg or by reducing V2O5 with Ca. Write a balanced chemical equation for each reaction. Why is carbon not used for the reduction?\n\n  4. Manganese is an important additive in steel because of its reactivity with oxygen and sulfur, both of which contribute to brittleness. Predict the products of reacting Mn with these species.\n\n  5. The diagram of a blast furnace in Figure 23.7 \"A Blast Furnace for Converting Iron Oxides to Iron Metal\" illustrates several important features of the reduction of Fe2O3 to iron. Write a balanced chemical equation for each step of the process described in the figure and give the overall equation for the conversion. Oxygen is blown through the final product to remove impurities. Why does this step not simply reverse the process and produce iron oxides?\n\n  6. Metallic Zr is produced by the Kroll method, which uses Na as the reductant. Write a balanced chemical equation for each reaction involved in this process. The product is frequently contaminated with Hf. Propose a feasible method for separating the two elements.\n\n  7. The compound Cr2O3 is important commercially; among other things, it is used as a pigment in paint and as a catalyst for the manufacture of butadiene. Write a balanced chemical equation to show how you would produce this compound from\n\n    1. chromium metal.\n    2. ammonium dichromate.\n    3. CrCl3 in a basic solution.\n\n\n\n    VCl 4 (l)\u00a0 + 2 H 2 (g) \u0394 V(s)\u00a0 + 4 HCl(g) VCl 4 (l)\u00a0 + 2 Mg(s) \u0394 V(s)\u00a0 + 2 MgCl 2 (g) V 2 O 5 (s)\u00a0 + 5 Ca(s) \u0394 2 V(s)\u00a0 + 5 CaO(s)\n\n    Carbon cannot be used as a reductant because vanadium forms stable carbides, such as VC and VC2.
+__label__positive \nSkip Navigation\n\nMitosis and Cytokinesis\n\nDescribes the structure of chromosomes and the division of the nucleus.\n\nAtoms Practice\nEstimated5 minsto complete\nPractice Mitosis and Cytokinesis\nEstimated5 minsto complete\nPractice Now\nMitosis and Cytokinesis\n\nHow is your DNA organized?\n\nYour DNA is organized into chromosomes, the pink structures pictured above. Your DNA doesn't always look so pretty, though. It only winds tightly into chromosomes when the cell is getting ready to divide. If your DNA wasn't organized into chromosomes, your DNA would look like a mass of strings and would be difficult to divide up!\n\nMitosis and Chromosomes\n\nThe genetic information of the cell, or DNA, is stored in the nucleus. During mitosis, two nuclei (plural for nucleus) must form, so that one nucleus can be in each of the new cells after the cell divides. In order to create two genetically identical nuclei, DNA inside of the nucleus must be copied or replicated. This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis, the copied DNA is divided into two complete sets, so that after cytokinesis, each cell has a complete set of genetic instructions.\n\n\nTo begin mitosis, the DNA in the nucleus wraps around proteins to form chromosomes. Each organism has a unique number of chromosomes. In human cells, our DNA is divided up into 23 pairs of chromosomes. Replicated DNA forms a chromosome made from two identical sister chromatids, forming an \"X\" shaped molecule (Figure below). The two chromatids are held together on the chromosome by the centromere. The centromere is also where spindle fiber microtubules attach during mitosis. The spindle fibers\u00a0separate sister chromatids from each other.\n\nThe DNA double helix wraps around proteins (2) and tightly coils a number of times to form a chromosome (5). This figure shows the complexity of the coiling process. The red dot shows the location of the centromere, which holds the sister chromatids together and is where the spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis.\n\nFour Phases of Mitosis\n\nDuring mitosis, the two sister chromatids must be divided. This is a precise process that has four individual phases to it. After the sister chromatids separate, each separate chromatid is now known as a chromosome. Each resulting chromosome is made of DNA from just one chromatid. So: each chromosome after this separation is made of \"1/2 of the X.\" Through this process, each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome. The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (Figure below).\n\n  1. Prophase: The chromosomes \"condense,\" or become so tightly wound that you can see them under a microscope. The membrane around the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, disappears. Spindles also form and attach to chromosomes to help them move.\n  2. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the center, or the equator, of the cell. The chromosomes line up in a row, one on top of the next.\n  3. Anaphase: The two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate as the spindles pull the chromatids apart, resulting in two sets of identical chromosomes.\n  4. Telophase: The spindle dissolves and nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes in both cells.\n\nAn overview of the cell cycle and mitosis: during prophase the chromosomes condense, during metaphase the chromosomes line up, during anaphase the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell, and during telophase the nuclear envelope forms.\n\nAfter telophase, each new nucleus contains the exact same number and type of chromosomes as the original cell. The cell is now ready for cytokinesis, which literally means \"cell movement.\" During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides and the parent cell separates, producing two genetically identical cells, each with its own nucleus. A new cell membrane forms.\u00a0 In animal cells, a cleavage furrow is created that pinches into two daughter cells.\u00a0 In plant cells, a cell wall forms as well. Below is a representation of dividing plant cells (Figure below).\n\nThis is a representation of dividing plant cells. Cell division in plant cells differs slightly from animal cells as a cell wall must form. Note that most of the cells are in interphase. Can you find examples of the different stages of mitosis?\n\n\n  \u2022 anaphase: Third phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.\n  \u2022 centromere: Region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined together.\n  \u2022 cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.\n  \u2022 metaphase: Second phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell.\n  \u2022 mitosis: Division of the nucleus.\n  \u2022 nucleus: Eukaryotic cell structure that contains the genetic material, DNA.\n  \u2022 prophase: Initial phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope dissolves and the spindle begins to form.\n  \u2022 sister chromatids: Two identical copies of a chromosome.\n  \u2022 spindle fibers: Structure that helps separate the sister chromatids during mitosis.\n  \u2022 telophase: Final phase of mitosis in which a nuclear envelop forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes.\n\n\n  \u2022 The DNA in the nucleus wraps around proteins to form chromosomes.\n  \u2022 During mitosis, the newly duplicated chromosomes are divided into two daughter nuclei.\n\n\nUse the resource below to answer the questions that follow.\n\n  1. When does the \"classic\" chromosome structure of DNA appear during mitosis? What form is the DNA in prior to this change?\n  2. What problems do you think might arise if the chromosomes did not align during metaphase?\n  3. When do the nuclear envelopes reform? What problems might arise if a cell started forming the nuclear envelopes earlier?\n  4. In what stage do cells spend most of their \"life\"?\n  5. How long does mitosis take in the typical eukaryotic cell?\n\n\n  1. What are chromosomes?\n  2. In what phase of mitosis are chromosomes moving toward opposite sides of the cell?\n  3. Is cytokinesis a stage of mitosis?\n\nImage Attributions\n\nExplore More\n\nSign in to explore more, including practice questions and solutions for Mitosis and Cytokinesis.\n\n\nPlease wait...\nPlease wait...\n\nOriginal text
+__label__positive 1. What are the reasons for process termination?\n\n\u261b Normal completion\n\u261b Time limit exceeded\n\u261b Memory unavailable\n\u261b Bounds violation\n\u261b Protection error\n\u261b Arithmetic error\n\u261b Time overrun\n\u261b I/O failure\n\u261b Invalid instruction\n\u261b Privileged instruction\n\u261b Data misuse\n\u261b Operator or OS intervention\n\u261b Parent termination.\n\n\n\u261b Network re-director/ Server\n\u261b Cache manager.\n\u261b File systems\n\u261b Network driver\n\u261b Device driver\n\n3. Tell me What is executive in Windows NT?\n\n\n4. Explain DDks?\n\n\n5. On what level of security does Windows NT meets?\n\nC2 level security.\n\n6. Tell me What are the rings in Windows NT?\n\n\n7. What is drawback of MVT?\n\nIt does not have the features like:\n\u261b Ability to support multiple processors\n\u261b Virtual storage\n\u261b Source level debugging\n\n8. List the possible threads a thread can have?\n\n\u261b Ready\n\u261b Standby\n\u261b Running\n\u261b Waiting\n\u261b Transition\n\u261b Terminated\n\n9. Explain FtDisk in Operating System (OS)?\n\nIt is a fault tolerance disk driver for Windows NT.\n\n10. Explain an idle thread?\n\n\nDownload Interview PDF\n\n11. Explain mutant in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n12. Explain migration process?\n\n\n13. Explain the reasons for process suspension?\n\n\u261b Swapping\n\u261b Interactive user request\n\u261b Timing\n\u261b Parent process request\n\n14. Explain process spawning?\n\n\n15. Tell me is Windows NT a full blown object oriented operating system? Give reasons?\n\n\n16. Explain the key object oriented concepts used by Windows NT?\n\nEncapsulation, Object class and instance.\n\n17. Explain SMP?\n\n\n18. What are the four layers that windows NT have in order to achieve independence?\n\n\u261b Hardware abstraction layer\n\u261b Kernel\n\u261b Subsystems\n\u261b System Services.\n\n19. Tell me what has triggered the need for multitasking in PCs?\n\n\u261b Increased speed and memory capacity of microprocessors together with the support fir virtual memory\n\u261b Growth of client server computing\n\n20. Explain page cannibalizing?\n\nPage swapping or page replacements are called page cannibalizing.\n\n21. Can you please explain the difference between demand-paging and pre-paging?\n\n\n22. Can you please explain the difference between load-time dynamic linking and run-time dynamic linking?\n\n\n23. What are placement and replacement algorithms In the context of memory management?\n\n\n24. Tell me if you know how are the wait/signal operations for monitor different from those for semaphores?\n\n\n25. Explain time-stamping?\n\n\nDownload Interview PDF\n\n26. What is the Buddy system of memory allocation in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n27. Explain latency, transfer and seek time with respect to disk I/O.?\n\n\n28. Explain about local and global page replacements?\n\n\n29. Can you please explain the difference between trap and trapdoor?\n\n\n30. Tell me when does the condition 'rendezvous' arise?\n\n\n31. What is dynamic scheduling in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n32. What is dedicated processor assignment in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n33. What is gang scheduling in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n34. What is load Sharing in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n35. Explain busy waiting in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n36. Explain the stipulations of C2 level security?\n\nC2 level security provides for:\n\u261b Discretionary Access Control\n\u261b Identification and Authentication\n\u261b Auditing\n\u261b Resource reuse\n\n37. Explain arm-stickiness?\n\n\n38. Explain cycle stealing?\n\n\n39. Explain a system in safe state?\n\nThe set of dispatch-able processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting in a deadlock.\n\n40. Explain the resident set and working set of a process?\n\nResident set is that portion of the process image that is actually in real-memory at a particular instant. Working set is that subset of resident set that is actually needed for execution. Relate this to the variable-window size method for swapping techniques.\n\nDownload Interview PDF\n\n41. Explain translation lookaside buffer?\n\n\n42. Explain the typical elements of a process image?\n\n\u261b User program: The instructions to be executed.\n\u261b Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control processes.\n\n43. Explain turnaround time and response time?\n\n\n44. What is short term scheduler in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n45. What is medium term scheduling in Operating System (OS)?\n\n\n46. What is long term scheduler in Operating System (OS)?\n\nLong term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multi programming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process.\n\n47. Can you list the Coffman's conditions that lead to a deadlock?\n\n\u261b Mutual Exclusion: Only one process may use a critical resource at a time.\n\u261b Hold & Wait: A process may be allocated some resources while waiting for others.\n\n48. Explain thrashing?\n\n\n49. Do you know what is a binary semaphore? What is its use?\n\n\n50. What is Belady's Anomaly?\n\n\n51. What is the concept of Reentrancy?\n\n\n52. What is the Real-Time System?\n\n\n53. What is a Safe State and what is its use in deadlock avoidance?\n\n\n54. What is the cache memory?\n\n\n55. What is the Context Switch?\n\n\nDownload Interview PDF\n\n56. What is the CPU Scheduler?\n\nSelects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1.Switches from running to waiting state. 2.Switches from running to ready state. 3.Switches from waiting to ready. 4.Terminates. Scheduling under 1 and 4 is non-preemptive. All other scheduling is preemptive.\n\n57. What is the Dispatcher?\n\nDispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: Switching context, Switching to user mode, Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program, dispatch latency - time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running.\n\n58. What is DRAM? In which form does it store data?\n\nDRAM is not the best, but it's cheap, does the job, and is available almost everywhere you look. DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a transistor. The capacitor tends to lose data unless it's recharged every couple of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of DRAM compared to speedier RAM types.\n\n59. What is fragmentation? Different types of fragmentation?\n\n\n60. What is hard disk and what is its purpose?\n\n\n61. What is multi tasking, multi programming and multi threading?\n\n\n62. What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing?\n\nOnce it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem? - Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming. It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.\n\n63. What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems?\n\n\n64. What is the important aspect of a real-time system or Mission Critical Systems?\n\nA real time operating system has well defined fixed time constraints. Process must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. An example is the operating system for a flight control computer or an advanced jet airplane. Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time. Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM), Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose operating systems. Soft real-time: Limited utility in industrial control of robotics, Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system features.\n\n\nThe state of the processor is:\nWaiting state\n\n66. What is Throughput, Turnaround time, waiting time and Response time?\n\nThroughput - number of processes that complete their execution per time unit. Turnaround time - amount of time to execute a particular process. Waiting time - amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue. Response time - amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment).\n\n67. What is the virtual memory?\n\n\n68. What resources are used when a thread created? How do they differ from those when a process is created?\n\nWhen a thread is created the threads does not require any new resources to execute the thread shares the resources like memory of the process to which they belong to. The benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to have several different threads of activity all within the same address space. Whereas if a new process creation is very heavyweight because it always requires new address space to be created and even if they share the memory then the inter process communication is expensive when compared to the communication between the threads.\n\n\nThis command will be use to duplicate the entire diskette\n\n\n70. Why paging is used in OS?\n\n\nDownload Interview PDF\n\n71. What are the basic functions of an operating system?\n\n\n\nAs computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of Operating Systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer Operating Systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.\n\nGUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See our GUI dictionary definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.\n\nSystem 7.x\nWindows 98\nWindows CE\n\nMulti-user - A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user Operating Systems.\n\nWindows 2000\nWindows XP\nMac OS X\n\n73. What is the OPERATING SYSTEM?\n\nAn Operating System, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer Operating System, a computer would be useless.
+__label__positive Company Name Starts with ...\n\nCSC Manual Testing Interview Questions\nQuestions Answers Views Company eMail\n\nWhat are the steps, procedures, objectives to write test cases.\n\n4 13250\n\nProcess and procedures followed while writing Integration testcases and system test cases\n\n1 1452\n\nany body can explain me door lock test cases,cell phone test cases, table and chair test cases\n\n5 13021\n\nDifference Between Quality Center and Test Director?\n\n2 3848\n\nWhat is the mean by Test Management,Test Design,Test Execution,Test Plan,Test Specification?\n\n1 7067\n\nExplain Equavalence Partioning.With example?\n\n3 4120\n\nCan u please explain wat is Cyclomatic Complexity?and wat is incident?\n\n2 3298\n\nwat is the 3 golden rules of gui testing\n\n2 6531\n\ncan please tell me in brief:: what is Agile testing?when we go for this type of testing?\n\n4 5635\n\nWhen u will start writing test cases?who will intemate u ,to write test cases?if the requirements changes day by day what will u do allready written test cases?\n\n2 5155\n\nHow can u justify u r written all the test cases are meeting the client Requirements?if is there any missing functionality how can u know?\n\n3 5266\n\nWhat are the interview question on insurance domain in manual testing\n\n\nwhat is difference b/w test case and test scenario?\n\n8 6944\n\nIf a TESTER finds a defect in a WEB APPLICATION, and then raised a ticket to developer. But a developer was unable to reproduce the same defect, then what a tester must do. And what a tester needs to explain a developer...?\n\n3 5319\n\nIn your Testing career, what was the critical DEFECT you think...? Please post some real time critical issues for the above question...?\n\n5 8610\n\nPost New CSC Manual Testing Interview Questions\n\nCSC Manual Testing Interview Questions\n\nUn-Answered Questions\n\nWhat is WiFi? How does it work? What is a WiFi router and should we own one to use the Internet? How can we access Internet through WiFi and how is it different from Modem?\n\n\nHow can the ANR be prevented in Android?\n\n\nWhat is typical size for a swap partition under a linux system?\n\n\nDifferentiate between data science, machine learning and ai.\n\n\nWhat is the candidate key used for?\n\n\nWhat do you mean by 'capital expenditure'?\n\n\nWhat is src file in android?\n\n\nWhat type of a language is python? Interpreted or Compiled?\n\n\nWhat is meant by led?\n\n\nwhat is the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()? : Java thread\n\n\nIn python, how do I read a file line-by-line into a list?\n\n\nShow attributes of page directives.\n\n\nWhat is the default value of \"vbroker.agent.retrydelay\" property?\n\n\nExplain what are the possible data marts in retail sales?\n\n\nwhat is the keyword used for self reference?
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nDenote by $D(a_1,\\dots,a_n)$ the product $\\prod_{j>i}(a_j-a_i)$. Assuming that $a_i$ are integers s.t. $a_1\\le a_2\\le\\dots\\le a_n$, proove that $D(a_1,...,a_n)/D(1,...,n)$ is the number of Gelfand-Zetlin triangles (that is, triangles consisting of $\\frac{n(n+1)}2$ integers, s.t. each number is greater it's lower-left neighbor but not greater than lower-right neighbor) with the base $a_i$.\n\nFor example, for n=3 one needs to prove that number of b1, b2, b' s.t. $a_1\\le b_1<a_2\\le b_2<a_3$, $b_1\\le b'<b_2$ is exactly $\\frac{(a_3-a_2)(a_3-a_1)(a_2-a_1)}{3}$.\n\nAs one can guess from the name \u201cGelfand-Zetlin\u201d, this fact is well-known in representation theory (namely, in LHS we count dimension of a $gl_n$-representation by Weyl formula, and in RHS we count elements in Gelfand-Zetlin basis of the same representation). But maybe someone can come with more or less direct proof? (Some kind of bijective proof, maybe.)\n\nInformal probabilistic argument\n\nFor simplicity, consider the case $n=3$: D(a_1,a_2,a_3) counts the number of triangles s.t. $a_1\\le b_1<a_2\\le b_2<a_3$, $a_1\\le b'<a_3$ \u2014 and we're interested only in G-Z triangles, i.e. in triangles s.t. $b_1\\le b'< b_2$. Now, mathematical expectation of the length of the interval $(b_1,b_2)$ is exactly one half of the length of the interval from which $b'$ is chosen. So one may expect that the probability that random triangle is G-Z is $1/2$ \u2014 and the answer is indeed $D(a_1,a_2,a_3)/D(1,2,3)$.\n\n(The main problem with this computation is that we're multiplying probabilities for events that are clearly not independent. And although for n=3 it's not hard to transform this heuristic argument into a formal proof, even for n=4 I failed to do such thing.)\n\nshare|improve this question\nThere is a beautiful identity I learned from Gjergji Zaimi (artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=590&t=290405) which is probably relevant here, but I haven't thought about how to complete the argument; I am guessing an inclusion-exclusion argument, possibly using the Lindstrom-Gessel-Viennot lemma. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Aug 5 '10 at 22:06\n\n3 Answers 3\n\nup vote 3 down vote accepted\n\nAs Qiaochu points out the formula given by Gjergji Zaimi is certainly relevant. It realizes $D(a_1,\\ldots,a_n)/D(1,\\ldots,n)$ as the determinant of the $n$-by-$n$ matrix $M$ with $(i,j)$-entry $${a_i\\choose j-1}.$$ By row operations this equals the determinant of the $(n-1)$-by-$(n-1)$ matrix $N$ with $(i,j)$-entry $${a_{i+1}\\choose j}-{a_i\\choose j}.$$ The $i$-th row of $n$ is the sum of vectors $v_{a_i},v_{a_i+1},\\ldots,v_{a_{i+1}-1}$ where the $j$-th entry of $v_c$ is $${c\\choose j-1}.$$ By the multilinearity of the determinant as a function of its rows, $N$ is the sum the determinants with rows $v_{b_1},\\ldots,v_{b_{n-1}}$ where $a_1\\le b_i < a_2\\le b_2 < a_3\\le\\cdots$. These tuples $(b_1,\\ldots,b_{n-1})$ are precisely the admissible penultimate rows in GZ triangles with bottom row $(a_1,\\ldots,a_n)$. Hence both sides of the sought equality satisfy the same recurrence.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nCombinatorial interpretation (from a friend of mine): the determinant = the number of non-intersecting paths from points $0,1,\\dots,n-1$ on Y-axis to points $a_1,\\dots,a_n$ on X-axis = number of Gelfand-Zetlin triangles. \u2013\u00a0 Grigory M Aug 6 '10 at 15:06\nSee also: I. Gessel. Binomial determinants, paths, and hook length formulae in Adv. Math. (from non-intersecting paths to binomial determinant and computation of binomial determinant). \u2013\u00a0 Grigory M Aug 21 '12 at 17:42\n\nSchur polynomials proof\n\nObserve that $D(a_1,\\ldots,a_n)/D(1,\\ldots,n)=s_\\lambda(1,\\ldots,1)$ (for $a_i=\\lambda_i+i$). But by Giambelli (aka Jacobi-Trudi) formula $s_\\lambda=\\det h_{\\lambda_i+j-1}$, so $s_\\lambda(1,\\ldots,1)=\\det\\binom{a_i}{j-1}$. Now by Lindstrom-Gessel-Viennot lemma last determinant counts non-intersecting lattice paths from the set $0,1,\\ldots,n$ on Y-axis to the set $a_1,\\ldots,a_n$ on X-axis. Finally, observe that any such path is characterized by x-coordinates of \"steps down\" \u2014 which are subject to conditions from the definition of GZ triangle.\n\n/* Well, it's not that direct and it's more or less the proof from Robin Chapman's answer. Nevertheless, it explains something, I hope. */\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nJust to make sure: you know that what you are asking for is actually Weyl's dimension formula for the highest weight representation in the case of SL(n,C) resp. SU(n)? I suppose there is no direct combinatorial proof that does not make use of this fact.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nWhy not? Many similar results about e.g. Young tableaux have purely combinatorial proofs. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Aug 5 '10 at 22:31\nYes, LHS is the Weyl dimension formula for a representation of gl_n, and RHS is the number of elements in Gelfand-Zetlin basis in the same representation. \u2013\u00a0 Grigory M Aug 6 '10 at 7:47\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Strategies for Taking Multiple Choice Tests I Wish I knew earlier\n\nTaking multiple choice tests is a part of everyone\u2019s career and not many people know that there are hacks to improve your scores. If you have the right strategy your odds of passing the exam increase dramatically.\n\nSo what is the best strategy for taking multiple choice tests?\u00a0There are several steps that increase your chances of success.\n\n  \u2022 \u00a0Find out exactly what the question format is before the test e.g. if multiple answers are possible, true-false questions, how many questions there are, how much time you have etc.\n  \u2022 \u00a0Go through the test once and answer the questions you know 100%\n  \u2022 \u00a0Read through the test again and answer what you can deduct from other questions or eliminating wrong answers\n  \u2022 \u00a0Review all questions a third time and guess (in most cases) what you don\u2019t know\n\nLet\u2019s dig deeper into the strategy. Below you will find a detailed list of what you need to know beforehand and how to deal with tricky questions.\n\n1. Find out everything you can about the questions before the exam\n\nThe better you know what to expect the calmer your exam will be. If you research the question details you can prepare a much better strategy. Here is a list of items you need to find out before planning a strategy and going to the test.\n\n  1. How many questions are on the test? This is important to know so you can calculate how much time you have for each question. There are tests that have more questions than you can possibly answer in the given time (on purpose). These so-called\u00a0speed tests measure primarily processing speed rather than knowledge. Usually, you have a reasonable amount of time for each question and you need to calculate how much that is.\u00a0\n  2. How much time do you have? This together with the number of questions gives you the time per question. Good exam preparation software (like the one I created) lets you practice exams by setting a time limit per questions. This helps you to simulate stress and you can try how you do under pressure.\n  3. What is the passing rate?\u00a0The passing rate in a critical thing to know. I experienced a wide range between 55% (TOGAF) up to 90% (Chinese drivers license). In the rare case that you cannot find out a good estimate is 70%. Why do you need to know this before? Because most likely certain question categories have a different influence on the result.\n  4. How many questions will\u00a0you see from each question category?\u00a0This is absolutely crucial information to have. When I think about my TOGAF exam one of the 5 categories was already worth about 45% of the score. So I made sure I was well prepared especially in that category. Even if I had to guess all the rest I would most likely pass the test. So find out what the important categories of your exam are that you can prepare an adequate study plan and focus on key areas.\n  5. Are all of the questions counting for the result? This might sound like an odd question but e.g. the famous Project Management exam (PMP) has 200 questions but only 175 are taken into account for the resulting score. 25 questions are used for fine-tuning the exam. Why is this important? I usually recommend that while going through the questions and answering the ones you know for sure to count these so you get a feeling of how close you are to pass (or even have passed already) to be calmer and confident for the difficult questions. In this particular\u00a0case when there is no way of telling which questions are counted this is pointless.\n  6. Is the test computerized or on paper?\u00a0Except for the Chinese Level 1 Exam all other tests I have done were computerized. This is relevant because for a paper-based exam you need to find out additional things like how to mark a correct question (Even most of these tests are analyzed\u00a0by a computer so if you make a tickmark instead of filling out a circle the machine might not recognize your answer)\n  7. What type of questions can appear on the test?\u00a0There are many different types of questions and your preparation strategy depends on it. Further down I will give a detailed overview of what you can expect in different exams.\n  8. Is the test split into sections? This also sounds like a strange question but I experienced on my Ethical Hacker exam that the test was split into sections. Once I had completed a section I was not able to go back. This was shocking because my strategy was not prepared for this (I passed anyway but not being aware of this raised my anxiety level)\n  9. Do you get penalty points for not answering a question? This is important to know for the questions you have absolutely no clue how to answer and whether you should guess an answer or not. If there are no penalty points of course guessing is always the best choice. But if there are you need to find out how many penalty points you get and how many answers there are so you can use statistics to calculate what is better. As a rule of thumb if the question has 1 correct out of 4 it is better to guess, with 5 answers chances are equal and if multiple answers can be correct you should definitely not guess.\n  10. Are audio/video/images included in the questions?\u00a0You need to know this to be able to better prepare training questions that are close to the real test. This can be a real advantage because preparing images, charts or other visual test material requires you to totally understand the subject. If you can use a graphic to illustrate a certain point and then create practice questions from it with correct and wrong answers you have mastered the subject. So this is probably good advice anyway whether the real test has this type of questions or not. In my exam preparation material, I always offer additional training questions for advanced learning which are optional but highly appreciated by my students.\u00a0\n\n2. Know the type of exam questions\n\nTrue/False Questions \u2013 The only two answers are true and false so you have a 50% chance of getting it right. The best way to answer this type of question is to assume it is true. Then go through it word by word and see if there is one statement in the questions that is false. For a true-false question to be true everything must be true. If the question contains strong qualifiers like always or never they are more likely to be false. If they include mild qualifiers like many, often or sometimes they are more likely to be true.\n\nMultiple Choice Questions \u2013 This is the most common question type with 1 question and 3 to 5 (or more) answers from which 1 is correct. There are quite some strategies on how to answer those which I explain below in the tricky question section.\n\nMultiple Answer Questions \u2013 This is the same as multiple choice questions except that more than one up to all answers can be correct. I have never encountered a test where no answer was correct. The rules for picking the right answers explained in the tricky questions apply here as well. Keep in mind that if the exam has penalty points for wrong answers for this kind of questions the chances you guess the right combination are tiny. So don\u2019t even try.\n\nChoose the best answer \u2013 While this is an advice for all questions with multiple answers some explicitly\u00a0ask you to pick the best answer so you know that more than 1 answer is correct. Sometimes like in the TOGAF exam you will still get points for the second best choice just not enough to master the test with only second options.\u00a0\n\nCorrelation Questions \u2013 Correlation questions or sometimes called assignment questions have the same amount of question items and answers. You need to find all the matching pairs. This type of questions is often found in more complex exams (like the Chinese language test). They are easier to answer because once you start assigning pairs as soon as you come across a mismatch you know you need to review previous assignments and trial and error usually brings you the correct result.\n\nFill in the gaps \u2013 This is usually a sentence where words are missing which you will find in a list below the question and you need to fill them into the gaps. If these types of questions which you also often find on language exams are not designed well, putting answers in the wrong gaps either make no sense or are grammatically incorrect.\n\nFree text questions \u2013 Question where you need to type in the answers are the ones where you need to pay attention to the right answer and the right spelling.\u00a0\n\n3. Get into the right state of mind\n\nGetting into the right state of mind is essential especially if you suffer from test anxiety (If you don\u2019t know you can take the test here). Being nervous or calm during the exam can decide if you are successful or fail even if you are prepared perfectly. Here are a few techniques that can help you to get into the right state of mind right before the test begins:\n\nRecall previous successes\n\nTo get a positive mindset close your eyes and try to recall a moment of success in your life (preferably another exam you passed but any personal success will do). Remember the moment of victory, how it felt, how happy you were and what this meant for your life. Try to relive this moment, this has the effect that you enter the test room with the feeling of a winner. To have a set of situations to choose from it is important that you always celebrate your successes and take a moment after an exam to enjoy the deep feeling of achievement.\n\nMeditate and breathe\n\nTry to learn some breathing and meditation techniques. You don\u2019t need to be an expert or take out your Yoga mat in the waiting room. There are some simple exercises that have a calming effect. Just use the same strategies I recommend in my article about how meditation can help you to study.\n\nMake yourself aware that failing wouldn\u2019t matter\n\nAnxiety is mostly fueled by the expectation to fail. But what does really happen when you would fail the exam? In most cases, the answer is: Nothing. Yes, you will have to take it again, study more, pay again and probably be embarrassed but all these things are nothing more but an inconvenience right? A valuable technique I often use is \u201cFear setting\u201d by Tim Ferris. You basically create lists of what would happen if you fail, what you could do to prevent it and or what you can do when it happens. This clears your mind of the \u201cWhat-if-game\u201d because now you have a written plan of what to do in the worst case scenario.\n\n4. Answering simple questions first\n\nThe first walkthrough is what I call the motivational run. Go through all the questions one by one. If you don\u2019t know the answer immediately by just reading the question skip it. Only pick an option if you are a 100% sure you can make the correct choice. Either count in your head or what I do make a stroke on a piece of paper for every question you get right. In most of the exams, I was either very close or sometimes already above the passing mark. This was certainly not because the questions were all so easy but because my preparation was good. This is an incredible confidence boost for the rest of the test.\n\nYou can easily calculate that even if you were guessing the rest you would most likely pass by getting another 25% of the remaining questions right (I explain that in step 3 \u2013 the guessing part). When you are through with the first run you can calculate how much time you have for each of the tricky questions. Now follow the tips below to solve as many as possible.\n\n5. Finding answers to tricky exam questions\n\nIn general, it is good advice to read the question carefully and try to answer it in your mind without reading the answers. This avoids a common mistake to pick the first answer that sounds good enough.\u00a0\n\nExam taking tips\nGet this design here\n\nLook for the best answers. Often many answers look correct, compare these and choose the best option.\n\nFor tricky questions, there are some tips and tricks to eliminate wrong answers.\u00a0\n\n  1. Look for an inconsistent grammar of question and answers\n  2. Are some answers shorter or longer than others?\n  3. Do all answers use a similar language (like they were taken from a textbook vs created by a different person)\n  4. Are some of the answers similar and probably just worded differently?\n  5. When the answers contain \u201cAll of the above\u201d see if one of the answers is correct and the pick \u201cAll of the above\u201d\n  6. When the answers contain \u201cnone of the above\u201d eliminating one answer is enough\n  7. Are there answers that sound totally unfamiliar and despite all you learning you have never heard of it\n  8. Are all answers plausible, check if the could be true\n  9. When an answer contains the words like always or never you just need to find 1 counterexample to eliminate this option\n\n6. Doing a final review\n\nGo through all questions again if there is enough time, See if the information you gathered from other questions might change your answer, even on the ones you seemed to know for sure. If you have questions left without any answer you need to make a decision whether to guess or not. As said above, when there is no penalty of course guessing increases your chances.\u00a0\n\nSo here are some tips to make an educated guess though the following tricks are more seen from a psychological standpoint of the test creator rather than from a logical one.\n\n  \u2022 If there is a negative and a positive option the positive one is more likely to be correct\n  \u2022 When the answers have a range of number eliminate the lowest and highest and go for one of the middle values\n  \u2022 If you have absolutely no clue any answer has equal choices, why it is not C like advised on many websites you can find below in the related questions.\u00a0\n  \u2022 Even if you have no clue there is still one improvement you can make while guessing. Choose a letter and stick to it. Answer all the remaining question with the same option to avoid introducing more randomness into an already random system.\n\nI am quite surprised about all the possibilities above you have to influence the outcome of a multiple choice test. Even though I used many of those tips during my exams I still found some new hacks I will definitely try on my next test. So good luck to you with this new set of multiple choice tools.\u00a0\n\nRelated Questions\n\nWhat are the most common answers on a multiple choice test?\u00a0You might have heard the fact that if you don\u2019t know the answer choose option C because it has the highest chances of being correct. But is that really true? Back then when tests were created by hand all the answers might not have been evenly randomized. Nowadays where computers create the random order of questions and answers\u00a0and the distribution of A, B, C, D will be almost even. Your chance that C is right on a question with four options from which 1 is correct is always 25% (like it is for picking any other letter). So the answer to what is the most common answer is none (or all).\n\nWhat are the benefits of multiple choice questions?\u00a0Multiple choice questions can be used for a variety of testing situation from simply measuring recall, application, analysis, and evaluation. This question type is more reliable like for example true/false questions that are more prone to guessing. Furthermore, because the answers are given, they are better suited to test a broader spectrum of topics than essays.\n\nWhat is a stem in a multiple choice question?\u00a0A multiple choice question contains several parts. A problem that is referred to as the stem is usually presented in form of a question. Then a list of solutions is offered which are called alternatives. The correct answer is the best alternative and the remaining are called distractors.\n\nPin It on Pinterest\n\nShare This
+__label__positive Identical binary trees\n\nIdentical binary trees\n\nGiven two binary trees, check if two trees are identical binary trees? First question arises : when do you call two binary trees are identical? If root of two trees is equal and their left and right subtrees are also identical, then two trees are called as identical binary trees. For example, two trees below are identical.\n\nidentical binary trees\n\nwhereas these two trees are not identical as node\u00a0 6 and 8 differ as well as node 14 and 16.\n\nidentical binary trees\n\nIdentical binary trees : Thoughts\n\nSolution to the problem lies in the definition of identical tree itself. We check if roots are equal, if there are not, there is no point continue down the tree, just return that trees are not identical.\nIf roots are equal, we have to check is subtrees are equal. To do, so take left subtrees of both original trees and validate if left subtrees are identical too. If not, return negative response. If yes, check if right subtrees are identical too.\n\nDid you notice two things? First, that solution to original problem depends on solution of subtrees and at each node problem reduces itself to smaller subproblem.\nSecond,\u00a0 processing order is preorder, we process roots of two trees, then left subtrees and at last right subtree. As\u00a0Mirror binary search tree\u00a0and\u00a0Delete binary search tree\u00a0are solved using postorder traversal, this problem can be solved using preorder traversal with special processing at root node.\n\nWe can also solve it by postorder traversal too, in that case, we will be unnecessary scanning subtrees even when roots themselves are not equal.\n\nIdentical binary trees : example\n\nLet\u2019s take an example and see how it works. Start with root nodes, both roots are equal, move down to left subtree.\n\nLeft node in both subtrees is node(5), which is again equal. Go down the left subtree.\n\nAgain, left nodes in both subtrees is node(1), move down the left subtrees of both.\n\nAs per definition, two empty binary trees are identical. So when we move down the left child of nodes, they are null, hence identical and we return true to parent node(1). Same is true for right child.\n\nWe already know that at node(1), left and right subtree are identical, as well as node values are equal, we return true to parent node(5).\n\nLeft subtrees of node(5) are identical, move to right subtree to node(6). Similar to node(1), it also return true to parent node.\n\nAt node(5), left and right subtrees are identical, and also node values are equal, we return true to node(10).\n\nis identical bst\n\nLeft subtrees are identical, now go to right subtree of node(10) in both trees.\n\nis identical binary tree\n\nNode(14) are equal in both trees, so check left subtrees of node(14) of both trees are identical. Both left subtree and right subtree of node(14) identical, same as node(1) and node(6) in left subtree, so they return true to parent node(14).\n\nidentical binary search tree\n\nNow, at node(14), left and right subtrees are identical, so return true up to parent node(10).\n\nNow, at\u00a0 root node of both trees, there left subtrees and right subtrees are identical, so we return true for question if these two trees are identical or not.\n\nCan you draw non identical binary trees and come up with flow and determine when they will be called out to be non-identical?\n\nIdentical binary trees : Implementation\n\nstruct node{\n    int value;\n    struct node *left;\n    struct node *right;\ntypedef struct node Node;\n\n#define true 1\n#define false 0\n\nvoid inoderTraversal(Node * root){\n    if(!root) return;\n    printf(\"%d \", root->value);\n\nNode *createNode(int value){\n    newNode->value = value;\n    newNode->right= NULL;\n    newNode->left = NULL;\n    return newNode;\n\nNode *addNode(Node *node, int value){\n    if(!node) return createNode(value);\n    if (node->value > value)\n    return node;\n\nint isIdenticalBST( Node * firstTree, Node *secondTree){\n    if( ! (firstTree || secondTree ) ) //both of them are empty\n        return true;\n    if( !( firstTree && secondTree ) ) // one of them is empty\n        return false;\n    return ( firstTree->value == secondTree->value )\n        && isIdenticalBST( firstTree->left, secondTree->left )\n        && isIdenticalBST( firstTree->right, secondTree->right );\n\n/* Driver program for the function written above */\nint main(){\n    Node *firstRoot = NULL;\n    //Creating a binary tree\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 30);\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 20);\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 15);\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 25);\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 40);\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 38);\n    firstRoot = addNode(firstRoot, 45);\n    printf(\"Inorder traversal of tree is : \");\n    Node *secondRoot = NULL;\n    //Creating a binary tree\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 30);\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 20);\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 15);\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 25);\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 40);\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 38);\n    secondRoot = addNode(secondRoot, 45);\n    printf(\"Inorder traversal of tree is : \");\n    printf( \"Two trees are identical : %s\" , \n           isIdenticalBST( firstRoot, secondRoot ) ? \"True\" :\"false\");\n\n    return 0;\n\nComplexity to find if two trees are identical binary trees is O(n) where n is number of trees in smaller tree.\n\nPlease share if there is something wrong or missing. 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+__label__positive Monday, August 03, 2009\n\nFind the Number- again\n\nI was (once again) playing FIND THE NUMBER with a 10-year old. (For the first time see here.)\n\nBILL: I am thinking of a number between 1 and 1000 (I wasn't but I said I was- in reality I would give the answers that maximize how many questions.) You can ask questions about it to try to see what it is.\n\nALEX: Is it &ge 500?\n\nBILL: Yes (my thoughts: GOOD, Alex knows how to do this!)\n\nALEX: Is it &ge 750\n\nBILL: Yes (my thoughts: GOOD, he should get it in 10 or so)\n\nALEX: Is it even?\n\nBILL: Yes (yikes! How am I going to keep track of this? Why did he go to evens?)\n\nALEX: Is it a square?\n\nBILL: No (hmmm- need to remember all the even square over 750).\n\nEventually he got it in 14 questions. He then thought of a number that I was trying to figure out. My first three questions were of the type is it bigger than.... He complained: You're a math guy- ask things that are more mathematical! You know, primes, squares, cubes, things like that! I asked about even-ness and also (in our language) its congruence class mod various numbers. I was tempted to ask Does the number have any square factors? since this is pretty good for cutting the search space nearly in half (for 1,...,1000) but decided not to. I did get it in about 12 questions, but note that he really did have a number in mind and was not trying to maximize how many questions it would take me.\n\nThis leads to the following questions. The first one is easy to get matching upper and lower bounds. The second one I have an upper bound but no non-trivial lower bound. In all cases the number is between 1 and n and you want to minimize how many questions it takes to find the number.\n  1. If the game is restricted to questions of the form is x &equiv a mod b then how many questions do you need?\n  2. If the game is restricted to questions of the form is x &equiv a mod p where p is a prime then how many questions do you need?\n\n\n  1. For question 1, you need log_2 n questions. Ask if x is congruent to 0 mod 2. If it is, ask if it's congruent to 0 mod 4; if it's not, ask if it's congruent to 1 mod 4. Continue in this vein, basically building up the binary expansion of the number from the right, one bit at a time. On information-theoretic grounds you can't do better than getting one bit of information per question, so this is best possible.\n\n    For question 2, I suspect the optimal strategy (at least as n goes to infinity) is to ask, each time, the question that rules out the largest portion of what remains of the search space. (This is basically a greedy algorithm.) This seems to mean that first you should pin down the number mod 2 (by asking one question), then mod 3 (two questions), then mod 5 (four questions), ...\n\n    Now for the asymptotics of that strategy. For any integer k, let k# be the product of all primes less than or equal to k. Then to distinguish any number between 1 and n, we need to ask ((2-1) + (3-1) + (5-1) + ... + (k-1)) questions, where k is the smallest prime such that k# is at least n. (For example, if n is between 7 and 30, then we'll determine the residue of the target number mod 2, mod 3, and mod 5 to determine the target number. Now, if n is between 7 and 15 then we only need to know two of those residues; I'm ignoring that, since I think that doing so will at worst mean that we look at one more prime than in the optimal strategy.)\n\n    Now, k# is roughly exp(k), so we'll end up taking k near log n. The sum of the primes up to x is of the order (x^2)/(2 log x), and I'll ignore the 1s getting subtracted off since I'm just trying to get leading-order asymptotics. Letting x = log n there, we find that\n\n    (log n)^2/(2 log log n)\n\n    questions are required. I suspect this is asymptotically the number of questions required, as n goes to infinity.\n\n  2. use the chinese remainder theorem for #2\n\n  3. I mean Apply Chinese remaindering recursively: Should give O(\\prod log^i n) where log^i is the i^th iterated log. I think the Chinese remainder should also give the lower bound.\n    anonymous #2.\n\n  4. This problem (the general one) is well-known under the name of Ulam's game (or Ulam's problem).\n\n    Take a look for instance at\n\n  5. Never mind open problems, I want this Alex as a grad student. Tell him we'll give him a big stipend.
+__label__positive Anna in the Tropics Quiz | One Week Quiz A\n\nNilo Cruz\nBuy the Anna in the Tropics Lesson Plans\nName: _________________________ Period: ___________________\n\n\nMultiple Choice Questions\n\n1. What are the workers discussing as their workday ends?\n(a) Chechy's behavior.\n(b) The new lector.\n(c) The novel.\n(d) The cock fight that night.\n\n2. Who interrupts the discussion between Juan Julian, Chechy and Palomo?\n(a) Santiago and Marela.\n(b) Conchita and Ofelia.\n(c) Santiago and Ofelia.\n(d) Marela and Ofelia.\n\n3. What do Ofelia and her daughter's snipe about?\n(a) Who is the better listener.\n(b) Which passage was the most important.\n(c) What they will say to Chechy.\n(d) Who likes Juan more.\n\n4. What are often the sites where semi-pagan rituals are carried out?\n(a) Trees.\n(b) Parks.\n(c) Houses.\n(d) Cities.\n\n5. What was IT a euphemism in this act?\n(a) Life.\n(b) Love.\n(c) Sex.\n(d) Gambling.\n\nShort Answer Questions\n\n1. What was Juan Julian's family hiding from when he discovered books?\n\n2. Which of the following terms best describes how act 1 scene 5 opens?\n\n3. What does Juan Julian suggest Conchita do with her cutting?\n\n4. What are the factory workers celebrating?\n\n5. What does Santiago suggest to announce what they have done?\n\n(see the answer key)\n\nThis section contains 202 words\n(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)\nBuy the Anna in the Tropics Lesson Plans\nFollow Us on Facebook
+__label__positive Principal Investigator Jill Gready Project u53\n\nDivision of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Machine VP\n\nJohn Curtin School of Medical Research\n\nCo-Investigators William King and John Andrews\n\nDivision of Biochemistry and Molecular Research, John Curtin School of Medical Research and Research School of Biological Sciences.\n\nDefinition of the Chemical Mechanism of the Photosynthetic Enzyme Rubisco\n\nThe project is part of a new collaborative project between JCSMR and Research School of Biological Sciences (RSBS). The project is a collaboration with Professor John Andrews in the Research School of Biological Sciences who has wide-ranging interests in the enzyme Rubisco. These include undertaking biophysical studies and enzyme kinetics on native and mutant forms to understand the chemical mechanism, and identification and structural characterisation of reaction byproducts and intermediates. It is expected that the project will lead to predictions which could be tested experimentally.\n\nRubisco (D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase), the enzyme catalysing the fixation of CO2 in photosynthesis, is arguably the most important enzyme, and is also the most abundant protein, on earth. The great puzzle is why Rubisco is still such an incompetent enzyme despite predictably extreme evolutionary pressures. Many aspects of the enzyme's complex structure and function suggest it is a compromise solution to effecting quite difficult chemistry as the proposed reaction sequence involves as many as four chemically-unstable enzyme-bound intermediates. The slow catalytic rate, poor selectivity for binding of its substrate CO2 compared with O2 and the existence of significant side-reactions indicate both activation and control of the component reactions are very poor. While the role of enzymes in facilitating reactions by substrate activation and reaction rate enhancement is well acknowledged, their role in selecting reactions from possible reactions in the metabolic \"soup\" and channelling them so as to avoid unwanted products has received little attention. This latter aspect appears especially important for Rubisco and the proposed studies are aimed at understanding how the enzyme active site is designed to maximise both these aspects, which may be incompatible, and thus to understand in what ways the active site design may be a compromise.\n\nWhat are the basic questions addressed?\n\nThere are a very large number of structure/function questions for Rubisco which might be studied. The aim is to start with two aspects of the reaction mechanism which appear from the literature to be critical and for which the Andrews' group has experimental interest and expertise for followup. The highly reactive chemistry which takes place sequestered from bulk water suggests that comparative studies of the structures, properties and possible reaction pathways for the proposed reactive species and how these are affected by the active-site might aid understanding of how the proposed active-site compromise is organized. (Similar studies are being undertaken for the much simpler mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase.) There appear to be conflicts in the requirements of the active site to stabilise the different species and this study might start to clarify them. It is proposed to start with the enolization which produces the 2,3-enediol form which is carboxylated, normally, or oxygenated, wastefully.\n\nThe second specific question relates to the oxygenase reaction and in particular how molecular oxygen, which is triplet in the ground-state, reacts with bound ground-state singlet substrate such as RuPB to produce singlet products.\n\nWhat are the results to date and future of the work?\n\nSeveral X-ray structures of different forms of the enzyme and complexes are available for construction of active-site models. Some preliminary MD simulations have been performed using a number of these initial X-ray structures in order to define the possible conformations of the reactive species in the active site, and provide starting coordinates for studies on the reactive complexes.\n\nWhat computational techniques are used and why is a supercomputer required?\n\nThe computational part of the project consists of semiempirical and ab initio quantum chemical studies of substrates, intermediates, and small enzyme ligand complexes, and molecular dynamics (MD) and QM/MM (semi-empirical quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) calculations on the enzyme-bound species. The MD and quantum chemical calculations are performed using Amber 4.1 and GAUSSIAN 94 vectorised for the VP2200. Programs being developed in the Group by Dr Peter Cummins under VP project u51 will be used for the QM/MM calculations
+__label__positive Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nTears are considered to be part of the\n\nfirst line of defense\nnonspecific defenses\n\nA specific defense for the body is\n\nsensitized T-lymphocytes\n\nThe inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to\n\nany tissue injury\n\nChemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include\n\nhistamine & prostoglandins\n\nWhich of the following result directly from the release of chemical mediators following a moderate burn injury?\n\nincreased cappilary permiability\n\n\na small mass of cells with a necrotic center, which may develop as part of the immune response\n\nEdema associated with inflammation results directly from\n\nincreased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment\n\nThe warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from:\n\nincreased blood flow into the area\n\nOrder of inflammatory response immediately after tissue injury\n\n1.Transient vasoconstriction\n2.Dilation of blood vessels\n4. Increased permeability of blood vessels\n5. Migration of leukocytes to the area\n\nThe process of phagocytes involves the\n\nIngestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes\n\nSystemic effects of severe inflammation include\n\nfatigue, anorexia and mild fever\n\n\nincreased white blood cells in the blood\n\nWhich of the following statements applies to fever?\n\nit results from the release of pyrogens into the circulation\n\nMechanisms to bring an elevated body temperature down to the normal level include\n\ngeneral cutaneous vasodilation\n\nReplacement of damaged tissue by similar functional cells is\n\n\nScar tissue consists primarily of\n\ncollagen fibers\n\nWhich of the following promotes rapid healing?\n\nclosely approximated edges of a wound\n\nWhich of the following is the best description of granulation tissue?\n\nfibroblast and vascular endothelial cells\n\nGlucocorticoids are used to treat inflammation because they directly\n\ndecrease capillary permeability\n\nPatients take glucocorticoids for long periods of time are NOT going to develop\n\nincreased leukocyte production\n\nWhich of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?\n\n\nA burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as\n\ndeep partial-thickness\n\nA woman has burns on the anterior surfaces of her right arm, chest, and right leg. The body surface area (BSA) or the percentage of body surface area burned is approximately\n\n\nThe characteristic appearance of a full-thickness burn is\n\ndry, firm, charred or hard white surface\n\nA major source of infection in burn areas is\n\nmicrobes surviving in the hair follicles in the burn area\n\nA large burn area predisposes to decreased blood pressure because\n\nfluid and protein shift out of the vascular compartment\n\nDuring an inflammatory response, erythema is caused by\n\nvasodilation in the area\n\nThe advantages of applying a biosynthetic skin substitute to a large area of full-thickness burns includes:\n\nreduced risk of infection\ndecreased loss of plasma protein and fluid\nmore rapid healing\n\nPurulent exudates usually contain\n\nnumerous leukocytes, bacteria and cell debris\n\nIsoenzymes in the circulating blood\n\noften indicate the precise location of inflammatory response\n\nA serous exudate is best described as a\n\nthin, watery, colorless exudate\n\nSystematic manifestations of an inflammatory response include\n\nelevated C-reactive protein & leukocytosis\n\nIndicators of a general inflammatory response would include\n\nelevated C-reactive protein\n\nProlonged administration of glucocorticoids such as predistones may cause\n\natrophy of lymphoid tissue\ndecreased protein synthesis\n\nApplication of ice to an injured knee reduces edema by\n\ncausing local vasoconstriction\n\nHealing of large areas of skin loss (including dermis and epidermis) would be most successful through\n\ncovering the area with biosynthetic skin substitute\n\nProstoglandins are produced from ____ and cause ____\n\nmast cells; vasodilation and pain\n\nThe number of neutrophils in the blood is increased significantly\n\nin order to promote phagocytosis\n\nAn abcess contains\n\npurulent exudates\n\nNonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses are called\n\n\nCauses of inflammation include\n\ndirect physical damage such as cuts & sprains\nischemia or infarction\nallergic reactions\n\nIn normal capillary exchange, what is net hydrostatic pressure based on?\n\nthe difference between the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid\n\nThe cardinal signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT\n\n\nDrugs that have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities include:\n\nCOX-2 indicators (NSAIDs)\nibuprofen (NSAIDs)\naspirin (ASA)\n\nAspirin (ASA) is discouraged for treatment of viral infections in children because of:\n\nthe risk of developing Rye's syndrome\n\nSystemic manifestations of inflammation include all EXCEPT\n\nchest pain\n\nWhich of the following cellular elements found in the inflammatory response are responsible for phagocytes?\n\n\nWhich chemical mediator is involved in prolonging the inflammatory response?\n\n\nPotential complications after healing by scar formation include all the following EXCEPT\n\nincreased hair growth\n\nAll of the following are correct statements regarding wound healing EXCEPT\n\ngranulation tissue forms a permanent replacement for damaged tissue\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding inflammation is incorrect?\n\ndisorders are named using the ending -sarcoma to indicate inflammation\n\nWhich of the following helps to localize and contain the foreign material during an inflammatory response?\n\n\nWhy is an application of cold recommended as part of the RICE first aid measures immediately following an inflammatory response due to injury? Because cold\n\ncauses local vasoconstriction to reduce local edema\n\nOne goal for current research in tissue engineering is to\n\ncreate a functional replacement tissue when regeneration is not possible\n\nIdentify the proper sequence in the healing process\n\n1. a blood clot forms\n2. phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris\n3. granulation tissue grows into the gap\n4. new blood vessels form\n5. collagen fibers promote formation of a tight strong scar\n\nAll are factors that promote healing EXCEPT\n\nadvanced age\n\nIdentify the correct statements about burns\n\nthe severity of the burn depends on the temperature and the duration and extent of the burn\n\nWhich statement applies to the recommended emergency care for burns?\n\ncover the burn area with clean, cool or tapid water and remove nonsticking clothing\n\nInhalation of carbon monoxide is a threat for many burn patients because this gas:\n\nquickly reduces the available oxygen in the blood\n\nHypermetabolism is common with major burns because of:\n\nincreased heat loss from the burn wound\ndemand for tissue repair\nrecurrent stress response\n\nHow does scar tissue usually cause obstructions to develop in tube-like structures?\n\nscar tissue does not stretch, but rather shrinks in time, causing narrowing\n\nWhich of the following is a serious potential complication found only with the anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor drugs?\n\nincreased incidence of heart attacks and strokes\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording
+__label__positive what happens with cirrhosis Flashcards Preview\n\nGI > what happens with cirrhosis > Flashcards\n\nFlashcards in what happens with cirrhosis Deck (40):\n\nwhat is decompensated cirrhosis\n\nwhen the liver is too damaged to function\n\n\nwhat is compensated liver failure\n\nwhere the liver is damaged but there is still function coming from then liver\n\n\nwhat causes your damage to and inflammation in liver fibrosis\n\nwhen the stellar cells in the disse space between the sinusoid and the hepatocyte become triggered by a damaged hepatocyte and stimulate an inflammatory response\n\n\nwhat does cirrhosis look like\n\ncirrhosis is when you have pockets of regenerating hepatocytes that are walled off by bands of scar tissue that meals that the blood cant circulate between them and they can put things into the blood\n\n\nwhere does your portal system get its blood from\n\nit gets it from the spleen, pancreas, stomach, oesophagus, small and large intestine\n\n\nwhere does most of your blood from your liver come from\n\nthe portal vein\n\n\nwhat is the pressure in the hepatic vein\n\n\n\nwhat is the pressure in the portal vein\n\n\n\nwhat is the pressure in the hepatic arter\n\n\n\nwhat is the route of hepatic blood flow\n\nit travels from the hepatic srtery and the portal vein through the sinusoids and then into the central hepatic vein which then drains into the IVC and then into the right atrium\n\n\nwhere are your portal caval anastomoses\n\nthe oesophagus\nthe umbilicus and the rectum\n\n\nwhy do we have portal caval anastomoses\n\nso that we can get back blow of the blood from 1 pressure system to another if the pressure becomes too much in 1 system\n\n\nwhat happens at the anastomoses sites in portal hypertension\n\nbecause of the increased pressure from the cirrhosis the blood cant drain back easily into the liver and so it is pushed backwards into the anastomotic sites where the anastomoeses will become dilated and engorged with blood\n\n\nwhy do we get portal hypertension\n\nbecause we have an increased resistance of the flow into the liver and also because we have increased flow into the liver due to the congested liver forcing out vasodilators that will cause more blood to flow from the GI tract\n\n\ncauses of portal hypertension\n\nprehepatic - where the blockage is in the portal vein before the liver due to a thrombosis or venous abnormality\nposthepatic ( presinusoid where it is something like a shistosomiasis) (postsinusoid where it is cirrhosis)\n\n\nwhy do you get hepatic carcinoma from having cirrhosis\n\nbecause you have the hepatocytes constantly trying to regenerate in order to repair themselves but it is an inflammatory environment so they are likely to malfunction which could lead to a cancer formation\n\n\nwhat are the 3 most common causes of cirrhosis\n\nhep C\n\n\nwhat does compensated liver cirrhosis look like clinically\n\nclinically there will be no findings and the individual may appear well. It may be an incidental finding on an LFT test or imaging and they may have signs of portal hypertension\n\n\nwhat does decompensated look like clinically\n\nwill look like they are in liver failure.\nCan be acute where it has been caused by an infection or an insult and in this case it can be reverted back to compensated cirrhosis\nit can be chronic end satge liver failure where there isn really another treatment\n\n\nsigns of compensated cirrhosis\n\nmay be none\npalmer erythema\nspider nevi\n\n\nsigns of decompensated cirrhosis\n\neasy bruising\n\n\nwhat are spider nevi\n\nlike little spider webs that are red and when you pres in the centre of them they will blanche and when you release they will refill from the centre\n\n\nwhat are the complications of cirrhosis\n\nvariceal bleeding and liver failure\n\n\nwhat is your initial treatment of acute liver failure\n\nlook for underlying cause or infection and either treat it or if its alcohol caused remove it\nthey will retain sodium to need to make sure that there is not overload\nthey need to be fed as they will start to break down their muscles\nif its an alcoholic cause they need vit B\n\n\nhow does ascites work\n\nthe cirrhosis will cause a build up in pressure that will lead to the vasodilators being forced out of the liver. The vasodilators will then activate other dilators like nitric oxide which will cause massive gut dilatation increasing the blood going to the portal vein making that issue greater. The massive dilatation will cause baroreceptors to think its hypovoluemic and so you will get increased heart rate to increase CO and then the blood will be removed from the kidneys to protect the vital orgnas.THis then means that the kidneys will secrete renin which causes you to retain sodium which will be stored at the highest pressre site which is in the abdomen\n\n\nhow is ascites diagnosed\n\nclinically and through uss\n\n\nhow is ascites treated\n\ntreat underlying liver condition\nlook for bacterial infection as they are common in ascites\ndon't give aspirin as it will retain Na\ngive spirolactalone\nliver transplant\nreduce salt intake\n\n\nshould loop diuretics or spirolactalone be used for ascites\n\nspirolactalone, aldosterone antagonsist that will reduce the Na that is getting contained\n\n\nwhat are the risks of a paracentesis\n\n\n\nwhat is TIPPS\n\nwhen you place a stent in between the hepatic vein and the portal vein in order to reduce the pressure in the liver\n\n\nwhat happens In spontaneous bacterial peritonits\n\nbecause of the boggy gut an infection from the gut can pass into the asites and cause an infection that will greately increase the mortality of the patient and can lead to hepatorenal syndrome which is life threatening. everyone with ascites should be given a tap when they arrive in hospital and if the neutrophils count is greater than 250 then they should be treated for infection\n\n\nwhat happens in encelopathy\n\nnormally in the liver glutamine and glutaminase will break down the ammonia products so that they are not toxic but this doesn't happen in liver failure and the ammonia will squash theastrocytes on the neurones which will then lead to impaired brain function with confusion and loss of consciousness along with a liver flap\n\n\nhow do you treat encephalopathy\n\ntreat the underlying cause\ngive lactose\ngive frequent small meals and overnight feeding so they don't break down their own proteins\n\n\nwhat happens after a variceal bleed\n\nmost people will not die from a variceal bleed nowadays but they will have an increased risk of death from liver failure because if the increased scarring to the liver beacue of the decrease in blood volume\n\n\nhow do you treat a bleeding varice\n\nB Blocker to cause local vasoconstriction and to decrease the CO and therefore the bleeding. you can also band the varice or put the fancy named tube in\n\n\nhow can you endoscopically treat a variceal bleed\n\nscleropathy which is the spray that will cause everything to coagulate and stop the bleed or by banding the varice which is a lot neater but can be more difficul tot do\n\n\nwhen is TIPSS used\n\nto stop a variceal bleed or to traet a hypertension or for ascites as its caused by hypertension\n\n\nwhat is special about bleeding in liver failure patients\n\nthey will not make enough coagulant or anticoagulant so they will have large swings between clotting states and bleeding states so every patient will be put on LMWH when they come in\n\n\nwhat score is used to determine whether or not somebody needs a liver transplant\n\n\n\nwhat is the UKELD cut off for getting a transplant\n\nmust be 49 or above
+__label__positive Flashcard (Front and Back)\n\nFront (Question)\nWhat are flexion creases?\nBack (Answer)\n\nform after firth by\n\ntepeated closing of hand\n\n\nor Find more than 100,000 other things to learn\n\nEducators and Trainers:\n\nTour YoYoBrain's resources for learning and teaching\nPrevious Card See the whole card set Next Card\n\n\nOther flashcards from Exam 2 Bio 201\nWhat are two names for the skin? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is involved in the Integumentary... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the largest organ of the body? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 how much of the body weight des the s... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are the outer layers of the skin... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Whaht are the deepest most connective... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The deepest layer of the skin rests o... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Normal thickness of the skin is... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The surface of skin is made up of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the epidermis have blood vessels? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many zones or layers make up the ... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How long does it take for a cell to m... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the deepest layer of the Epid... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is teh Stratum Basdale made of? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From where does the Stratum Balale re... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are the four cells of the Stratu... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are stem cells? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When does mitosis maily occur? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What do Keratocytes produce? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What cells produce a protective pigment? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How is melanin used with UV rays? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What kind of melanin makes black/brow... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What kind of melanin makes reddish/yl... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the old name of Tactile cells? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the second deepest layer of s... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the thickest layer of the Epi... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What do Keratin filaments do? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What level of the Epidermis contains ... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What cells alert to foreign invaders? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Where do WBS, Langerhans cells, and d... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which layer has 3-5 layers of granule... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does teh STratum Granulosum do?fo \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does the epidermal water-barrier... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Where do you find the Stratum Lucidum? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is in Stratum Lucidum cells? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many layers are in the stratum co... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 how thick is the dermis? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What layer is fibrous connective tiss... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the dermis contain blood vessels? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are accessory structures to the ... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is an example of smooth muscle i... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skeletal muscles in face are found in... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are the two layers of the dermis? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the Papillary layer of the De... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the reticular layer of the De... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is known as subcuteneous tissue ... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What layer binds skin to underlying t... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which layer is more adipose than tiss... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are the functions of the Hypoder... \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nCopyright 2007-2016 YoYoBrain.com\n\nManaged By W3mg
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nBerkeley's collection of past qualifying exam questions contains the following:\n\n''What are possible extensions of degree $3$ of $\\mathbb{Q}_2$?''\n\nI'm trying to figure out what the general approach is to attack a question like this. In this particular case, we know that $\\mathbb{Q}_2^\\times\\simeq \\mathbb{Z}\\times \\mathbb{Z}_2^\\times$, where $\\mathbb{Z}_2^\\times$ is a pro-$2$ group. It follows that there is only one abelian extension of degree $3$ which would be the unramified one. Hence, all other such extensions are totally ramified.\n\nThus we are left with enumerating the totally ramified extensions. Here, the only approaches I can come up with is using the idea that such extensions are given by roots of Eisenstein polynomials. The standard proof that $\\mathbb{Q}_p$ has a finite number of extensions of a particular degree, then shows that such polynomials are in bijection with a compact space and then uses Krasner's lemma to find a finite cover of this such that all the polynomials in the subsets of the cover have the same splitting fields. However, I can't really get anywhere applying this, as it seems to give duplicates.\n\nI'm wondering if there's any easy ''right'' way to solve problems like this?\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\nup vote 5 down vote accepted\n\nThis is standard stuff. Here is (in French) the solution as an exercise, copy-pasted from the final exam of a course I gave on local fields.\n\nSoit $K$ une extension totalement ramifi\u00e9e de degr\u00e9 $n$ de $Q_p$ et $\\pi_K$ une uniformisante de $K$. On suppose pour l'instant que $p \\nmid n$.\n\n  1. Montrer que si $w \\in Q_p$ et $w^n=1$, alors $w^m=1$ o\u00f9 $m = n \\wedge (p-1)$ (si $p \\neq 2$) et $m=2$ si $p=2$.\n\n  2. Montrer que l'application $x \\mapsto x^n$ de $1+M_K$ dans lui-m\u00eame est surjective.\n\n  3. Montrer que dans $O_K$, on peut \u00e9crire $\\pi_K^n = p w (1+z)$ o\u00f9 $w^{p-1} = 1$ et $z \\in M_K$.\n\n  4. En d\u00e9duire que $Q_p$ admet exactement $n$ extensions totalement ramifi\u00e9es de degr\u00e9 $n$.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nSee also Hasse, Number Theory, Chapter 16, for a classification of all tamely ramified extensions. For a parametrisation of all separable extensions of degree $p$ of a finite extension of ${\\bf Q}_p$ or ${\\bf F}_p((t))$, see \u2013\u00a0Chandan Singh Dalawat Oct 17 '11 at 12:38\nSee also this answer\u2026 for a summary. \u2013\u00a0Chandan Singh Dalawat Oct 18 '11 at 4:38\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Dec 03\n\nDecember 2010\n\nWhat\u2019s Up in the Sky \u2013 December, 2010\nBy Peter Burkey\n\nThis is a \u201cgood news/bad news\u201d month.\u00a0 The good news is there will be a total eclipse of the Moon visible from North America on the night of December 20-21, the first one we have been able to see since February, 2008.\u00a0 The bad news is that totality does not start until 2:41 a.m.\n\nA lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth.\u00a0 Unlike a solar eclipse, which is visible only along a narrow path on Earth\u2019s surface, a lunar eclipse is visible to anyone who can see the Moon.\u00a0 Since lunar eclipses can be seen (assuming the sky is clear) from the entire night side of the Earth, they are much more frequently observed from any particular location than are solar eclipses.\u00a0 The next total eclipse of the sun visible from the US will not be until 2017.\n\nA lunar eclipse can only take place when the Moon is full.\u00a0 About 20 minutes before the Moon reaches the dark central shadow of the Earth, it dims somewhat as the Earth partly blocks the sunlight.\u00a0 As the Moon begins to move into the shadow, the curved shape of the Earth\u2019s shadow can be seen.\u00a0 Aristotle listed the round shape of the Earth\u2019s shadow as one of the earliest proofs of the fact that the Earth is spherical.\n\nEven during totality the Moon is still visible, appearing a dull, reddish color.\u00a0 This is due to sunlight which has passed through the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and has been bent by the air into the Earth\u2019s shadow, sort of like all the sunsets on Earth being cast on the Moon.\n\nBesides this spectacular event, which occurs in the wee hours of the morning, an easier sight can be seen the next few days.\u00a0 Look SE tomorrow morning around 7:00 a.m. for bright Venus.\u00a0 To the upper right of the planet is the crescent Moon and above that can be seen Saturn.\u00a0 For those of you with an early morning commute, these two planets will put on a pretty good show up in the sky.\nThis month in history:\nDec. 3: Pioneer 10 spacecraft makes closest approach to Jupiter \u2013 1973\nDec. 7: Apollo 17, final Moon landing mission, launched \u2013 1972\nDec. 11: First auction of Soviet space hardware and artifacts \u2013 1993\nDec. 14: Gene Cernan, Apollo 17 astronaut, is last human to walk on Moon \u2013 1972\nDec 17: Orville Wright makes first powered flight \u2013\u00a0 \u2013 1857\nDec. 24: Apollo 8 makes 10 orbits of the Moon \u2013 1968\nDec. 27: Meteorite ALH 84001 discovered \u2013 1984\nDec. 31: First flyby of Saturn\u2019s moon, Iapetus, made by Cassini spacecraft \u2013 2004\n\nHere are this month\u2019s viewing highlights:\nPlanets this month:\u00a0 Jupiter is high in south at nightfall, great for telescopic viewing.\u00a0\u00a0 Saturn and Venus are \u201cmorning stars\u201d visible in the SE before dawn.\n\nDec. 2:\u00a0 Waning Crescent Moon lower right of Venus in predawn sky.\nDec. 5: New Moon\nDec. 13: First Quarter Moon\nDec. 13-14: Geminid meteors peak\nDec. 21: Full Moon \u2013 lunar eclipse 2:40 \u2013 4:00 a.m.\nDec. 21: Winter solstice \u2013 first day of winter \u2013 6:38 p.m. EST\nDec. 27: Last Quarter Moon
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n38 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cell don't?\nProkaryotic cells have a cell wall eukaryotic do not.\nWhat is the difference in the chromosome in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?\nEukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed in a membrane where as prokaryotic cell one chromosome is tightly wound and is just hanging loose.\nName some functions that are carried out in the cytoplasm of procaryotic cells?\nCell growth, metabolism and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of procaryotic cells.\nDefine a plasmid in a procaryotic cell?\nSmall pieces of genetic material outside the chromosome is the defination of a plasmid.\nWhat are some of the functions of a plasmid in a prokaryotic cell?\nPlasmid is capable of automous replication, can code for toxins and antibiotic resistance and can be passed from one strain to another via conjugative plasmids.\nHow long does it take for a prokaryotic cell to replicate?\nIt take 20-30 minutes for a prokaryotic cell to replicate, give or take.\nDefine DNA?\nDNA is the genetic blueprint for making every protein in the cell, Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a long polymer of 4 nucleotides.Double stranded nucleic acid, helix.\nDefine RNA?\nRNA is Ribonucleic Acid and helps to translate the information in the DNA into protein, it is a long polymer nucleotides.Sinigle stranded nucleic acid.\nWhat nucleotides are in DNA?\nAdenine, guanine, cytosine and Thymine are the nucleotides in DNA\nWhat nucleotides are in RNA?\nAdenine, guanine, cytosine and Uracil are the nucleotides in RNA\nMajor difference between our cells and bacteria cells?\nMajor difference between our cells and bacteria cells is our cell do not have cell wall;bacteria's ability to replicate more readily for in 20-30 minutes often going through mutation causing problems with antibiotic resistance. Bacteria doesn not have a mitochondria so their plasma membrane does the job. Eukaryotic cells have a 80s ribosomes bacteria have a 70s ribosome with 50s and 30s subunits.\nName the three types of RNA?\nThree types of RNA are\nmRNA, tRNA, & rRNA\nFunction of the three types of RNA?\nrRNA is a permanent part of the ribosome, mRNA transfers of genetic information from the DNA, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis, during transcription; tRNA transfer amino acids to the ribosomes to create the polypeptide chain during translation.\nWhat are inclusion bodies and where are they found?\nInclusion bodies are storage units found in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, they are grown in the presence of excess nutrients.\nDefine endospore and where are they found?\nEndospore is a form of preservation for some forms of bacteria when a cell is threatened from starvation or toxic waste it is a form of suspended animation. they are resists heat radiation, chemicals and dessication. They can live for a long time and regerminate.\nName the spore life cycle in order?\nStage 0-Normal growth stage I-bacterial division stage II- assymetric septation\nstage III-engulfment\nStage IV-cortex synthesis\nStage V-coat synthesis\nStage VIlysis of the mother cell\nStage VIIfree spore.\nDescribe cell membrane and what kind of cells have one?\nEvery cell on Earth has a cell membrane it acts as a major barrier allowing selective transport w/environment,osmotic barrier,it is composed of a bilayer phosolipid and proteins running through it, attached to a 3 C glyerol backbone with 2 fatty acid chains dangling from C of the glycerol. Phosphate end hydrophilic, fatty acid chain hydrophobic.\nWhat does amphipathic mean?\nContaining both hydrophic and hydrophobic portions.\nWhat are the two kinds of bacteria?\nGram positive and Gram negative.\nDescribe a gram negative bacteria cell?\nA gram negative bacteria cell has a thinner peptidoglycan layer(Unique to bacteria) than gram positive, it also has an outer layer lipopolysaccharide which is unique to gram negatives. Gram negative make our cell go crazy to get rid of to get through OM. Broad spectrum antiobiotics to get through OM.\nDescribe gram positive bacteria?\nGram positive has a thicker peptidoglycan layer than gram negative with the periplasmic space between cell membrane and peptidoglycan layer.\nWhat is another name for the Outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide of the gram negative bacteria?\nEndotoxin is another name for the Outer Membrane.\nName two gram negative bacterias?\nNeissera gonorrhea, neissera meningitis are gram negative bacterias.\nWhat makes up the peptidoglycan layer?\nPeptidoglycan layer consist of a lattice of overlapping sugars,NAG NAM cross linked by an amino acid bridge.\nWhat is our body's response to gram negative bacteria?\nOUr body produces an over abundance of neutraphil when expose to the OM/ endotoxin.\nWhat are some functions of the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria?\nFunctions are pathogenic properties, stabilizes mating cells, keep enzymes (sensor proteins) in periplasmic space, confers negative charge to cell, phage receptor.\nWhat is contained in the periplasmic space?\nThere are enzymes and binding proteins in the periplasmic space.\nWhat is the purpose of the enzynmes in the periplasmic space?\nThe purpose of the enzymes in the periplasmic space are to start the process of breaking down so only what is broken down and needed will be transported via binding protein.\nWhat is the function of flagella and how can they be organized?\nFlagellas function is for mobility. They can be arrange singularly- polar, in a tuft- lophotrichous, or all around- peritrichous.\nWhat is the function of pili or fimbrae?\nFimbrae and pili are use for attachment, pili are used for gene transfer sex pili\nWhat are detoxifying enzymes? Give an example\nDetoxifying ensymes are binding proteins that alter harmful agents before they get into cell, example betalactamase destroys lactame ring in penicillin\nDescribe Chemoreceptor and where are they found?\nChemorecptor are found in the periplasmic space and sense chemical in the environment if good send bacteria toward if bad away, chemotaxis.\nWhat kind of bacteria have flagella?\nAll spirillum and about 1/2 rods have flagella.\nEnergy to drive the basal body to move the flagella comes from what?\nThe rushing in of the protons in PMF cause the flagella to rotate.\nName the two different types of movement of bacteria?\nRandom movement or directed motility.\nName the 4 different types of directed motility?\nChemotaxis, phototaxis, aerotaxis, & magnetaxis ae the different types of motility for bacteria.\nWhat are the two different types of coatings on the outside of some bacteria cells and what kind of layer is it ?\nThe two different types of coatings are a capsule and a slime layer and they are the glycocalyx layer.\nWhat are the functions of capsules?\nFunction of a capsule are, attachment, resistance to drying, protection from phagocytic engulfment,a form of nutrients will bind certain ions and molecules,and depot for waste products.
+__label__positive UCSB Science Line\nUCSB Science Line\nHow it Works\nAsk a Question\nSearch Topics\nOur Scientists\nScience Links\nContact Information\n\nHi! I hope everything has been going well. I need some help on the following:\nI want to calculate the amount of force on a NdfeB magnet. The amount of force on each particle (or atom) in the magnet is 0.000000000065024 newtons. to calculate the atoms in the magnet I did: grams/10.811 (10.811 is the atomic number of boron) which equals 37.85958746. Next, I multiplyed that by avagadros number: 37.85958746 times (6.02214 times 10 to the 23 power)and I got 2.27995736 times 10 to the 26 power. when I multiply the number of atoms by the force on each atom I get about: 1.482656617 times 10 to the 16 power newtons. That is A LOT of newtons! I dont understand why I am getting so much for just a magnet. I dont know what I may be doing wrong. I hope you can help. Thanks.\n\nHello, I have some more information regarding my force problem: The dimensions of the magnet that I am using are: 1.5\" by 3\" by 3/4\" This is how I got 6.5024E-11 N of force per atom: I used this formula: F=qv times B f= force q= test particle of charge, q at rest that point (proton, I believe) v= velocity of particle sin= angle of particle or B, in other words B = 12700 guass times (10to the power of -4 tesla divided by 1 guass) = 12.7 tesla, B= 12.7 tesla q= (proton) 1.60 times 10 to the power of -19 coulombs v= 3.2 times 10 to the power of 7 m/s angle= 90 degrees, or 1.57 radians The following are my calculations: F= [(1.60 time 10 to the - 19 power coulombs) times (3.2 times 10 to the 7 power m/s)] times 12.7 tesla = 1.60 times 10 to the -19 power coulombs times 32000000m/s times 12.7 tesla = 5.12 times 10 to the -12 power times 12.7 tesla = 6.5024 times 10 to the -11 power N = 0.000000000065024 newtons (on one particle).\n\nQuestion Date: 2008-06-02\nAnswer 1:\n\nYou provided a lot of details for the calculation, which actually are not necessary. What is more useful to know is your motivation; What is the problem you are trying to solve?\n\nWhy is your velocity a tenth of the speed of light? Where did you get this number? Why is the magnetic field of your magnet at 12.7 tesla? Thats extremely large and no natural magnets can create that type of field (the largest created by natural magnets are about 1 tesla). And the highest magnetic field ever generated on earth (for only a fraction of a second) was probably around 25-30 tesla (I think 50 Tesla at the very most, and it probably broke the experimental setup right after).\n\nAlso, just to tell you if you're looking for the force on a magnet sitting in a magnetic field, F=qvBsin (theta) is not the way to go. The interaction is more complicated than just that unfortunately, due to the fact that applying that formula to complex electron movements is quite difficult. However, if the thing generating the B-field creates a nearly uniform field in your region of interest, you can use the dipole forcing in a uniform magnetic field formula, which is relatively simple.\n\nGood luck!\n\nAnswer 2:\n\nYou don't give units in your calculation.Also, you don't say how many grams you divided by the molecular weight [= grams/mole]. It's important to write the units for the numerator and the denominator of each number you use and cross out the ones that cancel each other to see if the units of your answer are the units you wanted. It's really easy to make mistakes in this type of calculation, but they're important types of calculation to make. Also, it's often hard to get someone to really follow your line of thinking. People find it a lot easier to tell you their line of thinking.\n\nAnswer 3:\n\nOkay, I do not understand what the diamagnetic properties of bismuth are or how they work (evidently you know something that I don't here!).\n\nHowever, your magnet is going to consist of a large number of magnetic domains, which won't all be in alignment with each-other, so the force is going to get distributed in a single direction. That will reduce the amount of force by somewhat; it may in fact be enough. I am also curious that the amount of force per atom is that large... are you sure you've copied the number down directly? Also, the strength of the force is going to have to drop off with distance from your lump of bismuth. Does your formula for telling you how much force you will get include distance in the equation?\n\nThat said, looking at the electric force, if you have one Coulomb of charge separated from another Coulomb of charge by a distance of a meter, the force between them is about 1010 Newtons, which is about twelve times the weight of a modern aircraft carrier. So I wonder if you really have only a tiny fraction of the atoms in your magnet actually magnetized.\n\nSorry I couldn't help you more!\n\nClick Here to return to the search form.\n\nUniversity of California, Santa Barbara Materials Research Laboratory National Science Foundation\nCopyright \u00a9 2020 The Regents of the University of California,\nAll Rights Reserved.\nUCSB Terms of Use
+__label__positive aspose file tools*\nThe moose likes Programmer Certification (SCJP/OCPJP) and the fly likes Compilr error Big Moose Saloon\nRegister / Login\nBookmark \"Compilr error\" Watch \"Compilr error\" New topic\n\nCompilr error\n\nRansika deSilva\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Feb 18, 2003\nPosts: 524\nI am studying for SCJP. I got this coding from a study guide.Could you please explain this compile time error.\nThank You Very Much.\npackage point;\nclass Point {\nprotected int x =10;\npackage threepoint;\nimport poin.Point;\nclass ThreePoint extends Point {\nint x =10;\nvoid aMethod(Poin p) {\np.x += this.x;\n\nDan Andrei\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Jan 21, 2004\nPosts: 92\nYou did not say what the compile error was...\nbut from what I see, I think it has to do with type Point in the method header, you should declare Point as public otherwise u cannot access it in another package\n\nRansika deSilva\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Feb 18, 2003\nPosts: 524\nSo sorry about it. It says it is not possible to access the super class variable becuase the Point p object is not part of the implementation of the ThreePoint class. Think all the classes are public. The problem is in the method.\nHope I the problem is clearly presented.\nThank you.\nBijesh Krishnadas\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Aug 08, 2002\nPosts: 31\nAssuming that the class Point is indeed public. The error is simply because you are trying to access a protected variable 'x' in object 'p' of Class 'Point' outside the package. I guess this is not permitted.\nBut u could access the variable as 'super.x' inside ThreePoint.\nQuoted from somewhere outside:\n\n\nSo this would work:\n\nHope I am right.\nRashi Gulati\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Jan 08, 2004\nPosts: 44\nHi Ransika\nThere is a limitation when you try to access any protected member outside the package in which it is defined, then you can call the proctected member only by using subclass reference not by the super class reference so in this case you are using Point p refernce to call protected member which is not possible so that's why it is giving you the compile time error.\nRansika deSilva\nRanch Hand\n\nJoined: Feb 18, 2003\nPosts: 524\nThank you very much for all the answers. Got the concept very clearly.\nI agree. Here's the link:\nsubject: Compilr error
+__label__positive The average speed of a train in the onward journey is 25% more than that in the return journey. The train halts for one hour on reaching the destination. The total time taken for the complete to and from journey is 17 hours, covering a distance of 800 km. The speed of the train in the onward journey is:\u00a0\n\nA. 45 km/hr\nB. 48 km/hr\nC. 56.25 km/hr\nD. 55 km/hr\nAnswer: C . 56.25 km/hr\n\n\nLet the speed in return journey be x km/hr.\n\nThen, speed in onward journey\u00a0 =\u00a0 \u00a0(125/100)x =\u00a0 \u00a0 (5/4)x km/hr\n\nSo.\u00a0 \u00a0Speed in onward journey\u00a0 \u00a0=\u00a0 [(5/4)*45] km/hr\u00a0 =\u00a0 56.25 km/hr
+__label__positive If you're looking for SAP BusinessObjects Cloud Interview Questions for Experienced or Freshers, you are at right place. There are lot of opportunities from many reputed companies in the world. According to research SAP BusinessObjects Cloud has a market share of about 3.4%.. So, You still have opportunity to move ahead in your career in SAP BusinessObjects Cloud. Mindmajix offers Advanced SAP BusinessObjects Cloud Interview Questions 2018 that helps you in cracking your interview & acquire dream career as SAP BusinessObjects Cloud Analytics.\n\nQ1) What do you understand by business objects?\n\nBusiness objects usually identify the solutions for a plethora of business professionals. In this context, it is important to note that business objects play a crucial role in gaining data from a varied number of corporate databases.\n\nQ2) What are the advantages of using business objects?\n\nIt is quite easy to use\n\n1. You can make use of the graphical interface\n2. You would be exposed to various terms of the business which are familiar\n3. You would have access to powerful reports\n\nQ3) Define a designer\n\nDesigner is also known as a set which is always linked with the Business Object IS. It is also utilized by the designer in the development of various business related reports. It also helps to maintain the universe. Universe here denotes the semantic layer which can resolve the various problems of the end user. These are usually technical issues related to the business reports.\n\nQ4) Shed light on the drill mode with respect to the SAP Business Objects Cloud Interview\n\nIt is also known as a type of study mode which is related to the business objects. It assists in breaching the data. Interestingly, apart from data breaching, it also plays a crucial role in presenting data from various angles. It also analyzes the factors that have caused the bad and the good result.\n\nQ5) Shed light on the aspects of personal connection\n\nThis can be made only by one user and that cannot be used by others. The details for these varieties of personal connections are usually kept in the PDAC.LSI file.\n\nQ6) Define secured connection with respect to SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nIt is that kind of a connection which would usually overcome the several types of disadvantages which are related to the former results. In this context, it is interesting to note that the universe can be used in central repository by the secured connection.\n\nQ7) Define shared connection with respect to SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nIt is also known as the opposite of personal connection. It is so because it can be used by others with the help of a server. In this type of scenario, the details are usually kept in the SDAC>LSI file. You should note that this file is usually located in the installation folder.\n\nQ8) Define custom hierarchies with respect to the SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nYou should always note that custom hierarchies usually define a universe so that the drilling down feature can be facilitated easily across a plethora of platforms. This usually occurs between the objects which belong to the different or same classes. They also take care of the needs of the users.\n\nQ9) Shed light on Chasm Trap with respect to SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nIt is also known as a situation which usually takes place at the time when the value which is there in the fact table usually goes wrong. Interestingly, it can be measured from the two fact tables which you would find in the cloud.\n\nQ10) Illustrate on the meaning of context with respect to SAP\n\nContext can also be defined as the specified path or a joining point between various tables or joins so that the purpose of a query can be carried out in a simultaneous manner.\n\nCheck Out SAP BusinessObjects Cloud Tutorials\n\nQ11) How you can solve the issues related to the Chasm Trap\n\nIt is important for you to note that this problem can be solved by two methods.\n\n1. You can solve this issue by the two joints and using them in varied contexts\n2. You can solve the issue by the utilization of the SQL parameter in the universe. It generates the statement of the SQL and usually results in a correct output.\n\nQ12) Explain slice which is being used in SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nSubscribe to our youtube channel to get new updates..!\n\nSlice is that kind of a function which can be used to reset, rename and omit the blocks. It has the ability to work with detailed and master reports.\n\nQ13) Define class with respect to the SAP business objects Cloud\n\nClass is also known as a collection of objects that are usually present in a universe. These classes play an important role in giving a proper value of the tables that are located in the cloud. You should always note that the sub-classes are derived from the main class.\n\nQ14) List the probable ways with the help of which universe can be linked in SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nIt is important for you to note that there exists three ways with the help of which universe can be linked in SAP Business Objects Cloud. They are as follows:\n\n1. The component approach\n2. The Master Approach\n3. The Kernal Approach\n\nQ15) Define data mining with respect to SAP Business objects\n\nData mining is also known as process with the help of which you can deduce the details which you require from a particular database.\n\nQ16) Illustrate on the meaning of fan trap with reference to SAP Business Objects Cloud\n\nFan trap is also known as a collection of join links that are normally connected to a table. These join links play a pivotal role in making sure that the prospect of data mining is always fruitful. It is also quite helpful in making sure that your task execution process is free from errors.\n\nQ17) Shed light on the meaning of data provider\n\nIt is important for you to note that the provider of the source of the data is also known as the data provider.\n\nQ18) What do you mean by a standard mode?\n\nStandard mode refers to that type of mode where the clients inside the group can be accessed in the standard mode.\n\nQ19) What is the full form of DSS?\n\nThe full form of DSS is Decision Support Systems.\n\nQ20) Define WEBI\n\nIt is a solution which has a great functionality in supporting various decisions which are related to queries, reports and various types of analysis forms.\n\nQ21) Clarify the aces of utilizing business objects\n\nThere are numerous favorable circumstances in making utilization of business items and they are\n\n1. User amicability\n2. Business terms that are well-known\n3. Graphical interface\n4. Powerful reports for a lesser measure of time\n\nQ22) Rundown out the distinctive items related with Business Objects\n\nThere are different sorts of items related with business articles and they are\n\n1. User module\n2. Designer\n3. Supervisor\n\nQ23) Define Characterize Designer\n\nCreator is a module related with Business Objects IS utilized by the originators for making and looking after universes. Universes can be considered as semantic layer that can confine the end clients from the different issues that are specialized and related with the structure of database. Universe originators have the likelihood for appropriating the universes to the end clients in the wake of moving these as document through the arrangement of records or should be possible by sending out the documents to the vault.\n\nQ24) What are the sorts of modes related with fashioner and business objects?\n\nThere are particularly two various types of modes related with these stages, they are\n\n1. Enterprise mode\n2. Workgroup mode\n\nQ26) Give the rundown out the sorts of clients related with business objects\n\nThere are different various types of clients related with business question, they are\n\n  \u2022 General Director\n  \u2022 Supervisor\n  \u2022 Graphical Interface\n  \u2022 Designer\n  \u2022 Supervisor Designer\n\nQ25. Rundown out the different sorts of strategies related with multidimensional examination that are inside business objects.\n\nThere are two unique techniques related with multidimensional examination accessible inside BO and these strategies are:\n\n1. Slice and Dice\n2. Drill down\n\nQ27) What are the different information sources accessible?\n\nBusiness objects help you in getting to the information from assortment of sources. You have the likelihood of getting to information from RDBMS like prophet, MS SQL server and IBM DB2.\n\nQ28) Characterize the penetration mode\n\nThis is a sort of investigation mode related with business protests and aides in separating information and also in survey information from all the conceivable edges and the levels of detail for finding the factor that has caused great \u2013 terrible outcome.\n\nQ29) What is an individual association?\n\nIndividual association can be made just by a solitary client and it can't be made utilized by others. The insights with respect to such an association can be normally put away inside PDAC.LSI document.\n\nQ30) What is Shared association?\n\nThis is a sort of association that is normally made utilized by other client by means of a server which is shared one. The insights in regards to the association can be put away inside the SDAC>LSI document which can be found inside the establishment envelope of the business objects.\n\nExplore SAP BusinessObjects Cloud Sample Resumes! Download & Edit for Free..!Download Now!\n\nQ31) Characterize the sorts of information suppliers?\n\nThere are different sorts of information suppliers accessible for the business items and they are\n\n1. Stored systems\n2. Queries over universe\n3. Free hand \u2013 SQL\n4. VBA systems\n\nQ32) What is a legitimate association?\n\nSecured association is a sort of association that can be useful in beating the different restrictions related with the previous associations. The rights related with this sort of association can be set over reports and additionally questions. Universes can be brought inside focal archive just by making utilization of secured association.\n\nQ33) Characterize custom chains of importance\n\nThe custom progressions can be utilized for characterizing the universe for encouraging drill down that is tweaked and can occur between objects from various or same classes thinking about the client prerequisites.\n\nQ34) By what means would custom be able to Hierarchies be made?\n\nThe custom progressive systems can be made by following the way devices -> hierarchies in BO planner.\n\nQ35) Characterize a setting in the universe.\n\nSetting can be characterized as the specific way of join between a particular gathering of joins or the tables with the end goal of a specific inquiry. A specific protest that can be found inside the section of a table, having a place with specific setting should be good to all the different sorts of items having a place with a similar setting. On account of items that are from the different sorts of setting, various types of SQL can be produced, and the outcomes can be converged inside miniaturized scale 3D square. This is for ensuring that there is no wrong outcome related with a circle or some other sort of issue related with joins way.\n\nQ36) By what means would contexts be able to be made?\n\nSetting can be made by making utilization of highlight related with setting or by manual techniques. The setting is generally made by making utilization of coherent estimation or in light of the business necessities. The identify setting may not be much helpful for this situation thus it ought to be finished by making utilization of manual technique.\n\nOn account of SQL parameters in universe, the choice produces various questions for every last measure that should be picked. This aids in creating SQL articulation for each measure and gives the right outcomes.\n\nAnother approach is to incorporate two joints in various settings, where the issue will get understood by creating two synchronized questions.\n\nQ37) What are the utilities of Derived tables?\n\nUtilizing SQL inquiries from the database level, Derived tables are made in the universe. The sections of the inferred table will be the segments chose in the question. Determined table can be utilized as a part of the mind boggling estimations which are hard to be accomplished in the report levels. Utilizing a dblink, tables can be gotten to from an alternate blueprint, is another utilization of inferred tables.\n\nQ38) Characterize User Objects\n\nClient objects is a universe of classes and protests which is made by the universe originator. Once the items comprised in the universe does not matches your necessities, at that point the client can make his own articles called User objects.
+__label__positive Lensing helps see in the dark\n\nMark Wainwright\nSeptember 2000\n\nEarlier this year, a group of scientists at Bell Labs announced that they had succeeded in observing the effects of \"dark matter\" - invisible matter that can be detected only by its gravitational effects. Their paper, published in Nature, is the result of a fifteen year search. So just what is dark matter, why is it important and why is it so difficult to see?\n\nThe answer goes back to the question of how much matter is in the Universe. We can make estimates of the Universe's mass based on our understanding of how the it appears to work: how fast it is expanding, for instance. A more direct way of answering the question is to look and see how much matter we can see.\n\nUnfortunately, the two methods do not agree: there \"should\" be much more matter than we can actually see. To explain this disparity the concept of \"dark matter\" was invented. The idea is that there must be quite a lot of matter which we can't detect in the usual ways. For example it doesn't radiate any light; hence the name \"dark matter\".\n\nThus even though dark matter should be very abundant, it is hard to detect. But not impossible: since it has mass, it must have gravity. We know from Einstein's theory of relativity that gravity distorts space, and therefore light. Our view of distant galaxies should be distorted by the dark matter that, we predict, lies between them and us. For example a circular galaxy will look elliptical, distended in some direction that depends on just how and where the intervening dark matter is arranged.\n\n[IMAGE: distortion by dark matter]\n\nExaggerated view of gravitational distortion from dark matter affecting the observed shape of a galaxy\n\nThe problem is that this effect, known as \"lensing\", is very weak. Shapes will be distended in one direction by only a small amount - predictions varied from less than 1 per cent to a few per cent. By contrast, real galaxies are already highly elliptical - typically 30% longer in one direction than the other. Therefore, observing a single galaxy cannot tell us anything about dark matter.\n\nThe Bell scientists' solution to this problem was to make observations of not one galaxy, but many -- in fact about 145,000. The point is that light from galaxies that are near each other in the sky must have reached us through the same regions of dark matter, and so have been distended in the same direction. The actual orientation of these elliptical galaxies should be random, but when observed through the dark matter, they should show a very slight tendency to be longer in one direction rather than another.\n\n[IMAGE: Galaxies]\n[IMAGE: The same galaxies distorted]\nIf randomly arranged galaxies (left) are all distorted in the same direction (right, much exaggerated), the resulting bias can be detected\n\nThe effect is so small that attempts to observe it are hampered by other sources of systematic distortion, for example in the telescopes used. But by careful observations and calculations, David Wittman and other members of the group proved that, when all these factors were taken into account, there was still a residual effect that could only be explained by dark matter.\n\nBy seeing how the direction and amount of distortion changed from one part of the sky to another, Wittman and company were also able to make deductions about the distribution of dark matter. Thus, besides confirming predictions about the existence of dark matter, their observations provide new information which will help to further our understanding of the structure of the Universe.
+__label__positive \ufeff Answers and Explanations 11 - Lange Review Ultrasonography Examination, 4th Edition \ufeff\n\nLange Review Ultrasonography Examination, 4th Edition\n\nAnswers and Explanations\n\nAt the end of each explained answer, there is a number combination in parentheses. The first number identifies the reference source; the second number or set of numbers indicates the page or pages on which the relevant information can be found.\n\n1. (C)\u00a0Renal size decreases as the compromise to blood flow increases. The kidney size is generally <9 cm when the renal artery is occluded.\u00a0(3:624; 7:461)\n\n2. (D)\u00a0Avessel that is diffusely dilated is considered \u201cectatic.\u201d Saccular, fusiform, and spindle-shaped are terms used to describe the shape of aneurysms.\u00a0(3:529; 4:253, 254)\n\n3. (C)\u00a0The first major branch of the abdominal aorta is the celiac artery, which originates from the anterior wall of the aorta just inferior to the diaphragm. One to two centimeters distal to the origin of the celiac artery, the superior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior aortic wall. These vessels may share a common trunk.\u00a0(3:571)\n\n4. (B)\u00a0A concentric, spindle-shaped dilation of the abdominal aorta is termed \u201cfusiform\u201d and is used to describe aneurysms. A saccular aneurysm is created by an outpouching from the aortic wall. Dissecting is a term used to describe a tear in the intimal lining of an artery allowing blood to course between the intima and the media. Ectasia refers to a vessel that is diffusely dilated.\u00a0(4:253\u2013255).\n\n5. (D)\u00a0The branches of the celiac artery (common hepatic and splenic) form a \u201cseagull\u201d appearance in the transverse imaging plane. They arise almost perpendicular to the celiac trunk at its bifurcation. (2;\u00a06:72)\n\n6. (B)\u00a0The three branches of the celiac artery are the common hepatic, splenic, and left gastric.\u00a0(4:233)\n\n7. (C)\u00a0Patients with a ruptured aortic aneurysm usually present with abdominal or back pain that worsens in the upright or erect position.\u00a0(6:82)\n\n8. (C)\u00a0Aortic aneurysms are most often located below the renal arteries and in the common iliac arteries.\u00a0(3:532)\n\n9. (A)\u00a0The splanchnic circulation supplies blood flow to the gastrointestinal system and is composed of the celiac artery, the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and their branches. The renal arteries are part of the urogenital system.\u00a0(3:571, 572)\n\n10. (B)\u00a0A doubling of velocity across segments of a vessel of similar diameter is consistent with >50% reduction in diameter; a fourfold increase in velocity signifies a narrowing >75%.\u00a0(5:259, 260)\n\n11. (A)\u00a0The aortic stent graft (endograft) is inserted percu-taneously over a catheter advanced into the aorta from the femoral artery. The endograft excludes the aneurysm which remains. With surgical repair, the aneurysm is most often treated with graft replacement of the aorta.\u00a0(7:482\u2013485)\n\n12. (C)\u00a0Hypertension is not a common cause of aortic dissection although it results in increased pressure on the arterial wall. Because the medial layer of the arterial wall weakens with age, this is the most predisposing condition for aortic dissection.\u00a0(3:531)\n\n13. (B)\u00a0Arterial dissection is characterized by a tear in the intima of the arterial wall. This allows blood to course between the intima and media, creating a true and false lumen. The intimal flap can be seen on real-time images as an echogenic, pulsating structure within the lumen of the artery.\u00a0(3:531)\n\n14. (A)\u00a0The common hepatic artery divides into the gastro-duodenal artery in the hepatoduodenal ligament and the right gastric artery at the liver hilum.\u00a0(2; 4:240)\n\n15. (B)\u00a0Gallbladder. The splenic artery supplies blood to the spleen, pancreas, left half of the greater omentum, greater curvature of the stomach, and part of the fundus of the stomach. The common hepatic artery supplies the gallbladder.\u00a0(4:240; 6:72)\n\n16. (D)\u00a0The splenic artery is the largest branch of the celiac artery.\u00a0(6:72)\n\n17. (A)\u00a0Approximately 1\u20132 cm of the left gastric artery may be seen longitudinally. This artery is not routinely examined during evaluation of the mesenteric arterial circulation.\u00a0(6:73)\n\n18. (C)\u00a0The normal celiac artery Doppler spectral waveform exhibits the characteristics of blood flow to low resistance end organs. It has rapid systolic upstroke, rapid deceleration, and constant forward diastolic flow. The peak systolic velocity is normally <200 cm/sec and the end-diastolic velocity is <55 cm/sec.\u00a0(3:576; 4:483)\n\n19. (A)\u00a0The waveform demonstrates low diastolic flow and the absence of turbulence. These are features of a normal vessel supplying blood to a high resistance end organ. Flow-reducing superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stenosis would cause the peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities to increase to >275 cm/sec and 45 cm/sec, respectively. A post-stenotic signal would be evident immediately distal to the stenosis as a consequence of the pressure-flow gradient that develops with significant vessel narrowing.\u00a0(3:573, 577)\n\n20. (A)\u00a0The SMA originates from the anterior wall of the aorta 1\u20132 cm below the celiac artery and behind the pancreas. It courses anterior to the left renal vein and parallels the aorta as it moves caudally.\u00a0(4:243; 7:467)\n\n21. (D)\u00a0Acute, severe abdominal ischemia is associated with sudden occlusion of one or more of the mesenteric arteries. Chronic mesenteric ischemia has an insidious onset as a consequence of progression of atherosclerotic disease. Clinically, patients present with a triad of symptoms: postprandial pain, \u201cfear of food\u201d syndrome, and weight loss.\u00a0(3:572\u2013574; 7:466)\n\n22. (B)\u00a0The diagnostic criteria for flow-reducing SMA stenosis are peak systolic velocity >275 cm/sec, end-diastolic velocity >45 cm/sec, and a classic turbulent post-stenotic signal.\u00a0(3:576; 5:483; 7:471)\n\n23. (C)\u00a0The median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm can compress the celiac artery origin during respiration. Compression occurs during normal respiration but is relieved with deep inspiration and breath holding because of relaxation of the diaphragmatic crus. While portal hypertension may cause increased hepatic artery velocity, this would not vary with respiration and is uncommonly transmitted to the celiac artery. Flow-reducing celiac artery stenosis, and mesenteric ischemia due to significant disease in one or more mesenteric arteries, would cause velocity elevation in the celiac artery. The velocities would not vary with respiratory maneuvers.\u00a0(7:470)\n\n24. (D)\u00a0The inferior epigastric artery is a collateral pathway for occlusive disease involving the aorto-iliac system. Occlusion of the proximal mesenteric arteries is compensated through collaterals that commonly arise from the inferior mesenteric artery and its branches or through the pancreaticoduodenal arcade.\u00a0(3:270; 7:468)\n\n25. (A)\u00a0Standard contrast arteriography with selective lateral views has historically been used to confirm the sonographic findings and to define collateral pathways prior to revascularization. In recent years, CT scans have been used to localize disease and display relational anatomy.\u00a0(8:239, 240)\n\n26. (C)\u00a0The left renal vein courses from the hilum of the left kidney, crosses the aorta anteriorly between the aorta and SMA, and moves inferior to the pancreas before entering the IVC.\u00a0(4:288; 6:77)\n\n27. (B)\u00a0Arcuate arteries arise from the interlobar arteries. They curve around the base of the pyramids where they give rise to the lobular arteries that supply the cortex of the kidney. Their flow pattern is normally low resistance like that of the main renal artery and its larger branches.\u00a0(4:245; 5:676)\n\n28. (D)\u00a0Flow-reducing renal artery stenosis is indicated if the renal-aortic ratio is >3.5, the peak systolic renal artery velocity is >180 cm/sec, and there is a post-stenotic signal.\u00a0(5:664; 7:460, 461)\n\n29. (B)\u00a0If the renal-aortic velocity ratio is used to determine severity of renal artery stenosis, care must be taken to assure that the aortic velocity is between 40 and 100 cm/sec. Use of velocities outside those values in the calculation can result in over or under-estimation of the severity of disease. Example: renal artery velocity = 150 cm/sec and the aortic velocity = 30 cm/sec. The renal-aortic ratio = 5.0, suggesting significant renal artery stenosis. Similarly, if the renal artery velocity = 320 cm/sec and the aortic velocity = 120 cm/sec, the renal-aortic ratio will be 3.0 and flow-limiting renal artery stenosis would not be indicated.\u00a0(7:460).\n\n30. (A)\u00a0This inverse relationship is caused by the impedance to arterial inflow that results from intrinsic disease. Such conditions are generally associated with endovasculitis and interstitial edema. In cases of marked renovascular resistance, the diastolic flow component of the Doppler spectral waveform may approach zero or reverse.\u00a0(5:664)\n\n31. (D)\u00a0The Doppler spectral waveform associated with mild acute tubular necrosis may be indistinguishable from the signal recorded in a normal kidney. Most often, there is increased diastolic flow as a result of arterial-venous shunting. This is evident in a normal resistive index (RI). As AT progresses in severity, renovascular resistance increases and the RI is elevated.\u00a0(4:247; 5:680)\n\n32. (B)\u00a0The fasting, normal inferior mesenteric artery demonstrates a high resistance waveform pattern typical of arteries feeding resting, muscular tissues (fasting SMA, peripheral arteries). The features of such waveforms are rapid systolic upstroke, rapid deceleration, and low diastolic flow. There may be a brief period of early diastolic flow reversal. The hepatic, renal and splenic arteries supply high flow demand organs and their waveform is characterized by constant forward diastolic flow.\u00a0(3:577, 578; 5:696)\n\n33. (C)\u00a0The most common curable cause of renal-related hypertension is atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. The second most common cause is due to medial fibromuscu-lar dysplasia. This is a non-atherosclerotic disease entity that commonly affects the mid-to-distal segment of the renal artery in young, hypertensive women.\u00a0(7:458)\n\n34. (A)\u00a0The term \u201ctardus parvus\u201d refers to the delayed systolic upstroke and run-off evident in the dampened Doppler spectral waveforms recorded distal to flow-limiting stenosis or arterial occlusion. Medical renal disease, hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis cause increased renovascular resistance. The resultant waveform would demonstrate low diastolic flow.\u00a0(3:620)\n\n35. (C)\u00a0When kidney size differs by more than 3.0 cm, occlusion of the renal artery on the side with the smaller kidney should be suspected. A small kidney with absent Doppler signals in the renal artery and dampened signals within the renal parenchyma from collateral vessels is consistent with renal artery occlusion.\u00a0(7:457)\n\n36. (A)\u00a0A diastolic to systolic velocity ratio <0.20 is consistent with renal parenchymal disease (medical renal disease). Renal artery stenosis, occlusion, and fibromuscular dysplasia do not result in elevated vascular resistance in the kidney unless there is associated medical renal disease.\u00a0(7:462)\n\n37. (B)\u00a0The right and left common iliac veins come together to form the IVC at the level of the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebrae.\u00a0(4:200)\n\n38. (B)\u00a0The pathologic condition that most often affects the inferior vena cava is thrombosis. Primary tumors of the IVC are uncommon but tumor extension or compression of the IVC may occur.\u00a0(3:545)\n\n39. (D)\u00a0Carcinomas of the kidney, adrenal gland, and liver often extend into the inferior vena cava via paracaval lymph nodes.\u00a0(3:545)\n\n40. (D)\u00a0Pregnancy can result in extrinsic compression of the inferior vena cava but prolonged, severe stasis is uncommon and caval thrombosis is an infrequent complication of pregnancy. Stasis due to prolonged inactivity, including surgery, can lead to venous thrombosis. Conditions that lead to dehydration, such as sepsis, promote development of thrombosis.\u00a0(6:186)\n\n41. (C)\u00a0A resistive index less than 0.70 is considered normal for an adult.\u00a0(5:677).\n\n42. (C)\u00a0Continuous, non-phasic Doppler spectral waveforms will be recorded when the lumen of the inferior vena cava is partially compromised.\u00a0(3:546, 547)\n\n43. (B)\u00a0Contrast arteriography would not be a procedure of choice for confirmation of inferior vena caval thrombosis. Arteriography will enhance definition of the lumen of arteries, but it is limited in its ability to define filling defect or absence of flow in the outflow circulation.\u00a0(3:283)\n\n44. (B)\u00a0The right hepatic vein divides the right lobe of the liver into anterior and posterior segments. The middle hepatic vein divides the liver into right and left lobes. The left hepatic vein separates the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe of the liver. The portal vein enters the liver through the porta hepatis.\u00a0(3:520)\n\n45. (D)\u00a0The \u201cPlayboy bunny\u201d sign refers to the real-time image of at least two of the three major hepatic veins obtained with oblique, cephalic angulation of the transducer from a right paramedian approach under the xiphoid process.\u00a0(6:76)\n\n46. (A)\u00a0The three major hepatic veins drain into the inferior vena cava. The portal vein is formed by the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins and carries oxygenated blood into the liver.\u00a0(3:520; 7:438)\n\n47. (B)\u00a0The spectral waveform from the normal hepatic veins demonstrates somewhat chaotic, pulsatile flow. There are two cycles of forward flow toward the heart as a result of reflections of right atrial and ventricular diastole. These are followed by a third cycle which is brief and reversed, accompanying atrial systole.\u00a0(3:523)\n\n48. (D)\u00a0The portal vein carries more than 50% of the oxygen required by the liver. While its responsibility for blood supply to the liver may increase when the portal venous flow is compromised, the hepatic artery most often supplies only 30% of the blood flow. The aorta and SMA do not provide flow directly to the liver.\u00a0(10:319)\n\n49. (B)\u00a0The portal vein is formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins.\u00a0(2; 3:518)\n\n50. (D)\u00a0The portal vein lies anterior to the IVC, cephalad to the head of the pancreas, and caudal to the caudate lobe.\u00a0(2; 7:438)\n\n51. (B)\u00a0The portal triad is composed of the portal vein, the hepatic artery, and the common bile duct.\u00a0(7:439; 10:317)\n\n52. (D)\u00a0Hepatic veins are boundary formers which divide the segments of the liver. They course longitudinally toward the inferior vena cava, increasing in diameter as they approach the hepato-caval confluence. Portal veins course horizontally toward their origin at the porta hepatis.\u00a0(2; 3:520)\n\n53. (A)\u00a0Portal venous flow exhibits low velocity, minimally phasic variation as a result of respiration-related changes in thoracic pressure. Flow direction is normally hepa-topetal (toward the liver). Pulsatility is common to the hepatic venous circulation.\u00a0(3:520)\n\n54. (C)\u00a0Occlusion of one or more of the hepatic veins is termed Budd-Chiari syndrome. Cavernous transformation may follow portal vein thrombosis and appears as periportal collaterals in the porta hepatis. Hemangioma is a benign tumor of the liver. Fibromuscular dysplasia is a non-atherosclerotic disease entity that causes concentric narrowing and dilation of arteries. This condition is observed in renal and carotid arteries.\u00a0(3:602; 4:294)\n\n55. (D)\u00a0Hepatic veins divide the liver into segments, coursing longitudinally toward the vena cava. For this reason, they are considered \u201cboundary formers.\u201d Unlike the portal veins which have echogenic walls due to the collagen within their boundaries, the hepatic vein walls lack echogenicity The veins usually are not compressed during a Valsalva maneuver, which increases abdominal pressure.\u00a0(7:441)\n\n56. (C)\u00a0In Western nations, portal hypertension is most often caused by cirrhosis. Cirrhosis may be caused by hepatitis, but is not the direct cause of portal hypertension. Hepatocellular carcinoma and sclerosing cholangitis may be found in association with portal hypertension but are not the primary causes of this condition.\u00a0(3:588)\n\n57. (B)\u00a0Portal vein thrombosis may be followed by development of serpiginous periportal collaterals within the hepatic hilum. This is referred to as cavernous transformation.\u00a0(7:441)\n\n58. (A)\u00a0Normal blood pressure within the liver is 5\u201310 mm Hg. Portal hypertension is present when the pressure gradient from the portal vein to the hepatic veins or IVC exceeds 10 mm Hg.\u00a0(3:585; 10:319)\n\n59. (C)\u00a0The most common type of portal hypertension is intrahepatic due to sinusoidal obstruction resulting from cirrhosis.\u00a0(3:585)\n\n60. (C)\u00a0Portal hypertension causes the portal vein velocity to decrease due to increased resistance to flow and the flow pattern becomes continuous as respiratory variation disappears as a result of increased hepatic pressure. The portal vein enlarges to >13 mm in diameter and with severe disease, the flow direction in the portal vein reverses to decompress the liver.\u00a0(3:588; 10:320)\n\n61. (D)\u00a0Mycotic aneurysms are arterial dilations that are infected. Marfan syndrome is associated with stretching and weakening of the aortic wall which may lead to development of an aneurysm. Injuries that cause penetration of the arterial wall may result in pseudoaneurysms.\u00a0(6:82)\n\n62. (C)\u00a0Left portal vein. The paraumbilical (umbilical) vein is a branch of the left portal vein. It serves as a collateral pathway for decompression of the liver in patients with portal hypertension. It carries blood away from the liver, exiting in the ligamentum teres and forming a network of veins surrounding the umbilicus (caput medusa).\u00a0(3:591; 4:295)\n\n63. (A)\u00a0The paraumbilical (umbilical) vein is a branch of the left portal vein. It serves as a collateral pathway for decompression of the liver in patients with portal hypertension. The coronary vein (left gastric vein) is another important collateral pathway in patients with portal hypertension.\u00a0(3:591)\n\n64. (C)\u00a0Most often flow is shunted from the main portal vein to the right hepatic vein to empty into the systemic venous circulation (IVC). This is an effective, nonsurgical method used to decompress the liver in patients with portal hypertension.\u00a0(7:442)\n\n65. (A)\u00a0The color-flow image and peak systolic velocity (>250 cm/sec) suggest stenosis of the TIPS. Velocities are normally in the range of 65\u2013220 cm/sec with flow directed toward the shunt.\u00a0(7:442; 9:290)\n\n66. (C)\u00a0Flow direction should remain normal, or hepatofugal, following placement of a TIPS. Hepatopetal flow would suggest that the shunt is not functional and flow will be diverted in the hepatic and portal vein to allow the liver to decompress. Flow is normally pulsatile in the hepatic veins. Continuous, non-phasic signals suggest obstruction to venous outflow.\u00a0(9:291)\n\n67. (A)\u00a0The echogenic walls of the TIPS are apparent within the liver parenchyma. Hepatic venous stenosis is best demonstrated with color flow imaging. A hemangioma is a benign liver tumor. Hepatocellular carcinoma would not have echogenic boundaries.\u00a0(9:290)\n\n68. (C)\u00a0Peak systolic velocity in a normally functioning TIPS ranges from 65 to 220 cm/sec. Flow is shunted toward the TIPS. Therefore, flow direction in the portal vein will be hepatopetal. Flow direction in the hepatic veins should remain hepatofugal.\u00a0(9:291)\n\n69. (B)\u00a0These findings suggest TIPS stenosis. Normally, velocity in the main portal vein exceeds 100 cm/sec. Flow direction is hepatopetal. In this case, the shunt velocity has deteriorated to <60 cm/sec. This is consistent with compromised shunt flow. The direction of flow in the hepatic veins is hepatopetal, suggesting collateral flow to compensate for shunt dysfunction.\u00a0(9:291)\n\n70. (C)\u00a0Renal arterial inflow may remain normal even though the renal vein is thrombosed. Given this, the Doppler spectral waveform demonstrates rapid systolic upstroke, rapid deceleration, but because outflow through the venous system is compromised, the diastolic flow is reversed and blunted. This is consistent with impedance to outflow through the renal vein.\u00a0(7:454)\n\n71. (B)\u00a0Patients with renal vein thrombosis may initially have proteinuria, epigastric pain, fever, and hematuria. Renal vein thrombosis is seen more frequently in children than adults.\u00a0(6:212)\n\n72. (C)\u00a0The Doppler spectral waveform demonstrates peak systolic velocity <200 cm/sec, end-diastolic velocity <55 cm/sec, and the absence of a post-stenotic signal. These findings are consistent with normal flow in the celiac artery.\u00a0(3:579, 580)\n\n73. (B)\u00a0Note should be taken of the decrease in peak systolic velocity associated with deep inspiration. These findings are suggestive of median arcuate ligament compression of the origin of the celiac artery. The celiac artery velocity does not alter significantly in the postprandial state because the liver and spleen do not participate immediately in meeting the metabolic needs associated with digestion. Fixed stenosis and collateral compensatory flow are not affected by changes in respiration.\u00a0(3:581, 582)\n\n74. (C)\u00a0If the urethra is obstructed, hydronephrosis will be bilateral because the urethra is the conduit for both ureters. Renal calculi are generally not chronically obstructive at ureteral level.\u00a0(6:186).\n\n75. (B)\u00a0In cases of acute renal vein thrombosis, the kidney enlarges and becomes hypoechogenic. The pyramids are prominent but the corticomedullary junction is indistinct. With partial obstruction of the renal vein, the Doppler spectral waveform demonstrates absence of respirophasicity Unlike the findings with renal artery occlusion, the renal size is most often unaffected.\u00a0(3:624, 625)\n\n76. (B)\u00a0In hydronephrosis, the kidney exhibits a cystic area within the echogenic renal sinus. This acoustic difference may be mild, moderate, or severe, dependent on the severity and length of the obstruction. Renal infarction produces wedge-shaped flow defects at the level of the renal hilum that may extend to the level of the renal cortex. Renal artery occlusion is evidenced by an absence of flow in the main real artery. Collateral flow may be documented within the renal parenchyma. Renal calculi are most often echogenic with sharp, marginated acoustic shadowing.\u00a0(6:186)\n\n77. (D)\u00a0With obstructive hydronephrosis, the resistive index is most often >0.70.\u00a0(4:86)\n\n78. (A)\u00a0A cadaveric liver transplant is termed orthotopic. The recipient\u2019s liver and gallbladder are excised and the cadaveric liver is transplanted. When heterotopic transplantation is used, the recipient\u2019s liver remains in place and a portion of the donor liver is transplanted. The terms \u201cheterogeneous\u201d and \u201chomogeneous\u201d refer to acoustic properties of atherosclerotic plaque or other tissue.\u00a0(5:721)\n\n79. (C)\u00a0Because the recipient\u2019s liver is removed, an orthotopic liver transplant requires at least three anastomoses: the extrahepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and the suprahepatic IVC. A fourth anastomosis at the infrahepatic IVC may be necessary.\u00a0(5:721)\n\n80. (A)\u00a0Sonography may define many of the vascular problems associated with liver transplant dysfunction, but it lacks sensitivity for diagnosis of liver transplant rejection.\u00a0(7:443\u2013445)\n\n81. (D)\u00a0The hepatic artery provides blood flow to the liver transplant. Thrombosis of the hepatic artery places the organ in jeopardy of failure. Hepatic artery and IVC stenoses can be compensated through collateral pathways. Thrombosis of a hepatic vein has little consequence while portal vein thrombosis may threaten the survival of the transplanted organ and recipient.\u00a0(7:443)\n\n82. (B)\u00a0The elevation in peak systolic velocity, accompanied by delayed systolic upstroke as evidenced by the systolic acceleration time >0.8 and a low resistive index, is consistent with flow-limiting hepatic artery stenosis. There would be no evidence of flow if the hepatic artery were thrombosed. Portal vein obstruction would not cause delayed acceleration in the hepatic artery.\u00a0(4:242)\n\n83. (C)\u00a0The \u201cto- and-fro\u201d spectral Doppler flow pattern in the neck of a pseudoaneurysm is diagnostic. The pattern is the result of high-pressure arterial flow entering the neck during systole and exiting to the lower pressure of the parent artery during diastole. This produces a rapid systolic upstroke and reverse diastolic flow (\u201cto-fro\u201d) pattern. Although spectral broadening is apparent due to rapid changes in direction, a post-stenotic signal is not present. Low resistance Doppler waveforms are associated with high flow demand organs and arteriovenous communications. An intimal tear may lead to arterial dissection.\u00a0(3:393)\n\n84. (C)\u00a0The diameter of the portal vein, measured just above the IVC with the patient in quiet respiration, is normally <13 mm. With deep inspiration, the diameter may increase to 15\u201316 mm.\u00a0(10:321)\n\n85. (B)\u00a0The common hepatic artery divides into the gastro-duodenal artery and the proper hepatic artery at the level of the hepatoduodenal ligament.\u00a0(4:240)\n\n86. (D)\u00a0Renal medial fibromuscular dysplasia affects the mid-to-distal segments of the native renal artery, but is not associated with renal transplant dysfunction.\u00a0(5:684\u2013694; 9:322)\n\n87. (C)\u00a0The external iliac artery is most often chosen as the anastomotic vessel for the transplant renal artery. The transplant renal artery may be anastomosed to the aorta in children.\u00a0(5:685; 9:324)\n\n88. (D)\u00a0Renal transplant rejection is suggested sonographically by an increase in renal volume, increased cortical echogenicity, an indistinct corticomedullary boundary, and thickening of the renal pelvis.\u00a0(4:268)\n\n89. (A)\u00a0The Doppler spectral waveform pattern associated with acute renal transplant rejection is characterized by rapid systolic upstroke, rapid deceleration, and low or absent diastolic flow. Acute rejection is associated with endovasculitis and accumulation of interstitial fluid. These factors cause elevation of renovascular resistance. This impedes arterial inflow to the kidney and diastolic flow, consequently, decreases.\u00a0(5:685\u2013688)\n\n90. (B)\u00a0Moderate ATN is associated with slight increase in renovascular resistance. The Doppler spectral waveform is characterized by rapid systolic upstroke, rapid deceleration, and increased pulsatility as a result of increased resistance to arterial inflow.\u00a0(5:688, 689)\n\n91. (C)\u00a0Transplant renal artery stenosis is suggested by a renal artery to iliac artery velocity ratio >3.0. Answers (A) and (B) are related to flow-limiting stenosis in a native renal artery. A diastolic to systolic velocity ratio is used to confirm medical renal disease.\u00a0(5:691)\n\n92. (D)\u00a0The right renal artery has branches that supply blood to the adrenal and ureter, but not the pancreas. All other statements are true regarding this artery.\u00a0(5:662; 7:452\u2013456)\n\n93. (C)\u00a0Because of the transmission of high-pressure arterial flow into the low-pressure venous circulation, renal transplant arteriovenous fistulae demonstrate high-velocity turbulent arterial signals and pulsatile venous flow.\u00a0(3:631)\n\n94. (C)\u00a0Splenic vein thrombosis is the most serious complication of pancreas transplantation as it threatens organ survival. While arterial inflow is maintained via multiple channels, drainage of the organ is principally through the splenic venous circulation.\u00a0(9:327\u2013329)\n\n95. (B)\u00a0Portal venous flow is normally toward the liver, or hepatopetal in direction.\u00a0(10:319)\n\n96. (C)\u00a0Portal venous flow volume decreases with portal hypertension. Flow is diverted to the systemic circulation via collaterals such as the coronary vein and paraumbili-cal vein. Superficial venous collaterals are often apparent surrounding the umbilicus (caput medusa).\u00a0(10:322)\n\n97. (A)\u00a0TIPSs are used to treat recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and refractory ascites due to portal hypertension. The shunt is intrahepatic and carries blood from the portal vein to a hepatic vein for drainage into the systemic venous circulation (IVC).\u00a0(9:289\u2013291; 10:324)\n\n98. (C)\u00a0As renal artery stenosis progresses to occlusion, kidney size decreases due to restricted blood flow. A difference in kidney size >3.0 cm should raise suspicion of compromised blood flow on the side with the smaller organ. Kidney length is most often <8 cm. Unless the occlusion was acute, low-amplitude, low-velocity collateral flow signals will be found throughout the renal parenchyma.\u00a0(7:457)\n\n99. (D)\u00a0The renal acceleration index is defined as the change in distance between the onset of systolic flow and the peak systolic velocity divided by the acceleration time. It is used to predict significant proximal renal artery stenosis.\u00a0(9:314)\n\n100. (C)\u00a0A decrease in pressure and flow occurs in most vessels in the arterial system when the diameter of the artery is narrowed by 50\u201360%. This approximates a 75\u201380% area reduction.\u00a0(3:10)\n\n101. (B)\u00a0Post-prandially, vascular resistance decreases in the tissues fed by the SMA. The Doppler spectral waveform reflects the change by altering its normally high resistance flow pattern to a low resistance pattern. This is characterized by rapid systolic upstroke, rapid deceleration, and forward diastolic flow.\u00a0(5:700\u2013702)\n\n102. (C)\u00a0The \u201cseagull sign\u201d formed by the celiac artery and its primary branches, the common hepatic and splenic arteries, can best be seen from a transverse image plane at the level of the SMA. The transducer should be angled slightly cephalad as the celiac artery arises from the anterior aortic wall approximately 1\u20132 cm proximal to the SMA.\u00a0(3:513; 7:468, 469)\n\n103. (A)\u00a0Color artifact in the tissues surrounding arteries is most often due to turbulence associated with rapid disturbed flow. The chaotic flow causes vibration of the arterial wall and surrounding tissues and the movement is color encoded. This feature is used to identify the presence of bruits associated with significant flow disturbance, which can occur with sharp angulation of a vessel or flow-limiting stenosis. Although an arteriovenous fistula is possible, it is more likely that kinking or stenosis at the anastomotic site is responsible for the disturbed flow. Pseudoaneurysms are diagnosed by the \u201cto-and-fro\u201d flow pattern found in the neck that connects the pseudoaneurysm to the parent artery.\u00a0(4:450)\n\n104. (C)\u00a0The \u201cto-and-fro\u201d Doppler spectral waveform is diagnostic of a pseudoaneurysm. It is caused by the change in pressure and flow direction within the neck of the false aneurysm as blood moves into the aneurysm in systole and returns through the neck to the native artery in diastole.\u00a0(3:392)\n\n105. (D)\u00a0Acute occlusion of the renal artery would most likely result in the absence of collateral flow within the organ. Collateral vessels develop in patients who have flow-limiting disease and are evident as low-velocity, low-amplitude waveforms throughout the kidney. Absent diastolic flow indicates elevated renovascular resistance and medical renal disease.\u00a0(7:457)\n\n106. (C)\u00a0There is a reported rupture rate of 10% per year for abdominal aortic aneurysms measuring >6 cm in diameter. For this reason, large aneurysms should be treated emergently to prevent risk of rupture.\u00a0(3:532)\n\n107. (A)\u00a0The second most common cause of renovascular hypertension is fibromuscular dysplasia. This non-atherosclerotic disease entity most commonly affects the mid-to-distal segment of the renal artery and is found predominantly in younger women.\u00a0(7:458)\n\n108. (D)\u00a0The color flow image illustrates an aortic dissection which is seen as \u201ctrue\u201d and \u201cfalse\u201d channels within the aortic lumen. The channels are separated by an Intimal flap. A saccular aneurysm appears as an \u201coutpouching\u201d from the aortic wall. Fusiform aneurysms are spindle-shaped as a result of concentric dilation of the artery. Mycotic aneurysms are infected aneurysms whose shapes are variable.\n\n109. (D)\u00a0The transverse image illustrates an echogenic flap of intima within the lumen of the aorta. This flap, created by a tear in the intima, allows blood to flow between the intima and media in true and false channels.\u00a0(3:531)\n\n110. (C)\u00a0The left gastric artery is not routinely evaluated during a mesenteric duplex study. The artery is difficult to image unless it has enlarged as a result of increased flow volume when there is occlusive disease in the hepatic, splenic, or celiac arteries.\u00a0(3:513, 514)\n\n111. (D)\u00a0The Doppler spectral waveform from the SMA represents flow-reducing SMA stenosis (peak systolic velocity >275 cm/sec, end-diastolic velocity >45 cm/sec, and a post-stenotic signal). This waveform demonstrates significantly elevated systolic velocity and pan-systolic spectral broadening consistent with turbulent flow. The end-diastolic velocity is well above 45 cm/sec. A post-stenotic signal is not shown. Velocities at the values illustrated in this study would not be consistent with those seen as a result of collateralization or eating. A fasting SMA waveform is characterized by low diastolic flow.\u00a0(7:471)\n\n112. (A)\u00a0A rapid decrease in velocity and turbulent flow patterns distal to arterial stenosis are characteristic of a post-stenotic signal. This flow pattern is caused by a decrease in pressure and flow that occurs when the diameter of an artery is significantly reduced. Kinetic energy is decreased at the distal end of a stenosis. When tandem lesions are present, the entrance and exit effect on energy as blood moves through the lesions results in major energy loss distally.\u00a0(5:160\u2013168)\n\n113. (A)\u00a0The left renal vein can best be seen from a transverse image plane just inferior to the SMA. It will be noted to cross the aorta anteriorly in most patients. In a small percentage of patients, the left renal vein is retro-aortic or bifid with one limb crossing the aorta anteriorly and the other inferiorly.\u00a0(7:454)\n\n114. (B)\u00a0The color-flow image illustrates two renal arteries on the right side. Multiple renal arteries occur in approximately 20% of the population and, for reasons that are not well understood, are more common on the left side.\u00a0(7:456)\n\n115. (B)\u00a0In the normal portal vein, flow is hepatopetal in direction (toward the liver). Using the scan plane and transducer orientation described, the sound beam is pointed toward the direction of flow. The color bar indicates flow toward the transducer is red.\u00a0(10:318, 319)\n\n116. (D)\u00a0Power Doppler is based on the intensity of the returned Doppler signal and the difference between that intensity and the signal returned from surrounding tissue. As such, it is not as angle-dependent as color Doppler because that modality relies on color-encodement of shifted frequencies. Power Doppler excels at demonstrating low-velocity flow, tissue perfusion, and vessel wall-to-lumen interfaces. Flow is highlighted by summing forward and reverse velocities relevant to the sound beam to produce a power spectrum. The shortcoming of power Doppler is that it cannot illustrate flow direction.\u00a0(3:78)\n\n117. (C)\u00a0Distal to an 80% stenosis, the Doppler spectral waveform will assume a tardus parvus morphology. This is characterized by delayed systolic upstroke and delayed run-off. The early systolic peak is not apparent. Absence of diastolic flow is consistent with elevated renovascular resistance, which does not always accompany renal artery stenosis.\u00a0(3:622)\n\n118. (C)\u00a0Heterotopic partial transplantation is the most common type of liver transplantation. Patients retain their liver and receive a portion of a liver from a donor. Ortho-topic transplantation is used for cadaveric liver transplants.\u00a0(5:721\u2013724)\n\n119. (C)\u00a0The abdominal aorta is considered if its diameter exceeds 3 cm or is 1.5 times larger than the proximal normal segment.\u00a0(3:554)\n\n120. (D)\u00a0The IVC is not routinely interrogated during examination of a renal transplant. The vessels of interest are the inflow artery and vein (external iliacs), the transplant renal artery and vein, and the vessels within the renal parenchyma.\u00a0(9:322, 323)\n\n121. (A)\u00a0The hepatic artery is not routinely interrogated during evaluation of a pancreas transplant. The celiac and superior mesenteric arteries are anastomosed to the recipient iliac and should be routinely evaluated to ensure arterial perfusion of the pancreas transplant. The venous drainage is through the portal venous system. Patency of the splenic vein must be confirmed, because thrombosis of this vessel has an impact on organ survival.\u00a0(5:728)\n\n122. (D)\u00a0Dependent on the severity of portal venous compromise, patients may present with variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and extensive collateral circulation.\u00a0(10:321)\n\n123. (C)\u00a0The classic flow profile associated with significant arterial stenosis is characterized by increased velocity at the site of stenosis, post-stenotic turbulence, followed by return to laminar flow. Collateral compensatory flow will exhibit elevated velocity throughout the visualized length of the collateral vessel. There is no evidence of a pressure-flow gradient, and therefore, a post-stenotic signal is not present.\u00a0(5:165\u2013167)\n\n124. (C)\u00a0A complication of aortic stent grafts (endografts) that is not encountered with surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms is risk of blood reentering the residual aneurysm sac. Blood within the sac is termed an \u201cendoleak.\u201d Endoleaks have been associated with all of the devices on the market and have appeared as long as 4\u20135 years after aneurysm repair. For this reason, it is likely that aortic stent grafts will require lifelong follow-up with sonography and/or other imaging modalities that have adequate sensitivity for endoleak detection.\u00a0(7:482)\n\n125. (D)\u00a0Turbulent, chaotic flow patterns are not associated with endoleaks. Dependent on the source and classification of the endoleaks, flow patterns usually demonstrate high resistance with low diastolic flow or a to- and-fro flow pattern associated with changes in pressure gradients between the residual aneurysm sac and the feeding artery. The Doppler spectral waveform from the endoleak will differ in morphology from the spectral waveform recorded in the body or limb of the aortic stent graft.\u00a0(3:556, 557)\n\n126. (D)\u00a0The right renal artery can be imaged satisfactorily in most patients from a transverse plane at the level of the left renal vein or from a right intercostal approach through a transverse image of the kidney. Additionally, it should be recognized that the right renal artery courses posterior to the IVC. The artery can be seen in cross-section from a longitudinal image of the IVC. This image plane is used for percutaneous placement of IVC filters under ultrasound guidance.\u00a0(3:614, 615)\n\n127. (B)\n\n128. (D)\n\n129. (B)\n\n130. (C)\u00a0When blood pressure is elevated in the liver, the organ will attempt to decompress through spontaneous shunting, which directs flow away from the liver into the systemic venous circulation. A common pathway is from the splenic vein to the left renal vein, which empties into the IVC.\u00a0(7:437)\n\n131. (D)\u00a0Current diagnostic criteria for identification of flow-reducing SMA stenosis are: Peak systolic velocity >275 cm/sec, end-diastolic velocity >45 cm/sec, and a post-stenotic signal.\u00a0(7:467\u2013469)\n\n132. (C)\u00a0The caput medusa associated with portal hypertension is associated with superficial collateral veins surrounding the umbilicus. The veins originate within the liver from a recanalized umbilical vein, a branch of the left portal vein.\u00a0(10:321, 322)\n\n133. (C)\u00a0The cruciate arteries are part of the peripheral arterial system. The segmental, interlobar and arcuate arteries are found within the renal parenchyma.\u00a0(5:676)\n\n134. (D)\u00a0The adult kidney is normally 11\u201313 cm in length, 5\u20137 cm in width, and 2\u20133 cm in anteroposterior thickness. The size of the kidney decreases with progression of renal artery stenosis.\u00a0(6:170)\n\n135. (C)\u00a0The peak systolic velocity in the adult aorta is normally between 70 and 140 cm/sec. The velocity decreases with age.\u00a0(4:240)\n\n136. (D)\u00a0Elevated resistive index (RI) is consistent with impedance to arterial inflow to the kidney. This can be caused by the endovasculitis and interstitial fluid accumulations associated with acute rejection or the peritubular necrosis that is a signature of ATN. It should also be noted that pressure applied with the transducer to the tissues over the renal transplant is transmitted into the organ and increases resistance to arterial inflow. This is translated to elevated RI.\u00a0(5:685)\n\n137. (D)\u00a0Blood flow in the suprarenal aorta is entering arterial branches that supply the low resistance vascular beds of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The only high-resistance organ supply in a fasted patient is that of the superior mesenteric artery. Because the majority of flow is to high-demand end organs, the spectral pattern in the suprarenal abdominal aorta may be biphasic. Waveform morphology is in large part dependent on the compliance of the aorta and its branch arteries and the level of flow demand expressed by the fasting liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal circulation. Because of this, high-resistance triphasic waveforms, which are generally seen in the infrarenal aorta, may also be evident in the suprarenal segment.\u00a0(3:575, 576)\n\n138. (B)\u00a0As the necrotic process associated with acute tubular necrosis progresses from moderate to severe, resistance to arterial inflow to the kidney increases. This is reflected in the Doppler spectral waveform which demonstrates rapid systolic upstroke and rapid deceleration because the obstructive process is distal to the renal artery. The amount, amplitude, and descent of the diastolic flow component are reduced and diastolic flow will be low or absent, dependent on the severity of disease.\u00a0(9:324)\n\n139. (C)\u00a0A saccular aneurysm forms an outpouching from the aortic wall. While pseudoaneurysms may appear as outpouchings, they are distinguished from true saccular aneurysms by a puncture of one or more of the layers of the arterial wall, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding tissues. A fusiform aneurysm is characterized by concentric dilation of the artery.\u00a0(3:532)\n\n140. (A)\u00a0The celiac artery arises from the anterior aortic wall. During normal respiration, the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm can slide over the proximal celiac artery. This extrinsic compression causes narrowing of the arterial lumen and velocity increases. With deep inspiration, the ligament slides off the artery and normal blood flow is restored.\u00a0(7:470)\n\n141. (C)\u00a0To prevent overestimation or underestimation of severity of renal artery stenosis, the renal-aortic ratio should only be used when the aortic velocity is between 40 cm/sec and 100 cm/sec.\u00a0(7:460)\n\n142. (A)\u00a0The inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein to the left of the confluence of the portal and splenic veins.\u00a0(10:317)\n\n143. (B)\u00a0The cystic vein, a branch of the portal vein, drains into the gallbladder. It is usually not visualized sonographically When drainage of the vein is compromised in patients with portal hypertension, varices can develop in the gallbladder wall. Search for these varices during sonographic evaluation may support the diagnosis of portal hypertension.\u00a0(10:318)\n\n144. (D)\u00a0Pulsatility of the Doppler spectral waveform recorded in the portal vein is abnormal and most often suggests right heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation, a fistula between the hepatic vein and portal vein, or portal hypertension. The portal venous flow pattern is normally minimally phasic with respiratory variation.\u00a0(10:318)\n\n145. (C)\u00a0Splenomegaly is diagnosed when the length of the spleen exceeds 13 cm. The measurement should be made from a cranio-caudad image plane to ensure accuracy.\u00a0(10:320)\n\n146. (B)\u00a0The coronary vein is the most common collateral pathway in patients with portal hypertension and is found in >80% of patients. The paraumbilical (umbilical) vein is also an important pathway for decompression of the liver.\u00a0(10:321)\n\n147. (C)\u00a0The coronary vein is considered to be enlarged when its diameter exceeds 6 mm.\u00a0(10:321)\n\n148. (A)\u00a0When pressure increases in the liver, the flow direction in the coronary vein may reverse. Normal flow direction is toward the splenic and portal veins.\u00a0(10:321)\n\n149. (D)\u00a0The portal vein courses throughout the liver with the hepatic artery and common bile duct. Together, they form the portal triad. The three structures are covered by Glis-son\u2019s capsule, which is acoustically echogenic, accounting for the brightness of the walls of the triad.\u00a0(6:94, 95)\n\n150. (B)\u00a0Because the aorta may be tortuous, the correct dimensions of abdominal aortic aneurysms can be obtained by following the axis of the aorta rather than the axis of the spine.\u00a0(3:533)
+__label__positive Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\n\nAll organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature.\n\nLife is organized in a hierarchy fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy as it increases in complexity?\n\nMolecule, cell tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem.\n\nThe tree in your backyard is home to two cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasps nest, two squirrels, and millions of bacteria. Together all of these organisms represent\n\nA community\n\n\nOrganelle, cell, and tissue\n\nWhich of the following statements about ecosystems is false?\n\nBacteria and fungi recycle energy within an ecosystem\n\nThe ultimate source of energy folowing into nearly all ecosystems is\n\n\nA consumer eating a producer represents\n\na transfer of chemical nutrients and energy\n\n\nNew cells are derived from cellular components like organelles\n\nWhich of the following statements about living systems is false?\n\nLiving systems are composed of two or more cells\n\nOrganisms that are prokaryotes are in the domains\n\nFungi and bacteria\n\nWhich of the following statements about the domain bacteria is true?\n\nAll bacteria lack a nucleus\n\nMembers of the kingdom animalia\n\ncan obtain their food by eating other organisms\n\nWhat feature is common to prokaryotes, fungi, and plants?\n\ncell walls\n\nWhich of the following is a kingdom within the domain Eukarya\n\n\nAll organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae\n\nare photosynthetic and contain cells that are surrounded by cell walls with cellulose\n\nAll organisms belonging to the kingdom fungi\n\n\n....These cells must come from an organism that is a member of the kingdom\n\n\nWhich of the following observations would provide the strongest evidence that the many different plants that we call orchids are actually related to one another?\n\nthey all have the same common ancestor\n\nThe teeth of the grain-eating...This illustrates\n\na result of natural selection and the connection between form and function\n\nAn antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria\n\nto be more resistant to that antibiotic\n\nConsider the following statement....This statement is an example of\n\ndeductive reasoning\n\nA hypothesis is\n\na tenative answer to some question\n\nA theory is\n\n\nTo be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be\n\ntestable and falsifiable\n\nThe role of a control in an experiment is to\n\nprovide a basis of comparison to the experimental group\n\nA scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that\n\n\nWhich of the folowing best represents an example of technology\n\ntesting for genetic diseases\n\nAs the enviroment changes,\n\nnatural selection adapts populations to their enviroment\n\nWhich level in the hierarchy shown is a community?\n\nLevel C\n\n\n\nThe four most common elements in living organisms are\n\nC, H, O, N, P, S\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding matter is false\n\nMatter can be created and destroyed\n\nWhich of the following statements best describes a compound\n\na coumpound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio\n\nIn the equation 2 H2 + 2 H20,\n\nonly H20 is a compound\n\nWhich of the following particles is found in the nucleous of an atom\n\nprotons and neutrons\n\n\n\n\n\nThe sodium atom contains 11 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. what is the mass number of sodium\n\n\nWhich of the following best describes the atomic number of an atom\n\nthe number of protons in an atom\n\nTypically nitrogen atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.An isotope of nitrogen could\n\nhave more neutrons\n\nA radioactive isotope is an isotope that\n\n\nWhen full, the innermost electron shell of argon contains __ electrons, and hte outermost shell contains __ electrons\n\n\nTable salt is formed when\n\nsodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine\n\nA(n) ____ forms when two atoms share electrons\n\ncovalent bond\n\nA hydrogen atom has one electron. How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?\n\n\nWhat is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?\n\nIn a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true?\n\noxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms\n\nA person shakes up vinegar and oil dressing before pouring it on salads. What is the chemical reason for doing this?\n\nVinegar contains charged water molecules, while oil is neutral and repels water.\n\nA water molecule (H-0-H) is held together by\n\ntwo polar covalent bonds\n\nThe hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ___ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ___ bonds.\n\npolar covalent...hydrogen\n\n___ are weak bonds that are not stong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules that are strong enough to form bondswithin and around large molecules\n\nhydrogen bonds\n\nThe tendency of water molecules to stick together is reffered to as\n\n\nWater's surface tension and heat storage capacity is accounted for by its\n\nhydrogen bonds\n\nAs ice melts,\n\nhydrogen bonds are broken\n\nWhich of the following will contain more heat but has a lower temperature\n\nan Olympic-sized heated indoor swimming pool\n\nA solution with a pH of 7 is\n\n\n\n100 times more acidic\n\nHousehold ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the following statements about the, is true\n\nThe ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach\n\nA buffer\n\ndonates H+ ions when conditions become too acidic\n\nWhich of the following statements about acid precipitation is false is false\n\nacid precipitation has little or no effect on soil chemistry\n\nThe emission of ___ and ___ are primarily responsible for acid precipitation\n\nnitrogen oxides...sulfur oxides\n\nWhich of the following statements about acid precipitation is false\n\nsome chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them\n\nWhat change is occuring in this figure\n\nchlorine is filling its third electron shell\n\nThe hydrogen bonds shown in this figure are each\n\nbetween an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of different water molecules\n\nOrganic compounds\n\nalways contain carbon\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding carbon is false\n\ncarbon has the capacity to form polar bonds with hydrogen\n\nYou now know that the old cliche 'oil and water don't mix' is true. Why?\n\nWater exhibits polarity and oild does not.\n\nWhich of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is false?\n\nAll functional groups include a carbon atom of the organis compounds skeleton\n\n\nMonomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.\n\nWhich of the following statements about dehydration synthesis is false?\n\nAnimal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food\n\nThe results of dehyrdation synthesis can be reversed by\n\n\nWhat is the general function of enzymes within a cell\n\nto speed up chemical reactions\n\nA dissaccharide forms when\n\ntwo monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis\n\nWhich of the following list contains only polysaccarides\n\ncellulose, starch, glycogen\n\nFoods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from\n\n\nThe storage form of carbohydrates is ___ in animals and ___ in plants\n\n\nAn oil may be converted into a substance that is a solid at room temperature by\n\nadding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules.\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding the triglyceride molecules is false\n\ntriglycerides are part of a signal pathway\n\n\n\nThe development of atherosclerotic disease can result from a diet high in\n\nsaturated fats\n\nWhich of the following substances is a lipid\n\n\nWhich of the following statements about anabolic steroids is false\n\nthey promote bone growth\n\nWhich of the following would be correctly classified as a protein\n\n\nAmino acids can be distinguished from one another by\n\nthe chemical properties of their R groups\n\nGlucose molecules are to starch as ___ are to proteins\n\namino acids\n\nProteins cannot be denatured by\n\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false?\n\nnucleotides have a nitrogenous base base backbone\n\nDNA differs from RNA because DNA\n\ncontains thymine in place of uracil\n\nGenetic information is encoded in the\n\nsequence of nucleotides in DNA\n\nThese two molecules are structural isomers. What is the difference between them?\n\nthe location of a double-bonded oxygen atom.\n\n...which hypothesis is likely to be more productive for their initial investigation\n\nth three-dimensional structure of the proteins may have been altered\n\nbased on your understanding of enzyme structure, which of the following would you recommend that they also investigate?\n\nthe temperature of the liquid in the washing vat\n\nHow are these two amino acids attatched together?\n\namino group to carboxylic acid group\n\nLight microscopes\n\nuse light and glass lenses to magnify an image\n\n....which of the following instruments would be best and why?\n\na light microscope because it allows observation of whole, live cells.\n\n\ncell theory\n\n...Which one of the following instruments would be best?\n\nscanning electron microscope\n\nA scanning electron microscope is used to study ____, whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study ____\n\ncell surfaces...internal cell structures\n\nAs cell size increases, the\n\nvolume increases faster than the surface area\n\na cell is exposed to a sunstance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger. this situation\n\nwill eventually be problematic, since the cell's ability to absorb nutrients though its outer membrane will not keep increasing as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs\n\n___ cells lack a membrane-inclosed nucleus\n\n\nThe membranes compartmentalization of a cell\n\nallows different metabloic processes to occur simultaneously\n\n..cell walls...and membrane-bound can conclude that the cells\n\nare plant cells\n\nUnlike animal cells, plant cells have __ and __. unlike plant cells, animal cells have __\n\nchloroplasts...cell walls...centrioles\n\nPlasma membranes are permeable to\n\nnonpolar molecules such as CO2\n\nWhat would you expect to find when looking through a SEM at a cell with an enzyme that cleaves proteins at their hydrophilic amino acids?\n\na cell surface that is devoid of any major structures\n\nthe nucles of a cell\n\ncontains DNA\n\nLong fibers of DNA and protein are called\n\n\nthe function of the nucleus is\n\nto manufacture ribosomal RNA\n\nSmooth endoplasmic reticulum\n\nstores calcium ions in muscle cells\n\nThe two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the production of\n\nmembrane and proteins secreted by the cell\n\nthe Golgi apparatus\n\nstores, modifies, and packages proteins\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false?\n\nthe Goldi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production\n\nWhich of the following statements about lysosomes is false\n\nlysosomes synthesize proteins from the recycled amino acids\n\nwhen a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, the cell will\n\nundergo self-digestion and die\n\nwhich of the following statements about the functions of a plant cell central vacuole is false\n\nthe central vacuole of the cell may digest chemicals for recycling\n\nContractile vacuoles\n\nprevent cell from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water\n\nWhich organelle is involved in the break down of the fatty acids and the detoxification of alcohol\n\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording
+__label__positive I found this code somewhere on the TeX archives and have been puzzling over it for some time. Can anyone describe how it works?\n\n% Date: Thu, 7 Feb 91 12:20:50 -0500\n%From: amgreene@ATHENA.MIT.EDU\n%Subject: A response to perl hackers\n=\\-{*-}~`-?~`~]-\\-~`^?~`~=^{*1}~`\\ ?~`~= {.`\\ $}~`@?~`~=@{,.,\"#`@^$}\n.`#*`'$.?~`~0-?~`~$//$^$ .``^$*?~`~$^$.?~`~0-?~`~/$-?~`~^$@*?~`~$ *\n?~`~*?~`~*?~`~*?~`~$@-?~`~$ .?~`~0-?~`~-?~`~$.``^$^^$.`<-?~`~*`<$@*\n\nIt lists all your input files!\n\n  \u2022 1\n    And outputs Just another TeX hacker. \u2013\u00a0Geoff Aug 24 '10 at 22:50\n  \u2022 5\n    Are you sure you want us to spoil the fun? What are you stuck on? Do you know what the first line does? If not, use tex by topic for reference. \u2013\u00a0Will Robertson Aug 24 '10 at 23:32\n  \u2022 :( Now I am also curious.... \u2013\u00a0Vivi Aug 25 '10 at 0:22\n  \u2022 BTW, this doesn't do anything about input files: perhaps you are thinking of another example? \u2013\u00a0Joseph Wright Aug 25 '10 at 8:38\n\nMost of the code here is set up, with very little actual 'payload'. Splitting things into one line per instruction is useful, with the proviso that this will cause issues with the real thing due to the spaces that get introduced as a result. \\tracingall will help also, as already pointed out.\n\nTaking the first line of the posted code we have\n\n\nThis starts with the assumption that ~ is active, and so can be \\let to \\catcode. Next, this new way of setting a catcode is used to make ? active, as the end-of-line character has character code 13, which is the category code for an active character. (To see this, notice that there is no space after the \\ at the end of the line).\n\nThe next line in the original contains:\n\n\nSo this is mainly catcode assignments (remembering that ~ is \\catcode). The characters # and ] are both made active, and the ] is \\let to \\let. Next, ., ,, % and = are all made active. These line would normally be written\n\n\nor more usually\n\n\nThe final instruction on the second line is to \\let the = token to \\def.\n\nThe third line of the original actually goes over slightly onto the forth one:\n\n\nSo we have another \\let, a category code change and then yet another \\let. There is then a \\def (using the = version), which results in the active % having the definition \\message[. That macro is going to be used later to build up the message that the code prints. Yet another category code change follows, to make $ active, and then this is defined in the last part of the line. The idea of that definition is to make ' active and to redefine % within a case-changing block.\n\nThe remainder of the fourth line contains\n\n\nSo yet again we have a token made active, this time *, which is then defined to \\advance.by. We then have # begin \\let to \\number, and then / is made active and defined as expanding to *-1. The last instruction on this line creates a new \\count, which will be referred to as . (which was made active a while ago).\n\nThe next line can be broken up to read\n\n~`\\ ?~`~\n= {.`\\ $}\n\nSo there is a definition of \\-, then - is made active and \\let to the definition of \\-. The ^ token is made active and defined as *1, then the space token is made active and given a definition. Finally, @ is made active and given a definition. That completes the bulk of the set up: most of the rest of the code is the message that gets printed!\n\nThe rest of the code consists of altering the value of . (a count) and then redefining %. The idea (in general) is that ' is given the upper-case code of the value of ., and this value is the character code of the letter required for the message. To keep the code complex, the numbers are done as far as possible using character codes rather than actual numbers. This is rather tedious to go through, so I'd recommend reading the \\tracingall output for full details.\n\nOne more point to note is that the code finishes\n\n\nAs this stage, % is defined as \\message[Just another TeX hacker, where [ will act as an opening brace but there is no closing brace. That is supplied by the literal }, which comes after % is finally used.\n\n  \u2022 8\n    +1 Wow, I used to enjoy each year's 'Obfuscated C' competitions way back in the day. But as C isn't self-modifying (*), TeX leaves it eating dust. I no longer have any doubt that TeX is 'Turing Complete', in the strict sense of \"take a strip of paper, write a 1, move left,...,read,erase, move right,...\". Obfuscated TeX, indeed. My hat's off to you, Joseph. [(*) technically, except in the pre-processor, that is.] \u2013\u00a0Geoffrey Jones Aug 25 '10 at 8:17\n  \u2022 2\n    Remember that \\tracingall is your friend (as long as you are only trying to understand something short!) \u2013\u00a0Joseph Wright Aug 25 '10 at 8:36\n  \u2022 Actually, the first line doesn't make a lot of sense to me. The end of line character has category code 5 as \\showthe\\catcode` demonstrates (there should be a newline after the \\, alternatively, use ^^M. Why is ? getting catcode 13 instead? \u2013\u00a0TH. Aug 25 '10 at 8:45\n  \u2022 3\n    Ah, I figured it out. It's not that ^^M has category code 13 (it doesn't), it's that `\\^^M is the number 13. \u2013\u00a0TH. Aug 25 '10 at 8:59\n  \u2022 It is not the category code that gets assigned here but the character code. The backtick-slash construct means 'convert the following character to a number', whereas to get the category code you'd have \\the\\catcode before the backslash. \u2013\u00a0Joseph Wright Aug 25 '10 at 9:00\n\nMaybe this is cheating, but try running the code with \\tracingall before the first line. You can watch TeX work.\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive Latin for Beginners eBook\n\nsum\\ faveo\\ do\\ noceo\\ teneo\\ dico\\ iubeo\\ pareo\\ ago\\ duco\\ mitto\\ facio\\ munio\\ persuadeo\\ moveo\\ sedeo\\ credo\\ studeo\\ rapio\\ fugio\\ reperio\\ venio\\ deleo\\ iacio\\ resisto\\ video\\ audio\\ absum\\ moneo\\ egeo\\ capio\\ gero\\ doceo\\ sto\\ rego\\\n\n_516._ Review Questions.\u00a0 What are the personal endings in the passive voice?\u00a0 What is the letter -r sometimes called?\u00a0 What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations?\u00a0 What forms constitute the principal parts?\u00a0 What are the three different conjugation stems?\u00a0 How may they be found?\u00a0 What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive?\u00a0 What tense of the imperative have you learned?\u00a0 What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem?\u00a0 What are the endings of the perfect active indicative?\u00a0 What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active?\u00a0 How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive?\u00a0 How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative?\u00a0 How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive?\u00a0 How is the future active infinitive formed?\u00a0 What is a participle?\u00a0 How are participles in -us declined?\u00a0 Give the rule for the agreement of the participle.\u00a0 How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed?\u00a0 Conjugate the verb sum\\ in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (Sec. 494).\u00a0 What is meant by the separative ablative?\u00a0 How is the place from which expressed in Latin?\u00a0 Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent.\u00a0 How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent?\u00a0 What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite?\u00a0 What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect?\u00a0 What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition?\u00a0 Name the prepositions that govern the ablative.\u00a0 What does the preposition in\\ mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative?\u00a0 What are the three interrogatives used to introduce _yes_-and-_no_ questions?\u00a0 Explain the force of each.\u00a0 What words are sometimes used for _yes_ and _no?_ What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?\n\n\n517. Give the English of the following words:\u00a0\n\nripa\\ barbari\\\n\nProject Gutenberg\nLatin for Beginners from Project Gutenberg. Public domain.\nFollow Us on Facebook
+__label__positive Search Results\n\n1 Star\u00a0\n105 documents\nAdd To One-thousand \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 136 (Dec 2003)\nHow many pairs of positive integers add to make one-thousand?\nAdd To Six \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 29 (Jan 2001)\nUsing positive integers, how many different sums add to make six?\nAncient Riddle \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 2 (Aug 2000)\nCan you discover the password to unlock the tests?\nArea Of Arrow \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 65 (Feb 2002)\nCan you find the area of the arrow?\nArithmetic Ring \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 117 (May 2003)\nShow how to fill a ring with the digits 1 to 8 so that no two adjacent numbers are consecutive.\nArithmetic Volume \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 198 (10 Jan 2005)\nHow many cuboids exist for which the volume is less than 100 units3 and the integer side lengths are in an arithmetic sequence?\nAs Easy As 1234 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 13 (Sep 2000)\nUsing the digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 (no more and no less), can you make all of the integers from 1 to 25?\nAverage Problem \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 232 (31 Jul 2005)\nCan you determine the set of five numbers given the average clues?\nBalancing Scales \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 91 (Dec 2002)\nHow many different weights can you weigh using 2 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg and a set of balancing scales?\nBeam Of Light \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 62 (Jan 2002)\nWhich corner will the beam of light emerge from the prism?\nBigger Digit \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 217 (30 Mar 2005)\nFor how many 2-digit numbers is the first digit greater than the second digit?\nBirds And Bunnies \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 350 (17 Apr 2009)\nCan you find out how many birds are in the cage?\nBirthday Party \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 273 (21 Apr 2006)\nCan you work out how many people attended the party?\nCD To Tape \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 18 (Oct 2000)\nThe most efficient method of arranging songs on a tape.\nChildren In A Circle \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 30 (Jan 2001)\nHow many children are standing in the circle?\nChocolate Offer \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 122 (Oct 2003)\nCan you would out how much ten chocolate bars would cost?\nClass Distinction \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 192 (11 Dec 2004)\nCan you discover the minimum number of children in the class with brown hair and are right handed?\nCoin Problem \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 105 (Mar 2003)\nUsing the information given, can you work out how many of each coin I have?\nConnected Pentagon \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 177 (Oct 2004)\nHow many triangles are in a fully connected pentagon?\nCounting Coins \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 150 (Feb 2004)\nWhat is the maximum amount of money that you could have in your pocket and not able to make exactly \u00a32?\nCounting Nines \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 100 (Feb 2003)\nHow many nines are there in all of the numbers from 1 to 100?\nCounting Squares \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 107 (Mar 2003)\nHow many squares are there altogether on a standard chessboard?\nCounting Triangles \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 42 (Apr 2001)\nHow many triangles are there in the diagram?\nCounting Triangles Again \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 69 (Mar 2002)\nHow many triangles are there in the diagram?\nCounting Up To One Thousand \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 323 (30 May 2007)\nIf all the counting numbers from 1 to 1000 were written out how many digits would be written down?\nCrossing Trains \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 96 (Jan 2003)\nCan you discover how many miles from the station did the two trains cross?\nCross Country Race \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 182 (01 Nov 2004)\nFrom the information given, can you work out how many schools took part in the cross country race?\nCuddly Wuddly Tribe \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 335 (27 Mar 2008)\nWhat question can you ask to ensure he gets to the Cuddly-Wuddly tribe?\nDefensive Bishop \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 144 (Jan 2004)\nWhat is the least number of Bishop pieces required to protect every square on a 8 by 8 chessboard?\nDice Problem \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 68 (Mar 2002)\nWhat is the sum of the visible faces on the dice?\nDifferent Speeds \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 225 (04 Jun 2005)\nHow long will the tortoise take to catch up with the hare?\nDifferent Totals \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 85 (Nov 2002)\nBy ensuring that the row and column in the grid have the same total, how many different totals can this be done with?\nDigital Square Sum \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 320 (14 Apr 2007)\nHow many years during the twenty-first century has a square digital sum?\nDigit Product \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 17 (Oct 2000)\nInvestigating products of digits.\nDigit Sum \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 206 (17 Feb 2005)\nHow many 3-digit numbers exist for which the sum of the digits is six?\nDividing 2 And 3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 45 (May 2001)\nHow many numbers below one hundred are divisible by both 2 and 3?\nDivisible Consecutive Sums \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 33 (Feb 2001)\nWhich numbers that are divisible by 10 can also be written as the sum of four consecutive integers?\nEaster Eggs \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 111 (Apr 2003)\nHow many Easter eggs will be bought by the family in total?\nEfficient Measures \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 110 (Apr 2003)\nWhich lengths, using one 2 m length and two 3 m lengths can you measure directly?\nEven Digits Multiple Of Nine \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 327 (05 Jul 2007)\nFind the smallest multiple of nine containing only even digits.\nFalse Ceilings \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 59 (Dec 2001)\nWhat length of metal strips will be required to tile the roof of a 3x4 room?\nFather And Child \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 77 (May 2002)\nCan you work out how old I am?\nFaulty Scales \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 221 (24 May 2005)\nCan you discover the true weight of boy's sister?\nFour Fours \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 14 (Sep 2000)\nUsing four 4's (no more and no less), can you make all of the integers from 1 to 25?\nFraction Of A Square \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 46 (May 2001)\nWhat fraction of the square is shaded?\nFraction Product \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 90 (Dec 2002)\nCan you work out the exact value of the fraction product?\nHeavy Baggage \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 116 (May 2003)\nCan you calculate how much would a passenger carrying 80 kg of luggage would be charged?\nHidden Palindrome \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 163 (Apr 2004)\nCan you find the palindrome using the clues?\nHollow Cube \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 27 (Dec 2000)\nHow many cubes remain in the 5 \u00d7 5 \u00d7 5 cube?\nIncomplete Fractions \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 26 (Dec 2000)\nCan you find the missing numerator and denominator to complete the fraction sum?\nIn The Beginning \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 5 (Aug 2000)\nSee if you can find the seed of this secret message.\nKitchen Floor \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 92 (Dec 2002)\nHow many white tiles will be needed to complete the kitchen floor design?\nLines Of Symmetry \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 38 (Mar 2001)\nBy adding a single unit square can you give the diagram a line of reflective symmetry?\nLogically Addressed Question \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 258 (09 Jan 2006)\nWhat question can be used to logically deduce which address belongs to which parent?\nMaking Primes \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 60 (Jan 2002)\nCan you make 2 prime numbers using the digits 1, 2, 3 and 5?\nMeeting Trains \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 261 (29 Jan 2006)\nCan you work out how far apart the trains were twenty minutes before passing each other?\nMowing The Lawn \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 64 (Feb 2002)\nHow long will it take for two people to mow the lawn?\nNumber Chain \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 80 (Oct 2002)\nCan you discover how the number chain works?\nOdd Product \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 61 (Jan 2002)\nHow many 2-digit numbers have an odd product?\nOn Target \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 78 (May 2002)\nCan you work out who hit the centre target?\nOverlapping Rectangles \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 289 (22 Sep 2006)\nCan you work out which shape has the greatest perimeter?\nPainted Faces \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 129 (Nov 2003)\nOn a 3x3x3 cube, how many cubes have exactly two faces painted?\nPalindromic Distance \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 267 (11 Feb 2006)\nCan you work out how fast Julie was travelling?\nPalindromic Years \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 143 (Jan 2004)\nWhat is the largest gap between two consecutive palindromic years?\nPandigital Minimum Difference \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 202 (24 Jan 2005)\nWhat is the minimum difference between two 5-digit pandigitals?\nPathed Pathways \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 57 (Dec 2001)\nHow many different ways can a 5x2 pathway be pathed with 2x1 paving stones?\nPeaceful Queens \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 50 (Oct 2001)\nHow many peaceful queens can you place on a 4x4 chessboard?\nPentominoes \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 15 (Sep 2000)\nA geometrical investigation using pentominoes.\nPerimeter Sequence \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 76 (May 2002)\nWhat is the perimeter of the tenth pattern in the sequence?\nPicture Frame \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 308 (04 Feb 2007)\nCan you work out the minimum length of material required to make a frame for a photograph?\nPile Of Oranges \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 34 (Feb 2001)\nWhat is the biggest square based pyramid you can make from 1000 oranges?\nPostage Stamps \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 58 (Dec 2001)\nHow many ways can a \u00a31 stamp book be filled with 9p first class and 7p second class stamps?\nProduct Of Ones \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 23 (Nov 2000)\nInvestigating products that consist entirely of ones.\nProduct Of Zero \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 37 (Mar 2001)\nIf you continue multiplying the digits in any 2-digit number, which starting numbers will finish on zero?\nQuarter Square \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 353 (23 Jul 2009)\nHow many ways can exactly two quarter squares be shaded?\nRectangular Arrangements \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 49 (Oct 2001)\nHow many ways can you place a 3x2 block on a 4x3 grid?\nReverse Difference \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 277 (13 May 2006)\nFind the missing digit in the subtraction.\nReverse Prime \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 156 (Mar 2004)\nHow many two digit primes can you find for which their reverse is also prime?\nRight Angle Reasoning \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 252 (12 Dec 2005)\nExplain why the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right angle triangle\nRotational Years \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 41 (Apr 2001)\nHow many years since the birth of Christ read the same upside-down?\nSeeing Clearly \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 8 (Aug 2000)\nCan you discover the meaning of the secret message written in the book?\nShaded Area \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 22 (Nov 2000)\nWhat area of the squares are shaded?\nShaded Grid \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 86 (Nov 2002)\nHow many different ways can a 2x2 grid be shaded?\nShaded Hexagon \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 149 (Feb 2004)\nBy overlapping two equilateral triangles, find the area of the hexagaon\nShaded Rectangle \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 106 (Mar 2003)\nWhat fraction of the rectangle is shaded?\nShaded Square \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 228 (10 Jul 2005)\nWhat fraction of the square is shaded?\nShading Pattern \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 101 (Feb 2003)\nBy continuing the pattern, can you work out what fraction of a 20x20 grid will be shaded?\nSimple Fractions \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 72 (Apr 2002)\nHow many fractions with a denominator equal to 24 cannot be cancelled down?\nSkeleton Towers \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 53 (Nov 2001)\nFind the number of blocks needed to construct the 100th tower.\nSquare Age \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 31 (Jan 2001)\nCan you work out when Augustus de Morgan was born?\nStrawberry Milk \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 10 (Aug 2000)\nCan you uncover the identity of the cult leader?\nString Fractions \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 210 (06 Mar 2005)\nWithout the use of any other measuring tools, how would you use a 2/3 m length of string to measure 1/2 m?\nSum Digital Sum And Product \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 171 (May 2004)\nFind all 2-digit numbers that are equal to the sum of its digits product and sum\nSum Of Three \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 25 (Dec 2000)\nFind three different integers that add to sixteen, where the two smallest add to make the biggest.\nSystem Upgrade \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 305 (20 Jan 2007)\nCan you work out how much time will be saved by upgrading the computer system?\nTangrams \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 16 (Sep 2000)\nCreating diagrams using a traditional Chinese tangram.\nTerraced Houses \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 170 (May 2004)\nHow many matchsticks will be left if one-thousand houses are made?\nTest Average \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 197 (21 Dec 2004)\nCan you determine the lowest possible percentage score that the student scored in any one of the tests?\nThe Age Of Her Life \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 264 (05 Feb 2006)\nFrom the information, can you discover how old Sarah was when she retired?\nTo Catch A Liar \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 255 (01 Jan 2006)\nCan you work out how many of the children are liars?\nTriangle Dissection \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 19 (Oct 2000)\nCan you split an equilateral triangle into six smaller triangles?\nTriangular Arithmetic \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 95 (Jan 2003)\nCan you discover the missing values in the triangular arithmagon?\nTriominoes \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 21 (Nov 2000)\nArranging triomino pieces of a 4\u00d74 board.\nTwo-digit Sum And Product \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 118 (May 2003)\nInvestigating the properties of the sum and product of digits.\nWeighing Scales \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Problem ID: 81 (Oct 2002)\nCan you work out the combined weight of the boy, girl, and the dog?
+__label__positive Print first m multiples of n without using any loop in Python\n\nGiven n and m, print first m multiples of a m number without using any loops in Python.\n\n\nInput : n = 2, m = 3\nOutput : 2 4 6 \n\nInput : n = 3, m = 4\nOutput : 3 6 9 12 \n\nWe can use range() function in Python to store the multiples in a range.\nFirst we store the numbers till m multiples using range() function in an array, and then print the array with using (*a) which print the array without using loop.\n\nBelow is the Python implementation of the above approach:\n\n\n\n\n\n# function to print the first m multiple\n# of a number n without using loop.\ndef multiple(m, n):\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0# inserts all elements from n to\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0# (m * n)+1 incremented by n.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a = range(n, (m * n)+1, n)\n# driver code\u00a0\nm = 4\nn = 3\nmultiple(m, n)\n\n\n\n3 6 9 12\n\nNote : In Python 3, print(*(range(x)) is equivalent to print(\" \".join([str(i) for i in range(x)]))\n\nMy Personal Notes arrow_drop_up\n\nStriver(underscore)79 at Codechef and codeforces D\n\n
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove Ads\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nNervous System\n\nSkeletal Muscles are innervated by: Somatic nervous System\nWhat happens when the action potential arrives at the end of an axon? A neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal\nWhat is resting potential? the membrane potential of an undisturbed cell.\nWhat is the resting potential of a human? -70mv\nWhat results in depolatization? An increase in positive charges flowing into the cell.\nWhat are neuroglia capable of that neurons are not? cell division\nHow is sodium and potassium transported across the membrane via pump? The pump moves three sodium ions (Na+) out for every two potassium (K+) ions pumped into the cell; this maintains a membrane potential of about -70mV (negative charge on the inside of the membrane and positive charge on the outside,\nOligodendrocytes form? myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some neurons in CNS\nEpendymal cells Neuroglial cells within the CNS produce, monitor, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid\nWhat are the major divisions of the nervous system Central and periphreral\nWhere are you most likely going to find a multipolar neuron? Special sense organs\nHyperpolarization A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels and moves the membrane potential toward the resting membrane potential\nMicroglia Scavenger phagocytic cells in the central nervous system CNS\nContinuous conduction local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane\nThe sequence of Action Potential A stimulus arrives, voltage-gated sodium channels open, sodium enters the cell, cell is depolarized, voltage-gated sodium channels close as K channels open, potassium leaves the cell, Cell is repolarized\nAstrocytes The outer area of sun shaped ganglie dooies attached to neurons\nAll or none principle All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials\nCentral Nervous System posesses? brain and spinal cord\nOligodendrocytes are to CNS as Schwann cells are to PNS\nDifference between saltatory and continuous propagation of nerve impulses? Saltatory carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation\nDepolarization opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron\nDendrites Receive messages\nAxons Send messages\nEpendymal cells line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid\nDepolarization results in opening of sodium channels\nWhere in the neuron is an action potential initially generated? Axon hillock\nRepolarization results from closing of sodium channels\nhyperpolarization results from slow closing of K+ channels\nwhat is the magnitude/amplitude of action potential? 100 mV\nHow is an action potential propagated along an axon? An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area\nWhy cant an action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period? sodium channels are inactive\nWhat direction do action potentials move? away from the axon hillock down the axon away from the cell body\nthe velocity of the action potential is fastest in a large, myelinated axon\nmyelination acts as insulation in action potential\nMembranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to K+\nmembranes of neurons at rest are only slightly permeable to Na+\nFunction of Na+, -K+ pump is? To maintain the resting membrane potential. Na+ is pumped out, K+ pumped in\nWhere is Na+ and Cl- concentration the highest? outside the cell\nIn a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the presynaptic cleft\nHow is a neurotransmiter released from the action potential Opening of Ca2+ channels\nbinding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor opens? ion channels on the postynaptic membrane\nPresynaptic neuron at a synapse between two neurons, the impulse passes from the axon terminal, where neurotransmitter is released\nPost synaptic neuron around axon terminal, occurs when the post synaptic cell is a neuron\nAcetylcholine breaks down by an enzyme before being returned to presynaptic neurons axon terminal\nThe arrival of an action potential at the end of an axon results in? A release of a new action potential\nWhat is the voltage when sodium channels open? +10mV\nwhen do Postassium channels open +30 mV\nWhat is in the diacephalon? Pineal gland, hypothalmus, thalmus\nCreated by: iessnorris
+__label__positive Solving the Mystery of Genomic 'Dark Matter'\n\nGraduate Division\n\n\nA team of researchers headed by a group from Lawrence Berkeley National Labs is trying to solve the mystery by analyzing snake genomes to see if they could discern how the\u00a0reptile\u00a0lost its legs.\n\nThe Central Dogma states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. Proteins are the functional products of genomes that carry out a variety of tasks inside, on the surface of, and outside of cells.\n\nAll cells in an organism contain all its genetic information. So how does a melanocyte in the skin know how to develop and behave differently than a neuron?\n\nThis gets back to the 98% of the human genome that does not encode a gene. Some of this genomic \u201cdark matter\u201d controls when or where a gene is transcribed, or how much product is produced.\n\nThere are several types of non-coding regulatory sequences in genomes, but promoters and enhancers are of particular interest.\n\nPromoters are sequences of DNA before a gene that are bound by proteins called transcription factors (TFs).\n\nActivating TFs recruit other proteins to the promoter of a gene that transcribe that gene\u2019s DNA into RNA.\n\nEnhancers are sequences of DNA that can also bind TFs. They can be located proximal to or distal from genes.\n\nEnhancers can increase the activity of a promoter by recruiting transcriptional activators and bringing them closer to gene promoters, often through physical looping of DNA.\n\nThey can also be bound by repressive TFs, which recruit other proteins that decrease transcription of a gene, and prevent the enhancer from looping to a promoter.\n\nIn human cells, promoter and enhancer activity is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic (above the genome) changes, like DNA methylation or histone modifications do not change the underlying DNA sequence, but influence how genes are expressed.\n\nFor example, DNA methylation in a promoter can prevent an activating TF from binding, which means the gene won\u2019t be expressed.\n\nHistone modifications can prevent enhancers from being able to loop DNA and reach their target promoter. There are also activating epigenetic changes.\n\nNeurons and melanocytes have different active promoters and enhancers that lead to the transcription of different regions of DNA into RNA, and translation of RNA into protein, giving them their unique cell structure and function.\n\nEnhancers and promoters can also have DNA sequence changes that influence their activity.\n\nStudying how the sequences of enhancers and promoters vary between species can help scientists understand the evolutionary relationship of species.\n\nLimb development is a morphological feature that is very different in vertebrate animals. Despite fish fins and mice legs looking very different from human arms and legs, the way the limbs are directed to form during development are very similar among them all.\n\nA gene called Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is expressed in the developing limb bud in the Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA). SHH expression in the ZPA is under the control of an enhancer called the ZPA Regulatory Sequence, or ZRS.\n\nIf SHH is not correctly expressed in the limb bud, limb abnormalities, like too many digits, too few digits, or stunted limbs, can occur.\n\nAt UCSF, the lab of Nadav Ahituv studies the function of enhancers in development, disease, and evolution, including the enhancer control of SHH in limb development.\n\nSnakes are an ideal species in which to study genetic control of limb development.\n\nBasal snakes actually have a tiny, evolutionarily leftover pelvic girdle and hindlimb bones hidden underneath their scales, while advanced snakes lack both of these features. Advanced snakes comprise the majority of snakes alive today.\n\nThese two types of snakes provide morphological timepoints on the evolutionary continuum of limb loss in snakes.\n\nAs mentioned earlier, a team of researchers analyzed snake genomes to see if they could discern how snakes lost their legs.\n\nFirst, the authors wanted to know if the ZRS, which is important in limb development of other vertebrates like humans and mice, also plays a role in snake limb development (or lack thereof).\n\nThey compared the genomes of the Burmese python, boa constrictor, king cobra, speckled rattlesnake, viper, and corn snake. The first two are basal snakes, and the remainder are advanced snakes.\n\nThrough evolutionary time, it is expected that some spontaneous mutations will randomly accumulate in the genome and persist in offspring. There is an expected substitution rate in non-coding DNA sequences, and divergence from this expected rate can suggest evolutionary selection.\n\nBasal snakes have a ZRS that is 80% similar to lizards and demonstrate expected substitution rates. Advanced snakes have many more substitutions in the ZRS than expected, showing a fast evolutionary rate, which coincides with the loss of the pelvic girdle in advanced snakes.\n\nNext, the authors wanted to know if the differences in ZRS observed between snakes were functional in animals.\n\nTo test this, the authors designed DNA constructs that put ZRSs in front of a gene called LacZ, which produces an enzyme that yields a blue color when given its substrate.\n\nThey put these DNA constructs into mice, harvested mouse embryos, and looked to see where each ZRS was driving expression.\n\nHuman, cow, horse, chicken, lizard, platypus, sloth, bony fish, and mouse ZRSs showed the same expression pattern in mouse limb buds, indicating that ZRS function was conserved amongst these species.\n\nDolphin, megabat, and cartilaginous fish ZRSs had expanded function. ZRS enhancer activity in basal snakes was reduced compared to the other vertebrates, and advanced snakes had no enhancer activity.\n\nTo determine how severely the shape of a limb would be changed by the reduced ZRS activity, the authors created transgenic mice using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.\n\nThey replaced the mouse ZRS with sequences of the same length from human, bony fish, python, and cobra. ZRS enhancers from human and bony fish produced normal limbs in mice, whereas python and cobra enhancers could not induce normal limb function, leading to nearly legless, \u201cserpentized\u201d mice.\n\nThe visible deficit in limb formation in the mouse was accompanied by decreased expression of SHH in the developing limb bud.\n\nAfter seeing how drastically the snake enhancers altered limb development in mice, the authors wanted to pinpoint what part of the ZRS was responsible for the deficit.\n\nThey reexamined the DNA sequence information and found that snakes have a 17 base pair deletion in the ZRS that was conserved in all other limbed vertebrates and fish they analyzed.\n\nThey added this 17 base pair back to the python ZRS and created another transgenic mouse with the python + 17 base pair ZRS. This ZRS restored normal limb development and SHH expression in mice.\n\nThe authors analyzed this 17 base pair sequence and found that it contained a specific sequence that is known to be a binding site for an activating TF called ETS1.\n\nWhen they examined the whole ZRS, five ETS1 binding sites are conserved across limbed vertebrates and fish. Only three ETS1 sites are conserved in snakes.\n\nHowever, loss of two ETS1 binding sites in snakes was not sufficient to explain limb loss.\n\nThe ZRS was re-scanned for other TF binding sites, and loss of homeodomain TF binding sites were also found in snakes.\n\nZRS sequence changes, plus changes in other TF binding sites, explain how snakes lost their legs.
+__label__positive I am interested in calculating area under the curve (AUC), or the c-statistic, by hand for a binary logistic regression model.\n\nFor example, in the validation dataset, I have the true value for the dependent variable, retention (1 = retained; 0 = not retained), as well as a predicted retention status for each observation generated by my regression analysis using a model that was built using the training set (this will range from 0 to 1).\n\nMy initial thoughts were to identify the \"correct\" number of model classifications and simply divide the number of \"correct\" observations by the number of total observations to calculate the c-statistic. By \"correct\", if the true retention status of an observation = 1 and the predicted retention status is > 0.5 then that is a \"correct\" classification. Additionally, if the true retention status of an observation = 0 and the predicted retention status is < 0.5 then that is also a \"correct\" classification. I assume a \"tie\" would occur when the predicted value = 0.5, but that phenomenon does not occur in my validation dataset. On the other hand, \"incorrect\" classifications would be if the true retention status of an observation = 1 and the predicted retention status is < 0.5 or if the true retention status for an outcome = 0 and the predicted retention status is > 0.5. I am aware of TP, FP, FN, TN, but not aware of how to calculate the c-statistic given this information.\n\n\nI would recommend Hanley\u2019s & McNeil\u2019s 1982 paper \u2018The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve\u2019.\n\n\nThey have the following table of disease status and test result (corresponding to, for example, the estimated risk from a logistic model). The first number on the right is the number of patients with true disease status \u2018normal\u2019 and the second number is the number of patients with true disease status \u2018abnormal\u2019:\n\n(1) Definitely normal: 33/3\n(2) Probably normal: 6/2\n(3) Questionable: 6/2\n(4) Probably abnormal: 11/11\n(5) Definitely abnormal: 2/33\n\nSo there are in total 58 \u2018normal\u2019 patients and \u201851\u2019 abnormal ones. We see that when the predictor is 1, \u2018Definitely normal\u2019, the patient is usually normal (true for 33 of the 36 patients), and when it is 5, \u2018Definitely abnormal\u2019 the patients is usually abnormal (true for 33 of the 35 patients), so the predictor makes sense. But how should we judge a patient with a score of 2, 3, or 4? What we set our cutoff for judging a patients as abnormal or normal to determines the sensitivity and specificity of the resulting test.\n\nSensitivity and specificity\n\nWe can calculate the estimated sensitivity and specificity for different cutoffs. (I\u2019ll just write \u2018sensitivity\u2019 and \u2018specificity\u2019 from now on, letting the estimated nature of the values be implicit.)\n\nIf we choose our cutoff so that we classify all the patients as abnormal, no matter what their test results says (i.e., we choose the cutoff 1+), we will get a sensitivity of 51/51\u00a0= 1. The specificity will be 0/58\u00a0= 0. Doesn\u2019t sound so good.\n\nOK, so let\u2019s choose a less strict cutoff. We only classify patients as abnormal if they have a test result of 2 or higher. We then miss 3 abnormal patients, and have a sensitivity of 48/51 = 0.94. But we have a much increased specificity, of 33/58 = 0.57.\n\nWe can now continue this, choosing various cutoffs (3, 4, 5, >5). (In the last case, we won\u2019t classify any patients as abnormal, even if they have the highest possible test score of 5.)\n\nThe ROC curve\n\nIf we do this for all possible cutoffs, and the plot the sensitivity against 1 minus the specificity, we get the ROC curve. We can use the following R code:\n\n# Data\nnorm     = rep(1:5, times=c(33,6,6,11,2))\nabnorm   = rep(1:5, times=c(3,2,2,11,33))\ntestres  = c(abnorm,norm)\ntruestat = c(rep(1,length(abnorm)), rep(0,length(norm)))\n\n# Summary table (Table I in the paper)\n( tab=as.matrix(table(truestat, testres)) )\n\nThe output is:\n\ntruestat  1  2  3  4  5\n       0 33  6  6 11  2\n       1  3  2  2 11 33\n\nWe can calculate various statistics:\n\n( tot=colSums(tab) )                            # Number of patients w/ each test result\n( truepos=unname(rev(cumsum(rev(tab[2,])))) )   # Number of true positives\n( falsepos=unname(rev(cumsum(rev(tab[1,])))) )  # Number of false positives\n( totpos=sum(tab[2,]) )                         # The total number of positives (one number)\n( totneg=sum(tab[1,]) )                         # The total number of negatives (one number)\n(sens=truepos/totpos)                           # Sensitivity (fraction true positives)\n(omspec=falsepos/totneg)                        # 1 \u2212 specificity (false positives)\nsens=c(sens,0); omspec=c(omspec,0)              # Numbers when we classify all as normal\n\nAnd using this, we can plot the (estimated) ROC curve:\n\nplot(omspec, sens, type=\"b\", xlim=c(0,1), ylim=c(0,1), lwd=2,\n     xlab=\"1 \u2212 specificity\", ylab=\"Sensitivity\") # perhaps with xaxs=\"i\"\n\nAUC curve\n\nManually calculating the AUC\n\nWe can very easily calculate the area under the ROC curve, using the formula for the area of a trapezoid:\n\nheight = (sens[-1]+sens[-length(sens)])/2\nwidth = -diff(omspec) # = diff(rev(omspec))\n\nThe result is 0.8931711.\n\nA concordance measure\n\nThe AUC can also be seen as a concordance measure. If we take all possible pairs of patients where one is normal and the other is abnormal, we can calculate how frequently it\u2019s the abnormal one that has the highest (most \u2018abnormal-looking\u2019) test result (if they have the same value, we count that this as \u2018half a victory\u2019):\n\no = outer(abnorm, norm, \"-\")\nmean((o>0) + .5*(o==0))\n\nThe answer is again 0.8931711, the area under the ROC curve. This will always be the case.\n\nA graphical view of concordance\n\nAs pointed out by Harrell in his answer, this also has a graphical interpretation. Let\u2019s plot test score (risk estimate) on the y-axis and true disease status on the x-axis (here with some jittering, to show overlapping points):\n\nplot(jitter(truestat,.2), jitter(testres,.8), las=1,\n     xlab=\"True disease status\", ylab=\"Test score\")\n\nScatter plot of risk score against true disease status.\n\nLet us now draw a line between each point on the left (a \u2018normal\u2019 patient) and each point on the right (an \u2018abnormal\u2019 patient). The proportion of lines with a positive slope (i.e., the proportion of concordant pairs) is the concordance index (flat lines count as \u201850% concordance\u2019).\n\nIt\u2019s a bit difficult to visualise the actual lines for this example, due to the number of ties (equal risk score), but with some jittering and transparency we can get a reasonable plot:\n\nd = cbind(x_norm=0, x_abnorm=1, expand.grid(y_norm=norm, y_abnorm=abnorm))\nggplot(d, aes(x=x_norm, xend=x_abnorm, y=y_norm, yend=y_abnorm)) +\n               position=position_jitter(width=0, height=.1)) +\n  xlab(\"True disease status\") + ylab(\"Test\\nscore\") +\n  theme_light()  + theme(axis.title.y=element_text(angle=0))\n\nScatter plot of risk score against true disease status, with lines between all possible observation pairs.\n\nWe see that most of the lines slope upwards, so the concordance index will be high. We also see the contribution to the index from each type of observation pair. Most of it comes from normal patients with a risk score of 1 paired with abnormal patients with a risk score of 5 (1\u20135 pairs), but quite a lot also comes from 1\u20134 pairs and 4\u20135 pairs. And it\u2019s very easy to calculate the actual concordance index based on the slope definition:\n\nd = transform(d, slope=(y_norm-y_abnorm)/(x_norm-x_abnorm))\nmean((d$slope > 0) + .5*(d$slope==0))\n\nThe answer is again 0.8931711, i.e., the AUC.\n\nThe Wilcoxon\u2013Mann\u2013Whitney test\n\nThere is a close connection between the concordance measure and the Wilcoxon\u2013Mann\u2013Whitney test. Actually, the latter tests if the probability of concordance (i.e., that it\u2019s the abnormal patient in a random normal\u2013abnormal pair that will have the most \u2018abnormal-looking\u2019 test result) is exactly 0.5. And its test statistic is just a simple transformation of the estimated concordance probability:\n\n> ( wi = wilcox.test(abnorm,norm) )\n    Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction\n\ndata:  abnorm and norm\nW = 2642, p-value = 1.944e-13\nalternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0\n\nThe test statistic (W = 2642) counts the number of concordant pairs. If we divide it by the number of possible pairs, we get a familar number:\n\nw = wi$statistic\n\nYes, it\u2019s 0.8931711, the area under the ROC curve.\n\nEasier ways to calculate the AUC (in R)\n\nBut let\u2019s make life easier for ourselves. There are various packages that calculate the AUC for us automatically.\n\nThe Epi package\n\nThe Epi package creates a nice ROC curve with various statistics (including the AUC) embedded:\n\nROC(testres, truestat) # also try adding plot=\"sp\"\n\nROC curve from the Epi package\n\nThe pROC package\n\nI also like the pROC package, since it can smooth the ROC estimate (and calculate an AUC estimate based on the smoothed ROC):\n\nROC curve (unsmoothed and smoothed) from the pROC package\n\n(The red line is the original ROC, and the black line is the smoothed ROC. Also note the default 1:1 aspect ratio. It makes sense to use this, since both the sensitivity and specificity has a 0\u20131 range.)\n\nThe estimated AUC from the smoothed ROC is 0.9107, similar to, but slightly larger than, the AUC from the unsmoothed ROC (if you look at the figure, you can easily see why it\u2019s larger). (Though we really have too few possible distinct test result values to calculate a smooth AUC).\n\nThe rms package\n\nHarrell\u2019s rms package can calculate various related concordance statistics using the rcorr.cens() function. The C Index in its output is the AUC:\n\n> library(rms)\n> rcorr.cens(testres,truestat)[1]\n  C Index \n\nThe caTools package\n\nFinally, we have the caTools package and its colAUC() function. It has a few advantages over other packages (mainly speed and the ability to work with multi-dimensional data\u00a0\u2013 see ?colAUC) that can sometimes be helpful. But of course it gives the same answer as we have calculated over and over:\n\ncolAUC(testres, truestat, plotROC=TRUE)\n0 vs. 1 0.8931711\n\nROC curve from the caTools package\n\nFinal words\n\nMany people seem to think that the AUC tells us how \u2018good\u2019 a test is. And some people think that the AUC is the probability that the test will correctly classify a patient. It is not. As you can see from the above example and calculations, the AUC tells us something about a family of tests, one test for each possible cutoff.\n\nAnd the AUC is calculated based on cutoffs one would never use in practice. Why should we care about the sensitivity and specificity of \u2018nonsensical\u2019 cutoff values? Still, that\u2019s what the AUC is (partially) based on. (Of course, if the AUC is very close to 1, almost every possible test will have great discriminatory power, and we would all be very happy.)\n\nThe \u2018random normal\u2013abnormal\u2019 pair interpretation of the AUC is nice (and can be extended, for instance to survival models, where we see if its the person with the highest (relative) hazard that dies the earliest). But one would never use it in practice. It\u2019s a rare case where one knows one has one healthy and one ill person, doesn\u2019t know which person is the ill one, and must decide which of them to treat. (In any case, the decision is easy; treat the one with the highest estimated risk.)\n\nSo I think studying the actual ROC curve will be more useful than just looking at the AUC summary measure. And if you use the ROC together with (estimates of the) costs of false positives and false negatives, along with base rates of what you\u2019re studying, you can get somewhere.\n\nAlso note that the AUC only measures discrimination, not calibration. That is, it measures whether you can discriminate between two persons (one ill and one healthy), based on the risk score. For this, it only looks at relative risk values (or ranks, if you will, cf. the Wilcoxon\u2013Mann\u2013Whitney test interpretation), not the absolute ones, which you should be interested in. For example, if you divide each risk estimate from your logistic model by 2, you will get exactly the same AUC (and ROC).\n\nWhen evaluating a risk model, calibration is also very important. To examine this, you will look at all patients with a risk score of around, e.g., 0.7, and see if approximately 70% of these actually were ill. Do this for each possible risk score (possibly using some sort of smoothing\u00a0/ local regression). Plot the results, and you\u2019ll get a graphical measure of calibration.\n\nIf have a model with both good calibration and good discrimination, then you start to have good model.\u00a0:)\n\n  \u2022 8\n    $\\begingroup$ Thank you, @Karl Ove Hufthammer, this is the most thorough answer that I have ever received. I especially appreciate your \"Final Words\" section. Excellent work! Thanks again! $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt Reichenbach Apr 20 '15 at 12:16\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Thank you very much for this detailled answer. I am working with a dataset where Epi::ROC() v2.2.6 is convinced that the AUC is 1.62 (no it not a mentalist study), but according to the ROC, I believe much more in the 0.56 that the above code results in. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0BurninLeo Jul 16 '18 at 7:50\n\nHave a look at this question: Understanding ROC curve\n\nHere's how to build a ROC curve (from that question):\n\nDrawing ROC curve\n\ngiven a data set processed by your ranking classifier\n\n  \u2022 rank test examples on decreasing score\n  \u2022 start in $(0, 0)$\n  \u2022 for each example $x$ (in the decreasing order)\n    \u2022 if $x$ is positive, move $1/\\text{pos}$ up\n    \u2022 if $x$ is negative, move $1/\\text{neg}$ right\n\nwhere $\\text{pos}$ and $\\text{neg}$ are the fractions of positive and negative examples respectively.\n\nYou can use this idea for manually calculating AUC ROC using the following algorithm:\n\nauc = 0.0\nheight = 0.0\n\nfor each training example x_i, y_i\n  if y_i = 1.0:\n    height = height + tpr\n    auc = auc + height * fpr\n\nreturn auc\n\nThis nice gif-animated picture should illustrate this process clearer\n\nbuilding the curve\n\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ Thanks @Alexey Grigorev, this is a great visual and it will likely prove useful in the future! +1 $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt Reichenbach Apr 20 '15 at 12:13\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Could please explain a bit about \"fractions of positive and negative examples\", do you mean the smallest unit value of two axis? $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Allan Ruin Sep 13 '17 at 7:42\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @Allan Ruin: pos here means the number of positive data. Lets say you have 20 data points, in which 11 points are 1. So, when drawing the chart, we have a rectangle 11x9 (height x width). Alexey Grigorev did scale but just let it as it's if you like. Now, just move 1 on the chart at each step. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Catbuilts Feb 27 at 7:37\n\nKarl's post has a lot of excellent information. But I have not yet seen in the past 20 years an example of an ROC curve that changed anyone's thinking in a good direction. The only value of an ROC curve in my humble opinion is that its area happens to equal a very useful concordance probability. The ROC curve itself tempts the reader to use cutoffs, which is bad statistical practice.\n\nAs far as manually calculating the $c$-index, make a plot with $Y=0,1$ on the $x$-axis and the continuous predictor or predicted probability that $Y=1$ on the $y$-axis. If you connect every point with $Y=0$ with every point with $Y=1$, the proportion of the lines that have a positive slope is the concordance probability.\n\nAny measures that have a denominator of $n$ in this setting are improper accuracy scoring rules and should be avoided. This includes proportion classified correctly, sensitivity, and specificity.\n\nFor the R Hmisc package rcorr.cens function, print the entire result to see more information, especially a standard error.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Thank you, @Frank Harell, I appreciate your perspective. I simply use the c-statistic as a concordance probability, as I don't like cutoffs. Thanks again! $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt Reichenbach Apr 20 '15 at 12:12\n\nHere is an alternative to the natural way of calculating AUC by simply using the trapezoidal rule to get the area under the ROC curve.\n\nThe AUC is equal to the probability that a randomly sampled positive observation has a predicted probability (of being positive) greater than a randomly sampled negative observation. You can use this to calculate the AUC quite easily in any programming language by going through all the pairwise combinations of positive and negative observations. You could also randomly sample observations if the sample size was too large. If you want to calculate AUC using pen and paper, this might not be the best approach unless you have a very small sample/a lot of time. For example in R:\n\nn <- 100L\n\nx1 <- rnorm(n, 2.0, 0.5)\nx2 <- rnorm(n, -1.0, 2)\ny <- rbinom(n, 1L, plogis(-0.4 + 0.5 * x1 + 0.1 * x2))\n\nmod <- glm(y ~ x1 + x2, \"binomial\")\n\nprobs <- predict(mod, type = \"response\")\n\ncombinations <- expand.grid(positiveProbs = probs[y == 1L], \n        negativeProbs = probs[y == 0L])\n\nmean(combinations$positiveProbs > combinations$negativeProbs)\n[1] 0.628723\n\nWe can verify using the pROC package:\n\nauc(y, probs)\nArea under the curve: 0.6287\n\nUsing random sampling:\n\nmean(sample(probs[y == 1L], 100000L, TRUE) > sample(probs[y == 0L], 100000L, TRUE))\n[1] 0.62896\n  1. You have true value for observations.\n  2. Calculate posterior probability and then rank observations by this probability.\n  3. Assuming cut-off probability of $P$ and number of observations $N$:\n    $$\\frac{\\text{Sum of true ranks}-0.5PN(PN+1)}{PN(N-PN)}$$\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ @user73455...1) Yes, I have the true value for observations. 2) Is posterior probability synonymous with predicted probabilities for each of the observations? 3) Understood; however, what is \"Sum of true ranks\" and how does one calculate this value? Perhaps an example would help you explain this answer more thoroughly? Thank you! $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Matt Reichenbach Apr 13 '15 at 18:36\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive 1, 2, 3 John, Jude, Revelation\n\n1 John\n\nIntroduction to 1, 2, & 3 John\n\n(1 Jn. 1:9) Is forgiveness conditional on continual confession?\n\n(1 Jn. 2:2) Does this passage support unlimited atonement?\n\n(1 Jn. 2:27) Do we need to be taught or not?\n\n(1 Jn. 3:6-9) Can Christians gain sinless perfection?\n\n(1 Jn. 3:15) Are murderers not forgiven by the blood of Christ?\n\n(1 Jn. 4:19) Are we supposed to fear God or not? (cf. 1 Pet. 1:17)\n\n(1 Jn. 5:7-8) Do modern translations want to avoid the Trinity?\n\n(1 Jn. 5:16) What is the sin leading to death?\n\n(1 Jn. 5:18) Can Christians gain sinless perfection? (cf. 1 Jn. 3:6-9)\n\n(1 Jn. 5:20) Does this passage support the deity of Christ?\n\n2 John\n\n\n3 John\n\n(3 Jn. 9-10) Does this passage speak against church discipline or for it?\n\n(3 Jn. 13-14) Does this passage imply that verbal tradition is greater than Scripture?\n\n\nIntroduction to Jude\n\n(Jude 4) Condemned beforehand?\n\n(Jude 9, 14-15) Why does Jude quote the Assumption of Moses (v.9) and the Book of Enoch (v.14-15)?\n\n\nIntroduction to Revelation\n\n(Rev. 1:1) Why does John say that these events \u201cmust soon take place\u201d? (c.f. 2:16; 3:11; 22:7, 12, 20)\n\n(Rev. 1:4) What are the seven spirits mentioned here?\n\n(Rev. 1:7) Does this passage refer to the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70?\n\n(Rev. 1:10) What does it mean that John was \u201cin the Spirit\u201d?\n\n(Rev. 2:1) Was this an angel or the pastor of the church?\n\n(Rev. 2:6) Who were the Nicolaitans?\n\n(Rev. 2:7) Do we need to \u201covercome\u201d to inherit eternal life? (c.f. 2:11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21)\n\n(Rev. 2:9) Synagogue of Satan?\n\n(Rev. 2:10) What does John mean by 10 days?\n\n(Rev. 2:17) What are the secret names and the white stones mentioned here?\n\n(Rev. 2:28) What is the morning star?\n\n(Rev. 3:5) Does God erase names from the book of life?\n\n(Rev. 3:10) Does this support a pre-tribulational rapture of the church?\n\n(Rev. 3:14) Was Christ a created being?\n\n(Rev. 3:15-16) What does it mean to be \u201chot or cold\u201d for God?\n\n(Rev. 4:4) Who are the 24 elders mentioned here?\n\n(Rev. 6) Are the seals before the tribulation or during it?\n\n(Rev. 6:2) Who is the rider on the white horse? Christ or the antichrist?\n\n(Rev. 6:9-11) Is it Christian to pray for vengeance?\n\n(Rev. 7:1) Did the biblical authors believe in a flat earth?\n\n(Rev. 7:4) What is the seal of God?\n\n(Rev. 7:4) Who are the 144,000?\n\n(Rev. 7:4-8) Why is the tribe of Dan missing from this list?\n\n(Rev. 8:10) Is this a torch or a lamp?\n\n(Rev. 8:10) Is this star simply an angel?\n\n(Rev. 8:11) Why is the star called Wormwood?\n\n(Rev. 9:1) Is this angel Satan?\n\n(Rev. 9:13) Why are the angels \u201cbound\u201d to the river Euphrates?\n\n(Rev. 11:1) Is this a literal Temple and city, or does this represent the church?\n\n(Rev. 11:3-12) Who are the two witnesses?\n\n(Rev. 11:5) What is the fire coming out of their mouths?\n\n(Rev. 12:1) Who is the woman: Israel, Mary, or the Church?\n\n(Rev. 12:4, 9) When did Satan sweep a third of the angels away to the Earth? When was Satan cast out of heaven?\n\n(Rev. 13:1) Is the Antichrist an empire or a single individual?\n\n(Rev. 13:3) What is the \u201cfatal wound\u201d mentioned here?\n\n(Rev. 13:18) What does \u201c666\u201d mean?\n\n(Rev. 14:6-7) Is this a message of forgiveness or judgment?\n\n(Rev. 16:21) How could hailstones be this big?\n\n(Rev. 16:21) Could the 100 pound hailstones actually be fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70?\n\n(Rev. 17:5) What is the mystery of Babylon?\n\n(Rev. 17:9) Are the \u201cseven hills\u201d an allusion to Rome here?\n\n(Rev. 17:10) Who are the seven kings? Roman Emperors or World Empires?\n\n(Rev. 20:2-3) Is Satan currently bound?\n\n(Rev. 20:4-5) Does the \u201cfirst resurrection\u201d refer to\u00a0spiritual regeneration or\u00a0bodily resurrection?\n\n(Rev. 20:7-8) Do Gog and Magog rebel before the millennium or after?\n\n(Rev. 22:14-15) Will sinful people not get into heaven?
+__label__positive 3 Facts on Cr2O3 + H2O: What, How to Balance\n\nFacts on Cr2O3 + H2O are the resources, which can produce viable knowledge about some chemical reactions, happened in chemistry.\n\nThe reaction type of this specific reaction and its balancing equation would be represented broadly in this article. Those facts would be derived in this article and those are being listed below:\n\n  \u2022 What is Cr2O3 + H2O\n  \u2022 What is the product of Cr2O3 + H2O\n  \u2022 How to balance Cr2O3 + H2O\n  \u2022 What type of reaction is Cr2O3 + H2O\n\nWhat is Cr2O3 + H2O\n\nThe combination of water molecule with chromium oxide is called chromium hydrate. Chromium oxide is an oxide with green colour amorphous structure that is basically used as pigment. This inorganic compound has a different name that is chromia.\n\nIn the aqueous state of Chromia it has been identified that the compound is found to be stable one with blue to green colour. After combining with water molecule the compound with 3+ oxidation that indicates its transition of electrons in the inner structure.\n\ncr2o3 + h2o\nChromium oxide from Wikipedia\n\nTherefore, the hydrate state of Chromium dioxide is represented with the chemical formula of Chromium dioxide and water. Volatilisation reaction is noticed to take place when Cr2o3 comes contact with H2O and O2.\n\nThis reaction is recognised to happen in an early stage of oxidation of chromium. However, the evaporation of the product of this reaction imposes a different angle of viewpoint about the reaction.\u00a0\n\nWhat is the product of Cr2O3 + H2O?\n\nIn aqueous solution after reacting with water Chromium dioxide gives out a different kind of product with different organic group.\n\nThe product of reaction between Chromium dioxide and water is 2Cr(OH)3 that is Chromium hydroxide. The product is insoluble in water and it is a polymer that has an undefined structure.\n\ncr2o3 + h2o\nCr2O3 +H2O product from Wikipedia\n\nHowever, the compound is quite different from the parent compounds but both of Cr2O3 and 2Cr(OH)3 have green colour. The density of Chromium oxide is decreased after getting water molecule in its structure. The density of Cr2O3 is found as 5.22 g/cm3 and the density of chromium hydroxide is 3.11 g/cm3.\n\nIn the reaction, the evaporation rate of Cr2O3 is found to be higher than the growth rate of the same compound. The degradation of the Cr2O3 scale is the main factor \u00a0that is noticed in high rate in the reaction.\n\nHow to balance Cr2O3 + H2O\n\nSystematic balancing the overall equation is the fact which helps to demonstrate the balancing the reaction regarding reactants and products. Equation balancing is efficient in providing the note about participation of elements in the reaction with exact amount.\n\nThe steps would include the balance of number of molecules of each element participate in the reaction that are Chromium, Hydrogen and Oxygen.\n\nStep 1: Balancing the number of Chromium molecules\n\nThe Number Chromium Molecules is noticed to take place in Cr2O3 is two as reactant; therefore, it is much important to extract two Chromium with the extraction of product. The formula of Chromium hydroxide is recognised to hold only one Chromium molecule. It is important put two as variable of the product to balance Chromium.\n\nCr2O3 + H2O \u00a0= 2Cr(OH)3\n\nStep 2: Balancing the number of Hydrogen molecules\n\nTwo Hydrogen molecules of water are identified to deliver the product. Therefore, the number of hydrogen should be two in product but the number of Hydrogen molecules held by Chromium hydroxide is three. Therefore, the total number of hydrogen molecule in product becomes (2*3) = 6.\n\nCr2O3 + 3H2O\u00a0 = 2Cr(OH)3\n\nIn this case, it becomes significant to provide variable of three to the reactant water molecule that create equivalent number of reactant hydrogen and product hydrogen.\n\nStep 3: Balancing the number of Oxygen molecules\n\nThe number of oxygen that is present in Chromium oxide is three. And in balancing the number of hydrogen molecule we put determined that three water molecule reacts with Chromium oxide, hence; the number of oxygen molecule in reactant is found to be 6 and the previous equation is representing the same oxygen molecule present in product as well.\n\nCr2O3 + 3H2O = 2Cr(OH)3\n\nStep 4: Preparing the whole equation\n\nThe final balanced equation has recognised in the previous step that denotes that one Chromium oxide molecule and three water molecules react with each other to form two chromium hydroxide molecules.\n\nWhat type of reaction are Cr2O3 + H2O\n\nEvaporation of Cr2O3 is noticed to take place in the chemical formation of its viable products. In the early stage of oxidation Cr2O3 reacts with water and significantly indicates the degradation of Cr2O3 scale by the evaporation of this compound.\n\nThis reaction is a mixed type of evaporation, degradation and volatilisation reaction. The chemical reaction can be highlighted as:\n\n\u00bd Cr2O3 (s) + \u00be O2 (g) + H2O (g) = CrO2(OH)2(g)\n\ncr2o3 + h2o\nStructure of Cr2O3 from Wikipedia\n\nTherefore, evaporation is then fundamental process that is undertook by the main reactant here. Besides, volatilisation of Cr2O3 scale is the core method that comparably expresses a different kind of reaction type for Chromium oxide in presence of oxygen and water vapour.\n\n\nThis article has created broad knowledge about the reaction between Chromium oxide and water. Hence, the properties of aqueous solution of Chromium oxide has been reflected in this article that can be concluded with better outcomes on the study on product the reaction gives.\n\nRecent Posts
+__label__positive A parabolic subgroup of a linear algebraic group $G$ defined over a field $k$ is a subgroup $P\\subseteq G$, closed in the Zariski topology, for which the quotient space $G/P$ is a projective algebraic variety. A subgroup $P\\subseteq G$ is a parabolic subgroup if and only if it contains some Borel subgroup of the group $G$. Each parabolic subgroup $P$ of a group $G$ is the semi-direct product of its unipotent radical $U$ and the Levi subgroup of the group $P$.\n\nI am interesting in knowing about the dimension of $U$. In particular, for what $G$ can one find a parabolic $P$ whose unipotent subgroup $U$ has dimension a multiple of 4? The answer for $G=\\mathrm{SL}_n(\\mathbb{R})$ is clear. Is there a discussion of the computations for $U$ in a reference book? Is this something that LiE or Sage can help me determine?\n\n(Apologies if this question has been asked before.)\n\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ @Stanley: You mention a real split semisimple Lie or algebraic group as an example, but it's usually best to focus first on the corresponding complex group or better yet on its Lie algebra. All the dimension information you want is found in the latter more elementary setting. In any case, no computer calculation is needed, just a lot of routine elementary arithmetic. Is there some motivation? $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Jim Humphreys Jan 19 '13 at 22:04\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @Jim: What if we complicate this idea a bit further by asking for the Q-dimensions of Q-unipotent radicals associated to Q-parabolic subgroups? The number of Q-parabolic subgroups will depend on the Q-rank, which of course will at times differ from the real rank. Again, the goal is to find the cases in which the Q-dimension is divisible by 4. Thanks in advance. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0user31353 Feb 11 '13 at 17:46\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ @Stanley: Your newest comment raises a new question about working over the field of rational numbers. Keep in mind that all Lie groups in your first version have rational forms, so the list of parabolics defined over $\\mathbb{Q}$ includes the ones originally discussed. For them it's easy to compute dimensions of unipotent radicals. For other isotropic but nonsplit forms, you have to dig more into the classification. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Jim Humphreys Feb 12 '13 at 1:57\n\nI have to assume you are looking at a semisimple or simple group, since otherwise you can just take the direct product of such a group with a vector group of any dimension to enlarge $U$.\n\nIn the semisimple case, when $U$ is the unipotent radical of a Borel subgroup, its dimension is just the number of positive roots. All of this is laid out clearly as a consequence of the Borel-Chevalley structure theory, which itself takes a lot of work but is exposed in standard textbooks with a common title Linear Algebraic Groups. For parabolic subgroups in general, the dimension of $U$ is just the difference between the total number of positive roots and the number of positive roots in a Levi factor. So the same data is involved.\n\nSince the root system ideas have been axiomatized by Bourbaki apart from Lie groups or Lie algebras or algebraic groups, their data in Chapter VI is easy to check. For instance, 4 is the dimension of $U$ for a Borel subgroup of type $B_2=C_2$, etc. Divisibility by 4 is easy enough to track down, though it doesn't seem to have any special significance theoretically.\n\nP.S. Technically one might be dealing with reductive groups (or Lie algebras), but a central torus makes no difference here either for the big group or for a Levi subgroup.\n\nAlso, a concise table of the numbers of positive roots for irreducible root systems appears on page 66 of my Lie algebra textbook. Probably the algorithm I've sketched is easiest to do by hand, since for a given simple type you can enumerate first all possible root systems of Levi subgroups/subalgebras via the Dynkin diagram and use the number of positive roots for each irredudible component occurring. The alternative description by pranavk involves a similar amount of computation, but requires having at hand the full lists of positive roots (not all given explicitly by Bourbaki for exceptional types).\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Equivalently, since parabolic subgroups of a connected reductive group are classified up to conjugacy by subsets $I$ of a basis $\\Delta$ of a positive system of roots $\\Phi^+$, and more specifically ${\\rm{Lie}}(R_u(P_I))$ supports the positive roots which are a non-negative $\\mathbf{Z}$-linear combination of elements of $\\Delta - I$ (with each such root space being 1-dimensional), the problem is purely combinatorial and can be settled via Bourbaki tables via inspection of the tables of reduced irreducible root system separately (as one varies $I$), as Jim suggests. This avoids computing Levis. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0user30379 Jan 19 '13 at 18:16\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @pranvavk: Yes, what I've described is just based on elementary combinatorics of root systems. But note that your description of roots in the unipotent radical isn't quite right as stated. Also, Bourbaki doesn't list all positive roots in spite of leaving ample blank space in the \"planches\"; a later IHES paper by Springer does that for the exceptional types, arranged conveniently by heights. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Jim Humphreys Jan 19 '13 at 22:02\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @Jim Humphreys: Oops, I should have said that the roots on ${\\rm{Lie}}(R_u(P_I))$ are the roots that are non-negative $\\mathbf{Z}$-linear combinations of $\\Delta$ that lie outside the $\\mathbf{Z}$-span of $I$. My main point was just to say that one can view the problem as combinatorial without needing to compute Levi factors. (I also forgot that Bourbaki sometimes only lists the positive roots with a coefficient $\\ge 2$.) $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0user30379 Jan 19 '13 at 22:48\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @pranavk: A concrete example is $F_4$, where there are 24 positive roots and $2^4= 16$ classes of parabolic subgroups. Here it's easy (without pencil and paper) to work out the 16 dimensions of unipotent radicals, which lie between 0 and 24, knowing just the Dynkin diagram and the number of positive roots for each smaller root system. The Levi types are visible in the diagram, with no \"computation\" required. Anyway, divisibility by 4 looks accidental in that list. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Jim Humphreys Jan 20 '13 at 18:41\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Thanks to both of you for these ideas. The divisibility by 4 issue has to do with some structure sets that I want to compute via the surgery exact sequence. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Stanley Chang Jan 21 '13 at 18:36\n\n@Jim: Thank you for your help on this. With respect to your discussion above, I understand the $A_n$ case but wonder if I can run my $C_2$ calculation by you. In this case there are four parabolics $P_I$ of $Sp(4)$, corresponding to the subsets $I$ of the basis $\\{\\alpha, \\beta\\}$. If $u_I$ denotes the dimension of the unipotent radical and $\\ell_I$ denotes the dimension of the Levi complement, then write $u_I+\\ell_I=r_I$, the number of positive roots of the associated root system.\n\nIf $I=\\{\\alpha\\}$ or $\\{\\beta\\}$, then $u_I=3$ and $\\ell_I=4$, so $r_I=7$.\n\nIf $I=\\{\\alpha, \\beta\\}$, then $u_I=0$ and $\\ell_I=r_I=10$.\n\nIt seems that $r_I$ can be independently computed by $r_I=2^2+2+|I|^2$. I'm curious to know if this is the right combinatorics.\n\nIf $I=\\emptyset$, this would give $r_I=2^2+2+0^2=6$. Then $\\ell_I=2$ and subsequently $u_I=4$. Is this right?\n\nThe last computation confuses me a little because $I=\\emptyset$ should correspond to the collection of upper triangular matrices in $Sp(4)$. Calculating the general form for this subgroup, I find a dimension of 5, and I'm not sure where the 5 fits into the $6=2+4$.\n\nThanks in advance for any thoughts.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @Stanley: Your approach is too complicated. Each of the intermediate Levi subgroups has derived group of simple type $\\mathrm{SL}_2$ with a single positive root, so the unipotent radical has dimension $3=4-1$ in both cases. The dimensions of the four possible unipotent radicals for $C_2$ (up to conjugacy) are $0, 3, 3, 4$. Such dimensions are always bounded above by the total number of positive roots, the dimension of a maximal unipotent subgroup. In my example $F_4$`, you get 16 dimensions between 0 and 24, for example, with a few intermediate ones divisible by 4. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Jim Humphreys Jan 25 '13 at 20:01\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n62 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nDefine Passive Activity Income\ninvestments in a trade or business in which you DON'T materially participate\nWhat are the rules of material participation?\n1. Work at least 500 hours\n2. Work at least 100 hours more then any other person.\n3. Work any # of hours that is more then the total of all other people working\n4. You have met the material participation rule in 5 of the past 10 years\nHow are passive activities taxed and how are loses treated?\nIncome is taxed to the investor.\nLoses are NOT tax deductible against any other sources of income.\nMust carry forward loses and offset them against future profits.\nIf you meet a material participation rule...\nLosses can offset any other income.\nWhat happens when passive activity is disposed of?\nTurns into a passive loss carried forward. Must use passive loss carried forward in certain order.\nWhat order must passive loss carried forward be used in?\n1st-Offset any gain on disposal\n2nd-Offset any other passive activity income\n3rd-Offset remaining PLCF against other income\nWhat is the rental property 14 day rule? What deductions are permitted if rule is broken?\nif property is rented out for 14 days or less, no income is reported. No schedule E is filed, no deductions permitted EXCEPT property tax and interest if you can itemize.\nWhat is the rental property rule on leasehold improvements?\nIf tenant makes improvements, not in leiu of rent, the FMV of improvments are not GI\nFactors of a good legal tax shelter?\n1. Generates a loss that can offset other income right away (because of depreciation).\n2. generate positive cash flow\n3. When you dispose of it, have a capital gain.\nHow do you find the value of savings?\nmarginal tax rate * loss or deduction\nWhat is a middle income taxpayer and how much of rental real estate losses can they deduct against other income?\nMiddle income has AGI of $100,000 or less. Can deduct up to $25,000. Excess is a passive loss carried forward.\nHow is the statutory loss deduction for rental real estate phased out for higher AGI taxpayers?\nloss allowed = ($25,000) - .50(AGI-100,000)\nIn effect, lose .50 of ever $1 above 100,000\nAny loss not deduct is PLCF\nWhat is the rule for taking a loss on vacation property?\nYou can take a loss as long as there is not too much enjoyment. Use P.U.T. test.\nWhat is the effects of two much enjoyment on vacation property?\nNo loss deduction is permitted.. you only bring net income to $0. Must follow IRS order of taking deductions.\nWhat is the P.U.T. Test?\nviolated if personal use is more then the greater of 14 days or 10% of rental time. Must keep a log.\nWhat is considered personal use of vacation property?\nAny use by you or any family member, use that is for less then fair rental value, and reciprocal use.\nWhat is the vacation property rule for maintenance?\nAny day that you spend more than half the day doing maintanence is not personal use.\nIf PUT test is violated.. what is the IRS order of deductions?\n1st-Interest and property tax * # of rental days / (# of rental days + personal use)\nremaining balance = itemized deduction\n2nd - insurance, maintance, utilities, rental agent fee * formula. remaining balance is lost.\n3rd-depreciation * formula. Remaining balance carried forward.\nIn general, all interest income is _____?\nGross Income\nExamples: CD's, savings, checking, bonds, orignal issued discount...\nWhat is municipal bond interest and how is it taxed?\nIt is tax exempt.\nIssued by states, counties, cities, political subdivisions. Muse be U.S.\nWhat are U.S. Savings bonds and how are they taxed?\nThey are bought at a discount (50%). Can elect to wait untill you cash in to report interest = cash received - your cost\nWhat is a U.S. savings bond used for education?\nMust be at least 24 to purchase. Interest is tax free to extented used for tution & fees.\nInterest * (tuition & fees/cash rec'd from bond) = exclusion\nScholarships reduce tuition and fees.\nWhat are the rules for a family loan?\nMust have a note and charge market rate interest.\nLoan up to $10,000 without charging interest.\nAmount above $10,000 must charge market rate interest.\nMaximum int. reported as GI by lender is limited to amount income borrower earned on the funds.\nEx. borrowed 30k w/ no interest.\nMRI = 5%. parents imputed $1500. you earn $600 on investment, parents imputed $600\nWhat are dividends?\nDistributions paid on corporate stock.\nWhat are the three sources of dividends and how are they taxed?\n1st - Distributions from corp's earnigns and profits, taxed as dividend; current or accumulated earnings & profits\n2nd-Distributions are next a Return of Capital, tax free; reduce adjusted basis of the stock.\n3rd-Distributions are next a Capital Gain\nDividends are taxed at a max rate of ____%?\nDividends are taxed at ____% for taxpayers in the 10-15% bracket\nMust own stock for at least ____ days to get the lower rate.\n61 days which must be within 60 days before and 60 days after ex_div date.\nHow much is the dividend amount for property distributions?\nDividend amount is the FMV of distribution less liabilities.\nWhen are stock dividends tax free and how do you calculate it?\nWhen there is no change in % ownership.\n% ownership = (# shares owned/# shares outstanding) $0 GI\nWhen are stock dividends NOT tax free? What are the 2 ways of having them NOT tax free?\nWhen there is actual change or potential to change ownership.\nGI = FMV of stock on date received.\n1. Give some common S/H common stock & other common S/H preferred stock.\n2. Give S/H choice b/n stock, cash, or property.\nWhat is constructive dividends?\nDistribution disguised as being tax-free that upon and it are recharacterized as a dividend.\nWhy do corporations use constructive dividends?\nCorporations try to disguise non-tax deductible divdend payments as a tax deductible expense.\nS/H don't want additional income, use a loan.\nWhat is a Mutual Fund?\nThe fund itself is a tax-free entity.\nHow are dividends of a Mutual Fund treated? What about reinvested dividends?\nDividends are GI to fundholder.\nReinvested dividends are still GI but also increase investment in fund.\nHow are Distributed Capital Gains of Mutual Funds treated?\nDistributed CG = GI\nHow are Undistributed Capital Gains of Mutual Funds treated?\n1. Increase AB of investment\n2. Fund must pay tax on undistributed CG.\n3. Tax paid by fund is tax credit for fundholder.\n4. Investment in fund is reduced by taxes paid in the fund.\nWhat is an annuity?\nA contract that promises to pay a specific amount, for specific period beginning on a specific date (could be fore rest of life).\nWhen do you calculate an exclusion ratio for an annuity and how do you calculate it?\nCalculate on the 1st payment.\nexclusion ratio = (cost/expected benefits) x amount received during year = exclusion\nGI = amount received - exclusion\nIf the annuity is being paid for life, how do you calculate exclusion ratio?\nUse the IRS annuity table.\n(cost/expected # of payments) = $ exclusion per payment\nExclusion for year = (# months received for year * $ exclusion)\nDuring a lifetime annuity, what happens if the taxpayer dies before the end of his/her expected life?\nAny unrecovered costs (cost-exclusion used so far) is deducted on his/her final tax return that is filed by their executor.\nDuring a lifetime annuity, what happens if the taxpayer lives longer then expected life?\nExclusion ends for tax purposes once you've reached the # of months indicated in the annuity tables.\nWhat are capital gains/losses?\nGains or losses on the sale, exchange, or involuntary conversion of a capital asset.\nWhat is considered an involuntary conversion? What does NOT qualify?\nsudden unusual unexpected events, storms, thefts, accidents, eminent domain.\nIntentional destruction and gradual deterioation does NOT qualify.\nHow do you calculate a gain/loss?\nAmount realized - AB of capital asset = gain/loss or $0\nAll assets are capital assets except...\nInventory or stock in trade, any accounts or notes receivable from ordinary course of business, any literary/artistic/musical/education item you create or have created for you.\nAny real or depreciable asset USED in a trade or business like bldgs, land, machinery, cars, trucks, office furniture, computers, equipments...\nIf any real or depreciable assets being USED in a business are held for more then 1 year and sold at a gain, how are they treated?\nLong Term Capital Gain\nHow do you find the amount realized?\namount realized = (cash + FMV property received + FMV services + any liability of seller assumed by the buyer) - selling expenses = amount realized\nWhat is the Adjusted Basis of an asset purchased?\nCash paid + liability assumed + improvements made - depreciation taken on tax return - losses deducted on return\nWhat is the Adjusted Basis of asset received from service?\nFMV on date received. If $0 income is reported, AB=$0\nWhat is the Adjusted Basis of an asset inherited?\nAB = FMV on date of death.\nCan elect alternative valuation made by executor ONLY if it will save estate taxes. State taxes DO NOT increase basis of inherited property.\nWhen calculating Adjusted Basis of an inherited asset, and you elect alternative valuation, what does that mean?\nIt must save estate taxes.\nFMV on the EARLIER of 6 months after death or date property was distributed to beneficiaries.\nWhat is the Adjusted Basis of an asset received by gift? What is donor pays a gift tax?\nMust use donor's AB for your AB.\nIf donor pays gift tax, part of gift tax is added to AB of the recipient.\nGift tax * {(FMV-AB)/FMV} = amount added to AB\nWhat is the Adjusted Basis of an asset received by exchange/trade?\nIf taxable trade then AB = FMV of property received.\nrecognized gain/loss = (FMV property received - AB property given)\nFor Like Kind exchange, AB of property rec'd = AB property given.\nMust be trade of meal for meal, depreciable for depreciable.\nWhat is the Adjusted Basis of an asset received from converted property?\nAB = less of your AB when asset was held personally or FMV on date of conversion.\nIf partial business use, prorate AB according to business use. amt. of time, mileage, square footage....\nWhat is the 1st step in the taxation of capital gains/losses? How do you determine it?\nMust determine if gain or loss are short term or long term depending on holding period.\nShort Term = asset held for 1 year or less.\nLong Term = asset held for more than 1 year.\nHow do you determine the holding period for taxation on capital gains and losses?\nGenerally - start counting the day after asset aquired untill asset is diposed of.\nInherited property is always long term.\nGift property - donor's holding period bcomes recipients holding period.\nLike Kind exchanges - holding period of asset given becomes the holding period of asset received.\nWhat and how to you determine the tax effect?\n1st - net short term capital gains against short term capital losses to get NSTCG, NSTCL, or $0.\n2nd - net Long term capital gains against long term capital losses to get NLTCG, NLTCL, or $0.\n3rd - net results of step one against step 2 to get NSTCG, NLTCL, NSTCL, NLTCG, NSTCG & NLTCG, NSTCL & NLTCL.\nHow are Net short term capital gains taxed?\nAdded to ordinary income and taxed at marginal rates.\nHow are Net long term capital gains taxed?\nMaximum rate imposed is 15% unless in 10-15% brackets which is 5%.\nHow are net long term capital gains of collectibles taxed?\ntaxed at marginal rate, but never higher then 28%.\nHow are net long term capital gains of Buidlings taxed?\ntaxed at 25% to extent of depreciation taxen on building. Balance is taxed at 5% or 15% depending on tax bracket.\nAmount realized - (AB - Depreciation) = LTCG. Depreciation taxed at 25%, rest taxed at 5% or 15%\nWhat if you have a NSTCL or NLTCL?\ncan deduct $3000 of net capital losses against Ordinary Income. Balance carried forward and used in next years netting. NSTCL is ALWAYS used first.\nWhat do you do if a personal capital asset is sold or exchanged at a loss? What is considered personal capital?\nThe loss is denied recognition. Personal is NOT used for business and NOT held for investment. Examples your house, car, boat, furniture...
+__label__positive \uc2dc\uac04 \uc81c\ud55c \uba54\ubaa8\ub9ac \uc81c\ud55c \uc81c\ucd9c \uc815\ub2f5 \ub9de\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c \uc815\ub2f5 \ube44\uc728\n1 \ucd08 128 MB 0 0 0 0.000%\n\n\nAfter building his huge villa, Mr. Rich cannot help but notice that the interior walls look rather blank. To change that, he starts to hang paintings from his wonderful collection. But soon he realizes that it becomes quite difficult to find a place on the wall where a painting can be placed without overlapping other paintings. Now he needs a program which would tell him, given the already placed paintings, where to place the next painting without moving any other paintings (or indicating that this is impossible). Paintings have a rectangular shape and are to be placed parallel to the side of the wall. If you do not mind a nice reward from Mr. Rich, go on and solve the problem.\n\n\nThe first line of the input file contains a number representing the number of test cases to follow. Each test case starts with a line containing three numbers n, w and h. n is the number of paintings already hanging on the wall, w is the width of the wall and h is the height of the wall. The next n lines contain 4 integers x1, y1, x2, y2 each (0 \u2264 x1 < x2 \u2264 w, 0 \u2264 y1 < y2 \u2264 h); the x-coordinates give the distance to the left end of the wall, the y-coordinates give the distance to the bottom of the wall. (x1, y1) is the position of the lower left corner of a painting, (x2, y2) is the position of the upper right corner. The last line of each test case contains the dimensions of the next painting to be placed, first its width w', then its height h' (1 \u2264 w' \u2264 w, 1 \u2264 h' \u2264 h). You are not allowed to rotate the painting.\n\nYou can assume that 0 \u2264 n \u2264 200 and 1 \u2264 w, h \u2264 1000000. Moreover, all paintings already hanging do not overlap.\n\n\nProduce one line of output for each test case. Write \"Fail!\" if there is no place left on the wall where the painting could be placed without overlapping other paintings. Otherwise, write the coordinates where the lower left corner of the painting should be placed. In case there is more than one solution, select the solution with a minimum y-coordinate, and break ties using the minimum x-coordinate.\n\n\uc608\uc81c \uc785\ub825\n\n1 10 9\n5 4 10 9\n9 5\n2 10 10\n5 5 10 10\n0 0 4 3\n3 4\n\n\uc608\uc81c \ucd9c\ub825\n\n4 0
+__label__positive Reducing Whale Strikes\nCutting River Plastic Waste\n\nSubmitted Ideas\n\n\n\nIs It Necessary to Kill Marine Fishes and Invertebrates in Order to Count Them?\n\nPosted by Milton Love | , United States\n\nThere are a number of extremely valuable bottom fisheries throughout the world. In many places, the United States being a prime example, the assessments of these fish populations are carried out by bottom trawling. In this process, hundreds of net tows are made, the organisms are brought to the surface, and these dead and moribund animals are measured and identified. These surveys kill hundreds of thousands of fishes and invertebrates annually and, arguably, can damage sea floor habitats.\nBut is there a non-destructive way to carry out these surveys? One possibility may be to use Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) \u2014 camera-carrying, untethered vehicles that fly above the sea floor. These vehicles can be programmed to travel a predetermined path, at a predetermined height above the bottom, and take photographs at preset times. A stereoscopic camera feature allows the lengths of organisms to be determined. In this way, both fishes and invertebrates can be identified, their sizes estimated, and their densities determined all without damaging these organisms. In addition, we are working with engineers here at UCSB to create image recognition software that will identify fishes and invertebrates to lowest possible taxon and thus will semi-automate the laboratory processing.\nThus, our question: Might it be possible to replace destructive trawl surveys with ones carried out by AUVs?\nIn order to determine whether this is a feasible approach it is necessary to compare the results of surveys conducted by government trawling surveys with those conducted in the same general vicinity by an AUV. This would tell us 1) how comparable are the species assemblages determined by each technique, 2) how comparable are the densities of these species, 3) how comparable are their size frequencies, and 4) how many and how long would AUV transects have to be to replicate trawl surveys. In addition, we would use the images gathered to train the image-recognition software to semi-automate the identification of marine organisms.\n\nPlease Post Your Comment\n\nReady to Submit your own idea?\n\n
+__label__positive Shock Discovery \u2013 Only Twenty Five Letters in the\u00a0Alphabet\n\nI\u2019m sorry that I haven\u2019t posted for the last three weeks. I was felled by the flu. But all better now \u2013\u00a0and it\u2019s nice to be back. Regular readers will also note that I\u2019m posting on a Monday! Yes \u2013 revolutionary, I know. Up until now blog day has always been a Tuesday. But for reasons I won\u2019t bore you with blog day is\u00a0going to be a Monday for the foreseeable.\n\nI was at a bit of a loss what to post about so I went to WordPress\u2019s Daily Prompt suggestion for today. The suggestion was to write a post entitled Twenty-Five Letters. The idea being that the post contains all but one of the letters of the English alphabet. I thought this was quite a neat suggestion \u2013 and I also decided to make the content about the Twenty-Five letters \u2013 so here goes.\n\nAlphabets (Photo credit: Clicks Clicks)\n\nTwenty-Five Letters\n\nFor the last thirty-four years, I\u2019ve been teaching children to read. In my job as a primary school teacher, I have taught all ages of children\u2013 from four- year-olds to twelve-year-olds. Some children find it easier than others to decipher the squiggles we call letters and to put them together as words. But most of them do learn to read \u2013 even those with dyslexia. I\u2019m very proud of the fact that in all the time I\u2019ve been doing it, I have only failed to get one child functionally literate. That particular child had the most severe form of dyslexia I\u2019ve ever come across. And I\u2019ve taught in several schools in all sorts of areas \u2013 including some where the levels of social and economic deprivation were severe.\n\nFor the last eight years I have been a support teacher. A lot of time is spent helping those children who are struggling to read.\n\nI still marvel at the human brain\u2019s capacity to read. It\u2019s a mystical, magical process. I love taking children from being complete non-readers to that moment when they recognise a word on sight. For some it\u2019s a relatively painless process, for others it\u2019s more of a slog. But for all of them we begin with the letters.\n\nEnglish: Alphabet pasta\nEnglish: Alphabet pasta (Photo credit: Wikipedia)\n\nAlthough there are officially twenty-six letters in our alphabet, there are only twenty-five sounds \u2013 because two of them sound exactly the same \u2013 those are \u2018c\u2019 and \u2018k\u2019 \u2013 not \u00a0\u2018cee\u2019 and\u2019 kay\u2019 but the sound they make in, for example, car and kite.\n\nAnd it\u2019s vitally important to distinguish between the letter names and the letter sounds when you\u2019re teaching someone to read. I always teach the sounds first and leave the alphabetic names until later. This is because if a child is going to try to phonetically decode a simple consonant-vowel-consonant word such as cat, then it is the sounds of the letters that need to be known. Saying \u2018see-ay-tee\u2019 isn\u2019t going to give any clues as to what the word says.\n\nThe first sounds I teach \u2013 all on day one \u2013 are \u2018a\u2019, \u2018p\u2019,\u2018t\u2019 and \u2018n\u2019. This is because after learning just four sounds, the children can be encouraged to read them in words \u2013 for example \u2013 pat, pan, ant, tap, and tan. Then we (daily) add more letters in groups of three or four \u2013 always in combinations that will lead to immediate word-building.\n\nNew bed\nNew bed (Photo credit: \u2013 Annetta -)\n\nTo help children distinguish between \u2018b\u2019 and \u2018d\u2019 \u2013 which are easily confused by those new to these squiggles \u2013 I would say think of the shape (side on) of a bed \u00a0\u2013 a real one and the written form \u2013 the \u2018b\u2019 is the headboard and the \u2018d\u2019 is the footboard \u2013 and you could lie along the tops of the letters. If you reverse the letters you get deb \u2013 you couldn\u2019t lie on a deb \u2013 the sticks on the\u2018d\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 would be in the way \u2013so something\u2019s wrong.\n\nCoronation of Queen Elizabeth II X\nCoronation of Queen Elizabeth II X (Photo credit: Wikipedia)\n\nWhen I introduce \u2018q\u2019, I always present it as the shy sound because it will never go out without its braver friend \u2018u\u2019. I explain that \u2018q\u2019 doesn\u2019t need \u2018u\u2019 to say anything, it just needs it to be there.\n\nI find that the almost all children are enchanted by the vowels and the job they do \u2013 i.e. making it possible to pronounce English words. And I find that the hardest sounds for the children to grasp are \u2018v\u2019, \u2018w\u2019, \u2018x\u2019 and \u2018y\u2019.\n\nMost of my pupils enjoy learning about the vowels and the power these five letters have \u2013\u00a0and they\u00a0love trying to say their own names \u2013 and those of others \u2013\u00a0 without the vowels\n\nAfter the children have mastered single sounds, we then move on to the \u2018partner sounds\u2019 \u2013 such as \u2018sh\u2019, \u2018ch\u2019, \u2018th\u2019, \u2018ee\u2019, \u2018ea\u2019, \u2018ai\u2019 \u2018ay\u2019 etc, etc\u2026 This is where two sounds work together to make a completely new sound.\n\nAfter that the children just need to be able to rapidly blend the sounds so that reading words becomes automatic and then of course there are all the non-phonetic words to master. And some of those non-phonetic words are amongst the most common words in the English language \u2013 \u2018the\u2019, \u2018was\u2019 \u2018saw\u2019 \u2018they\u2019\n\n\nLike I say, for many children, learning to read is an awesomely, magically easy task and they scarcely need to spend any time on the above.\n\nHowever, for a significant minority these 25 sounds are pesky critters. And that\u2019s where I come in. I still relish the challenge even after all these years. I try to present reading as an adventure \u2013 a journey into the unknown \u2013 destiny -literacy\n\nAnd, mostly, we get there.\n\n\nP.S. which letter of the alphabet doesn\u2019t appear even once in the whole of this post?
+__label__positive Protocol Online logo\nTop : Forum Archives: : Molecular Biology\n\n\"PCR ghosts\" - :wacko: (Dec/12/2004 )\n\nHi all...\n\nI have isolated DNA from freshly isolated CD4+ T cells. The problem that I have is that I can find the expected amplicon (~400bp) in alternate PCRs...\nThe thing is after a PCR, no band is seen in the gel. When I repeat the reaction (same DNA, primers, & PCR conditions), the band appears, but not in the third, and so on...\n\nHow could this be explained? Sampling problems??? wacko.gif\n\nI will REALLY appreciate your suggestions...\n\n\nmagic trolls.\n\n(you think i'm kidding...i'm not).\n\ndo you run a positive control?\ndo you mix the reaction *really* well beforehand?\nare all of the bits and pieces unfrozen before putting them in the reaction?\nseriously, try to figure out what is different with the reactions that work, and those that don't. did you stick things in the tube in the same order?\n\nif there is really nothing different, then, a, it's the magic trolls, b, it's the position of solar flares, and c, it's the moon's influence over the cosmic relation of stuff.\n\nwith the amounts that are involved in a PCR reaction, it only takes a little bit to be out for the entire reaction to flop.\n\n\n\nJust a thought... have you actually checked to see that the product is the amplicon you want? It could be that there is some random contaminant in one of the reagents, that is coming out in seemingly every second PCR.\n\nMy other suggestion is to try fresh primers and dNTPs, sometimes when these degrade PCR does funny things. I too have had problems similar to yours, and the solution was fresh primers and dNTPs.\n\nGood Luck
+__label__positive Physiology - Block 2 - Part 2\n\ndavidwurbel7's version from 2015-07-06 06:02\n\nFemale Reproductive Physiology\n\nQuestion Answer\nCells of ovaries that secrete TestosteroneThica Cells\nAromatase enzyme present in these cells, converts Testosterone to 17\u03b2- EstradiolGranulosa Cells\nConverts Testosterone to 17\u03b2- EstradiolAromastase\nHormone that activates conversion of testosterone to 17\u03b2- estradiolFSH\nHormone that activates conversion of cholesterol to pregnenoloneLH\nAt lower levels during the beginning of the follicular phase/proliferative phase, estrogen has this type of feedback on the hypothalamic-anterior pituitaryNegative Feedback\nAt high level during the end of the follicular phase/proliferative phase, estrogen has this type of feedback on the hypothalamic-anterior pituitaryPositive Feedback\nEstrogen produced in the adipose tissueEstrone\nEstrogen produced in the placentaEstriol\nEstrogen produced in the ovaries17\u03b2- Estradiol\nThis phase of the menstrual cycle is fixed at 14 daysLuteal Phase\nThica cells and granulosa cells transform into these cells which produce mostly progesterone and some estrogen after ovulationLuteal Cells\nThica cells and granulosa cells transform into luteal cells after thisOvulation\nOnce Graafian follicle ruptures, it is devoid of oocyte, becomes filled with blood and is calledCorpus Hemorrhagicum\nCorpus luteum has a life span of12 Days\nThis has a life span of 12 days in the ovaryCorpus Luteum\nThis hormone decreases excitability of myometrium & prevents contractions during pregnancy by decreasing uterine response to OxytocinProgesterone\nDuring follicular phase, this hormone stimulates production of copious quantity of thin, watery, alkaline stringy mucusEstrogen\nDuring Secretory phase, this hormone causes the cervical mucus to become scanty, thick, sealing off the uterus from further entry of sperm or bacteriaProgesterone\nFailure to have menstrual cyclePrimary Amenorrhea\nCessation of cycles in a woman with previously normal periodsSecondary Amenorrhea\nPainful menstruationDysmenorrhea\nAbsence of menstruationAmenorrhea\nIncreased menstrual bleedingMenorrhagia\nMenstrual cycle during which no ovulation occurs. In most girls, occurs in the cycles during first 1-2 years after menarcheAnovulatory Cycle\nNo corpus luteum is formed and the effects of progesterone on the endometrium are absentAnovulatory Cycle\nThe permanent cessation of menstruation in an elderly womanMenopause\nEnzymes present in head of spermatozoa help to adhere to oocyteHyaluronidase & Acrosin\nTakes place on day 5-7 after fertilizationImplantation\nCells of syncytiotrophoblast begin to secrete a hormone approximately 8 days after ovulationHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)\nLevels of this hormone peaks at 8-10 weeks of pregnancyHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin\nResembles human growth hormone & is secreted in proportion to the size of placentaHuman Placental Lactogen (HPL) (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS))\nPlasma level of this an index of placental well-beingHuman Placental Lactogen (HPL) (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS))\nAttributed to be the factor responsible for causing gestational diabetesHuman Placental Lactogen (HPL) (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS))\nA precursor for estrogen is synthesized from placenta and diffuses into fetal circulationPregnenolone\nPregnenolone is converted to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hereFetal Adrenal Gland\nDHEA is converted into 16-Hydroxy DHEA hereFetal Liver\n16-Hydroxy DHEA is converted to estriol herePlacenta\nEstimation of plasma level of this in the mother is a good index of the fetal well beingPlasma Estriol\nHormone responsible for initiation of milk production by breastProlactin\nHormone responsible for growth of duct system and deposition of adipose tissue in the breastEstrogen\nHormone responsible for development of lobulesProgesterone\nHormone responsible for milk ejectionOxytocin\n\nCardiovascular Physiology\n\nQuestion Answer\n25/0 mmHgRight Ventricle\n25/8 mmHgPulmonary Artery\n15 mmHgMean Pulmonary Artery\n7-9 mmHgPulmonary Capillary\n5 mmHgPulmonary Venous\n5 - 10 mmHgLeft Atrium\nPressure gradient 15 \u2013 5= 10 mmHgPulmonary Circulation Pressure Gradient\n120/0 mmHgLeft Ventricle\n120/80 mmHgAorta\n93 mmHgMean arterial blood pressure (MAP)\n30 mmHgSkeletal Capillary\n50 mmHgRenal Glomerular Capillary\n15 mmHgPeripheral Veins\n0 mmHgRight Atrium\nPressure gradient 93-0= 93 mmHgSys.Circulation Pressure Gradient\nHelps to maintain a high pressure in the arteriesElastic Recoil\nHelps to maintain the flow of blood in vessels even when the heart is relaxingElastic Recoil\nVolume of blood contained in arteries is under constant pressure and is said to beStressed Blood Volume\nFound in arterioles of skeletal muscle, when activated these receptors cause vasodilationBeta-2 Adrenergic Receptors\nSite of highest resistance in the vasculatureArterioles\nA small amount of continual sympathetic stimulus maintains slight smooth muscle contraction in arterioles to maintain thisTone\nThese vessels are considered exchange vesselsCapillaries\nDue to lower pressure, blood contained in veins is calledUnstressed Blood Volume\nThe smooth muscles lining the walls of the veins are also innervated by the postganglionic sympathetic nerves and contain these receptorsAlpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor\nVenoconstriction increases blood return to the heart increases thisVenous Return\nDiastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressureFormula for MAP\nThis artery type has the smallest cross-sectional area (CSA)Aorta\nThis artery type has the largest cross-sectional area (CSA)Capillaries\nVelocity of blood flow is inversely proportional toCross-Sectional Area\nVelocity of blood flow is highest hereAorta\nVelocity of blood flow is lowest hereCapillaries\nCalculated by Pressure gradient (P1 - P2) divided by the resistance of the vessel (R)Flow Rate (Q)\nCalculated by 8 times blood viscosity (\u03b7) times the length of the blood vessel (L) divided by pi (\u03c0) times the radius (r) to the fourth powerResistance\nMost important factor regulating resistance & blood flow in the bodyRadius of Blood Vessel\nPrimary determinant of blood viscosityHemocrit (RBCs)\n41% - 53%Normal Hemocrit Male\n36% - 46%Normal Hemocrit Female\n14 - 18 g/dLNormal Hb Male\n12 - 16 g/dLNormal Hb Female\nDiameter x Velocity x Desenity / ViscosityReynold's Number\nReynold\u2019s number > 2000Turbulent Flow\nReynold\u2019s number < 2000Laminar Flow\nBlood flow is dependentSeries System\nBlood flow is independentParallel System\nA major feature is flow must be equal at all points. If flow changes it changes equally at all points in aSeries System\nIn any organ, different types of blood vessels are connected in series between the feeding artery and the draining veinSeries System\nThe reciprocal of the total resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistanceParallel System\nAdding another resistance decreases the total resistance in circuitParallel System\nRemoving a resistance increases the total resistance in a circuitParallel System\nForce attempting to break open vessel wallWall Tension\nWall tension (T) = Pressure (P) x radius (r)Laplace Law\nThe change in volume per unit change in pressureVessel Compliance\nDelta V / Delta PVessel Compliance\nHighly compliant. Hold large volume of blood (70% of systemic blood volume). Small change in pressure large change in volumeSystemic Veins\nLarger veins innervated by sympathetic nerves that change the venomotor tone by altering diameter, leading to reduction in stored blood volumeIncreased Venous Return\nStroke volume of heart and Arterial compliance are factors affectingSystolic Pressure\nPeripheral resistance, Stroke volume and Arterial complianceDiastolic Pressure\nA decrease in venous return, cardiac output decreases and MAP decreasesEffects of Gravity
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nI have tried $\\gcd(0,8)$ in a lot of online gcd (or hcf) calculators, but some say $\\gcd(0,8)=0$, some other gives $\\gcd(0,8)=8$ and some others give $\\gcd(0,8)=1$. So really which one of these is correct and why there are different conventions?\n\nshare|improve this question\nI haven't encountered the convention of gcd(0,8) = 1. It depends on how you define the phrase \"a divides b\" \u2013\u00a0 The Chaz 2.0 Mar 18 '11 at 2:49\n@The Chaz: They are really the same things but with different names. see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor \u2013\u00a0 Vafa Khalighi Mar 18 '11 at 4:04\n\n3 Answers 3\n\nFirst recall the definition of $\\rm\\:a\\:$ divides $\\rm\\:b\\:$ in a ring $\\rm\\:Z\\:,\\: $ often written as $\\rm\\ a\\ |\\ b\\ \\ in\\ Z\\:.$\n\n$\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad \\rm\\ a\\ |\\ b\\ \\ in\\ Z\\ \\iff\\ a\\:c = b\\ \\ $ for some $\\rm\\ c\\in Z$\n\nRecall also the definition of $\\rm\\ gcd(a,b)\\:,\\ $ namely\n\n$(1)\\rm\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\ \\rm gcd(a,b)\\ |\\ a,b\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\ $ the gcd is a common divisor\n\n$(2)\\rm\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\quad\\ \\rm c\\ |\\ a,b\\ \\Rightarrow\\ c\\ |\\ gcd(a,b)\\quad\\quad$ the gcd is the greatest common divisor\n\n$\\ \\ \\ \\ $ i.e. $\\rm\\quad\\ c\\ |\\ a,b\\ \\iff\\ c\\ |\\ gcd(a,b)\\quad\\quad$ expressed in $\\iff$ form (put $\\rm\\ c = gcd(a,b)\\ $ for $(1)$)\n\nNotice $\\rm\\quad\\: c\\ |\\ a,0\\ \\iff\\ c\\ |\\ a\\:,\\ $ so $\\rm\\ gcd(a,0)\\ =\\ a\\ $ by the above $\\iff$ form of the gcd definition.\n\nNote that $\\rm\\ gcd(0,8) \\ne 0\\:,\\ $ since $\\rm\\ gcd(0,8) = 0\\ \\Rightarrow\\ 0\\ |\\ 8\\ $ contra $\\rm\\ 0\\ |\\ x\\ \\iff\\ x = 0\\:.$\n\nNote that $\\rm\\ gcd(0,8) \\ne 1\\:,\\ $ else $\\rm\\ 8\\ |\\ 0,8\\ \\Rightarrow\\ 8\\ |\\ gcd(0,8) = 1\\ \\Rightarrow\\ 1/8 \\in \\mathbb Z\\:. $\n\nTherefore it makes no sense to define $\\rm\\ gcd(0,8)\\ $to be $\\:0\\:$ or $\\:1\\:$ since $\\:0\\:$ is not a common divisor of $\\:0,8\\:$ and $\\:1\\:$ is not the greatest common divisor.\n\nThe $\\iff$ gcd definition is universal - it may be employed in any domain or cancellative monoid, with the convention that the gcd is defined only up to a unit factor. This $\\iff$ definition is very convenient in proofs since it enables efficient simultaneous proof of both implication directions. $\\ $ For example, below is a proof of this particular form for the fundamental GCD distributive law $\\rm\\ (ab,ac)\\ =\\ a\\ (b,c)\\ $ slightly generalized (your problem is simply $\\rm\\ c=0\\ $ in the special case $\\rm\\ (a,\\ \\ ac)\\ =\\:\\ a\\ (1,c)\\ =\\ a\\: $).\n\nTHEOREM $\\rm\\quad (a,b)\\ =\\ (ac,bc)/c\\quad$ if $\\rm\\ (ac,bc)\\ $ exists.\n\n\n\nRecall also how this universal approach simplifies the proof of the basic GCD * LCM law:\n\nTHEOREM $\\rm\\;\\; \\ (a,b) = ab/[a,b] \\;\\;$ if $\\;\\rm\\ [a,b] \\;$ exists.\n\nProof $\\rm\\quad d|\\:a,b \\;\\iff\\; a,b\\:|\\:ab/d \\;\\iff\\; [a,b]\\:|\\:ab/d \\;\\iff\\; d\\:|\\:ab/[a,b] \\quad\\;\\;$\n\nFor much further discussion see my many posts on GCDs.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nAnother way to look at it is by the divisibility lattice, where gcd is the greatest lower bound. So 5 is the greatest lower bound of 10 and 15 in the lattice.\n\nThe counter-intuitive thing about this lattice is that the 'bottom' (the absolute lowest element) is 1 (1 divides everything), but the highest element, the one above everybody, is 0 (everybody divides 0).\n\nSo $\\gcd(0, x)$ is the same as ${\\rm glb}(0, x)$ and should be $x$, because $x$ is the lower bound of the two: they are not 'apart' and 0 is '$>'$ $x$ (that is the counter-intuitive part).\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nIn fact, the top answer can be generalized slightly (sorry, I don't have enough points to post comments, yet): if $a \\vert b$, then $gcd(a,b)=a$ (and this holds in any algebraic structure where divisibility makes sense (eg a commutative, cancellative monoid)).\n\nTo see why, well, it's clear that $a$ is a common divisor of $a$ and $b$, and if $\\alpha$ is any common divisor of $a$ and $b$, then, of course, $\\alpha \\vert a$. Thus, $a=gcd(a,b)$.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nIndeed, even more generally, it is a special case of the distributive law - see my answer. As for commutative monoids, one usually requires them to be cancellative in order to obtain a rich theory. \u2013\u00a0 Bill Dubuque Mar 18 '11 at 18:26\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Adding PostgreSQL to\u00a0Django\n\n\n  1. VirtualEnv\n  2. Django\n  3. PostgreSQL\n\nAdd on to post from Painless PostgreSQL + Django\n\nThe recommendation is to follow the steps from the original well-written post and refers to the following to fill in some of the possible gaps .\n\n  1. Activate a virtualenv\n  2. Git clone the project (in the post) to local directory\n  3. Run pip install -r requirements.txt\n  4. Upgrade Django version (will encounter error if this step is not performed). pip install django==1.11.17.\u00a0 This only applies if you following the post and cloning the project used in the post.\n  5. Create new user in Postgres, create new database & grant assess (Step 1 & 2 of post)\n  6. Update on the database portion.\n  7. Create environment variables in the virtualenv.\u00a0 See link for more information.\n    1. Note: Secret Key needs to be included as one of the environment variable.\n    2. Update the postactivate file of the virtualenv so the environment variables are present when virtualenv is activated.\n    3. To get path of the virtualenv: echo $VIRTUAL_ENV\n\nCreate new user in Postgres\n\n# Psql codes for Step 1 and 2 of original post.\n# ensure Postgres server is running\n# create user with password\nCREATE USER sample_user WITH PASSWORD 'sample_password';\n# create database\nCREATE DATABASE sample_database WITH OWNER sample_user;\n\nUpdate database information in\n\n# Changes in the\n\n    'default': {\n        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2',\n        'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', ''),\n        'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', ''),\n        'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASS', ''),\n        'HOST': 'localhost',\n        'PORT': '5432',\nSECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY', '')\n\nUpdate environment variables in VirtualEnv\n\n# postactivate script in the project virtual env bin path.\n# E.g. ~/.virtualenv/[projectname]/bin/postactivate\n\n# This hook is sourced after this virtualenv is activated.\nexport DB_NAME='sample_database'\nexport DB_USER='sample_user'\nexport DB_PASS='sample_password'\nexport DJANGO_SECRET_KEY='thisissecretkey'\n\nRunning migrations (Ensure PostgreSQL server is running)\n\npython makemigrations\npython migrate\npython createsuperuser\npython runserver\n\nAdditional notes:\n\n  1. When running python runserver on local host and error occurs, check domain is included in the ALLOWED_HOSTS of Alternatively, you can use below:\n    \u2022 ALLOWED_HOSTS = [\u2018*\u2019] # for local host only\n  2. No database created when running psql command: CREATE DATABASE \u2026, check if\u00a0 semi-colon add to end of the statement. In the event, the \u2018;\u2019 is missing, type \u2018;\u2019 and try inputting the commands again. See link for more details.\n\nUseful Seaborn plots for data\u00a0exploration\n\nTypes of plots:\n\n  1. Multiple features histogram in single chart\n  2. Diagonal Correlation Matrix\n  3. Missing values Heat Map\n\nBoston Housing prices dataset is used for 1, 2. Titanic Dataset for item 3.\n\nBasic Python module import\n\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\nimport seaborn as sns\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n% matplotlib inline\n\nfrom sklearn.datasets import load_boston\nboston = load_boston()\nX =\ny =\ndf = pd.DataFrame(X, columns= boston.feature_names)\n\nMultiple Histogram plots of numeric features\n\n  \u2022 Stack the dataframe with all the features together. May consume significant memory if dataset have large number of features and observations.\n  \u2022 If need to separate by group (hue in FacetGrid), can modify the numeric_features:\n  \u2022 numeric_features= df.set_index(\u2018Group\u2019).select_dtypes(exclude=[\u201cobject\u201d,\u201dbool\u201d])\nnumeric_features= df.select_dtypes(exclude=[\"object\",\"bool\"])\nnumeric_features = numeric_features.stack().reset_index().rename(columns = {\"level_1\":\"Features\",0:\"Value\"})\ng = sns.FacetGrid(data =numeric_features, col=\"Features\",  col_wrap=5, sharex=False, sharey=False)\ng =, \"Value\", color ='blue')\nplt.suptitle(\"Histograms of various features\")\n\n\nDiagonal Heat Map of Correlation Matrix\n\nReference: Utilize the Seaborn heat map with masking of the upper diagonal.\n\nf, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 12))\ncorr = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[\"object\",\"bool\"]).corr()\n\n# TO display diagonal matrix instead of full matrix.\nmask = np.zeros_like(corr, dtype=np.bool)\nmask[np.triu_indices_from(mask)] = True\n\n# Generate a custom diverging colormap.\ncmap = sns.diverging_palette(220, 10, as_cmap=True)\n\n# Draw the heatmap with the mask and correct aspect ratio.\ng = sns.heatmap(corr, mask=mask, cmap=cmap, vmax=1, center=0, annot=True, fmt='.2f',\\\n\n# plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.99)\nplt.title(\"Diagonal Correlation HeatMap\")\n\n\nMissing values Heat Map\n\nReference: Robin Kiplang\u2019at github\n\ndataset =''\n\ntitanic_df = pd.read_csv(dataset, sep='\\t')\nsns.heatmap(titanic_df.isnull(), yticklabels=False, cbar = False, cmap = 'viridis')\n\nplt.title(\"Titanic Dataset Missing Data\")\n\n\n\nEasy Web Scraping with Google\u00a0Sheets\n\n\nBelow are examples of each.\n\nTable type extraction (source)\n\n\n\n\n\nList Type Extraction (source)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCreate own flash cards video using\u00a0Python\n\n\nRequired Modules\n\n  1. moviepy\n  2. ImageMagick \u2014 for creating text clip\n  3. pandas \u2014 optional for managing CSV file\n\nBasic steps\n\n  4. Save the file as mp4.\n\nSample Python Project \u2014 Vocabulary flash cards\n\n\n\nScreen Shot 2019-07-23 at 11.32.42 PM\n\n    except UnicodeEncodeError:\n\nfrom moviepy.editor import *\n\ndf = pd.read_csv(\"wordlist.csv\")\n    create_txtclip(word,1, 70)\n\nfinal_clip = concatenate(clip_list, method = \"compose\")\n\n# optional music background with loop\nmusic = AudioFileClip(\"your_audiofile.mp3\")\naudio = afx.audio_loop( music, duration=final_clip.duration)\n\nfinal_clip = final_clip.set_audio(audio)\n\n\n\nSample video (converted to gif)\n\nPDF manipulation with\u00a0Python\n\n\n  1. Merging mulitple PDF\n  2. Extract text from PDF\n  3. Extract image from PDF\n\nMerging PDF\n\nfrom PyPDF2 import PdfFileMerger\npdfs = ['a.pdf', b.pdf]\nmerger = PdfFileMerger()\n\nfor pdf in pdfs:\n\n\nExtract text from PDF\n\nimport pdftotext\n\n# Load your PDF\n    pdf = pdftotext.PDF(f)\n\n# Save all text to a txt file.\n\nMore information from \u201cConvert PDF pages to text with python\n\nExtract Image (JPEG) from PDF\n\n\nimport os\nimport tempfile\nfrom pdf2image import convert_from_path\n\nfilename = 'target.pdf'\n\nwith tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as path:\n\n\nsave_dir = 'your_saved_dir'\n\n\nMore information from \u201cConvert PDF pages to JPEG with python\n\n\nImporting data to colab\n\n  1. Direct import\n    \u2022 from google.colab import files\n      uploaded = files.upload()\n    \u2022 import io\n  2. Setup to use file from google drives\n    \u2022 from google.colab import drive\n    \u2022 View list of files:\n    \u2022 !ls \u201c/content/drive/My Drive\u201d\n\nHardware Spec for Colab\n\nSee link.\n\nLinking with Google Sheets (reference from source)\n\n# Step 1\n!pip install --upgrade --quiet gspread\n\n# Step 2\nfrom google.colab import auth\n\nimport gspread\nfrom oauth2client.client import GoogleCredentials\ngc = gspread.authorize(GoogleCredentials.get_application_default())\n\n# Step 3\nsh = gc.create('My spreadsheet')\n\nworksheet ='My spreadsheet').sheet1\n\ncell_list = worksheet.range('A1:C2')\n\nimport random\nfor cell in cell_list:\n  cell.value = random.randint(1, 10)\n\n\n\n\n  2. Save the token.json in Google Drive\n  3. Run the following on colab to link with Kaggle\n!pip install kaggle\n!mkdir .kaggle\nfrom googleapiclient.discovery import build\nimport io, os\nfrom googleapiclient.http import MediaIoBaseDownload\nfrom google.colab import auth\n\n\ndrive_service = build('drive', 'v3')\nresults = drive_service.files().list(\nkaggle_api_key = results.get('files', [])\n\nfilename = \"/content/.kaggle/kaggle.json\"\nos.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename), exist_ok=True)\n\nfh = io.FileIO(filename, 'wb')\ndownloader = MediaIoBaseDownload(fh, request)\ndone = False\nwhile done is False:\n    status, done = downloader.next_chunk()\nos.chmod(filename, 600)\n\n\n\n\n!kaggle datasets list\n\nDownloading particular data set from Kaggle\n\n  2. Eg. Some competition data set from Kaggle\n  4. Modify the Command and run in Colab:\n  5. Unzip the files:\n    \u2022 !unzip \\*.zip\n  6. Open file with pandas:\n    \u2022 import pandas as pd\n      d = pd.read_csv(\u2018beauty_data_info_val_competition.csv\u2019)\n\n\n  1. Setting Up Kaggle in Google Colab\n\nRunning R on Jupyter Notebook with R Kernel (No\u00a0Anaconda)\n\nA simple guide to install R Kernel on Jupyter Notebook (Windows).\u00a0 Do not need Anaconda.\n\n  1. Objectives:\n      1. Install R Kernel on Jupyter Notebook (Windows)\n  2. Required Tools:\n      1. R for windows\u2014 R for windows\n      2. JupyterNotebook \u2014 Jupyter Notebook\n  3. Steps:\n      1. Install R. Use the R terminal (do not use R studio) to install R packages:\n        \u2022 install.packages(c(\u2018repr\u2019, \u2018IRdisplay\u2019, \u2018evaluate\u2019, \u2018crayon\u2019, \u2018pbdZMQ\u2019, \u2018devtools\u2019, \u2018uuid\u2019, \u2018digest\u2019))\n        \u2022 install.packages(\u2018IRkernel\u2019)\n      2. Make Kernel available to Jupyter\n        \u2022 IRkernel::installspec()\n        \u2022 OR IRkernel::installspec(user = FALSE) #install system-wide\n      3. Open a notebook and open new R script.\n\nFurther notes\u00a0\n\n  \u2022 After getting Additional R library might be hard to install inside the Notebook. For workaround, install desired library in R terminal then open the Notebook.\n  \u2022 If need to use R.exe on windows command terminal, ensure R.exe is on path. [likely location: C:\\R\\R-2.15.1\\bin]\n  \u2022 ggplot tutorial\n\n\nPredict Product Attributes from Product Listings Part 2 \u2013 Pipelines &\u00a0GridSearch\n\nFurther improvement on the Product Attributes Text Classifier\n\nThis is part 2 of the extracting attributes from product title with the following improvements or add on.\n\n  1. Creating a more generic text cleaning function.\n  2. Adding GridSearch for hyper parameters tuning.\n\nText Cleaning Function\n\nI created a more generic text cleaning function that can accommodate various text data sets. This can use as a base function for text related problem set. The function, if enabled all options, will be able to perform the following:\n\n  1. Converting all text to lowercase.\n  2. Stripping html tags especially if data is scrapped from web.\n  3. Replacing accented characters with closest English alphabets/characters.\n  4. Removing special characters which includes punctuation. Digits may or may not be excluded depending on context. (Digits are not removed for this data set)\n  5. Removing stop-words (simple vs detailed. If detailed, will tokenize words before removal else will use simple word replacement.\n  6. Removing extra white spaces and newlines.\n  7. Normalize text. This either refer to stemming or lemmatizing.\n\nIn this example, we only turn on:\n\n  1. converting text to lowercase\n  2. remove special characters (need to keep digits) and white spaces,\n  3. do a simple stop words removal.\n\nAs mentioned in previous post, it is likely a seller would not include much stop words and will try to keep the title as concise as possible given the limited characters and also to make the title more relevant to search engine. As the text length is not too long, will skip normalizing text to save time.\n\n# Text pre-processing modules\nfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoup\nimport unidecode\nimport spacy, en_core_web_sm\nfrom nltk.corpus import stopwords\nfrom nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize\nfrom nltk.stem import PorterStemmer\nSTOPWORDS = set(stopwords.words('english')) \n\n# Compile regular expression\nSPEC_CHARS_REPLACE_BY_SPACE = re.compile('[/(){}\\[\\]\\|@,;]')\nSPEC_CHARS = re.compile(r'[^a-zA-z0-9\\s]')\nSPEC_CHARS_INCLUDE_DIGITS = re.compile(r'[^a-zA-z\\s]')\nEXTRA_NEWLINES = re.compile(r'[\\r|\\n|\\r\\n]+')\n\n## Functions for text preprocessing, cleaning\n\ndef strip_htmltags(text):\n    soup = BeautifulSoup(text,\"lxml\")\n    return soup.get_text()\n\ndef replace_accented_chars(text):\n    return unidecode.unidecode(text)\n\ndef stem_text(text):\n    ps = PorterStemmer()\n    modified_txt = ' '.join([ps.stem(word) for word in text.split()])\n    return modified_txt    \n\ndef lemmatize(text):\n    modified_text = nlp(text)\n    return ' '.join([word.lemma_ if word.lemma_ != '-PRON-' else word.text for word in modified_text])\n\ndef normalize(text, method='stem'):\n    \"\"\" Text normalization to generate the root form of the inflected words.\n        This is done by either \"stem\" or \"lemmatize\" the text as defined by the 'method' arguments.\n        Note that using \"lemmatize\" will take much longer to run compared to \"stem\".\n    if method == 'stem':\n        return stem_text(text)\n    if method == 'lemmatize':\n        return lemmatize(text)\n    print('Please choose either \"stem\" or \"lemmatize\" method to normalize.')\n    return text\n\ndef rm_special_chars(text, rm_digits=False):\n    # remove & replace below special chars with space\n    modified_txt = SPEC_CHARS_REPLACE_BY_SPACE.sub(' ', text)\n\n    # remove rest of special chars, no replacing with space\n    if rm_digits:\n        return SPEC_CHARS_INCLUDE_DIGITS.sub('', modified_txt)\n        return SPEC_CHARS.sub('', modified_txt)\n\ndef rm_extra_newlines_and_whitespace(text):\n    # rm extra newlines\n    modified_txt =  EXTRA_NEWLINES.sub(' ', text)\n\n    # rm extra whitespaces\n    return re.sub(r'\\s+', ' ', modified_txt)\n\ndef rm_stopwords(text, simple=True):\n    \"\"\" Remove stopwords using either the simple model with replacement.\n        or using nltk.tokenize to split the words and replace each words. This will incur speed penalty.\n    if simple:\n        return ' '.join(word for word in text.split() if word not in STOPWORDS)\n        tokens = word_tokenize(text)\n        tokens = [token.strip() for token in tokens]\n        return ' '.join(word for word in tokens if word not in STOPWORDS)\n\ndef clean_text(raw_text, strip_html = True, replace_accented = True,\n                normalize_text = True, normalize_methd = 'stem',\n                remove_special_chars = True, remove_digits = True,\n                remove_stopwords = True, rm_stopwords_simple_mode = True):\n\n    \"\"\" The combined function for all the various preprocessing method.\n        Keyword args:\n            strip_html               : Remove html tags.\n            replace_accented         : Convert accented characters to closest English characters.\n            normalize_text           : Normalize text based on normalize_methd.\n            normalize_methd          : \"stem\" or \"lemmatize\". Default \"stem\".\n            remove_special_chars     : Remove special chars.\n            remove_digits            : Remove digits/numeric as special characters.\n            remove_stopwords         : Stopwords removal basedon NLTK corpus.\n            rm_stopwords_simple_mode : skip tokenize before stopword removal. Speed up time.\n\n    text = raw_text.lower()\n\n    if strip_html:\n        text = strip_htmltags(text)\n    if replace_accented:\n        text = replace_accented_chars(text)\n    if remove_special_chars:\n        text = rm_special_chars(text, remove_digits)\n    if normalize_text:\n        text = normalize(text, normalize_methd)\n    if remove_stopwords:\n        text = rm_stopwords(text, rm_stopwords_simple_mode)\n\n    text = rm_extra_newlines_and_whitespace(text)  \n\n    return text\n\nGrid Search for Hyper Parameters Tuning\n\nUsing pipelines, it is easy to incorporate the sklearn grid search to sweep through the various the hyper parameters and select the best value. Two main parameters tuning are:\n\n  1. ngram range in CountVectorizer:\n    \u2022 In the first part, we only looking a unigram or single word but there are some attributes that are identified by more than one word alone (eg 4G network, 32GB Memory etc) therefore we will sweep the ngram range to find the optimal range.\n    \u2022 The larger the ngram range the more feature columns will be generated so it will be more memory consuming.\n  2. alpha in SGDClassifier\n    \u2022 This will affect the regularization term and the learning rate of the training model.\n\nWith the ngram range and alpha parameters sweep and the best value selected, we can see quite a significant improvement to the accuracy to all the attribute prediction compared to the first version. Most of the improvement comes from the ngram adjusted to (1,3), meaning account for trigram. This is within expectation as more attributes are described by more than one word.\n\n# Prepare model -- Drop na and keep those with values\ndef get_X_Y_data(x_col, y_col):\n    sub_df =  df[[x_col, y_col]]\n    sub_df = sub_df.dropna()\n    return sub_df[x_col], sub_df[y_col]\n\n# Model training & GridSearch\ndef generate_model(X, y, verbose = 1):\n\n    text_vect_pipe = Pipeline([\n                            ('vect', CountVectorizer()),\n                            ('tfidf', TfidfTransformer())\n\n    pred_model = Pipeline([\n                ('process', text_vect_pipe),\n                ('clf', SGDClassifier(loss='hinge', penalty='l2',alpha=1e-3, random_state=42, max_iter=5, tol=None))\n\n    parameters = {}\n    parameters['process__vect__ngram_range'] = [(0,1),(1,2),(1,3)]\n    parameters['clf__loss'] = [\"hinge\"]\n    parameters['clf__alpha'] = [5e-6,1e-5]\n\n\n    CV = GridSearchCV(pred_model, parameters), y_train)\n    y_pred = CV.predict(X_test)\n\n    print('accuracy %s' % accuracy_score(y_pred, y_test))\n    print(\"Details of GridSearch\")\n\n    if verbose:\n        print('Best score and parameter combination = ')\n        print(\"Grid scores on development set:\")\n        means = CV.cv_results_['mean_test_score']\n        stds = CV.cv_results_['std_test_score']\n        for mean, std, params in zip(means, stds, CV.cv_results_['params']):\n                  % (mean, std * 2, params))\n\n    return CV\n\nX, y = get_X_Y_data('title1', 'Brand')\nbrand_model = generate_model(X, y)\n\nThe full script is as below. The text cleaning function takes a large part of the code. Excluding the function, the additional of few lines of code for the grid search and pipeline can can bring a relatively significant accuracy improvement.\n\nNext Actions\n\nSo far only text features are considered, the next part we will try adding numeric features to see if further improvement can be made.\n\nSee Also\n\n  1. Predict Product Attributes from Product Listing Title \u2014 Text Feature Extraction and Classification\n\n\nEasy Create Mosaic Plot using Stacked Bar\u00a0Chart\n\nCreating Mosaic Plot\n\nIn one of my work project, I need to use mosaic plot to visualize the proportion of different variables/elements exists in each group.\u00a0 It is hard to find a readily available mosaic plot function (from Seaborn etc) which can be easily customized. By reading some of the blogs, mosaic plot can be created using stacked bar chart concept by performing some transformation on the raw data and overlaying individual bar charts. With this knowledge and using python Pandas and Matplotlib, I am able to create a mosaic plot that is good enough for my need.\n\nSample Data Sets\n\nA sample data set is as shown below. We need to plot the proportion of b, g, r (all the columns) for each index (0 to 4). Based on the format of the data set, we make a transformation of the columns to be able to have Mosaic Plot.\n\nBreaking down the data transformation for stacked bar chart plotting\n\nWe perform two transformations as followed. Mosaic plot requires the sum of\u00a0 proportion of categories for each group to be 1.0 or 100%. Stacked bar chart can achieve this by summing or stacking values for each element in the group but we would need to ensure the values are normalized and the sum of all elements in a group equal to 1 (i.e r+ g+b =1 for each index).\n\nTo simulate the effect of stacked bar chart , the trick is to use multiple bar charts to overlay on top of each other to simulate the effect of stacked bar chart. To be able to create the stacked effect, the ratio/proportion of the stacked element need to be the sum of proportion value of \u201cbottom\u201d elements + the proportion value of the element itself. This can be easily achieved by doing a cumulative sum along the row axis.\n\nAs example below, r will be used as a base (since values are based on b + g + r). g will overlay on top of r since it is summation of b + g. b will be final layer overlay on g and r.\n\nMosaic plot function\n\nOnce the transformations are done, it is easy to plot the mosaic plot by plotting the different bar charts and overlaying on top of each other. Additional module adjustText can be used to prevent overlapping of the text labels in the plot. Based on the above, we can create a general mosaic function as below.\n\n\nPredict Product Attributes From Product Listing Title \u2014 Text Feature Extraction and\u00a0Classification\n\nExtracting Attributes from Product Title and Image\n\nThis is a National (Singapore) Data Science Challenge organised by Shopee hosted on Kaggle. In the advanced category, the tasks is to extract a list of attributes from each product listing given product title and the accompanied image (a text and a image input). Training sets and full instructions are available in the Kaggle link. This is a short attempt of the problem which include the basic data exploration, data cleaning, feature extraction and classification.\n\nBasic Data Exploration\n\nWhile the project requirement have 3 main product categories, Beauty, Mobile, & Fashion, I will just focus on the Mobile data set. The two other categories will follow the same approach. For the mobile data set, the requirement is to extract the following attributes such as Brand, Phone Model, Camera, Phone Screen Size, Color Family.\u00a0 A brief exploration of the training data set observed.\n\n  1. Only title (text) & image (pic) available to predict the several attributes\n    of the product.\n  2. The attributes are already label-encoded.\n  3. There are a lot of missing values particularly like Network Connections etc have more than 80% of data missing. This is quite expected as sellers unlikely to put some of these more obscured attributes in the title description while attributes like Brand and Model should have less missing data.\n\nFrom seller\u2019s perspective, seller will try to include as much information as possible in a\nconcise manner especially attributes like brands, models etc to make their posting relevant to search and stand out to the buyers. Using only image to extract attributes such as Brand and model might be difficult especially for mobile category where it is difficult to differentiate from pic even with human eye.\n\nFrom the exploration, I planned the following steps.\n\n  1. Using title (text) as main classification input and ignore images.\n  2. Train and predict each attribute at a time.\n\nBasic Data and Text Cleaning\n\nThere are some attributes Network Connections, Warranty Period which have large proportion of missing data. However, those attributes have majority of the observations having a certain attribute. In this case, those missing values are assigned with the mode of the training population (e.g. it is likely for Network Connections , most phones should be 4G etc). The attributes are also converted to integer for training purpose.\n\nFor the title, before extracting the numeric features, we perform cleaning on the data set. Since most users would highlight the most important feature in the product tile to make their product stand out and relevant, they would generally have omitted most of the stop words, most punctuation. and white spaces Hence for this data set, I will try minimal cleaning: change the title to lowercase and remove special characters. This can reduce a significant amount of time in text cleaning especially for large data set.\n\nData Cleaning and pipelines\n\nFor the advanced data extraction, I chose the Bag-Of-Word (BOW) model to generate the features from the text columns. In the BOW model, I use TF-IDF approach which computes the weighted frequency of each word in each title. For classification, SVM is chosen as the classifier. Pipe-lining makes it easy to streamline the whole text processing and attributes classification making it run on all the different attributes.\n\nBelow is the complete code running from extraction, cleaning to classification.\n\nFurther Improvement\n\nThis is the starting point of the project and take only a few lines of code to get it up and running for quick analysis.\u00a0 I will improve the existing code by incorporate gridsearch for hyperparameters and expanding on the pipelines and features in the subsequent posts.\n\nSee Also\n\n  1. Predict Product Attributes from Product Listings Part 2 \u2013 Pipelines & GridSearch
+__label__positive HideShow resource information\n  \u2022 Created by: Faith16\n  \u2022 Created on: 20-04-16 18:05\nWhat does blood travel around in?\nThe circulatory system\n1 of 87\nWhat are red blood cells?\nTransport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Don't have a nucleus so they can carry lots of haemoglobin (binds with oxygen). Biconcave shape-large surface area for exchanging oxygen\n2 of 87\nWhat is plasma?\nLiquid that carries nutrients (glucose and amino acids) antibodies, hormones and waste (carbon dioxide and urea)\n3 of 87\nWhat are white blood cells?\nHelp to fight infection by protecting your body against attack from microorganisms\n4 of 87\nWhat are platelets?\nSmall fragments of cells that help the blood to clot at the site of the wound\n5 of 87\nWhat is a double circulatory system?\nTwo circuits joined together- one pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take oxygen then return to the heart then the other pumps around oxygenated blood to the body\n6 of 87\nDescribe the layout of the right side of the heart.\nRight atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, blood moves to right ventricle which pumps blood to the lungs (through pulmonary artery)\n7 of 87\nDescribe the layout of the left side of the heart.\nLeft atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (from pulmonary vein), blood moves to left ventricle which pumps it out to the whole body (via aorta)\n8 of 87\nWhy are valves in the heart?\nTo stop the back flow of blood\n9 of 87\nWhat are the two arteries that supply the heart muscle cells with blood?\n10 of 87\nWhy is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?\nAs it has to pump blood all the way around the body.\n11 of 87\nWhy do atria have thinner walls?\nAs they only pump blood to the ventricles.\n12 of 87\nWhat are capillaries?\nTiny blood vessels which have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out (found in capillary beds)\n13 of 87\nWhat are tissue fluids?\nWhen blood passes through the capillary beds small molecule (water,glucose and oxygen) are forced out of the capillaries to form tissue fluid. The substances can then diffuse out of the tissue fluid into the cells.\n14 of 87\nHow does tissue fluid get rid of waste chemicals?\nThe waste chemicals (carbon dioxide and urea) diffuse out of the cells into the tissue fluid then into the capillaries\n15 of 87\nWhat is the job of the skeleton?\nTo support the body to allow it to move, protect vital organs\n16 of 87\nWhat are the bones at a joint held together by?\n17 of 87\nWhat are ligaments?\nThey have a high tensile strength but are also slightly elastic so they can help pro stabilise joints by still allow movement\n18 of 87\nWhat is cartilage?\nAt the end of the bone to reduce friction and is slightly compressed so they act like shock absorbers\n19 of 87\nWhat do membranes do at joints?\nRelease a oily synovial fluid to lubricate joints to allow them to move more easily by reducing friction\n20 of 87\nWhat are bones attached to muscles by?\n21 of 87\nHow do muscles move bones?\nBy contracting\n22 of 87\nWhat happens when a muscle contracts?\nTendons can't stretch much so when a muscle contracts a tendon pulls on the bone which transmits a force from the muscle to the bone.\n23 of 87\nWhat can't muscles do?\nPush on bones to move a joint\n24 of 87\nWhat are antagonistic pairs?\nPair of muscle so they can both pull on a joint rather than one having to try and push a joint\n25 of 87\nWhat happens when a bisect contracts?\nIt pulls the power arm upwards (triceps relaxes)\n26 of 87\nWhat happens when a tricep contracts?\nThe lower arm is pulled back down (bicep relaxes)\n27 of 87\nHow is being fit measured?\nBy how well you can do physical activities\n28 of 87\nWhat background information does a fitness practitioner need to know to make a fitness regime?\nHealth problems, current medication, previous fitness treatments (what has and hasn't worked), family medical history,physical activity and lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, drinking)\n29 of 87\nWhat is a resting level?\nYour heart rate and blood pressure when not exercising.\n30 of 87\nWhat is the recovery period?\nThe amount of time taken for your blood pressure and heart rate to return to its resting level after exercise- shorter it is the fitter you are\n31 of 87\nHow do you work out someones body mass index (BMI)?\nBody mass (kg) divided by height squared (m)\n32 of 87\nWhy is a BMI test not always accurate?\nAs body mass also considers muscle which is denser than fat\n33 of 87\nWhat is the alternative to BMI?\nProportion of body fat- the percentage of your body mass that is made up of fat\n34 of 87\nWhat is any assessment of progress dependent on?\nAccuracy and repeatability\n35 of 87\nWhat happens when you sprain something?\nDamage to a ligament- usually by being stretched too much\n36 of 87\nWhat is a dislocation?\nWhen a bone comes out of its socket\n37 of 87\nWhat is a torn ligament?\nWhen the ligament tears- severe pain and will often mean loss of control of the joint because the bones are no longer attached firmly together\n38 of 87\nWhat is a torn tendon?\nA tear in the tendon that attaches the muscle to its bone- muscle contracts in one direct but is being pulled in the opposite direction\n39 of 87\nWhat is the R.I.C.E method for a sprain?\nRest- first 24 hours then progressively used more and more. Ice- reduce swelling but reducing temperature and blood flow. Compression- reduce swelling and prevent further damage from excessive movement. Elevation-reduce swelling (blood back to heart)\n40 of 87\nWhat is a physiotherapist?\nSomeone who treats skeletal-muscular injuries\n41 of 87\nWhat might a damaged knee exercise consist of?\nStanding up and tensing muscles without moving knee, setting with lower leg hanging loose then slowly raising and lowering the leg, stepping up and down on a box and standing, bending and straightening the legs at the knees\n42 of 87\nWhat temperature does our core body temperature have to be?\n37 degrees\n43 of 87\nWhat detect the external temperature?\nTemperature receptors in the skin\n44 of 87\nWhat detects the temperature in our blood?\nReceptors in the hypothalamus (part of the brain)\n45 of 87\nWhat is the negative feedback for your core body temperature?\nToo hot- Receptors detect too high, hypothalamus acts as processing centre, effectors (sweat glands) produce response, counteract change. Too cold- same but effectors are muscles\n46 of 87\nWhat is vasodilation?\nBlood vessels close to the skins surface get bigger in diameter- more blood gets to the surface of the skin so it loses heat to its surroundings\n47 of 87\nHow does sweat cool you down and why is this dangerous if you are dehydrated?\nCool you down as the sweat evaporates heat is used which cools the body. If you are dehydrated you produce less sweat so your core body temperature will increase\n48 of 87\nWhat is vasoconstriction?\nBlood vessels close to the skins surface get smaller in diameter- less blood gets to the surface of the skin which stops the blood losing as much heat to surroundings\n49 of 87\nWhat happens when you shiver?\nYour muscles contract rapidly which increases the rate of repression which warms the tissue surrounding the muscles\n50 of 87\nWhat does eating food high in sugar cause?\nYour blood sugar level to rise rapidly- digested and absorbed into blood very quickly\n51 of 87\nWhat happens when your blood sugar level gets too high?\nPancreas releases insulin which causes sugar to be removed from the blood\n52 of 87\nWhat is type 1 diabetes?\nPancreas stops producing insulin (blood sugar can rise to a dangerous level). Controlled by injecting insulin into the blood after eating (has to be the right amount of insulin)\n53 of 87\nWhat is type 2 diabetes?\nCalled late onset diabetes as develops later in life due to having a poor diet- body no longer responds to its own insulin or doesn't make enough.\n54 of 87\nHow can type 2 diabetes be controlled?\nBy exercising and eating a carefully controlled diet- high in fibre and complex carbohydrates (digested more slowly so the sugar is absorbed into the blood over a longer period of time)\n55 of 87\nWhat is a closed loop system?\nWhere all the outputs from processes or stores within the system are recycled and used as inputs to other processes or stores in the system\n56 of 87\nWhy is no system a perfect closed loop?\nAs systems have inputs put into them and outputs taken out\n57 of 87\nWhat is an example of a closed loop system in an ecosystem?\nOxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, dead organic matter is used by microorganisms as food, mineral nutrients are produced by microorganisms when digestive enzymes break down organic matter\n58 of 87\nQuestion 58 continued\nthese nutrients are absorbed and used by plants. Many organisms like fish and plants produce large quantities of reproductive structures (e.g. eggs,sperm,pollen,flowers and fruits) as all the structures won't grow into adult organisms- eaten\n59 of 87\nHow are some outputs lost?\nDead organic matter and nutrients can be carried away by water or air, fallen leaves may be blown away by winds or carried by rivers, some organisms migrate to other ecosystems\n60 of 87\nHow is vegetation beneficial to ecosystems?\nReduces soil erosion (e.g. leaves protect soil from direct rainfall and roots bind soil together), prevents extremes of temperatures and can promote cloud formation\n61 of 87\nHow do humans unbalance ecosystems?\nChanging the inputs and outputs e.g. using fertilisers to give plants extra nutrients unbalance ecosystems because input of nutrients is higher than normal. Can lead to eutrophication.\n62 of 87\nWhat is eutrophication?\nNitrates from fields washed into rivers and lakes by rain, nitrates cause algae to grown at surface of water preventing light from reaching other plants, organisms die because they can't photosynthesise, bacteria decompose dead material\n63 of 87\nQuestion 63 continued\nand use up oxygen, oxygen isn't replaced because photosynthesis is only taking place at the surface, animals that need oxygen from the water lower down (e.g. fish) will suffocate\n64 of 87\nHow can humans taking biomass out of an ecosystem for their own use damage it?\nOver-fishing (removes food source in some food chains )unsustainable timber harvesting (removes habitats and food sources)\n65 of 87\nHow does humans clearing natural areas for vegetation produce a problem?\nReduce the biodiversity of an ecosystem, increase soil erosion (silting of rivers making more likely to flood), desertification (land becomes infertile)\n66 of 87\nWhat is bioaccumulation?\nWhere a small bit of waste (e.g. metal) is eaten by small organisms and stored in small amounts but they are then eaten by predators so a large amount of metal will be stored in the predators tissues, enough to kill it and so on\n67 of 87\nWhy are human systems not closed loop systems?\nCreate non-recyclable waste, fossil fuels are used as an energy source- produce waste emissions, inputs energy from outside a system, can't be made again within the system (millions of year to form and seconds to use)\n68 of 87\nWhy do humans rely on ecosystems?\nProvide us with clean air, water and food, provide us with fertile soil full of mineral nutrients, crop production needs pollination\n69 of 87\nWhat is sustainability?\nMeeting the needs of todays population without harming the environment so that future generations can still meet their own needs\n70 of 87\nHow can natural resources be replaced naturally?\nFishing quotas (fixed amount) have even introduced to prevent over fishing and replant trees every time they are cut down (wood and paper production)\n71 of 87\nHow is sunlight a sustainable source of energy?\nIt can't be used up by human activities, food by photosynthesis, energy stored in the form of carbohydrates (travels up food chain)\n72 of 87\nWhat is sustainable agriculture and how does sunlight aid it?\nAims to meet the food needs of today without damaging future (not using up resources or damaging resources). Sunlight used to power equipment e.g. heating and lighting systems in greenhouse and irrigation systems.\n73 of 87\nHow can conserving natural ecosystems conflict with community needs?\nBecause they need resources, population growth- more people have to be fed\n74 of 87\nWhy are microorganisms (like bacteria and fungi) used on a industrial scale?\nReproduce rapidly under right conditions, have plasmid (can be genetically modified), biochemistry is simple (few reactions) , can make complex molecules (difficult to produce artificially) and no ethnical concerns\n75 of 87\nWhat are microorganisms grown in and why?\nFermeters as they are kept at optimum for growth\n76 of 87\nWhat can microorganisms be used to make?\nAntibiotics (e.g. penicillin), food from fungi (e.g. quorn), enzymes for making food, enzymes for washing powder and biofuels (e.g. gasohol- mixture of ethanol and petrol)\n77 of 87\nHow are enzymes used to make food?\nCheese is used by using chymosion instead of enzymes called rennet (from lining of a calfs stomach)- this is a vegetarian substitute\n78 of 87\nWhat is genetic modification?\nWhere a gene from one organism is transferred to another\n79 of 87\nHow is genetic modification carried out?\n1) Desirable protein is isolated. 2) Useful gene replicated to create lots of copies. 3) Gene joined to a vector (normally plasmids and viruses). 4) Vectors containing gene transferred to new cell (bacteria). 5) Select successfully modified cells\n80 of 87\nHow is genetic modification used in medicine?\nUsed for insulin, gene for human insulin production transferred into bacteria, bacteria grown in fermenter, human insulin extracted when produced (less chance of allergic reaction as its human insulin)\n81 of 87\nHow is genetic modification used to make crops herbicide resistant?\nSome plants have a natural resistance to herbicides (e.g. weedkillers) so we can cut out the gene responsible and put it into other plants- more expensive,could transferred to weeds, encourage use weedkillers,reduce biodiversity, pollute food chains\n82 of 87\nHow do you test for a genetic disorder?\nTake a DNA sample (DNA in white blood cells-take blood). Make a gene probe (strand of bases that are complementary to faulty gene) then use gene probe (if gene is present bases will lock together)\n83 of 87\nHow do you locate the gene probe in someones body?\nFluorescent chemical marker is put on the end of the sequence- marker will glow if you shine a UV light on it marker only shows if gene is present\n84 of 87\nHow can nanotechnology improve packing properties?\nMake food last longer (clay nanoparticles to plastic stops oxygen and moisture getting in and can kill harmful microorganisms). Smart packaging- nanoparticles change packaging properties depending on conditions-milk carton change colour when gone off\n85 of 87\nHow can stem cell technology be used to treat illnesses?\nTreat spinal cord injuries bu replacing damaged nerve tissues, treat leukaemia by replacing faulty bone marrow by bone marrow transplant- stem cells become healthy blood cells\n86 of 87\nHow can biomedical engineering be used to replace body parts?\nPacemarker- produces electric current to control heart beat if cells stop working to determine how fast the heart beats. Faulty heart valves can be replaced with animal or mechanical valves.\n87 of 87\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat are red blood cells?\n\n\n\nCard 3\n\n\nWhat is plasma?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nWhat are white blood cells?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nWhat are platelets?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Biology resources:\n\nSee all Biology resources \u00bbSee all Further Biology resources \u00bb
+__label__positive Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism/Protein Function\n\nFrom Wikibooks, open books for an open world\n< Structural Biochemistry\u200e\u00a0| Enzyme Catalytic Mechanism\nJump to: navigation, search\n\nProteins are important macromolecules in living organisms because they are structurally. Therefore, they can take on essential roles in a wide variety of biological processes and functions. Protein structure can be described on several different levels. The primary structure of protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains. Different amino acids contain different functional groups. The secondary structure of protein deals with the fact that polypeptide chains fold into a regularly repeating structure, such as an alpha-helix and beta-sheet. The tertiary structure of proteins gives the overall structural arrangement of one single subunit polypeptide chain. The quaternary structure of protein refers to the arrangement and interaction of several subunit polypeptide chains to form a protein molecule. The structural diversity and complexity of proteins enable them to perform a diverse variety of functions. A protein is made up of many amino acids through peptide bonds between a carboxyl group and an amino group of another adjacent amino acid. This makes the protein form long chains. Some proteins are known to function alone; however, there are many proteins that work together to form complexes (for example: ribosomes, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). This creates functionality of cells, and organisms all together. The main function of proteins depends on the amino acids that make up the protein as well as the way it folds.\n\nSome of these functions are given below:\\ [[Image:Antibody1.JPG\u200e\u200e|\u200eright|thumb|Antibody]\n\nAntibodies are proteins that participate in the immune response by defending the body against antigens (foreign invaders). Antibodies travel through the blood stream and are utilized by the immune system to identify and defend against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign intruders. Certain antibodies destroy antigens by immobilizing them so that the white blood cells can destroy the antigens. An antibody is made up of 2 heavy and 2 light chains. The two chains are connected by disulfide bonds. There is a variable region and constant region. The variable region is the region where the antigens bind to. Because its variable, different antigens can bind to these regions.\n\nContractile proteins are the proteins that involved in movement. They include myosin and actin, which participate in muscle contractions and movement. Actin filaments are the major components of the network. Other contractile proteins interact with these filaments in order to create structural rigidity and movement. Contractile proteins's structure and function are striated muscles and well characterized; thus,they contribute a great example of nonmuscle cells. Moreover, the interaction of contractile proteins of various cells may be unique. The study of contractile proteins in cells other than muscle has distinct difficulties. For example, the proteins are presented in a lower concentration than in muscle, and only a few cell types are obtainable for study in quantities comparable to muscle. Also, proteolysis and other detriments may be more severe in nonmuscle cells. Other example can be that the organization of contractile proteins is difficult to define in nonmuscle cells. Nevertheless, the ubiquity of contractile proteins and the importance of their intractions presages increase relevancy for physiology and medicine.\n\nStructural proteins are the proteins that are generally fibrous and stringy. They are the most abundant class of proteins in nature. Their main function is to provide mechanical support. Examples of structural proteins can be keratin, collagen, and elastin. Keratins are found in hair, quills, feathers, horns, and beaks. Collagens and elastin are found in connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments. Collagen is recognized as the most abundant mammalian protein. Structural proteins such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin are utilized in cell culture applications as attachment factors. Sigma offers the most comprehensive collection of structural proteins for extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal research as well as tools for cell culture and material science applications.\n\nEnzymes are the proteins that regulate biochemical processes. They are often called catalysts because they function to lower the activation energy of the reaction and thereby increases the rate of the reaction. Essentially, enzymes are able to do so because they can stabilize the transition state. Lactase and pepsin are examples of enzymes. Lactase is involved in the breakdown of lactose, which are present in milk. Pepsin, on the other hand, helps break down proteins in food. Enzymes are biological catalysts or assistants. Enzymes consist of various types of proteins that work to drive the chemical reaction required for a specific action or nutrient. The chemicals that are transformed with the help of enzymes are called substrates. In the absence of enzymes, these chemicals are called reactants.\n\nHormonal proteins are the proteins that act as signaling proteins, which help regulate biological activities in the body. Insulin, oxytocin, and somatotropin are examples of hormonal proteins. Insulin is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism by controlling the blood-sugar concentration. Oxytocin is responsible for stimulating contractions in women during childbirth. Lastly, somatotropin stimulates protein production in muscle cells.\n\n\nStorage proteins are the proteins that act as storage for amino acids or specific ligands, such as biologically important metal ions. They include ovalbumin and casein. The former is present in egg whites while the latter is found in milk. Another example is myoglobin, which function as the storage of oxygen for tissues.\n\nTransport proteins are the proteins that are responsible for moving molecules from one place to another. For example, the protein hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood. Another example is cytochromes, which acts as electron carrier proteins in the electron transfer chain.\n\nMembrane proteins are the proteins that are found in biological membranes. They can either be peripheral or integral. They may act as biological markers or regulatory channels for ions and molecules.
+__label__positive Welcome to EDAboard.com\n\n\n[CST] Ambiguity with Floquet modes simulation?\n\nNot open for further replies.\n\n\nNewbie level 2\nJul 2, 2019\nReaction score\nTrophy points\nActivity points\nHi everyone,\nhope this topic has not been solved already (I don't think so).\nApologies in advance for this long post, but taking time explaining things may help to explain my issue.\n\nI am currently working on the simulation of FSS transmission characteristics with the frequency domain solver of CST Microwave Studio.\n\nFrom theory:\n\nYou can find that the onset frequency of grating lobes, i.e. Floquet modes cutoff, is defined by the relationship below :\n\nfg = c/(D*(1+sin(\u03b8))), where D is the periodicity of the cell (let's say its square here), c the speed of light and \u03b8 the angle of incidence of the impinging wave on the FSS you want to simulate.\n\nWhile becomming propagative, each Floquet mode will couple some part of the energy and thus should be taken into account in the response of the structure.\n\n\nAfter setting the operating frequency range of my structure, I can define how many Floquet modes are necessary to simulate it properly going in Boundaries > Floquet Boundaries > Details. This way I access to the mode calculator which takes as inputs the maximum frequency of operation and angle of incidence considered, and computes the \u03b1 and \u03b2 propagation constants. Modes for which \u03b1 is null mean that they are propagative in this case and should be considered in the computation.\n\nOnce the appropriate number of Floquet modes defined in Boundaries > Floquet Boundaries > Details, I assume the unit cell boundaries are correctly configured.\n\nThen I come with my issue:\n\nGoing in the Frequency Domain Solver Parameters, you can access to the excitation settings of the simulation, choosing either the source (impinging wave from the front or the rear of the FSS), and the modes excited from each of them.\n\nHere's my question :\nSince I am only interested in the response of the 2 first propagative modes of the sources (TE(0,0) and TM(0,0)), can I choose to excite them only? Will all the superior Floquet modes be properly taken into account if they are defined as considered in boundary conditions but not in the excitation?\n\nThanks for reading\n\nNot open for further replies.\n\nPart and Inventory Search\n\nWelcome to EDABoard.com
+__label__positive Study Guide Chapter 19 Facials\n\nStudy Guide Chapter 19 Facials\nLesson Plan Test\n1. An enzyme peel in which a cream is applied to the skin before\nsteaming and forms a hardened crust that is then massaged or\nrolled off the skin is called:\n2. What is used on oily or acne-prone skin to loosen clogged pores\nto treat and prevent the excessive buildup of dead cells that can\ncause acne lesions?\n3. Water-based emulsions that are absorbed quickly without\nleaving any residue on the skin surface are called:\n4. What is used to hydrate and condition the skin during the night\nwhen normal tissue repair is taking place?\n5. Masks that contain special crystals of gypsum that harden when\nmixed with cold water immediately before application are:\n6. Masks that have been found beneficial in reducing the\nproduction of sebum are:\n7. Masks that are melted at a little more than body temperature\nbefore application is:\n8. Intensive, highly concentrated extracts in a water or oil base and\nsealed in a glass container are referred to as?\n9. What is used to achieve good slip during a massage?\n10. Clay preparations used to stimulate circulation and temporarily\ncontract the pores of the skin are?\n11. Skin that has an overabundance of sebum is considered to be?\n12. The negative pole is the active electrode of the galvanic current\nwhen negative reactions are desired on the face such as forcing\nnegative ions into the skin, opening follicles or?\n13. Aromatherapy refers to the therapeutic use of?\n14. Use of the wrists and outer edges of hands in fast, light, firm,\nflexible motions against the skin in alternate succession is called?\n15. A detergent-type foaming cleanser with a neutral or slightly\nacidic pH that varies in strength and texture is known as?\n16. A light-textured, oil-based emulsion used primarily to dissolve\nmakeup and soil quickly is called?\n17. What can be used to hold in place certain mask ingredients that\nten to run?\n18. Which type of tonic lotion is designed for use on oily or acneprone skin?\n19. Skin that may have either oily and normal areas or normal and\ndry areas is known as?\n20. A water-based emulsion that can be used twice daily on normal\nand combination skin for the purpose of removing makeup and soil\nis known as?\n21. Agents that soften or smooth the skin surface are called?\n22. One of the most recent advances in mechanical exfoliation is\nknow as?\n23. Fresheners, tonics, and astringents are all used to remove\nexcess cleansers and residue left behind by face was cleansers are\n24. Skin that is usually in good condition and has an adequate\nsupply of sebum and moisture is considered to be?\n25. The term that refers to the peeling and shedding of the horny\n(outer) layer of skin is called?\n26. Cosmetology services are generally limited to the scalp, face,\nneck, shoulders, upper chest, back, feet, lower legs and ?\n27. Which type of tonic lotion has the lowest alcohol content and is\nbeneficial for dry skin, mature skin, and for sensitive skin\n28. Skin that is lacking in oil and often dehydrated is considered to\n29. All facial treatments should begin with what step?\n30. The condition that causes skin to feel dry and flaky because of\nan insufficient amount of water in the body is?\n31. The manual or mechanical manipulation of the body by various\nmovements to increase metabolism and circulation, promote\nabsorption and relieve pain is?\n32. In addition to a firm, sure touch and strong, flexible hands,\nquality massage requires?\n33. Maintaining the health of the facial skin by using correct\ncleansing methods, increasing circulation, relaxing the nerves, and\nactivating the skin glands and metabolism through massage is\nknown as ___________ facial treatments.\n34. Steam the face mildly with warm, moist towels or with a facial\nsteamer in order to?\n35. Every muscle and nerve has a ______ point which is the point\nover the muscle where pressure or stimulation will cause\ncontraction of the muscle.\n36. The ______ movement involves pressing and twisting the\ntissues with a fast back and forth movement.\n37. A form of petrissage in which the tissue is grasped, gently\nlifted and spread out is called?\n38. _______ is a vigorous movement in which your hands are\nplaced in a little distance apart on both sides of the client\u2019s arm or\nleg. While working downward, a twisting motion is applied\nagainst the bones in the opposite direction.\n39. What is achieved through light but firm, slow rhythmic\nmovements, or very slow, light hand vibrations over the motor\npoints for a short time?\n40. What is applied after the massage cream is removed?\n41. Cleansing cream is removed for the skin with tissues, moist\ncotton pads, facial sponges or ___?\n42. A shaking movement accomplished by rapid muscular\ncontractions in the cosmetologist\u2019s arms, while the balls of the\nfingertips are pressed firmly on the point of application is known\n43. A light, continuous movement applied with fingers and palms\nin a slow, rhythmic manner without pressure is called?\n44. When the skin is grasped between the fingers and palms and\ntissues are lifted from the underlying structures and squeezed,\nrolled or pinched with light, firm pressure, it is called?\n45. The most stimulating form of massage that is performed by\ntapping, slapping or hacking movements is called?\n46. The fixed attachment of one end of the muscle to a bone or\ntissue is called the?\n47. A form of petrissage, used mainly for massaging the arms is\nknown as?\n48. The direction of massage movements should always be?\n49. Another name for chemical exfoliation procedure is?\n50. Infrared lamp exposure during or after facial manipulations is\ngiven for ______?
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nThere are many good books describing how to construct the Lagrangian for an electromagnetic field in a medium.\n\n$$ \\mathcal{L}~=~-\\frac{1}{16\\pi}F^{\\mu\\nu}F_{\\mu\\nu}-\\frac{1}{c}j^{\\nu}A_{\\nu} $$\n\nWhen moving to the Proca Lagrangian (and a massive photon), I know what the mass term looks like but I have know idea where it came from.\n\n$$ \\mathcal{L}~=~-\\frac{1}{16\\pi}F^{\\mu\\nu}F_{\\mu\\nu}-\\frac{1}{c}j^{\\nu}A_{\\nu}+\\frac{\\mu^{2}}{8\\pi}A_{\\mu}A^{\\mu} $$\n\nWhy is $A_{\\mu}A^{\\mu}$ the correct term to include? I guess that it must be Gauge and Lorentz invariant so why wasn't it included in the original Lagrangian? Why is the factor of $\\frac{\\mu^{2}}{8\\pi}$ needed?\n\nshare|improve this question\nRelated: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/13870/\u2026 \u2013\u00a0 DJBunk Jan 24 '13 at 20:28\nadd comment\n\n2 Answers\n\nIn addition to the answer of Sam's, I would say there is no gauge invariance requirement for the massive field $A$, only Lorentz covariance.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nWhy does the gauge invariance not matter? seen as the Lagrangian for an EM field has to be Gauge invariant in order to conserve charge \u2013\u00a0 user1696811 Jan 28 '13 at 19:21\n@user1696811: Because $A$ is not a \"gauge\" field, but a massive vector field. Conservation of \"charge\" needs not only equations for $A$, but also equations for the \"charge\". \u2013\u00a0 Vladimir Kalitvianski Jan 28 '13 at 19:39\nadd comment\n\nThe mass term in any Field Lagrangian is always the term that is quadratic in the fields and has the opposite sign wrt. the kinetic term - this is crucial.\n\nWhy, you ask? Well, suppose we forget about the current term for a minute (we want to look at the field $A$ on it's own, no currents around, to easily identify the mass.)\n\nWorking out the field equations, you will obtain something like $$ \\partial_\\mu F^{\\mu\\nu} = \\partial^2 A^\\nu - \\partial_\\mu \\partial^\\nu A^\\mu = -\\mu^2 A^\\nu.$$ In the Lorentz gauge, $\\partial_\\mu A^\\mu = 0$, this simplifies even further to $$\\partial^2 A^\\nu = -\\mu^2 A^\\nu.$$\n\nNow, there are several ways to get from this equation that $\\mu$ should be interpreted as the mass of the field $A^\\mu$. The most intuitive way is through the usual quantum mechanical viewpoint where the energy-momentum is represented by the derivative $\\hat P^\\mu = i\\partial^\\mu$, en hence, when acting on an energy-momentum eigenstate (i.e., a plane wave $e^{ik \\cdot x}$), the equation reduces to $$p^2 A^\\mu = -\\mu^2 A^\\mu.$$\n\n(The sign of $\\mu$ will vary according to your metric conventions. Now, from special relativity we know that $p^2 = -m^2$, giving us the interpretation of a mass.\n\nAn even more exact procedure is to quantize the field and write down the Hamiltonian in terms of creation and annihilation operators, and you will find every creation operator, apart from the regular \"kinetic energy\" $\\hbar\\omega_{\\vec k}$, also adds a default quantum $\\mu$ to the total energy of the system, i.e., the corresponding mass energy.\n\nIf you stop to think about it for a while, you'll see a similar thing will happen for any field Lagrangian having a quadratic term.\n\nPS: Note that, if we had chosen the sign on the mass term differently, the mass would have come out imaginary, i.e. $\\mu^2 < 0$, which usually signals big trouble for your field theory\n\nThe normalization is really a matter of convention: the prefactor in front of the kinetic term is chosen to reproduce Maxwell's equations with the right prefactors, which de facto determines the factor in the mass term.\n\nEdit: Vladimir makes a good point: I forgot to point out that the Proca Lagrangian is not gauge invariant (in the Maxwell sense: you can't arbitrarily add terms a la $\\partial_\\mu f$. Try it!). However, I seem to recall that you can show that the original Proca equations of motion can be split up to the joint system of equations $$\\partial ^2 A^\\mu = -\\mu^2 A^\\mu , \\quad \\partial_\\mu A^\\mu = 0.$$ (This is not trivial: by making this assumption, a priori one might be excluding more general solutions)\n\nshare|improve this answer\nadd comment\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Why rownum will nor work for greater or equal to checks\n\nSomeone asked a question on a forum that why rownum=2 does not work for his query, so i though of sharing some details here.\n\nUsing rownum is a tricky affair. Safest bet is to use it only when you want to limit the number of results to be shown. For example rownum<2 or rownum<=5.\n\nWhy rownum=2 or rownum>2 will not work?\n\nRead here \u2013 http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2006/06-sep/o56asktom-086197.html\n\nIn summary, this is how oracle execute a query\n\n  1. The FROM/WHERE clause goes first.\n  2. ROWNUM is assigned and incremented to each output row from the FROM/WHERE clause.\n  3. SELECT is applied.\n  4. GROUP BY is applied.\n  5. HAVING is applied.\n  6. ORDER BY is applied.\n\nrownum<=2 clause will get converted to\n\nfor x in\n( select * from emp )\n    exit when NOT(ROWNUM <= 2)\n    OUTPUT record to temp\nend loop\n\nif you change exit when NOT(ROWNUM <= 2) with rownnum=2, you can see it will fail in the first run itself\n\nSo if I cannot use rownum, what can I use. Try using row_number() http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/functions137.htm\n\nIt works something like\n\nSELECT last_name FROM\n   (SELECT last_name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY last_name) R FROM employees)\n   WHERE R BETWEEN 51 and 100;
+__label__positive OML Search\n\nRelations and Functions Examples\n\nRelated Topics:\nMore Lessons for Grade 9\nMath Worksheets\n\n\nVideos, worksheets, solutions, and activities to help Algebra 1 students learn how to distinguish between relations and functions and how to to solve real life problems that deal with relations.\n\nWhat is a relation?\nA relation is any set of ordered pairs.\n\nWhat is a function?\n1. A function is a relation in which each x-element has only one y-element associated with it. Given a set of ordered pairs, a relation is a function if there are no repeated x-value.\n2. A relation is a function if there are no vertical lines that intersect its graph at more than one point. This is called the vertical line test.\n\nTable of Values - One way to represent the relationship between the input and output variables in a relation or function is by means of a table of values.\n\nOrdered Pairs - Relations and functions can also be represented as a set of points or ordered pairs.\nWhich of the following sets of ordered pairs represent functions?\nA = {(0,-2), (1,4), (-3,3), (5,0)}\nB = {(-4,0), (2,-3), (2,-5)}\nC = {(-5,1), (2,1), (-3,1), (0,1)}\nD ={(3,-4),(3,-2),(0,1),(2,-1)}\nE ={(1,3)}\n\nThe Vertical Line Test\n\u2022 If all vertical lines intersect the graph of a relation in at most one point, the relation is also a function. One and only one output exists for each input.\n\u2022 If any vertical line intersects the graph of a relation at more than one point, the relation fails the test and is not a function. More than one value exists for some (or all) input value(s).\n\nIn general, we say that the output depends on the input.\nOutput variable = Dependent Variable\nInput Variable = Independent Variable\nIf the relation is a function, then we say that the output is a function of the input. Relations and Functions\nThis video looks at relations and functions.\nIt includes six examples of determining whether a relation is a function, using the vertical line test and by looking for repeated x values.\n\nLearn about relations\n1. Express the relation {(2,3),(4,7),(6,8)} as a table, as graph, and as a mapping diagram.\n2. Give the domain and range of the relation. Relations - Problem Solving Applications\nLearn to solve real life problems that deal with relations\nAn electrician charges a base fee of $70 plus $50 for each hour of work. Create a table that shows the amount the electrician charges for 1,2,3, and 4 hours of work. Let x represent the number of hours and y represent the amount charged for x hours. Is this relation a function? Functions\nLearn about functions\nGive the domain and range of the relation. Tell whether the relation is a function.\n1. {(3,-2),(5,-1),(4,0),(3,1)}\nWrite Functions\nLearn how do we write functions as rule\nIdentify the independent and dependent variables. Write a rule in function notation for the situation.\na. A math tutor charges $35 per hour.\nb. A fitness center charges a $100 initiation fee plus $40 per month.\nc. Stephen buys lettuce that costs $1.69/lb.\n\n\n\nOML Search\n\n\n[?] Subscribe To This Site\n\nfollow us in feedly\nAdd to My Yahoo!\nAdd to My MSN\nSubscribe with Bloglines
+__label__positive Calculate interest rate, Accounting Basics\n\nI chose table 2-4 Loan Amortization Schedule, $100,000 at 6% for 5 years to discuss.\u00a0Table 2-4 relates to the other two tables in that it is the opposite of the other two tables.\u00a0Table 2-4 illustrates paying down an initial amount borrowed, where the other two tables illustrate either the present or future value of money invested.\n\nIf one were to use a calculator to solve the amortization of a loan, we would input N= length of the loan, I/YR= interest rate, initial loan amount, PV=100000, and the ending value or FV=0 (Brigham & Houston,2007).\n\nIf one were to use Microsoft Excel to solve the problem, I would list the length of the loan vertically and horizontally would be the Beginning amount, payment amount, interest, amount paid to principal and the ending balance.\n\nMy example: If I were to take out an auto loan for $16,000 at 5% and it had to be repaid in 4 years:\n\n\nBeginning Amount\n\n\n\nRepayment of Principal\n\nEnding Balance\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInitially, I solved this problem using my financial calculator to find the payment amount.\u00a0Then I figured out the interest on year one (16000x.05),\u00a0I subtracted the interest from the payment amount to find the principal.\u00a0I subtracted the principal payment from the beginning amount to get the ending balance. I then carried the ending balance to the next line to use as the starting figure and went from there.\n\nPosted Date: 3/18/2013 5:31:41 AM | Location : United States\n\nRelated Discussions:- Calculate interest rate, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Calculate interest rate, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Calculate interest rate Discussions\n\nWrite discussion on Calculate interest rate\nYour posts are moderated\nRelated Questions\nOBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS Financial Statements are analyzed by dissimilar users for dissimilar purposes. Some of the purposes are as under- 1. To recognize\n\nwhat would be the entry for-\"rent recieved in advance\"\n\nQ. Explain about Long-term assets? Long-term assets are assets that a business has on hand or else uses for a relatively long time. Examples include plant, property and equipme\n\nQ. Fundamental manual accounting system? Those planning on a public accounting career must do more than just learn accounting. To develop the essential skills a broad education\n\nQuestion: You have decided to borrow $20,000 so that you can consolidate the loans you currently have with other lenders. You have agreed to repay the loan in 8 equal semi-annu\n\nWhat process for excess payment to supplier I would like know without adjusting invoice that means how supplier will send back surplus amount how do in oracle apps?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ans\n\nWorthington Company issued 1,000,000 face value, 10% bonds on July 1 2012, when the market rate of interest was 12%. Interest payments are due every July 1 and January 1. Worthin\n\nwhat are the basic theory of accounting\n\n\nState the term- Liabilities Current Liability is a debt which is due for payment within one year. Long-term liability is one NOT paid in a year. OWNER'S EQUITY Also
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n19 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n  \u2022 3rd side (hint)\nWhat are the 4 main phyla found within the Sporozoan group?\n\n**Apicomplexa->Sporozoea->Gregarinia & Coccidia**\nWhere does the gragarine parasite, Monocystis, live?\n-lives in the seminal vesicles of earthworms\nWhat are the 2 main life stages of Monocystis?\n1)Encysted Stage\nWhat is Pseudonavicellae?\n-pseudonavicellae are the small glassy boatlike cysts that fill the large and round encysted Monocystis\nWhat is a trophozoite?\n-the form that monocystis takes during its feeding stage.\n\n-cigar shaped, larger than sperm balls, may be fuzzy in appearance due to sperm\n\n-feeds on tissues inside the seminal vesicle and sperm mother cells\nWhat are gametocytes?\nWhat is a gametocyst?\n-the result of 2 trophozoites stuck together in a tough spherical cyst\n\n-shperical cyst is called a gametocyst\nWhat is gamogony?\n-the process in which gametocytes undergoe numerous mitotic divisions to produce gametes\n-only nuclei divide initially. Once that's done, cytoplasm begins to form cells around each nuclei\n\n**end result are a bunch of Gametes**\nWhat are Sporozoites?\n\nWhat is the process that makes sporozoites called?\n-the result of a Monocystis zygote undergoing a meiotic and a mitotic division to form 8 haploid nuclei\n\n-cytoplasmic division occurs around each nuclei, forming 8 haploid sporozoites\n\n**Process called sporogony**\nGo over the life cycle of Monocystis.\nApprox. 11 steps.\n1) Trophozoite eat tissue and sperm and mature\n\n2) Trophozoite find other trophozoite of opposite sex and they link up forming Gametocytes within a gametocyst\n\n3) Gametocytes undergoe gamogony to form gametes\n\n4) Walls between gametocytes breakdown and gametes intermingle, forming diploid zygotes\n\n5) Each zygote begins to encyst, cysts are called pseudonavicillae\n\n6) Each nuclei within the pseudonavicellae undergoes meiosis so that 8 haploid nuclei are produced\n\n7) Cytoplasmic division occurs around the 8 nuclei, producing 8 sporozoites\n\n8) Host dies and sporozoite containing\npseudonavicillae are returned to soil\n\n9) Earthworm eats again, cyst are dissolved in gut releasing the sporozoites\n\n10) Sporozoite busts through gut wall and migrate to seminal vessicle\n\n11) As soon as sporozoites feed on the sperm tissues, they are officially trophozoites once again\nWhat subclass does Plasmodium belong to?\n-belongs to the subclass Coccidia\nWhat disease does Plasmodium cause?\nWhat are merozoites?\n-the result of haploid trophozoites undergoing multiple fission to produce infective cells... called merozoites\n\n**When merozoites bursts out of liver or red blood cells, waste products are released with them, causing malarial fever**\nWhat is a plasmodium?\n-a multinucleate syncytium formed from a mature trophozoite\n\n-plasmodium undergoes cytokinesis to produce a new crop of merozoites\nHow can you tell if red blood cells have been infected with plasmodium?\n-red blood cells don't have a nucleus and therefore wouldn't stain\n-if infected, plasmodium would stain and therefore the RBC would appear stained\nWhat is schizogony?\n-the asexual division of haploid trophozoites to produce more haploid trophozoites\nWhat is an Ookinete?\n\nWhat is an Oocyst?\n-a mobile zygote which migrates into the gut wall of the mosquito\n\n-the ookinete then encysts becoming an Oocyst\nGo over the life cycle of Plasmodium.\n14 steps in total\n1) Infected mosquito bites a human, transferring sporozoite to the human\n\n2) Sporozoite travels to the liver and starts eating cells, officially a trophozoite now\n\n3) Mature trophozoites undergo multiple fission to produce infective cells called Merozoites. Merozoites bust out of liver cells, causing the first bout of malarial fever.\n\n4) Merozoites begin infecting RBC's\n\n5) Merozoites begin feeding, called trophozoites once again. Mature trophozoites continue to divide to become Plasmodium -OR- join with other trophozoites to become Gametocytes\n\nPlasmodium Formation-Schizogony\n6) Plasmodium undergoes cytokinesis to make new merozoites\n\n7) When blood cells burst, merozoites are released along with waste material, resulting in malarial fever\n\nGametocytes-Sexual Reproduction\n6) Gametocysts are taken up by Anopheles mosquito\n\n7) Gametocytes mature in mosquito, the haploid male gametocyte undergoes mitotic division to produce sperm (gamogony). The female gametocyte doesn't divide, it grows into a big egg\n\n8) Walls break down, sperm + egg = mobile zygote called Ookinete\n\n9) Ookinete migrates into gut wall and encysts, called a Oocyst\n\n10) Oocyst undergoes multiple meiotic and mititic divisions to form haploid sporozoites(sporogony)\n\n11) sporozoites are released, bust through gut wall and migrate to salivary glands\n\n12) Mosquito feeds again and the cycle continues\nInclude both sexual and asexual cycles.\nWhat is a merozoite?\n-merozoites are infective cells\n-monocystis are referred to as merozoite during infective period between liver cells and RBC's\nWhat is a syncytium?\n-a multinucleate cell\n-nuclei would have no membrane around them
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nWhen I first studied friction I faced f = $\\mu$ N where f is force of friction, $\\mu$ is coefficient of friction for the surface considered and N is the normal force for the body on surface. Now f is a force so it must be a vector which means it has a direction. N is normal force so it has direction too. But both f and N are mutually perpendicular to each other! And $\\mu$ is a constant, so how can we write f and N in one equation? They do not have the same direction!\n\nI think this is not clear to me because I have never read about the origin of this equation. From where do we get it?\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\nThe greek letter mu, which i intended to write looks like m. sorry! \u2013\u00a0Pallavi Roy Mar 17 '13 at 17:39\nYou can edit you question and write $\\mu$ writing \\mu between two dollar symbols. \u2013\u00a0PML Mar 17 '13 at 17:40\nThank you! No i meant to write it without the minus sign. \u2013\u00a0Pallavi Roy Mar 17 '13 at 17:48\n@PML Er ... the frictional force is generally not colinear (positive or negative) with the normal force. Indeed it is generally perpendicular to it. You might want something like $\\vec{f}_f = (- \\hat{v}) \\mu N$, but you rarely see it written out that way. Most treatments content themselves with saying something like \"against the direction of motion\" and leaving it at that. \u2013\u00a0dmckee Mar 17 '13 at 21:51\n@dmckee Now this is a great example of what comes from not reading the answer carefully. Yes you're completely right.Thank you \u2013\u00a0PML Mar 17 '13 at 22:18\nup vote 4 down vote accepted\n\nThe friction force $F \\leq \\mu N$ is just an idealized macroscopic law and makes no reference to any microscopic details. At the end of the day, you know that all interactions in nature are mediated by the 4 fundamental forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak, strong), and friction primarily so by electromagnetic interaction, but what the friction equation says is: screw all that microscopic details, let's just model the friction to be what is is, up to a max of $N$ times a constant of proportionality $\\mu$.\n\nThis is akin to the case of an Ohmic resistor where we say the response (current) to an applied voltage of the device is $I = V/R$, where $R$ is some constant. Note that $R$ makes no reference to any microscopic details - whether it is made of silicon, germanium etc.\n\nSo you really shouldn't take the friction equation seriously and think that there is some deep connection between $\\vec{N}$ and $\\vec{F}$. Treat it more as a recipe for obtaining the approximate friction force of a macroscopic body, where the rule is $F \\leq \\mu N$, where $F$ and $N$ are the magnitudes.\n\nAt this point, notice that I've been writing $F \\leq \\mu N$ and not $F = \\mu N$. This is because the friction force can take values between $0$ to $\\mu N$ and is NOT EQUAL $\\mu N$ in general. This is a common mistake by many young students of physics.\n\nNow you are right, of course, that friction force should be a vector. So what's missing in this recipe is the direction, which I think most textbooks do not state very explicitly. Here it is:\n\n1) for kinetic friction, the frictional force is maximal, and the direction points away from the velocity that the body is travelling in. I guess in this case you could 'write' it as one single equation: $\\vec{F} = -\\mu N \\frac{\\vec{v}}{|\\vec{v}|}$ but this is kind of artificial.\n\n2) for static friction, the frictional force is less than or equal to maximal, and the direction is in the direction in which it would decrease the acceleration if the system was frictionless. Basically you have to guess, but usually the physical situation is simple enough to deduce which direction it should be in. For example, say you have a book and you are pressing it against the wall, normally. If the book doesn't fall, obviously the frictional force points up, not down. If there was no friction, the book would fall, so force pointing up reduces the acceleration of the book which is the correct direction.\n\nNote that there are many subtleties with the rules I've described. For example, let's say you have a cylindrical pot which is upright and you spin it in air, about the $z$ direction, and then you let the base touch the ground. Obviously the object will stop spinning due to the kinetic friction. But what is the 'velocity' of the body? The velocity of the center of mass is $0$. But for points that are radially away from the $z$ axis, they are travelling at different velocities! The rule needs some supplementing! It's an interesting question to think about. :) Cheers\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nGood answer.... \u2013\u00a0Fabian Mar 17 '13 at 19:57\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Focus: Atomic Clock Beats the Quantum Limit\n\nPhys. Rev. Focus 25, 24\nResearchers beat the quantum-mechanical fluctuations in an atomic clock by linking many atoms into an entangled quantum state and pushing the fluctuations into a realm that doesn\u2019t influence the time measurement.\nI. D. Leroux & M. H. Schleier-Smith/MIT\nGot the Time? Inherent quantum mechanical fuzziness limits how well you can know the position of a clock\u2019s hand (red), but by \u201csqueezing\u201d this uncertainty into the unimportant \u201clength\u201d dimension, its angle can be determined more precisely (blue). Researchers played an analogous trick with an atomic clock.Got the Time? Inherent quantum mechanical fuzziness limits how well you can know the position of a clock\u2019s hand (red), but by \u201csqueezing\u201d this uncertainty into the unimportant \u201clength\u201d dimension, its angle can be determined more precisely (blue). Res... Show more\n\nThe best atomic clocks are limited by the uncertainty principle\u2013quantum-scale fluctuations prevent measurements from being perfectly precise. But reports in the 19 February and 25 June Physical Review Letters show that the fluctuations can be moved into other measurable quantities that don\u2019t affect the time measurement. Although the new clock isn\u2019t as good as the best ones now available, it shows that the quantum limit can be evaded for future precision experiments and satellite-aided navigation.\n\nAtomic clocks are based on atoms that have a choice of two states, a ground state and an excited state. The difference in energy between the states determines the frequency of an intrinsic oscillation that is set up when the atom starts out in a combination state. Experimentalists can\u2019t measure this oscillation directly, but it\u2019s often represented by a point that continually rotates around the circumference of a circle or the surface of a sphere. The angle through which this point has moved since the beginning of an experiment is called the phase. A precise measurement of the phase is the goal of a clock because the rotation speed is a known quantity, fixed by the difference in energy of the two atomic states.\n\nBut quantum fluctuations embodied in the uncertainty principle limit the precision with which this phase can be measured, and for a decade the best atomic clocks have approached this limit. In principle, though, researchers have known how to do better. The inherent uncertainty applies to the product of two variables, such as the momentum and position of a particle, so the uncertainty in one variable can be reduced at the cost of increasing the uncertainty in the other, a trick called squeezing.\n\nFor the atomic clock, instead of position and momentum, the two \u201ccomplementary\u201d variables are phase and a quantity describing which of the two states the atom is in. To maximize the uncertainty in this quantity\u2013and therefore minimize the phase uncertainty\u2013it turns out that researchers must combine many atoms into a single \u201centangled\u201d state, in which their individual properties are all linked. The state of this much larger quantum object is represented as a point on a correspondingly larger sphere, where phase is longitude and the complementary variable (state population) is latitude. The uncertainty is an ellipse around the point, and the goal is to make the ellipse extended in latitude and \u201csqueezed\u201d in longitude.\n\nLabs worldwide are trying several different squeezing schemes, but a team led by Vladan Vulevi\u0107 of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge and another led by Eugene Polzik of the University of Copenhagen [1] are the first to make a clock. In their February PRL paper, the MIT team described using laser-light pulses to entangle atoms in an optical cavity. The conditions allowed the two complimentary variables\u2013phase and atomic state populations\u2013to affect one another without either being measured directly. This situation led to entanglement and to narrowing of the uncertainty ellipse.\n\nIn their latest work, the team translated their reduced phase uncertainty into a clock. To do this, they applied microwave pulses to put the state of the atoms on the equator\u2013halfway between the ground and excited states (south and north poles)\u2013and then allowed the state to move around the equator for a period of time. Then more pulses allowed the team to measure the progress of the state, that is, measure the phase and calculate the time. The procedure is mathematically identical to the way researchers rotate nuclear spins in spin-resonance experiments. The final timing fluctuations were about three times smaller than they measured without the squeezing.\n\nStill, the clock is \u201cnot, by absolute standards, a very good one,\u201d admits MIT team member Ian Leroux, because other noise sources prevent the long observation times used in the most accurate clocks. But clock expert Christophe Salomon of the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure in Paris says the new results are \u201ca pleasure to read,\u201d and he suspects that \u201cthere is no fundamental issue why [remaining] classical noise cannot be totally cancelled.\u201d\n\n\u2013Don Monroe\n\n\n\n  1. A. Louchet-Chauvet, J. Appel, J. J. Renema, D. Oblak, N. Kj\u00e6rgaard, and E. S. Polzik, \u201cEntanglement-Assisted Atomic Clock beyond the Projection Noise Limit,\u201d New J. Phys. 12 065032 (2010)\n\nMore Information\n\nSubject Areas\n\nAtomic and Molecular Physics\n\nRelated Articles\n\nViewpoint: What Goes Up Must Come Down\nAtomic and Molecular Physics\n\nViewpoint: What Goes Up Must Come Down\n\nA molecular fountain, which launches molecules rather than atoms and allows them to be observed for long times, has been demonstrated for the first time. Read More \u00bb\n\nViewpoint: Matter-Light Condensates Reach Thermal Equilibrium\n\nViewpoint: Matter-Light Condensates Reach Thermal Equilibrium\n\n\nSynopsis: Superfluid Shielding\nAtomic and Molecular Physics\n\nSynopsis: Superfluid Shielding\n\nSeparated Bose-Einstein condensates can be shielded from external forces if immersed in a superfluid bath. Read More \u00bb\n\nMore Articles
+__label__positive Equine Med- Inflammatory Bowel dz\n\ndrraythe's version from 2016-04-29 15:09\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nwhat is the Hallmark of malabsorption?WEIGHT LOSS\nwhat does the SI do and how does it do it?Nutrient absorption (CHO / fats / proteins), Brush border created by SI villi is what absorbs things\nMalabsorption syndrome if absorption at ___ failsvillous tip\nwhat are all your choices for SI diagnostic options?Physical exam! Bloodwork, Ultrasonography (U/S), Endoscopy, Absorption tests, Biopsies (rectal, endoscopic, laparoscopic) (full thickness preferred), Laparoscopy / Ventral midline celiotomy (try to avoid these if we can)\nWhat is the HALLMARK SIGN of an ACUTE SI dz? What will your diagnostics look like to confirm it is acute?HALLMARK: COLIC. Usually a Functional obstruction if acute SI. On US you will see dilated SI loops, there will be Copious gastric reflux, on Rectal Exam you will feel many loops of intestines, and belly tap will reveal elevated TP\nwhat is the HALLMARK SIGN of a CHRONIC SI dz? What will your diagnostics look like to confirm it is acute?HALLMARK: WEIGHT LOSS. U/S: thickened SI walls. You might see colic also, esp if it is a acute episode of a chronic dz.\nWhich of these is an acute U/S? chronic? Left is acute bc DILATED loops. Right is chronic bc THICKENED WALLS\nwhat are the 5 diseases which fall under \"inflammatory bowel dz\"?(1) Granulomatous enteritis (2) Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED) (3) Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis (4) Eosinophilic enterocolitis (5) Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE): (IBD without weight loss)\nhow do you definitively dx IBD/ any of the particular dzs which fall under IBD?Histopathology\nwhat are 4 clinical signs you see with IBD? (what is a CS you SHOULDN'T see?)SEE: Progressive weight loss despite good appetite, Protein-loosing enteropathy (Hypoalbuminemia / peripheral edema), Lethargy, Intermittent colic. WON'T SEE diarrhea most likely, because not typical with SI dz\nwhat will bloodwork look like with IBD?low TP (albumin)\nwhat will IBD look like with Abdominal ultrasound / Rectal palpation?SI wall thickness\nwhat is a test you can run to prove the SI isnt absorbing things well?Absorption test\nBiopsy= definitive diagnosis for IBD. What else does it tell you and how do you get this bx?also differentiates the type of IBD (see list of 5). can try: Laparoscopy / celiotomy / rectal\nexplain the steps you do for a Glucose Absorption test. What do you expect a normal result to be?18-24h fasting / take sample \u201c0\u201d. 0.5-1g/kg glucose as 10% solution per NG tube. Blood glucose samples every 30 minutes. Expect glucose to elevate 1.5-2x baseline with a peaked inverted \"V\" shape.\nwhat are things that can affect your glucose absorption test?stress (makes glucose spike!! which is why you take sample 0 BEFORE you put in NG tube, bc that is stressful), drug administration, delayed gastric emptying\nwhich graph represents an IBD horse?the BOTTOM ONE, because the top one shows the typical spike of glucose they should have after being administered glucose and absorbing it properly\nwhich part of the sm int is most affected by IBD?distal portion\nhow would you describe histopath of IBD? (pic too)Diffuse and patchy infiltrates and distinct granulomas, composed of epitheloid cells, macrophages and lymphoid cells\nhow do you treat IBD?Immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids (but this is largely unsuccessful, and there are some major Complications of steroid therapy such as ulcers, cushings, laminitis). you should Differentiate IFEE (Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis-- remember, no weight loss) and other causes of IBD. Also, Intramural masses indicate surgical resection\n\nspecific dzs of IBD\n\nQuestion Answer\nGranulomatous Enteritis--> which AGE tends to get this, which BREED tends to get this?Young horses, and Standardbreds have a genetic predisposition\nwhat does histopath look like with granulomatous enteritis?you will see tons of macrophages (hence granulomatous)\nwhat is the cause of Granulomatous enteritis?UNKNOWN, current theories are: possibly Mycobacterium avium, possibly Immune mediated response to dietary, parasitic, or bacterial antigens?\nmultisystemic eosinophilic, epitheliotropic dz (MEED)--> what AGE tends to get this?young horses.\nmultisystemic eosinophilic, epitheliotropic dz (MEED)--> what are some more distinct CSs of this dz, other CS?*Dermatitis common, also see diarrhea and tissue eosinophilia\nmultisystemic eosinophilic, epitheliotropic dz (MEED)--> what causes thisMAYBE a Hypersensitivity response? (there are lots of eosinophils)\nmultisystemic eosinophilic, epitheliotropic dz (MEED)--> what will histopath look like?1\u00b0 eosinophils, also see Lymphocytes + macrophages\nwhich IBD dz has the grave prognosis?Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis\nwhat age/ breed gets Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis?no age or breed predilection!!\nwhat are CS of Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis?similar to Granulomatous enteritis-- it is mainly a problem of malabsorption (not always low alumin!)\nwhat does histology look like for Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis? (where do you get your sample?)(rectal mucosa sample) see **Lymphocytes + plasma cells present in lamina propria with villous atrophy\nhow does Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis vary from the other IBD dzs?No Weight loss, protein normal\nwhich IBD dz is the weird one with no weight loss?Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (acute COLIC caused by intramural masses or bands)\nwhat is the most common clinical sign of Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis ? (how do you tx?)Acute colic... Surgical decompression= therapeutic\nStandardbreds are predisposed to..Granulomatous Enteritis\nwhich IBD dzs are prone to happen in young horses?GE and MEED\ndz where main histo cell is macrophages?GE\ndz where main histo cell is eosinophils?Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED)\n\nLawsonia intracellularis\n\nQuestion Answer\nlawsonia intracellularis causes what dz?Proliferative Enteropathy\nWHO (sp/age) tends to get lawsonia intracellularis most?PIGS / weanling foals\nwhat IS Lawsonia intracellularis?Obligate intracellular bacterium\nhow is LI transmitted?Fecal oral\nmain CS of LI infection?if you see CS it's often ill thrift (65% Subclinical cases. in endemic areas, most foals have titers but some cant deal with it so we need to help them)\nwhat exactly is ill thrift?Poor haircoat / pot-bellied appearance, Weight loss / lethargy / poor growth rate\nwhat are the CSs of LI?(1) ill thrift (2) Peripheral edema (bc hypoprotenemia) (<--not commonly seen unless end stage) (3) MAYBE some diarrhea (sporatic) (not common bc usually doesnt affect LI and horses dont really get SI diarrhea) (4) very uncommonly, colic\nSuspicion of Lawsonia intracellularis based on...Signalment: weanling (5/6mo), Clinical signs (ill thrift!), Bloodwork (hypoproteinemia), Abdominal ultrasound\nwhat will Abdominal ultrasound look like with LI?thickened walls bc intracellular bact\nwhich stain for histopath of LI?Warthin Starry silver stain\nwhat is the gold standard DX of LI?Isolation / culture: very difficult! requires biopsy (full thickness): Warthin Starry silver stain (....PCR (faeces / tissue) / Serology are options but not gold standard)\nLI TX: what is supportive care you can provide?NSAIDs / Omeprazole (help w ulcers) / Fluids: remember TP (might be low, think of this with your fluid plan- maybe colloids)\nLI tx--> what are your drug choices for Antimicrobial Tx? (3)Remember you are targeting INTRACELLULAR organisms: Tetracyclines, Macrolides (disrupts floar, caution) / rifampin\nprog of LI?fair to good (if dont recognize till late stages though, prog isnt as good)\n\nDuodenitis Proximal Jejunitis aka anterior enteritis\n\nQuestion Answer\nwhat is happening/ what is the problem/ cause of Duodenitis proximal jejunitis?A syndrome of inflammation and edema of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. There is Excessive fluid and e-lyte secretion in SI, High volume of enterogastric reflux, SI distention --> abdominal pain. UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY\nhow would you describe this dz in terms of what is happening?Functional gastrointestinal ileus (No mechanical obstruction to flow of ingesta)\nsince DPJ has excessive fluid secretion in the SI, this can back up into the stomach, cause stretch receptors to say \"severe colic\". How can you differentiate this from Colic?If HR >60, place NG tube, in case it is obstruction/strangulation. if put NG tube in and they look calmer after, helps dx this (if obstruction, they still colic after placement of tube)\nSources of Accumulated Fluid in DPJ? How much fluid can accumulate in one day?Parotid saliva, Gastric secretions, Pancreatic secretions, Bile... Total 80-120 L/day for a 500kg horse\n7 CSs of DPJ?Colic, Fever, Tachycardia, Endotoxemia, Decreased borborygmi, Copious amounts of gastric reflux, Dehydration & volume depletion (note-- if you need to tube them to relieve 20-30L from their GI, you are gonna have to replace those fluids)\nddx for DPJ?All SI obstructions (Simple or strangulating)\nGoal: rule out surgical disease-- what will rectal be like if it's DPJ? dilated loops of SI\nGoal: rule out surgical disease-- what will NG tubing be like if it's DPJ?large volumes and improved comfort after decompression\nGoal: rule out surgical disease-- what will U/S be like if it's DPJ?dilated SI, increased wall thickness\n*** what will the fluid from abdominocentesis look like with DPJ?dark yellow/ orange. Elevated protein (if you see this, high high chance of DPJ, dont send to sx, it wont help this dz)\nwhat are the main drugs used to tx DPJ?Anti-inflammatory, NSAIDs / 2% Lidocaine CRI (lidocaine helps with ileus)\nwhen would you want to give nutritional support to DPJ hoses, and how would you provide it?NPO>72 hours (3d) is indication Do TPN with a double lumen catheter\nWhy would you wanna provide laminitis prophylaxis for a DPJ horse?bc risk of endotoxemia\nwhat are 5 main complications of duodenitis proximal jejunitis?Laminitis (bc possible endotoxemia), Thrombophlebitis (bc risk of caths) Peritonitis (bc severe inflammation), Adhesion formation (inflammation again), Pharyngitis / esophagitis (Also consider lots of fluids= high cost of tx)\nCQ: a horse affected with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis usually presents with....acute colic
+__label__positive Explicit and Recursive Functions\n\nContributor: Ashley Nail. Lesson ID: 13636\n\nDiscover how to identify, evaluate, and write explicit and recursive functions to solve for terms in a sequence.\n\n\nAlgebra I, Algebra II\n\nlearning style\nAuditory, Visual\npersonality style\nLion, Otter, Beaver, Golden Retriever\nGrade Level\nHigh School (9-12)\nLesson Type\nQuick Query\n\nLesson Plan - Get It!\n\n  \u2022 We know that construction workers and engineers need to study a lot of math, but do you know how they can use sequences and functions in their jobs?\n\nImagine they are building a multi-floor apartment building with a parking garage. The construction workers are only on the 3rd floor, but the engineers need to find out how tall the building will be after the 27th floor and the 28th floor.\n\n  \u2022 How can we use functions to help the engineers?\n\nLet's look at an arithmetic sequence:\n\n{2, 7, 12, 17, 22 \u2026}\n\nIn this sequence of positive integers, we can see that 5 is added to each term to get the next term in the sequence.\n\n  \u2022 How can we write this relationship as a function?\n\nWell, there are two ways: an explicit sequence or a recursive sequence.\n\nFirst, let's look at an explicit sequence.\n\nIn order to follow along, let's name each term. We will use the letter t.\n\n  1. The first term is t1 is 2.\n  2. The second term is t2 is 7.\n  3. The third term is t3 is 12.\n  4. The fourth term is t4 is 17.\n  5. The last and fifth term of this sequence is t5 is 22.\n\nnamed terms\n\nNow we are ready to write an explicit function for this sequence.\n\nWe already know we are using t to represent a term in the sequence. Let's use k to represent which term in the sequence we are looking for.\n\nTo write an equation that will work for any term in the sequence, we are looking for what tk equals:\n\ntk =\n\nThe first term in the sequence is 2, and we know we add 5 each time. So let's start with that:\n\ntk = 2 + 5\n\nWe can also tell that we are adding by 5 one less times the number term we are looking for.\n\nIn other words, imagine if we are looking for the fourth term in the sequence, we are adding 5, 3 times.\n\n  \u2022 Which is one less than 4 (fourth term or t4)?\n\n\ntk = 2 + 5(k -1)\n\nThen, we will rewrite this sequence in function notation. We will swap tk with t(k) to show how we will input into this function to solve for an output value:\n\nt(k) = 2 + 5(k -1)\n\nLet's test it!\n\nt(1) = 2 + 5(1 - 1)\n\nt(1) = 2 + 5(0)\n\nt(1) = 2 + 0\n\nt(1) = 2\n\nThe first term of this sequence is 2. Our explicit function works!\n\nTest for the second, third, and fourth terms also! (t2, t3, and t4)\n\nYou just learned about explicit sequences!\n\nNow let's use the same sequence to write a recursive sequence. All this means is that the function builds off of the previous term in the sequence.\n\nWe know the first term in the sequence is 2 or t1 = 2\n\nTo build off of the first term, you will add 5 to one less than the number in the sequence:\n\ntk = tk-1 + 5\n\nSo now, let's solve for the second term in the sequence or t2:\n\nt2 = t(2-1) + 5\n\nt2 = t1 + 5\n\nPlug in what we already know as t1:\n\nt2 = 2 + 5\n\nt2 = 7\n\nSo, according to this recursive function, the second term in the sequence should be 7, and it is!\n\nNow that we know t2 = 7, we can solve for t3 using the same recursive function.\n\nNow, since this is an infinite sequence, use both the explicit and recursive function to find the 6th term in this sequence.\n\n  \u2022 Now if you wanted to find the 72nd term in this sequence, what function would be easiest to use?\n  \u2022 The explicit or the recursive? Why?\n\n  \u2022 What are some of the differences between these two types of functions?\n\nWith the explicit function, we can find any term in the sequence. With the recursive function, we have to go in order, or at least know the value of the previous term.\n\nNow you are ready to practice identifying and interpreting these types of functions and sequences!\n\nClick NEXT to visit the Got It? section.\n\nElephango's Philosophy\n
+__label__positive Tox- Intro\n\npbhati17's version from 2018-01-10 18:48\n\nIntro to Tox\n\nQuestion Answer\nDefintion of Toxicology is?the study of the effects of poisons on the function of living systems (including ecotoxicity) (environment is a living system)... You need Knowledge about natural and man-made chemicals that are harmful for humans, animals and the environment\nwe need to understand _________ and _________ chemicals are toxicWhy and when\nexample of environmental toxivermectin- 70% admin oral will be in feces- ends up in environment-- caused near extinction of dung beetles (it is elim as active or not active <--depending on how much metabolism I assume) (another example is mercury in fish)\nhow diff doses can be toxic or not (graph pic)\nWhat is clinical toxicology?toxicology dealing with patients. It is a Toxicological effect of a substance in the direct environment of the animal\n(relating to clinical toxicology) 3 examples of Toxicological effects of substances in the direct environment of the animal(1) Medication (including accidental ingestion of (human) drugs) (2) Feed and feed contaminants (3) Contact materials and accidental exposure\nIn clinical veterinary practice, ___ are an important differential diagnosis intoxications\nIf you are just given a bunch of toxins, how do you know which one is most toxic? what is the measurement by which you can compare toxicities?need to know LD50s -- this is the basis of tox and pharm across the world. based on experiment in rats. However, you also need to keep in mind the exposure factor\nWhat is LD50?INTERNET DEFINITION: The name LD50 is an abbreviation for \"Lethal Dose, 50%\" or median lethal dose. It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population. WERNERS IN CLASS SAID: LD 50 is a SINGLE VALUE- given X to rats today. watched them die from X. acute toxic response to a certain compound, and LD50 is not a nice measure to look at tox (as in we are killing mice), so we doing less and less of LD50 tests. might look at inc in BP or renal tubule, sthing else to define toxic margin that isnt just LD50. also all about the shape of the it a steep or shallow response curve?\nIt's not only about which LD50 is higher, but another factor to consider steep the curve is (if it's super steep, it gets more toxic faster)\nWhat is the #1 thing that causes toxicity in COMPANION animals? FOOD animals? What does this tell us?Tells us exposure varies between different types of groups. COMPANION: Parasite control (usually incorrect parasite control dose-- such as pyrethrins in cats). FOOD: Feed contamination\ncompare the kinds of things which are common toxicity problems in companion animals versus food animals?COMPANION: Parasite control, Accidental exposure, Household products, Drugs (human and veterinary), (human) Food material. FOOD ANIMAL: Feed contamination, Natural toxins (plant, mycotoxins, bacterial toxins, environmental pollutants), water contamination, Inhalation of gasses and vapors\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nToxic effects can differ with what 4 major factors?(1) DOSE (2) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE (3) BETWEEN SPECIES (gender and age also a factor) (4) ACUTE VS CHRONIC exposure\nwhat is the equation for intoxication?concentration (mg/kg b.w.) x duration of exposure (major parameters= concentration of dose and duration of exposure)\nwhat are the 2 major parameters to determine intoxication?the conc of the dose and the duration of the exposure are the major parameters. [ Equation is: concentration (mg/kg b.w.) x duration of exposure]\nthere was a popular train of thought that the higher the dose, the more toxic something is, but that isn't always the case- what is an example where this isnt true?aminoglycosides- lower doses are more toxic. (high dose SID < low dose BID is more toxic)\nWhat is the abbreviation for a therapeutic dose? Toxic effect dose? A lethal effect dose?Therapeutic EFFECTIVE DOSE (its effective as a useful drug)= ED50. Toxic= TD50. Lethal dose= LD50.\nSo you have substances X, Y, and Z. X has a LD50 of 1mg/kg. Y has a LD50 of 2mg/kg, and Z has a LD50 of 3mg/kg. Which is the most toxic substance?The one with the LOWEST DOSE to kill 50% of the test mice means it is the MOST toxic. So X is the most toxic substance.\nexplain how route of exposure affects the toxic effects of a drug?diff route of exposure, such as inhalation,SQ, IM, IV- determines conc in blood which distributes to tissues-determines conc in tissues\nGarlic and onions are toxic in carnivores. explain the major toxic components and some of their effects.(1) Flavanoids- antioxidants and/or janus carcinogens (depending on tissue can be carniogenic or anticarcinogenic). (2) Alkenyl cysteine sulfoxides aka allicines, allyl sulfides, disulfides, trisulfides, tetrasulfides (3) N-propyl sulfoxides- inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase---> (a) Depletes glutathione(antioxidant) in erythrocytes --> hemolytic anemia and heinz body formation(oxidative damage) (b) (K's notes say:) Carnivores have less activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase- butt can have effects on rumen microflora\nGarlic and onions are toxic in carnivores. What is the exposure dose for Dogs? Cats? and what are the clinical signs of exposure?DOGS: 15-30 gram. CATS: 5 gr/kg b.w. (cats). CSs: gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, depression, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, brown discoloration of urine\nUndesired effects or adverse side effects: depends on the primary objective of therapy. Can have desirable OR undesirable effects. two examples of this?(1) Diphenhydramine- histamine receptor antagonist. Was supposed to be allergy med, but since it crosses the BBB it has depressant effects on CNS-extrapyramidal system and would cause drowsiness. But that means it can be used as over the counter sleep remedy. (2) Aspirin can be used for its anti- inflammatory properties, but it also inhibits platelet function (and \"thins\" the blood) may be undesirable effect depending on therapy (did you want to just stop a headache? or are you trying to make the dog less hypercoagulable? Bad for sx but good for cardiac patients)\n\n\nQuestion Answer\n*What are Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)?ADRs are noxious or unintended responses occurring at therapeutic doses*****\nWhat is a \"type A\" ADR (adverse drug reaction) and what are some examples of this?effects which are related to known pharmacology but are undesirable. These are common, dose-related effects and are predictable. Examples of this would be: Drowsiness from taking diphenhydramine for allergies, Hemmorrhage w/ anticoags, respiratory depression with opioids, sedation with anxiolytics\nwhat is a \"Type B\" ADR (adverse drug reaction) and what are some examples of this?these are effects which are UNrelated to the known pharmacology of the drug and are rare, often unpredictable, and often idiosyncratic (idiosyncratic meaning it depends on individual sensitivity). Examples include: anaphylaxis with penicillins, allergic liver damage with halothane, bone marrow depression with chloramphenicol\nhow is penicillin G toxic?neurotoxic\nhow is enrofloxacin toxic?cartilage damage in young dogs and blindness in cats\nhow is moxidectin toxic?PGP or MRD-1 gene transports moxidectin out of the BBB. With some breeds (collies/collie-like breeds) a point mutation in this gene makes transporter inactive. Moxidectin effects gaba receptors--> coma\nhow is gentamycin toxic?damages inner ear, damages kidney (ototoxic, neurotoxic)\nexplain the precipitating events which lead to Hypersensitivity reactions with drugsMost chemicals and their metabolic products are too small to be recognised by the immune system. But the hapten (small chemical) COMBINED with an endogenous protein causes it to become a recognizable antigen. (MHC= surface proteins which recognize foreign molecules.)\nwhat are different ways hypersensitivity reactions can manifest?can be involvement of many organ systems.. range from minor skin reactions to fatal anaphylactic reactions. The way there is a reaction often differs in different animal species.\nwhat are some drugs which can cause CUTANEOUS hypersensitivity reactions?carbamazepine, hydralazine, lidocaine, penicillin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, procainamide, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim\nwhat are some drugs which can cause HEPATIC hypersensitivity reactions?carbamazepine, co-trimazole, diclofenac, dihydralazine, halothane, phenytoin, reserpine, streptomycin\nwhat are some drugs which can cause HEMATOLOGICAL hypersensitivity reactions?captopril, chlorpromazine, gentamycin, haloperidol, penicillin, rifampicin, sulphamethoxazole, sulphasalazine, valproic acid\nwhat are some drugs which can cause SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLAXIS as a hypersensitivity reaction?Aspirin, cephalosporin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, quinolone antibiotics, sulphametoxazole, suxamethonium, tetracycline, thiopental, trimethoprim, tubocurarine, vancomycin, vincristin\nwhat is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?Mast cells w/ IgE Fc receptor bind hapten(on the endogenous protein)- release histamine (serotonin, leukotrienes) (classic allergic reaction)\nWhat is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?Neutrophils, Macs, NK cells w/ IgG receptors- attack/bind hapten on HOST cell (cytotoxic hypersensitivity)\nwhat is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?Neutrophils, Macs, NK cells w/ IgG receptors bind hapten on protein- mediate immune complex dz\nwhat is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?T killer cells- bind hapten on host cell- delayed type hypersensitivity (cell mediated not Ab mediated for this type)\nsummary pic of all the hypersensitivity types\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nexplain what a Idiosyncratic reaction is? What are two ways it can present? When does this usually occur? (example?)*****Genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical. The response is qualitatively similar, but may take the form of: (1) extreme sensitivity to low doses. (2) extreme INsensitivity to high doses. These reactions Typically occur in the first 1-2 months of drug therapy. A good example is: carprofen in dogs --> idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity\nexplain the MECHANISM of Idiosyncratic reactions (pic included)Drug gets metabolized via liver- creates reactive metabolite- causes oxidative stress leading to necrosis and apoptosis- binds to protein- creates drug hapten- causes immune system response- humoral and t-cell mediated. FMO (enzyme) in liver-->fish odor dz. MPO (enzyme) in neutrophils.\nidiosyncratic- Phenylbutazone- what is the resulting tox, what is the mechanism? who should you not use this in?Aplastic anemia due to Oxidation by peroxidases-- DO NOT USE IN CATS/DOGS\nidiosyncratic- Fenbendazole- what is the resulting tox, when would you see a reaction? how common is this?Pancytopenia, bone marrow necrosis. RARE.\nidiosyncratic- Flucytosine- what is the resulting tox, when would you see onset, what is the area seen? How do you help with this reaction?Skin eruptions, depigmentation and ulcerations. Onset after 2-6 weeks, affecting the mucocutaneous junctions. Discontinuation, supportive care.\nidiosyncratic- Mitotane- what is the resulting tox, when do you see signs? how common?Hepatopathy, bone marrow necrosis. Seen after 1 month-- lesions are rare.\n(these examples skipped in class) idiosyncratic- Griseofulvine- what is the resulting tox, what will you see and in who specifically? how can you help with this prob?Pancytopenia (or neutropenia in cats), Neutropenia in FIV cats, Use alternatives (not griseo)\nidiosyncratic- Albendazole- what is the resulting tox, what is the mechanism? What can you do to help this?Bone marrow suppression in one cat (lol what). Mechanism unknown. Reversible with drug withdrawal\nidiosyncratic- Meloxicam- what is the resulting tox, When would you see a reaction?Vasculitis with ulcers, vesicles and erosions within 2 days. Rare.\n(these examples skipped in class) idiosyncratic- Sulphonamides- what is the resulting tox, what is the mechanism? What should you do?Hepatopathy, blood dyscrasia, skin eruptions. Oxidised hydroxyl amine metabolite (CYP450, MPO). Discontinue sulphonamide\n(these examples skipped in class) idiosyncratic- Methimazole- what is the resulting tox, what is the mechanism? what should you do?Hepatopathy, blood dyscrasia, skin eruptions. N-methylthiourea metabolite (FMO) --> antibodies. Counsel owners, discontinue drug therapy\nwhere is most of the FMO enzymes?liver\nwhere are the MPO enzymes?neutrophils (leukocytes)\nTox can be immediate or delayed- it can be Rapid development of toxic effects after single administration, or occurrence after the lapse of some time. 3 examples?Asbestos toxicosis (delayed), Diethylstilbestrol- both delayed and acute?, Organophosphorus- delayed polyneuropathy\nReversible versus irreversible toxic effects- what does this often depend on?Depends on affected body system and it's ability to regenerate (liver versus CNS regeneration). Carcinogenic and teratogenic effects are usually considered irreversible\nLocal versus systemic toxicity--> How do local effects happen? What needs to happen for systemic effects to happen?Local effects: at the site of first contact (ingestion of caustic substances; inhalation of irritant material). Systemic effects: requires absorption and distribution from its entry point\nthings you should do for your tox diagnostic workup (3) What if you can't dx what is wrong?(1) History (do not believe everything!) (2) Exclusion of causes that may induce the same range of symptoms (differential diagnosis). (3) Analysis of feed, other materials, the environment, stomach content, body excretions (we can only measure what we know to look for though, and we can only measure what is present (so if it has been biotransformed we won't find it) ).... if you can't figure it out, Treat the patient first before you worry about the diagnostic uncertainties!!\n\nRecent badges
+__label__positive Array values from php to javascript\n\nHow to carry an array value from php to javascript?\n\n\nAt some point of time we will be having a requirement to pass values from php array to a javascript array. For example let us consider a situation where we read some parameter from a file and use it in javascript. Here is how we can pass the values.\nFollow the steps to do it yourself\nStep 1:\nWe read a file \"im.txt\" as array. The file will be read in such a way that each line will be a value in array. So if we have 10 lines in \"im.txt\" we will have the array length as 10.\n<script language=\"javascript\">\nscriptAr = new Array(); // initializing the javascript array\n$file = \"im.txt\";\n$lines = file($file); // read file values as array in php\n$count = count($lines); //this gives the count of array\n//In the below lines we get the values of the php array one by one and update it in the script array.\nforeach ($lines as $line_num => $line)\nprint \"scriptAr.push(\\\"$line\\\" );\"; // This line updates the script array with new entry\n\nNote: Please note that the php tags are inside the javascript tag.\n\nPHP Topics\n\nAsk Questions\n\nAsk Question
+__label__positive \n\nIt is currently 22 Aug 2014, 04:09\n\n\nGMAT Club Daily Prep\n\n\nfor You\n\n\nYour Progress\n\n\n\n\n\nEvents & Promotions\n\nEvents & Promotions in June\nOpen Detailed Calendar\n\n\n\u00a0 Question banks Downloads My Bookmarks Reviews Important topics \u00a0\nAuthor Message\nJoined: 26 Jan 2010\nPosts: 7\nSchools: Stanford, Wharton, Insead\nFollowers: 0\n\n\n700+ VERBAL CR\u00a0[#permalink] New post\u00a017 Feb 2010, 21:46\nA newly discovered disease is thought to be caused by a certain bacterium. However, recently released data notes that the bacterium thrives in the presence of a certain virus, implying that it is actually the virus that causes the new disease.\nWhich of the following pieces of evidence would most support the data\u2019s implication?\n(A) In the absence of the virus, the disease has been observed to follow infection by the bacterium.\n(B) The virus has been shown to aid the growth of bacterium, a process which often leads to the onset of the disease.\n(C) The virus alone has been observed in many cases of the disease.\n(D) In cases where the disease does not develop, infection by the bacterium is usually preceded by infection by the virus.\n(E) Onset of the disease usually follows infection by both the virus and the bacterium\nSenior Manager\nSenior Manager\nStatus: Yeah well whatever.\nJoined: 18 Sep 2009\nPosts: 347\nLocation: United States\nGMAT 1: 660 Q42 V39\nGMAT 2: 730 Q48 V42\nGPA: 3.49\nWE: Analyst (Insurance)\nFollowers: 5\n\nKudos [?]: 48 [0], given: 17\n\nGMAT Tests User\nRe: 700+ VERBAL CR\u00a0[#permalink] New post\u00a018 Feb 2010, 06:29\n\nC is a dummy answer. It doesn't infer because it's not in every case. In B, if the virus fosters the bacteria and the bacteria cause the condition then the virus is the cause of the condition. Bingo!\n\n\nRe: 700+ VERBAL CR \u00a0 [#permalink] 18 Feb 2010, 06:29\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Similar topics Author Replies Last post\n12 41 700-800 Verbal questions (RC, CR, SC) valuable 4 stamina gmat6nplus1 4 04 Dec 2013, 00:30\nExperts publish their posts in the topic 700+ verbal questions needed IndianExpress 1 02 Oct 2012, 10:26\n1 CR - 700 + vyassaptarashi 1 22 Mar 2011, 07:56\nVerbal: CR and RC questions karovd 2 19 Nov 2004, 08:22\nDisplay posts from previous: Sort by\n\n\n\u00a0 Question banks Downloads My Bookmarks Reviews Important topics \u00a0\n\nModerators: Bunuel, WoundedTiger\n\n\nPowered by phpBB \u00a9 phpBB Group and phpBB SEO\n
+__label__positive From ArchWiki\nRevision as of 23:47, 9 July 2006 by Adowns (Talk | contribs) (MySQL and ODBC)\n\nJump to: navigation, search\n\nMySQL, ODBC with OpenOffice Setup on LocalHost\n\nThis document shows how to set up ODBC in Arch, first to access you database on your localhost and then extends the steps to configure MySQL to allow remote access through ODBC.\n\nPackages To Install\n\nStart by installing the unixodbc and myodbc\n\n# pacman -Sy unixodbc\n# pacman -Sy myodbc\n\nConfigure Your ini Files\n\nConfigure your \"odbc.ini\", \".odbc.ini\", and \"odbcinst.ini\" file. Startinig with odbcinst.ini, Su to root and set up your /etc/odbcinst.ini file as follows\n\nDescription     = ODBC Driver for MySQL\nDriver          = /usr/lib/libmyodbc.so\nSetup           = /usr/lib/libodbcmyS.so\nFileUsage       = 1\n\nNext set up your \"odbc.ini\" and \".odbc.ini\" file. It should be pointed out here that the \".odbc.ini\" file is just like the \"odbc.ini\" file except that it is a file that gets saved in the user's home dir (i.e a hidden file).\n\n Description     = MySQL database test\nDriver          = MySQL\nServer          = localhost\natabase         = test\nPort            = 3306\nSocket          = /tmp/mysql.sock\nOption          =\nStmt            =\n\nCreate A Symbolic Link\n\nNext we need to create a symlink for libmyodbc.so. To do this we need to go to /usr/lib/myodbc3-3.51.12.so or whatever the version of the module is and set up a symlink to libmyodbc.so\n\nln -s /usr/lib/libmyodbc3-3.51.12.so ./libmyodbc.so\n\nRenamed Modules\n\nOK, for this step I cheap-skated it a little and simply copy these files to agree with version of ODBC that Arch was looking for.\n\ncp libssl.so.0.9.8 libssl.so.0.9.7\ncp libcrypto.so.0.9.8 libcrypto.so.0.9.7\n\nTest Datbase\n\nOn my machine I run phpmyadmin so I already had a test database to use. If you don't have a test database then create one in MySQL.\n\nTesting the ODBC\n\nTo test the ODBC connection\n\nisql MySQL-test\n\nIf the connection is established, you will see\n\n| Connected!                            |\n|                                       |\n| sql-statement                         |\n| help [tablename]                      |\n| quit                                  |\n|                                       |\n\nIf you have a problem connecting then check the error message by running\n\nisql MySQL-test -v\n\nA Couple Useful Websites\n\n\nThis website got me going on ODBC with MySQL but left out some things that were necessary for me to get isql up and running. However this might be a good reference for the OpenOffice part.\n\n\nTo work around error messages this URL proved helpful so here it is as well.\n\nMySQL, ODBC with OpenOffice Setup on the Remote Server\n\nEdit odbc.ini\n\nFrom the Client side it is neccessary to edit the odbc.ini and the .odbc.ini files slightly. Here is the odbc.inin that I used to login.\n\nDescription     = MySQL database test\nDriver          = MySQL\nServer          =\nTrace           = Off\nTraceFile       = stderr\nDatabase        = test\nPort            = 3306\nUSER            = username\nPassword        = secretpassword\nSocket          = /tmp/mysql.sock\nOption          =\nStmt            =\n\nEdit my.cnf\n\nEdit /etc/my.cnf so that port 3306 will be running to do this comment out skip-networking and also add bind-address = your IP\n\nbind-address =\n\nEdit hosts.allow\n\nNext add a line in \"hosts.allow\"\n\n\nIt is recommended to do something like mysql: or whatever your client machine would be.\n\nVerify Port 3360 is Listening\n\nrestart the mysql server with the command \"/etc/rc.d/mysqld restart\" and then check to see that port 3306 is listening on the server\n\nnetstat -ant\n\nIf port 3306 is open, you'll see the following\n\nActive Internet connections (servers and established)\nProto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State\ntcp        0      0 *               LISTEN\n\nPermissions on MySQL for Remote Connection\n\nNext it is neccesary to give permissions on the server so that MySQL will allow a remote connection.\n\nmysql -u \"username\" -p\nmysql> CREATE DATABASE test;\nmysql> GRANT ALL ON test.* TO username@'' IDENTIFIED BY 'PASSWORD';\n\n\nHere was a helpful URL for this step.\n\nFrom remote system type command:\n\n$ mysql -u webadmin \u2013h \u2013p You can also use telnet to connect to port 3306 for testing purpose:\n\n$ telnet 3306\n\n____________________________________________________ [MySQL-test] Description = MySQL database test Driver = MySQL Server = Trace = Off TraceFile = stderr Database =foo Port = 3306 USER = username Password = secretpassword Socket = /tmp/mysql.sock Option = Stmt =
+__label__positive Dismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nWater Density / Expansion and Life\n\n  1. Sep 1, 2003 #1\n    What molecules or chemicals, other than water [H20] (that I know of), are less dense as they become cooler and their electrons slow? This is broad question, I know, but my question relates to the fact that much of our conditions of life rely on the density of water as it becomes a solid (see the last post at: [URL [Broken] by Jim Stringer). If there are other molecules or chemicals that react the same way then there could be other forms of life, besides Earth's terrestrial, outside of Earth so this is where my question originates from. I realize this may be a question of a green-horn, but I ask it nevertheless. I know there could be thousands, but I am interested in the simple molecules containing between 4 elements and 6 elements.\n\n    Thank you.\n    Last edited by a moderator: May 1, 2017\n  2. jcsd\n  3. Sep 1, 2003 #2\n    Hi descender,\n    I know of no other material so important to life on earth but do you know that life would never have originated if the freezing point of water had been at - ~4 degrees C rather than + ~4 degrees? Clue: water would freeze from the bottom up! Cheers, Jim\n  4. Sep 2, 2003 #3\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Staff Emeritus\n    Science Advisor\n    Gold Member\n\n\n    If water froze at -4 degrees C it would make no difference. What make lakes freeze \"top-down\" is that liquid water above its freezing point is more dense than ice. This quality has nothing at all to do with the actual freezing temperature.\n\n    - Warren\n  5. Sep 2, 2003 #4\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Staff Emeritus\n    Science Advisor\n\n    Chroot, you missed the point. Water, as it is freezing, expands UNTIL it reach about -4 degrees Celcius after that it \"shrinks\" like everything else. NEOclassic's point is that if water froze at -4 degrees, then ice would not be lighter than water and water would freeze from the bottom up.\n\nSimilar Discussions: Water Density / Expansion and Life\n  1. Water expansion (Replies: 15)\n\n  2. Water Density and Life (Replies: 0)\n\n  3. Density of water (Replies: 21)\n\n  4. Water expansion (Replies: 1)
+__label__positive Saturday, January 21, 2012\n\nIAS Geography Model Test Paper\n\nIAS Geography Model Test Paper\u00a0\nGeography Practice Paper\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n1. Which of the following are true regarding the crust of the earth?\nI. \u00a0It is the outer thin layer with a total thickness of about 100 km\nll. It forms around 0.5 percent of the earth\u2019s volume\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nlll. The outer covering of the crust is of sedimentary material\nIV. The lower layer of the crust consists of basaltic and ultra-basic rocks\n(a) I and II\n(b) I, II and III\n(c) I, II and IV\n(d) I, ll, Ill and IV\nAnswer. (c)\n\n2. Match the following:\nDate \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conditions in Northern Hemisphere\nA. March 21st \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a01. Winter Solstice\nB. June 21st\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. Autumnal Equinox\nC. September 21st\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3. Summer Solstice\nD. December 22nd \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4. Vernal Equinox\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A B C D\n(a) 1 2 3 4\n(b) 1 3 4 1\n(b) 2 3 1 4\n(d) 4 3 2 1\nAnswer. (d)\n\n\u00a0 3. What is the approximate equatorial circumference of the earth?\n(a) 30,000 km\n(b) 35,000 km\n(c) 40,000 km\n(d) 45,000 km\nAnswer. (c)\n\n4. The place which has the longest day and the shortest night on 22nd December is:\n(a) Chennai\n(b) Madrid\n(c) Melbourne\n(d) Moscow\nAnswer. (c)\n\n5. Owing to the equatorial bulge and the polar flattening, the polar radius of the earth falls\nshort of the equatorial radius by about:\n(a) 22 km\n(b) 36 km\n(c) 41 km\n(d) 53 km\nAnswer. (a)\n\n6. The earth is at the largest distance from the sun (Aphelion) on:\n(a) June 21st\n(b) January 3rd\n(c) July 4th\n(d) September 23rd\nAnswer. (c)\n\n7. Which part of the earth\u2019s surface receives the highest amount of insulation?\n(a) Tropical deserts\n(b) Equatorial region\n(c) Savanna region\n(d) No such criteria\nAnswer. (a)\n\n8. Which of the following layers of the earth is believed to have the heaviest mineral\nmaterials of highest density?\n(a) Central core\n(b) Crust\n(c) Mantle\n(d) Both (b) and (c)\nAnswer. (a)\n\n9. Tides in the sea have stored in them:\n(a) Hydraulic energy\n(b) Kinetic energy\n(c) Gravitational potential energy\n(d) A combination of all the above three forms of energy.\nAnswer. (d)\n\n10. Which one of the following would have occurred if the earth had NOT been inclined\non its own axis?\n(a) All the seasons would have been of same duration\n(b) The seasons would not have changed\n(c) The summers would have been of longer duration\n(d) The winters would have been of longer duration\nAnswer. (b)\n\n11. The upper part of the mantle upon which the crust of the Earth floats is called:\n(a) Bar sphere\n(b) Mesophere\n(c) Mohorvicic discontinuity\n(d) Asthenosphere\nAnswer. (d)\n\n12. Which of the following phenomenon is/are the effect of the rotation of the Earth?\n1. Apparent movement of the Sun, the Moon and the Stars.\n2. Flatness of the poles and bulge at the Equator.\n3. Occurrence of sunrise, noon and sunset\n4. Magnetic field of the earth.\n(a) 1 and 3\n(b) 2 and 3\n(c) 1, 2 and 3\n(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4\nAnswer. (d)\n\n13. Which one of the following is present in the largest amount in terms of\npercent by mass in the earth\u2018s crust?\n(a) Silicon\n(b) Oxygen\n(c) Carbon\n(d) Calcium\nAnswer. (b)\n\n14. The difference in the duration of day and night increases as one moves from:\n(a) West to east\n(b) East and west of the prime meridian\n(c) Poles to equator\n(d) Equator to poles\nAnswer. (d)\n\n15. Which of the following statements with regard to the term \u2018great circle\u2019 is not correct?\n(a) Equator is a great circle\n(b) A ship can save fuel and time by following the great circle arc between two points\n(c) Only one great circle can be drawn on a sphere\n(d) A great circle results when a plane passes through the centre of a sphere\nAnswer. (c)\n\n16. The sun reaches its maximum angular distance from the equator at the:\n(a) Zenith\n(b) Solstice\n(c) Equinox\n(d) Noontime\nAnswer. (b)\n\n17. The shortest day in Australia will be on:\n(a) June 21\n(b) December 22\n(c) September 23\n(d) March 21\nAnswer. (a)\n\n18. Which of the following best describes longitude?\n(a) An imaginary line joining north and south poles\n(b) The distance between a place east or west of the Greenwich Meridian\n(c) The angular distance east or west of the Greenwich meridian\n(d) The position of a place on earth\u2019s surface with reference to the Prime Meridian\nAnswer. (c)\n\n19. Through which one of the following groups of countries does the Equator pass?\n(a) Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia\n(b) Colombia, Kenya and Indonesia\n(c) Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia\n(d) Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia\nAnswer. (b)\n\n20. When would you record the maximum angle of incidence of the sun\u2019s rays at the north pole?\n(a) March 21\n(b) September 21\n(c) When the sun\u2019s rays fall vertically on the Tropic of Cancer\n(d) When the sun`s rays fall vertically on the Tropic of Capricorn\nAnswer. (c)\n\n21. At the summer solstice, which one of the following latitudes will have the longest night?\n(a) 45\u00b0 N\n(b) 45\u00b0 S\n(c) 60\u00b0 N\n(d) 60\u00b0 S\nAnswer. (d)\n\n22. Which of these is the longest?\n(a) 0\u00b0 Meridian\n(b) 180\u00b0 E-W\n(c) 90\u00b0 E\n(d) All are equal\nAnswer. (d)\n\n23. The core of the Earth is made up of:\n(a) Mainly of iron in the liquid form.\n(a) Mainly of nickel in the liquid form.\n(a) Both iron and silica in the liquid form\n(a) Both iron and magnesium in the plastic state.\nAnswer. (d)\n\n24. Latitudes include 181 lines while longitudes are 360 lines because:\n(a) Longitude is divided from prime meridian while latitude is from equator\n(b) Longitude is divided from equator while latitude is from prime meridian\n(c) Longitude is a line that connects North Pole to South Pole and latitude is divided from east to west\n(d) None of these\nAnswer. (a)\n\n25. Maximum difference in the spacing of longitudes is:\n(a) At poles\n(b) At equator\n(c) At tropics\n(d) At arctic circle\nAnswer. (b)\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment
+__label__positive From Wikibooks, open books for an open world\nJump to: navigation, search\n\nCookbook | Recipes | Ingredients | Basic foodstuffs | Sweeteners\n\n\nHoney is a sweet and viscous liquid produced by bees from the nectar of flowers . The flavor and color of the honey is largely determined by the type of flowers from which the nectar is gathered. Common flavours of honey include orange blossom honey, tupelo honey, clover honey, blackberry, and blueberry honey. In Australia, Tasmanian leatherwood honey is considered a delicacy for its unique flavour. Manuka honey from New Zealand is said by some to have more healing properties than other honeys, therefore sells at a premium price.\n\nThe main uses of honey are in cooking, baking, spreading on bread or toast, and adding to various beverages such as tea . Because honey is hygroscopic (drawing moisture from the air), a small quantity of honey added to a pastry recipe will prevent it from becoming stale. Raw honey also contains enzymes that help in its digestion, as well as several vitamins and antioxidants. Eating wild honey from near your home can help build up resistance to hayfever and other pollen allergies.\n\nHoney is, however, not always healthy. Because it is gathered from flowers in the wild, there are certain times and places when the honey produced is highly toxic. Rhododendrons and azaleas have nectar that is highly poisonous to humans although harmless to bees, producing deadly honey. In some areas of the world the hives are emptied immediately after the flowering season and cleaned of any residue to prevent accidental poisoning. Such poison honey is very rarely, if ever, encountered in the United States. The shape of the Azalea flower makes access to nectar difficult for honeybees, and during the time at which Azaleas bloom there are almost always other flowers in bloom that are more appealing to the honeybee.\n\nHoney (as well as other sweeteners) is also potentially extremely dangerous for infants. This is because botulism spores are among the few bacteria that survive in honey. While these spores are harmless to adults, an infant's digestive system is not yet developed enough to destroy them and the spores could potentially cause infant botulism. For this reason, it is advised that neither honey, nor any other sweetener, should be given to children under the age of 18 months.\n\n\n\nWikibooks Beekeeping book project has more about this subject:\n  \u2022 1 cup of honey = 339g = 1030 Cal = 229g of carbohydrate\n  \u2022 1 tablespoon = 21g = 65 Cal = 17g of carbohydrate\n  \u2022 1 volume unit of honey = 1.67 volume units of granulated cane sugar in equivalent sweetening power.\n\nUseful tips on cooking with honey[edit]\n\n  1. As a general guide, when using honey recipes, use less of honey because it is almost twice as sweet as sugar. Replace one cup of sugar for half a cup of honey, and because honey is hygroscopic (meaning it attracts water), reduce the amount of liquid in the recipe by 1/4 cup for each cup of honey added.\n  4. Reduce the oven temperature by 25 degrees Fahrenheit. Honey batter becomes crisp and browns faster than sugar batter.\n  6. The floral variety of the honey should be considered when cooking with honey since honey will impart some of its flavor.
+__label__positive Friday, 11 October 2013\n\nMSBI Interview Questions (Part 5)\n\nSession on 08-10-13(TL)\n\n1. What are Types of Dimensions\n2. Package Configurations used to in ur Project\n3. Please Explain XML and Environment Variable Configurations\n4. How u Achieve Parallelism in SSIS\n5. One Flat file Contains some Codes how to eliminate the codes and finally stores in ur Database\n6. What is use of Audit File in ur Packages\n7. Difference between Union all & Merge Join & Merge\n8. What is the Difference between OLTP and OLAP\n9. What is Fact less Fact\n10. What type of Reports u Worked on ur Project\n11. What is Cascading Parameters\n12. What are the Rendering Methods in SSRS\n13. Disable One Option in Rendering Methods in SSRS\n\nSession on 08-10-13(TR)\n\n1. What type of Transformations u worked on it\n2. What is significant of catch (Full & Partial)\n3. What is Types of SCD\u2019s\n4. U Create SSIS Package. It have 10 files but i want only deploy 5 files\n5. How to Pass Variables from Parent Package to Child Package (Clearly Explain with Example. In this Ex which variable is changed)\n6. To create one Package with Data Source but the Data source is down that time Package run or not and What type of Errors are Occurred\n7. What is Logging Information\n8. How to Aggregate SSAS Cube with SSIS Package\n9. U can Only Process Single Partition of the Cube\n10. What is use of Having Clause in Sql\n11. Can we call SP in side Function\n12. What is the Difference between Derived Measure and Calculated Measures?\n13. What are Functions used in MDX\n14. In SSRS Detailed Report is Display in the Same Page.\n15. Standard Terminology of Sub Reports in SSRS\n16. What is Degenerated Dimension\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment
+__label__positive Monday, January 2, 2012\n\nNetwork Engineer Interview Questions and Answers\n\nInterview Questions\n\nA) Tell me something about yourself.\nTell about your eductaion, place you belong to, some struggle in life which shows that you have positive attitude and will to fight the odds.\n\nB) Technical Questions:\n\n1) What are the types of LAN cables used? What is a cross cable?\n\n\n\n\n5) What is Active Directory?\n\n\n7) What is IPCONFIG command? Why it is used?\n\n\nWe can't do the same with workgroup.\n\n\n\n\n13) What is RIS? What is Imaging/ghosting?\n\n14) What is VPN and how to configure it?\n\nUpdate the network card driver.\n\n\n\n\n19) What is a router? Why we use it?\n\n20) What are manageable and non manageable switches?\nSwitches which can be administered are calledmanageable switches. For example we can create VLAN for on such switch. On no manageable swiches we can't do so.\n\n21. What is NIC?\nA network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface controller) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network\n\n22. What is USB?\n\nUniversal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. Devices like Modem, Mouse, Keyboard etc can be connected.\n\n23. Dialup vs. Broadband\n\nA broadband connection (ADSL) provides high-speed Internet access over a standard phone line. The advantage of a broadband connection over a standard dialup service, is that Broadband is considerably faster, and is \"always-on\", meaning that once you\"re logged on, your PC is online until the PC is turned off again.\n\nBroadband offer high-speed Internet access and allows telephone calls and a permanent Internet connection to share a single phone line simultaneously whereas in Dialup connection either Internet connection or telephone call can made at given time.\n\n24. LAN and WAN\n\n\n\n25. Microsoft Access\n\nMicrosoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational database management system from Microsoft.\n\n26. What is RAS?\n\nRemote Access Services (RAS) refers to any combination of hardware and software to enable the remote access to tools or information that typically reside on a network of IT devices.\n\n27. Difference between Client Mail and Web Mail?\n\nEmail clients download your emails onto your computer. Using a specialized email program such as Outlook Express or Apple Mail has the advantage of giving you complete control over your email; every email you receive is placed on your computer and you can keep as many large file attachments as you want.\nChecking your email through our webmail is similar to using Hotmail or Yahoo! Mail. You never actually copy your messages to your computer; in fact, you are looking at them through your web browser on somebody else\"s computer. When you are not online, you are not able to see your email.\n\n28. RAM and ROM\n\n\nPronounced rahm, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile.\n\n29. Spamguard\n\nSpam Guard is an Outlook add-in that filters email that arrives in your inbox. If the sender of any message cannot be identified then the message is moved into a spam quarantine folder. Messages deposited in the spam quarantine folder can be inspected and either deleted or approved at your leisure.\n\n30. Firewall and Antivirus\n\nAntivirus is a software program which helps protect a computer against being infected by a virus.\n\n31. DNS\n\nShort for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they\"re easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name might translate to\n\n32. IPConfig\n\nIPConfig is a command line tool used to control the network connections on Windows NT/2000/XP machines. There are three main commands: \"all\", \"release\", and \"renew\". IPConfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. Used without parameters, IPConfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.\n\n33. Trace route\n\nTrace route is the program that shows you the route over the network between two systems, listing all the intermediate routers a connection must pass through to get to its destination. It can help you determine why your connections to a given server might be poor, and can often help you figure out where exactly the problem is. It also shows you how systems are connected to each other, letting you see how your ISP connects to the Internet as well as how the target system is connected.\n\n1) What is IP Address ?\n\n2) What are the layers of network ?\n\n3) What are the different types of network ?\n\n4) What is networking ?\n\n5) What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model ?\n\n6) What is TCP/IP ?\n\n7) What is HTTP?\n\n8) What is Protocol ?\n\n9) What is communication medium ?\n\n10) What is PORT ?\n\n11) What is SOCKET ?\n\n12) What is the difference between PORT and SOCKET?\n\n13) What is wireless networking ?\n\n14) What is topology ?\n\n15) What are the different types of topology ?\n\n16) What is the size of IP Address?\n\n17) What is FTP ?\n\n18) What is SMTP ?\n\n19) What are the different types of protocol ?\n\n20) What is Dial-Up connection ?\n\n21) What is Broad Band Connection?\n\n22) What is the difference between Dial-up and broad band connection?\n\n23) What IEEE standard for wireless networking?\n\nAns: 802.11g\n\n24) What is IEEE standard ?\n\nAns: Institute of electrical and electronic engineer.They develop standard for networking
+__label__positive JSSC Forest Guard Exam Question Paper 2014|\u091c\u0947\u090f\u0938\u090f\u0938\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0928 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 2014\n\nJSSC Forest Guard Exam Question Paper (Pre) 2014\n\n1.Gangtok is the capital of which State?\n\n  1. Arunachal Pradesh\n  2. Sikkim\n  3. Nagaland\n  4. Himachal Pradesh\n\n2.Which number will complete the given series?\n\n11, 12, 17, 18, 23, 24, ?\n\na.30 \u00a0\u00a0 b. 35\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. 12 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. 29\n\n3.The great Maury an dynasty was founded by\n\na.Chandragupta Maurya\n\nb.Samudra Gupta\n\n\n\n4.Which of the following categories does a mouse belong to?\n\na.Output Devices\n\nb.Word Processing Devices\n\nc.Presentation Devices\n\nd.Input Devices\n\n5.Find the word that is an essential part of the given word :\n\na. Dessert\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. Directions\n\nc.Cookbook\u00a0 d. Utensils\n\n6.Which is the biggest living creature?\n\na. Giraffe \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b. African elephant\n\nc. Blue whale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. White shark\n\n7. Choose the related letters from the following alternatives :\n\nMZ : LY :: KX : ?\n\na. JW\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. IV\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. HU\u00a0\u00a0 d. GT\n\n8.Study the following statements and answer the question given below :\n\nI.A, B, C, D and E are five boys sitting in a circle.\n\nII.C is sitting immediately to the left of E.\n\nIII. Only A is sitting between D and E. Who is sitting to the immediate left hand side of C?\n\na. E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. A\n\nc. B \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. D\n\n9. Which of the following does a car always have?\n\na. Driver \u00a0\u00a0 b. Wheels\n\nc. Bonnet\u00a0\u00a0 d. Bumper\n\n10.Which of the following does a train always have?\n\na. Rails b. Driver\n\nc. Guard d. Engine\n\n11. Find the word that is an essential part of the given word :\n\n\na. School\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b. Teacher\n\nc. Textbook\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. Learning\n\n12. Choose the pair in which the words are differently related.\n\na. Flower: Petal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. Chair:Leg\n\nc. Circle : Arc\u00a0\u00a0 d. Cover: Page\n\n13. Find the missing number.\n\n\na.\u00a0 5 b. 7\u00a0 \u00a0 c. 8 \u00a0 d. 3\n\n14. JB Patnaik, the three time Chief Minister of Odisha, was a former Governor of which State?\n\na. Bihar b. Odisha\n\nc. Maharashtra\u00a0 \u00a0 d. Assam\n\n15. Name the famous Australian cricket commentator died recently.\n\na. Richie Benaud\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. AJP Taylor\n\nc. Christopher \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. Alfred Toyn vee\n\n16. \u2018Ornithology\u2019 is the study of\n\na.\u00a0 bones\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. birds\n\nc. insects\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. viruses\n\n17. Choose the odd one.\n\na. Apple\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. Mango\n\nc. Carrot\u00a0\u00a0 d. Guava\n\n18. Which Indian cricket captain registered 100 wins under his captaincy?\n\na. Kapil Dev b. Sourav Ganguly\n\nc. Anil Kumble d. MS Dhoni\n\n19. Choose the appropriate number for fourth place.\n\n3 : 27 : : 9 : ?\n\na.792 \u00a0 b. 972\u00a0\u00a0 c. 279\u00a0\u00a0 d. 729\n\n20. Name the project that was launch by Kerala government on April 19 2015 to end liquor abuse in the State.\n\na. Subodham b. Punarjani\n\nc. Swachh Kerala d. None of these\n\n21. \u2018Durand Cup\u2019 is associated with which game?\n\na. Cricket b. Football\n\nc. Hockey d. Tennis\n\n22. Choose the related letters from following alternatives :\n\n\n\n\n23. The chief constituent of Gobar-\n\na. ethane b. methane\n\nc. hydrogen d. carbon dioxide\n\n24- Statements:\n\nSome papers are pens\n\nAll the pencils are pens.\n\n\n  1. Some pens are pencils.\n  2. Some pens are papers.\n\nFrom the statements :\n\na. only Conclusion I follows\n\nb. only Conclusion II follows\n\nc. either Conclusion I or II toll\n\nd. both Conclusion I and II f\n\n25. Find the missing number.\n\n\na. 9\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a08\n\nc. 16 \u00a0d.\u00a06\n\n26. Which of the following rivers does not flow through Chota Nagpur plateau?\n\na. Damodar \u00a0b.\u00a0North Koel\n\nc. South Koel\u00a0 d.\u00a0Mahanadi\n\n27. Find the odd one out.\n\na. PR\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0FG\n\nc. DF\u00a0d.\u00a0TV\n\n28. Somnath temple is in-\n\na. Jharkhand\u00a0 \u00a0b.\u00a0Gujarat\n\nc. Maharashtra \u00a0d.\u00a0Karnataka\n\n29. \u2018International Mother Earth Day\u2019 was observed globally on\n\na. April 1,2015\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. April 12, 2015\n\nc. April 22, 2015 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a0April 25, 2015\n\n30. Who was the Chief Guest of the Republic Day Celebrations in 2015?\n\na. Queen Elizabeth\n\nb. Barack Obama\n\nc.Maithripala Sirisena\n\nd.None of the above\n\n31. A program used to perform tasks on a computer is called\n\na. Software\u00a0b.\u00a0Mouse\n\nc. Keyboard\u00a0d.\u00a0Flardware\n\n32. Which of the following activities can be done online?\n\na. Shopping\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Booking Tickets\n\nc. Ordering food\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a0All of these\n\n33. Who among the following was the acting Prime Minister of India, twice?\n\na.Dr. Zakir Hussain\n\nb.Gulzarilal Nanda\n\nc. BD Jatti\n\nd. Jawaharlal Nehru\n\n34. Which is called the \u2018Garden City\u2019 of India?\n\na. Dehradun\u00a0b.\u00a0Kodaikanal\n\nc. shimla\u00a0d.\u00a0Bengaluru\n\n35. Which of the following industrial towns is located on the Chota Nagpur plateau?\n\na. Bhilai \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Ranchi\n\nc. Asansol\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a0None of these\n\n36. A copy of data made to be used to restore and recover data if it is lost, is called\n\na. Hard Copy\u00a0b.\u00a0Soft Copy c. Backup\u00a0d.\u00a0None of these\n\n37. What does SMS stand for?\n\na. Short Mail Service\n\nb.Small Message Service\n\nc. Simple Mail Scheme\n\nd. Short Message Service\n\n38. A\u2026\u2026is attached to a computer for capturing keystrokes.\n\na. Speaker\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Microphone\n\nc. Keylogger\u00a0d.\u00a0Key Stroker\n\n39. Choose the odd one.\n\na. Infant\u00a0b.\u00a0Cub\u00a0\u00a0 c. Doe\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a0Kitten\n\n40. The keyboard shortcut for copying selected data, is-\n\n\nb. Ctrl+M\n\n\n\n41.Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence :\n\n1. Nation 2. Village 3. City 4. District5. State\n\na. 2, 3, 4, 5,1. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a02, 3, 4,1,5\n\nc. 1,3, 5, 4, 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. 1,2, 3,4,5\n\n42. I am facing South. I turn right and walk 20 m. Then I turn right again and walk 10 m. Then I turn left and walk 10 m and then turning right walk 20 m. Then I turn right again walk 60 m. In which direction am I from the starting point?\n\na. North\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0North-West\n\nc. East\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. North-East\n\n43. Which of the following is a Database Management System?\n\na.MS Access\n\nb.Open Office Calc\n\nc.Both (a) and (b)\n\nd. None of the above\n\n44. Florence Nightingale is associated with\n\na. Red Cross \u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Human rights\n\nc. Nursing\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. None of these\n\n45.Hill stations Nainital and Dehradun are located in which of these States?\n\na. Uttarakhand\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b.\u00a0\u00a0 Sikkim\n\nc. Arunachal Pradesh \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. Himachal Pradesh\n\n46.\u2018Bank\u2019 is related to \u2018Money\u2019 in the same way as \u2018Transport\u2019 is related to\n\na. Goods\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Road\n\nc. Movement\u00a0\u00a0 d. Traffic\n\n47. The numbers in each alternative are related to someway. Find the odd one out.\n\na. 3 : 8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a06 : 35\n\nc. 7 : 50 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. 1: 0\n\n\na. 5279431\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a05978213\n\nc. 8251896\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. 8543691\n\n49. Mohiniyattam is the dance form of which of these States?\n\na. Karnataka\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Tamil Nadu\n\nc. Kerala\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. Andhra Pradesh\n\n50.Choose the missing term out of the given alternatives :\n\nD-4, F-6, H-8.J-10, ?, ?\n\na. K-12, M-13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0L-12, M-14\n\nc. L-12, N-14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. K-12, M-14\n\n51.Choose the appropriate number for the fourth place.\n\n108 : 27 : 776 : ?\n\na. 162 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0194\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. 137\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. 147\n\n52. Q\u2019s mother is sister of P and daughter of M. S is daughter of P and sister of T. How is M related to T?\n\na. Father\n\n\n\nd.Grandfather or Grandmother\n\n53. Find the missing number.\n\n49, 64, ?, 100, 121.\n\na. 72\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a081\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. 88\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. 92\n\n54.Which one of the following is a language used to write a webpage?\n\na.Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)\n\nb.Uniform Resource Locator (URL)\n\nc.Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)\n\nd.None of the above\n\n55. Dronacharya award is given for excellence in\n\na. any sports \u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0sports coaching \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. archery\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. track events\n\n56.Which is often the default function key used for viewing a window in full screen?\n\na. F5 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0F9 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. F11 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d. F12\n\n57. Which among these is a bird sanctuary?\n\na. Bharatpur \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Bandipur \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. Bannerghatta .\u00a0\u00a0 d. Bandhavgarh\n\n58.Which of the following is the correct expansion of Wi-Fi?\n\na. Wire-Fire\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Wirefree-Fidelity \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. Wireless-Fidelity \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d. Wired-Fidelity\n\n59.Question\u00a0In which year was Rahul born?\n\n\nI. Rahul at present is 25 years younger to his mother.\n\nII. Rahul\u2019s brother was born in 1964, is 35 years younger to his mother.\n\na. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient.\n\nb. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient.\n\nc. Either I or II is sufficient.\n\nd. Both I and II are sufficient.\n\n60. You turn on the computer and you can hear the CPU starting but the monitor screen is black. What could be the problem?\n\na. Monitor is not connected to the PC.\n\nb. Monitor is not connected to a power source.\n\nc. Either (a) or (b)\n\nd. Neither (a) nor (b)\n\n61. Find the odd one out.\n\na. MOQ \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0GEC \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. SUW \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a0PRT\n\n62. Who was the first Governor of Jharkhand?\n\na. Prabhat Kumar \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Shibu Soren\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. Arjun Munda\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. Madhu Koda\n\n63. Quit India Movement started in the year-\n\na. 1936\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a01943 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. 1942 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d. 1941\n\n64. Brahmaputra is the upper region of Himalayas is called-\n\na. Dhansiri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Tsangpo\n\nc. Tista \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 d. Manas\n\n65. Statements\n\nAll actors are girls.\n\nAll the girls are beautiful.\u00a0Conclusions\n\nI. All the actors are beautiful.\n\nIISome girls are actors.\n\nFrom the statements :\n\na. only Conclusion I follows\n\nb. only Conclusion II follows\n\nc. either Conclusion I or II follows\n\nd. both Conclusion I and II follow\n\n66. Who is the Chief Minister of Jharkhand?\n\na. Raghubar Das \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Arjun Munda\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. Shibu Soren\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d Babulal Mararndi\n\n67. Which is the largest fresh water lake in the world?\n\na. Chilka\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Victoria\n\nc. Ontario \u00a0\u00a0 d. Superior\n\n68. Choose the missing term out of the given alternatives.\n\n\na. XVZ \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0ZYZ\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c. YXW \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a0VWX\n\n69. Which will be meaningful order of the following?\n\n1. Birth 2. Death 3. Funeral 4. Marriage 5. Education\n\na. 1 3451\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0453 1 2\n\nc. 15423\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0d.\u00a02 3 4 5 1\n\n70. The National game of India is\n\na. Cricket\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Hockey\n\nc. Football\u00a0d.\u00a0Kabaddi\n\n71. Who is the author of book \u2018Train to Pakistan\u2019?\n\na. Arundhati Roy \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0RK Narayan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. Amitav Ghosh\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. Kushwant Singh\n\n72. Which of the following is the highest mountain peak in India?\n\na. Mount Kailash\n\nb. Mount Everest\n\nc. Mount Kanchenjunga\n\nd. Mount K2\n\n73. Which of the following coalfields is not in Jharkhand?\n\na.\u00a0 \u00a0 Singrauli \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a0Jharia \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c. Hutar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d. Auranga\n\n74. A word processor is used to\n\na. remove viruses\n\nb. browsing the internet\n\nc. creating documents\n\nd. listen to music\n\n75. Find the odd one out.\n\na. 25\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.\u00a027\n\nc. 63 \u00a0 \u00a0 d. 29\n\n\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u095d\u0947 (Read Also) :\n\n: Best 48 Objective Question of Jharkhand\n\n: India Budget 2022-2023 key points\n\n: Child labour in India\n\n: \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 ,\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\n\nLeave a Comment\n
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nFinding square root of matrices using Cholesky decomposition is limited to positive definite matrices. Any other method to find square root of matrix which has some diagonal values approximately zero (0.00000001) ?\n\nshare|improve this question\nWhat is the relation between the title and the body of your question? \u2013\u00a0 Mariano Su\u00e1rez-Alvarez Oct 28 '10 at 5:52\nIf you have diagonal values close to zero or zero, the matrix can be non-positive-definite (semi, negative definite). \u2013\u00a0 Anbu Oct 28 '10 at 6:04\nBy square root of $A$, one usually means a (symmetric) matrix $R$ such that $R^2=A$. On the other hand, Cholesky gives a (nonsymmetric) matrix so that $L^TL=A$. The two are not related, as far as I know. \u2013\u00a0 Federico Poloni Oct 28 '10 at 7:13\n\n2 Answers 2\n\nActually Cholesky can be shown to extend to semidefinite matrices:\n\n\n\nEvidently implemented in R.\n\n\nMeanwhile, covariance matrices are semidefinite, read some background at\n\n\nshare|improve this answer\nNote however that for stability purposes, symmetric pivoting might be required in the positive semidefinite case. \u2013\u00a0 J. M. Oct 28 '10 at 6:02\nJ.M., you should make a full answer and talk about symmetric pivoting. \u2013\u00a0 Will Jagy Oct 28 '10 at 6:11\nThanks Will. I'm trying to find square root of a covariance matrix. I think covariance matrix is positive definite for some probability distributions (eg. Normal distribution). \u2013\u00a0 Anbu Oct 28 '10 at 6:11\n\nPersonally, I'm still a bit torn while giving this prescription. I am of the opinion that for truly reliable computation, one should use the singular value decomposition whenever one can tolerate the performance penalty; it truly is a very stable algorithm that can also be used to compute a bunch of important diagnostic quantities. (As an aside, if it is truly the square root you want, you could exploit the fact that having a singular value decomposition of $\\mathbf{A}$ is effectively equivalent to having an eigendecomposition of either of $\\mathbf{A}^T \\mathbf{A}$ or $\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{A}^T$)\n\nHaving said this, if you're still dead-set on using Cholesky on a positive semidefinite matrix, while in exact arithmetic you are supposed to encounter a zero, what might actually happen with a (large enough) matrix with inexact entries is that your Cholesky routine encounters a tiny quantity not detected as zero, and the routine happily carries over this tiny quantity to divide other entries with. Disaster!\n\nThe cure is that one does a symmetric pivoting $\\mathbf{A}\\to\\mathbf{P}\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{P}^T$ (where $\\mathbf{P}$ is a permutation matrix), which reorders the diagonal entries of $\\mathbf{A}$ (no off-diagonal entries are moved into the diagonal). This has the effect that the (near-)zero quantities are not encountered until one already has proceeded through the $r$-th iteration of the main loop in the Cholesky decomposition, where $r$ is the (perceived) rank of the matrix (this depends on what tolerance you have set, or the value such that anything whose absolute value is lower than it is effectively treated as zero).\n\nI have only given a brief sketch, since what I really should be doing is to point out this paper by Nick Higham, which discusses the nuances of Cholesky decomposition with symmetric pivoting for symmetric positive semidefinite matrices.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nThis is nice, J.M. My sense is that the OP needs a canned routine, and evidently LINPACK has that, as Higham says. Good to know there is a simple way to push all the near-zero quantities away, while still in the middle of the algorithm. \u2013\u00a0 Will Jagy Oct 28 '10 at 16:18\n@Will: yep. Here: netlib.org/linpack/dchdc.f in fact is the LINPACK FORTRAN routine for pivoted Cholesky. However, there is now LAPACK, the successor to LINPACK, and it has a FORTRAN routine as well: netlib.org/lapack/double/dpstrf.f . \u2013\u00a0 J. M. Oct 28 '10 at 23:09\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Dismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nWhat to do with variances in a covariance matrix?\n\n  1. May 21, 2012 #1\n    How to get a covariance matrix is well defined, but I don't really know how to use it once obtained.\n\n    I'm trying to find the best parameters for a data set with a given function. I'm having four parameters a1,a2,a3,a4 and from these parameters I have the covariance matrix. I'm supposed to get the 'errors' of the parameters from the matrix. I know that the covariance between the same element gives the variance so the elements on the diagonal of the matrix (when i=j) give the variances. I can't really figure out what the variance means, is it an absolute error in the parameters or maybe a relative error? Or maybe it's something quite different, can anyone explain me what the variance means?\n  2. jcsd\n  3. May 21, 2012 #2\n\n    Stephen Tashi\n\n    User Avatar\n    Science Advisor\n\n    Let's clarify what you are doing. You have some data. What is the format of the data?\n\n    You say you have 4 parameters. Does this mean that you have determined the numerical values of thse parameters? If so, did you do this with a curve fitting method? What method?\n\n    You say that you have the covariance matrix. Is the covariance matrix for the parameters? Or is it for the components of the data? Do you know how this matrix was computed or is it merely an output of some curve fitting software?\n  4. May 21, 2012 #3\n    The data I have is the time differences of a measured pulse from a pulsar due to the radial velocity caused by a planet, the times at which this is measured and the errors of the measurement.\n\n    From theory follows this formula \u0394T=a1+a2*sin(a3*t+a4) (note: \u0394T and t are independent). I use the Levenberg-Marquardt method to find the best fitting parameter values. This numerical method uses a covariance matrix, which is returned once you stop the 'routine'. So what I have now is the best parameter values, but I somehow need to get the 'errors' in these values from the covariance matrix of these parameters.\n\n    I hope it's a bit more clear now.\n  5. May 21, 2012 #4\n    Hi snipertje!\n\n    Yeah, much more clear now! When fitting several parameters into a model, typically pseudo-Newtonian methods like the one you mention are used which means Jacobian and Hessian matrices are going to be involved in the process.\n\n    Now, fortunately, it turns out that the inverse of the Hessian matrix approximates the variance/covariance matrix of the parameters involved in the model.\n\n    I'm explaining all this because you must make sure if the matrix you have is the Hessian returned by the algorithm or the approximation given by the Hessian (the actual variance/covariance matrix you won't have it).\n\n    If it is the approximation of the variance/covariance matrix simply square root the diagonal (that is the variance of each parameter) and that will be the standard error you're looking for.\n\n    If it is the Hessian, then invert the matrix and treat it like if it was the variance/covariance matrix to calculate the standard error.\n\n    I hope this helps! :smile:\n    Last edited: May 21, 2012\n  6. May 21, 2012 #5\n    This is exactly what I wanted to know, thanks a lot. I'm pretty sure that it indeed is the Hessian which the method uses, but the subroutine I use inverts it when you tell it to stop, so I get precisely what you say here. Cheers\n\nSimilar Discussions: What to do with variances in a covariance matrix?\n  1. Covariance matrix (Replies: 2)\n\n  2. Covariance matrix (Replies: 4)
+__label__positive Canna/Hemp Chemistry 101\n\nLearn more about cannabinoids and terpenes\n\nWhat are the most common cannabinoids and terpenes and what do they do?\n\nionization labs\n\nionization labs\n\nCanna/Hemp Chemistry 101\n\nLearn more about cannabinoids and terpenes\n\nCanna/Hemp Chemistry 101: A Little Introduction\n\nWhat is a Cannabinoid? What is the difference between the cannabinoids found within marijuana and hemp? What conditions can the most common cannabinoids treat? What is the future of cannabinoid research?\n\nWhile research is arguably still in its infancy, there is actually quite a lot that we already know about cannabis, the chemical processes, and the medical applications of the most prevalent cannabinoids. Ionization Labs has put together a little informative to better educate folks on the the chemistry and applications of marijuana and hemp. Browse our articles below, or start HERE to explore cannabinoids or HERE to explore cannabis terpenes.\n\nWhat is Cannabigerolic Acid \u2013 CBGA?\n\nWhat is CBGA- Cannabigerolic Acid ? What do we know about CBGA? What are the health benefits of CBGA?\n\nWhat is Cannabigerovarin \u2013 CBGV?\n\nLauded to be the most effective of all the cannabinoids in combating cancer, CBGV is one of over 100 known cannabinoids. What is CBGV and what can it treat?\n\nWhat is Cannabigerovarinic Acid- CBGVA?\n\nWhat is CBGVA - Cannabigerovarinic Acid? How is CBGVA created? What are the medicinal benefits of Cannabigerovarinic Acid?\n\nWhat is Cannabigerol? \u2013 CBG\n\nCBG is another in a long list of cannabinoids that many people know absolutely nothing about, but you should. What is CBG? What is the medicinal potential of CBG?\n\nWhat is Cannabinolic Acid \u2013 CBNA?\n\nThere is little is known about CBNA other than it is not a psychoactive. Presently, we can only surmise that it will have qualities similar to both THCA and CBN.\n\nWhat is Cannabinol \u2013 CBN?\n\nCBN, or Cannabinol, bears a large resemblance to CBD (cannabidiol) and provides a host of benefits when it is isolated. It shows a lot of promise, and companies are begging research facilities to explore this cannabinoid compound in greater detail.\n\nWhat is Cannabichromevarin \u2013 CBCV?\n\nWhat is CBCV? How does CBCV differ from CBC and other cannabinoids? What is the medicinal value of CBCV?\n\nWhat is Cannabichromene \u2013 CBC?\n\nWhat is CBC? How does CBC differ from other cannabinoids? What are the medicinal uses of CBC?\nCannabis-potency-testing-hemp-potency-testing- CBCA - Cannabichromenic Acid\n\nWhat is Cannabichromenic Acid \u2013 CBCA?\n\nCBCA is one of 112 known cannabinoids found in cannabis plants. When decarboxylation methods are used to heat the compound, it breaks down to CBC.\n\nWhat is Cannabidivarinic Acid \u2013 CBDVA?\n\nWhat is CBDVA - Cannabidivarinic Acid? How is CBDVA created? What are the medicinal benefits of Cannabidivarinic Acid?\n\nWhat is Cannabidivarin \u2013 CBDV?\n\nWhat is CBDV? Is CBDV the same as CBD? What is the medicinal potential of CBDV? Where can CBDV be found?\n\nWhat is -Cannabidiolic Acid \u2013 CBDA?\n\nCBDA is not only closely related to the compound CBD (cannabidiol) which is a well-known cannabinoid, it is the predecessor. CBD comes from CBDA.\n\nWhat is Cannabidiol \u2013 CBD?\n\nCBD, or cannabidiol, is a phytocompound found in cannabis plants. CBD is a cannabinoid compound which is known to bond with CB2 receptors of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). When CBD bonds with the CB2 receptors, a lipid is formed which helps do a number of things in the body.\n\nWhat is Tetrahydrocannabivarin Carboxylic Acid \u2013 THCVA?\n\nTHCVA, in particular, joins the ranks of CBD, THC, CBC, CBGA, THCV and more cannabinoids that are being researched for their usefulness to the body. While CBD and THC are the most well-known of the cannabinoids, as science has continued to expand into cannabis research, and molecular isolation has improved, other cannabinoids have been able to be explored more fully.\n\nWhat is Tetrahydrocannabivarin \u2013 THCV?\n\nWhat is THCV? How does THCV differ from THC and THCVA? What is the medicinal value of THCV?\n\nWhat is Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid \u2013 THCA?\n\nWhat is the Difference Between THC and THCA? How Does THCA Turn Into THC? What are the medicinal benefits of THCA?\n\nWhat is Delta 8 Tetrahydrocannabinol THC\n\nLearn about Delta-8-Tetracannabinol, how THC-8 interacts with the human body, the medicinal benefits, and the difference between Delta-8-THC and Delta-9-THC\n\nWhat is Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol \u2013 THC\n\nWhen most people think of THC, they think of the euphoria or high associated with cannabis. While it is true that THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the chemical responsible for most of marijuana's psychotropic effects, it is actually a lot more complex than that.\n\nCannabinoids 101: Main Classes of Cannabinoids\n\nWhile THC is the most well known of the cannabinoids, there are actually over 100 different cannabinoids present within the cannabis plant.\u00a0Therapeutically, different cannabinoids have different therapeutic benefits and affect the body in different ways.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nCBN \u2013 Uncovering Yet Another of the Many Beneficial Cannabinoids Found in Cannabis\n\nWhat is CBN? Learn more about Cannabinol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in Cannabis, and arguably the next big thing in Cannabis therapy for mood, and sleep.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Terpinolene\n\nWhile the various benefits of cannabis terpenes are still being studied, current scientific research points to Terpinolene as an effective sedative\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Trans-Nerolidol\n\nTrans-Nerolidol a secondary terpene found in lemongrass, tea tree, and jasmine. It is being researched currently for use as an anti-parasitic and anti-fungal\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Terpinene\n\nTea tree oil naturally contains Terpinene and this undoubtedly has much to do with the antiseptic, antifungal properties of the tea tree oil\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Sabinene\n\nSabinene is ranked as the single most important ingredient in essential oils because of the antiseptic nature of this therapeutic terpene.\n\nThe Terpene Phytol\n\nPhytol is known as an antioxidant and research is beginning to lead us to believe that it is effective against tumors, as well as convulsions and seizures.\n\nThe Terpene Pulegone\n\nPulegone can work as a muscle relaxer and has also been used for generations as a fever reducer. Some research studies have shown it may also improve memory.\n\nThe Terpene Phellandrene\n\nPhellandrene is the topic of many experiments right now that focus on the anti-fungal properties and antibacterial properties of this terpene.\n\nThe Terpene Nerolidol\n\nNerolidol has had plenty of medicinal research because it has been found to be an anti-protozoan. It has treated malaria with great success.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Menthol\n\nMenthol is also an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory. This enables it to help with pain associated with many chronic conditions, such as arthritis.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Isopulegol\n\nThe precursor to menthol, Isopulegol gives a somewhat minty smell to marijuana. Studies on lab rats have concluded that it may be an effective relaxant.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Isoborneol\n\nAs the name seems to imply, Isoborneol is related to the terpene Borneol. It is believed to aid in reducing oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's among other conditions.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Guaiol\n\nIn 2007, Guaiol was found to be a a good antimicrobial agent, particularly against bacteria and fungi. In 2013, Guaiol to be a good insecticide.\nGeranyl Acetate\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Geranyl Acetate\n\nLike most terpenes, Geranyl Acetate is a known anti-fungal, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Many are beginning to see the potential in plants as medicine\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Fenchol\n\nRich in antioxidants which are suspected to aid in fending off cancer, as well as boosting the immune system, Fenchol is a secondary cannabis terpene.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Cymene\n\nCymene is found in cannabis but also most commonly in thyme and in cumin. Cymene is known for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, first and foremost.\n\nThe Terpene Cedrene\n\nThe terpene Cedrine, when combined with other terpenes and cannabinoids, can produce powerful anti-inflammatory effects.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Camphor\n\nWhat is Camphor? What are the health benefits of the cannabis terpene Camphor? From where else is Camphor derived?\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Valencene\n\nWhen combined with cannabinoids such as CBD and THC, the therapeutic effects of Valencene will help you focus, relieve stress, relax and get in the zone.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Terpineol\n\nWhat is Terpineol? What conditions can Terpineol treat? Where can the terpene Terpineol be found?\nOcimene Terpene\n\nWhat is the Cannabis Terpene Ocimene\n\nWhat is the cannabis terpene Ocimene? What is the medicinal potential of Ocimene? Where can the terpene Ocimene be found?\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Myrcene\n\nWhat is Myrcene? What conditions can Myrcene treat? Which cannabis strains contain Myrcene?\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Linalool\n\nThis terpene has anti-inflammatory properties that can benefit those with arthritis or other autoimmune diseases, such as MS or Fibromyalgia.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Limonene\n\nAs the name seems to imply, the terpene known as Limonene is commonly associated with citrus fruits but is also produced by cannabis.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Humulene\n\nHumulene is a common terpene shared by cannabis and hops. Hops are the ingredient that gives beer its fragrant aroma and robust flavor.\nThe Cannabis Terpene Geraniol\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Geraniol\n\nMost commonly found in cannabis, rose oil, lemongrass, lemons and other fruits, Geraniol is a potent anti-fungal which also helps to regulate metabolism.\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Delta 3 Carene\n\nWhat is Delta 3 Carene? What conditions can Delta 3 Carene treat? Where is Delta 3 Carene found?\n\nThe Terpene Caryophyllene\n\nWhat is Caryophyllene? What are the health benefits of Carophyllene? Which plants create Carophyllene?\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Camphene\n\nWhat is Camphene? What are the health benefits of the cannabis terpene Camphene? From where else is Camphene derived?\n\nThe Terpene Eucalyptol\n\nWhat is Eucalyptol? In which plants is Eucalyptol found? What are the health benefits of Eucalyptol?\nBorneol is derived from Dryobalanops Aromatica\n\nThe Cannabis Terpene Borneol\n\nBorneol is a terpene that is widely used in traditional Chinese Medicine. Referred to as \u201cMoxa\u201d, it is used for heart health, anxiety relief, and pain.\nAlpha-pinene and Beta-pinene\n\nThe Cannabis Terpenes Alpha-pinene and Beta-pinene\n\nWhat are the cannabis terpenes Alpha-pinene and Beta-pinene ? How do Alpha-pinene and Beta-pinene act within the body? What are the medicinal uses of Alpha-pinene and Beta-pinene?\nCannabis Terpene Bisabolol\n\nAbout the Cannabis Terpene Bisabolol\n\nWhat is the Cannabis Terpene Bisabolol? How is Bisabolol created? What are the medicinal benefits of Bisabolol?\n\nTerpenes 101 \u2013 A Guide to Cannabis Terpenes\n\nWhile primary terpenes largely influence how any individual plant smells, and effect a plant's growth and development, secondary terpenes aid the plant's defense. Whereas the unique aroma carried by each cannabis plant is a product of the primary terpenes present within the plant, the medicinal value of any given cannabis strain is a product of both primary and secondary terpenes combined.\u00a0\n\nHemp Or Pot? The Question Plaguing Law Enforcement And Vexing Growers\n\nHemp and Marijuana can appear to be one in the same. How can law enforcement differentiate the two? The answer is in mobile hemp and marijuana testing equipment.\n\nCannabis and Hemp Testing Process\n\nWhat is the process involved in testing cannabis and hemp potency? In this video Cree Crawford explains the science behind cannabis and hemp testing.\n\nCannabis and Hemp Testing for Growers and Cultivators\n\nTesting for potency in hemp and cannabis is a science. Cree Crawford delves into the science of testing in the cannabis industry at an event for Texas Norml\n\nLearn about Cannabis Testing\n\nLearn about cannabis and hemp potency testing. In-House potency testing allows for increased productivity and return on investment.\n\nIonization Labs team speaks at Hemp Stalk 2019\n\nAccurate In-House cannabis and hemp potency testing. Cann-ID is the best in-house THC and CBD potency testing device on the market.\n\nChase McMicheal talks Cannabis testing and HPLC at Hemp Stalk 2019\n\nWhat is HPLC? Chase McMicheal talks about high performance liquid chromatography) considered to be the standard for lab testing technology for potency.\n\nIn-House Potency Testing Solutions for Cannabis & Hemp\n\nCannabis & hemp industry professionals don't have to sacrifice accuracy when employing in-house potency testing. With Ionization Labs, the choice is \u201csimply accurate\u201d .\n\nFactors Cultivators Need to Understand about Cannabis Potency Testing\n\nGrowers and cultivators need to develop potency testing to acquire a compliance certificate from in an accredited laboratory, label their products well, and have information on hand which will allow them to optimize their crops.\n\nPresentation on Hemp\n\nAn in-depth presentation on hemp. Sheila Hemphill speaks on behalf of the Texas Hemp Industries Association in Austin, TX.\n\nCannabis Science\n\nNishi Whiteley, author of the book Chronic Relief: A Guide to Cannabis for the Terminally and Chronically Ill, discusses cannabis science at an event for Texas Norml.\n\nIonization labs\n\n\nGet Started HERE\n\nDownload our Information Flyer\n\nDownload a\u00a0Sample Report\n\nInvest HERE\n\n\n\nLab Testing Award 2019
+__label__positive What is the location of chromatin in a cell?\n\nWhat is the location of chromatin in a cell?\n\n\nWhere are chromosomes and chromatin located?\n\nIn eukaryotes, however, genetic material is housed in the nucleus and tightly packaged into linear chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of a DNA-protein complex called chromatin that is organized into subunits called nucleosomes.\n\nWhat is chromatin examples?\n\nChromatin is a complex of nucleic acids (e.g. DNA or RNA) and proteins (e.g. histones). Thus, we can define chromatin as a substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins (known as histones).\n\nWhat is chromatin material where is it found what is its function?\n\nChromatin is a genetic material or a macromolecule comprising of DNA, RNA, and associated proteins, which constitute chromosomes in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell. This chromatin is located within the cell nucleus. The main functions of this genetic material include: Preventing DNA damage.\n\nWhat is chromatin in simple words?\n\nChromatin is a substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein. The DNA carries the cell\u2019s genetic instructions. The major proteins in chromatin are histones, which help package the DNA in a compact form that fits in the cell nucleus.\n\nHow many pieces of chromatin are in human cells?\n\n46 pieces\n\nWhy Chromatin is found only in eukaryotes?\n\nChromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells, with prokaryotic cells having a different arrangement of their genetic material called a genophore \u2013 a chromosome that doesn\u2019t contain chromatin.\n\nWhat\u2019s the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes?\n\nWhat is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes ? Chromatin is a strand of DNA wrapped around a protein and is a building block of all the chromosomes. Chromosome is the structure in which DNA is stored in D.\n\nIs DNA a chromosome?\n\nIn the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. DNA and histone proteins are packaged into structures called chromosomes.\n\nWhere is DNA in a human body?\n\ncell nucleus
+__label__positive Company Name Starts with ...\n\nCSC Manual Testing Interview Questions\nQuestions Answers Views Company eMail\n\nWhat are the steps, procedures, objectives to write test cases.\n\n4 13250\n\nProcess and procedures followed while writing Integration testcases and system test cases\n\n1 1452\n\nany body can explain me door lock test cases,cell phone test cases, table and chair test cases\n\n5 13021\n\nDifference Between Quality Center and Test Director?\n\n2 3848\n\nWhat is the mean by Test Management,Test Design,Test Execution,Test Plan,Test Specification?\n\n1 7067\n\nExplain Equavalence Partioning.With example?\n\n3 4120\n\nCan u please explain wat is Cyclomatic Complexity?and wat is incident?\n\n2 3298\n\nwat is the 3 golden rules of gui testing\n\n2 6531\n\ncan please tell me in brief:: what is Agile testing?when we go for this type of testing?\n\n4 5635\n\nWhen u will start writing test cases?who will intemate u ,to write test cases?if the requirements changes day by day what will u do allready written test cases?\n\n2 5155\n\nHow can u justify u r written all the test cases are meeting the client Requirements?if is there any missing functionality how can u know?\n\n3 5266\n\nWhat are the interview question on insurance domain in manual testing\n\n\nwhat is difference b/w test case and test scenario?\n\n8 6944\n\nIf a TESTER finds a defect in a WEB APPLICATION, and then raised a ticket to developer. But a developer was unable to reproduce the same defect, then what a tester must do. And what a tester needs to explain a developer...?\n\n3 5319\n\nIn your Testing career, what was the critical DEFECT you think...? Please post some real time critical issues for the above question...?\n\n5 8610\n\nPost New CSC Manual Testing Interview Questions\n\nCSC Manual Testing Interview Questions\n\nUn-Answered Questions\n\nWhat is WiFi? How does it work? What is a WiFi router and should we own one to use the Internet? How can we access Internet through WiFi and how is it different from Modem?\n\n\nHow can the ANR be prevented in Android?\n\n\nWhat is typical size for a swap partition under a linux system?\n\n\nDifferentiate between data science, machine learning and ai.\n\n\nWhat is the candidate key used for?\n\n\nWhat do you mean by 'capital expenditure'?\n\n\nWhat is src file in android?\n\n\nWhat type of a language is python? Interpreted or Compiled?\n\n\nWhat is meant by led?\n\n\nwhat is the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()? : Java thread\n\n\nIn python, how do I read a file line-by-line into a list?\n\n\nShow attributes of page directives.\n\n\nWhat is the default value of \"vbroker.agent.retrydelay\" property?\n\n\nExplain what are the possible data marts in retail sales?\n\n\nwhat is the keyword used for self reference?
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\n2 - Pharm (11/11)\n\n\nWhat are the extended spectrum penicillins? Ampicillin and Amoxicillin\nAmpicillin and Amoxicillin are usually used in combination with what? Beta-lactamase inhibiotors (Clavulanate & Sulbactam)\nWhat are the Beta-lactamase inhibitors? Clavulanate & Sulbactam\nHow do Beta-lactamase inhibitors work? through competitive inhibition of Beta-lactamase\nAre Beta-lactamase inhibitors antibiotics? No, penicillinase has a higher affinity for clavulanic acid than penicillin, thus penicillin is freed to act against bacteria\nWhat are the 3 Methods of Penicillin resistance? 1. Destroy the antibiotic(B-lactamase) 2. Decrease entry (porins) 3. Reduce affinity to PBPs (modification)\nWhat are the narrow spectrum pnicillins? Penicillin G and Penicillin V\nWhich penicillin is penicillinase resistant? Nafcillin\nWhat is a Cephalosporin? An antibiotic which is less usuceptible to penicillinases - Disrubts the synthesis of peptidoglycan\nHow does the nucleus of penicillin differ from that of cephalosporin? Cephalosporins have a dihydrothiazine ring Penicillins have a thiazolidine ring\nHow do first generation cephalosporins differ from 2nd, 3rd, & 4th generations? 1st generation: primarily acitve agianst gram+others act more against gram- (some gram+)\nWhy are Cephalosporins helpful? 1. Can be used against penicillin resistant bacteria 2. Are more stable than penicillins 3. Less toxic\nVancomycin can be used against what types of bacteria? 1. Gram+ 2. penicillin or methicillin resistant 3. Pseudomembranous colitis\nRed man syndrom is a result of what? Rapid infusion (toxicity) of vancomycin\nWhat are the three primary catagories of protein synthesis inhibitors? 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Tetracyclines 3. Macrolides\nWhat type of protein inhibitor is erythromycin? Macrolide\nWhat type of protein inhibitor is streptomycin? Aminoglycosides\nWhat are the sizes of prokaryotic ribosomes? 30S & 50S\nWhat are the Aminoglycosides? 1. Gentamicin 2.Neomycin 3. Streptomycin 4. Tobramycin 5. Amikacin\nWhat are the Tetracyclines? Doxycycline & Tetracycline\nWhich protein inhibitors are semisynthetic, reversible (bacteriostatic), and have a broad spectrum? Tetracyclines\nWhat are the Macrolides? Erythromycin & Clarithromycin\nWhich prokaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor does not fit whithin the major three catagories? Chloramphenicol\nWhich protein inhibitors act against the 30S ribosomal subunit? Aminoglycans & Tetracyclines\nWhich protien inhibitors act against the 50S ribosomal subunit? Macrolides & Chloramphenicol\nAminoglycosides are primarily used for: 1. Gram-negative aerobes 2. Tobical treatments or gastroenteritis (poor absorption / not metabolized)\nHow are Aminoglycosides distinguished? By antibacterial spectrum\nHow are tetracyclines distinguished? By pharmacokinetics\nTetracyline toxicity results in what? 1. Teeth discoloration 2. Nephrotoxicity 3. Hepatotoxicity\nMacrolides are effective agains what? Respiratory tract pathogens\nHow does chloramphenicol interact with the body? Well absobed and is able to cross BBB\nToxicity of chloramphenicol results in what? Anemia (may be irreversible)- only use if absolutely necessary\nWhat are Antifolates? Antibacterial drugs that prevent folic acid metabolization to THF (inhibits DHFR)\nWhat are the antifolates? Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim\nWhat are Fluoroquinolones? Antibacterial drugs that preven bacterial DNA from unwinding\nCiprofloxcin belongs to what catagory of antibacterial agents? Fluoroquinolones\nWhat are polymyxins? Antibiotics which disrupt cell membrane by interacting with phopholipids\nWhy are trimethoprim are sulfamethoxazole used together? Produce synergistic action (more effective against a variety of infections)same toxicity as when seperate\nFluoroquinolone toxicity results in what? Joint disease in the young and interference with caffeine metabolism\nWhat four factors are involved in chosing the right antibacterial agent? 1. Host factors (pregnancy, renal function)2. Antimicrobial activity (mild vs severe) 3. Pharmacokinetics (target tissue) 4. Toxicity (risk/benifit ratio)\nCreated by: VCOM2013
+__label__positive << Chapter < Page Chapter >> Page >\nFork for CAPS 2011 alignment\n\n\nObserve the things around you, your friend sitting next to you, a large tree across the field. How is it that you are able to see these things? What is it that is leaving your friend's arm and entering your eye so that you can see his arm? It is light. The light originally comes from the sun, or possibly a light bulb or burning fire. In physics, light is given the more technical term electromagnetic radiation, which includes all forms of light, not just the form which you can see with your eyes.\n\nThis chapter will focus on the electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is a self-propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation, and are in phase with each other. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave: these types include, in order of increasing frequency, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.\n\nParticle/wave nature of electromagnetic radiation\n\nIf you watch a colony of ants walking up the wall, they look like a thin continuous black line. But as you look closer, you see that the line is made up of thousands of separated black ants.\n\nLight and all other types of electromagnetic radiation seems like a continuous wave at first, but when one performs experiments with light, one can notice that light can have both wave and particle like properties. Just like the individual ants, the light can also be made up of individual bundles of energy, or quanta of light.\n\nLight has both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave\u2013particle duality), but only shows one or the other, depending on the kind of experiment we perform. A wave-type experiment shows the wave nature, and a particle-type experiment shows particle nature. One cannot test the wave and the particle nature at the same time. A particle of light is called a photon.\n\n\nA photon is a quantum (energy packet) of light.\n\nThe particle nature of light can be demonstrated by the interaction of photons with matter. One way in which light interacts with matter is via the photoelectric effect, which will be studied in detail in Chapter\u00a0 [link] .\n\nParticle/wave nature of electromagnetic radiation\n\n  1. Give examples of the behaviour of EM radiation which can best be explained using a wave model.\n  2. Give examples of the behaviour of EM radiation which can best be explained using a particle model.\n\nThe wave nature of electromagnetic radiation\n\nAccelerating charges emit electromagnetic waves. We have seen that a changing electric field generates a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field generates an electric field. This is the principle behind the propagation of electromagnetic waves, because electromagnetic waves, unlike sound waves, do not need a medium to travel through. EM waves propagate when an electric field oscillating in one plane produces a magnetic field oscillating in a plane at right angles to it, which produces an oscillating electric field, and so on. The propagation of electromagnetic waves can be described as mutual induction .\n\nQuestions & Answers\n\nAkash Reply\nDo somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?\ns. Reply\nwhat is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls\nDevang Reply\nare you nano engineer ?\nAbhijith Reply\nis Bucky paper clear?\ns. Reply\nDo you know which machine is used to that process?\nhow to fabricate graphene ink ?\nfor screen printed electrodes ?\nWhat is lattice structure?\ns. Reply\nof graphene you mean?\nor in general\nin general\nGraphene has a hexagonal structure\nwhat is biological synthesis of nanoparticles\nSanket Reply\nwhat's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?\nDamian Reply\ntypes of nano material\nabeetha Reply\nmany many of nanotubes\nwhat is the k.e before it land\nwhat is the function of carbon nanotubes?\nI'm interested in nanotube\nwhat is nanomaterials\u200b and their applications of sensors.\nRamkumar Reply\nwhat is nano technology\nSravani Reply\nwhat is system testing?\npreparation of nanomaterial\nVictor Reply\nHimanshu Reply\ngood afternoon madam\nwhat is system testing\nwhat is the application of nanotechnology?\nsilver nanoparticles could handle the job?\nnot now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials\nI'm interested in Nanotube\ncan nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world\nPrasenjit Reply\nSmarajit Reply\nPrivacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a\nBerger describes sociologists as concerned with\nMueller Reply\nGot questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!\nQuizOver.com Reply\n\nGet the best Algebra and trigonometry course in your pocket!\n\n\nNotification Switch\n
+__label__positive Reply to comment\n\nPools of blood\n\nJanuary 2004\n\nA few months ago, my brother-in-law, who is a biologist, asked me a nice mathematical question. He had developed a blood test for detecting a certain minor abnormality in infants. The presence of a particular substance in the blood would indicate the presence of the condition and vice versa. His test was sufficiently sensitive that it would be possible to detect the presence of one or more affected children within a group of 100 or so, by testing a mixture containing a small amount of blood from each child: by testing a pooled sample of blood.\n\nObviously if you have taken blood samples from 100 children, you could find out precisely which children have the abnormality by running 100 separate tests. The question was this: can you cut down the number of tests significantly, by pooling samples of blood? If so, what is the best way to do it?\n\nThis question is a perfect example of a problem in the branch of mathematics known as information theory. We are given a random system (100 samples from randomly chosen babies) and we want to use experiments to identify which of the system's possible states has actually occurred.\n\nYes/no questions\n\nPartitioning of the states\n\nPartitioning of the states\n\nThe basic insight with which information theory begins is this. Whatever random system we are dealing with, and whatever experiments we are doing, each experiment is just a way of dividing up the collection of states into parts. An experiment asks which states produce outcome A, which produce outcome B and so on. In the diagram to the right the lines represent a partitioning of the collection of states by experiments.\n\nIn our case the possible outcomes of each test are:\n\n  \u2022 At least one of the contributors to the pool does show the abnormality;\n  \u2022 All contributors are free of the abnormality.\n\nSo each test divides the possible states into two parts: those states that yield P and those that yield N.\n\nAs we perform more experiments, we refine our partition further. After 2 tests we will have divided the state-space into 4 pieces, after 3 into 8 and so on.\n\nYes/No questions\n\nYes/No questions\n\nIn general, after m tests we will have partitioned the space of states into 2m pieces. Our task is to identify which state has actually occurred. So we want to invent a testing protocol that will partition the states completely: into individual items. If we are asking questions with two possible answers (Yes or No) then the maximum number of possibilities that we can guarantee to distinguish with m questions is 2m.\n\nUsually it is more convenient to express the number of experiments that you need in terms of the number of states that you are asked to distinguish, rather than the other way around. If the number of states is n=2m then the number of questions is the base 2 logarithm\n\nm = log2n.\n\nThe rough principle involved here can be written:\n\n(Number of Y/N questions) is approximately equal to log2(Number of states).\n\nThis looks promising since it tells us that the number of questions we need (the uncertainty of our system) is much smaller than the number of states.\n\nHowever, if there are n children we might have to run n tests in order to find out precisely which ones are affected by the abnormality, since one possibility is that all n children are affected. In that case, we are certainly going to have to test each child's blood separately to confirm that he or she is affected. However, if the abnormality is rare, then it is extremely unlikely that all the children will have it. Our hope is that for a rare abnormality there will be a good chance that we will be able to eliminate large numbers of children with just one test. What this means is that instead of asking:\n\nHow many tests might we need to determine who is affected?\nwe should be asking:\nCan we design a testing protocol that will determine who is affected, but will usually use far fewer than n tests?\n\nThe entropy\n\nA measure of uncertainty\n\nA measure of uncertainty\n\nThe number log2n that we found earlier is the uncertainty of a collection of n equally likely states. In the case of the blood samples, the states are not all equally likely: the possibility that all the children are affected is very remote. So we need to refine our measure of uncertainty by taking account of the likelihoods of the different states.\n\nTo do that, let's rewrite our earlier estimate in terms of probabilities. The number log2n is the uncertainty of a collection of n equally likely states: a collection of states, each of which has probability 1/n of occurring. If we call this probability p, so that n=1/p, then the uncertainty is\n\n\nIf we are given a system with equally likely states of probability p it will take log21/p questions to identify the state.\n\nNow suppose that we have a collection of states with different probabilities\n\np1, p2, p3, ... .\n\nThe idea is to think of each of them as if it belonged to a collection of equally likely states. The ith state has probability pi, so we will need logpi\u00a0 questions to identify it (if it occurs). To find the average number of questions that we will need, we have to add up these numbers log\u00a0pi, but weighted according to their likelihoods of occurring: to calculate the weighted average of these log\u00a0pi values.\n\nSo we get a measure of uncertainty,\n\np1log2(1/p1) + p2log2(1/p2) + ... + pnlog2(1/pn),\n\nwhich is called the entropy of the system. It is possible to prove that the minimum average number of Y/N questions required to identify the state cannot be smaller than the entropy of the set of possible states: so the entropy is indeed a good measure of uncertainty. The entropy measures a \"hard core\" of uncertainty that we cannot expect to circumvent however cleverly we design our testing protocol.\n\nIn the case of n blood samples from a population in which the disease occurs with probability p, the entropy can be calculated quite easily: it is\n\n\u00a0 \\[  n \\left(p \\log _2 {1 \\over p}+(1-p) \\log _2 {1 \\over 1-p} \\right).  \\] \u00a0 \u00a0\n\nThis quantity is proportional to n, the number of samples, which is what we would expect: twice as many people should need twice as many tests. The number of tests per sample is the proportion\n\n\u00a0 \\[  p \\log _2 {1 \\over p}+(1-p) \\log _2 {1 \\over 1-p}.  \\] \u00a0 \u00a0\n\nEntropy per sample\n\nEntropy per sample\n\nWe would like this proportion to be less than 1 - to need fewer tests than there are samples. If we plot a graph of this quantity against p we get the diagram on the left.\n\nSure enough, the quantity is always below 1 and if p is very small, if the disease is rare, the entropy is close to zero: there is less uncertainty. This is reassuring.\n\nThe entropy measures the minimum average number of tests that we might need in order to determine which infants are affected. But it doesn't tell us how to run the tests: it doesn't tell us whether there is any protocol that will work with so few tests, let alone what that protocol is. This situation is more or less unavoidable. The question of whether there is an efficient way to test a random system depends rather delicately on what that system is and on what questions we are allowed to ask. To get an upper estimate, we have to design an explicit protocol which does a good job.\n\nA binary protocol for blood testing\n\nOne possible way to test the samples is to use a \"binary\" division protocol: repeatedly dividing the possibilities into two. We collect n samples and to simplify matters let's assume that n is a power of 2, n=2m. It may be that none of the samples exhibits the abnormality, so it might make sense to begin by testing a pool of all n samples. If this test comes up negative then we have eliminated all n samples in one test. Otherwise, if the first test comes up positive then we proceed to divide the samples into 2 batches of n/2\u00a0=\u00a02m-1. Since there might be more than one affected sample, we have to test both of these batches. If either batch comes up negative we can eliminate all the samples in that batch. We continue in this way, eliminating any batch that tests negative and subdividing any batch that tests positive.\n\nThe binary protocol\n\nThe binary protocol\n\nAs you can see in the diagram to the right, the process of repeatedly dividing samples into two can be represented by what looks like a family tree shows such a tree for n=8. Each batch is divided into two \"daughter\" batches on the level below. The diagram also shows what happens if one of the 8 samples exhibits the abnormality (marked with a cross). The shaded batches are the ones that we actually have to test. Each time we test a batch without the cross in it, we get a negative result and we do not have to test any sample in this batch any further. Each time we test a batch which does have the cross in it, we have to go on and test its two daughter batches.\n\nWe can calculate the expected number of tests used by this protocol. If we start with n=2m samples and the probability of each sample being affected is p, then the expected number of tests used by the binary protocol turns out to be\n\n\u00a0 \\[  E(n) = 1+2 \\sum _{k=0}^{m-1} 2^ k \\left( 1-(1-p)^{2^{m-k}} \\right).  \\] \u00a0 \u00a0\n\nTests per sample for <i>p</i>=0.01\n\nTests per sample for p=0.01\n\nThe graph to the left shows this expected number divided by n (the number of tests per sample) plotted against n for the value p\u00a0=\u00a00.01. The dots show the number of tests per sample that we expect to use with the binary protocol while the horizontal line shows the entropy bound: the minimum number of tests that we could possibly hope to get away with. The binary protocol only takes about twice as many tests as the optimum, so it does a fair job.\n\nThe pattern of the dots looks a bit strange: it initially decreases, then increases, the minimum occurring at the dot corresponding to 64 samples. The reason is that for a small number of samples no protocol is very efficient: with just one sample you are bound to need 1 test: not a fraction of a test. For a large number of samples the protocol also has a small inefficiency: with a large number of samples it is highly unlikely that all the samples will be clear. This means that if our collection of blood samples is very large, there is no point in testing them all at once: the test would almost certainly be positive and we would have to go ahead and divide up the samples. There is no point carrying out a test if you are almost certain what result it will give, because the test is highly unlikely to give you any useful information.\n\nIf we use a refined testing protocol in which we divide up the samples into batches of size 64 before running any tests and then use the binary division protocol on each of these batches, then for p\u00a0=\u00a00.01 the protocol will not use more than about 13 tests per hundred children, on average. (In general, for a condition with prevalence p the optimal initial batch size is about 1/p.) This is a considerable improvement upon the 100 tests that would be needed without pooling.\n\nAbout the author\n\nKeith Ball's new book, reviewed in this issue of Plus.\n\nKeith Ball studied mathematics at Cambridge University (both BA and PhD). After some years working at Universities in the US he returned to the UK and is currently a Professor of Maths at University College London. His mathematical interests include high-dimensional geometry, probability and information theory and Diophantine approximation.\n\n\n  \u2022 Lines and paragraphs break automatically.\n\nMore information about formatting options\n\nTo prevent automated spam submissions leave this field empty.\nBy submitting this form, you accept the Mollom privacy policy.
+__label__positive Vector question (the a and b have an arrow on top to represent vector notation) PQRS is a quadrilateral with PQ=2a, QR=3b, and QS=3b-3a. Express PS and RS in terms of a and b\n\n1 Answer\n\nishpiro's profile pic\n\nishpiro | College Teacher | (Level 1) Educator\n\nPosted on\n\nAs you can see from the attached image, the vector `vec(PS)` can\u00a0be expressed as\u00a0the sum of two\u00a0given vectors:\u00a0`vec(PS) = vec(PQ)+vec(QS)` .\n\nThen we can plug in the expressions for `vec(PQ)` and `vec(QS)` in terms of `veca` and `vec b` , which will give us\n\n`vec(PS) = 2veca + 3vecb - 3veca = -veca+3vecb` .\n\nThe vector `vec(RS)` is a little trickier, because it has to be expressed as a difference of two vectors:\n\n`vec(RS) = vec(QS)-vec(QR)` (This can be checked by addition: if you consider `vec(QS)` , you can see from the image that `vec(QS) = vec(QR) + vec(RS)` .\n\nAgain, plug in the appropriate expressions for the two given vectors in terms of `veca ` and `vecb` and simplify:\n\n`vec(RS) = (3vecb - 3veca) - 3vecb = -3veca`\n\nThis image has been Flagged as inappropriate Click to unflag\nImage (1 of 1)
+__label__positive Diffusion of Gasses through the Respiratory Membrane\n\n18 terms by courtneynicole57\u00a0\n\nCreate a new folder\n\nAdvertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nFinal Exam - Dr. Carter\n\nWhat are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?\n\n1) the fluid lining of the alveolus (including surfactant)\n2) alveolar epithelial cells\n3) epithelial basement membrane\n4) interstital space\n5) capillary basement membrane\n6) capillary endothelial cells\n\nWhat are the 4 factors that dictate confusion?\n\n1) pressure gradient\n2) thickness of the membrane\n3) surface area of the membrane\n4) diffusion coefficient\n\nWhat do the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane represent?\n\nthe distance a gas molecule must travel to move from the alveoli to the blood or vice versa\n\nBy what process do gasses pass through the respiratory membrane?\n\n\nWhat are the 4 factors that dictate diffusion?\n\n1) pressure gradient\n2) thickness\n3) surface area\n4) diffusion coefficient\n\nWhat is the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli (PA)?\n\n104mmHg and 40mmHg\n\nWhat are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood prior to gas exchange (Pv)?\n\n40mmHg and 46mmHg\n\nWhat are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood after gas exchange (Pa)?\n\n100mmHg and 40mmHg\n\nList 3 clinical examples of increases thickness of the respiratory membrane and describe each one.\n\n1) pulmonary edema - a build up of excess fluid in the interstital space between the alveoli and the capillary\n2) pulmonary fibrosis - a build up of fibrous tissue in the interstital space\n3) pneumonia - a build up of inflammatory fluid and cells in and around the alveoli\n\nHow does emphysema affect diffusion of gases in the lungs?\n\nit decreases the overall surface area of the respiratory membrane by destroying the alveolar septa\n\nWhy does CO2 diffuse more efficiently than oxygen?\n\nCO2 is 20 times more soluble in water than oxygen is\n\nWhat does Fick's Law describe?\n\nthe volume and rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane\n\nWhat is hypercapnia?\n\nincreased partial pressure of CO2 in the blood\n\nWhat is hypoxemia?\n\ndecreased partial pressure of O2 in the blood\n\nWhich will occur first, hypoxemia or hypercapnia? Which will be corrected first?\n\nhypoxemia; hypercapnia\n\nWhat is pulmonary capillary transit time?\n\nthe time that a RBC is in contact with the respiratory membrane\n\nIf cardiac output increases, what will happen to pulmonary capillary transit time?\n\nit will decrease\n\nWhy isn't PaO2 an appropriate indicator of PAO2?\n\neven though they are close to the same under normal circumstances, there are many factors influencing the transport of gases across the respiratory membrane and if there is pathology, the difference between PaO2 and PAO2 will increase\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording\n\nCreate Set
+__label__positive What is the difference between:\n\natomic mass\n\nrelative atomic weight\n\nrelative isotopic weight\n\nstandard atomic weight\n\natomic weight\n\nrelative atomic mass\n\nI am told by Wikipedia that: relative atomic weight = atomic weight\n\nand a the start of the article it says: For a single given sample, the relative atomic mass of a given element is the weighted arithmetic mean of the masses of the individual atoms (including their isotopes) so standard atomic weight = relative atomic weight\n\nBut at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass#Standard_atomic_weight#Definition it says:\n\n\nI am told here that:\n\nThe standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) of a chemical element is the weighted arithmetic mean of the relative atomic masses (Ar) of all isotopes of that element weighted by each isotope's abundance on Earth.\n\nBut in this video I am told this is the definition of relative atomic mass.\n\nHere I am told:\n\nAtomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom. A single atom has a set number of protons and neutrons, so the mass is unequivocal (won't change) and is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.\n\nAtomic weight is a weighted average of the mass of all the atoms of an element, based on the abundance of isotopes. The atomic weight can change because it depends on our understanding of how much of each isotope of an element exists.\n\nIn other words: Atomic weight = standard atomic weight\n\nAlso, which of these definitions is used to convert grams of a substance into moles\n\n  \u2022 3\n    $\\begingroup$ Related: Quick and simple explanation of molar mass, molecular mass and atomic mass $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0user7951 Jul 23 '20 at 18:26\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ I have a bad feeling that the terminology is not properly standardised and that chemists are terminologically confused. However, this may not matter much in practice as the specific meaning is almost always obvious from context. I'm happy to be proved wrong, though. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0matt_black Jul 23 '20 at 18:34\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/38082/\u2026 $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Mithoron Jul 23 '20 at 19:08\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @matt_black, I agree that the way atomic masses or atomic weights are taught in general chemistry is very confusing and superficial. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0M. Farooq Jul 24 '20 at 1:03\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Thanks these websites clear some of the ambiguity $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0user96130 Jul 24 '20 at 8:42\n\nRelative Atomic Mass vs Atomic Weight\n\nRelative Atomic mass ($m_a$) is the measurement of the mass of an atom relative to carbon-12. It's dimension is M.[1] It can be measured in Da/u, kg or g.* [3] $$m_a \\approx \\mathrm{Mass\\ Number} \\times {1\\ \\mathrm{u}}$$ except for carbon-12 where they are the same.\n\nAtomic weight is:\n\nRelative atomic mass vs Standard atomic mass\n\nRelative atomic mass or Relative atomic weight is the weighted average of the isotopes of an element according to their abundance in a given sample compared to the atomic mass of carbon-12. It's dimension is M/M or 1. [2] [4]\n\nStandard atomic mass is the same except that the samples are restricted to terrestrial samples normally considering/averaging results from many different samples or results given by the CIAAW.\n\nRelative Isotopic Mass vs Relative Atomic Mass\n\nRelative Isotopic mass considers the mass of an isotope compared to the atomic mass of carbon-12. This is also dimensionless.\n\n*Universal mass constant vs kg , g ,etc\n\nThe universal mass constant ($m_u$) is defined as $\\frac{1}{12}$ of the mass of carbon-12 which defines 1 Da or 1 u. All measurements in Da are comparisons to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Since the discovery of Avogadro's constant, we know: [3] $$ 1\\ {\\rm{Da}} = 1.660\\ 539\\ 066\\ 60(50)\\times 10^{-27}\\ \\mathrm{kg}$$\n\nMolar Mass vs Molecular Mass (or Formula Mass)\n\nMolar Mass is the grams of a substance in 1 mole of it measured in gram per mole. It's dimension is $\\mathbf{M N^{-1}}$.\n\nMolecular mass or molecular weight is the sum of the atomic masses of all the component atoms of each element measured in u. It's dimension is M. Formula mass or formula weight is the sum of the atomic masses of component ions (not sure of the difference between this and molecular mass - in terms of quantity).[2]\n\n[1] see the answer to this Q by M Farooq\n\n[2] What is the difference between \"molecular mass\", \"average atomic mass\" and \"molar mass\"?\n\n[3] Mass number, (relative) atomic mass, average mass\n\n[4] Quick and simple explanation of molar mass, molecular mass and atomic mass\n\n\nIf you are confused, it is not a surprise because chemists remained confused for 200 hundred years. Welcome to the world of real science.\n\nAtomic weight is the older term for atomic mass. Modern day hair splitters would say that mass and weight are different things but historically in the old chemical literature, they meant one and the same thing.\n\nNobody can repeat two centuries of work here, but briefly, atomic mass of an element meant that it is the mass of any atom that combines with the mass of one oxygen atom.\n\nNow the key question is which leads to opening the Pandora box. What is the mass of one oxygen atom? People had to choose a number, because nobody knew the mass of oxygen atom. Some said, let us fix it to 200, some fixed it to some other number. This arbitrary \"mass\" of oxygen atom kept on changing, finally, someone said, let us fix it exactly to 16.000000000... (ad infinitum) units.\n\nNotice that I did not need any crutches of moles or grams per mole. This is all modern day stories fed to fresh minds. We are still in early 1920s.\n\nNow once the mass of oxygen is fixed, you can relatively easily assign an atomic weight of other elements with respect to oxygen\n\nFor example, atomic mass of hydrogen was determined to be 1.008 which is the mass which would combine with exactly 16 units of oxygen.\n\nNow you can understand that chemists never talk about absolute atomic masses, they are all relative to some element, so it is relative atomic mass.\n\nToday, the reference is carbon-12 (after 1960s) and there are many more nuances which may not be of interest at this moment.\n\nThink of relative atomic weights like this. Suppose I want to assign an \"atomic mass\" to you, but I do not know your mass. However, I know your friend's mass which is arbitrarily assigned as 100 lb. Using your friend as a reference we can assign an atomic mass to you indicating whether you are heavier or lighter than your friend.
+__label__positive Acute renal failure and pregnancy\n\nAcute renal failure and pregnancyEpidemiology:\n\nThe frequency of acute renal failure (ARI) in pregnancy is very different in developed and developing countries.\u00a0Prevalence and prognosis data can not be interpreted without taking into account the geographic context in which they were obtained.\n\nThe IRA has become, in France, an exceptional complication of pregnancy.\u00a0Its incidence has declined significantly in developed countries since the legalization of abortion.\u00a0Thus, before the legalization of abortion in France, the prevalence of ARI was estimated at 1/3 000 births, most of the gestational kidney failure being attributable to the septic complications of clandestine abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy.\u00a0Since its legalization (1975), this prevalence is estimated at 1/20 000. In recent years, gestational ARIs occur mainly in the 3\u00a0rd\u00a0trimester in a context most often of severe preeclampsia.\u00a0These changes explain that gestational ARIs represent only a tiny percentage of ARI in adults (less than 1.5% in the years 1990-2000, versus 20-50% in the years 1950-1970).\n\nThe lower incidence of gestational IRA is even stronger when a strong policy to facilitate pregnancy monitoring has been put in place.\u00a0The implementation of a strict and mandatory monitoring of pregnancy makes it possible to target parturients who are at high risk of fetal or maternal complications and to optimize their care.\n\nThe incidence of gestational ARI and its main etiologies therefore remain closely linked to the health policies and facilities of each state.\n\nAcute renal failure of the first trimester of pregnancy:\n\n\nUncontrollable vomiting in the first trimester complicates approximately 0.3% of pregnancies before the 12th week of amenorrhea (AS).\u00a0They can sometimes by their duration, their intensity and the associated digestive intolerance, be accompanied by an important extracellular dehydration.\u00a0This plasma hypovolemia is responsible for renal hypoperfusion (a decrease in renal blood flow), which is responsible for a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate that defines functional renal insufficiency (also known as prerenal insufficiency).\n\nPositive diagnosis:\n\nThe diagnosis is generally mentioned at the beginning of the first trimester in a young patient (\u00a0<\u00a020 years old) primiparous, presenting for several days incoercible vomiting.\n\nBiological examinations (blood and urine ionograms) quickly confirm the diagnosis.\n\nThe blood and urinary ionograms show:\n\n\u2013 hemoconcentration: elevated protein and hematocrit;\n\n\u2013 a metabolic alkalosis (loss of HCl + contraction alkalosis): generally major increase in plasma bicarbonate [HCO\u00a03 \u2013\u00a0]\u00a0>\u00a030 mmol / l);\n\n\u2013 hypokalemia often major [K\u00a0+\u00a0]\u00a0<\u00a03mmo ll\u00a0-1\u00a0);\n\n\u2013 a normal or low natremia (if ingestion of water remains possible);\n\nA low natriuresis [Na\u00a0+\u00a0] u\u00a0<\u00a020 mmol l\u00a0-1\u00a0;\n\nA urinary excreted fraction of Na\u00a0+\u00a0FE \u00b7 Na\u00a0+\u00a0<\u00a01%;\n\n\u2013 concentrated urine: [urea] u [urea] p\u00a0>\u00a010, [creatinine] u / [creatinine] u\u00a0>\u00a040, without proteinuria, without hematuria on the urine test strip.\u00a0Fasting ketonuria is possible without glycosuria or hyperglycemia.\n\nSlight hepatic cytolysis (\u00a0<\u00a05-10 N) and increased bilirubin can be observed (20% of cases).\n\nTherapeutic strategy:\n\nIn the case of renal failure, symptomatic treatment includes parenteral rehydration in a hospital setting.\n\nThe volume expansion by crystalloids (physiological saline NaCl 0.9%) makes it possible to correct the sodium depletion as well as the metabolic alkalosis.\u00a0The potassium deficit must systematically be compensated.\u00a0The exceptional and transient use of dialysis may be necessary in case of acute tubular necrosis secondary to intense and / or prolonged dehydration.\n\nThe symptomatic treatment of vomiting will use antiemetics (metoclopramide or doxylamine) or, in uncontrollable forms, chlorpromazine or promethazine.\n\n\nIn case of early treatment, renal function recovers ad integrum.\n\n\nClandestine abortions under aseptic conditions can be complicated by uterine infection, uterine perforation and septic shock.\n\nPositive diagnosis:\n\nThe diagnosis should be considered in principle in a woman of childbearing age in a context of gynecological sepsis.Pregnancy is not always declared, especially since the delivery was \u201cclandestine\u201d.\u00a0The clinical examination makes it possible to direct the diagnosis in front of vulvar wounds, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea and vaginal pains.\u00a0An abdominal contracture makes one fear a uterine perforation or a pelviperitonitis.\n\nThe clinical examination and the complementary examinations look for signs of multi-organ failure: pulmonary edema lesions (polypnea, hypoxia, hypocapnia), cytolytic hepatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (prothrombin [TP] level, low fibrinogen, partial thromboplastin time [ TCK] extended, fibrin degradation product [PDF] (+), D-dimer [DD] (+), thrombocytopenia), renal failure.\n\nTherapeutic strategy and nephrological prognosis:\n\nThe treatment will be symptomatic and specific:\n\n\u2013 specific: systematic early antibiotic therapy (ampicillin\n\n\u2013 clavulanic acid + aminoside + metronidazole) associated with exploratory laparotomy in case of peritonitis or suspicion of uterine perforation;\n\n\u2013 symptomatic: haemodynamic substitution and other visceral failures.\n\nPrognosis :\n\nLife-threatening may be compromised in case of multi-organ failure (maternal death rate of 15%).\n\nIf the acute course is over, the risk of chronic renal failure due to cortical necrosis remains significant (8%).\u00a0The diagnosis is suspected in case of absence of diuresis and persistent renal insufficiency after 3 weeks of effective symptomatic management.\u00a0Magnetic resonance angio-imaging (MRI) can establish the diagnosis by showing the absence of total or partial cortical vascularization.\u00a0In the absence of angio-MRI or CT angiography, conventional arteriography confirms the diagnosis by showing a bilateral dead tree appearance.\u00a0Recovery is possible in cases of partial necrosis, often at the cost of hypertension and subsequent renal failure.\u00a0Most patients unfortunately remain on chronic dialysis.\n\nAcute renal failure of the third trimester of pregnancy:\n\n\nKidney failure is a rare complication of preeclampsia.\n\nPreeclampsia is characterized by activation of the endothelial cells responsible for activation of platelet aggregation (small arteriole thrombosis, thrombocytopenia), haemolysis, capillary leak syndrome in the capillaries and arterioles. (interstitial edema, even pulmonary edema lesion) and vasoconstriction aggravating tissue ischemia (HTA and placental hypoperfusion).\u00a0Capillary leak syndrome and vasoconstriction result in plasma hypovolemia responsible for functional worsening of organic nephropathy.\u00a0Renal organ failure is characterized by glomerular endotheliosis (glomerular flocculus endothelial cell turgor) inconsistently associated with sub-endothelial immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement C3 fractions.\u00a0These two elementary lesions cause a decrease in the glomerular capillary lumen.Functionally, these lesions are associated with variable-rate proteinuria, more rarely renal failure.\n\nPositive diagnosis:\n\nThe prevalence of ARF in severe preeclampsia is estimated to be 0.8-7.4%, or between 8-31% for HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme, low platelet).\u00a0HELLP syndrome, in its complete form, complicates 25% of severe preeclampsia.\n\nThe diagnosis is discussed after 21 weeks in a parturient with recently discovered hypertension (HTA) associated with de novo proteinuria.\u00a0In this context, renal insufficiency of variable severity is associated with a proteinuria generally high flow (nephrotic syndrome), a water often marked sodium hypostasis (edema, ascites, pleural effusion) usually without hematuria.\n\nKidney failure is often part of a multi-organism attack:\n\nHepatic impairment (50% of cases) may occur, the expression of which may be upper gastric pain associated with hepatic cytolysis, rarely jaundice.\u00a0More unusually, liver damage may be complicated by hematoma or liver rupture.\n\nHaematological involvement is characterized by \u201cmechanical\u201d haemolysis (increased lactodehydrogenase (LDH) and conjugated bilirubin, decreased haptoglobin, presence of schizocytes) and thrombocytopenia.\u00a0In cases of renal failure, biological stigmata of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are often observed (84%).\n\nThe combination of hemolysis, hepatic cytolysis and thrombocytopenia defines the HELLP syndrome (33-50%).\n\nNeurological involvement (47%) is very diverse: unusual headaches, behavioral disturbances, convulsions (defining eclampsia), focal deficits, cortical blindness.\n\nA retroplacental hematoma (32-40%) is often associated in this case with a CIVD.\n\n\nThe therapeutic strategy is guided by the severity of the maternal picture (single or multiple visceral failure), the presence or absence of a retroplacental hematoma, the existence or not of fetal distress and the term of pregnancy.\n\nRapid termination of pregnancy:\n\nThe rapid termination of pregnancy is immediately necessary:\n\n\u2013 for fetal reasons: in case of acute fetal distress when the term is greater than 24-26 weeks;\n\n\u2013 for maternal reasons: in case of eclampsia, hematoma or liver rupture, respiratory distress, retroplacental hematoma.\n\nThe modalities of termination of pregnancy will be discussed below.\n\nProgrammed interruption of pregnancy:\n\nIf the term is greater than 34 weeks, it is inappropriate to continue the pregnancy given maternofoetal risks incurred.The work is triggered vaginally unless contraindicated.\u00a0During work, maternal complications and fetal viability are regularly assessed.\u00a0Thorough maternal surveillance is maintained for at least 48 hours postpartum due to possible worsening of visceral involvement with preeclampsia during this period.\n\nTemporize under strict maternal-fetal control:\n\nThis attitude is conceivable only when the health facility taking care of the pregnant woman has means of continuous clinical and biological surveillance of the mother, and that she has the possibility of performing a fetal monitoring at least twice a day and has within her a neonatal resuscitation unit (in France, a level III maternity facility which also has adult resuscitation).\u00a0Without these conditions, it seems dangerous and illicit to propose a wait-and-see attitude given the risk of vital maternal or fetal complications that may occur at any time.\n\nThe aim of this wait-and-see attitude discussed between 26-32 AS is to obtain a fetal maturation, especially of the lungs.\u00a0In practice, the goal is to delay delivery until the end of 32 weeks to limit the short and long-term complications of diseases related to prematurity: hyaline membrane disease, cerebral hemorrhages, etc.\n\nThe available therapeutic means and objectives to be achieved in the patient with preeclampsia and renal failure are as follows.\n\n\u2013 Optimize plasma volemia.\n\nThese patients all have plasma hypovolemia and, to a varying degree, capillary leak syndrome.\u00a0Careful volume expansion (crystalloid or human albumin) is undertaken under strict control of pulmonary tolerance (respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, and regular pulmonary auscultation).\u00a0Some authors propose to carry out this expansion under control of the measurements obtained by right catheterization: the filling being modulated according to the pulmonary capillary pressure (objectives Pcap 10-15 cmH\u00a02\u00a0O).\u00a0The main risk is pulmonary edema and / or massive pleural effusion resulting in hypoxia potentially deleterious to the fetus.\u00a0In case of hypoxia, stopping volume expansion, oxygen therapy, and non-invasive ventilation usually helps to overcome the problem.\n\n\u2013 Control of blood pressure.\n\nBlood pressure (BP) should be lowered if diastolic blood pressure (DBP) exceeds 110 mmHg (target: DBP 100-110 mmHg), but should be gradual and moderate.\u00a0Any abrupt and / or excessive decrease in AP would lead to an aggravation of placental ischemia, the most dramatic expression of which would be in utero death.\u00a0Labetalol is the oldest product used and its long-term safety has been established in the fetus.\n\nHowever, this product is increasingly replaced by nicardipine, which is also attributed a tocolytic action.\n\n\u2013 Corticotherapy.\n\nGiven the risk of premature delivery, a short course of corticosteroids is administered for 24 to 48 hours to accelerate fetal lung maturation, reduce neonatal mortality, and the risk of neonatal respiratory distress and intraventricular hemorrhage of the new -born.\u00a0Betamethasone is usually given in two 12 mg injections intramuscularly at 12 hour intervals.\u00a0Based on case series or retrospective castemoin studies, several teams note a benefit of corticosteroids in terms of control of maternal symptomatology: stabilization or correction of thrombocytopenia and hepatic cytolysis.However, no studies have shown a benefit to the fetus or to the prolongation of the gestation period.\n\n\u2013 Magnesium sulfate.\n\nIn Anglo-Saxon countries and on the basis of recent prospective studies confirming the appropriateness of these practices, intravenous magnesium sulphate (loading dose 2-4 g, maintenance 1-3 mg h\u00a0-1\u00a0) allows reduce the risk of seizures and possibly delay the delivery date.\u00a0Its use in combination with calcium channel blockers is not recommended due to an increased risk of complications related to magnesium sulfate (hypoventilation alveolar).\u00a0Her interest in the parturient with renal insufficiency is not demonstrated.\u00a0In addition, the use of magnesium sulphate should be avoided in cases of severe renal impairment, given an increased risk of overdose (alveolar hypoventilation).\n\n\u2013 Correction of hemostasis disorders.\n\nPlatelet transfusions are only considered in case of bleeding or caesarean section if the platelet count is less than 30 000 ml\u00a0-1.42\u00a0In cases of CIVD associated with haemorrhage of delivery (retroplacental hematoma), it may be necessary to transfuse, in addition to globular pellets, fibrinogen and antithrombin III pellets.\n\n\u2013 Triggering the delivery.\n\nUnder strict fetal and maternal control, in cases of acute fetal distress (SFA), uncontrollable hydrosodeal inflation (pulmonary edema, pleural effusion), respiratory distress, oligoanuric IRA, increased thrombocytopenia (\u00a0<\u00a050,000 / Ml ), hepatic cytolysis or hepatic hematoma, or aggravation of the neurological state, it is necessary, without state of mind, to trigger the delivery, whatever the term.\n\nThis therapeutic strategy, which is cumbersome in terms of surveillance, makes it possible to delay the delivery date by an average of 7 to 10 days, the benefit of which is to reduce the risk of neonatal respiratory distress and intraventricular haemorrhage of the newborn.\u00a0Delivery occurs in more than 50% of cases by caesarean section for fetal reasons (term\u00a0<\u00a032, SFA) or more rarely for maternal reasons (hepatic hematoma, convulsions, respiratory distress).\u00a0This strategy allows to obtain a term at birth of 30-32 SA.\n\nIndications of dialysis:\n\nThe use of dialysis is considered in cases of persistent renal failure oligoanuric or life threatening hydroelectrolytic disorders after fetal extraction.\u00a0Less than 10% of patients require treatment in extrarenal treatment.\n\nIndications of renal biopsy:\n\nIf renal failure fits into a clear nosological setting of severe preeclampsia, renal biopsy can not be justified to confirm the diagnosis.\u00a0On the other hand, in case of diagnostic doubt with other nosological entities, the interest of such an examination must be discussed in consultation with the nephrologist.\n\nIf kidney failure persists beyond 3 weeks, cortical necrosis is feared.\u00a0The diagnosis can be confirmed by an angio-MRI or, failing that, by arteriography.\n\n\nMaternal Prognosis:\n\n\u2013 Vital prognosis.\n\nThe deaths are fortunately exceptional (0-13%).\u00a0Pejorative factors are association IRA, CIVD, retroplacental hematoma (HRP), intrahepatic hematoma broken regardless of term.\n\nUsually, in a few days, postpartum, visceral failures fade.\u00a0However, vital complications secondary to preeclampsia remain the second leading cause of direct obstetric mortality in France.\u00a0Recidivism during subsequent pregnancies is not the rule.\n\n\u2013 Renal prognosis.\n\nIn most cases, renal function is recovered ad integrum (97-100%), although extrarenal clearance was initially necessary (0-31% of patients required dialysis).\n\nMore rarely (\u00a0<\u00a01%), especially with retroplacental hematoma and / or DIC, chronic renal failure may persist.\u00a0It is sometimes severe enough to warrant continued dialysis.\u00a0In most of these cases, morphological investigations (arteriography, angio-MRI, angioscan) or histological investigations then show cortical necrosis.\u00a0In cases of severe nephrotic syndrome, segmental and focal hyalinosis has been described in addition to glomerular preeclampsia lesions.\u00a0In these cases, the nephrological prognosis is generally favorable: the proteinuria disappears in a few weeks or months without recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.\n\nFetal prognosis:\n\n15 to 38% of ARI-associated preeclampsia are complicated by perinatal death.\u00a0especially in cases of CIVD and associated retroplacental hematoma, versus 5% in cases of simple severe preeclampsia with or without HELLP syndrome.\u00a0The fetal prognosis is primarily related to the term at the time of delivery;\u00a0it is all the more pejorative because the term is early and the IUGR important.\u00a0A child born to a mother with kidney failure has a birth and creatinine level comparable to that of her mother.\u00a0These metabolic disorders in a child with normal renal function may lead, in the first days of life, osmotic polyuria.\n\n\u201cReasonable\u201d care must achieve zero maternal mortality and perinatal mortality not exceeding 15-20%.\n\nDifferential diagnoses:\n\nIn practice, the diagnosis of ARI associated with severe preeclampsia is hardly a problem and, in the event of an ARI above 21 AS, the course is rapidly favorable postpartum in 2-7 days. .\n\nHowever, in the case of an earlier onset (\u00a0<\u00a021 weeks of age), when haemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia persist, or clinical worsening beyond 1 week postpartum, a microangiopathy independent of preeclampsia ( uremic and hemolytic syndrome).\u00a0In these forms, a thorough etiological investigation must be conducted in search of an infectious pathology (invasive diarrhea, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella), a dysimmunitary pathology (including primary antiphospholipid syndrome), a medical cause, etc.\n\nTherapeutic management including plasma exchange and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma can be discussed in addition to symptomatic treatment (strict control of PA, extrarenal treatment, etc.).\n\n\nIf hepatic failure dominates the picture, the diagnosis is that of acute hepatic steatosis gravidarum (SHAG).\n\nPositive diagnosis:\n\nWith an ARF appearing in the third trimester, the diagnosis of acute PID is evoked in the presence of abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice, moderate hypertension and polyuropolydypsin syndrome.\n\nBiological examinations show an increase in free bilirubin, an often moderate cytolysis (\u00a0<\u00a010 N), hepatic insufficiency (lower prothrombin rate, hypoglycemia, etc.), a decrease in fibrinogen and biological stigmata of CIVD.\u00a0The presence of a \u201cbrilliant\u201d liver in ultrasound is, in this context, suggestive of the diagnosis of SHAG.\n\nThe importance of hepatic insufficiency, the discretion of cytolysis and the presence of a glossy liver on ultrasound enable the diagnosis of acute PID to be made and the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome to be ruled out.\n\nTherapeutic strategy:\n\nThe termination of pregnancy can interrupt the pathological process.\n\nHowever, in case of a term of less than 32 weeks, in the absence of SFA, in the absence of signs of severity (absence of hepatic insufficiency, encephalopathy, severe ARI, DIC) and within the framework of strict maternofoetal surveillance (maternity level III in France) a wait-and-see attitude can be proposed.\u00a0This delay is used to administer corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturity.\u00a0This attitude will have to be questioned quickly in case of maternal aggravation (encephalopathy, Tp\u00a0<\u00a050%) or SFA.\n\nMaternal Prognosis:\n\nCurrently, under conditions of diagnosis and early management, maternal mortality is less than 10%.\n\nNephrological prognosis:\n\nThe use of renal cleansing is rarely necessary.\u00a0When extrarenal clearance is required, following fetal extraction, continuous hemofiltration or continuous venous hemodiafiltration is preferred over sequential hemodialysis.\u00a0In case of hepatic encephalopathy, it avoids the sudden changes in intracranial pressure causing some deaths.\n\nRenal function usually recovers ad integrum away from the acute episode.\n\n\nThe obstruction of the urinary tract by the uterine gravidarum remains an exceptional cause of renal failure.\u00a0This elimination diagnosis is confirmed a posteriori by the rapid normalization of renal function after uterine evacuation.\n\nPositive diagnosis:\n\nThe diagnosis is generally evoked in front of an ARI appearing at the approach of the term in a parturient having a hitherto uncomplicated pregnancy.\u00a0Hydramnios and twin pregnancy could be considered as aggravating factors through mechanical compression of the ureters.\u00a0On ultrasound, pelvises and ureters appear dilated upstream of the sacred promontory, without this image being considered pathognomonic.\n\nTherapeutic strategy and nephrological prognosis:\n\nChildbirth allows a normalization of renal function in a few days usually without sequelae, allowing retrospective confirmation of the diagnosis.\n\nAcute renal failure: other etiologies\n\n\nThe occurrence of rapidly progressive renal failure associated with variable flow proteinuria and hematuria should be discussed with glomerulonephritis.\u00a0This diagnosis is exceptionally discussed in the third quarter, given the much higher incidence of preeclampsia-related kidney disease.\u00a0However, an atypical clinicobiological presentation in the 3 rd trimester, the presence of extranephrological signs, or their early onset (\u00a0<\u00a021 AS) must give rise to a multidisciplinary analysis (obstetrician, nephrologist, internist) in order to quickly orient the diagnostic procedure.\u00a0A kidney biopsy must sometimes be performed to affirm with certainty the diagnosis of nephropathy and to define the best therapeutic management.\u00a0Its realization is discussed during pregnancy only before 32 SA.\n\n\nPregnancy may be accompanied by a lupus flare-up in women with a disease that could not be controlled before the onset of pregnancy.\u00a0Renal attacks occur more readily in the 3\u00a0rd\u00a0trimester or postpartum.\n\nMore rarely, the diagnosis of lupus can be made during pregnancy in acute renal failure of glomerular profile: rapidly progressive renal failure, variable flow proteinuria, hematuria associated with normal or low BP.\u00a0The association of extranephrological signs directs the diagnosis: polyarthritis, Raynaud\u2019s syndrome, vespertilio, etc.\n\nThe search for antinuclear antibodies and deoxyribonucleic acid antacid (DNA) antibodies, the fall of the complement help to guide the biological diagnosis.\u00a0Renal biopsy is discussed before 32 weeks in order to better define the therapeutic strategy (possible immunosuppressive treatment).\n\nAn ARI during pregnancy may also be indicative of other systemic diseases: microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, rheumatoid purpura, etc.).\n\n\nExceptionally indomethacin used formerly during the threats of preterm delivery could be complicated by IRA as in non-pregnant adults.\n\n\nPyelonephritis exceptionally complicate IRA during pregnancy, except in case of late diagnosis.\u00a0Outside the context of septic shock, an adverse change in renal function in 24-72 hours, despite the correction of hydroelectrolytic disorders and appropriate antibiotic therapy may lead to propose the rise of probe in double J. Indeed, an obstructive uropathy does not may not always be formally eliminated, given the physiological dilatation of pyelocalical cavities and ureters during pregnancy.\n\n\nAs with any adult addict, cocaine used during pregnancy can lead to an ARI.\n\nHow to give birth / anesthesia:\n\n\nIn the case of a term greater than 32 weeks, in the absence of SFA, retroplacental hematoma or \u201cmajor\u201d maternal visceral failure, vaginal delivery is preferred.\n\n\nCaesarean section is indicated for SFA, retroplacental hematoma and, for many teams, in case of a term of less than 32 weeks.\n\nRenal failure, eclampsia, thrombocytopenia and hepatic cytolysis are not, in themselves, situations requiring caesarean section.\n\n\nEpidural anesthesia (APD) is the anesthesia of choice in case of preeclampsia including cesarean section.\u00a0It offers many maternal advantages: a stable analgesia makes it possible to avoid the hemodynamic jolts linked to the nociceptive and fetal stimulations, by improving the uteroplacental blood flow.\u00a0The main contraindication to APD remains hemostasis disorders.\u00a0Despite the low incidence of peri-medullary hematoma, Ivy bleeding time is required when the platelet count is less than 120,000 / mm\u00a03\u00a0, as thrombocytopenia is often associated with platelet dysfunction.\u00a0APD can be performed when bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen are normal on a check-up taken less than 2 hours before the puncture.\n\nGeneral anesthesia has many drawbacks especially at the time of anesthetic induction: hypertensive outbreaks responsible for left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema and / or cerebral hemorrhage.\u00a0The anesthetic induction must be preceded by the ingestion of an antacid and a volume expansion (500 ml of crystalloid).\u00a0The use of morphinomimetics is strongly recommended (alfentanyl 8 to 10 \u03bcg kg\u00a0-1\u00a0).\u00a0The treatment of hypertensive relapses uses fast-acting and short-acting antihypertensives (nicardipine and labetalol).\n\n\nThe IRA must remain an exceptional complication of pregnancy.\n\nThe legalization of abortion helps to avoid ARI related to septic complications of illegal abortions.\u00a0Early management of intractable vomiting in the first trimester should avoid their metabolic complications.\u00a0In the 3\u00a0rd\u00a0quarter, early detection of women with severe pre-eclampsia must allow rapid and appropriate management of signs of fetal and maternal suffering.\n\nFinally, women with gestational renal failure should be treated in centers where obstetrical, pediatric, nephrological and resuscitation skills are available.\n\n\n\nShare This Post\n\nRelated Articles\n\nPowered by WordPress \u00b7 Designed by Theme Junkie
+__label__positive Simple Gk questions and answers\n\nGk Questions taken from our Online GK service\n\nRetrieving gk questions from online gk box is very difficult, so we are posting some selected important gk questions from the Gk box. These gk questions are shared by our Online visitors.\nOnline gk questions\n\n1. The spherical shape of a drop is due to _______ ?\nAnswer: Surface tension\n\n2.\u00a0 Who is the present RBI Governor ?\nAnswer:\u00a0 Duwuri Subbarao\n\n3. Earth is protected from Ultra voilet radiation by _______ ?\nAnswer: Ozone\n\n4. If we move from equator to pole the value of acceleration due to gravity \"g\"_______ ?\nAnswer:\u00a0 Increases\n\n5. Capital of VeneZuela ?\nAnswer: Karakkas\n\n6. Solid carbon dioxide is known as ______?\nAnswer: Dry ice\n\n7.\u00a0 VAT was first introduced in which country ?\nAnswer: France\n\n8. Which instrument is used to measure blood pressure ?\nAnswer: Sphygmomano meter\n\n9. How many coastal states are in India ?\nAnswer: 9\n\n10. The country which lost the largest number of people in the 2nd world war ?\nAnswer: Japan\n\n11. How many fundamental duties are laid in the constitution of India ?\nAnswer: 11\n\n12. Which is the Biggest Museum ?\nAnswer:\u00a0 British Museum, London\n\n13. Shora is the parliament of\u00a0 _______?\nAnswer: Afghanistan\n\n14. Who is the first person to get Param vir chakra ?\nAnswer: Major Somnath Sharma\n\n15. Which is the largest fresh water lake in India ?\nAnswer: Wular Lake\n\n* 16. Which is the longest river in peninsular India ?\nAnswer: Godavari River\n\n* 17. What is the full form of SIM ?\nAnswer: Subscriber Identity Module\n\n* 18. Who is the founder of Van Mahotsav ?\nAnswer: K.M. Munshi\n\n* 19. What is the full form of https ?\nAnswer:\u00a0 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure\n\n* 20. Where is Sardar Sarovar project situated ?\nAnswer: Gujarat\n\n* 21. Which is the coldest planet in the solar system?\nAnswer: Neptune\n\n*22. Which is the Longest National Highway in India ?\nAnswer: NH 44 (old name NH 7)\n\n* 23. Which is the smallest National Highway in India ?\nAnswer: NH 966B\n\n* 24. How many bones are there in human skull ?\nAnswer: 22\n\nDid you know who is the first woman to win Bharat Ratna ?\n\n\nfeel free to comment\n\nPls read our Comment Policy about backlinks\nor it will be deleted
+__label__positive CHAPTER 2, 3, 4\n\nA carbonated soft drink that has a pH of 3 is ________ times more acidic than water.\n\n\nThe second orbital shell of an atom can hold ____ electrons.\n\n\nUrine, with a pH of 6, is _________ times more acidic than seawater, with a pH of 8.\n\n\natomic number for nitrogen\n\n\nwhat is carbo loading\n\nIt is a method by which athletes can increase the usual amount of glycogen that is stored in their muscles and liver, increasing the amount of fuel available for extended exertion and delaying the onset of fatigue during an endurance event.\n\nWhy do coastal areas have milder, less variable climates than inland areas?\n\nLarge bodies of water, especially oceans, can absorb huge amounts of heat from the sun during warm times of the year, reducing temperature increases on the land. Similarly, during cold times of year the ocean slowly cools, giving off heat that reduces the temperature drop on shore.\n\npolysacchrides are always\n\nBoth a) and c) are correct.\n\nWhich type of macromolecule is an informational molecule?\n\n\nAn enzyme that can bind to and break apart molecules of lactose should also be able to bind:\n\nNone of the above is true; this enzyme could bind none of these.\n\nthe atomic number of an element is\n\nthe number of protons in the nucleus of one atom.\n\nAn atom can be changed into an ion by adding or removing:\n\nan electron\n\nWhen you put a piece of chocolate on your tongue, your brain registers a sensation of sweetness. What aspect of molecules is responsible for their having a particular taste?\n\nthe molecules shape\n\nA complex polymer built of monosaccharides is called a\n\na polysacchride\n\nJust four elements make up more than 96% of the human body. These include:\n\ncarbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.\n\nenzymes are composed of\n\namino acids\n\nAn electrically balanced atom of chlorine (Cl) has 17 protons in its nucleus. How many electrons does it have in its outermost shell?\n\n\nThe nucleus of an atom is usually made up of:\n\nprotons that have a positive charge and neutrons that have no electrical charge\n\nmultiple atoms linked together are called:\n\na molecule\n\nThe four most abundant elements in living organisms are:\n\nhydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon.\n\nEnergy used in cellular respiration can originate from:\n\ncarbohydrates, proteins, and fats.\n\nevaporation from the leaves of a tree will pull water up through the roots as an unbroken column throughout the entire height of the tree. This feat is possible because of which characteristic(s) of water?\n\n\nPure water and aqueous solutions that are neither acidic nor basic are said to be:\n\n\nWhich of the following properties is a result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?\n\nAll of the above are true.\n\nThe pH scale is a direct measure of:\n\nthe concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.\n\nIn an uncharged atom, the number of protons and ___________ must be equal.\n\n\nA complex polymer built of amino acids is called a(n):\n\n\nOne consequence of protein denaturation is:\n\nthe protein loses its functionality.\n\nMale gypsy moths are attracted by airborne chemicals that bind to receptors on their antennae. Only the correctly shaped molecule will fit into the receptors, stimulating an attraction. This is a demonstration of which fundamental biological concept?\n\nThe specific structure of something determines how that part interacts with other things\n\nWhich of the following statements is true about acids and bases?\n\nAcids mixed with bases neutralize each other.\n\nWater can absorb and store a large amount of heat while increasing only a few degrees in temperature because:\n\nthe heat must first be used to break the hydrogen bonds rather than raise the temperature.\n\nWhich of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts in DNA?\n\nguanine and cytosine\n\nWhich of the following are all monosaccharides?\n\nglucose, fructose, and galactose\n\nWhat are the essential components of all nucleotides?\n\nOnly a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogen-containing molecule.\n\nCovalent bonds are bonds in which:\n\ntwo atoms share electrons.\n\nSome of the tallest broadleaf trees are called yellow poplars. The leaves at the top of this tree must get water from the poplar's roots to stay alive. What characteristic of water underlies the transport of water from roots to treetop?\n\nWater is cohesive.\n\nhe tendency of water molecules to stick together is called:\n\n\nIn DNA, adenine from one strand binds to ______ in the complementary strand.\n\n\nA covalent bond is formed when:\n\ntwo atoms share electrons.\n\nRNA differs from DNA with regards to the use of the nitrogenous base __ instead of __.\n\nuracil, thymine\n\n\nincrease the rate at which a reaction occurs.\n\nThe most abundant molecule in the cell is\n\n\nan element\n\nis a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance.\n\nAn atom of iron has the atomic number 26. This means that:\n\nit has 26 protons.\n\nA buffer is a chemical that:\n\ncan quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic AND can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in the OH- concentration in a solution.\n\nchemical compound that releases H+ into a solution is called:\n\nan acid\n\nAll of the following are lipids EXCEPT:\n\n\nMost substances become more dense when frozen, but water becomes less dense. As a consequence, ice floats. What is responsible for this unusual property?\n\nAs the temperature drops and water molecules slow down, there is increasing opportunity for the hydrogen bonds to form. These bonds hold the numerous V-shaped molecules slightly farther apart than when there are no hydrogen bonds, causing the water to be less dense.\n\nRelative to protons:\n\nelectrons have significantly less mass.\n\nA peptide bond is a ________ bond between two __________.\n\ncovalent, amino acids\n\nOne molecule of water consists of:\n\none atom of oxygen covalently bonded to two atoms of hydrogen via a shared pair of electrons.\n\nin contrast to the ______________________________ that lead to ionic bonds, covalent bonds form when __________________________.\n\ncomplete transfer of electrons; two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons\n\nAll of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT:\n\nspider's silk.\n\nPhospholipids assemble spontaneously into bilayers driven by the attraction of their \"tail\" portions to each other and of their \"head\" portions to each other. The tail regions are:\n\n\nBuffers are substances that minimize the changes that occur in H+ and OH- concentrations. A buffer works by accepting _______ from the solution when there is an excess and donating them when there is a deficiency.\n\nhydrogen ions\n\nConsidering the principle of complementary base pairing, you would expect an equal ratio of which two nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule?\n\ncytosine and guanine\n\nThe dashed blue lines represent what kind of chemical bonding?\n\nhydrogen bonding\n\nAll matter on earth, both living and nonliving, is made up of:\n\n\nAll macromolecules important in living systems contain\n\n\nIn an unusually detailed dissection of your dinner, you isolate an unknown fatty acid. It is a liquid at room temperature (that is, has a low melting point) and contains carbon-carbon double bonds. What are you most likely to be eating?\n\na plant\n\nPhosphorus is an important nutrient for plants and animals because it is a component of:\n\nDNA, RNA, and ATP.\n\nAnimal fats and plant oils are sometimes used as sources of fuel for automobile engines. How is energy harvested from these molecules?\n\nThey contain long chains of hydrocarbons that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together.\n\nAtoms become stable when:\n\ntheir outermost electron shell is filled to capacity.\n\nhat is the molecular explanation for why the sweetener Splenda is perceived by the human tongue as being sweet?\n\nMolecules of Splenda are similar in shape and structure to sucrose.\n\nLactose is a combination of:\n\nglucose and galactose.\n\nbecause enzymes are proteins, they are sensitive to denaturing conditions that disrupt protein structure. Which of the following is NOT an example of a denaturing condition?\n\nAll of the above are examples of denaturing conditions.\n\nUnsaturated fatty acid chains in membrane phospholipids help to maintain fluidity because:\n\nthey are less likely to pack tightly at lower temperatures AND they have kinks induced by extra carbon-carbon double bonds.\n\nA balance between which two ions in aqueous solutions within organisms is critical for the proper functioning of the chemical processes of life?\n\nH+ and OH-\n\nCertain molecules act like bank accounts for H+ ions because they can absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic and release H+ ions to keep the solution from becoming too basic. Such molecules are called:\n\n\nwater can absorb and store a large amount of heat while increasing only a few degrees in temperature. Why?\n\n\nThe secondary structure of a protein refers to:\n\nthe twisting of the amino acid chain into a corkscrew-like shape or into a zigzag folding pattern.\n\nDNA is made of:\n\n\nThe pH scale is a direct measure of:\n\nthe concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.\n\nHydrogen bonding among water molecules gives water all of the following important properties, EXCEPT:\n\ntransparent color\n\na protein is a polymer of\n\nan amino acid\n\nrganic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon are called:\n\n\nA chemical compound that releases OH- into a solution is called:\n\nan acid\n\nThe silk of a spider's web is remarkably strong, and its tensile strength is comparable to that of steel. Spider silk is a(n):\n\n\nDietary fiber is composed of:\n\n\nwhich of the following phenomena is most likely due to the high specific heat capacity of water?\n\nThe temperature of the Santa Monica Bay, off the coast of Los Angeles, fluctuates less than the air temperature throughout the year.\n\nHydrogen bonds are:\n\nthe interaction between a hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.\n\nAn atom of sodium (Na) has 11 protons. What is it's approximate atomic mass?\n\n\nWhy is it common for people to have dramatic weight loss when they first start on a low calorie diet?\n\nThe body breaks down glycogen with water molecules bound to it; much of the weight loss is water loss.\n\nA partial sequence of a molecule is \"AACTGCT.\" The molecule is:\n\na nucleaic acid\n\nIn terms of structural materials, _______ is to plants what _______ is to lobsters and crabs.\n\ncellulose, chitin\n\nHow an atom bonds with other atoms is chiefly determined by:\n\nits electrons\n\nAll of the following are proteins except:\n\n\nThe ingredient label on a container of shortening indicates \"partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.\" This means that during processing the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil was reduced. What is the result of decreasing the number of double bonds?\n\nthe oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature.\n\nWhich of the following statements about living systems is NOT true?\n\nall directly dependent on sunlight\n\nThe tertiary structure of a protein is the\n\nunique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.\n\nWithin the cells of any organism, the living substance comprises a multitude of non-living components. Included in these non-living components are all of the following EXCEPT:\n\n\nWhich statement about phospholipids is FALSE?\n\nBecause the unsaturated fatty acid chains are easily broken they are the chief form of short term energy.\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\nClick the icon above to update your browser permissions and try again\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nVoice Recording
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nWhat are the most overpowered theorems in mathematics?\n\nBy \"overpowered,\" I mean theorems that allow disproportionately strong conclusions to be drawn from minimal / relatively simple assumptions. I'm looking for the biggest guns a research mathematician can wield.\n\nThis is different from \"proof nukes\" (that is, applying advanced results to solve much simpler problems). It is also not the same as requesting very important theorems, since while those are very beautiful and high level and motivate the creation of entire new disciplines of mathematics, they aren't always commonly used to prove other things (e.g. FLT), and if they are they tend to have more elaborate conditions that are more proportional to the conclusions (e.g. classification of finite simple groups).\n\nAnswers should contain the name and statement of the theorem (if it is named), the discipline(s) it comes from, and a brief discussion of why the theorem is so good. I'll start with an example.\n\nThe Feit-Thompson Theorem. All finite groups of odd order are solvable.\n\nSolvability is an incredibly strong condition in that it immediately eliminates all the bizarre, chaotic things that can happen in finite nonabelian simple groups. Solvable groups have terminating central and derived series, a composition series made of cyclic groups of prime order, a full set of Hall subgroups, and so on. The fact that we can read off all that structure simply by looking at the order of a group is amazing.\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\n\nclosed as primarily opinion-based by Najib Idrissi, user26857, USER91500, Meta, yoknapatawpha Oct 25 '15 at 14:45\n\n\nI heard Feit-Thompson is getting nerfed in the next version. \u2013\u00a0Federico Poloni Nov 7 '13 at 9:13\ndisproportionately strong conclusions, minimal / relatively simple assumptions, Fermat's little theorem? \u2013\u00a0Paul S. Nov 7 '13 at 19:03\n@FedericoPoloni: nerfed? next version? can you explain what that means? I conjecture it relates to video game patches. \u2013\u00a0NikolajK Nov 8 '13 at 9:20\n@NickKidman It's a joke, you guessed well. \"Overpowered\" is (also) common computer game jargon for some powers/features in a game that are much stronger than the others and should be reduced in power (\"nerfed\") to preserve the balance of the game. Feel free to remove the comment if you think it's not funny or it shouldn't be allowed here because it's gratuitously off-topic. \u2013\u00a0Federico Poloni Nov 8 '13 at 9:32\n\n33 Answers 33\n\nLook into complex analysis. You have insanely powerful theorems all stemming from a function being analytic :).\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nI always though of the results in complex as being a bit like black magic (that is, lots of results seemingly from nowhere). I've since decided the real culprit is in the subtle definition of differentiability, which is actually quite restrictive in maps from $\\mathbb R^2$ to $\\mathbb R^2$. For instance, on an intuitive level, the maps are conformal almost everywhere. \u2013\u00a0Brady Trainor Nov 7 '13 at 7:06\nThe OP justifies his meaning of \"overpowered\" in the post. He means a simple assumption that yields a multitude of results. :) But yes you are correct. \u2013\u00a0Mr.Fry Nov 7 '13 at 8:52\n\nSylow's first, second and third theorem which are about finite groups are a powerful result in proving results about finite groups. As a nice application of this we can prove that, if $G$ is a finite group of order $pq$ where $p$ and $q$ are distinct primes and $p \\lt q$, then if $p \\mid q-1$ then there exists a unique non abelion group of order $pq$ in the other case the group is actually turns to be cyclic.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nThose are important, but they're not terribly powerful in my estimation. Most arguments with Sylow's theorems require a lot of additional legwork. \u2013\u00a0zibadawa timmy Nov 7 '13 at 6:52\n\nThe contraction Mapping Theorem. It simply states if $X$ is a complete metric space and $T:X\\rightarrow X$ is a contraction mapping then there is a unique fixed point. This theorem is used a lot in studying solutions in numerical analysis and ordinary and partial differential equations.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nThe field of complex numbers $\\mathbb{C}$ is algebraically closed. The fundamental theorem of algebra is a result which we use in lot of places. It has its own importance in Mathematics.\n\nSame we can see with any fundamental theorem in Mathematics like Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, $\\ldots$\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nShould that be \"importance\"? \u2013\u00a0Raskolnikov Nov 7 '13 at 8:15\n\nOrbit-stabilizer. There's so many things that can be described as group actions, and tons of counting arguments reduce to it.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n+1 for the swanman \u2013\u00a0Stahl Nov 7 '13 at 20:37\n\nThe existence of a primitive root in $(\\mathbb{Z}/p\\mathbb{Z})^{\\times}$, and the Well-Ordering Principle, if you're talking about number theory. The former gives a lot of structure to the prime multiplicative groups, while well-ordering can prove linear diophantine equations, $(a,b)=1 \\land a|bc\\Rightarrow a|c$, and unique prime factorization in the natural numbers. Also this video by the author of Brown Sharpie is relevant.\n\nOh! Don't forget about AM-GM, probably the most used inequality theorem ever.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nI would include the pigeonhole principle in such a list. This principle is one that is easy to explain to a 4 year old, and at the same time it is used throughout all areas of mathematical research. As an example see Proof of Van der Waerden's theorem (in a special case).\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nBut it's also extremely \"flexible\". The Pythagorean theorem applies to right triangles, but that's a very particular case. The pigeonhole principle shows up in mealy every field of mathematics, and many of its applications are \"clever\", rather than straightforward. \u2013\u00a0Henry Swanson Nov 7 '13 at 21:18\n\nDonaldson's Theorem A: The intersection form of a closed simply-connected definite smooth 4-manifold is diagonalizable.\n\nThe intersection form of a 4-manifold contains a large amount of topological information about a manifold, particularly when it is simply-connected. Donaldson's theorem thus tells us that topologically a closed definite smooth 4-manifold can't be too wild. For example, when this is combined with Freedman's work (which would also be a good candidate for an answer to this question), one gets the existence of non-smoothable manifolds.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nThe Classification of Closed Surfaces - A closed surface is fully determined by its Euler characteristic (or genus) and whether it is orientable. Further, every closed surface is either\n\n  \u2022 The sphere $S^2$,\n  \u2022 A finite connect sum of tori $T_n=T^2\\#T^2\\#\\cdots\\#T^2$, or\n  \u2022 A finite connect sum of real projective planes $P_n=\\mathbb{R}P^2\\#\\mathbb{R}P^2\\#\\cdots \\mathbb{R}P^2$.\n\nThe fact that the homeomorphism type of a closed surface is determined by just two very simple invariants is a very powerful fact indeed. The Euler characteristic is a very easy to calculate invariant and orientability is an especially easy concept to understand and determine for a surface. To think that all closed surfaces (the definition of which is, at first glace, seemingly quite broad) are determined by these criteria is quite remarkable.\n\nIt's also worth noting that the closely related statement for $2$-manifolds with boundary and marked points is just as simple to state and even more powerful.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nI think being a closed surface is a hypothesis on a topological space. The next question to ask is 'can we classify $3$-manifolds?' which is only a slightly different hypothesis and is taking much longer to fully solve (we're nearly there now I think). \u2013\u00a0Dan Rust Nov 8 '13 at 10:07\n\nThe inverse function theorem (for $C^1$ multivariable maps between open sets of euclidean space). You just check that at some point, some determinant is non zero (which is easily computed) and you get that the maps is locally a diffeomorphism at that point!\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nG\u00f6del's incompleteness theorems\n\nHypotheses : you have a (recursively enumerable) consistent theory $T$ that contains integers, addition and multiplication (not big hypotheses in math !)\n\nConclusions :\n\n  1. there is a formula $F$ that is true in some model of $T$ but there is no proof of $F$ in $T$.\n  2. The consistency of $T$ is not provable in $T$\n\nAll hypothesis are required : counter-example are well know without multiplication for example. I'm amazed that basic arithmetic operations can have such strong consequences.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nYou also need to add recursively enumerable to he requirements from $T$. \u2013\u00a0Asaf Karagila Nov 10 '13 at 11:59\n\nCantor's Theorem.\n\nFor every set $A$, $|A|<|\\mathcal P(A)|$.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nWhoops, just went through another round in my head. 0 is indeed less than 1. \u2013\u00a0Caleb Jares Nov 7 '13 at 15:37\nAnd it's a good thing too! Although $0=1$ would be an overpowered theorem indeed! :) \u2013\u00a0Asaf Karagila Nov 7 '13 at 15:38\n\nG\u00f6del's Completeness Theorem.\n\nIf $T$ is a first order theory, then $T\\vdash\\varphi$ if and only if $T\\implies\\varphi$.\n\nWe use this theorem so much, we don't even notice anymore.\n\nThe theorem comes from the field of logic. Whenever we want to prove that the theory of groups prove a statement, we begin by considering an arbitrary group, and we show that the group satisfies that statement. Bam, completeness!\n\nIf mathematicians consider their work within the context of $\\sf ZFC$ (even implicitly), then proving something about $L_2[0,1]$ is in fact proving that $\\sf ZFC$ proves that the object which has this and that properties also satisfies that thing. In essence, this is another very implicit use of completeness.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n@AsafKaragila: isn\u2019t it more standard to denote the second relation in the statement by $T \\vDash \\varphi$? (See e.g. wikipedia.) \u2013\u00a0Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine Nov 14 '13 at 22:53\n@Donkey_2009: For finite objects we don't need choice; we also don't need choice to prove the completeness theorem when the language is well-orderable (e.g. finite or countable). Suppose that Voevodsky manages to overthrow conventional mathematics and 20 years from now we all use proof assistants to verify our proofs. The move from arbitrary group to an actual proof is important, and we know that we can do it due to the completeness theorem. \u2013\u00a0Asaf Karagila Feb 11 '15 at 21:01\n@Donkey: I will spend two weeks or so in the Cambridge area, doing math and whatnot. Who knows, you might run into me somewhere. \u2013\u00a0Asaf Karagila Feb 17 '15 at 15:44\n\nThe Stone\u2013Weierstrass theorem.\n\nEvery continuous function $f: [0,1] \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}$ can be uniformly approximated by polynomial functions.\n\nIt is 'overpowered' because one only needs to have that $f$ is continuous and we get that we have an approximation of $f$ with polynomials, which behave very nice in many regards.\n\nTo give an example, you can use it to prove Brouwers Fixed Point Theorem in the general case from the special case where $f$ is twice differentiable.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nYes, theorem 1.15 here: but it is also very short. \u2013\u00a0Listing Nov 7 '13 at 19:53\n\nLagrange's Theorem makes proving some aspects of group theory insanely simple. Like, for instance, the proof that any group of prime order is cyclic.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nI hope powerful Mathematics Techniques will also be accepted here.\n\nI am thinking about Fourier Transform and Fourier Series. For me it seems powerful tool which used in analysis very much.\n\nSimilarly Laplace transform kind of transforms are used well in solving differential equations efficiently.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nZorn's lemma.\n\nTrue, it is equivalent to the axiom of choice. However it is also a theorem of $\\sf ZFC$. The uses of this lemma are uncanny and can be found anywhere in mathematics where infinite objects (of unlimited cardinality) are involved.\n\nIf $(P,\\leq)$ is a partial order in which every chain has an upper bound, then there exists a maximal element in $P$.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\"The Axiom of Choice is obviously true; the Well Ordering Principle is obviously false; and who can tell about Zorn's lemma?\" \u2014 Jerry Bona. I like how that joke sums up intuitions (rather than logic) regarding the Axiom of Choice and Zorn's Lemma. \u2013\u00a0minopret Nov 9 '13 at 20:46\n\nStokes' theorem - The integral of a differential form $\\omega$ over the boundary of some orientable manifold $\\Omega$ is equal to the integral of its exterior derivative $d\\omega$ over the whole of $\\Omega$, i.e. $$\\int_{\\partial\\Omega}\\omega=\\int_\\Omega d\\omega$$\n\nIt's amazing and beautiful not only because of its brevity and elegance but also because it unifies from fundamental theorem of calculus, Green's theorem to divergence theorem, even in some generalization, Cauchy's theorem in complex analysis. And we are very glad to accept it from geometric view since it embodies some sort of self-cancellation and symmetry. Moreover, Stokes' theorem is applied to varieties of areas, especially in physics like electromagnetics, hydrodynamics and so on.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nThe CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM. Ever since Laplace proved it, it forms the basis of Probability Theory and Statistics. We can make sense of the world with it, it is simply indispensable and all that thanks to the geniuses of Laplace and Gauss.\n\nOpen any probability theory book and you will immediately stumble upon CLT. Under very general conditions we can approximate any distribution with the nice Bell-curve even in not so large samples. In applied research this is a blessing unparalleled with any other theorem.\n\nIt is no exaggeration to claim that modern Statistics have been built on these premises and CLT should make it to the top of your list, top 5 minimum ;)\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n...the basis of Probability and Statistics applicable only when the assumptions are satisfied. In particular when independence is violated, CLT can fail badly in the real world - as opposed to what Savage called small world, and what Taleb called Ludic, ie games or toy systems. \u2013\u00a0alancalvitti Dec 17 '14 at 1:29\n\nRice's Theorem is extremely powerful one. It basically says that you cannot invent an algorithm which, taking programming source code as an argument, would discover any property of the function computed by that algorithm.\n\nExample: I really need to make a analyzer, which would take any program and tell me whether that program prints $0$ being given $0$ for input or not. Rice's theorem says I will never have such analyzer.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nGiven a short exact sequence $0\\to A\\to B\\to C\\to 0$ of chain complexes in an abelian category, there exists a long exact sequence $\\cdots\\to H_{i+1}(C)\\to H_i(A)\\to H_i(B)\\to H_i(C)\\to\\cdots$ of their homology groups. This gives the long exact sequence for derived functors, and thus allows the production of a myriad of long exact sequences that give immense computational power based on the usually easy to check condition of short exact sequence.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nThe changing order of integration in multiple integrals.It is the key of almost all applied mathematics to science.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nFubini's theorem is the name. \u2013\u00a0Nameless May 17 '14 at 6:20\n\nMy lingebra professor remarked, that the well known identity $Rank(A) = Rank(A^T)$ for any matrix $A$ can be derived with no special assumptions. (But actually, $A$ musn't have elements from finite field.)\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nWhat is the problem in finite fields? \u2013\u00a0Mart\u00edn-Blas P\u00e9rez Pinilla Feb 13 '14 at 7:35\nIt's easy to find a counterexample to the statement. Consider a matrix over $GF(4)$ : $A = \\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 2 \\\\ 0 & 3\\end{pmatrix}$. It has $Rank(A) = 2$, indeed, in $GF(4)$, there is: $0\\cdot 2=0, 1\\cdot 2=2, 2\\cdot 2=4=0, 2\\cdot 3=6=2$ so the second row is linearly independent of the first one. On the other side, obviously $Rank(A^T)=1$. \u2013\u00a0user1747134 Mar 2 '14 at 12:41\nEhm, isn't $2=0$ in $GF(4)=\\mathbb{Z}_2[x]/(x^2+x+1)$? \u2013\u00a0Leon Apr 26 '14 at 22:34\nGF(4) is not Z4 like you're treating it; Z4 is not a finite field and hence does not apply. The theorem does hold for finite fields. \u2013\u00a0Geoff Naylor Jun 5 '14 at 23:46\n\nConvex implies continuous.\n\nThe existence of non (Lebesgue) measurable sets.\n\nThe halting problem.\n\nYoneda's lemma.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nRow-rank equals column-rank\n\nIf you have a matrix, then the dimension of the column-space is the same as the dimension of the row-space. Doesn't it sound amazing? I think, because of its applications, it should be called the fundamental theorem of linear algebra.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nthere are no theorems whose conclusions contain more that their fully-spelled-out premises.\n\nall purported examples of such just use, e.g., definitions that allow a short syntactic statement of the theorem while shoving all the actual work of it under the rug.\n\nwell, unless math is inconsistent at any rate - in which case we have bigger problems.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nConvergence citerium for geometric series: For any $r\\geq 0$, the geometric series $\\sum_{n=0}^\\infty r^n$ converges if and only if $r<1$. Much of complex analysis is, in some sense, based off of this fact, as is much of the theory of Banach algebras.\n\nConvergence of monotone sequences: If $a_n\\in\\mathbb R$ is a non-decreasing sequence, then $a_n$ converges to its least upper bound. I don't think the importance of this result can by understated. Generalizations (refinements?) to increasing nets of operators and the all important Beppo Levi Theorem come to mind.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nIn my opinion the Lebesgue convergence theorem (dominated and monotonic) are very powerful tools and have important consequences =)\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nBrouwer's fixed point theorem is ridiculously useful.\n\nPerhaps even better is the mean value theorem. We continue to mystify undergraduates by teaching them something in calculus which is not really for solving problems, but it is an awesome tool for actually proving things.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nHere are a couple from graph theory:\n\nHall's Marriage Theorem. A bipartite graph $G$ with partite sets $A$ and $B$ has a matching saturating $A$ if and only if for any $S \\subseteq A$, there are at least as many neighbors of vertices in $S$ as there are vertices of $S$.\n\nNot only does the result have many applications itself, but it is also equivalent to several other important and far-reaching results, including:\n\nK\u00f6nig's Theorem\n\nMenger's Theorem\n\nDilworth's Theorem\n\nMax Flow / Min Cut Theorem\n\nRobertson-Seymour Theorem. Among any infinite list of graphs, one graph is a minor of another.\n\nSimple to state, yet very difficult to prove, with so many applications. Particularly, any minor-closed set of graphs can be characterized by a finite list of excluded minors. The proof of the result also developed many new tools for proving other graph minor results.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nprotected by MJD Jul 30 '14 at 14:11\n\n\nWould you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?\n
+__label__positive \n\nMonday, 2 January 2017\n\nTest Paper for Various Medical Entrance Examinations BOTANY\n\n botany,Test Paper for Various Medical Entrance Examinations BOTANY,scc,ssc,scceducation,botany notes,free study material,\n\n1. In the nucleoplasm there occurs a conspicuous body of spherical shape attached to a particular chromosome on a definite position. This is called\u2014\n\n(A) Plasmid\n(B) Nucleolus\n(C) Centromere\n(D) Karyolymph\n\n2. Restorer gene for fertility is present in\u2014\n\n(A) Ribosome\n(B) Nucleus\n(C) Endoplasmic reticulum\n(D) Polyribosome\n\n3. The points at which crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes are called\u2014\n\n(A) Chromonemata\n(B) Chromomere\n(C) Chiasmata\n(D) All of the above\n\n4. The process in which the amount of DNA, RNA and protein can be known at a time is called\u2014\n\n(A) Autoradiography\n(B) Cellular fractioning\n(C) Phase-contrast microscopy\n(D) All of the above\n\n5. The diploid number of chromosomes in rice is\u2014\n\n(A) 12\n(B) 24\n(C) 36\n(D) 48\n\n6. Inflorescence in coconut is\u2014\n\n(A) Compound spadix\n(B) Hypanthodium\n(C) Cyathium\n(D) Strobile\n\n7. Which of the following antibiotics blocks the synthesis of bacterial cell wall ?\n\n(A) Streptomycin\n(B) Tetracycline\n(C) Penicillin\n(D) Erythromycin\n\n8. A technique used for studying the effect of deficiency or toxicity of mineral nutrients on plant growth and metabolism is called\u2014\n\n(A) Hydroculture\n(B) Hydroponics\n(C) Solution culture\n(D) All of the above\n\n9. Which of the following enzymes recognizes particularly common DNA lesions ?\n\n(A) RNA polymerase\n(B) DNA polymerase\n(C) DNA glycolysase\n(D) All of the above\n\n10. The efficient oil eating \u2018super bug\u2019 developed through genetic engineering used in cleaning of oil spills polluted sites is a species of\u2014\n\n(A) Citrobacter\n(B) Pseudomonas\n(C) Arthrobacter\n(D) Thiobacillus\n\n11. The appearance of thin-thread like condensing chromosomes marks the first phase of mitosis called\u2014\n\n(A) Metaphase\n(B) Prophase\n(C) M-phase\n(D) None of the above\n\n12. \u2018Downy mildew of grape\u2019 is caused by\u2014\n\n(A) Echinocola colona\n(B) Malva crispa\n(C) Peronospora pisi\n(D) None of the above\n\n13. All the reactions from reduction of carbon dioxide to the formation of sugar are included in\u2014\n\n(A) Dark reaction\n(B) Light reaction\n(C) EMP-pathway\n(D) All of the above\n\n14. Nostoc, a blue-green alga, occurs as endophyte in\u2014\n\n(A) Azolla\n(B) Anthoceros\n(C) Cycas\n(D) All of the above\n\n15. Lichens bear a composite structure consisting of two dissimilar organisms, a\u2014\n\n(A) Fungus and alga\n(B) Fungus and bacterium\n(C) Virus and bacterium\n(D) Higher plant\u2019s root and fungus\n\n16. Which of the following nomenclature is correct as per Whittaker\u2019s five kingdoms classification ?\n\n(A) Monera, Protista, Cytobiota, Fungi and Animalia\n(B) Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia\n(C) Metaphyta, Plantae, Protista, Fungi and Animalia\n(D) Plantae, Protobiota, Fungi, Cytobiota and Animalia\n\n17. The least number of transfer RNA molecules for each of the twenty amino acids found in proteins is\u2014\n\n(A) 20\n(B) 40\n(C) 1\n(D) 2\n\n18. Which of the following are known as phanerogams without ovary ?\n\n(A) Thallophytes\n(B) Pteridophytes\n(C) Bryophytes\n(D) Gymnosperms\n\n19. How many turns of Calvin cycle yield one molecule of glucose ?\n\n(A) Three\n(B) Four\n(C) Five\n(D) Six\n\n20. Which of the following anatomical features of leaf does not reduce the rate of transpiration ?\n\n(A) Compact mesophyll cells in the leaf\n(B) Increase in number of stomata\n(C) Thick cuticle surrounding outermost part of plant parts\n(D) All of the above\n\n21. Energy and nutrients enter a community first through\u2014\n\n(A) Scavengers\n(B) Detrivores\n(C) Consumers\n(D) Producers\n\n22. The radicle is found at the lower end of the hypocotyl and embryonic shoot is found above the insertion of the\u2014\n\n(A) Leaf\n(B) Cotyledons\n(C) Stem\n(D) Root\n\n23. Which of the following algae is known as \u2018Mermaid\u2019s wine goblet\u2019 ?\n\n(A) Acetabularia\n(B) Ulothrix\n(C) Nostoc\n(D) All of the above\n\n24. Which of the following fruit is/are found in family Ranunculaceae ?\n\n(A) Achenes\n(B) Capsule\n(C) Berry\n(D) All of the above\n\n25. Dacrydium laxifolium is a/an\u2014\n\n(A) Mushroom of great economic value\n(B) Isolated bacterium from rotten apple\n(C) Smallest conifer\n(D) Iodine containing marine alga\n\n26. Ribosome is made up of\u2014\n\n(A) RNA and protein\n(B) Protein only\n(C) RNA only\n(D) DNA only\n\n27. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based markers have been developed to\u2014\n\n(A) Differentiate different biotypes of gall midge\n(B) Manufacture antibiotics\n(C) Create termination codon\n(D) Obtain soil micro-organisms with the help of reductase enzyme\n\n28. Which of the following enzymes converts glucose into ethyl alcohol ?\n\n(A) Zymase\n(B) Invertase\n(C) Maltase\n(D) Diastase\n\n29. Which of the following is/are homopolysaccharide(s) ?\n\n(A) Dextran\n(B) Glycogen\n(C) Both (A) and (B)\n(D) Hyaluronic acid\n\n30. PME is a/an\u2014\n\n(A) Pesticide\n(B) Enzyme\n(C) Insecticide\n(D) Plant growth regulator\n\nAnswers :1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (B)\n\n11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (D) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (B)\n21. (D) 22. (B) 23. (A) 24. (D) 25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (A) 28. (A) 29. (C) 30. (B)\nShare on Google Plus Share on whatsapp\n\n\nPopular Posts\n\n\nBlogger Tips and TricksLatest Tips For BloggersBlogger Tricks\nSCC Education \u00a9 2017. Powered by Blogger.\n\nTotal Pageviews
+__label__positive Ruby include? array method\n\nIn ruby programming language include? method, are used to check particular object in array. Such as object is present in array or not. Syntax of this method as follows.\n\nSyntax Array.include?()\nParameter Object\nReturn (true,false)\n\nRuby include? method example\n\nThis method are compared inner element of array to given objects. When object is same type and its value are similar then this returns a true value otherwise return false. Let see an example.\n\n# Example Array.include?\n\n# Test array\nrecord = [1,\"code\",2,[10,20],6,4,15]\n\n# Test include\na = record.include?(6)\nb = record.include?(7)\nc = record.include?([10,20])\n\n# Display array\nprint(\" record \",record)\n\n# Display result\nprint(\"\\n is include? 6 : \", a)\nprint(\"\\n is include? 7 : \", b)\nprint(\"\\n is include? [10,20] : \", c)\nRuby include method example\n record [1, \"code\", 2, [10, 20], 6, 4, 15]\n is include? 6 : true\n is include? 7 : false\n is include? [10,20] : true\n\n\nNew Comment\n\n\u00a9 2021,, All rights reserved
+__label__positive General ability for IES\n\nFor more please visit parikshaa\n\nGeneral ability for IES\nIES General Ability Model Paper\nIES General Ability Paper (Objective)\n\n1. The planet called the twin of the earth is\u2014\n\n(a) Venus\n\n(b) Jupiter\n\n(c) Saturn\n\n(d)\u00a0 Pluto\n\nAns. (a)\n\n2. 15 OHMS, 20 OHMS and 30 OHMS resistance is in parallel, then calculate the equivalent resistance\u2014\n\n(a) 65 OHMS\n\n(b) 61 OHMS\n\n(c) 9/60 OHMS\n\n(d) 60/9 OHMS\n\nAns. (d)\n\n3. Calculate the number of protons, in the nucleus of hydrogen atom\u2014\n\n(a) zero\n\n(b) one\n\n(c) three\n\n(d) four\n\nAns. (b)\n\n4. Full form of I.S.R.O. is\u2014\n\n(a) India Scientist Research Organization\n\n(b) Indian Space Research Organization\n\n(c) International Space Research Organization\n\n(d) None of these\n\nAns. (b)\n\n5.\u00a0 Dispersion of which colour of rainbow is maximum?\n\n(a) Violet\n\n(b) Yellow\n\n(c) Red\n\n(d) Blue\n\nAns. (c)\n\n6. In solar system which planet has maximum speed?\n\n(a) Mars\n\n(b) Mercury\n\n(c) Saturn\n\n(d) Venus\n\nAns. (b)\n\n7. Haley-comets will be seen again in which year?\n\n(a) 2062\n\n(b) 2064\n\n(c) 2060\n\n(d) 2066\n\nAns. (a)\n\n8. In which country maximum languages are spoken?\n\n(a) U.K\n\n(b) U.S.A\n\n(c) India\n\n(d) France\n\nAns. (c)\n\n9. Khasi and Garo tribes mainly live in\n\n(a) Kerala\n\n(b) Meghalaya\n\n(c) Chota Nagpur\n\n(d) Tamil Nadu\n\nAns. (b)\n\n10. Which is the hardest substance?\n\n(a) Platinum\n\n(b) Diamond\n\n(c) Gold\n\n(d) Silver\n\nAns. (b)\n\n11. Which country is known as \u2018Land of Thousand Lakes\u2019?\n\n(a) Norway\n\n(b) Finland\n\n(c) Venice\n\n(d) Turkey\n\nAns. (b)\n\n12. Who. invented Television\n\n(a) W. Ramsay\n\n(b) Robert Mallet\n\n(c)\u00a0 J.L. Baird\n\n(d) Jonson\n\nAns. (c)\n\n13. Where is maximum jute produced?\n\n(a) Mahrashtra\n\n(b) Karnataka\n\n(c) Delta region of Bengal\n\n(d) Andhra Pradesh\n\nAns. (a)\n\n14. \u2018One Bar\u2019 is equal to\u2014\n\n(a) 10-5 Pascal\n\n(b) 10 7 Pascal\n\n(c) 10 5 Pascal\n\n(d) 10 4 Pascal\n\nAns. (c)\n\n15. Size of \u2018Nucleus\u2019 is\u2014\n\n(a) 10 -10 meter\n\n(b) l0 -9 meter\n\n(c) 10 -5 meter\n\n(d) 10 -15 meter\n\nAns. (d)\n\n15. Heavy water is\u2014\n\n(a) Sea water (H2O + Salt)\n\n(b) D2O\n\n(c) H2O2\n\n(d) None of these\n\nAns. (b)\n\n16. Formulae of \u2018alkaline\u2019 is\u2014\n\n(a) CnH2n\n\n(b) CnH2n+2\n\n(c) CnH2n+1\n\n(d) CnH2n-1\n\nAns. (b)\n\n17. Value of-one million will be\u2014\n\n(a) 10 5\n\n(b) 10 6\n\n(c) 10 8\n\n(d) 10 7\n\nAns. (a)\n\n18. Value of one Avogadro million will be\u2014\n\n(a) 6.023 x 10 -23\n\n(b) 6.023 x 10 6\n\n(c) 6.023 x 10 8\n\n(d) 6.023 x 10 19\n\nAns. (b)\n\n19. 1 mole is equal to\u2014\n\n(a) 6 x 10 23\n\n(b) 8 x 10 10\n\n(c) 5 x 10 4\n\n(d) none of these\n\nAns. (a)\n\n20. At the N.T.P in any gas volume of one mole is equal to\u2014\n\n(a) 63.5 liter\n\n(b) 10 x 10-5 liter\n\n(c) 22.4 liter\n\n(d) none of these\n\nAns. (c)\n\n21\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. is known as the chief element of core of earth\n\n(a) Iron\n\n(b) Nickel\n\n(c) Silicon\n\n(d) None of these\n\nAns. (c)\n\n22. What is the formulae of bleaching powder?\n\n(a) CaOCl2\n\n(b) CaOH\n\n(c) Ca (OCl) Cl\n\n(d) CaCl2\n\nAns. (c)\n\n23. Lunar eclipse happens when\u2014\n\n(a) the sun comes between he moon and the earth\n\n(b) the moon comes between the earth and the sun\n\n(c) the earth comes between the moon and the sun\n\n(d) the mars comes between the earth and the moon.\n\nAns. (c)\n\n24. The lightning of thunder is seen before hearing its roaring because\u2014\n\n(a) thunder is more near than roaring.\n\n(b) the light can pass through vacuum.\n\n(c) speed of light is more than speed of sound.\n\n(d) peed of sound is more than speed of the light.\n\nAns. (c)\n\n25. In photosynthesis which gas is left by green plants?\n\n(a) Oxygen\n\n(b) Nitrogen\n\n(c) Water-vapour\n\n(d) Carbon-dioxide\n\nAns. (a)\n\n26. Freely suspended magnetic needle stands in, which direction?\n\n(a) North-West direction\n\n(b) North-South direction\n\n(c) North-East direction\n\n(d) South-West- direction\n\nAns. (b)\n\n27. How far the axis of earth is bowed of its orbital surface?\n\n(a) 23 \u00bd \u00b0\n\n(b) 66 \u00bd \u00b0\n\n(c) 180\u00b0\n\n(d) It is not bowed\n\nAns. (a)\n\n28. Difference to longitudinal of two places on the earth is 15\u00b0. What will be the difference in its local time?\n\n(a) No difference\n\n(b) 1 hour\n\n(c) 2 hours\n\n(d) 15 hours\n\nAns. (a)\n\n29. Air makes pressure\u2014\n\n(a) only downward\n\n(b) only upward\n\n(c) in all direction\n\n(d) it does not make pressure.\n\nAns. (a)\n\n30. Which of the following is only a star?\n\n(a) Moon\n\n(b) Venus\n\n(c) Earth\n\n(d) Sun\n\nAns. (d)\n\n31. Water that does not make foam quickly with soap is\u2014\n\n(a) soft water\n\n(b) natural water\n\n(c) mineral water\n\n(d) hard water\n\nAns. (d)\n\n32. Which artery chiefly carries blood from different parts of our body to heart?\n\n(a) Nerves\n\n(b) Arteries\n\n(c) Cells\n\n(d) All these\n\nAns. (a)\n\n33. According to which Article in the Indian Constitution, Jammu and Kashmir has been accorded special status?\n\n(a) 368\n\n(b) 370\n\n(c) 371\n\n(d) 356\n\nAns. (b)\n\n34. Dudhwa National Park is located in\u2014\n\n(a) Uttar Pradesh\n\n(b) Uttaranchal\n\n(c) Madhya Pradesh\n\n(d) Himachal Pradesh\n\nAns. (a)\n\n35. Them Dam has been constructed on the river\u2014\n\n(a) Sutlej\n\n(b) Beas\n\n(c) Ravi\n\n(d) Alaknanda\n\nAns. (c)\n\n36. Diabetes is a disease affecting\u2014\n\n(a) Pancreas\n\n(b) Liver\n\n(c) Heart\n\n(d) Lungs\n\nAns. (a)\n\n37. Lightning\u2019s conductor was discovered by\u2014\n\n(a) Graham Bell\n\n(b) Lord Lister:\n\n(c) Benjamin Franklin\n\n(d) Einstein\n\nAns. (c)\n\n38. Width of Broad Gauge Track on Indian Railways is\u2014\n\n(a) 1000 mm\n\n(b) 1676 mm\n\n(c) 862 mm\n\n(d) 1500mm\n\nAns. (b)\n\n39. \u2018Pongal\u2019 is celebrated in the month of\u2014\n\n(a) March\n\n(b) September\n\n(c) October\n\n(d) January\n\nAns. (d)\n\n40. \u2018Manometer\u2019 is the instrument used to measure \u2013\n\n(a) air pressure\n\n(b) Velocity of sound\n\n(c) Humidity of atmosphere\n\n(d) Speed of a vehicle\n\nAns. (a)\n\n41. Indian Railways manufactures Wheels and Axles at\u2014\n\n(a) Chittaranjan\n\n(b) Hussainpur (Punjab)\n\n(c) Yelahanka (Bangalore)\n\n(d) Perambur (Chennai)\n\nAns. (c)\n\n42. In these national awards, with which award Amir Khan honored?\n\n(a) Padma Vibhushan\n\n(b) Padma Bhushan\n\n(c) Padma Shree\n\n(d) Ashok Chakra\n\nAns. (c)\n\n43. Who is the Chief Justice of India?\n\n(a) B.N. Kripal\n\n(b) V.N. Khare\n\n(c) S.N. Phukan\n\n(d) None of these\n\nAns. (d)\n\n44. High temperature and low pressure over the Indian subcontinent during the summer season, draws air from the Indian Ocean leading to the in-blowing of the\u2014\n\n(a) south-east monsoon\n\n(b) south-west monsoon\n\n(c) trade winds\n\n(d) westerlies\n\nAns. (b)\n\n45. During the Indian freedom movement the first great experiment in Satyagraha came in 1917 in\u2014\n\n(a) Bardoli\n\n(b) Sabarmati\n\n(c) Ahmedabad\n\n(d) Champaran\n\nAns. (d)\n\n46. Mahatma Gandhi launched the Satyagraha Movement in 1919\u2014\n\n(a) as a protest against atrocities committed at Jallianwala Bagh\n\n(b) as a protest against Rowlatt Act\n\n(c) both of the above\n\n(d) none of the above\n\nAns. (c)\n\n47. The Dandi March was undertaken by Gandhi to\u2014\n\n(a) start Satyagraha\n\n(b) break the salt law\n\n(c) press the demand for Poorna Swaraj\n\n(d) none of the above\n\nAns. (b)\n\n48. Which part of a p1ant respires?\n\n(a) Root\n\n(b) Leaf\n\n(c) Seed\n\n(d) All of the above\n\nAns. (b)\n\n49. Convulsions in infants is caused due to the deficiency of\u2014\n\n(a) idoine\n\n(b) vitamin D\n\n(c) vitamin B-6\n\n(d) vitamin C\n\nAns. (d)\n\n50. How many seats have been allotted to Sikkim in the Lok Sabha?\n\n(a) One\n\n(b) Two\n\n(c) Three\n\n(d) Four\n\nAns. (d)\n\n1 comment to General ability for IES\n\nLeave a Reply\n\n\n\n\nYou can use these HTML tags\n
+__label__positive Cooling water is required for following equipment in ammonia absorption plant\n\nA. Condenser\n\nB. Evaporator\n\nC. Absorber\n\nD. Condenser, absorber and separator (rectifier)\n\n\nYou can do it\n  1. The temperature of ammonia after compression in a vapour compression system is\n  2. The wet bulb depression indicates _________ humidity of the air.\n  3. The fluids used in Electrolux refrigerator are\n  4. The evaporator changes the low pressure liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve into\n  5. The moisture in a refrigerant is removed by\n  6. The process of under-cooling is generally brought about by\n  7. Which of the following refrigerant has the lowest freezing point?\n  8. In case of sensible cooling of air, the coil efficiency is given by\n  9. The leakage in a refrigeration system using ammonia is detected by\n  10. The coefficient of performance (C.O.P.) of a refrigerator working as a heat pump is given by\n  11. One of the purposes of sub cooling the liquid refrigerant is to\n  12. Which of the following refrigerant has the highest freezing point.\n  13. The advantage of dry compression is that\n  14. The thermal diffusivity for gases is generally __________ those for liquids.\n  15. During dehumidification process, the relative humidity\n  16. In larger industrial and commercial reciprocating compression systems, refrigerant widely used is\n  17. Presence of moisture in a refrigerant affects the working of\n  18. The humidity ratio or specific humidity is the mass of water vapour present in\n  19. The boiling point of ammonia is\n  20. In vapour compression cycle using NH\u2083 as refrigerant, initial charge is filled at\n  21. A mixture of dry air and water vapour, when the air has diffused the maximum amount of water vapour\u2026\n  22. Freon group of refrigerants are\n  23. Chaperon equation is a relation between\n  24. Highest pressure encountered in a refrigeration system should be\n  25. A refrigerant with the highest critical pressure is\n  26. Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when\n  27. Which of the following refrigerant is highly toxic and flammable?\n  28. The bypass factor for a cooling coil\n  30. In order to cool and dehumidify a stream of moist air, it must be passed over the coil at a temperature
+__label__positive Home > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user shotguniall on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Why so we need protein?\n    For growth and repair\n  2. Where is an animal's DNA held?\n    In the nucleus of cells\n  3. What is a gene?\n    A section of DNA\n  4. How many DNA bases are there?\n    \u2022 4\n    \u2022 (A,t,c,g)\n  5. What is the DNA base 'a' paired with?\n    DNA base T\n  6. What is DNA base 'C' always paired with?\n    DNA base 'G'\n  7. What is complementary base pairing?\n    That base 'A' always goes with base 'T' and that bases C and G go together as well\n  8. What Forms a code for controlling the production of proteins?\n    Base pairs\n  9. What as base pairs held together by?\n    Sugar-phosphate backbones\n  10. How do we use DNA to make protein?\n    \u2022 1) part of the DNA molecule unwinds\n    \u2022 2) a length of mRNA is made by using the unwound section of DNA as a template\n    \u2022 3) mRNA passes out of the nucleus\n    \u2022 4) the length of mRNA goes to a ribosome\n    \u2022 5) transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome\n    \u2022 6) The amino acid are joined together in a specific sequence that is determined by the sequence of bases on the length or RNA\n    \u2022 7) the protein folds into the correct shape\n  11. Give an example of structural protein\n    \u2022 Collagen\n    \u2022 Antibodies\n  12. Give aN example of a protein hormone\n  13. Get an example of a carrier protein\n  14. Give an example of a receiver protein\n    Cell-surface receptors\n  15. Enzymes are catalysts, true or false\n  16. What is. Mutation?\n    A random change in a gene\n  17. What could increase the chances of your genes mutating\n    \u2022 Chemicals (such as tar in tobacco)\n    \u2022 Ionising radiation (Such as x-rays or UV lights)\n  18. What can mutations cause?\n    \u2022 Cancer\n    \u2022 Enzymes not to work\n    \u2022 Differently shaped haemoglobin\n  19. What does respiration provide?\n  20. Where does respiration take place?\n    In almost every cell where energy is released from a glucose molecule\n  21. How do we get glucose?\n    By digesting carbohydrates we have eaten\n  22. What does respiration involve?\n    Many chemical reactions, all controlled by particular enzymes\n  23. Why might some birds and mammals hunt at night when it is cold?\n    Their prey release heat energy which they can detect\n  24. What is aerobic respiration?\n    Respiration that uses oxygen. It happens continuously in the cells of plants and animals\n  25. What is anaerobic respiration?\n    Respiration that does not use oxygen and does not happen continuously in the cells of plants and animals\n  26. How do some animals get through the cold winters?\n    \u2022 They hibernate. (Hedgehogs, squirrels)\n    \u2022 They store food in the run up to the cold season\n    \u2022 Their fur/feathers grow more\n    \u2022 They migrate to warmer places\n  27. What is the respiration equation?\n    Glucose+oxygen--> carbon dioxide +water\n  28. What is the equation for aerobic respiration?\n    Glucose+oxygen-->carbon dioxide+water(+energy)\n  29. Where does aerobic respiration take place?\n    In the mitochondria in every cell\n  30. Explain the aerobic respiration process\n    Glucose and oxygen are carried to the cells in the blood and diffuse through the cell membrane, into the body of the cell\n  31. What does the speed that oxygen is used up indicate?\n    How quickly aerobic respiration is going on (the metabolic rate)\n  32. When would your body use anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration?\n    When you start to do hard exercise and your heart rate cannot go up quickly enough to supply the oxygen to your muscles.\n  33. Where does a anaerobic respiration take place?\n    In the cytoplasm in cells\n  34. What happens to lactic acid during anaerobic respiration?\n    It diffuses through the cell membrane, into the blood, to be carried away to the liver\n  35. How would you figure out the RQ? (Respiratory quotient)\n    \u2022 Volume of carbon dioxide produced\n    \u2022 Volume of oxygen consumed\n  36. What is the RQ? (Respiratory quotient)\n    The ratio of carbon dioxide produced during respiration in a given time, with the amount of oxygen consumed\n  37. What factors could influence the rate at which respiration takes place?\n    \u2022 Blood oxygen level\n    \u2022 pH of your blood\n    \u2022 Whether you have taken drugs (slows down respiration rate)\n    \u2022 Whether you have drunken alcohol (slows down respiration rate)\n    \u2022 The amount of excrescences you have done\n    \u2022 Wether you are awake or asleep\n  38. What happens if your respiratory rate slows down too much?\n    You risk respiratory arrest\n  39. What is muscle fatigue?\n    \u2022 The term used to describe the feeling of doing a lot of exercise, to the point of where you feel you cannot do any more.\n    \u2022 It occurs when muscles are used with more effort than usual to achieve a desired level of force. The body temporarily exhausts its supply of energy.\n  40. Is mitosis sexual reproduction?\n    No mitosis is asexual reproduction\n  41. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?\n  42. Are cells produced my mitosis genetically identical or not?\n    Yes cells produced by mitosis are identical.\n  43. Go through the stages of mitosis.\n    \u2022 1) Each chromosome has made a copy of itself\n    \u2022 2) poles are formed each and of the cell\n    \u2022 3) The duplicated chromosomes line up across the centre of cell\n    \u2022 4) The double chromosome splits into it's identical copy. Each copy Moves to opposite ends of the cell\n    \u2022 5) two new nuclei form, each with a full set of chromosomes. The cell divides into two genetically identical cells\n  44. What is a diploid?\n    A cell that that has a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes, a body cell\n  45. Why is mitosis used for asexual reproduction?\n    They have the same alleles as the parent and it means organisms can be larger\n  46. What is mitosis used for in mature animals?\n    Repair tissue cells\n  47. What organ systems do multicellular organisms have?\n    \u2022 A nervous and endocrine system (Allowing communication between cells)\n    \u2022 A circulatory system (supplying cells with nutrients)\n    \u2022 Respiratory system and digestive system (Controlling exchanges with the environment)\n  48. What are gametes?\n    Sex cells\n  49. What is the definition of meiosis\n    Cell division that occurs to form sex cells, resulting In for genetically different cells\n  50. What is a haploid\n    Cells that have a nucleus with one set of chromosomes\n  51. What is a zygote?\n    A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of an egg and a sperm\n  52. What is fertilisation?\n    The joining of male and female gametes to create a new individual\n  53. What is the function of red blood cells?\n    To carry oxygen from your lungs to respire cells in your tissues\n  54. What shape is a red blood cell?\n    Biconcave disc\n  55. Why does the shape of a red blood cell benefit you?\n    Because they are biconcave, their surface area is a lot larger than their volume and that means more oxygen can be transported\n  56. Do red blood cells have a nucleus?\n    No, meaning they contain no genetic information.\n  57. What is the function of a white blood cell?\n    To defend you against viruses, bacteria, diseases and micro-organisms\n  58. Do white blood cells have a. Nucleus?\n    Yes a large one.\n  59. What are platelets?\n    Small cells that help your blood to clot when you cut yourself\n  60. What do platelets prevent?\n    You from bleeding and from bacteria entering the wound\n  61. Do platelets have a nucleus?\n  62. What is plasma?\n    Straw coloured liquid part of blood.\n  63. How much of plasma is water?\n  64. What does plasma in your blood carry?\n    \u2022 Digested food (such as glucose)\n    \u2022 Cholesterol\n    \u2022 Hormones\n    \u2022 Antibodies\n    \u2022 Excess water\n    \u2022 Waste products\n    \u2022 Excess heat\n  65. Why are arteries so well adapted?\n    They have a thick muscular eleastoc wall that allows them to withstand the high pressure generates by your heart.\n  66. What do arteries do?\n    Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart\n  67. Why are veins so well adapted?\n    They have a thinner wall and larger lumen. The blood is under low pressure. To prevent blood flowing backwards, veins have valves.\n  68. What is the lumen?\n    Te space inside a vein\n  69. Why are capillaries so well adapted?\n    Capillary walls are permeable\n  70. Where are capillaries found?\n    In tissues and organs\n  71. What happens in a capillary?\n    Blood flows slowly through capillaries and exchanges materials with the tissues.\n  72. What does permeable mean?\n    Allows liquids and gases to pass through\n  73. What does double circulation mean?\n    The heart pumps blood twice through the heart\n  74. Where do the left and the right atria receive blood from?\n  75. What do the left and the right ventricles do?\n    Pump blood into arteries\n  76. What do valves prevent?\n    The backwards flow of blood\n  77. Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?\n    The lungs\n  78. How does the right ventricle ensure that it does not damage the lungs?\n    It has thinner walls and generates less PRESSURE\n  79. Which side of the heart pumps blood to the majority of your body?\n    The left\n  80. What features does the left venricle wall have?\n    \u2022 Thick and muscular walls, meaning it can generate higher pressures, allowing fast delivery of oxygen to body tissues\n    \u2022 (And quick removal of waste)\n  81. What happens at the same time as blood is pumped into the aorta?\n    Blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries\n  82. Where is the tricuspid valve found?\n    The right is of the heart.\n  83. What is the function of the tricuspid valve?\n    To pump blood to the lungs\n  84. Where can you find the semilunar valves?\n    The left side of the heart\n  85. What is the function of the semi lunar valves?\n    To deliver oxygen to the body tissue\n  86. What do plant cells have that animal cells do not? (3 things)\n    \u2022 Chloroplasts\n    \u2022 Vacuole\n    \u2022 Cell wall\n  87. What is the mitochondria?\n    Small rod shaped structures that release energy during aerobic respiration\n  88. What is a cell membrane?\n    A thin layer around the cell. It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell\n  89. What is the nucleus?\n    A large structure inside the cell. It contains chromosomes made of DNA. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell and how it develops.\n  90. What is cytoplasm?\n    A jelly-like substance containing many chemicals. Most of the chemical reactions of the cell occur here.\n  91. What is the cell wall?\n    A layer outside the cell membrane. It is made of cellulose, which is strong and supports the cell\n  92. What is a permanent vacuole?\n    A fluid filled cavity. The liquid inside is called cell sap. The sap helps to support the cell.\n  93. What are the chloroplasts?\n    Small disk shaped structures found the cytoplasm of some plant cells. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll that traps light energy for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts of found in the cells of leaves and stems (where photosynthesis occurs) But not in the cells of roots or flowers\n  94. What is a stem cell?\n    An undifferentiated cell that can divide my mitosis and is capable of differentiating into any cell types found in that organism\n  95. Where do you find stem cells\n    \u2022 In embryos that grow inside topic the womb.\n    \u2022 They can grow indefinitely in a laboratory\n  96. What is the use of stem cells?\n    \u2022 Used to treat diseases\n    \u2022 Used to test the effectiveness of new drugs\n  97. What issues can selective breeding cause?\n    \u2022 Harmful recessive characteristics\n    \u2022 Animals that are more prone to disease\n\nCard Set Information\n\n2014-04-15 14:40:35\n\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive The Engine Quiz!\n\nBy: Staff\nImage: refer to hsw\n\nAbout This Quiz\n\n\nWhat are the two main components of the engine cooling system in most cars?\n\nWith a water-cooled engine, which is the most common type of cooling system, the radiator and water pump circulate water to absorb heat and move it away from the engine.\n\nWhat happens if your car leaks or burns off all of its oil?\n\nOil lubricates the pistons so they can move smoothly inside the engine, and without oil, the engine will seize.\n\nWhat are the three common ways to deliver fuel to an engine?\n\nCarburetion, port fuel injection and direct fuel injection all get the fuel where it needs to go.\n\nWhat is an octane rating?\n\nThe octane rating relates to how much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. A rating that\u2019s too low can cause the engine to run poorly.\n\nWhat is an engine\u2019s redline?\n\nAn engine\u2019s redline, which is shown on the tachometer, determines its maximum revolutions per minute, or rpms.\n\nA car engine's job is to:\n\nThere's a lot of heat in a car's engine -- and a lot of exhaust coming out of it -- but these are byproducts of the engine's true purpose. An engine has to use fuel to create motion to move the <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">tires</a>.\n\nA car uses a four-stroke engine. The four strokes are:\n\nIn the intake step, a cylinder gets some fuel and air to burn. Then, it compresses the fuel to make the combustion step (the explosion) more powerful. In the last step, the cylinder releases its exhaust.\n\nA crankshaft's job in an engine is to:\n\nWhen <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">gasoline</a> ignites in a cylinder, the piston moves in a straight line. Your wheels, on the other hand, need to turn. The piston moves a connecting rod, which turns the crankshaft, producing the rotational motion.\n\nA timing belt or timing chain links these two components together so that the valves are in sync with the pistons:\n\nA timing belt or timing chain links the crankshaft to the <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">camshaft</a> so that the valves are in sync with the pistons.\n\nThere are three basic failures that can happen in an engine: bad fuel mix, lack of compression and:\n\nLots of things can go wrong under the hood, but the big three in the engine involve fuel, compression and <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">fire</a> .\n\nIn a car engine's cylinder, valves let fuel in and exhaust out. The ______ moves these valves.\n\nA <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">camshaft</a> is a rotating rod that uses a series of lobes to open and close the valves. Most modern engines have overhead cams -- the camshaft is directly above the valves.\n\nA turbocharger is:\n\n<a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Turbochargers</a> and <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">superchargers</a> are both air compression systems. They pressurize the air moving into the engine, increasing the engine's power.\n\nWhen you turn the key to a car, the starter motor:\n\nThe starter motor has a big job -- it has to overcome friction, cold weather and other factors to get your engine started. If it fails, nothing happens in the engine when you turn the key.\n\nModern cars use internal combustion engines, but some early models used external combustion engines. What is one example of an external combustion engine?\n\nSteam engines were most commonly used in trains and boats, but did power some types of cars.\n\nWhy don\u2019t we use steam engines for cars anymore?\n\nInternal combustion engines are a lot more efficient than external combustion engines, which is why steam engines fell out of favor for cars.\n\nWhat are the three common ways to arrange an engine\u2019s cylinders?\n\nAn engine\u2019s cylinders are most often arranged in a line (inline), in two rows set at an angle (V) or in two opposite banks (flat).\n\nWhat might happen if water gets into your gas tank?\n\nWater will prevent the gasoline in the system from burning properly, which will cause combustion problems in the engine, which will prevent the car from starting or cause it to run poorly.\n\nWhich of these cars features a popular example of an air-cooled engine?\n\nThe Volkswagen Beetle was designed with an air-cooled engine specifically for its simplicity.\n\nWhich of the following commonly uses air-cooled engines?\n\nMany motorcycles are powered by air-cooled engines.\n\nWhat is the steam engine\u2019s main advantage?\n\nA steam engine just needs to create steam, so it can burn anything as fuel. That's why in those old silent movies, when the hero runs out of coal to power the train, he starts burning his coat and hat.\n\nWhat are two of the main advantages to a 4-cylinder engine?\n\nThe 4-cylinder engine did not become popular in the United States until the 1980s, when Japanese manufacturers demonstrated how small and efficient it could be.\n\nWhat are two other terms for engine knock?\n\nPinging is another way to describe the sound, and detonation describes what\u2019s causing it.\n\nWhen a car's engine is running, power to operate the radio, CD player, headlights and windshield wipers comes from the:\n\nA large battery is used to start the engine when you turn the key; however, once the engine is running, power for the car's accessories comes from the <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">alternator</a>. The alternator is connected to the engine by a belt and generates electricity to recharge the battery, too.\n\nName one of the causes of engine knock.\n\nThere are several causes of engine knock, and experts say that installing the wrong spark plugs is a common problem.\n\nWhat are the three functions of engine oil?\n\nMost people know that engine oil lubricates to help with metal-on-metal contact, but it also helps cool and clean the engine as it circulates.\n\nWhat\u2019s another name for the four-stroke engine cycle?\n\nThe Otto cycle is named after its inventor, Nikolaus Otto.\n\nWhy does engine oil need to be changed?\n\nBecause engine oil cleans the engine, it picks up dirt and debris as it circulates, which gradually reduces its efficiency.\n\nA device that works on the same principle as a car engine is:\n\nIn a both <a href='' style=\"font-weight: bold;\">spud gun</a> and a car engine, you ignite a small amount of fuel, releasing a large amount of energy. (And it's equally unwise to get in front of a moving car or a loaded spud gun.)\n\nWhat does ECM stand for, and what does it do?\n\nECM is the engine control module, and it\u2019s the computer that manages the engine\u2019s functions.\n\nWhy does a diesel engine get better mileage than a gasoline engine?\n\nDiesel has a higher energy density than gasoline, meaning that each gallon burned makes more power.\n\nAbout HowStuffWorks Play\n\n\nExplore More Quizzes
+__label__positive Role of oestradiol in growth of follicles and follicle deviation in heifers\n\nin Reproduction\n\nFollicle deviation is characterized by continued growth of the largest (developing dominant) follicle and reduced growth of the smaller (subordinate) follicles. The aim of the present study was to test the following hypotheses: (1). oestradiol contributes to the depression of circulating FSH encompassing follicle deviation and (2). oestradiol plays a role in the initiation of deviation. Heifers were treated with progesterone (n = 5) or antiserum against oestradiol (n = 7) or given no treatment (control; n = 6). On the basis of previous studies, progesterone treatment would decrease LH and thereby the circulatory and intrafollicular concentrations of oestradiol and the antiserum would reduce the availability of oestradiol. Progesterone was given in six 75 mg injections at 12 h intervals beginning when the largest follicle of wave 1 first reached >or=5.7 mm (t = 0 h). Oestradiol antiserum (100 ml) was given in a single injection at t = 12 h. Follicles of the wave were defined as F1 (largest) and F2, according to the diameter at each examination. Blood samples were collected at 12 h intervals during t = 0-72 h. Treatment with progesterone lowered the circulatory concentrations of LH by 12 h after the start of treatment (P < 0.05), and concentrations remained low compared with those of controls during the treatment period. Treatment with oestradiol antiserum had no effect on LH. Both progesterone and the antiserum treatments increased the FSH concentrations compared with controls (P < 0.05), which supports the first hypothesis. The interval from t = 0 h to the beginning of deviation was longer in the progesterone- (51.0 +/- 7.6 h; P < 0.06) and antiserum (51.4 +/- 6.3 h; P < 0.05)-treated groups than in the controls (38.0 +/- 3.7 h), which supports the second hypothesis. There was no difference among groups in the diameters of F1 and F2 at deviation. Reduced diameter (P < 0.05 or P < 0.06) of both F1 and F2 occurred in both the progesterone- and antiserum-treated groups at t = 36 h and 48 h, compared with controls. Follicle retardation occurred in both the progesterone- and antiserum-treated groups despite the high FSH concentrations, whereas LH was altered only in the progesterone-treated group. Therefore, the follicle effect can be attributed to inadequate intrafollicular oestradiol. This interpretation implies a functional local role for oestradiol in the deviation process, independent of the systemic negative effect on FSH.\n\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0An official journal of\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Society for Reproduction and Fertility\n\n\nSept 2018 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days\nAbstract Views 0 0 0\nFull Text Views 149 34 1\nPDF Downloads 175 43 2
+__label__positive My Puzzles\nReport bug\nCollected Puzzles\nUser listed puzzles\nRandom Puzzle\nLog In/Out\n\nGeometry Vocabulary\n\n3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4\n5 \u00a0 6 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\n\n2.I am the point where two rays meet to form an angle.\n3.I am measured in degrees. I have a vertex. My sides are two rays.\n5.There are at least two of us. We always stay the same distance aprt.\n9.Two of us meet.\n1.Our lengths cannot be measured. When two of us meet, we form right angles.\n4.My length can be measured. I have two endpoints.\n5.I am a location in space and named by only one letter.\n6.I have only one end point.\n7.We are the endpoints where two sides of a polygon meet.\n8.My length cannot be measured. I am named by two of my points.\n\n\nWeb armoredpenguin.com\n\nCopyright information Privacy information Contact us Blog
+__label__positive Saturday, 7 January 2012\n\nLab Manual for Measurement and Instrumentation\n\n\u00a0 \u00a0Sessional : 25 Marks\nL T P \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Practical : 25 Marks\n- - 2 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Total \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0: 50 Marks\nDuration of Exam : 3 Hrs.\n\nList of Experiments :\n\n1. To Study various Temperature Measuring Instruments and to Estimate their Response times.\n(a) Mercury \u2013 in glass thermometer\n(b) Thermocouple\n(c) Electrical resistance thermometer\n(d) Bio-metallic strip\n\n2. To study the working of Bourdon Pressure Gauge and to check the calibration of the gauge in a deadweight pressure gauge calibration set up.\n\n3. To study a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and use it in a simple experimental set up to measure a small displacement.\n\n4. To study the characteristics of a pneumatic displacement gauge.\n\n5. To measure load (tensile/compressive) using load cell on a tutor.\n\n6. To measure torque of a rotating shaft using torsion meter/strain gauge torque transducer.\n\n7. To measure the speed of a motor shaft with the help of non-contact type pick-ups (magnetic or photoelectric).\n\n8. To measure the stress & strain using strain gauges mounted on simply supported beam/cantilever beam.\n\n9. To measure static/dynamic pressure of fluid in pipe/tube using pressure transducer/pressure cell.\n\n10. To test experimental data for Normal Distribution using Chi Square test.\n\n11. To learn the methodology of pictorial representation of experimental data and subsequent calculations for obtaining various measures of true value and the precision of measurement using Data acquisition system/ calculator.\n\n12. Vibration measurement by Dual Trace Digital storage Oscilloscope.\n\n13. To find out transmission losses by a given transmission line by applying\ncapacitive /inductive load.\n\n14. Process Simulator.\n\n1. At least ten experiments are to be performed in the Semester.\n2. At least seven experiments should be performed from the above list. Remaining three experiments may either be performed from the above list or designed & set by the concerned institution as per the scope of the Syllabus.\n\nExperiment No:1\n\nAim: To Study various Temperature Measuring Instruments and to Estimate their Response times.\n(a) Mercury \u2013 in glass thermometer\n(b) Thermocouple\n(c) Electrical resistance thermometer\n(d) Bi-metallic strip\n\nApparatus used: Mercury thermometer, Thermocouple setup, Platinum thermometer and Bi-metallic strip.\n\n\n(a) Mercury \u2013 in glass thermometer:\n\nA liquid-in-glass thermometer is widely used due to its accuracy for the temperature range -200 to 600\u00b0C. Compared to other thermometers, it is simple and no other equipment beyond the human eye is required. The LIG thermometer is one of the earliest thermometers. It has been used in medicine, metrology and industry. In the LIG thermometer the thermally sensitive element is a liquid contained in a graduated glass envelope. The principle used to measure temperature is that of the apparent thermal expansion of the liquid. It is the difference between the volumetric reversible thermal expansion of the liquid and its glass container that makes it possible to measure temperature.\nThe liquid-in-glass thermometer comprises of\n1. A bulb, a reservoir in which the working liquid can expand or contract in volume\n2. A stem, a glass tube containing a tiny capillary connected to the bulb and enlarged at the bottom into a bulb that is partially filled with a working liquid. The tube's bore is extremely small - less than 0.02 inch (0.5 millimetre) in diameter\n3. A temperature scale is fixed or engraved on the stem supporting the capillary tube to indicate the range and the value of the temperature. It is the case for the precision thermometers whereas for the low accurate thermometers such as industrial thermometer, the scale is printed on a separate card and then protected from the environment. The liquid-in-glass thermometers is usually calibrated against a standard thermometer and at the melting point of water\n4. A reference point, a calibration point, the most common being the ice point\n5. A working liquid, usually mercury or alcohol\n6. An inert gas is used for mercury intended to high temperature. The thermometer is filled with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen above the mercury to reduce its volatilization.\nThe response of the thermometer depends on the bulb volume, bulb thickness, total weight and type of thermometer. The sensitivity depends on the reversible thermal expansion of the liquid compared to the glass. The greater the fluid expansion, the more sensitive the thermometer. Mercury was the liquid the most often used because of its good reaction time, repeatability, linear coefficient of expansion and large temperature range. But it is poisonous and so other working liquids are used.\nFig: Liquid in Glass Thermometer\nA mercury-in-glass thermometer, also known as a mercury thermometer, consisting of mercury in a glass tube. Calibrated marks on the tube allow the temperature to be read by the length of the mercury within the tube, which varies according to the heat given to it. To increase the sensitivity, there is usually a bulb of mercury at the end of the thermometer which contains most of the mercury; expansion and contraction of this volume of mercury is then amplified in the much narrower bore of the tube. The response time of the thermometer is nothing but as time constant or the time of consideration for measuring particular temperature.\n\n(b) Thermocouple:\n\nAn electric current flows in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metals if their two junctions are at different temperatures. The thermoelectric voltage produced depends on the metals used and on the temperature relationship between the junctions. If the same temperature exists at the two junctions, the voltage produced at each junction cancel each other out and no current flows in the circuit. With different temperatures at each junction, different voltage is produced and current flows in the circuit. A thermocouple can therefore only measure temperature differences between the two junctions.\nFig: Thermocouple\n\nThermocouples response time is measured as a \u201ctime constant.\u201d The time constant is defined as the time required for a thermocouple\u2019s voltage to reach 63.2% of its final value in response to a sudden change in temperature. It takes five time constants for the voltage to approach 100% of the new temperature value. Thermocouples attached to a heavy mass will respond much slower than one that is left free standing because its value is governed by the temperature of the large mass.\u00a0 A free standing (exposed or bare wire) thermocouple\u2019s response time is a function of the wire size (or mass of the thermocouple bead) and the conducting medium.\u00a0 A thermocouple of a given size will react much faster if the conducting medium is water compared to still air.\n\n(c) Electrical resistance thermometer:\nResistance thermometers may be called as RTDs (resistance temperature detectors), PRT's (platinum resistance thermometers), or SPRT's (standard platinum resistance thermometers). These thermometers operate on the principle that, electrical resistance changes in pure metal elements, relative to temperature. The traditional sensing element of a resistance thermometer consists of a coil of small diameter wire wound to a precise resistance value. The most common material is platinum, although nickel, copper, and nickel-iron alloys compete with platinum in many applications.\n\nPlatinum Resistance thermometer consists of a fine platinum wire (platinum coil) wound in a non-inductive way on a mica frame M (Figure 1). The ends of this wire are soldered to points A and C from which two thick leads run along the length of the glass tube (that encloses the set up) and are connected to two terminals (P, P) fixed on the cap of the tube. These are the platinum wire leads. Also, by the side of these leads, another set of leads run parallel and are connected to the terminals (C, C) fixed on the cap of the tube. These are called compensating leads and are joined together inside the glass tube. The compensating leads and the platinum wire are separated from each other by mica or porcelain separators (D, D). The electrical resistance of the (P, P) leads is same as that of the (C, C) leads.\nFig: Resistance Thermometer\n\nA time constant indicates the responsiveness of a resistance thermometer to temperature change. A common expression is the time it takes a thermometer to reflect 63.2% of a step temperature change in moving water. Response speed depends on the mass of the thermometer and the rate at which heat transfers from the outer surface to the sensing element. A rapid time constant reduces errors in a system subject to rapid temperature changes.\n\n(d) Bi-metallic strip:\n\nFig: Bimetallic Strip\n\n\n\nConclusion: Hence the study of various temperature measuring instruments and their response times is completed.\n\nExperiment No:2\n\n\nApparatus used: Deadweight Pressure Gauge calibration set up\n\nTheory: \u00a0These are used for measurement of pressure and vacuum and are suitable for all clean and non-clogging liquid and gaseous media. Bourdon gauge consists of a hollow metal tube with an oval cross section, bent in the shape of a hook. One end of the tube is closed, the other open and connected to the measurement region. If pressure (above local atmospheric pressure) is applied, the oval cross section will become circular, and at the same time the tube will straighten out slightly. The resulting motion of the closed end, proportional to the pressure, can then be measured via a pointer or needle connected to the end through a suitable linkage.\n\nFig: Bourdan Tube Gauge\n\nWorking of the Bourdon Pressure Gauge: In order to understand the working of the bourdon pressure gauge, we need to consider a cross-section of the Bourdon tube, as shown in the figure.\n\nFig: Working of Bourdon Gauge\n\nAssume that a pressure P, which is greater than the atmospheric pressure, acts on at the pressure inlet of the gauge. According to the Pascal\u2019s Law, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. Therefore,\nPressure acting on the Inner Wall = Pressure acting on the Outer Wall.\nArea of Outer Wall projected to the pressure = 2\u03c0Rod\n\nForce on Outer wall = Fo = Pressure x Area = 2P\u03c0Rod\n\nForce on Inner Wall = Fi = 2P\u03c0Rid\n\nSince, Ro>Ri then, Fo>Fi.\nSo, the force that tries to unwind the tube is greater than the force that tries to bend it further. Therefore, the tube unwinds due to the extra pressure exerted on it. This unwinding is then recorded on a scale by using a series of gears and a pointer.\n\nCalibration is the name of the term applied to checking the accuracy or the working condition of the concerned device. So, the calibration of Bourdon Pressure Gauge refers to the checking of its accuracy or reliability in taking a reading. The apparatus used for this purpose is called the Dead-Weight Gauge Tester.\n\nWorking of the Dead-Weight Gauge Tester: The working of this gauge tester can be understood easily with the help of the following diagram.\n\nFig:\u00a0Dead-Weight Gauge Tester\n\nIn this figure gauge A and B are the ones to be calculated. We can at any stage disengage any gauge by closing the respective valve.\nFor the illustration purpose, we will just consider the calibration of Gauge A and assume that valve B remains closed.\n\nWeight of Plunger = W\nCross-sectional Area of the stem of Plunger = A\n\nPressure exerted on the fluid = P = W/A\n\nNow, according to Pascal\u2019s Law, pressure is transmitted equally in all direction. Therefore pressure encountered at the inlet of Gauge A is the same as P\n\nif Pressure registered by Gauge A = PA = P\nwithin experimental limits, then the gauge is working properly. If not, then there is some problem which must be detected and accounted for.\n\n\n1. Fix the gauge to be tested on one end of the Dead-Weight Gauge tester and make sure that the valve is fully opened. Meanwhile close the other valve tightly so that no leakage of fluid is ensured.\n\n2. Next, gently place the plunger in the tester ensuring that the plunger should not touch the edges of the bowl. Allow some time for the system to attain equilibrium, than take the reading from the gauge. Record both the applied and registered pressure in a table of values. Now, remove the plunger and once again after some time record the reading on the gauge. Record it in the table.\n\n3. Now place some weights on the plunger so that the applied pressure is varied. Then, repeat the above mentioned procedure until there are at least six readings. Record them all in the table.\n\nObservations & Calculations:\n\nSl No\nApplied Pressure (P)\nNeglecting Zero Error\n9(Zero Error)\n\nConclusion: Hence the working of Bourdon Pressure Gauge and checking of calibration on a deadweight pressure gauge is completed.\n\nExperiment No:3\n\n\nApparatus used: LVDT setup\n\nTheory: The letters LVDT are an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer, a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal. LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as a few millionths of an inch up to several inches, but are also capable of measuring positions up to \u00b120 inches (\u00b10.5 m). The transformer's internal structure consists of a primary winding centered between a pair of identically wound secondary windings, symmetrically spaced about the primary. The coils are wound on a one-piece hollow form of thermally stable glass reinforced polymer, encapsulated against moisture, wrapped in a high permeability magnetic shield, and then secured in cylindrical stainless steel housing. This coil assembly is usually the stationary element of the position sensor. \u00a0The moving element of an LVDT is a separate tubular\u00a0 armature of\u00a0 magnet i cal l y\u00a0 permeable material called the core, which is free to move axially within the coil's hollow bore, and mechanically coupled to the object whose position is being measured. This bore is typically large enough to provide substantial radial clearance between the core and bore, with no physical contact between it and the coil.\n\nThe device consists of a primary coil, two secondary coils, and a moveable magnetic core which is connected to an external device whose position is of interest.\u00a0 A sinusoidal excitation is applied to the primary coil, which couples with the secondary coils through the magnetic core (ie. voltages are induced in the secondary coils).\u00a0 The position of the magnetic core determines the strength of coupling between the primary and each of the secondary cores, and the difference between the voltages generated across each of the secondary cores is proportional to the displacement of the core from the neutral position, or null point.\nFig: LVDT Principle\n\n1. Adjust the experimental setup for probe to zero position.\u00a0\n2. Verify all electrical connections.\n3. Give the LVDT power supply on.\n4. Record the displacement and output voltage.\n\nObservations & Calculations:\nSl No\n\n\n\nConclusion: \u00a0Hence the measurement of a small displacement using LVDT is ______.\n\nExperiment No:4\n\nAim: To study the characteristics of a pneumatic displacement gauge.\n\nApparatus used: Model of a pneumatic displacement gauge.\n\nIn pneumatic type of devices, the displacement signal is converted to pressure signal. The device shown below is pneumatic displacement gauge and this is also known as flapper nozzle device.\nFig: Pneumatic Gauge\n\nA pneumatic displacement gauge system operates with air. The signal is transmitted in form of variable air pressure (often in the range 3-15 psi, i.e. 0.2 to 1.0 bar) that initiates the control action. One of the basic building blocks of a pneumatic displacement gauge \u00a0system is the flapper nozzle amplifier. It converts very small displacement signal (in order of microns) to variation of air pressure. The basic construction of a flapper nozzle amplifier is shown in above figure. Constant air pressure (20psi) is supplied to one end of the pipeline. There is an orifice at this end. At the other end of the pipe there is a nozzle and a flapper. The gap between the nozzle and the flapper is set by the input signal. As the flapper moves closer to the nozzle, there will be less airflow through the nozzle and the air pressure inside the pipe will increase. On the other hand, if the flapper moves further away from the nozzle, the air pressure decreases. At the extreme, if the nozzle is open (flapper is far off), the output pressure will be equal to the atmospheric pressure. If the nozzle is blocks, the output pressure will be equal to the supply pressure. A pressure measuring device in the pipeline can effectively show the pressure variation. The characteristics is inverse and the pressure decreases with the increase in distance. Typical characteristics of a flapper nozzle amplifier is shown in below figure. The orifice and nozzle diameter are very small. Typical value of the orifice diameter is 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) and the nozzle diameter 0.025 inch (0.6 mm). Typical change in pressure is 1.0 psi (66 mbar) for a change in displacement of 0.0001 inch (2.5 micron). There is an approximate linear range in 3-15 psi, of the characteristics of the amplifier, which is the normal operating range.\n\nThe role of flapper nozzle lies in its ability to generate a large output air pressure, by placing a small obstruction at the orifice (at the nozzle) of an incoming pneumatic signal. This trainer has a flapper nozzle, together with a pressure amplifier, suitably connected to a spring damper, and a spring compensator. This trainer not only used to draw the characteristics of a FLAPPER NOZZLE, but also highlights the application of a FLAPPER NOZZLE itself.\nThe Flapper Nozzle trainer is a pneumatic system. The air at fixed pressure enters a constriction (a partial obstruction) in its delivery path and enters a nozzle. The opening of the nozzle is larger than the constriction. When the flapper is moved away (usually one thousandth of an inch) from the nozzle, the pressure at the nozzle falls to a low value typically 2 to 3 psi. When the flapper is moved close to the nozzle, the pressure at he nozzle rises to the supply pressure. This pressure is now applied to a pressure amplifier, which in turn moves a beam. The purpose of this beam is to demonstrate the utility of a flapper nozzle experiment. The displacement of this moving beam is proportional to the pressure developed due to the positioning of the flapper from the nozzle.\n\nFig: Flapper Nozzle System\n\nConclusion: Hence the characteristics of a pneumatic displacement gauge are studied.\n\nExperiment No:5\n\nAim: To measure load (tensile/compressive) using load cell on a tutor.\n\nApparatus used: Load cell on a tutor.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe following figure is used for compression and tension load measuring on load cell.\n\nFig: Load Cell\n\n\n1. Make setup of load cell and tutor.\n2. Place weight on the load cell.\n3. Note down the reading given by tutor separately for compression and tension.\n4. Take 8-10 readings by increasing weight.\n5. Compare actual weight & weight given by tutor.\n\nConclusion: Actual tensile & compression loads are _______ & _________.\nTutor tensile & compression loads are _______ & _________.\n\nExperiment No:6\n\nAim: To measure torque of a rotating shaft using torsion meter/strain gauge torque transducer.\n\nApparatus used: Torsion meter/strain gauge torque transducer.\n\n\nWhat is torque?\nTorque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. (or) Torque is defined as a force around a given point, applied at a radius from that point.\nAn engine produces power by providing a rotating shaft which can exert a given amount of torque on a load at a given rpm. The amount of torque the engine can exert usually varies with rpm.\n\nFacts about calculations:\n  1. Power (the rate of doing work) is dependent on torque and rpm.\n  2. Torque and rpm are the measured quantities of engine output.\n  3. Power is calculated from torque and rpm, by the following equation: P = Torque x RPM\n\nHow to measure torque of a rotating shaft?\nThe power transmitted can be calculated from the torque, using the equation\nP = \u03c9 T\nP is the power (in watts),\nT is torque (N m)\n\u03c9 is angular speed (rad / s).\n\nWhat is torsion meter?\nThe deflection measuring system is called torsion meter. An instrument for determining the torque on a shaft, and hence the horse power of an engine by measuring the amount of twist of a given length of the shaft. When a shaft is connected between a driving engine and driven load, a twist (angular displacement) occurs on the shaft between its ends. This angle of twist is measured and calibrated in terms of torque.\nConstruction of mechanical torsion meter: The main parts of the mechanical torsion meter are as follows: A shaft which has two drums and two flanges mounted on its ends as shown in the diagram. One drum carries a pointer and other drum has a torque calibrated scale. A stroboscope is used to take readings on a rotating shaft.\nOperation of mechanical torsion meter: One end of the shaft of the torsion meter is connected to the driving engine and its other end to the driven load. An angle of twist is experienced by the shaft along its length between the two flanges which is proportional to the torque applied to the shaft. A measure of this angle of twist becomes a measure of torque when calibrated. The angular twist caused is observed on the torque calibrated scale corresponding to the position of the pointer. As the scale on the drum is rotating, reading cannot be taken directly. Hence a stroboscope is used. The stroboscope\u2019s flashing light is made to fall on the scale and the flashing frequency is adjusted till a stationary image is obtained. Then the scale reading is noted.\n\nWhat is strain gauge torque transducer?\nThe strain monitoring system is called torque meter (or) strain gauge torque transducer.\nA Torque sensor is a transducer that converts a torsional mechanical input into an electrical output signal. Torque Sensor, are also commonly known as a Torque Transducer.\nTorque is measured by either sensing the actual shaft deflection caused by a twisting force, or by detecting the effects of this deflection. The surface of a shaft under torque will experience compression and tension, as shown in figure below.\n\nFig: Strain Gauge Torque Transducer\n\nA strain gage can be installed directly on a shaft. Because the shaft is rotating, the torque sensor can be connected to its power source and signal conditioning electronics via a slip ring. The strain gage also can be connected via a transformer, eliminating the need for high maintenance slip rings. The excitation voltage for the strain gage is inductively coupled, and the strain gage output is converted to a modulated pulse frequency as shown in figure. Maximum speed of such an arrangement is 15,000 rpm.\n\nFig: Strain Gauge Working\n\nConclusion: Hence the torque of a rotating shaft is _______.\n\nExperiment No:7\n\n\nApparatus used: Optical pick up\n\nTheory: Besides specific measurement requirements, application conditions determine the choice of the appropriate sensor technology. Because of their ability to withstand harsh environments and abrasive conditions, non-contact magnetic sensors should be used for the most critical functions inside the engine compartment. For rotational speed and position detection, to compensate for position tolerances and position drifts of the mechanical connection without degraded performance, magnetic sensors with a large control tolerance field are used.\nTo control the speed of a prime mover, speed controls compare actual speed to desired, or set, speed. The speed sensor most often used to detect prime mover speed is the magnetic pickup (MPU). When a magnetic material (usually a gear tooth driven by the prime mover) passes through the magnetic field at the end of the magnetic pickup, a voltage is developed. The frequency of this voltage is translated by the speed control into a signal which accurately depicts the speed of the prime mover. The gap between the end of the MPU and the gear tooth is set at 0.25 to 1.02 mm (0.010 to 0.040 inch) at the closest point. The MPU will be damaged if it touches the moving gear. A properly installed MPU will provide as much as 50 Vac (rms); most Woodward controls require a minimum of 1.5 Vac at the lowest speed. Voltage decreases as the MPU is moved farther from the gear. If the gap between the pickup and the gear cannot be measured directly, it can be determined by counting the number of turns the pickup is backed away from the gear. One full turn counterclockwise will move the MPU out 0.0555 inch (1.5 mm for the metric model).\n\nThere are electric tachometer consists of a transducer which converts rotational speed into an electrical signal coupled to an indicator. The transducer produces an electrical signal in proportion to speed. The signal may be in the analog form or in the form of pulses. Tachometer or pickups of this type produce pulses form a rotating shaft without being mechanically connected to it. As the energy produced by these devices is not sufficient to actual an indicator directly, amplifiers of sufficient sensitivity are employed. The various types of non-contact pick-ups are optical pick ups or photoelectric or photoconductive cell.\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electromagnetic pick up\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Capacitive pick up\n\nHere we will measure the speed by optical pick up. As they don\u2019t have moving parts so speed up to 3 million rpm. These are available in a variety of designs using the principle of shaft rotation to interrupt a beam of light falling on a photoelectric or photo conductive cell. The pulse thus obtained are first amplified & then either fed to an electric counter, or shaped to an along signal and connected to the indicator. A bright white spot is made on the rotating shaft. A beam of light originating from the tachometer case hits the white spot & the reflected light falls on photoconductive cell inside the case, producing pulse in transes torised amplifier, which is turn,\u00a0 causes the indicator to deflect which is measure of speed of the shaft.\n\nObservations & Calculations:\n\nFormula used: - Speed (rpm) = Frequency x Diameter of Disk / No. of segments.\n1.\u00a0 Connect the CKT & CRO with the required apparatus & switch on the supply.\n2.\u00a0 Adjust the speed of the motor by the knob and wait for some time till the motor attains the maximum speed at corresponding knob position.\n3.\u00a0 Measure the frequency from out put wave on CRO.\n4.\u00a0 Find the speed of the motor.\n\nCalculations: -\u00a0\u00a0 At knob position (A)\nRPM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (frequency) x diameter of disc/No. of teeth of segments\nN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RPM = f x d / T Where f = 1/t\nt = time period of one cycle of out put wave &\nf = 1.8 x 2ms = 3.6 x 10-3 s [on CRO] and\nd = 56.5mm.\n\nTherefore, R.P.M = 2.79 x 102 x 56.5/ 60 = 262 rpm\n\nConclusion: Hence the Speed of position \u2018A\u2019 = 262 rpm\n\nExperiment No:8\n\nAim: To measure the stress & strain using strain gauges mounted on simply supported beam/cantilever beam.\n\nApparatus used: Strain gauge Kit, cantilever beam weights, multimeter.\n\n\nWhen external\u00a0forces are applied to a stationary object, stress and strain are the result. Stress is defined as the object's internal resisting forces, and strain is defined as the displacement and deformation that occur. For a uniform distribution of internal resisting forces, stress can be calculated by\u00a0dividing\u00a0the force (F) applied by the unit area (A). Strain is defined as the amount of deformation per unit length of an object when a load is applied. Strain is calculated by dividing the total deformation of the original length by the original length (L).\n\nFig: Stress - Strain Concept\n\nFundamentally, all strain gauges are designed to convert mechanical motion into an electronic signal. A change in capacitance, inductance, or resistance is proportional to the strain experienced by the sensor. If a wire is held under tension, it gets slightly longer and its cross-sectional area is reduced. This changes its resistance (R) in proportion to the strain sensitivity (S) of the wire's resistance. When a strain is introduced, the strain sensitivity, which is also called the\u00a0gauge factor (GF), is given by:\nGF= (\u2206R/R)/(\u2206L/L)\n\nThere are many types of strain gauges. Among them, a universal strain gauge has a structure such that a grid-shaped sensing element of thin metallic resistive foil (3 to 6\u00b5m thick) is put on a base of thin plastic film (15 to 16\u00b5m thick) and is laminated with a thin film.\n\nFig: Strain Gauge\n\nThe strain gauge is tightly bonded to a measuring object so that the sensing element (metallic resistive foil) may elongate or contract according to the strain borne by the measuring object. When bearing mechanical elongation or contraction, most metals undergo a change in electric resistance. The strain gauge applies this principle to strain measurement through the resistance change. Generally, the sensing element of the strain gauge is made of a copper-nickel alloy foil. The alloy foil has a rate of resistance change proportional to strain with a certain constant.\n\n\n1.\u00a0 Arrange the cantilever beam, ammeter and voltmeter as shown in figure.\n2.\u00a0 After this, put the weight on the rod of cantilever beam.\n3.\u00a0 Measure the digital display reading for a particular weight.\n4.\u00a0 Measure the value of ammeter (along) and voltmeter reading (micro-volt)\n5.\u00a0 Increase the strength of weight.\n6.\u00a0 Repeat the steps for increased weight.\n7.\u00a0 Measure all dimensions of scale of cantilever.\n\nObservations & Calculations:\n\n\nDepending upon the beam used in apparatus force stress and strain values varies accordingly with simply supported or cantilever beam terminology.\n\nConclusion: Hence stress=________\u00a0 & strain=________.\n\nExperiment No:9\n\nAim: To measure static/dynamic pressure of fluid in pipe/tube using pressure transducer/pressure cell.\n\nApparatus used: Pressure transducer Kit, multimeter etc.\n\n\nPressure is defined as force per unit area that a fluid exerts on its surroundings. A pressure measurement can be described as either static or dynamic. The pressure in cases where no motion is occurring is referred to as static pressure. Examples of static pressure include the pressure of the air inside a balloon or water inside a basin. Often times, the motion of a fluid changes the force applied to its surroundings. Such a pressure measurement is known as dynamic pressure measurement. For example, the pressure inside a balloon or at the bottom of a water basin would change as air is let out of the balloon or as water is poured out of the basin.\n\nBecause of the great variety of conditions, ranges, and materials for which pressure must be measured, there are many different types of pressure sensor designs. Often pressure can be converted to some intermediate form, such as displacement. The sensor then converts this displacement into an electrical output such as voltage or current. The three most universal types of pressure transducers of this form are the strain gage, variable capacitance, and piezoelectric.\n\nFig: Pressure Transducer\n\n\n1.\u00a0 Firstly arrange the pressure transducer, Multimeter, Voltmeter.\n2.\u00a0 After that increase the pressure in the pressure transducer.\n3.\u00a0 Set the readings of pressure transducer on a particular reading.\n4.\u00a0 Now note the display reading on Kit.\n5.\u00a0 Also note the voltmeter & ammeter readings.\n6.\u00a0 Repeat the numbers of reading with different pressure on transducer.\n7.\u00a0 Compare the value of pressure applied on transducer & display readings.\n\nObservations & Calculations:\n\nTheoretically, P=\u03c1g\u2206H\n\u03c1=density of water in pipe\ng=acceleration due to gravity\n\u2206H=change in head\n\nConclusion: Hence the pressure of the fluid in pipe is _______.
+__label__positive Build a New Printable\nFor edHelper.com subscribers. - Not a Member? Join edHelper.com\n\nNumber of People (in each problem)\nSelect the number of different people:\n\nNumber of Keys\nSelect the number of different printables:\n\u00a0 Return to Metric System Worksheets\n\nName _____________________________\nDate _______________\n\nEdHelper Parcel Company specializes in shipping parcels. The cost of shipping a package is $1.69 for each half of a kilogram shipped.\nKaylee, Christian, Jose, Amber, Joshua, and Samuel each have one package to ship. Each package is a different weight (223 g, 12.3 kg, 947 g, 14 kg 37 g, 7 kg, and 5.8 kg). Figure out who has which package, the weight of the package, and the cost to ship the package.\n\n1. \u00a0\u00a0 Amber's package costs the most to ship.\n\n2. \u00a0\u00a0 Samuel's package is six thousand, five hundred grams lighter than Jose's package.\n\n3. \u00a0\u00a0 It will cost $23.66 to ship Joshua's package.\n\n4. \u00a0\u00a0 Christian's package is seven hundred twenty-four grams heavier than Kaylee's package.
+__label__positive How can we help?\n\nYou can also find more resources in our Help Center.\n\n101 terms\n\nBios 102 ch. 9,10,12\n\nRest review\nHow many NADH are produced by glycolysis?\nIn glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.\nsubstrate-level phosphorylation\nWhich of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?\nIn glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?\nIn glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.\nWhich of these enters the citric acid cycle?\nacetyl CoA\nIn the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.\nsubstrate-level phosphorylation\nacetyl CoA\nFor each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.\nFor each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.\nIn cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.\noxidative phosphorylation\nThe final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.\nDuring electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.\nNADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space\nThe proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.\nkinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient\nCellular respiration: Net Input\nNAD+, ADP, Glucose\nCellular Respiration: Net Output\nNADH, ATP, pyruvate\nCellular Respiration: Not input nor output\nacetyl CoA, coenzyme A, CO2, O2\nacetyl CoA formation: Net Input\nNAD+, pyruvate, Coenzyme A\nacetyl CoA formation: Net Output\nCO2, Acetyl CoA, NADH\nacetyl CoA formation:Not input nor output\nADP, ATP,O2, Glucose\ncitric acid cycle: input\nAcetyle CoA, ADP, NAD+\ncitric acid cycle: Output\nATP, CO2, Coenzyme A, NADH\ncitric acid cycle: No output or Input\nO2, pyruvate, glucose\nOxidative Phosphorylation:input\nOxidative Phosphorylation:Output\nATP, NAD+, water\nOxidative Phosphorylation:no output or input\nCO2, pyruvate, Acetyle CoA, glucose, Coenzyme A\nWhen a compound donates(loses) electrons, that compound becomes____. Such a compound is ofton referred to as an electron donor.\nWhen a compound accepts(gains) electrons, that compound becomes___. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.\nIn glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is____.\nOnce the electron donor is glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called___.\nis the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.\nThe reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis.\nacetyl CoA\nThe entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.\nReduced or Oxidized to: CO2\npyruvate is oxidized to___.\nReduced or Oxidized to: NADH\nNAD+ is reduced to____.\nReduced or Oxidized to: FAD\nis reduced to FADH2\nto function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain\nWhat would happen to the cell's rate of glucose utilization?\nGlucose utilization would increase a lot.\nWhich of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration?\nconserving the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work.\nIn the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced\nGlucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.\nWhich of the following describes the process of glycolysis\nIt represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.\nIt produces ATP and NADH.\nWhich statement about the citric acid cycle is correct\nThe electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound? (Concept 9.4)\n_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.\nred, green\nWhich of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?\n6 CO2 + 6 H2O \u2192 C6H12O6 + 6 O2\nThe light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.\nwater ... NADPH\nAfter 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____. the electrons that reduce the phosphorylated 3-PGA.\nConserving water\nsimultaneously reduces the amount of carbon dioxide available to the plant.\ntransfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs\nPlants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?\nThey use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules\nThey are in the same category as algae and cyanobacteria.\nThey make their own food from inorganic materials.\nThey are among the producers of the biosphere.\nThe ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is _____. (Overview)\nThe photosynthetic membranes are found in the _____ in plant cells. (Concept 10.1)\nIn the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between _____. (Concept 10.2)\nultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation\nWhich of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis? (Concept 10.2)\nhigh-energy electrons\nWhen light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____. (Concept 10.2)\nsplitting water\nPhotosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H2O is _____ during the light reactions and CO2 is_ _____ during the Calvin Cycle. (Concept 10.2 and 10.3)\nWhich of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the Calvin cycle? (Concept 10.3)\nelectron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis\nThe overall function of the Calvin cycle is _____. (Concept 10.3)\nmaking sugar\nC4 plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because _____. (Concept 10.4)\nthe mitotic phase\nS phase\nNucleoli are present during _____.\nCytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.\nChromosomes become visible during _____.\nSpindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.\nDuring prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.\ntwo chromosomes and four chromatids\nSister Chromatid\nDNA replication produces two identical DNA Molecules called____, which separate during mitosis\nAfter chromosomes condense, the___ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other.\nDuring mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the___.\nin the dividing cells, most of the cells growth occurs during___.\nmitotic spindle\nIn most Eukaryotes division of the nucleus is followed by__ when the rest of the cell divides.\nthe organizing centers for microtubules involve in separating chromosomes during mitosis.\nWhich of the following is a function of meiosis but not mitosis in eukaryotes? (Concept 12.1)\nproduction of animal gametes\nA human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain? (Concept 12.1)\nIt is difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase because _____. (Concept 12.1)\nthey have uncoiled to form long, thin strands\nThe kinetochores _____. (Concept 12.2)\nare sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes\nWhich of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description? (Concept 12.2)\nG1: follows cell division\nIn some organisms such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would result from this? (Concept 12.2)\nlarge cells containing many nuclei\nWhich of the following is/are difference(s) between the fission of a bacterium and mitosis in human cells? (Concept 12.2)\nAll of the above are differences between the fission of a bacterium and human cell division.\nCytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. This chemical would interfere with _____. (Concept 12.2)\nCells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in the _____ phase of the cell cycle. (Concept 12.3)\nA benign tumor, but not a malignant tumor, is one in which the cancerous cells _____. (Concept 12.3)\nremain confined to their original site\nThe second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.\nSecond phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.\nthe final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle\nThe final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.\nelectron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP\nelectron carrier involved in glycolysis\nsubstrate-level phosphorylation\nelectron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle\nKrebs cycle
+__label__positive Geography Questions - Geography General knowledge questions for all competitive examinations. We have created a quiz of important Indian and world Geography questions which are asked in all the recruitment examinations. You can take Geography test and learn the most important Indian Geography and World Geography questions. We are continuously adding important Geography questions but if you know any Geography question then kindly post it.\n\n\nWorld Geography\n\nCommon Geography Questions\n\n1. Guwahati is situated on the banks of river?\n(A) Brahmaputra\n(B) Ganga\n(C) Yammuna\n(D) Godavari\n\n2. The Gulf of Mannar is situated along the coast which state in India?\n(A) Karnatka\n(B) Kerala\n(C) Andhra Pradesh\n(D) Tamil Nadu\n\n3. The city of Nasik is situated on the banks of which river in India?\n(A) Krishna\n(B) Godavari\n(C) Koshi\n(D) Yammuna\n\n4. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched\u2014\n(A) Haldia : Orissa\n(B) Jamnagar : Maharashtra\n(C) Numaligarh : Gujarat\n(D) Panangudi : Tamil Nadu\n\n5. Which one of the following rivers originates near Mahabaleshwar ?\n(A) Godavari\n(B) Krishna\n(C) Kaveri\n(D) Tapi\n\n6. With reference to the climate of India, the western disturbances originate over which one of the following ?\n(A) Arabian Sea\n(B) Baltic Sea\n(C) Caspian Sea\n(D) Mediterranean Sea\n\n7. In which one of the following states is the Nanga Parbat peak located ?\n(A) Sikkim\n(B) Himachal Pradesh\n(C) Jammu and Kashmir\n(D) Uttarakhand\n\n8. In India, which of the following are the Southernmost hills ?\n(A) Anaimalai hills\n(B) Cardamom hills\n(C) Nilgiri hills\n(D) Javacli hills\n\n9. Where are the coal reserves of India largely concentrated ?\n(A) Son valley\n(B) Mahanadi valley\n(C) Damodar valley\n(D) Godavari valley\n\n10. Which of the following Indian island lies between India and Sri Lanka ?\n(A) Elephanta\n(B) Nicobar\n(C) Rameshwaram\n(D) Salsette\n\n11. In which state do the Mansoon arrives first ?\n(A) Assam\n(B) West Bengal\n(C) Maharashtra\n(D) Kerala\n\n12. How many islands are there in the group of Lakshadweep?\n(A) 36\n(B) 30\n(c) 35\n(D) 34\n\n13. Which one of the following areas of India does not come under the zone of high seismic intensity ?\n(A) Uttarakhand\n(B) Karnataka Plateau\n(C) Kachchh\n(D) Himachal Pradesh\n\n14. Between which ranges does the Kashmir valley in the Himlayas lie ?\n(A) Siwalik and Pir Panjal\n(B) Pirpanjal and Dhauladhar\n(C) Zanskar and Pir Panjal\n(D) Dhauladhar and Zanskar\n\n15. Indravati is a tributary of which river ?\n(A) Ganga\n(B) Godavari\n(C) Krishna\n(D) Mahanadi\n\n16. Which one of the following Indian rivers forms an estuary ?\n(A) Godavari\n(B) Kaveri\n(C) Tapi\n(D) Mahanadi\n\n17. Where is Thattekad Bird Sanctuary located ?\n(A) Kerala\n(B) Tamil Nadu\n(C) Karnataka\n(D) Andhra Pradesh\n\n18. In which one of the following states of India is the Pamayangtse Monastery situated ?\n(A) Nagaland\n(B) Himachal Pradesh\n(C) Sikkim\n(D) Arunachal Pradesh\n\n19. Assertion (A) : The Gangatic plains are among the most beautiful agricultural areas of the world.\nReason (R) : The Gangetic plains contain predominatly regur soil.\nCodes :\n(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A\n(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explaination of A\n(C) A is true but R is false\n(D) A is false but R is true\n\n20. The main streams of river Ganga which flows beyond Farakka is known as?\n(A) Bhagirathi\n(B) Padma\n(C) Hooghly\n(D) Suvarna Rekha\n\n21. The length of the Indian coast line is\u2014\n(A) 5000 km\n(B) 5500 km\n(C) 7516\u00b76 km\n(D) 5800 km\n\n22. How many National waterways are there in India ?\n(A) 3\n(B) 5\n(C) 7\n(D) 9\n\n23. In the Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh states, the joint \"Rajghat River Valley Project\" is launched on\u2014\n(A) Ken River\n(B) Son River\n(C) Chambal River\n(D) Betwa River\n\n24. Which of the following rivers have almost the same point of emerging ?\n(A) Brahmaputra and Ganga\n(B) Tapi and Beas\n(C) Brahmaputra and Indus\n(D) Indus and Ganga\n\n25. In which state of India is the maximum area irrigated by tube wells ?\n(A) Madhya Pradesh\n(B) Bihar\n(C) Rajasthan\n(D) Uttar Pradesh\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__positive Nail growth |process|why nails keep growing \u2013 Biology Bug\n\nDo you ever realize that your nails never stop growing. But how do they grow even after cutting? Let me tell you that they are growing before you were born. Nails are hardened structure made of dead cells. They grow by the process of keratinization. Keratin is a protein which is responsible for our hair and nail growth. The article discuss about why there is continuous growth of nails and what are the factors associated with it.\n\nKey points: nail growth, structure of nail, process of growth, role of keratin\n\nKeratin is a protein made by our skin cells. As the cells push upwards to the skin they die and becomes harden. This process is known as keratinization. However there are several other factors which contribute to the growth of nails. Amino acids are required to synthesize any protein in your body. Similarly the amino acids which are required for synthesizing keratin are dependent on amount of Sulfur present in your body. Vitamin A is essential for absorbing this protein. Vitamin C works with zinc to create a protein called collagen. This protein develop healthy connective tissue in your finger and rest of the body. Collagen is also known to be skin tightening and glowing agent. Before we discuss the process in details, let us understand some of facts regarding the nail growth.\n\n1) Growth of the nails depends upon the season. They grow faster in summer than any other season. 2) Fingernails grow faster than toenails. 3) Men show higher rate of growth than women.\n\nNote: Technically nails aren\u2019t growing tissue, hence they do not grow. They are results of those cells which stopped growing due to their genetic mechanism.\n\nStructure of Nail:\n\nThe structure includes these important parts,\n\n  1. Matrix\n  2. Cuticle\n  3. Lunula\n  4. Nail bed\n  5. Nail plate\n  6. Hyponichium\n  7. Nail grooves\n\nMatrix: This is the root of the nail. Its function is to make new cells. These new cells pushed up by the old one through the skin. This part contains lots of nerves and blood vessels which are essential for cell reproduction. Technically it is the only living part of the nails at initial stage but ultimately results into dead cells which forms nail.\n\nCuticle: This is a small sliver of skin where the nail grows out of the finger. It basically protects the matrix from any germs or infections\n\nLunula: it is a small whitish curved like structure that sometime you see at the bottom of the nails. It can be said as a part of the matrix. Most of the time it is under the skin. Therefore not every individual can see the lunula.\n\nNail bed: This area lies under nail plate. Nail plate is the visible part of nails which is the result of keratinization.\n\nHyponichium: this is the line where nail plate separates from nail bed.\n\nNail grooves: These are the grooves at the side of your free edge which gives direction for nail growth.\n\nProcess of Growth\n\n  \u2022 The process starts with the DNA and the gene which codes for keratin. Especially in the case of nails there is one gene called as CRATIN which is actively present in our nail cells.\n  \u2022 This gene will code for the protein i.e. keratin which will be more produced near the nail area.\n  \u2022 Now the matrix is continuously producing cells because it is rich in blood vessels. The keratin is present in every cell until the cell undergoes a death cycle.\n  \u2022 As more new cells are produced, the older ones get pushed up by the new cells. This is a sensitive phase where a mineral balance (zinc, iron, cobalt) and hormonal balance is required (minerelocorticoids, thyroxine etc.)\n  \u2022 The keratin protein in the cells grows harder and beyond a certain point there are no longer living cells with nuclei.\n  \u2022 The growing hard structure continues to from a nail plate. Most of the growth takes place underside the nail plate and that area is called as germinal matrix. The outer layer of germinal matrix is a half-moon shaped structure that is lunula.\n  \u2022 The nail plate is loosely attached to the germinal matrix. It also held by some skin at the bottom and at its sides. As it grows the nail will acquire a concave shape.\n\n\u00a0Why do we have nails?\n\nThe nails are flattened version of claws. It is one of the important features of primates. If you observe the arboreal animals like apes, monkeys, lemurs etc. possess the same feature. Humans are primates and nails are our distinguished character. They are nothing but dead cells and hence not really useful as claws.\n\nDo nails grow after death?\n\nNo. it is clearly a myth. Fingernails might appear long after death. It is not because they are still growing but the skin around that area is retracted. If you have carefully observed that the skin and other soft tissues starts shrinking after death. It is an optical illusion which makes the nails look bigger than the ordinary size.\n\nCan they stop growing in certain cases?\n\nThis depends on various factors. One of the common reason which we usually see around us is the habit of biting nails. This in certain cases can damage the nail bed or matrix or lunula. If any sensitive area of the nail is damaged because of biting, injury, accident or by using sharpened objects then there is a possibility that the nail might stop growing.\n\nExternal links:\n\n\nThank you for reading. Did you find this article helpful? Mention in the comments.\n\nHow does heat produce in body?-The Biology Bug\n\nThis article gives an idea about what exactly heat in your body is? How does it produced and regenerate? What is thermal regulation?\n\nKey points: Endotherms, heat generation in body, organs involved in production of heat, excess production, cooling agents\n\nWhen you get pimples or boils on your face, sometimes rashes on your body, headache, hair fall \u00a0or fatigue, then I am sure you all must have heard by someone in the house saying that there is too much heat in your body. This is absolutely correct because all you\u2019re experiencing are the symptoms of increased heat in your body. But have you ever thought what this heat is? Where does it come from? How is it generated or produced in someone\u2019s body? Further article explains the process of heat generation by various parts in human body.\n\nLet us first understand there are two categories of animals when it comes to thermoregulation. Endotherms which are warm blooded animals and ectotherms that are cold blooded animals. Humans are endotherms which means they have to adjust the body temperature according to the environment unlike the ectotherms which includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles etc. Human body tries to maintain that with the help of several metabolic processes. Heat is one of the byproduct of the metabolic processes which occur simultaneously.\n\nThe body finds its own way to release the heat outside and controls thermoregulation. It finds the ways to release excess of heat by skin, acid production or high rate of burning calories. Human body has several sources for production of heat. One of the major sources is liver but it also includes kidneys, muscles and brain. Highest metabolic activity can be seen in the liver. Liver has more than fifty functions to do at regular intervals. The heat generated in the liver is basically due to cellular respiration. Since liver is a large organ, there are many cells that contribute to the heat. Also sometimes when old blood cells are split, they release the bonding energy which again leads to heat production. It is observed that blood leaving from the liver and brain is comparatively warmer than the normal blood.\n\nNow when we talk about various organs in the body which are responsible for the process, it is important to note that there is one organelle which is present in almost every organ of the body which is mitochondrion. This is called as powerhouse of the cell and basic function of this organelle is to produce ATP. Therefore during the production of ATP i.e. energy, some amount of heat is released. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nAnother way in which the body produces heat is by hyperthyroidism. Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland which produces certain hormones like T3 and T4. When there is excess production of these hormones, the body starts getting warmer. Thyroid hormonal imbalance can lead to excess heat production. In response to external environment hypothalamus sends a signal to thyroid gland which increases metabolic activity and makes more energy.\n\nWhat causes excess of heat?\n\nLet us understand one thing that body continuously produces heat to maintain the body temperature and to respond the external environment. But in few cases when the production is not controlled and body can not regular thermal conditions.\n\n\nThere can be multiple reasons for that which include bacteria or any micro-organism which elicits the immune response. In order to kill that organism body increases the temperature. Therefore fever is one of the immune response to react against foreign substance. The only concern in this case is when body goes on increasing the temperature and starts damaging the other cells. Therefore we need to visit the doctor. Similarly we can give an example of mosquito bite. In response to that bite, body produces excess heat in that specific area and it becomes reddish in color.\n\n\nAs we have already discussed that liver is one of the major source for producing heat. It is because all the food i.e. complex substances that we eat goes to the liver, breaks down to the simple substances and then distributed in body. Our liver acts as a checkpoint for all the substances that we eat or drink. Since liver has never encountered medicines at regular basis, it needs to cross check them. It is called as a first pass effect when some amount of medicine is lost due to the liver action. During this effect a lot of metabolic processes occur which contribute to the heat production. Liver is already producing heat via several metabolic processes. In addition to that the medicine causes more heat and the amount of heat depends on the number of medicines. More medicines causes higher metabolic rate and produces lots of heat in the body.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nGenerally the food which takes more time to digest or has high amounts of carbohydrates and proteins tend to produce more heat in the body. The body has to spend lot of energy for breaking down the high molecular weight substances. As a results lots of metabolic activity takes place and lead to excess heat production. It also applies to the oily or especially saturated fatty substances. This type of food has more amount of fats but generally body has a tendency to store the fats in adipose tissues and can be useful in starving conditions. But at the same time some of the fats are broken down and involved in metabolic pathways. Hence they also contribute to the heat.\n\nHow to reduce heat naturally?\n\n  \u2022 According to Ayurveda one should drink plenty amount of water. As we all know that water is a universal solvent and can dissolve almost anything. It also act as a cooling agent.\n  \u2022 Yogurt and buttermilk are the best option to reduce heat in your body. These substances are slightly acidic in nature and contribute to neutralize the effect of heat.\n  \u2022 The best way to reduce heat is to consume sweeteners rather than using sugars. Therefore consumption of honey can be benefecial to reduce heat.\n\nThanks for reading! Did you find this article helpful? Comment down below!\n\nPROTEINS: Definition its Structures, Domains and Motifs.\n\nKey terms: proteins, structure of proteins, alpha helix, Beta sheet, loops, domains, motifs, folding, unfolding.\n\nI am sure that you all must have heard this term \u2018protein\u2019 during your high school or college. But when it comes to study of proteins, sometimes it gets difficult for some people to clearly get that idea and basic concepts behind it. So have you ever imagined how exactly the protein looks like or how does it function at molecular level? Well then this article is for you. Let\u2019s make it simple.\n\n  \u2022 What are Proteins?\n\nThey are the organic compounds which contains a long chain of amino acids (polypeptide chain) and maintains the structural components of body. They are mainly present in the muscles (eg. myosin), nails, hair (eg. keratin), immune system (eg. antibody) etc. They are also present in the food and dairy products such as egg, milk, pulses, fish etc. These proteins can be extracted and used as supplement or therapeutic purposes.\n\n  \u2022 Structure of Proteins\n\nThe structure depends on the nature of protein i. e. whether the protein is globular or fibrous in nature. But they are classified in the following four types:\n\n  1. Primary structure\n  2. Secondary structure\n  3. Tertiary structure\n  4. Quaternary structure\n\n1.Primary structure\n\nThe primary structure of protein contains a simple chain of amino acids without any loops or turns inside it. They involve formation of peptide bond. The peptide bond is covalent bond formed between carboxyl group and amino group of two amino acids.\n\n2. Secondary structure\n\nThis involves the folding of structure with respect to polypeptide chain due to the reaction between atoms. The folding results into two most common structures, alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.\n\nA. alpha helix\n\nThe polypeptide chain is coiled spirally in this structure. The backbone forms inner part of the coil while the side chains extend outward from the coil. In this structure the carbonyl group of amino acid is bonded with the hydrogen of amino group via hydrogen bonding. Therefore it gives the appearance of ribbon to the secondary structure.\n\nB. Beta sheet\n\nThe linear extended zigzag pleated sheet is formed by the hydrogen bonds which is either intramolecular or intermolecular. The sheet like structure is formed when two or more segments of polypeptide chain are present next to each other and connected via hydrogen bonds. Individual segments in beta sheets are known as beta strands and they are rarely found in proteins because the structure is not stable. When two adjacent beta strands line up, they can form bridges of hydrogen bonds. This stable structure is known as Beta sheet. However there are further two types of beta sheets: a) Parellel and b) Anti-parallel.\n\na) Parallel beta sheet:When beta strands line up edge to edge in the same direction, it forms highly stable sheet.\n\nb) Anti-parallel beta sheet: Beta strands runs into opposite direction with each other. The anti-parallel conformation is more stable and more common than the parallel one.\n\n  \u2022 Loops and turns in the secondary structure\n  1. Loops and turns connect alpha helices and beta strands.\n  2. The more common cause for a polypeptide chain to contain more loops is to make the structure more compact and stable.\n  3. Loops that have only 4-5 amino acid residues are called as turns.\n  4. When they have internal hydrogen bonds, loops generally have hydrophillic residues and are found on the surface of the protein. While turns and bends refer to short segments of amino acids that connect the ends of two adjacent segments of anti-parallel beta sheets.\n\nBefore moving to the tertiary structure, it is important to understand some basic concepts for the functions of protein such as domains and motifs.\n\n  \u2022 Domains, motifs and folds\n\nThe polypeptide chains with more than 100 amino acid residues often fold into two or more stable globular units are called domains. The domain is a functional area of protein which performs certain physical or chemical activity. Along with the domains there are certain motifs that represent only the structural characteristics of protein. Motif does not perform functional activity, instead they are a part of domain. In many cases a domain from a large protein still retain to its 3-D structure even if it is separated from polypeptide chain. While it is not in the case of motif because it contains short sequences of amino acids.\n\n3. Tertiary structure\n\nIt represents the entire three dimensional conformation of protein. It indicates all the secondary structure helices, loops, turns, bends, sheets and how are they assembled to form a domain in space. It basically explains the 3-D structure of single protein(unlike quaternary structure) and how do all the small components contribute to coiling and compacting the structure to make it stable.\n\n4. Quaternary structure\n\nThe quaternary structure of protein involves the clustering of more than one protein chains into a specific shape. This complex structure of protein is formed via various reactions and interactions such as hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, disulphide bonds, van der waals forces, covalent bonds etc. It contains many sub units and give rise to a complex structure held by various bonds.
+__label__positive What is a contraction in a sentence\n\nA contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two words. Words like can't (can + not), don't (do + not), and I've (I + have) are all contractions. You use contractions in a sentence to shorten the phrase and give it a less formal tone. For\u00a0\n\nDive into contractions with this worksheet that asks kids to complete each sentence with the proper contraction. Contracted words (or contractions) explained for primary-school parents, including examples of how contractions are taught in KS1 and KS2. Other Useful Guides: Sentence Structure, Using the comma, Using the When contractions are used, the apostrophe replaces the letter or letters that were\u00a0 12 Oct 2015 And for rarer contractions, there will be sentences where they work better. The other common kind of contraction is the sort that joins a pronoun\u00a0 contraction Sentence Examples. The loose material may, and in an arid region does, consist only of portions of the higher parts of the surface detached by the expansion and contraction produced by heating and cooling due to radiation. Contractions can be used in any position in a sentence; however, homophone contractions such as \"it's\" and \"they're\" sound better when followed by another word or phrase. The reason is that the sounds of \"its\" and \"it's\" and \"they're\" and \"they are\" are so similar that they can be confusing unless they are used with the context of an additional word. A contraction is a word or phrase that has been shortened by dropping one or more letters. In writing, an apostrophe is used to indicate the place of the missing letters. Contractions are commonly used in speech (or written dialogue), informal forms of writing, and where space is at a premium, such as in advertising.\n\nDefinition of contraction. 1a : the action or process of contracting The hot metal undergoes contraction as it cools. 2 : a shortening of a word, syllable, or word group by omission of a sound or letter also : a form produced by such shortening \"They'll\" is a contraction for \"they will.\".\n\nDirections: Read the sentences below. Find the contraction that has the same meaning as the two words that are underlined. Fill in the bubble beside the correct\u00a0 Think of and write eight contractions. Then, for each of them, write a sentence containing that word. Sample answers: can't, I'll, you'd, should've, that's, how's,\u00a0 20 Mar 2014 A listener named Rob tweeted me a question about contractions. However, it also has a weak form, which you'll hear in sentences like \u201cWhat\u00a0 Example sentences from the Web for contraction. \u201cThe regime army is in a state of contraction,\u201d says Mustafa Sheikh, the head of the rebel Free\u00a0\n\nContraction Sentences Underline the contraction in each sentence. Then, write the words that each contraction stands for. 1. I don't understand what you mean. do not 2. She'll come over tomorrow. She will 3. I could've gone to the football game. could have 4. You shouldn't talk with your mouth full. should not 5. Haven't you seen the movie yet? Have not 6.\n\n27 Jun 2016 So let's start with the last part of the sentence (\u201c\u2026 I would not be who I'm today\u201d). The contraction here isn't idiomatic. The author should have\u00a0 Sentence Placement: You can work contractions into any place of a sentence. For example: Beginning: \"We're going on a bike ride. 3 Dec 2019 You're is a contraction of the words you are. Continue reading for more information. How to Use Your in a Sentence. Your definition. Your is used\u00a0\n\nA contraction is an abbreviated version of a word or words. Contractions can be formed by replacing missing letters with an apostrophe (e.g., you're, it's, they're) or by compressing a word (e.g., Mr., Prof., Rev.). The big question is whether to use a period (full stop) with a contraction.\n\nSentence Formations \u2013 Write the two words that form the contractions. Insert the Apostrophe \u2013 Place apostrophes where they are missing in the sentences below. The apostrophe in contractions. The most common use of apostrophes in English is for contractions, where a noun or pronoun and a verb combine. Remember\u00a0 Note: The word won't is a contraction of will not--in older dialects will was often spelled with an o. The word shan't for shall not is seldom used in the United\u00a0\n\nWhen one or more letters are missed out in a contraction an apostrophe is used The most obvious and frequent example of that is when you end the sentence\u00a0\n\n11 Mar 2020 We use contractions (I'm, we're) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called 'short forms', commonly\u00a0 10 Jul 2019 You can contract proper nouns to mean is or has, such as in the sentence \" Shelly's coming with us,\" or \"Jeff's bought a new computer.\" Watch out\u00a0 A contraction is an abbreviated version of a word or words. Contractions can be Here are some real-life sentences with contractions: I could agree with you,\u00a0\n\nA contraction is an abbreviated version of a word or words. Contractions can be Here are some real-life sentences with contractions: I could agree with you,\u00a0 Contraction in a Sentence. Prev Word Next Word. Definition of Contraction. the process of becoming smaller. Examples of Contraction in\u00a0 Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even
+__label__positive Child Psych 1st test vocab\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user medic11 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome\n    Mental retardation, slow growth & facial abnormalities caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy\n  2. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder\n    Range of physical, mental & behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure\n  3. Embryo\n    Prenatal organism fr. 2-8 wks aft conception\n  4. Amnion\n    Membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid\n  5. Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder\n    Least severe FAS disorder causing brain inj but w/normal physical growth& absence of facial abnormalities\n  6. Age of Viability\n    Age @ which a fetus can survive if born early\n  7. Teratogen\n    Any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period\n  8. Developmental Science\n    All changes we experience during our life span\n  9. Microsystem\n    Bronfenbrenner's innermost level of environment that includes activities & interaction patterns in immediate surroundings\n  10. Mesosystem\n    Bronfenbrenner's 2nd level of environment that encompasses connections between microsystems; home, school, neighborhood etc\n  11. Describe Sociocultural Theory\n    The ways that culture of a social grp is transmitted fr generation to generation\n  12. Independent Variable\n    One that an investigator expects to cause change in another variable\n  13. Describe an Environmental Design\n    Design that permits inferences about cause & effect b/c researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign ppl 2 or more tx conds\n  14. What is a structured observation?\n    One where an investigator sets up a lab situation to evoke certain behavior so each participant has = opportunity to display a response\n  15. Describe a Naturalistic Observation.\n    Observing behavior of interest in the field or natural environment\n  16. What is Bronfenbrenner's Macrosystem?\n    Outermost level of environment & includes culture, values, laws, customs & resources\n  17. Describe Bronfenbrenner's exosystem.\n    These are social settings that dont contain children but affect childrens experiences in immediate settings\n  18. What is plasticity?\n    Ability for development to be open to change in response to influential experiences\n  19. What are contexts?\n    Unique combinations of environmental & personal circumstances resulting in different paths of change\n  20. What is the fetus?\n    A prenatal organism fr 9th wk to end of pregnancy\n  21. Describe implantation.\n    Time when blastocyst burrows deep into uterine lining\n  22. Describe Partial Fetal Alcohol Sndrome.\n    FAS disorder characterized by facial abnormalities & brain inj caused by consumption of sm amts of alcohol during pregnancy\n  23. What is the placenta?\n    Structure that separates mother's bloodstream fr that of fetus while permitting exchange of nutrients & waste\n  24. What are trimesters?\n    3 equal periods in prenatal period\n  25. The umbilical card is. . . .\n    The link between the prenatal organism & the placenta\n  26. A dependent variable is one that . . . .\n    the investigator expects to be influenced by an independent variable\n  27. Describe random assignment.\n    Unbiased procedure used to choose participants that increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across tx grp\n  28. A longitudinal design is one that. . . .\n    participants are studied as they age & changes are noted\n  29. Childhood development is an area devoted to what?\n    Understanding constancy & change fr conception thru adolescence\n  30. Behavior Modification is described as what?\n    Procedures that combine conditioning & modeling t eliminate undesirable behaviors & increase desirable ones\n  31. What is mutation?\n    A sudden permanent change to DNA\n  32. Genetic counseling . . . .\n    Helps couples to assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a heredity disorder & choose the best course of action\n  33. What are prenatal diagnostic methods?\n    Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems b/f birth\n  34. What is coparenting?\n    Mutually supporting each others parenting behaviors\n  35. What is Socioeconomic Status & 3 variables that determine it?\n    Combined factors that help determine social position & economic well being. Determined by (1) Yrs of education (2) job prestige & skill requirements (3) Income\n  36. An extended family household is one that . . . .\n    parents & children live with one or more adult relatives\n  37. What are fetal monitors?\n    Electronic instruments that track fetal HR during labor\n  38. Describe induced labor.\n    Labor is started artificially by breaking the amnion & admin oxytocin to stim contractions\n  39. What is a cesarian delivery?\n    Surgical birth of a child\n  40. Describe Breech Position.\n    When a fetus is presenting with feet or buttocks 1st.\n  41. What is a theory?\n    An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains & predicts behavior\n  42. What are cohort effects?\n    A threat to accuracy in longitudinal findings caused by cultural/historical change\n  43. Describe behaviorism.\n    Directly observable events - stimuli & responses\n  44. What does Maturation refer to?\n    A genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth\n  45. Erikson's psychosocial theory states that. . . .\n    In addition to mediating between Id impulses & superego demands, Ego makes positive contributions to development\n  46. Freud's psychosexual Theory say that. . . .\n    The way parents manage their child's sexual & aggressive drives in 1st few yrs is crucial for healthy personality development\n  47. The psychoanalytic perspective says that. . . .\n    Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives & social expectations. How they resolved determines persons ability to learn, get along w/others & cope w/anxiety\n  48. The social learning theory recognizes that . . .\n    Children acquire skills by modeling, observing & imitating others\n  49. Information Processing is what?\n    A view of human mind that ses it as a symbol manipulating system through which info flows\n  50. What is DNA?\n    The chem substance that makes up chromosomes\n  51. A gene is . . . .\n    Segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome\n  52. Gametes are what?\n    Sex cells - sperm & ovum\n  53. Meiosis is the process of what?\n    Cell division that forms gametes or sex cells\n  54. Resilience is described as what?\n    Ability to adapt effectively in face of threats to development\n  55. What is mitosis?\n    Process of DNA duplicating itself\n  56. A zygote is a . . . .\n    cell that results when a sperm & ovum unite\n  57. Sex chromosomes are which ones?\n    The 23rd pair. Males = XY Females = XX\n  58. A phenotypes is what?\n    A directly observable characteristic of an individual\n  59. Kinship Studies are those that. . .\n    Compare characteristics of family members in order to obtain heritability estimates\n  60. Public policies are . . .\n    Laws & govt programs designed to improve current conditions\n  61. A stage is described as what?\n    qualitative changes in thinking, feeling & behaving that characterize specific periods of development\n  62. An allele is . . . .\n    One gene fr mother & one fr father that occur on the same place on a chromosome\n  63. Fraternal or dizygotic twins are described as what?\n    2 infants resulting fr the release & fertilization of 2 ova but are genetically NOT alike\n  64. Homozygous occurs when?\n    Alleles fr both parents are alike & the child will display the inherited trait\n  65. Heterozygous occurs when?\n    Alleles fr each parent are different\n  66. Continuous development is described as what?\n    Process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with\n  67. Identical or monozygotic twins occur when?\n    A zygote separates into 2 clusters of cells that develop into 2 individuals w/same genetic make up\n  68. Autosomes are what?\n    23 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticists number fr longest to shortest\n  69. A genotype is what?\n    A complex blend of genetic info that determines our species & influences all our unique characteristics\n  70. Chromosomes are . . . .\n    Rod like substances that store & transmit genetic info\n  71. X-linked inheritance applies when?\n    A harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males a more likely to be affected.\n  72. Describe dominant - recessive inheritance.\n    Occurs when only 1 allele affects a childs characteristics\n  73. A carrier is a . . . .\n    heterozygous individual w/1 recessive allele that they can pass on to their children\n  74. Natural or prepared child birth is one that utilizes . . .\n    A grp of techniques aimed @ reducing pain & medical intervention & makes child birth as rewarding as possible\n  75. The APGAR scale is a way of. . .\n    Assessing a newborn's condition quickly\n  76. A transition in labor occurs when?\n    At climax of stage 1 when frequency & strength of contractions are @ their peak & cervix opens completely\n  77. Discontinuous development is what?\n    Development process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge @ specific times\n  78. A clinical interview is described as what?\n    A flexible, conversational style used to probe participants for their POV\n  79. The clinical or case study method is described as a. . . .\n    Method for brining together a wide range of info on one child to include interviews, observation &/or test scores\n  80. Cognitive - developmental theory says that. . . .\n    Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate & explore their worlds\n  81. A sensitive period is one that is. . . .\n    Biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge b/c individual is especially responsive to environmental influences\n  82. Developmental cognitive neuroscience is described as . . .\n    Info processing research that brings together researchers fr psychology, biology, neuroscience & medicine to study relationship between changes in brain & developing childs cognitive processing & behavior patterns\n  83. Visual acuity is what?\n    Fineness of discrimination\n  84. SIDS is described as the . . . .\n    Unexpected death of an infant <1 yr of age\n  85. Rapid eye mvmt sleep is defined as?\n    Sleep state when brain wave activity is very similar to that of the waking state\n  86. States of arousal are defined as?\n    Degrees of sleep or wakefulness\n  87. A reflex is an . . . .\n    Inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation\n  88. Bonding is the development of what?\n    Feelings of affection & concern for an infant\n  89. Neonatal Mortality is the . . . .\n    Rate of death within the 1st month of life\n  90. Nature vs nurture controversy is an age old argument that what?\n    Questions whether genetic or environmental factors are more important in influencing development\n  91. Infant mortality is described as what?\n    Number of deaths in 1st year of life/1000 live births\n  92. A small-for-date child is described as one that . . .\n    Is below expected weight considering length of pregnancy\n  93. Anoxia defined as what?\n    Inadequate O2 supply\n\nCard Set Information\n\nChild Psych 1st test vocab\n2011-09-29 11:37:04\nChild Psych\n\nVocab for 1st test\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive First off, I am currently confused about why neon can even be ionized at all. But since it can be ionized, this is the energy required to give a mole of neon a charge of +8: 207,390,000 joules!! Or ~0.5 GJ! Giving one-fifth of a kilogram of neon the maximum charge would be like the energy from 50 armor-piercing rounds of the ISU-150 assault tank, or approximately one Tour-de-France! Charging up one kilo of neon would be basically either throwing a lightning bolt or melting a tonne of steel.\n\nMy question is, what insidious chemical or procedure could rip away all of neon's electrons like that? Or is it just simply impossible to do?\n\nI suspect that it is possible to do (otherwise how would they be able to calculate the energy expenditure), but how is the question.\n\n\nOf course you can take all the electrons off an atom - it is then called \"fully stripped\" in atomic physics. You don't need to do it to an entire mole, mind you. In accelerators one would send energetic neon ions through a background gas or a thin foil, and the interactions will result in various charge states coming out, up to and including fully stripped.\n\n  \u2022 2\n    $\\begingroup$ As an example, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) smashes bare gold nuclei ($\\ce{Au^{79+}}$) and uranium nuclei (presumably also devoid of electrons, $\\ce{U^{92+}}$) into each other during experiments. At least part of the ionizations are performed by electron bombardment. Of course, these species will never be found inside a flask in the lab, as they would immediately tear dozens of electrons out of whatever came into contact with them. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Nicolau Saker Neto Jul 18 '15 at 1:22\n\nFirst - in chemistry there's technically no such thing as bare multivalent cation, second - as you think, there's no such energetic chemical reaction, third - ionisation energy is physical property (although important for chemistry) and\n\n...\"is usually measured in an electric discharge tube in which a fast-moving electron generated by an electric current collides with a gaseous atom of the element, causing it to eject one of its electrons. - Source \"Encyclopedia Britannica\"\n\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nFor computation of realized volatility, especially range based volatility, deal prices are commonly used. If Level I data available should the deals data still be used or another measures of spot price would be preferable(for example, mid-price)?\n\nSuch measures could diminish the impact of bid-ask spread, but what would be the consequences for the volatility measures? Would the assumptions of the process be violated or quite the opposite - the price process would become closer to theoretical one?\n\nAssuming for the ranged based models, price follows Brownian motion with zero drift:\n\n$dp_t = \\sigma dW_t$, where $p = ln(P)$.\n\nWhat would the better price measure for them? Does the answer change if we use different time windows( 1, 5, 30, 60 minutes)?\n\nshare|improve this question\nThere is no \"right answer,\" it depends on what exactly you're trying to do. If you need intraday look into intraday garman klass (ask me and I'll tell you how to implement) if you dont need intraday, do standard garman klass you'll need open, high, low and close prices. If there's little trade frequency, use mid prices, if there's a lot of trade frequency you can use only trade prices. If you do intraday I would bucket into 5 minutes. \u2013\u00a0frickskit May 24 '13 at 15:05\nI'm doing this intraday on tick-data and now I'm trying to adapt the methodology used to live data stream. The key idea was that using Level 2 data error due to side change could be eliminated. If we take open/high/low/close for mid-price wouldn't it be a more correct measure for \"true price\" process that is modelled? There are no bid-ask spread in the model, thus isn't it more correct to eliminate it? And why for a high trade frequency trade prices are better to use? \u2013\u00a0Ilya May 27 '13 at 8:27\n\nWhich realized volatility are you attempting to measure is highly important in order to determine which prices and return series to utilize to compute realized volatility.\n\nHere couple ideas:\n\n  \u2022 What do you attempt to measure: Bid/Offer spread volatility, traded price variations,...Even if you attempt to measure asset price variations it can make a difference whether you use bid, offer, mid-prices, or traded prices. Using bids or offers for this particular purpose can sometimes result in erratic moves (because prices may fluctuate widely even though nobody trades on those bids and offers), mid prices somewhat smooth that out, and traded prices are maybe the most preferable to use in this regards. However, there are asset classes where you do not easily get a hold of traded prices, such as OTC currency price series. So, depending exactly what you attempt to measure will help to narrow down which price series to use.\n\n  \u2022 Which time compression do you target with your volatility measure? Are you dealing with tick based data, with compressed intraday data, daily, weekly data. It can make a difference because there are realized volatility models out there that shine on capturing intraday variations, while others are better in measuring high frequency price return variations or daily return volatility.\n\n  \u2022 What specific volatility measure are you targeting. Garman-Klass, for example specifies exactly which price series to use (such as Open, High, Low, Close).\n\nCombined, you should be able to exactly determine which price series to use.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nI'm targeting intraday volatility patterns for volatility process calibration end current state estimation. I understand that Garman-Klass(as well as Parkinson, Meilijson and Rogers-Satchell) specifies the measure that should be used, but, as I wrote in another comment, isn't the methodology was the result of availability of O/H/L/C data? When the process is modelled there is no bid-ask spread and this standard measure has this error. For example, on 5 minute candles open/close can change subtantially due to side of corresponding deal. With mid-price this effect is eliminated. \u2013\u00a0Ilya May 27 '13 at 8:41\n@Ilya, I do not understand the second part of your comment. So which intraday volatility model do you apply? If it requires O/H/L/C data points then just use those (mid points of bid/offer or trades), if your model dictates the usage of compressed data points throughout the trading session then compress as much as necessary to get sane readings, meaning a 1-minute bucket where prices jump all over makes little sense, better to use larger compression and end up with less buckets but better quality of data that produce meaningful results. \u2013\u00a0Matt Wolf May 27 '13 at 8:50\nthe key idea of the question is how the differences in real data and its theoretical model affect volatility estimators. I understand how range based statistics were developed. But trades, bid/ask, mid-price processes are quite different and some of them could be better proxies of modelled \"true price\" than another. Hypothetically, if during 5-minutes bundle neither bid nor ask price have changed and trades occured at those prices RB measures would depend on which side open and close deals were made and spread size. In theory volatility should be lower than estimated, I guess. \u2013\u00a0Ilya May 27 '13 at 13:07\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Browser fingerprinting\n\nImage: / Tyler Olson\nImage: / Tyler Olson\n\nFAU computer scientist investigates methods of protection against online espionage through browser fingerprinting\n\nThere are several ways of protecting one\u2019s data online. However, many people are not aware that the information which is revealed via their browser alone makes it possible to create an almost unique digital fingerprint which can be used to identify individual users later on. Is there any kind of protection against this browser fingerprinting? Tim Grocki, a student at FAU\u2019s Chair of Computer Science 1 (IT Infrastructures), investigated several ways of protecting oneself against such online espionage in his Master\u2019s thesis.\n\nThe combination of data makes the fingerprint unique\n\nWebsite operators can read out information about the browsers used by the individuals visiting their pages. The amount of information that is revealed about a user via their browser is huge and the combination of data is unique, making it possible to recognise it again. The fonts installed, browser software, operating systems, screen resolution, colours and plug-ins \u2011 all of this information and more is accessible to website operators via the browser used, making it possible to identify a user later on. Browser fingerprinting is mainly used for promotional purposes.\n\nProtection strategies have limitations and disadvantages\n\nThere are several ways of protecting oneself against browser fingerprinting, such as deactivating JavaScript, using standard settings or imitating commonly used fingerprints, i.e. browser configurations which are frequently used. \u2018These protection strategies have their limitations and disadvantages. Comprehensive testing and analysis of all methods is vital for IT security and data protection,\u2019 says Prof. Dr. Felix Freiling, Chair of Computer Science 1, in his assessment of the Master\u2019s thesis. \u2018Tim Grocki analysed how efficient the various methods of protection against browser fingerprinting are and found that individual methods cannot provide comprehensive protection,\u2019 says Dr. Zinaida Benenson, Mr Grocki\u2019s supervisor.\n\nDisappearing in the crowd is not possible\n\nWebsite operators can read out information about users with the help of JavaScript. When users deactivate JavaScript they are noticeable because most users have JavaScript activated, which means that they can be recognised as having deactivated it. The means of deactivation, such as NoScript, can also be used to distinguish a user from others. What is more, even when JavaScript is deactivated, users still reveal information that, when analysed skilfully, is still sufficient to create a fingerprint.\n\nChanging one\u2019s own settings to correspond to a common fingerprint is another method of protection \u2013 the user can simply disappear in the crowd. However, even common fingerprints are very rare and there is only limited information on common fingerprint models available.\n\nAs browser fingerprinting is based on the idea of identifying browsers by their browser configuration, standardising browser settings would be a possible way of protecting against online espionage. If all users had the same settings, it would be impossible to distinguish them from one another. However, different users have different requirements for their browsers and in order to make standardisation of settings an efficient method of protection, a sufficient number of users would have to participate. Another disadvantage of this method is that the amount of information that would have to be standardised is huge, which would make the whole process very difficult.\n\nThe recommended strategy: combine as many methods of protection as possible\n\nAs the individual strategies commonly used against browser fingerprinting do not provide sufficient protection, Grocki recommends a combination of all of these measures. However, it is impossible to achieve absolute protection. The problem of browser fingerprinting remains unsolved and there will probably not be any simple means of protection against this form of web tracking in the near future. \u2018In addition to further research, politicians, website operators and normal users could take action against browser fingerprinting that does not involve technology. Browser fingerprinting could be boycotted or banned,\u2019 says Grocki.\n\nFurther information:\n\nDr. Zinaida Benenson\nPhone: +49 9131 8569908\n\n\nAddition information
+__label__positive 1When ore is heated generally in absence of air then what is process called?0 65292Calcination\n2Which pair does not contain a coinage metal?Zinc and Gold\n3What is the most soluble in water?Sugar\n4From where can renewable energy be obtained?Biomass\n5When ice melts into water, which type of change occurs in entropy?Increases\n6The pH of water at 25\u00b0C is 7.Remains same\n7Which is produced during allergic reactions?Histamine\n8What is the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called?Water gas\n9In the leaf of tobacco what is found?Nicotin\n10In which Molecule the distance between two adjacent carbon atoms is longest?Ethane\n11Which charcoal is used to deeolourise raw sugar?Wood charcoal\n12Which metal used to pollute the air of a big city?Lead\n13Which form an irreversible complex With haemoglobin of blood?Carbon monoxide\n14Regarding the atom of a chemical element, magnetic quantum number refers?Orientation\n15When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, which charge acquired by the fur?Positive\n16What is development of fruit without fertilization called?Parthenocarpy\n17Which charcoal forms of carbon is used in sugar industry?Animal charcoal\n18One molecule of hemoglobin can carry how many atom of oxygen?8\n19Which is a source of methane emission into the atmosphere?Wetland\n20Which is not an important condition for growth of coral?Wave-free salt water\n21Which is the element common to all acids?Hydrogen\n22What is the function of Leghaemoglobin in nitrogen fixation?Absorption of oxygen\n23Which is the most important ore of aluminium?Bauxite\n24Which chemical can be used is anticoagulent?Sodium citrate\n25Carbon monoxide has how much greater affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygen? 65292200 times\n26In which country does State funding of elections take place?Germany and Austria\n27Starch iodide paper is used to test for the presence of which agent?Oxidising agent\n28The powers of the Election Commission are given in which Article of the Constitution?324\n29Which Element present in largest amount in human body?Oxygen\n30What is formed by dissolution of base or acid in water?Exothermic\n31Which processe is used to remove reducible oxides from the metal?Poling\n32Mercury is transported in metal containers made of which metal?Iron\n33What does lattitude place indicate?Temperature\n34By whom was Cholera bacillus discovered?Robert Koch\n35Stainless steel is an alloy of which metals?72 0Iron, chromium and nickel\n36What is the oxidation number and covalency-of sulphur in S8?0, 2\n37What is the substance which decreases the rate of a chemical reaction?Poison\n38Dwarfness can be controlled by treating the plant with which acid?Gibberellic acid\n39Which are the Chemicals having profound effect on growth and development?Phyto hormones\n40Which is obtained, when H2S is passed through the solution of sodium zincate?ZnS\n41Fish die in water bodies polluted by sewage, why?Due to Reduction in oxygen\n42What is produced during the formation of photochemical smog?Nitrogen oxide\n43Which place has no Ashokan edicts?Pataliputra\n44Parthenocarpy fruit is obtained by which sprying phytohormone?Auxins\n45Which is a non-metal that remains liquid at room- temperature?Bromine\n46By which rular was the new element of 'Gopuram' encouraged in temples of South India?Cholas\n47Which colloidal solution is commonly used as germ killer?Colloidal sulphur\n48Which is an insectivorous plant?Pitcher plant\n49What number of essential amino acid is found in man?20\n50By which is the amount of light entering into the eye controlled?Iris
+__label__positive \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nEigenvalues, eigenvectors question\n\n  1. May 26, 2005 #1\n    1). suppose that y1, y2, y3 are the eigenvalues of a 3 by 3 matrix A, and suppose that u1, u2,u3 are corresponding eigenvectors. Prove that if { u1, u2, u3 } is a linearly independent set and if p(t) is the characteristic polynomial for A, then p(A) is the zero matrix.\n\n    I thought cayley-hamilton theorem simply states that if p(t) is the characteristic polynomial for A, then p(A) is the zero matrix. do the eigenvectors have to be learly independent for this to be true? i thought it was true in all cases.\n  2. jcsd\n  3. May 26, 2005 #2\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Homework Helper\n\n    It is true in all cases. The problem is a special case and is thus easier to prove. hint: the matrix is diagnalizable\n  4. May 26, 2005 #3\n    Man... I had linear algebra last semester, but i think our notation is different, what is meant by p(A)?\n  5. May 26, 2005 #4\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Science Advisor\n    Homework Helper\n\n    Over the reals, the special case implies the general one, as a polynomial that vanishes on a dense set of matrices (diagonalizable ones) also vanishes on all matrices.\n  6. May 27, 2005 #5\n\n    matt grime\n\n    User Avatar\n    Science Advisor\n    Homework Helper\n\n    Don't diagonalize would be my advice.\n\n    I think the question is getting at this:\n\n    We know p(t)=(t-y1)(t-y2)(t-y3)\n\n    and that u1,u2, and u3 are linearly independent (so far no one has used this fact explicitly).\n\n    As they are LI in R^3 they are a basis. so we can write any v in R^3 as a combination of the u1,u2,u3, and p(A) must annihilate the vector since it annihilates each u1,u2,u3 individually.\n\nHave something to add?\n\nSimilar Discussions: Eigenvalues, eigenvectors question
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove Ads\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nAbout me\n\nAbout me( term/ definition)\n\ncomment t\u2019appelles-tu? What is your name? (How call you yourself)\nJe m\u2019appelle. . . I call myself\nquel est ton nom? What is your name?\nmon nom est ______ my name is _________\ncomment \u00e7a va? how are you? (how it is going)\n\u00e7a va! it is going.\n\u00e7a va bien! I am doing well\n\u00e7a va mal! I am doing bad.\nje vais bien I am doing well\nQu\u2019est-ce qui se passe? What is happening? What is going on?\nrien de special nothing special\nQuoi de neuf? what is new (what of new)\nrien de neuf nothing is new (nothing of new)\n\u00c7a roule? it is rolling?\nLa forme? The shape?\n\u00c7a boume? It is going?\n\u00c7a gaze? It is going?\ncomment s' appelle ton prof de Fran\u00e7ais What is your French teacher\u00b4s name?\nil s' appelle ___________ his name is _______ (He call himself _____)\nquand est ton anniversaire When is your birthday?\nmon anniversaire est en Janvier my birthday is in January\nquand est tu-n\u00e9? (\"n\u00e9e\" for a girl) when were you born?\nJe suis n\u00e9 le deux F\u00e9vrier I was born the 2nd. Of February\nquelle est la date de ton anniversaire? what is the date of your brithday\nmon anniversaire, c' est le trois Mars my birthday, it is the third of March\nquelle est ta couleur favorite? What is your favorite color?\nma couleur favorite est le bleu my favorite color is (the) blue\nquelle est ta couleur pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e? what is your prefered color?\nma couleur pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e c'est le rouge my preferred color is red\nquel est ton num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone? what is your phone number\nmon num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, c' est le dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze my phone number, it is the 10,11,12,13,14\n(tr\u00e9s)bien well\nCreated by: rw339010
+__label__positive 0 votes\nby (880 points)\nStatic vs nonstatic?\n\nI dont think the races are \u00a0going to change, what the player chooses to look like might, so if they start out human and then by using potions turned into a sphinx/scorpoion hybrid, then would i need to use like flags or booleans or something?\n\nLIke the sphinx would have a cat tail but its replaced by the scorpion tail, in which then it gets a little fuzzy as i would then need to figure out at what changes does adding/removing parts come in. Cause if you start as human and then turn ito a sphinx then something has turned on(what a sphinx would look like, so the player would gain fur, claws, tail, wings,quadruped,etc) and something has turned off(human hands,bipedal,plantigrade,hair,etc). But does that override happen after drinking 2 potions or more is there a certain invisible scale that needs to be made for the player that gives of a percentage, and that number is whats used to figure out what race it is?\n\n1 Answer\n\n0 votes\nby (980 points)\nselected by\nBest answer\nYou could do something similar to a equipment system. Like how equip/unequip adds certain stats and is slotted to certain parts of the body.\n\n\nso your potions could be treated ina similar way to that. Drink and a tail is equipped, or drink and change skin to scales. Not sure how one would add time effects to that yet. But the stats added could be % strength of the potion effect or added defense.\n\n\nYou could look up different equipment systems on the forum. There are several different approaches to creating one.
+__label__positive OB Math | allnurses\n\nOB Math\n\n  1. 0 Does anyone know of a good reference or site that has practice questions for OB meds? Our instructor gave us a practice sheet with 20 problems, but we need more problems than that to REALLY practice. We get the concept of how to work the dosages and drips but since we have to make above 90% on the test, there is barely room for error. We have the math test in 3 weeks. Anything would be greatly appreciated. in advance.\n  2. 4 Comments so far...\n\n  3. Visit  maluisa profile page\n    Oh, and just to assure all that I looked through all the threads even the math sticky before posting this. Most of the links are no longer any good. Even if its just the practice sheet that you were given at your school. I will share mine too. Once again thanks to anyone who can help.\n  4. Visit  maluisa profile page\n    Lets see if this works:\n\n    OB Math Practice Test 2\n\n    1. Ordered: Heparin sodium 8000 units Sub-Q q 12 hours for 3 days\n    On hand: Heparin sodium 1:5,000 solution\n\n    What is the dosage strength of heparin? _________units ______ mL solution\n\n    2. Give _______mL of Heparin\n\n    Ordered: Lidocaine 50mg for nerve block STAT\n    On hand : see label below\n\n    How many grams of Lidocaine HCl is contained in the vial ________ grams\n\n    4. Prepare: ______mL of Lidocaine\n\n    Ordered: Give Magnesium Sulfate 675mg STAT in 250mL of 0.9%NaCl deliver at a rate of 120mL/h.\n    According to package insert, delivery rate is 1-5mg/min but do not exceed more than 5mg/min.\n    Supply: Magnesium Sulfate 10% solution\n\n    Supply's dosage strength in mg/mL ___________.\n\n    6. Based on the ordered flow rate, how many milligrams of Magnesium Sulfate is delivered per minute? ________mg/min\n\n    7. Does the ordered flow rate delivers Magnesium Sulfate within the recommended safe dose range? ________\n\n    8. Ordered: Potassium Chloride 9mEq IV in 300 mLD5LRS to infuse over 6 hours.\n    Supply: (see label below)\n\n    How many mEq of Potassium chloride is given per hour?_______________mEq/hr\n\n    9. Prepare _______mL of Potassium Chloride\n\n    10. Select an amount of diluent to be added, and compute the amount of medication to be given.\n    Order: penicillin G potassium 400,000 U IM q.i.d.\n    The supply is a vial containing 1,000,000 units of powdered penicillin G potassium with the following instructions:\n\n    Amount of diluent to be added Approximate concentration\n    9.6 mL 100,000 U/mL\n    4.6 mL 200,000 U/mL\n    1.6 mL 500,000 U/mL\n\n    According to package insert, the average single IM injection is 200,000units - 400,000 units.\n\n    Add __________ mL diluent, give __________ mL\n\n    11. For postpartum bleeding, add Oxytocin 25 units to IV fluid (see labels below) and infuse over 6 hours at a rate of 110mL/hr.\n\n    According to package insert, infuse a total dosage of 10-40 units at a delivery rate of 20-40mU/min but not exceeding 40mU/min.\n    (Refer to the labels provided below)\n\n    Prepare: _____________mL of Oxytocin\n\n    12. Based on the ordered flow rate, how many milliunits per minute is delivered? _______mU/min\n\n    13. Is the ordered flow rate delivers medication within the safe dose range? ___________\n\n    Specify the amount of diluent to add and the resulting solution concentration. Calculate the amount to give and indicate the dose with an arrow on the accompanying syringe.\n\n    14. Order: Zithromax 350 mg IV q.i.d. (see IVF provided below) at a rate of 150mL/hr. The nurse started the IV at 0325 09/06/10.\n\n    Reconstitute with __________ mL diluent for a total solution volume of __________ mL with a concentration of __________ mg/mL.\n    Give: __________ mL\n\n    15. Using the IV set provided, what is the flow rate in drops per minute: __________gtts/min\n\n    16. What is the total infusion time? _______ hrs\n\n    17. What is the completion time? _________\n\n    18. How many grams of Sodium Chloride is contained in the IV fluid provided (Refer to the label provided)? ________ grams\n\n    This is the practice sheet minus the labels because they did not copy. Sorry\n\n    Copy and paste for your needs if you like.\n\n    Let me know how to add an attachment so that you can have the whole document. I tried attaching the file from my documents and it says it failed.\n  5. Visit  BacktotheBeach profile page\n  6. Visit  maluisa profile page\n    thank you!!!
+__label__positive \n\nSign up for an account\n\nAlready have a Quizlet account? .\n\nCreate an account\n\nWhat are the functions of Magnesium?\n\nfacilitates Na/K-ATPase activity in cell membranes\nbone formation\nPTH synthesis and release\nnerve conduction\nCa channel activity\nphosphorus transport\n\nWhat is the main means of control of handling magnesium?\n\nrenal excretion\n\nWhat are the three ways that magnesium is lost in the horse leading to hypomagnesemia?\n\nGI tract via malabsorption and diarrhea\nKidneys via fluid diuresis, diuretics, renal disease, and hypercalcemia which inhibits magnesium reabsorption\nSkin via sweat\n\nHow do ruminants get hypomagnesemia?\n\ndietary deficiency from grass tetany (high potassium of pasture blocks)\nmilk tetany from calves being fed a diet of milk low in magnesium\n\nWith which disorders is hypomagnesemia associated?\n\nDiabetes mellitus (diuresis)\nHyperaldosteronism (diuresis)\nThird space syndromes (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity of the GI tract)\n\nWhat two electrolyte imbalances does hypomagnesemia cause?\n\nsecondary hypokalemia due to renal wasting of potassium\nsecondary hypocalcemia due to impaired PTH production and release\n\nWhat are the clinical signs of hypomagnesemia?\n\n(most are associated with the hypocalcemia and hypokalemia)\nTremors, fasciculations, ataxia\nFrank tetany\nCardiac arrythmias and possible arrest\nCoronary artery spasms (in humans)\nEating disorders\n\nWhen will you see hypermagnesemia? What other electrolyte is this similar to?\n\nhypermagnesemia is seen only when renal function is compromised; if the animal can urinate then is can get rid of excess Mg; this is similar to potassium\n(Mg containing laxitives and antacids with a decreased GFR will increase Mg concentrations)\n\nWhat are the clinical signs for hypermagnesemia?\n\nHeart dysfunction\nGI upset\n\nWhat three things affect plasma volume?\n\nurine, GIT, and sweat\n\nWhat two systems control Na balance? How does each work?\n\nOsmoregulation - osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense increased osmolality and secrete ADH\nVolume regulation - stretch receptors sense volume changes\n\nWhat is the function of ADH? When is it released?\n\nADH acts on the collecting ducts to maximize water reabsorption\nIt is released when there is increased osmolality or markedly decreased plasma volume\n\nWhat is the main regulator of Na balance?\n\nRAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system)\n*Na is reabsorbed at the distal tubule\n\nWhat three things does aldosterone get secreted in response to?\n\n\nWhat are the causes of hyponatremia?\n\nExcess loss through GIT, renal, cutaneous, or 3rd space\nMovement of H2O from intracellular to extracellular pull by hyperglycemia and mannitol\nIncreased intracellular water or increased vascular water (edema, CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)\nPseudohyponatremia seen with hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia\n\nWhat are the third space syndromes that cause hyponatremia?\n\nGI sequestration\n\nHow do mannitol and hyperglycemia cause hyponatremia?\n\nMannitol administration causes intravascular movement of water which dilutes Na\nHyperglycemia acts in the same way\n\nWhat is usually the cause of hypernatremia?\n\nusually due to dehydration caused by inadequate water intake or excess water loss\n*uncommon to see excess Na intake or retention\n\nWhat is the major extracellular fluid anion?\n\n\nWhere is most of the chloride reabsorbed?\n\nthe proximal tubule\n\nTrue or False: Chloride is secreted via type A intercalated cells to balance hydrogen secretion.\n\nTrue; HCO3 gets brought into the body and Cl gets kicked out\n\nTrue or False: Chloride is usually regulated secondary to Na, and parallels Na concentration.\n\n\nWhat two drugs can interfere with chloride transport?\n\nFurosemide and GI enterotoxins\n\nWhat is the main cause of hypochloremia?\n\nCl parallels losses of Na, therefore all causes of hyponatremia are causes of hypochloremia\n(GI sequestration, sweating, renal, 3rd space)\n\nWhen will chloride loss be greater than Na loss?\n\nsweating in horses\nsequestration (GI obstruction)\nacidemia (excrete Cl when H is excreted)\n\nHow do you correct chloride? What does this mean?\n\n(measured Cl) x (mean Na / measured NA)\nIf corrected Cl is still below the reference interval selective loss of Cl should be susepcted\n\nWhat is the main cause of hyperchloremia?\n\nCl generally parallels increases with Na, therefore causes of hypernatremia cause hyperchloremia\n(dehydration caused by inadequate water intake or excess water loss)\n\nWhat are the major intracellular cations?\n\npotassium and sodium\n\nWhat is the main regulation for potassium?\n\nrenal excretion\n\nHow does aldosterone control potassium?\n\nis controls the excretion of potassium at the renal tubules in exchange for Na\n\nWhat are the two causes of hyperkalemia?\n\nRedistribution (where there is no increase in total body potassium)\nAn increase in total body potassium via decreased excretion or iatrogenic\n\nWhat is the mechanism behind redistribution of potassium during acidosis?\n\nduring acidosis there is surplus hydrogen extracellularly, hydrogen can enter the cells and kick out potassium to maintain electrical neutrality causing redistribution hyperkalemia\n\nHow does rhabdomyolysis cause redistribution hyerkalemia?\n\na defect in the resting membrane electrical potential Na gating and K distribution between the ICF and ECF\n\nWhat three things can cause decreased renal potassium excretion resulting in hyperkalemia?\n\nHypoadrenocoticism (which usually secreted K in exchange for Na)\nAnuric/aliguric renal failure\nUrinary tract obstruction\n\nWhat are the causes of hypokalemia?\n\ndecreased intake, increased excretion, increased renal flow in the distal nephron, vomiting, diarrhea, alimentary sequestation of H and Cl, hyperaldosteronism, horse sweat, salivation, low K IV fluids, redistribution shift from ECF to ICF, increased insulin, severe burns, renal loss\n\nWhat condition can cause HCO3, K, and Cl to all be low?\n\n\n3rd space syndromes can cause hyperkalemia. What is the exception?\n\n\nExplain how hypokalemia due to diarrhea might be masked.\n\nloss of K and HCO3 by diarrhea can cause an acidosis which causes H to enter the cell and K move into the ECF\n\nHow does alkalemia cause redistibution hypokalemia?\n\nif you have an alkalemia you have increased HCO3 in the blood, this will cause intrecellular H to move to the ECF in exchange for potassium, resulting in increased K in the ICF\n\nHow does insulin spike (glucose bolus/excitement) cause redistribution hypokalemia?\n\n\nWhat does the fractional excretion tell us?\n\nnormal fractional excretion suggests non-renal cause for electrolyte loss (suggests diarrhea)\n\nHow does water move in the body?\n\nAcross lipid bilayers and through aquaporins\n\nWhat is an effective osmole? What is an ineffective osmole? Give examples of each.\n\nEffective: a molecule/ion that can cause water to move toward it (ex. sodium)\nInneffective: will equiliberate itself between compartments without moving water (ex. urea)\n\nWhat is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity?\n\nOsmolality is solute per kg of pure water\nOsmolarity is solute in moles per liter of solution\n\nWhat are the osmotically active solutes in serum that can be measured?\n\nNa, Cl, HCO3, proteins, glucose, and ethylene glycol, methanol, paraldehyde, mannitol, radiographic contrast medium\n\nHow do you calculate the osmole gap?\n\nOsmole gap = (measured osmolality) - (calculated osmolality)\n\nWhat is the clinical significance of an increased osmole gap?\n\nthis means that there is an increase in an osmotically active molecule in blood which is not measured on the serum biochemical profile (ie. ethylene glycol, methanol, paraldehyde, mannitol, radiographic contrast media)\n\nWhat does it mean when there is not difference between calculated osmolarity and measured osmolality, but there is an increase measured osmoality?\n\nthis means that there is a normal osmole gap with an increased measure osmolality indicating increased Na and markedly increased urea or glucose\n\nWhat does it mean when there is not difference between calculated osmolarity and measured osmolality, but there is an decrease measured osmoality?\n\nthis means that there is a normal osmole gap with a decreased measured osmolality indicating decreased Na and possibly a decrease in urea or glucose\n\nWhat does it mean when there is a difference between calculated osmolarity and measured osmolality with an increase in measured osmolality?\n\nthere is an increased osmole gap which indicated ethylene glycol or some other non calculated osmole\n\nTrue or False: Hydration status is equal to vascular blood volume.\n\n\nWhat influences blood volume?\n\nmovement of electrolytes and water due to intake, losses, retention, or shifts between ICF and ECF\n\nWhat is the major constituent of plasma osmolality (ECF)? What is the major constituent of ICF?\n\nECF: sodium\nICF: potassium\n*plasma sodium is influenced by potassium\n\nTrue or False: Blood volume is largely related to Na concentration.\n\n\nHow should hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to hyperosmolality? How should they respond to hypoosmolality?\n\nHyperosmolality: induce thirst and release of ADH\nHypoosmolality: decreased H2O intake and increased renaal H2O loss\n\nWhat is release of ADH directly influenced by?\n\nNa concentration and blood volume (hypersomolality/hypernatremia and hypovolemia)\n\nWhen is RAAS activated?\n\nwhen there is decreased renal perfusion (usually due to decreased blood pressure), hypotension, volume depletion, and increased sympathetic activity\n\nHow does aldosterone work?\n\nit acts at the collecting duct to reabsorb Na in exchange for potassium or hydrogen\n\nHow does atrial natriuretic factor work?\n\nit is released when there is an increase in central venous pressure and promotes sodium loss in urine to induce diuresis, causes vasodilation and inhibits release of aldosterone\n\nWhat is hypertonic dehydration?\n\nwhen water loss is in excess of electrolyte loss\nSodium and Cl will be increased\n\nWhat are some causes of hypertonic dehydration?\n\ndiabetes insipidus\ndiabetes mellitus\nosmotic diuretic\nosmotic diarrhea\nwater deprivation\n\nWhat is isotonic dehydration?\n\nwhen water loss is equivalent to electrolyte loss\nSerum sodium and chloride do not change\n\nWhat are some causes of isotonic dehydration?\n\nrenal disease\nexcess vitamin D\n\nWhat is hypotonic dehydration?\n\nwhen electrolyte loss is greater than water loss\n\nWhat are some causes of hypotonic dehydration?\n\nsecretory diarrhea\nvomiting (loss of Na, Cl, K, +/- HCO3)\n3rd space loss\nheat stress ans sweating in horses\n\nWhat are some problems with hypotonic dehydration?\n\nfluid may shift from vasculature into cells cause cells to swell\ncerebral edema (when the concentration of Na is < 115-120, especially if rapid change)\nosmoreceptors are not stimulated and ADH is not released\nmay have medullary washout\n\nTrue or False: ADH reduces hyperosmolality by controlling Na reabsorption/K and H excretion; while aldosterone reduces hyperosmolality by controlling water movement.\n\nADH controls water movement\nAldosterone controls Na reabsorption and K and H excretion\n\nWhat 4 things determine pH?\n\n1) pCO2\n2) Addition or removal of acids (lactate, ethylene glycol, loss of H)\n3) Strong ion movement (Na, Cl, K)\n4) Serum proteins, phosphate, and other weak acids\n\nFor a blood gas analysis, what type of blood is being collected and what type of tube is used? What gases are analyzed?\n\nyou will collect arterial blood in a heparinized tube\nyou will analyze the pO2, pCO2, HCO3, and pH\n*this should be done in 5 min, otherwise it should be put on ice\n\nWhat is the pathogenesis behind respiratory acidosis?\n\n(CO2 + H2O --> H + HCO3)\nRespiratory Acidosis: hypoventilation; increases CO2 which drives the equation to the right, increasing H and decreasing pH\n\nWhat is the pathogenesis behind respiratory alkalosis?\n\n(CO2 + H2O <-- H + HCO3)\nRespiratory Alkalosis: hyperventilation; decreases CO2 which drives the equation to the left, decreasing H and increasing pH\n\nWhat is the pathogenesis behind metabolic acidosis?\n\n(CO2 + H2O --> H + HCO3)\nMetabolic Acidosis: loss of bicarb through diarrhea, salicary loss, or the generation of organic acids drives the equation to the right, increasing H and decreasing pH\n\nWhat is the pathogenesis behind metabolic alkalosis?\n\n(CO2 + H2O <-- H + HCO3)\nMetabolic Alkalosis: increase in bicarb due to a loss or sequestration of acid or increase in Cl drives the equation to the left, decreasing H and increasing pH\n\nWhat is one of the biggest clues to a mixed acidosis? What other clues might you see?\n\nMain clue: a normal pH\nOthers: compensation exceeds or falls short of expected level, also look at anion gam, Cl behavior, and strong io difference (SID)\n*normal compensation is not a mixed acid-base disorder\n\nWhat will you see with an appropriate compensation in an acid-base disorder?\n\nthe opposite system should be slightly above or slightly below the reference interval\nbasically ask yourself \"did the opposite system move in the appropriate direction?\"\n\nTrue or False: The body's compensation to an acid-base disorder usually returns the pH to normal.\n\nFalse; compensation rarely returns the pH completely to normal\n\nTrue or False: Respiratory compensation happens quickly (hours) and metabolic compensation happens slowly (days).\n\n\nHow can you tell an acute metabolic compensation from a chronic metabolic compensation?\n\nthe acute case will happen in less than 48 hours and you will see immediate titration of HCO3 and ICF buffers\nthe chronic case will happen in more than 48 hours and you will see change in the excretion of H, Cl, and HCO3\n\nWhat is appropriate compensation for a metabolic acidosis?...For a metabolic alkalosis?\n\nAcidosis: 0.7 decrease in pCO2 for each 1 unit decrease in HCO3\nAlkalosis: 0.7 increase in pCO2 for each 1 unit increase in HCO3\n\nWhat is appropriate compensation for a respiratory acidosis?...For a respiratory alkalosis?\n\nAcidosis: 1.5 increase in HCO3 for each 10 units increase in pCO2\nAlkalosis: 2.5 decrease in HCO3 for each 10 units decrease in pCO2\n\nTrue or False: pCO2 is metabolic in origin and is a good estimate of bicarb.\n\nFalse; pCO2 is respiratory; TCO2 metabolic and is a good estimate of bicarb\n\nIf you do not have a blood gas machine how can yo identify a metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?\n\nlook at TCO2\nif it is decreased you most likely have a metabolic acidosis\nif it is increased you most likely have a metabolic alkalosis\n\nWhat does a hyperchloremia with normal sodium suggest?\n\na metabolic acidosis\n\nWhat are the unmeasured anions? Do they affect the anion gap?\n\nalbumin, lactate, ketones, ethylene glycol, phosphate, sulfate, oragnic acids\nyes, they will cause an increase in the anion gap\n\nWhat are the unmeasured cations?\n\nCa, Mg, and gammaglobulins\n\nWhich components are considered when calculating the anion gap?\n\nNa, K, Cl, and HCO3\n(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)\n\nTrue or False: An increased anion gap is suggestive of an alkalosis and an decreased anion gap is suggestive of an acidosis.\n\nan increased anion gap = acidosis\na decreased anion gap = alkalosis\n\nWhat is titrational acidosis? What does this do to the anion gap?\n\na decreased HCO3 with a normal Cl\ndue to the accumulation of unmeasured anions (organic acids: ketones, lactate, sulfates, phosphates, uremic acids, and EG metabolites)\nIncreases the anion gap\n\nWhat is a secretional acidosis? What does this do to the anion gap?\n\nthere is a loss of bicab due to secretion of bicarb rich fluids (saliva, diarrhea) causing an increase in chloride retention\nNormal anion gap\n\nWhat will happen to the anion gap in a metabolic acidosis? What is this caused by?\n\nthe anion gap will be normal due to increased HCO3\nthis is caused by loss of Cl rich fluid, gastic vomiting, high GI obstruction, and sweating in horses\n\nWhat will happen to the anion gap in a mixed metabolic acidosis/alkalosis? Give two examples of when this happens?\n\nYou will see an increased anion gap due to a decrease in chloride with normal or slightly increased bicarb (but not enough to close the gap)\nthis can happen when you have a GI obstruction with lactic acidosis or renal failure with vomiting\n\nWhat can cause a respiratory acidosis?\n\ndead-space rebreathing\nairway obstruction\nrespiratory center depression (drugs/disease)\npulmonary disease\nrestrictive disease\nalkalemia from metabolic alkalosis\n(basically anything that causes decreased ventilation)\n\nWhat can cause a respiratory alkalosis?\n\ndecreased pO2 (which leads to hyperventilation)\nCNS disease (stimulation of the respiratory center)\ngram negative sepsis\n(basically anything that causes increased ventilation)\n\nWhat can cause a metabolic acidosis?\n\naddition of an organic or exogenous acid (renal failure, ketoacidosis, lactate, ethylene glycol)\nloss of HCO3 (diarrhea, loss of saliva)\nAddison's disease (aldosterone normally causes Na retention and promotes K and H secretion)\n\nWhat can cause a metabolic alkalosis?\n\nloss of H through vomiting, obstruction, sequestration, diuretics, hypokalemia, secondary to respiratory acidosis\nexcess HCO3 through administration\nhypokalemia (shifts H from ECF to ICF)\n\nWhat electroyte imbalances and anion gab disturbance might you see with hypochoremia?\n\nchloride is normally lost proportional with Na through alimentary or renal loss\nalso seen in a metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap\n\nWhat can cause hypochloremia?\n\ndisplaced abomasum\nupper GI abomasal atony (bovine renal failure)\n\nHow can you tell if there is greater loss of Cl than Na?\n\nuse the corrected Cl equation\n[(mean Na/patient Na) x patient Cl]\nif Cl is till below the reference rage then there is grater loss of Cl than Na\n\nWhat is paradoxical aciduria?\n\nWhen there is hypovolemia, hypochloremia, and alkalosis causing the animal to produce an acid urine\n\nExplain the mechanism behind paradoxical aciduria.\n\nthere is volume and Na depletion -> RAAS kicks in to reabsorb Na in exchange for H and K -> also have bicarb reabsorption without chloride reabsorption\n\nWhat are the 6 ways to diagnose ethylene glycol toxicosis?\n\n1) test kit\n2) fluorescence\n2) calcium oxalate crystals in urine\n4) increased serum osmolality with increased serum osmole gap 1 hr post ingestion (>20 = suggestive; >30 = diagnostic)\n5) increased anion gap (3-6 hrs post ingestion)\n6) increased fractional excretion of sodium (3 hrs post ingestion before onset of azotemia)\n\nTrue or False: Ethylene glycol is an anion.\n\nFalse; it is an osmole\n\nWhy might you see hyperphosphatemia with ethylene glycol toxicity?\n\nsome anti-freeze include a rust factor that contains phosphate\n\nWhat is the mechanism for the release of T3 and T3 form the thyroid gland?\n\nthe hypothalamus releases TRH which causes the pituitary to release TSH which then causes the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4\n\nWhere are T3 and T4 produced? What is their function?\n\nT4 is produced by the folicular cells (in the thyroglobulin) of the thyroid gland but the majority of T3 is produced from T4 inside cells\nThey both function to inhibit secretion of TSH from the pituitary\n\nWhich forms of thyroid hormone are capable of entering cells? What are the other types?\n\nFree T4 and free T3 are the unbound forms that enter cells\n>99% is bound to protein\nfT4 enters cells and is converted to T3\n\nWhat functions of the body do T4 and T3 increase?\n\nIncreased metabolic rate, O2 consumption, HR, bone formation and resorption, catabolism of muscle and fat, protein synthesis, and erythropoiesis\n\nTrue or False: It is common for cats to get hypothyroidism and for dogs to get hyperthyroidism.\n\nFalse; cats get hyperthyroidism and dogs get hypothyroidism\n\nWhich thyroid neoplasms are most common in dogs? Which ones are more common in cats?\n\nDogs: adenocarcinomas\nCats: adenomas\n\nWhat is the breed predilection for dogs with adenocarcinoma?\n\nbeagles, boxers, golden retrievers\n\nWhat is the most important clinical sign with feline hyperthyroidism? What will you find upon physical exam? What will you see in a biochemical profile?\n\nClinical signs: weight loss (most common); also polyphagia, PU/PD, restlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, skin/hair changes\nPhysical exam: palpable thyroid, tachycardia, and hyperactivity\nBiochem Profile: increased ALT and ALP with an adequate concentration of urine, and increased tT4\n\n90% of hyperthryroid cats will have increased tT4. What should you look for in those that don't?\n\nmeasure fT4, if it is in the upper reference limit then they have hyperthyroidism\n\nWhat is the most common canine endocrinopathy?\n\nCanine hypothyroidism\n\nWhat are the causes of primary hypothyroidism? What are the causes of secondary hypothyroidism?\n\nPrimary:lymphocytic thyroiditis or idiopathic thyroid atrophy\nSecondary: pituitary destruction or suppression\n\nWhat are the clinical signs for canine hypothyroidism?\n\nsigns are variable\nyou may see weight gain with non increase in appetite, bilateral truncal alopecia with no pruritis, lethargy, hyperkeatosis, and myxedema\n\nWhat laboratory abnormalities might you see with canine hypothyroidism?\n\nmild normocytic normochromic non regenerative anemia\nfasting hypercholesterolemia\nfasting hypertriglyceridemia\ndecreased fT4 and tT4, increased TSH, and the presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies\n\nWhat is Euthyroid Sick Syndrome?\n\ndecrease in tT4 (with normal or decreased fT4 and normal TSH)) in an animal that does not have a thyroidal illness; it is caused by non-thyroidal illnesses or drugs (phenobarbitol, glucocorticoids, sulfonamides, furosemide)\n\nWhat does PTH regulate?\n\nIncreases calcium and decreases phosphorus\n\nTrue or False: Hyperparathyroidism is in more than 70% of hyperthyroid cats.\n\n\nTrue or False: Dogs and cats both tend to get a parathyroid adenoma rather than a carcinoma.\n\n\nHow would you diagnose a primary hyperparathyroidism?\n\n1) rule out other causes of hypercalcemia\n2) measure PTH (high to increased)\n3) look for hyperphosphatemia\n*if there is hypercalcemia but the problem is not parathyroid function, you will see decreased PTH\n\nWhat hormones are secreted from the neurohypophysis? What hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis?\n\nNeurohypophysis: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin\nAdenohypophysis: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), TSH, somatotropin, MSH, FSH, LH, and prolactin\n\nWhat does antidiuretic hormone do?\n\nadjusts body water to keep it in balance with sodium concentration by:\nincreasing water intake via a thirst mechanism\nincreased water conservation\n\nWhat is central diabetes insipidus? What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? What is the result of both conditions? What is the major differential?\n\nCentral: deficiency in ADH\nNephrogenic: there is no response to ADH, hypercalcemia, or drug induced\nResults in PU/PD, low USG\nDDx: psychogenic polydipsia\n\nWhat two tests would you do to differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? What would you be looking for with each test?\n\n1) Response to Desmopressin (ADH) - administer ADH, if the urine is concentrated it is CDI; if the urine is not concentrated it is NDI\n2) Modified Water Deprivation Test - dehydrate the animal to see if they release ADH and/or if the kidneys respond to it\n\nWhat animals should you refrain from doing a Modified Water Deprivation Test on?\n\nanimals with renal disease, azotemia, or dehyration\n\nTrue or False: Many hyperadrenocoticism patients do not have increased cortisol, therefore basal cortisol is not a useful test.\n\n\nWhat are the etiologies for canine hyperadranocoticism?\n\nIatrogenic (high doses of glucocorticoids)\nPituitary adenoma (most cases)\nFuntional adrenal tumor (can be an adrenal carcinoma or adenoma)\n\nWhat dogs are predisposed to hyperadrenocoticism? What are the commonly affected breeds?\n\nmiddle aged to older females (uncommon in dogs less than 6 years)\nBreeds: Poodles, German Shepherds, Dachshunds, Labs, and Terriers\n\nWhat are the clinical signs associated with canine hyperadrenocoticism?\n\nPU/PD, heat intolerance, panting, polyphagia, abdominal enlargement, lethargy, truncal alopecia, calcinosis sutis, pyoderma/acne, hypeglycemia, anetrus, testicular atrophy, (fat distribution, protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis)\n\nWhat are the laboratory abnormalities of a dog with hyperadranocoticism?\n\nstress leukogram\nincreased ALP, ALT, and cholesterol\nUSG less than 1.015\nUIT with or without neutrophils (possible pyelonephritis and renal failure)\n\nWhat is a screening test? What screening tests are done for hyperadranocoticism?\n\nIdentifies animals that potentially have a disease for further assessment with more specific tests\nALP activity: This tests for an increase in ALP activity which is suggestive HAC\nUrine cortisol:creatinine ration: normal dog is < 10x10^-6 which is suggestive of hyperadrenocorticism\n\nWhen might you see induction of steroid ALP?\n\n7 days of increased serum corticol can lead to induction of steroid ALP\n*if sALP is not elevated it is unlikely that there is an excess of cortisol or glucocorticoids\n\nWhat is a confirmatory or diagnostic tests? Give examples.\n\ndiscriminate between animals with screening test results suggestive or a particular disease and those that have another disease causing similar signs\nExamples: LDDS and ACTH stimulation test\n\nWhat are the LDDS confirmatory and diagnostic test?\n\nLow Dose Dexamthasone Suppression Test (LDDS) - glucocorticoids are administered and the amount of ACTH secretion is observed (in an HAC dog you will not see decreased ACTH and therefore continuous secretion of corticol (>1.5ug/dl) -> no suppression\n\nWhat is the ACTH stimulation test?\n\na base line cotisol level is taken followed by an injection of ACTH and plasma cortisol is measured after an hour; in an HAC dog you will see hypersecretion of cotisol (>20ug/dl)\n*can be used to rule out iatrogenic HAC\n\nWhat is a differentiating test? Give examples.\n\nin the case of hyperadrenocotocism, discriminate between pituitary dependent and adrenal based disease\nExamples: LDDS, HDDS, endogenous ACTH measurement\n\nHow does LDDS function as a differentiating test?\n\nif may cause suppression of ACTH if you have a pituitary tumor, but adrenal tumors will not be suppressed; therefore if cortisol levels drop below 1.5ug/dl or half the baseline value ->pituitary tumor\nif cortisol levels are greater than 1.5ug/dl or are not suppressed to at least half the baseline value -> adrenal tumor\n\nHow does HDDS function as a differentiating test?\n\nuse when LDDS does not distinguish between pituitary or adrenal tumors\nobtain baseline cortisol -> inject 0.1mg/kg dex as 4 and 8 hours\nif cortisol levels drop below 1.5 ug/dl -> pituitary tumore\nif cortisol levels are greater than 1.5 ug/dl -> adrenal tumor\n\nHow does an endogenous ACTH measurement function as a differentiating test?\n\nplasma is collected early in the morning\nif ACTH is high or high-normal -> pituitary tumor\nif ACTH is low or low-normal -> adrenal tumor\n\nTrue or False: Hypoadrenocorticism is primarily immune-mediated destruction of adrenal cortices.\n\n\nWho is most susceptible to hypoadrenocoticism?\n\nthis disease is rare in animals but is more common in female mixed breed dogs greater than 5 yrs\ncan also be seen in Great Danes, Poodles, West Highland Whites\n\nWhat are the electrolyte imbalances seen with hypoadrenocoticism?\n\nHyponatremia, Hypovolemia, Hypotension\nHypovolemic crisis = Addisonian Crisis\n\nWhat are the presenting complaints associated with hypoadrenocoticism? What will you find during the physical exam?\n\nPresenting: poor appetite/anorexia, lethargy, depression, thin, vomiting/ regurgitaion\nPE: lethargy, depression, thinness, weakness, dehydration\n\nWhat signs contribute to the hypovolemic crisis seen with hypoadrenocoticism?\n\ndehydration, shock, collapse, bradycardia, weak femoral pulse, hypothermia\n\nWhat are the common laboratory findings for hypoadrenocoticism?\n\nmild-moderate normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anemia typically with no stress leukogram, pre-renal azotemia, increased UN (due to GI hemorrhage), hypoglycemia\n\nTrue or False: If an animal is in Addisonian crisis the best thing to do is rehydrate them.\n\nFalse; assess the situation, rehydration can dilute RBCs to life-threatening levels\n\nWhat sodium level is diagnostic of hyposdrenocorticism?\n\nless than 23\n\nWhat is the the test of choice for the diagnosis of hypoadrenocoticism?\n\nACTH stimulation test (administer ACTH to see if the animal produces cortisol)\nif baseline cortisol is less than 1.2 ug/dL and after an hour is less than 1.8 ug/dL -> diagnostic for hypoadrenocoticism\n\nSee more\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? 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+__label__positive Management of Shock: Bedside Assessment of Cardiac Output\n\n\nA 75-year-old male with a past medical history of congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary artery disease presents to the emergency department (ED) with generalized weakness, shortness of breath, productive cough, and chills for the past three days. On arrival he is diaphoretic and ill-appearing but alert and following commands. Initial vital signs include blood pressure: 88/60 mmHg, heart rate: 126 BPM, rectal temperature: 99.0 F, respiratory rate: 22, oxygen saturation: 98% on room air. The patient has diminished breath sounds at the lung bases and 1+ pitting edema bilaterally to the knees. Initial labs reveal a leukocytosis of 14,000 with an 89% neutrophilic predominance, an elevated lactate of 3.0 and an elevated BNP of 4000. A portable chest x-ray reveals pulmonary vascular congestion and cannot exclude an underlying infiltrate.\n\nThe team correctly identifies that the patient is in shock; however, it is difficult to determine the etiology. With the most likely culprit being cardiogenic shock, vasodilatory shock, or some combination of the two, the team must determine the correct etiology in order to treat the patient appropriately. Resuscitation for cardiogenic shock may require administration of inotropic agents, diuresis, and respiratory support if necessary. Conversely, vasodilatory shock from sepsis necessitates fluid boluses, early administration of antibiotics, and possible administration of pressors.\n\nAre there any diagnostic tools that can help differentiate shock in a timely and non-invasive manner? Have you considered measuring the patient\u2019s cardiac output with bedside ultrasound?\n\nMany ED providers are familiar with gross assessment of systolic function either by visual estimation of the \u201csqueeze\u201d or by other techniques such as EPSS (E-Point Septal Separation).1 Here we will demonstrate how to calculate the cardiac output to provide objective data about cardiac function and volume status.\n\nDefinition of Cardiac Output\n\nCardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, determined by the product of the stroke volume (SV) of the left ventricle, which is the volume of blood pumped per cardiac cycle, and the heart rate (HR).\n\nCO (L/min) = SV (L/cycle) x HR\n\nFigure 1. Estimation of the stroke volume using the LVOT diameter and VTI to calculate cylinder volume.\n\nFigure 2. Projection of the estimated stroke volume cylinder onto the parasternal long axis view. The measured LVOT diameter can be seen as a yellow line. RV = right ventricle, LV = left ventricle, LA = left atrium, Ao = Aortic outflow tract.\n\nIn order to calculate stroke volume using ultrasound, we need two measurements of cardiac function: LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract) diameter and VTI (Velocity Time Integral). The LVOT diameter is used to estimate the area of the LVOT. The VTI, which is the mean velocity of blood traveling at a selected location over the time period of systole, is measured at the location of the LVOT.\n\nUsing these measurements, the volume of cylinder represents a column of blood traveling from the left ventricle to the aorta during systole. This is the stroke volume (Figures 1,2).\n\nTechnique for Measurements\n\nLVOT diameter\nStep 1: Using a low-frequency phased-array transducer, obtain a parasternal long axis view. Freeze the image during systole.\nStep 2: Measure the LVOT anterior to the aortic valve leaflets (Figure 3).\n\nFigure 3. Image of parasternal long view with highlighted LVOT.\n\nStep 1: Using the same phased-array transducer, obtain an apical 5-chamber view. Select Doppler mode and adjust the angle to coincide with the direction of blood flow (Figure 4).\n\nFigure 4. Image of apical 5-chamber with pulsed wave Doppler gate in position.\n\nFigure 5. Image of pulse wave with tracing.\n\nStep 2: Freeze your image. Trace the outline of one of the ejection waveforms. Depending on the model of ultrasound machine, VTI calculator functions may be enabled for this measurement (Figure 5).\n\nThe Evidence\n\nNon-invasive measurement of cardiac output using ultrasound was first described in the literature in the 1980\u2019s.2-5 During this time, a number of studies demonstrated that Doppler measurements were comparable to other methods of determining cardiac output.6 Predominantly using animal models, correlation coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.99 were obtained when comparing measurements of cardiac output using ultrasound to then-established techniques including indicator dye dilution, the Fick method (the \u201cgold standard\u201d), and experimental in vivo pump monitoring.7-9\n\nSubsequent investigations involving human subjects also showed remarkable agreement.10 Correlation coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.96 were obtained when comparing ultrasound measurements of cardiac output to thermodilution via Swan-Ganz catheter, pulsed Doppler, and Fick measurements during cardiac catheterization.4,11-13 In patients with aortic stenosis, two studies showed correlation coefficients to be 0.91 and 0.86 between pulsed Doppler and respective reference methods when the Doppler gate was placed in the LVOT proximal to the aortic stenosis.14,15 More recent studies by Lefrant et al. and Gentles et al. found correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.96, respectively, although these investigators obtained measurements of the VTI from the ascending aorta using a suprasternal view.16,17\n\n\nSources of error associated with ultrasound-obtained cardiac output measurements are related to the operator, device limitations, and patient factors. Measuring the LVOT surface area using ultrasound assumes that the aortic outflow tract is circular. Realistically, the anatomical shape of the outflow tract is not a perfect circle, and its diameter is constantly changing due to elasticity of the muscular aortic wall. While the operator may attempt to measure the LVOT diameter during systole, this is not an exact point in time but a time period in which the aortic lumen can rapidly change size and shape. Therefore, multiple measurements of the LVOT diameter taken during systole can have similar but non-identical values.6\n\nTurbulent blood flow across the aortic valve may also cause imprecise measurements when calculating the VTI. To ensure an accurate pulse wave is obtained, the Doppler gate should be oriented as parallel as possible to the direction of blood flow. Fortunately, this error can be somewhat forgiving, as less than twenty degrees of angulation between the gate and blood flow will produce only mild (<10%) deviations in velocity measurements.18 If a uniform column of blood is in parallel orientation with the Doppler gate, a pulse wave with an open black window at the base of the wave can be seen.\n\nIntrinsic cardiac comorbidities altering hemodynamic function, such as valvular insufficiency or arrhythmia, pose a theoretical risk in obtaining an accurate measurement of cardiac output using ultrasound. Studies have shown ultrasound to be effective in evaluating cardiac output for patients with aortic stenosis, however there is a lack of data assessing cardiac output in significant valvular insufficiency and atrial fibrillation. For patients with atrial fibrillation, recommendations indicate that it is adequate to use the average value of five to ten cycles of the pulse wave when calculating VTI.18\n\nTable 1. Cardiac Output Calculation Steps\n\nCalculation Steps\nStep 1 Calculate the LVOT area:\nLVOT area (cm2) = [\u03c0 x (LVOT diameter) 2]/ 4\nStep 2 Determine the VTI (cm)\nStep 3\n\n\nCalculate stroke volume by multiplying the LVOT area by the VTI.\n\nSV (cm3, or ml) = LVOT area (cm2) x VTI (cm)\n\nStep 4\n\n\nCalculate cardiac output by multiplying the SV by the HR:\n\nCO (L/min) = SV (L/cycle) x HR (cycle/min)\n\n\nTable 2. Cardiac Output Calculation Steps\n\nStep 1 LVOT area = [\u03c0 x (LVOT diameter) 2]/ 4\n= [\u03c0 x (2.0 cm) 2]/ 4\n= 3.14 cm2\nStep 2 The calculated VTI is 20.0 cm\nStep 3 Stroke Volume = LVOT area (cm2) x VTI (cm)\n= 3.14 cm2 x 20.0 cm\n= 62.8 cm3, or 62.8 ml, or 0.0628 L\nStep 4 Cardiac Output (L/min) = Stroke volume (L/cycle) x HR (cycle/min)\n= 0.0628 (L/cycle) x 126 (cycle/min)\n= 7.9 L/min\n\n\nCase Resolution\n\nBedside ultrasound is performed on the patient using the methods described: his LVOT diameter is 2.0 cm and VTI is 20.0 cm (see Table 2).\n\nThe patient\u2019s cardiac output is calculated to be 7.9 L/min. Given the increased cardiac output (in contrast to an expected reduced cardiac output in acute systolic heart failure), vasodilatory shock secondary to sepsis from a likely pulmonary source was suspected. The patient was given a 30 cc/kg bolus of crystalloid and administered broad-spectrum antibiotics after blood cultures were drawn. Serial cardiac output measurements during the resuscitation trended to a normal value of 6.0 L/min. A repeat lactate was 1.6. The patient was closely monitored for volume overload and was eventually transferred to the step down unit for further management.\n\nBottom Line\n\nCalculating cardiac output using bedside ultrasound can provide immediate objective data about cardiac function to aid in the diagnosis of specific shock states in order to guide treatment, particularly because treatment for one shock state may worsen another. Furthermore, monitoring changes in cardiac output can reflect volume status and accurately assess a patient\u2019s response to resuscitation.\n\n\n  1. Carmody KA, Moore CL, Feller-Kopman DJ. Handbook of critical care and emergency ultrasound. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2011.\n  2. Haites NE, Mclennan FM, Mowat DH, Rawles JM. Assessment of cardiac output by the Doppler ultrasound technique alone.\u00a0Heart. 1985;53(2):123-129.\n  3. Fisher DC, et al. The mitral valve orifice method for noninvasive two-dimensional echo Doppler determinations of cardiac output.\u00a0Circulation. 1983;67(4):872-877.\n  4. Huntsman LL, et al. Noninvasive Doppler determination of cardiac output in man. Clinical validation.\u00a0Circulation. 1983;67(3):593-602.\n  5. Rawles J, Haites N. Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output.\u00a0Br J Hosp Med.\u00a01984;31(4):292\u2013297.\n  6. Schuster AH, Nanda NC. Doppler echocardiographic measurement of cardiac output: Comparison with a non-golden standard.\u00a0The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984;53(1):257-259.\n  7. Fisher DC, Sahn DJ, Friedman MJ, Larson D, Valdes-Cruz LM, Horowitz S, Goldberg SJ, Allen HD. The effect of variations on pulsed Doppler sampling site on calculation of cardiac output: an experimental study in open-chest dogs. Circulation. 1983;67:370-376.\n  8. Colocousls JS, Huntsman LL, Currerl PW. Estimation of stroke volume changes by ultrasonic Doppler. Circulation. 1977;56:914-917.\n  9. Stelngarf RM, Meller J, Barovlck J, Patterson R, Herman MV, Teichholz LE. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic measurements of beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume in dogs. Circulation. 1980;62:542-548.\n  10. Otto CM. Textbook of clinical echocardiography. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.\n  11. Magnin PA, Stewart JA, Yvers S, van Ramm 0, Kfsslo JA. Combined Doppler and phased-array echocardiographic estimation of cardiac output. Circulation. 1981;63:388-392.\n  12. Lewis JF, Kuo LC, Nelson JG, Limacher MC, Quinones MA. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of stroke volume and cardiac output: clinical validation of two new methods using the apical window.\u00a0Circulation. 1984;70(3):425-431.\n  13. Bouchard A et al. Measurement of left ventricular stroke volume using continuous wave doppler echocardiography of the ascending aorta and M-mode echocardiography of the aortic valve.\u00a0Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1987;9(1):75-83.\n  14. Otto CM et al. Experimental validation of Doppler echocardiographic measurement of volume flow through the stenotic aortic valve.\u00a0Circulation. 1988;78(2):435-441.\n  15. Burwash IG. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Aortic Stenosis \u2013 Normal Flow and Low Flow Scenarios.\u00a0European Cardiology Review. 2014;9(2):92.\n  16. Gentles TL, Neutze JM, Caulder AL, Greene ER. Cardiac output measurements in congenital heart disease: validation of a simple, portable Doppler method.\u00a0Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2001;20(4):365-370.\n  17. Lefrant JY, et al. CO assessment by suprasternal Doppler in critically ill patients: comparison with thermodilution.\u00a0Intensive Care Medicine. 2000;26(6):693-697.\n  18. Qui\u00f1ones MA et al. Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: A report from the Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American Society of Echocardiography.\u00a0Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2002;15(2):167-184.\nMarsia Vermeulen, DO\n\nMarsia Vermeulen, DO\n\nJoseph Levin, MD\n\nJoseph Levin, MD\n\nEmergency Medicine Resident, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY\nJoseph Levin, MD\n\nLatest posts by Joseph Levin, MD (see all)\n\n\nLeave A Reply
+__label__positive Skip over navigation\n\n\nReview of Geometry I\n\nReview Test\n\nTable of Contents\n\nFurther Reading\n\nWhat is the sum of four angles if two are complementary and two are supplementary?\n\nHow many noncolinear points are required to determine a plane?\n\nHow many dimensions are spanned by intersecting lines?\n\nHow many times can two lines intersect?\n\nWhen is a line l perpendicular to a plane?\n\nWhich of the following figures is two-dimensional?\n\nWhich of the following angles must be an exterior angle?\n\nAdjacent angles can be all but which of the following?\n\nWhen two lines intersect, they form two pairs of what?\n\nAngles ABC and DBE are which of the following?\n\nFigure 1\n\nThere exists a line l and two distinct points not on l. How many lines parallel to l can be drawn containing those two points?\n\nGiven that lines l and m are parallel, what is the measure of angle 1?\n\nFigure 2\n\nWhen a transversal cuts three parallel lines, how many pairs of supplementary angles are formed?\n\nIf line l bisects angle ABC, what is the measure of angle 1?\n\nFigure 3\n\nThe distance from a point to a line is what?\n\nHow many lines can be drawn that are oblique to a given line?\n\nWhat can you conclude about two lines if the pairs of vertical angles created at their intersection are supplementary?\n\nHow many midpoints does a segment have?\n\nWhen a straight angle is bisected, two angles are formed. What can be said about these angles?\n\nIf a right angle is bisected, and one of the new angles formed by the bisector is trisected, what is the measure of one of the three newest angles?\n\nIf the starting point of a curve is the same as its ending point, what is the curve called?\n\nThe following figure is which of the following?\n\nFigure 4\n\nWhat is the greatest number of interior diagonals a concave pentagon can have?\n\nIf a quadrilateral and a traingle share one side, what is the name of the polygon created by their union?\n\nIf the sum of the exterior angles of a polygon equals 360 degrees, how many sides does the polygon have?\n\nWhich of the following polygons is always convex?\n\nHow many triangles must be combined to assemble a heptagon?\n\nIf the interior angles of a polygon sum to 720 degrees, how many vertices does that polygon have?\n\nA rectangle is an example of what?\n\nGiven that the quadrilateral pictured is a parallelogram, what is the measure of angle 1?\n\nFigure 5\n\nGiven that the quadrilateral pictured is a parallelogram, what is the measure of angle 2?\n\nFigure 6\n\nWhat polygon has 540 degrees of interior angles and 14 diagonals?\n\nIf the sum of the lengths of the bases of a trapezoid is 12, what is the length of its median?\n\nIf a central angle is 35 degrees, what is the measure of the major arc whose endpoints are the intersection points of the central angle and the circle?\n\nThe radius of a circle is 14. How long is the chord whose endpoints are the same as the endpoints of a 180 degree arc?\n\nIf a sector is partially bound by the diameter of a circle, what is the measure of the arc that completes the boundary of the sector?\n\nWhich of the following sets of figures do not determine a circle?\n\nIf a secant line contains the center of a circle as well as the midpoint of a chord of the circle, and these two points are different, what is the relationship between the secant line and the chord?\n\nThe angle created by a tangent line and the radius of a circle whose endpoint is the point of tangency is bisected. What is the measure of the two new angles created?\n\nA hexagon is circumscribed about a circle. How many radii can be drawn that are perpendicular to a side of the hexagon?\n\nHow many curves exist in a surface?\n\nThe bases of a prism are octagons. How many lateral edges are there in the prism?\n\nThe lateral faces of a prism could be which of the following?\n\nIf planes are oblique, what is their intersection?\n\nWhich of the following is not necessarily a convex simple closed surface?\n\nAt how many points can a line and a surface intersect?\n\nWhat is the least number of polygons needed to form the surface of a polyhedron?\n\nWhen does the altitude of a pyramid lie within one of the faces of the pyramid?\n\nWhen are two planes perpendicular?\n\nWhen spheres intersect one another, their intersection could be\n\nFollow Us
+__label__positive Header Ads\n\nAn analysis by a Hyderabad candidate -- exam on 16th morning\n\nThanks to Gajapati Karthik.-- Others please write like this in a detailed manner and send to samba.ssivan@gmail.com\n\nA good analysis by a candidate of exam on 16th morning:\n\nIBPS Clerk Online Exam Experience -\n\nExam Date and Time Slot : 16th Dec 2012 , 9am\nExam Centre \u2013 Tirumala engineering college,bogaram,hyd\nExam Pattern : 200 Questions for 200 Marks in 120 Minutes\n\nSection wise Analysis\n\n1) Logical Reasoning \u2013 40 Question (Easy)\nThis section contains Syllogism (5 marks), Circular Seating Arrangement (5 marks), Coding & Decoding (5), Comparison of Ranks (5), Data Sufficiency (5), Puzzles (3 & 3 & 5) and Miscellaneous (4- Direction, Arrangement in Words etc)\nNo question from Visual Reasoning, Input- Output\nOnly 1 Puzzle of 5 Marks looks time consuming, rest ALL questions seem easy\n\n2) Quantitative Aptitude \u2013 40 Questions (Easy)\n15 Questions on Calculation (Q no 26-40), 5 Easy Questions in Number Series, 20 Questions on %, Average, Ratio, Partnership, Time, Speed Distance, Time and Work, Profit and Loss, Simple and Compound Interest, Probability (1 Quest), Geometry (3-4 Quest)\nSurprise Element- 1 Ques on Probability, Some 1-2 Steps questions on Geometry\nSolve Calculation based questions first, 1-2-3 liner verbal question in each chapter said above\nNo Approximate Calculation this time.\n\n3) English Language (30+10) comprised of 2 Sections.(Easy)\nTry to clear cut-off from both the section, as it is not mentioned anywhere that these two sections are considered separately or not.\nOtherwise questions in English sections are again Easy. Passage constitute of 15 Marks with synonym and antonym from words in Passages. Para-jumbled Sentence ( 5 Questions), Sentences Correction (5 Question), Error Correction (5 Question)\nSeparate Section of 10 Questions for Cloze Test(Very Easy).\nSome of COMPS questions i remember 16/12 morning session\n1) what is meant divding the cell into 2 or more in excel\n2) in word doc the background will be\n3) the commands are available in (ans menu )\n4) which is utility s/w below\n5) an assembler is an\n6) to select a word in doc what u do\n7) which type of medium do u use to sequential backup\n8) which allows u search www\n9) question on search engine\n10) what will u use in need of caclculation (ans spreedshet)\n11)when u click the text or image u navigate to other page,whats it called (hyperlink\n12) keys that are used combination of other for special purpose are (ctrl+alt)\n13) in cobol what co stands 4\n14) DOS stands 4\n15) OCR stands 4\n1)split 2)not changed 3)menu 4)spred sheet 5) is language 6) dnt knw 7)dnt knw 8)ip address 10)excel spreed sheet 11)hyper link 12) modifier keys (i.e ctrl + alt) 13) common business 14)disk operating system 15)optical character reader\n1) God of small things Book Written by\n\n2) In Oct, 2012, RBI had deceased CRRby\n3) Why pay in slip is used in banks\n\n4) What is the New Version of Windows launched by Microsoft ?\n\n5) Who is the present Railway Minister of India\n\n6) Whose birth day is celebrated as National integration day in India?\n\n7) Who is the present Governor of RBI ?\n\n8) Which among the following is not a Union territory\n\n9) Which among the following is a Sports related term (ans LBW)\n10) Who got the Padma Vibhushan Award from Delhi?\n\n11) Who among the following is the Woman and Child Development Minister of India ?\n\n12) Who is the present Information and Broadcasting Minister of India ?\n\n13) Who is the present President of Afghanistan ?\n\n14) Which among the following awards is given to Authors ?\n15) Who is the Agriculture Minister of India ?\n16)in which bank account interest is not paid\n17) which org got japanise international cooperation agency presidency( ans delhi metro )\n18) which will not come under GST (ans income tax)\n19) the shares is controled by (ans sebi)\n20) demat account shares are in form ( may b ans digital form)\n21)final authority of issuing notes(currency) ( ans govt of india rit na )\n22) which rate is used to manage(something here i'm nt remebering) but options 1)msf 2)laf 3)crr 4)slr\n23)who is the final authority of military officer (may b ans defence minister rit na)\n\n24) another question on book\nGuys if u remember some more questions plz add\nQ1. BCCI Polly Umrigar award 2012? Answer: Virat Kohli Q2. United Nations day celebrated on Answer: October 24 Q3. \u2018God of Small things\u2019 written by Answer: Arundhati Roy Q4. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) decreased in October by Answer: 0.25% Q5. Why pay slip is used in banks? Answer: to deposit cash Q6. Latest version of Microsoft windows is Answer: Windows 8 Q7. Which among the following is not a Union Territory? Answer: Goa Q8. Whose birthday is celebrated as National Integration day in India? Answer: Indira Gandhi Q9. Present governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI)? Answer: D. Subbarao Q10. Which among the following is NOT a border state of Delhi? Answer: Rajasthan Q11. Who is the present Railway Minister? Answer: Pawan Kumar Bansal (Previously CP Joshi) Q12. Which among the following is a Sports related term? Answer: LBW (Cricket) Q13. Who got Padma Vibhushan Award from Delhi? Answer: Shri TV Rajeswar (Civil Service) Q14. Padmabhushan Award for art painting? Answer: Jatin Das Q15. Who is the present Broadcast and Information Minister of Govt of India? Answer: Manish Tewari (MoS- Independent Charges) Q16. Who is the president of Afghanistan, recently visited India? Answer: Hamid Karzai Q17. What is Open Market Operation of RBI? Answer: OMOs are the market operations conducted by the Reserve Bank of India by way of sale/ purchase of Government securities to/ from the market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis. When the RBI feels there is excess liquidity in the market, it resorts to sale of securities thereby sucking out the rupee liquidity. Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, the RBI will buy securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market. Q18. If value of foreign currency increases, the value of Rupee will Answer: Depreciate Q19. Who monitor and Securitize capital market in India? Answer: SEBI Q20. Who is the present Women and Child Development Minister? Answer: Krishna Tirath (MoS \u2013 Independent Charge) Q21. Minister of Home affairs? Answer: Sushil Kumar Shinde Q22. According to recent list published by Forbes, who is the richest Indian? Answer: Mukesh Ambani Q23. BRICS Summit 2012 held in Answer: New Delhi Q24: Which among the following is a SAARC country? Answer: Sri Lanka Q25. What percentage of people who are below poverty line in India? Answer: 32.7% (Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day. World Bank Data \u2013 2010) Q26. Which is Union Territory? Answer: Puducherry Q27. According to the Census 2011 Data, population of India is Answer: 1.2 billion Q28. Institute which provide assistance to small scale industries through finance corporation? Answer: SIDBI Q29. Amount which provide for students by banks is called as? Answer: Education Loan Q30. Which is the maximum amount denomination note circulated in India? Answer: 1000 Q31. Present Agricultural Minister of India? Answer: Sharad Pawar Q32. There was a question on Crossed Cheque. Answer: A crossed cheque is a cheque that can only be deposited directly into an account with a bank and cannot be immediately cashed by a bank over the counter. Q33. According to the latest data, which country tops the list of nations in GDP growth? (No1 Country in GDP Growth rate?) Answer: Qatar (According to CIA World Factbook) Q34. Largest milk producing country? Answer: India (According to National Dairy Development Board Claim) Q35. ASBA (Applications Supported by Blocked Amount) associated to? Answer: IPO Explanation: ASBA (Applications Supported by Blocked Amount) is a process developed by the SEBI for applying to IPO. Q36. Which of the following award is given for authors? Answer: Man Booker Prize, Saraswati Samman, Jnanpith Award, Bihari Puraskar and many more. Q37. Operations SEBI? Answer: Works as a regulator for the securities market in India. Q38. Which institute included in global employment management 2012?\n\nNo comments\n\nPowered by Blogger.
+__label__positive when sulphur dioxide gas is passed through lime water it turns milky but the milkiness disappears when sulphur dioxide is passed for a longer time.Why?\n\nAsked by\u00a0mahimachaki chaki | 22nd Nov, 2013, 08:51: PM\n\nExpert Answer:\n\nSO2 turns lime water milky due to formation of calcium sulphite.\n\nCa(OH)2\u00a0 +\u00a0 SO2\u00a0\u2192 CaSO3\u00a0\u00a0 + H2O\n\nMilkiness disappears due to formation of calcium hydrogen sulphite which is soluble in water.\n\nCaSO3 + SO2 + H2O\u00a0\u2192 Ca (HSO3)2\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Calcium hydrogen sulphite\n\nAnswered by\u00a0Vaibhav Chavan | 25th Nov, 2013, 10:11: AM\n
+__label__positive Cable Installation\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user CVN68 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. What information does the cable comparison guide provide?\n    Info on the most current cables authorized for shipboard use\n  2. If a cable is no longer used, what section of the cable comparison guide will show you what cable type to replace it with?\n    Supersession Data\n  3. What does 'LSDSU' stand for?\n    Low smoke, double conductor, silicone, unarmored\n  4. What does 'LSMSA' stand for?\n    Low smoke, multiple, silicone, armored\n  5. What does 'TTSU-10' stand for?\n    Twisted telephone pairs, silicone, unarmored\n  6. What does the '10' in 'LSTTSU-10' stand for?\n    10 pairs of conductors\n  7. What is the purpose of cable maintenance?\n    To keep insulation resistance as high as possible\n  8. What is used to test IC cables?\n    500V Megger\n  9. What is used to test cable which is connected to CKTs with semiconductor control devices?\n    Electron tube megohmeter\n  10. What is used to test cable in sound powered systems?\n  11. When should cable insulation tests be performed?\n    Periodically to determine the condition of the cable\n  12. What factors affect insulation resistance?\n    \u2022 Length\n    \u2022 Temperature of cable\n    \u2022 Equipment connected in the CKT\n    \u2022 Type of cable\n  13. What is always required with shock mounting?\n    Grounding straps\n  14. What ensures a water tight seal between the stuffing tube and enclosure?\n    Neoprene 'O' ring and locking nut\n  15. What ensures a water tight seal between the stuffing tube and cable?\n    Neoprene packing and packing cap\n  16. What squeezes the packing between the cable and stuffing tube?\n    Packing cap\n  17. What allows entry into splash proof, submersible, explosion proof equip, and ensures enclosures are watertight?\n    Stuffing tubes\n  18. What is installed vertically and protects cable against mechanical damage?\n    Deck risers\n  19. What is used as a method to support cable and is required to be watertight, fireproof, and air tight?\n    Modular cable supports\n  20. What does the 'C' represent in 'C-MB-144?'\n    Service Letter\n  21. What does the 'LC' represent in 'C-LC-47?'\n    CKT Letter\n  22. What does '49' represent in 'C-FD-49?'\n    Cable number\n  23. What provides easy identification of cables for purposes of repair and maintenance of CKTs?\n    Cable tages\n\nCard Set Information\n\nCable Installation\n2012-08-21 03:25:29\n\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive 15\u00a0 Dimensions and units\n\nNext time you\u2019re at a family gathering with your 10-year-old cousin, give her the following math quiz.\n\n  1. What\u2019s 3 + 2?\n  2. What\u2019s 7 - 3?\n  3. What\u2019s 3 miles + 2 miles?\n  4. What\u2019s 3 miles + 2 kilometers?\n  5. What\u2019s 3 miles + 2 kilograms?\n\nI don\u2019t know your cousin, but I suspect she will have an easy time answering (a) and (b) correctly. As for (c), she might give the correct answer, \u201c5 miles,\u201d or just say \u201c5.\u201d If so, you will follow up with \u201c5 what?\u201d at which point she\u2019ll respond, \u201cmiles.\u201d\n\n  1. is a bit harder. You might need to prompt her with the information that 1 kilometer is about 0.6 miles. Then, if she\u2019s pretty smart, she\u2019ll answer \u201c4.2 miles.\u201d\n\n10-year-olds are pretty creative, so I\u2019m not sure how she\u2019ll answer (e). But if you ask your Ph.D.\u00a0aunt, she\u2019ll answer along the lines of \u201csilly question,\u201d or \u201cthere is no such thing.\u201d That is true.\n\nConsider these everyday quantities:\n\n  1. 60 miles per hour: a typical speed for driving on a highway\n  2. 2106 square feet: the in-bounds area for a court used for singles tennis.\n  3. 355 cubic centimeters: the volume in a canned beverage (in the US).\n  4. 2.5 gallons per minute: the US mandated maximum flow rate for water through a showerhead.\n  5. 35 miles per gallon: a typical fuel economy for a small car in the US.\n  6. 0.044 lbs per square foot: the body-mass index of Dwayne (\u201cThe Rock\u201d) Johnson. In the more conventional units of kg per square meter, his BMI is 30.8.\n\nHow would you measure such things?\n\n  1. We ordinarily use a speedometer to measure instantaneous car speed and police use a radar gun. But fundamentally, you measure the distance traveled and the time used and divide distance by time.\n  2. Most people would rely on the internet for this information, but you would check your local court by measuring the width (27 feet is the standard) and the length of the court (78 feet). Multiply the two.\n  3. Pour the beverage into a measuring cup and read off the volume. More geometrically, you could measure the circumference of the can (\\(2 \\pi r\\)), square it (\\(4 \\pi^2 r^2\\)), and divide by \\(4 \\pi\\) to get the cross section area of the can. Then multiply that area by the height of the can.\n  4. We don\u2019t usually monitor water used in a shower. But if you need to, get a 5-gallon pail (the standard volume of the plastic pails used for so many purposes in construction), put it under the showerhead, and measure the time it takes to fill the pail. Divide the volume by the time.\n  5. Record the mileage on the car\u2019s odometer when you fill-up the car with gas. Drive. When you next get gas, measure the new odometer reading and the volume of gas you purchased. Divide the change in odometer reading by the gas volume. (In Europe, you would divide the gas volume by the change in odometer reading.)\n  6. Weigh Dwayne. The scale is usually graduated in both pounds and kilograms: take your choice. Measure his height; the ruler-in-the-doorway method works well. Then divide his weight by the square of his height.\n\nIt makes sense to multiply and divide different types of quantities: feet, gallons, kilometers, kilograms, pounds, hours, etc. But you won\u2019t ever see a quantity constructed by adding or subtracting miles and hours or gallons and square feet. You can square feet and cube centimeters, but can you take the square root of a gallon? Does it make sense to raise 2 to the power of 3 yards?\n\nThis section is about the mathematical structure of combining quantities; which kinds of mathematical operations are legitimate and which are not.\n\n15.1 Mathematics of quantity\n\nThe first step in understanding the mathematics of quantity is to make an absolute distinction between two concepts that, in everyday life, are used interchangeably: dimension and unit.\n\nLength is a dimension. Meters is a unit of length. We also measure length in microns, mm, cm, inches, feet, yards, kilometers, and miles, to say nothing of furlongs, fathoms, astronomical units (AU), and parsecs.\n\nTime is a dimension. Seconds is a unit of time. We also measure time in micro-seconds, milliseconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries, and millenia.\n\nMass is a dimension. Kilograms is a unit of mass.\n\nLength, time, and mass are called fundamental dimensions. This is not because length is more important than area or volume. It is because you can construct area and volume by multiplying lengths together. This is evident when you consider units of area like square inches or cubic centimeters, but obscured in the names of units like acre, liter, gallon.\n\nWe will write the few basic fundamental dimensions using capital letters: L, T, M, P, S, \\(\\Theta\\). Dimensions are never expressed in terms of units. In contrast, quantities are a number value combined with the unit that value refers to.\n\nThe square brackets \\([\\) and \\(]\\) signify that we are looking at the dimension of the quantity inside the brackets. For instance, the population of the US state Colorado is about 5.8 million people. Surround that with square brackets and you get [5.8 million people] which is a dimension, namely, P.\n\nWe use the notation L, T, and M to refer to the fundamental dimensions. (Electrical current Q is also a fundamental dimension, but we won\u2019t have much use for it in our examples. Also useful are \\(\\Theta\\) (\u201ctheta\u201d) for temperature, S for money, and P for a count of organisms such as the population of the US or the size of a sheep herd.)\n\nBrackets translate between a quantity and the dimension. For instance, [1 yard] = L, [1000 kg] = M, [3 years] = T, [10 \\(\\mu\\) (microns)] = L,\n\n15.2 Compound dimensions\n\nThere are other dimensions: volume, force, pressure, energy, torque, velocity, acceleration, and such. These are called compound dimensions because we represent them as combinations of the fundamental dimensions, L, T, and M. The notation for these combinations involves multiplication and division. For instance:\n\n  \u2022 Volume is L \\(\\times\\) L \\(\\times\\) L \\(=\\) L\\(^3\\), as in \u201ccubic centimeters\u201d\n  \u2022 Velocity is L/T, as in \u201cmiles per hour\u201d\n  \u2022 Force is M L/T\\(^2\\), which is obscure unless you remember Newton\u2019s Second Law that \\(\\text{F} = \\text{m}\\,\\text{a}\\): \u201cforce equals mass times acceleration.\u201d In terms of dimension, mass is M, acceleration is L/T\\(^2\\). Multiply the two together and you get the dimension \u201cforce.\u201d\n\nMultiplication and division are used to construct a compound dimension from the fundamental dimensions L, T, and M.\n\nAddition and subtraction are never used to form a compound dimension.\n\nMuch of the work in understanding dimensions involves overcoming the looseness of everyday speech. Remember the weight scale graduated in pounds and kilograms. The unit kilograms is a way of measuring M, but the unit of pounds is a way of measuring force: M L/T\\(^2\\).\n\nWeight is not the same as mass. This makes no sense to most people and does not matter in everyday life. It is only when you venture off the surface of the Earth that the difference shows up. The Mars rover Perseverance weighs 1000 kg on Earth. It was weightless for most of its journey to Mars. After landing on Mars, Perseverence weighed just 380 kg. But the rover\u2019s mass didn\u2019t change at all.\n\nAnother source of confusion carried over from everyday life is that sometimes we measure the same quantity using different dimensions. You can measure a volume by weighing water; a gallon of water weighs 8 pounds; a liter of water has a mass of 1 kg. Serious bakers measure flour by weight; a casual baker uses a measuring cup. We can measure water volume with length because water has a (more-or-less) constant mass density. But 8 pounds of gasoline is considerably more than a gallon. It turns out that the density of flour varies substantially depending on how it is packed, humidity, etc. This is why it matters whether you weigh flour for baking or measure it by volume. You can measure time by the swing of a pendulum. To measure the same time successfully with different pendula they need to have the same length, not the same mass.\n\nA unit is a conventional amount of a quantity of a given dimension. All lengths are the same dimensionally, but they can be measured with different conventions: inches, yards, meters, \u2026 Units for the same dimension can all be converted unambiguously one into the other. A meter is the same quantity of length as 39.3701 inches, a mile is the same length as 1609.34 meters. Liters and gallons are both units of volume (L\\(^3\\)): a gallon is the same as 3.78541 liters.\n\nYou will hear it said that a kilogram is 2.2 pounds. That is not strictly true. A kilogram has dimension M and a pound has dimension ML/T\\(^2\\). Quantities with different dimensions cannot be \u201cequal\u201d or even legitimately compared to one another. Unless you bring something else into the game that physically changes the situation, for instance, gravity (dimension of acceleration due to gravity (dimension \\(\\text{L}/\\text{T}^2\\)). The weight of a kilogram on the surface of the Earth is 2.2 pounds because gravitational acceleration is (almost) the same everywhere on the surface of the Earth.\n\nIt is also potentially confusing that sometimes different dimensions are used to get at the same idea. For instance, the same car that gets 35 miles / gallon in the US (dimension \\(\\text{L}/\\text{L}^3 = 1/\\text{L}^2\\)) will use 6.7 liters per 100 kilometers (\\(\\text{L}^3 / L = \\text{L}^2\\)) in Europe. Same car. Same fuel. Different conventions using different dimensions.\n\nKeeping track of the various compound dimensions can be tricky. For many people, it is easier to keep track of the physical relationships involved and use that knowledge to put together the dimensions appropriately. Often, the relationship can be described using specific calculus operations, so knowing dimensions and units helps you use calculus successfully.\n\nEasy compound dimensions that you likely already know:\n\n  1. [Area] \\(= \\text{L}^2\\). Some corresponding units to remind you: \u201csquare feet\u201d, \u201csquare miles\u201d, \u201csquare centimeters.\u201d\n  2. [Volume] \\(= \\text{L}^3\\). Units to remind you: \u201ccubic centimeters\u201d, \u201ccubic feet\u201d, \u201ccubic yards.\u201d (What landscapers informally call a \u201cyard,\u201d for instance \u201c10 yards of topsoil\u201d should properly be called \u201c10 cubic-yards of topsoil.\u201d)\n  3. [Velocity] \\(= \\text{L}/\\text{T}\\). Units: \u201cmiles per hour,\u201d \u201cinches per second.\u201d\n  4. [Momentum] \\(= \\text{M}\\text{L}/\\text{T}\\). Units: \u201ckilogram meters per second.\u201d\n\nAnticipating that you will return to this section for reference, we\u2019ve also added some dimensions that can be understood through the relevant calculus operations.\n\n  \u2022 [Acceleration] \\(= \\text{L}/\\text{T}^2\\). Units: \u201cmeters per second squared,\u201d In calculus, acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time, or, equivalently, the 2nd derivative of position with respect to time.\n  \u2022 [Force] \\(= \\text{M}\\, \\text{L}/\\text{T}^2\\) In calculus: force is the derivative of momentum with respect to time.\n  \u2022 [Energy] or [Work] \\(= \\text{M}\\, \\text{L}^2/\\text{T}^2\\) In calculus, energy is the integral of force with respect to length.\n  \u2022 [Power] \\(= \\text{M}\\, \\text{L}^2/\\text{T}^3\\) In the language of calculus, power is the derivative of energy with respect to time.\nMath in the World: Density\n\nDensity sounds like a specific concept, but there are many different kinds of densities. These have in common that they are a ratio of a physical amount to a geometric extent:\n\n  1. a physical amount: which might be mass, charge, people, etc.\n  2. a geometric extent: which might be length, area, or volume.\n\nSome examples:\n\n  \u2022 \u201cpaper weight\u201d is the mass per area, typically grams-per-square-meter\n  \u2022 \u201ccharge density\u201d is the amount of electrical charge, usually per area or volume\n  \u2022 \u201clineal density of red blood cells\u201d is the number of cells in a capillary divided by the length of the capillary. (Capillaries are narrow. Red blood cells go through one after the other.)\n  \u2022 \u201cpopulation density\u201d is people per area of ground.\nMath in the World: A person as a unit\n\nThe theory of dimensions and units was developed for the physical sciences. Consequently, the fundamental dimensions are those of physics: length, mass, time, electrical current, and luminous intensity.\n\nSince proper use of units is important even outside the physical sciences, it is helpful to recognize the dimension of several other kinds of quantity.\n\n  \u2022 \u201cpeople\u201d / \u201cpassengers\u201d / \u201ccustomers\u201d / \u201cpatients\u201d / \u201ccases\u201d / \u201cpassenger deaths\u201d: these are different different ways to refer to people. we will consider such quantities to have dimension P, for population.\n\n  \u2022 \u201cmoney\u201d: Units are dollars (in many varieties: US, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand), euros, yuan (synonym: renminbi), yen, pounds (many varieties: UK, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Sudan, and South Sudan), pesos (many varieties), dinar, franc (Swiss, CFA), rand, riyal, rupee, won, and many others. Conversion rates depend on the situation and national policy, but we will consider money a dimension, denoted by S (from the name of the first coinage, the Mesopotamian Shekel).\n\n\n  \u2022 Passenger-miles is a standard unit of transport.\n  \u2022 Passenger-miles-per-dollar is an appropriate unit of the economic efficiency of transport.\n  \u2022 Passenger-deaths per million passenger-mile is one way to describe the risk of transport.\n\n15.3 Arithmetic with dimensions\n\nRecall the rules for arithmetic dimensioned quantities. We restate them briefly with the square-bracket notation for \u201cthe dimension of.\u201d For instance, \u201cthe dimension of \\(b\\)\u201d is written \\([b]\\). We also write \\([1]\\) to stand for the dimension of a pure number, that is, a quantity without dimension.\n\n::: {.column-page-right}\n\nTable 15.1: Conditions under which functions can be applied to dimensionful quantitities. Note that \\([a] = [b]\\) means that the dimension of \\(a\\) and of \\(b\\) are the same. For instance, even though 1 mm and 500 miles are very different distances, [1 mm]\\(=\\)[500 miles]. Both [1 mm] and [500 miles] are dimension L.\nOperation Result Only if satisfies Metaphor\nMultiplication \\([a \\times b] = [a] \\times [b]\\) anything goes promiscuous\nDivision \\([a \\div b] = [a] \\div [b]\\) anything goes promiscuous\nAddition \\([a + b] = [a]\\) \\([a] = [b]\\) monogomous\nSubtraction \\([a - b] = [a]\\) \\([a] = [b]\\) monogomous\nTrigonometric \\([\\sin(a)] = [1]\\) \\([a] = [1]\\) celibate\nExponential \\([e^a] = [1]\\) \\([a] = [1]\\) (of course, \\([e] = [1]\\)) celibate\nPower-law \\([b ^ a] = \\underbrace{[b]\\times[b]\\times ...\\times [b]}_{a\\ \\ \\text{times}}\\) \\([a] = [1]\\) with \\(a\\) an integer exponent celibate\nSquare root \\([\\sqrt{b}] = [c]\\) \\([b] = [c\\times c]\\) idiosyncratic\nCube root \\([\\sqrt[3]{b}] = [c]\\) \\([b] = [c \\times c \\times c]\\) idiosyncratic\nHump \\([\\text{hump}(a)] = [1]\\) \\([a] = [1]\\) celibate\nSigmoid \\([\\text{sigmoid}(a)] = [1]\\) \\([a] = [1]\\) celibate\n\n15.4 Example: Dimensional analysis\n\nWe want to relate the period (in T) of a pendulum to its length and mass. Acceleration due to gravity also plays a role; that has dimension \\(\\text{L}\\cdot \\text{T}^{-2}\\). For simplicity, we will assume that only the bob at the end of the pendulum cable or rod has mass.\n\nThe analysis strategy is to combine the four quantities we think play a role into one total quantity that is dimensionless. Since it is dimensionless, it can be constant regardless of the mass, length, period, or gravity of each situation.\n\n\\[\\text{[Period]}^a \\cdot \\text{[Mass]}^b \\cdot \\text{[Length]}^c \\cdot \\text{[Gravity]}^d = T^a \\cdot M^b \\cdot L^c \\cdot L^d \\cdot T^{-2d} = [1]\\]\n\nTo be dimensionless:\n\n  \u2022 \\(c = -d\\), cancel out the L\n  \u2022 \\(a = 2d\\), cancel out the T\n  \u2022 \\(b=0\\), there is no other mass term, and we need to cancel out the M\n\nAll of the exponents can be put in terms of \\(d\\). That does not tell us what \\(d\\) should be, but whatever value for \\(d\\) we decide to choose, we get a ratio that is equivalent to:\n\n\\[ \\frac{[\\text{Gravity}]\\cdot [\\text{Period}]^2}{[\\text{Length}]} = [1]\\]\n\nThis is a relationship between dimensions of quantities. To render it into a formula involving the quantities themselves we need to take into account the units.\n\n\\[ \\frac{\\text{Gravity}\\cdot \\text{Period}^2}{\\text{Length}} = B\\]\n\nWe can experimentally determine the numerical value of the dimensionless constant \\(B\\) by measuring the period and length of a pendulum and (on Earth) recognizing that gravitational acceleration on Earth\u2019s surface is 9.8 meters-per-second-squared. Such experiments and mathematical models using differential equations give \\(B = (2\\pi)^2\\).\n\n15.5 Conversion: Flavors of 1\n\nNumbers are dimensionless but not necessarily unitless. Failure to accept this distinction is one of the prime reasons people have trouble figuring out how to convert from one unit to another.\n\nThe number one is a favorite of elementary school students because its multiplication and division tables are completely simple. Anything times one, or anything divided by one, is simply that thing. Addition and subtraction are pretty simple, too, a matter of counting up or down.\n\nWhen it comes to quantities, there is not just one one but many. And often they look nothing like the numeral 1. Some examples of 1 as a quantity:\n\n  \u2022 \\(\\frac{180}{\\pi} \\frac{\\text{degrees}}{\\text{radians}}\\)\n\n  \u2022 \\(0.621371 \\frac{\\text{mile}}{\\text{kilometer}}\\)\n\n  \u2022 \\(3.78541 \\frac{\\text{liter}}{\\text{gallon}}\\)\n\n  \u2022 \\(\\frac{9}{5} \\frac{^\\circ F}{^\\circ C}\\)\n\n  \u2022 \\(\\frac{1}{12} \\frac{\\text{dozen}}{\\text{item}}\\)\n\nI like to call these and others different flavors of one.\n\nIn every one of the above examples, the dimension of the numerator matches the dimension of the denominator. The same is true when comparing feet and meters ([feet / meter] is L/L = [1]), or comparing cups and pints ([cups / pint] is \\(\\text{L}^3/\\text{L}^3 = [1]\\)) or comparing miles per hour and feet per second ([miles/hour / ft per sec] = L/T / L/T = [1]). Each of these quantities has units but it has no dimension.\n\nIt is helpful to think about conversion between units as a matter of multiplying by the appropriate flavor of 1. Such conversion will not change the dimension of the quantity but will render it in new units.\n\nExample: Convert 100 feet-per-second into miles-per-hour. First, write the quantity to be converted as a fraction and alongside it, write the desired units after the conversion. In this case that will be \\[100 \\frac{\\text{feet}}{\\text{second}} \\ \\ \\ \\text{into} \\ \\ \\ \\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{hour}}\\]\n\nFirst, we will change feet into miles. This can be accomplished by multiplying by the flavor of one that has units miles-per-foot. Second, we will change seconds into hours. Again, a flavor of 1 is involved.\n\nWhat number will give a flavor of one? One mile is 5280 feet, so \\[\\frac{1}{5280} \\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{foot}}\\] is a flavor of one.\n\nNext, we need a flavor of one that will turn \\(\\frac{1}{\\text{second}}\\) into \\(\\frac{\\text{1}}{\\text{hour}}\\). We can make use of a minute being 60 seconds, and an hour being 60 minutes.\n\n\\[\\underbrace{\\frac{60\\ \\text{s}}{\\text{minute}}}_\\text{flavor of 1}\\ \\underbrace{\\frac{60\\ \\text{minutes}}{\\text{hour}}}_\\text{flavor of 1} = \\underbrace{3600\\frac{\\text{s}}{ \\text{hour}}}_\\text{flavor of 1}\\]\n\nMultiplying our carefully selected flavors of one by the initial quantity, we get \\[ \\underbrace{\\frac{1}{5280} \\frac{\\text{mile}}{\\text{foot}}}_\\text{flavor of 1} \\times \\underbrace{3600 \\frac{\\text{s}}{\\text{hour}}}_\\text{flavor of 1} \\times \\underbrace{100 \\frac{\\text{feet}}{\\text{s}}}_\\text{original quantity} = 100 \\frac{3600}{5280} \\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{hour}} = 68.18 \\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{hour}}\\]\n\n15.6 Dimensions and linear combinations\n\nLow-order polynomials are a useful way of constructing model functions. For instance, suppose we want a model of the yield of corn in a field per inch of rain over the growing season, will call it corn(rain). The output will have units of bushels (of corn). The input will have units of inches (of rain). A second-order polynomial will be appropriate for reasons to be discussed in Chapter\u00a024.\n\n\\[\\text{corn(rain)} \\equiv a_0 + a_1\\, \\text{rain} + \\frac{1}{2} a_2\\, \\text{rain}^2\\]\n\nOf course, the addition in the linear combination will only make sense if all three terms \\(a_0\\), \\(a_1\\,\\text{rain}\\), and \\(\\frac{1}{2}\\, a_2\\, \\text{rain}^2/2\\) have the same dimension. But \\([\\text{rain}] \\neq [\\text{rain}^2]\\). In order for things to work out, the coefficients must themselves have dimension. We know the output of the function will have dimension \\([\\text{volume}] = \\text{L}^3\\). Thus, \\([a_0] = \\text{L}^3\\).\n\n\\([a_1]\\) must be different, because it has to combine with the \\([\\text{rain}] = \\text{L}\\) and produce \\(\\text{L}^3\\). Thus, \\([a_1] = \\text{L}^2\\).\n\nFinally, \\([a_2] = \\text{L}\\). Multiplying that by \\([\\text{rain}]^2\\) will give the required \\(\\text{L}^3\\)\n\nMath in the World: Compute in radians\n\nIn everyday communication as well as in most domains such as construction, geography, navigation, and astronomy we measure angles in degrees. 90 degrees is a right angle. But in mathematics, the unit of angle is radians where a right angle is 1.5708 radians. (1.5708 is the decimal version of \\(\\pi/2\\).) The conversion function, which we will call raddeg(), is \\[\\text{raddeg}(r) \\equiv \\frac{180}{\\pi} r\\] The function that converts degrees to radians, which we will call degrad() is very similar: \\[\\text{degrad}(d) \\equiv \\frac{\\pi}{180} d\\] (Incidentally, \\(\\frac{180}{\\pi} = 57.296\\) while \\(\\frac{\\pi}{180} = 0.017453\\).)\n\nIn traditional notation, the trigonometric functions such as \\(\\sin()\\) and \\(\\tan()\\) can be written with an argument either in degrees or radians. For instance, \\(\\sin(90^\\circ) = \\sin\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{2}\\right)\\). Similarly, for the inverse functions like \\(\\arccos()\\) the units of the output are not specified. This works because there is always a human to intervene between the written expression and the eventual computation.\n\nIn R, as in many other computer languages like Python or spreadsheet packages, there is no valid expression like sin(90 deg). In these languages, 90 deg is not a valid expression (although it might be good if it were valid!). In these and many other languages, angles are always given in radians. Such consistency is admirable, but people are not always so consistent. It is a common source of computer bugs that angles in degrees are handed off to functions like \\(\\sin()\\) and that the output of \\(\\arccos()\\) is (wrongly) interpreted as degrees rather than radians.\n\nFunction composition to the rescue!\n\nConsider this function given in the Wikipedia article on the position of the sun as seen from Earth.1\n\n\\[\\delta_\\odot(n) \\equiv - 23.44^\\circ \\cdot \\cos \\left [ \\frac{360^\\circ}{365\\, \\text{days}} \\cdot \\left ( n + 10 \\right ) \\right ]\\]\n\nWhere \\(n\\) is zero at the midnight marking New Years and increases by 1 per day. (The \\(n+10\\) has units of days and translates New Years back 10 days, to the day of the winter solstice.) \\(\\delta_\\odot()\\) gives the declination of the sun: the latitude pieced by an imagined line connecting the centers of the earth and the sun.\n\nThe Wikipedia formula is well written in that it uses some familiar numbers to help the reader see where the formula comes from. 365 is recognizably the length of the year in days. \\(360^\\circ\\) is the angle traversed when making a full cycle around a circle. \\(23.44^\\circ\\) is less familiar, but the student of geography might recognize it as the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer, the latitude farthest north where the sun is directly overhead at noon (on the day of the summer solstice).\n\nBut there is a world of trouble for the programmer who implements the formula as\n\ndec_sun <- makeFun(-23.44 * cos((360/365)*(n+10)) ~ n)\n\nFor instance, the equinoxes are around March 21 (n=81) and Sept 21 (n=264). On an equinox, the declination of the sun is zero degrees. But let\u2019s plug \\(n=81\\) and \\(n=264\\) into the formula and see what we get.\n\n## [1] 5.070321\n## [1] -23.38324\n\nThe equinoxes aren\u2019t even equal! And they are not close to zero. Does this mean astronomy is wrong?\n\nThe Wikipedia formula should have been programmed this way, using 2 \\(\\pi\\) radians instead of 360 degrees in the argument to the cosine function:\n\ndec_sun_right <- \n  makeFun(-23.44 * cos(( 2*pi/365)*(n+10)) ~ n)\n## [1] -0.1008749\n## [1] -0.1008749\n\nThe deviation of one-tenth of a degree reflects rounding off the time of the equinox to the nearest day.\n\n15.7 Drill\n\nNo drill available yet.\n\n15.8 Exercises\n\nExercise 15.01\n\nYou are designing a pendulum for a planned joint NASA/ESA mission to Mars. From the orbital period and radius of Mars, its mass is known. From the mass and the observed diameter of the planet, gravitational acceleration at the surface is calculated as 3.721 m/s\\(^2\\). According to Section\u00a015.4, the period is \\(\\text{Period} = 2 \\pi \\sqrt{\\frac{\\text{Length}}{\\text{Gravity}}}\\).\n\nThe length of your pendulum is 3 feet.\n\nPart A What will be the period of your pendulum when it eventually gets to Mars? (Hint: Don\u2019t make the mistake of the engineers working on the Mars Polar Lander and forget to resolve the different units of length presented in the problem.)\n\n1.3 seconds\u20031.9 seconds\u20033.1 seconds\u20039.1 seconds\n\nPart B What is the period of your pendulum on Earth?\n\n1.3 seconds\u20031.9 seconds\u20033.1 seconds\u20039.1 seconds\n\nExercise 15.02\n\nFor each mathematical operation, identify the operation as valid or invalid according to the rules of dimensional arithmetic.\n\nPart A In this formula \\[\\frac{8 \\text{m} - 2.5 \\text{km}}{2 \\text{min} - 32 \\text{s}}\\] choose which rule (if any) is violated.\n\n  1. Addition or Subtraction rule\n  2. Multiplication or Division rule\n  3. Exponential\n  4. It is valid. No rules are violated.\n\nPart B In this formula \\[\\frac{3 \\text{g} \\times 2 \\text{m}}{3 \\text{km}^2}\\] choose which rule (if any) is violated.\n\n  1. Addition or Subtraction rule\n  2. Multiplication or Division rule\n  3. Exponential\n  4. It is valid. No rules are violated.\n\nPart C For this formula \\[10^{\\frac{4 \\text{hr}}{3 \\text{g}}}\\] choose which rule (if any) is violated.\n\n  1. Addition or Subtraction rule\n  2. Multiplication or Division rule\n  3. Exponential\n  4. It is valid. No rules are violated.\n\nPart D In this formula \\[6^{\\frac{2 \\text{hr}}{3 \\text{min}}}\\]choose which rule (if any) is violated.\n\n  1. Addition or Subtraction rule\n  2. Multiplication or Division rule\n  3. Exponential\n  4. It is valid. No rules are violated.\n\nPart E In this formula \\[5 \\text{g} \\times 3 \\text{kg} - 7 \\text{lbs}\\] choose which rule (if any) is violated.\n\n  1. Addition or Subtraction rule\n  2. Multiplication or Division rule\n  3. Exponential\n  4. It is valid. No rules are violated.\n\nPart F In this formula \\[\\sqrt[3]{8 m^3 + 27 \\text{ft}^2}\\] choose which rule (if any) is violated.\n\n  1. Addition or Subtraction rule\n  2. Multiplication or Division rule\n  3. Exponential\n  4. It is valid. No rules are violated.\n\nExercise 15.04\n\nThe surface area \\(S\\) of a mammal is reasonably well approximated by the function \\[S(M) \\equiv k M^{2/3}\\] where \\(M\\) is the body mass (in kg) and the constant \\(k\\) depends on the particular species under consideration.\n\nNote that \\(M^{2/3}\\) is not an allowed arithmetic operation. \\([M] = \\text{mass}\\), and mass, like any other dimension, cannot be raised to a non-integer power. More properly, the expression should be written \\[\\left(\\frac{M}{1\\ kg}\\right)^{2/3}\\] The division by \u201c1 kg\u201d renders dimensionless the quantity in the parentheses: \\[\\left[\\frac{M}{1\\ kg}\\right] = 1\\] to render the quantity both dimensionless and unitless, \\(M\\) should be specified in kg. The usual practice is to skip the \u201c1 kg\u201d business and simply say, \u201cWhere \\(M\\) is in kg.\u201d You will see such notation frequently in your career and should take care to use the indicated units.\n\nYou will need to open a computing sandbox to do the calculations.\n\nPart A Consider a baby and an adult. The adult\u2019s mass is \\(8\\) times greater than the baby\u2019s. Then the adult\u2019s surface area is \u2026?\n\n  1. The same as the baby\u2019s\n  2. 1.5 times of the baby\u2019s\n  3. 4 times the baby\u2019s\n  4. 8 times the baby\u2019s\n\nPart B Consider a human of body mass 70 kg with a skin surface area of 18,600 cm2. Which of the following units for the constant of proportionality \\(k\\) is correct?\n\ncm\\(^2\\) kg\\(^{-2/3}\\)\u2003cm\\(^2\\)\u2003cm\\(^2\\) kg\\(^{2/3}\\)\u2003kg\\(^{-1}\\)\n\nPart C In the units of part (B), which value is \\(k\\) closest to?\n\n1\u200310\u2003100\u20031000\n\nThe numerical value of the constant \\(k\\) changes depending on what units you want to express it in. The value you found in part (C) works for masses stated in kg and skin areas in cm\\(^2\\).\n\nSuppose you want to figure out a value of \\(k'\\) that you can use in the formula for people who are used to talking about skin area in square inches and mass in pounds. The units of \\(k\\) are cm\\(^2\\), and we want the units of \\(k'\\) to be in\\(^2\\). That part is easy: just multiply \\(k\\) by two flavors of one to change the units from cm to inches, like this:\n\n\\[k' = k\\ \\underbrace{\\frac{\\text{in}}{2.6 \\text{cm}}}_\\text{flavor of 1}\\ \\underbrace{\\frac{\\text{in}}{2.6 \\text{cm}}}_\\text{flavor of 1} = \\frac{k}{2.6^2}\\] where the flavor of 1 reflects that 1 inch is 2.6 cm.\n\nBut this is not the whole story. We have to be very careful in dealing with the \\(\\left(\\frac{M}{1 kg}\\right)^{2/3}\\). Translated to pounds, \\(M = 70\\ \\text{kg} = 154\\ \\text{lbs}\\), since, in the rough-and-ready way everyday people express themselves, 1 kg \\(\\approx\\) 2.2 lbs.2\n\nPlugging in \\(M=154\\) lbs makes the power-law part of the formula for skin area\n\n\\[\\left(\\frac{154\\ \\text{lbs}}{1\\ \\text{kg}}\\right)^{2/3}\\]\n\nYou cannot take (pounds)\\(^{2/3}\\) or (kg)\\(^{2/3}\\); you won\u2019t get a sensible unit in either case. But [pounds/kg] = [1], so taking the two-thirds power of the ratio is perfectly legitimate.\n\nStill, there is a problem. Multiplying \\(k\\ 154^{2/3} (\\text{lbs}/\\text{kg})^{2/3}\\) has the right dimension, but strange-looking units that have nothing to do with skin area.\n\nThe resolution to this paradox is to multiply \\(\\frac{154\\ \\text{lbs}}{1\\ \\text{kg}}\\) by an appropriate flavor of 1 to render the dimensionless quantity unitless as well as dimensionless. This flavor will be \\(\\frac{1 \\text{kg}}{2.2 lbs}\\), giving a formula for skin area in square inches:\n\n\\[S_{in}(M)= \\frac{k}{2.6^2}\\left(\\frac{154\\ \\cancel{\\text{lbs}}}{1\\ \\bcancel{\\text{kg}}}\\ \\underbrace{\\frac{1\\ \\bcancel{\\text{kg}}}{2.2\\ \\cancel{\\text{lbs}}}}_\\text{flavor of 1}\\right)^{2/3} = \\underbrace{\\frac{k}{2.6^2}\\ \\left(\\frac{1}{2.2}\\right)^{2/3}}_{k'\\ \\text{for inches and pounds}} 154^{2/3}\\]\n\nPart D Optional challenge) Assuming that \\(k = 1000 \\text{cm}^2\\) when specifying mass in kilograms, what should be the numerical value of \\(k'\\) in square-inches that should be used when body mass is given in pounds?\n\n8.7\u200387\u2003870\u20038700\u200387000\n\nExercise 15.05\n\nThe \u201cEnergy-maneuverability Theory\u201d (E-M) of aircraft performance was developed by renowned fighter pilot Col John Boyd and mathematician Thomas Christie in the 1960s. The theory posits that the available maneuverability of an aircraft is closely related to its specific energy \\(E_s\\), that is, the kinetic plus potential energy of the aircraft divided by aircraft weight. To be highly maneuverable, an aircraft must be able to change it is specific energy rapidly in time. Let\u2019s call this ability the specific power (that is, power divided by mass), \\(P_s\\). An aircraft with large \\(P_s\\) is more maneuverable than one with small \\(P_s\\).\n\nAn important formula in E-M Theory is \\[P_s = \\frac{T - D}{W} V\\] where \\(T\\) is aircraft thrust, \\(D\\) is drag, \\(W\\) is weight, and \\(V\\) is velocity. \\((T-D)\\), thrust minus drag, is the net forward force on the aircraft.\n\nRecall these facts about the dimension of physical quantities:\n\n  \u2022 Velocity has dimension \\(L^1 T^{-1}\\) (e.g.\u00a0meters per second)\n\n  \u2022 Acceleration has dimension \\(L^1 T^{-2} =\\) [Velocity] \\(\\times\\ T^{-1}\\) (e.g.\u00a0meters per second-squared)\n\n  \u2022 Force has dimension \\(M \\times\\ \\) [Acceleration]\n\n  \u2022 Energy has dimension [Force] \\(\\times\\ L\\)\n\n  \u2022 Power has dimension [Energy] \\(\\times\\ T^{-1}\\).\n\nPart A Which of the following is a correct dimensional formulation of power?\n\n  1. [Force][Velocity]\n  2. [Energy][Velocity]\n  3. [Force] / [Velocity]\n  4. [Energy] / [Velocity]\n\nPart B What is the dimension of \\(P_s\\) in E-M Theory?\n\n  1. [Power] \\(\\times\\ M^{-1}\\)\n  2. [Force] \\(\\times\\) [Acceleration]\n  3. [Force] \\(\\times\\) [Velocity]\n  4. [Power]\n\nExercise 15.06\n\nNewton\u2019s law of universal gravitation\u2014also known as the inverse square law\u2014is generally written \\[F = G \\frac{m_1\\ m_2}{r^2} .\\] \\(m_1\\) and \\(m_2\\) are the masses of the two objects (say, Earth and Sun). \\(r\\) is the distance between the two objects (about 150,000,000 km). \\(F\\) is the gravitational force and \\(G\\) is a fixed quantity called the \u201cgravitational constant.\u201d\n\nOf course, you already know the dimension of force, mass, and distance.\n\nPart A What is the dimension of the gravitational constant, \\(G\\)?\n\n  1. \\(L^3\\ M^{-1}\\ T^{-2}\\)\n  2. \\(L^2\\ M^{-2}\\)\n  3. \\(L^2\\ M^{2}\\ T^{-2}\\)\n  4. \\(L^2\\ M^{-2}\\ T^{-2}\\)\n\nPart B The quantity \\(G\\) is \\(6.674 \\times 10^{\u221211}\\) when \\(L\\) is in meters, \\(M\\) is in kilograms, and \\(T\\) in seconds. What is the gravitational force between Earth (mass \\(6 \\times 10^{24}\\) kg) and Sun (mass \\(2\\times 10^{30}\\) kg) ?\n\n  1. \\(3.6 \\times 10^{28}\\) Newtons\n  2. \\(3.6 \\times 10^{31}\\) meters\n  3. \\(3.6 \\times 10^{28}\\) meters per second-squared\n  4. \\(3.6 \\times 10^{31}\\) meter seconds per kg\n\nExercise 15.07\n\nIn this book, we are parameterizing the sinusoid using the period \\(P\\), the duration a cycle. In many settings, such as communications engineering and physics, it is preferable to parameterize in terms of the frequency, often written with the Greek letter \\(\\omega\\) (\u201comega\u201d).\n\nHere\u2019s the relationship: \\[\\sin\\left(\\frac{2\\pi}{P} t\\right) = \\sin(2\\pi \\omega t)\\]\n\nPart A When the input quantity \\(t\\) represents time, it has dimension T. The period P has the same dimension so that the overall argument to \\(\\sin()\\) is dimensionless, as required. What is the dimension of \\(\\omega\\)?\n\nT\u2003T\\(^2\\)\u2003T\\(^{-1}\\)\u2003T\\(^{-2}\\)\n\nIn an earlier exercise, we looked at human breathing. The period of a breathing cycle differs from hour to hour and from person to person. (it is also somewhat, but not completely, under conscious control.) A reasonable scale for the period of normal human breathing is 3 seconds.\n\nPart B Given a respiratory period of 3 seconds/breath, what is the respiratory frequency in units of breaths/minute?\n\n  1. 20 breaths/minute\n  2. 3 breaths/minute\n  3. 1/3 breath per minute\n  4. 20 seconds per breath\n\n  1. Article accessed on May 30, 2021\u21a9\ufe0e\n\n  2. Of course, pounds is a measure of force, not mass. But people use it as if it were mass. A mass of 70 kg corresponds to about 4.8 slugs. In Earth\u2019s gravity, the mass 4.8 slugs produces a force of 154 pounds.\u21a9\ufe0e
+__label__positive Sign up \u00d7\n\nLet $X$ be a locally ringed space. Let $\\mathcal{O}$ be its structure sheaf. Let $A = \\Gamma(X, \\mathcal{O})$. Let $x \\in X$. Let $m_x$ be the maximal ideal of $\\mathcal{O}_x$. Let $f \\in A$. We denote by $f_x$ the image of $f$ by the canonical homomorphism $A \\rightarrow \\mathcal{O}_x$. We denote by $f(x)$ the image of $f_x$ by the canonical homomorphism $\\mathcal{O}_x \\rightarrow \\mathcal{O}_x/m_x.$ We write $X_f = \\{x \\in X|\\ f(x) \\neq 0\\}$. Is the following proposition true?\n\n\n(1) $X_f$ is open for every $f \\in A$.\n\n(2) Let $f_1,\\dots,f_n$ be elements of $A$. Suppose $A = (f_1,\\dots,f_n)$ and $X_{f_i}$ is an affine scheme for every $i$. Then $X$ is an affine scheme.\n\nEDIT As Zhen Lin and QiL pointed out, (2) is probably false. However, if $X$ is a Noetherian topological space, (2) is true.\n\nEDIT2 As QiL's edited answer shows, (2) is true after all. I leave the previous EDIT as it is for the sake of honesty.\n\nEDIT3 This is just a remark. Suppose $A = (f_1,\\dots,f_n)$. I will show that $X = \\bigcup X_{f_i}$. There exist $a_1,\\dots,a_n \\in A$ such that $1 = a_1f_1 + \\cdots + a_nf_n$. Let $x \\in X$. Then $1 = a_1(x)f_1(x) + \\cdots + a_n(x)f_n(x)$. Hence $f_i(x) \\neq 0$ for some $i$. Hence $x \\in X_{f_i}$ as desired.\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\nProposition (2) is probably false. If I'm not mistaken, a punctured affine plane has a cover by open affine subsets of the form you ask for, but is not itself affine. \u2013\u00a0 Zhen Lin Nov 24 '12 at 14:03\n@ZhenLin I think your example is not a counter-example. Please see my EDIT. \u2013\u00a0 Makoto Kato Nov 24 '12 at 19:59\n\n2 Answers 2\n\nup vote 5 down vote accepted\n\n(2) is true. if $X$ is a scheme quasi-compact and quasi-separated (e.g. $X$ has a finite covering by affine open subsets $U_i$ and $U_i\\cap U_j$ are also covered by finitely many affine open subsets. This is an exercise in Hartshorne. Note first that under the hypothesis of (2), $X$ is a quasi-compact scheme because it is the union of the affine open subsets $X_{f_i}$. Second, as Keenan pointed out in the comment, $X$ is quasi-separated because $X_{f_i}\\cap X_{f_j}$ is actually affine being a standard open subset in $X_{f_i}$ defined by $f_j|_{X_{f_i}}\\in O(X_{f_i})$. This implies that for all $f\\in A$, $\\Gamma(X_f, O_X)=A_f$.\n\nNow consider the canonical map $f : X\\to \\mathrm{Spec}A=:Y$. For any $i$, $X_{f_i}$ is then isomorphic to $Y_{f_i}$. As the $f_i$'s generate $A$, $X$ (resp. $Y$) is the union of the $X_{f_i}$'s (of the $Y_{f_i}$'s). So $f$ is isomorphism.\n\nIf $X$ is not quasi-separated, there is probably a counterexample.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nDear @QiL, I'm probably missing something, but it seems to me that the hypotheses of (2) imply that $X$ is quasi-separated, because $X_{f_i}\\cap X_{f_j}=X_{f_if_j}$ is necessarily standard open in $X_{f_i}$, i.e., the standard open associated to the image of $f_if_j$ in $\\mathscr{O}_X(X_{f_i})$. Hartshorne's exercise doesn't assume at the outset that $X$ is qs. The previous exercise, to prove that for $X$ qcqs, $\\mathscr{O}_X(X_f)=\\mathscr{O}_X(X)_f$, does make this assumption. \u2013\u00a0 Keenan Kidwell Nov 24 '12 at 20:52\nDear @KeenanKidwell: very good ! And $X$ is quasi-compact because it is union of the $X_{f_i}$'s ! I will edit the answer. \u2013\u00a0 user18119 Nov 24 '12 at 20:58\n\n(1) Note $f(x) \\ne 0$ iff $f_x$ is invertible in $\\mathcal{O}_x$ which is equivalent to the existence of an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that the restriction of $f$ to $U$ is invertible in $\\Gamma(U, \\mathcal{O})$. Hence $X_f$ is precisely the union of those open subsets $U$ such that $f|_U$ is invertible, and hence is open.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n+1 for the good concise proof. \u2013\u00a0 Makoto Kato Nov 24 '12 at 13:57\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Test Bank Biochemistry, Seventh Edition 7th Edition by Jeremy M. Berg ,\u200e John L. Tymoczko,\u200e Lubert Stryer\n\n\n\n\n\nChapter 6 Exploring Evolution and Bioinformatics\n\nMatching Questions\n\nUse the following to answer questions 1-10:\n\nChoose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.\n\n  1. a) BLAST\n  2. b) glutamine to asparagine\n  3. c) orthologs\n  4. d) alignment\n  5. e) convergent evolution\n  6. f) paralogs\n  7. g) gap\n  8. h) evolutionary tree\n  9. i) sequence templates\n  10. j) combinatorial chemistry\n  11. k) glycine to tryptophan\n  12. l) conservative\n\n1.____________ Homologs that perform similar or identical functions.\n\nSection: 6.1\n\n2.____________ Homologs from the same organism that perform different functions.\n\nSection: 6.1\n\n3.An amino acid substitution to another of similar size and charge is called a ____________ substitution.\n\nSection: 6.2\n\n4.____________ Regions of a protein, critical to three-dimensional structure, that are conserved.\n\nSection: 6.3\n\n5.____________ A database search procedure used to find homologous sequences in proteins.\n\nSection: 6.2\n\n6.____________ The processes by which different evolutionary paths end up at a similar structure or mechanism.\n\nSection: 6.3\n\n7.____________ Used to present a graphical depiction of how sequences are related in evolutionary terms.\n\nSection: 6.4\n\n8.____________ is a technique that produces large populations of molecules and selects for a biochemical property.\n\nSection: 6.5\n\n9.____________ An example of a conservative amino acid change.\n\nSection: 6.2\n\n10.In some sequence alignments it is necessary to include a ____________.\n\nSection: 6.2\n\nFill-in-the-Blank Questions\n\n11.__________________ are homologous molecules that are found in different species and have similar or identical functions.\nAns: Orthologs Section: 6.1\n\n12.__________________ are homologous molecules that are found in a given species but possess different biological functions.\nAns: Paralogs Section: 6.1\n\n13.________________ amplification of well-preserved samples allows the determination of nucleotide sequences from extinct organisms.\nAns: PCR Section: Introduction and 6.5\n\n14.Two molecules are said to be _________________ if they have been derived from a common ancestor.\nAns: homologous Section: 6.1\n\n15.In the Blosum-62 substitution matrix, a large ________________ score corresponds to substitution that occurs only rarely.\nAns: negative Section: 6.2\n\n16.Analysis of substitution matrices indicates that cysteine (C) and __________________ residues tend to be conserved more than other amino acid residues.\nAns: tryptophan (W) Section: 6.2\n\n17.The process by which very different evolutionary pathways lead to a protein with similar function is referred to as _________________ evolution.\nAns: convergent Section: 6.3\n\n18.___________________ can be detected in proteins by attempting to align a given sequence with itself, internally.\nAns: Repeated motifs or Domains Section: 6.3\n\n19.Evolutionary trees are constructed with the assumption that the number of sequence differences is related to the time since the two sequences ________________________.\nAns: diverged Section: 6.4\n\n20.Comparison of three-dimensional structures indicated that heat shock protein 70 is a paralog of ____________, despite only 15.6% sequence identity.\nAns: actin Section: 6.3\n\nMultiple-Choice Questions\n\n21.Protein sequence comparisons can provide estimates of\nA)protein function.D)All of the above.\nB)protein shape.E)b and c only.\nC)pathways of evolutionary descent.\nAns: E Section: Introduction\n\n22.The definition of a homolog is\nA)molecules related by sequence similarity.\nB)two molecules derived from a common ancestral protein.\nC)molecules with similar domains.\nD)All of the above.\nE)None of the above.\nAns: B Section: 6.1\n\n23.Paralogs differ in\nA)detailed biochemical functions.D)All of the above.\nB)ancestral evolution.E)None of the above.\nAns: A Section: 6.1\n\n24.An example of a conservative substitution would be\nA)Ala to Trp.D)All of the above.\nB)Gly to Ser.E)None of the above.\nC)Asp to Glu.\nAns: C Section: 6.2\n\n25.An open reading frame is necessary to compare\nA)DNA promoter sequences.\nB)alignments of potential protein coding regions.\nC)cDNA alignments.\nD)All of the above.\nE)None of the above.\nAns: B Section: 6.2\n\n26.Based on their three-dimensional structures, actin and Hsp-70 are considered\nA)homologs.D)All of the above.\nB)orthologs.E)None of the above.\nAns: C Section: 6.3\n\n27.What percentage of proteins contain two or more similar domains?\nA) 10% B) 36% C) 8% D) All of the above. E) None of the above.\nAns: A Section: 6.3\n\n28.An example of proteins that evolved similar mechanisms by convergent evolution is\nA)DNA polymerase and elastase.D)b and c.\nB)chymotrypsin and subtilisin.E)None of the above.\nC)neuramidase and glycolase.\nAns: B Section: 6.3\n\n29.Which of the following sequences would retain the base-pairing necessary to form a hairpin loop? The original sequence is UUGCUCAGUAAGAGCAA.\nB)UACCUCAGAGAGCUAE)None of the above.\nAns: A Section: 6.3\n\n30.Evolutionary trees provide relative scales of divergence. How can these be reconciled with real times?\nA)by comparing the amount of sequence divergence\nB)by comparing proteins from convergent evolution\nC)by using fossil records when possible\nD)All of the above.\nE)None of the above.\nAns: C Section: 6.4\n\n31.Which of the following molecules is the most stable?\nB)hemoglobinE)mitochondrial DNA\nAns: E Section: 6.5\n\n32.An example of paralogs would include\nA)hemoglobin and myoglobin.D)All of the above.\nB)actin and keratin.E)None of the above.\nC)DNA polymerase and trypsin.\nAns: A Section: 6.1\n\n33.In a combinatorial study of RNA described in the text, what functional feature was of interest?\nA)ATP bindingD)All of the above.\nB)loop formationE)None of the above.\nC)replication ability\nAns: A Section: 6.5\n\n34.A population of molecules in which it is easy to study evolutionary processes using combinatorial chemistry.\nA)proteinsD)All of the above.\nB)nucleotidesE)None of the above.\nAns: B Section: 6.5\n\n35.A BLAST search provides the following information.\nA) three-dimensional motifs\n\nB) a list of sequence alignments\n\nC) an estimate that an alignment occurred by chance\n\nD) All of the above.\n\nE) b and c only\n\nAns: E Section: 6.2\n\nShort-Answer Questions\n\n36.Why are protein comparisons of three-dimensional shape more revealing than primary sequences?\nAns:The amino acid sequence can provide clues to a protein\u2019s function and its relationship to other proteins. However, the shape can provide more information about the arrangement of the amino acids in space. This information is critical to understanding protein function. Comparison of structure can reveal other relationships that may not be apparent from the sequence alone.\nSection: Introduction\n\n37.How does one determine if two homolog proteins are paralogs or orthologs?\nAns:From functional studies, paralogs have similar sequences, but differ in function. Orthologs have similar or identical functions.\nSection: 6.1\n\n38.Why is it more effective to compare protein sequences, rather than DNA sequences, in evolutionary studies?\nAns:More effective statistical comparisons can be made using amino acids as there are 20 amino acids versus 4 bases. Furthermore, base alterations may result in meaningless silent mutations.\nSection: 6.2\n\n39.How are sequence alignments made?\nAns:Two sequences are aligned and the best matches determined for all possible juxtapositions. In some cases, gaps are introduced to maximize the number of possible matches. Statistical formulas are used to determine the best fit according to defined parameters.\nSection: 6.2\n\n40.What is a substitution matrix?\nAns:A substitution matrix is deduced from aligned sequences, and scores correlate to how often an amino acid is substituted.\nSection: 6.2\n\n41.What is the difference between a simple scoring system for alignment and the\nBlosum-62 matrix?\nAns:The Blosum-62 allows an examination of substitutions that considers mutations that are conservative. Thus, conservative substitutions can be considered in the scoring used to determine the significance of the change in the alignment and allow more significant conclusions about evolutionary relationships.\nSection: 6.2\n\n42.How are three-dimensional structures useful in evolutionary comparisons?\nAns:The structural details can be correlated with specific functions. Enough of the structure must be maintained to retain the function, thus sequence changes occur that do not disrupt the structure. It is difficult to determine which amino acids are critical to the structure without evaluation of the three-dimensional structure. Thus, comparisons of proteins with similar structures reveal more critical information than sequence alignments.\nSection: 6.3\n\n43.If a protein contains a repetitive region, what might be assumed, and what should be done next to test the hypothesis?\nAns:Similar sequences imply a gene duplication event, which may indicate that that region of the protein has an important functional or structural role. The next steps would be to determine if the region of repetition is statistically significant and to examine the three-dimensional structure of the region.\nSection: 6.5\n\n44.In addition to examining the base sequence, what other features of RNA are useful in determining evolutionary patterns?\nAns:Changes to bases that retain the ability to form base-pairs with partner bases in other sections of the sequence imply that the base-pair is important. These conservative changes will retain the three-dimensional shape of the RNA molecule.\nSection: 6.3\n\n45.What evidence exists for a duplication event that led to the a and b-hemoglobin?\nAns:Lamprey is a fish that diverged from bony fish long ago. It has hemoglobin that contains a single type of subunit.\nSection: 6.4\n\n46.What are some of the inherent difficulties of using DNA from ancient samples?\nAns:Contamination of the DNA source is a major problem. In addition, old samples are often too degraded to be of real utility.\nSection: 6.5\n\n47.What are the processes by which evolution occurs?\nAns:There are three distinct steps: 1) Generation of a diverse population, 2) selection of members based on some criteria, and 3) reproduction of the selected members.\nSection: 6.5\n\n48.If using protein structure is a better method to determine evolutionary relationships, why is most analysis done using DNA sequences?\nAns:Relatively few protein structures have been determined. It is faster, easier, and cheaper to determine DNA sequences.\nSection: Entire Chapter\n\n49.Briefly describe the ATP \u2013 RNA binding experiment that showed that a structure had evolved that was capable of specific binding to ATP.\nAns:RNA sequences, synthesized by combinatorial chemistry, were selected for the ability to bind ATP using ATP affinity columns. The ATP-binding RNA molecules are released from the column and replicated, a process that occurs several times. The final RNA products with significant ATP-binding ability are isolated and characterized.\nSection: 6.5\n\n50.In an evolutionary tree, what is the relationship between the length of the branch connecting each pair and the sequence differences?\nAns:The length of the branch connecting each pair of proteins is proportional to the number of amino acid differences between sequences.\nSection: 6.4\nOnly 0 units of this product remain\n\nYou might also be interested in
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nIs $V$, the union of the von Neumann hierarchy, necessarily a proper class? Or is it only a proper class after you assume that it contains every set? (In that case, $V$ can't be a \"set of all sets\" because the foundation axiom implies a \"set of all sets\" can't exist.)\n\nRestated as an analogy: Is it actually more like $V_\\omega$, whose existence can't be proved or disproved until you assume the infinity axiom?\n\nOr am I misunderstanding the meaning of \"proper class\" or something more fundamental?\n\n(I have similar questions about the collection of all ordinals.)\n\nshare|improve this question\nHow do you propose to construct $V$ internally? Unions can only be taken over collections indexed by a set, and $V$ is a \"union\" over a collection indexed by the ordinals, which do not form a set (the Burali-Forti paradox: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burali-Forti_paradox). \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Apr 22 '11 at 21:49\n@Qiaochu: While you are essentially correct, due to the well foundedness of the $\\in$ relation one can approximate \"as high rank as you want\" internally, sort of how you can approximate an unbounded sequence by finite numbers high as you want. Furthermore, I think there might be something to say about that in the context of $V=L$, but I'm not completely sure and would rather to wait until Andres or Joel (or someone else who is more knowledgeable on the topic) find their way around here. \u2013\u00a0 Asaf Karagila Apr 22 '11 at 22:01\n@Asaf: yes, I am aware of this. The question is about all of $V$, not $V_{\\alpha}$ for any particular ordinal $\\alpha$. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Apr 22 '11 at 22:04\n@Qiaochu: I did not doubt that for a single moment, I did mention that because other readers might not be aware of this. \u2013\u00a0 Asaf Karagila Apr 22 '11 at 22:10\n@Qiaochu: Can't I postulate its existence using a first-order statement? And in that case, wouldn't I discover that the formula can be neither proved nor disproved in ZFC? \u2013\u00a0 Neil Toronto Apr 22 '11 at 23:32\n\n2 Answers 2\n\nup vote 7 down vote accepted\n\nAsaf has already given a good answer to your question but I'll add a second perspective.\n\nYou don't need to assume that every set belongs to the von Neumann hierarchy, since you can prove it. Suppose there were some set that didn't belong to this hierarchy. Then by Foundation, there is an $\\in$-minimal such set, let's call it $x$. Every element of $x$ belongs to the von Neumann hierarchy, but $x$ itself (supposedly) does not. But if we let $\\alpha = \\sup \\{ \\mathrm{rank}(y)+1 : y \\in x \\}$, it's clear that $x \\subset V_{\\alpha}$ and so $x \\in V_{\\alpha + 1}$, meaning it does belong to the hierarchy after all.\n\nIn fact, if $M$ is any transitive model of $ZFC$, it has what it thinks are the operations of power set and union, and what it thinks is the class of all ordinals, and so $M$ can construct what it thinks is the von Neumann hierarchy, and this resulting hierarchy will equal $M$. So in particular, it'll think that its version of the von Neumann hierarchy forms a proper class.\n\nBut if $M$ were, say, the $\\kappa ^{\\mathrm{th}}$ level in the von Neumann hierarchy of some bigger model $N$ of set theory, where $\\kappa$ is inaccessible in $N$, then $N$ will think of $M$ as a set whereas $M$ thinks of itself as a proper class. Along these same lines, $N$ will think of $\\kappa$ as some ordinal whereas $M$ will think of $\\kappa$ as the class of all ordinals. More interestingly, there will be subcollections of $M$ belonging to $N$ which aren't definable over $M$ (by a counting argument), thus they will be subcollections of $M$ which are neither sets in $M$ nor are they what $M$ would consider proper classes.\n\nThe moral is that, generally speaking, what gets considered a proper class and what doesn't depends on the context. Given a transitive model $M$ of ZFC, a proper class in $M$ is technically a formula $\\phi (x, p)$ with parameters $p$ from $M$ such that there is no member of $M$ consisting of precisely all those members of $M$ which satisfy the given formula (according to $M$), i.e. $$M \\not \\vDash \\exists y (x \\in y \\leftrightarrow \\phi (x, p))$$ and informally it's the collection of those things in $M$ satisfying that formula, i.e. $$\\{x \\in M | M \\vDash \\phi (x,p)\\}$$ but this collection may exist as a member of some larger model, or it may not.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nThe thing is that a proper class is a collection of elements in a universe of set theory which is not a set, i.e. not an element of the universe.\n\nIt follows from the Russell's paradox that the collection of all sets is not a set, therefore a proper class.\n\nHowever, suppose $V$ is a model of set theory, and $\\langle M,E\\rangle\\in V$ is such that $M$ can be a model of set theory when thinking of $E$ as the epsilon relation for this model, then $M$ sees itself as a proper class, but $V$ - the larger universe - sees $M$ as a set.\n\nOn the other hand, consider $V$ is a model of set theory, it think of itself as a class, and consider its inner model $L$, the Godel universe of $V$, then $V$ thinks $L$ is a class as well, simply by the fact that the class of ordinals is embedded into $L$.\n\nTo conclude - a model of set theory always sees itself as a proper class. The way it sees other models, and they see it can be either as a set or as a class.\n\nAs for the collection of the ordinals this is simpler, as this is a well-ordered collection, so it must be isomorphic to some ordinal if it was a set, but then you have that it is a set which is a member of itself, therefore the collection of all ordinals is a proper class.\n\nOne more addendum: $V_\\omega$ is indeed a model of $\\mbox{ZFC}-\\mbox{Infinity}$, however its existence as a set cannot be proved without the axiom of infinity, if you assume the existence of the empty set then you can build $V_\\omega$ (by reiterating the power set operation) and have a model for the set theory of finitely-hereditary sets, which thinks of itself as a class, for the same reasons as above.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive About two-part mixed effects model PreviousNext\nMplus Discussion > Structural Equation Modeling >\n\u00a0V X\u00a0posted on Wednesday, May 21, 2008 - 4:11 pm\nDear Prof,\n\nI have another question about fitting a two -part mixed-effects model (TPMM) in Mplus.\n\nI tried to fit the same data set for two versions of Mplus code for the TPMM. One approach is creating two sets of variables (the binary part & the continuous part seperately) which is what people usually did using an earlier version of Mplus. Another approach is writting out the \"DATA TWOPART\" statements and using the raw data, which is shown in Mplus manual version 4 & 5. For the rests of the code, they are identical. What surprised me is that, I get very different results from these two approaches.\n\nI am wondering what causes the difference? If there is anything different, which approach would you suggest me to do?\n\u00a0Linda K. Muthen\u00a0posted on Wednesday, May 21, 2008 - 5:23 pm\nThe difference is probably due to the fact that DATA TWOPART takes the log of the continuous part.\nBack to top\nAdd Your Message Here\nUsername: Posting Information:\nOptions: Enable HTML code in message\nAutomatically activate URLs in message
+__label__positive From earlier posts you may have noticed my inability to distinguish between chromasomes and chromatids...unfortunately I am still unable to do this.\n\nSo at the moment I think this to be true:\nMy cell normally has 46 chromosomes.\nDuring the S phase of interphase, my DNA duplicates via semi-conservative replication. Do I now have 92 chromsomes (I'm kinda sure this is wrong) or do I have 92 chromatids and 46 chromosomes? Is it called a chromosome before replication when it is linear and wrapped around histone proteins . And is it also called a chromosome when it is X shaped and the X shaped chromosome is made of sister chromosomes which are a copy of the linear looking chromosome.\n\nAt anaphase the 42 \"chromosomes\" are split at the centromere and when they seperate the seperate parts are called chromatids. When do they go back to being chromsomes?\n\nI really enjoy genetics but I can't seem to grasp these simple definitions! It seems like the word chromosme is used to describe many differnt structure of the DNA.\n\nEssentially want to know how many chromsomes are in each phase of mitosis in addition to what exactly a chromosome is?\n\nHere is the way I think about it: before S phase, a typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. During S phase, all 46 chromosomes are replicated. Because they are identical copies, it is perfectly fine to say that there are now 92 (46 + 46) chromosomes in the cell. However, the term 'chromatid' is used to describe them until cell division is complete. In other words: a chromatid is just what we a call a chromosome during cell division. Also, because the chromatids are stuck together after replicating, it is also reasonable to say that there are 46 pairs of chromatids (or chromosomes) at the end of S phase.\n\nIf the cell goes through mitosis (normal cell division) those 46 pairs will separate and the two daughter cells will have 46 chromosomes.\n\nIf the cell goes through meiosis (gamete formation) each chromatid pair will pair up with another (homologous) chromatid pair to form a group of four chromatids called a tetrad (my textbook also calls this a bivalent). There should be 23 tetrads in a human cell at the beginning of meiosis. The cell then divides twice with the chromatids separating each time. This results in four cells each of which contains 23 chromosomes (46/2). These cells are called gametes. When one gamete combines with another gamete, a zygote is formed which has 46 chromosomes. The zygote then goes through mitosis to form more cells with 46 chromosomes and those cells make up the embryo.\n\nI have been teaching genetics for four years now and I find that this concept is one of the biggest stumbling blocks for students (for obvious reasons). If it helps, whenever you see the word 'chromatid' just replace it with 'chromosome' since, for most purposes, they mean the same thing.
+__label__positive Quiz 546: General Studies\n\n1. Consider the following:\n3. Kalpana-1\nFrom which among the above, the IMD is receiving and processing meteorological data at present ?\n[A] Only 1\n[B] 1 & 3\n[C] 1 & 2\n[D] 2 & 3\n\n2. Consider the following:\n1. Patkai hills\n2. Manipur hills\n3. Mizo hills\n4. Naga hills\nWhich among the above make the Purvanchal Range?\n[A] 1 & 2\n[B] 1 2, & 3\n[C] 1, 2 3, & 4\n[D] 2, 3 & 4\n\n3. Consider the following Hills of India:\n1. Bateshwar hills\n2. Biligiriranga Hills\n3. Chin Hills\n4. Dhosi Hill\nWhich among the following presents a correct set of states in which they are located?\n[A] Rajasthan, Karnataka, Nagaland, Haryana\n[B] Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Rajasthan\n[C] Bihar, Karnataka, Manipur, Haryana\n[D] Bihar, Karnataka, Mizoram, Haryana\n\n4. Comparing to other regions, the day night temperature difference will be maximum in which among the following regions?\n[A] Tundra\n[B] Mediterranean\n[C] Tropical Deserts\n[D] Equatorial\n\n5. Consider the following:\n1. Pygmalion Point\n2. Magnetic Hill\n3. Point Calimere\n4. False Divi Point\nWhich among the following sets of states represents the above distinct geographical location of India?\n[A] Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh\n[B] Tamil nadu, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu\n[C] Lakshadweep, Jammu & Kashmir,\n[D] Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh\n\n6. The shaded area in the given map shows which among the following systems?\n\n[A] Dharwar System\n[B] Kudappa system\n[C] Vindhyan System\n[D] Damuda series\n\n7. In which of the following seasons, brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor\u2019westers, often occur in West Bengal?\n[A] Early winter\n[B] Late winter\n[C] Early summer\n[D] Rainy Season\n\n8. In context with the tides, if a high tide occurs at a particular place at 8.00 AM. What time we can expect the next high tide?\n[A] 8.00 PM\n[B] 8.12 PM\n[C] 8.25 PM\n[D] 8.50 PM\n\n9. Which among the following is the single largest irrigated area in the world?\n[A] Indus Valley\n[B] Brahamputra Valley\n[C] Ganga Basin\n[D] Mahanadi Basin\n\n10. Copper is mainly found in the form of Sulfide deposits, Carbonate deposits and Silicate deposits. Which among the following is the correct set of the copper ores in the same order respectively?\n[A] Chalcopyrite, Azurite, Dioptase\n[B] Azurite,Dioptase, Chalcopyrite\n[C] Dioptase, Chalcopyrite, Azurite\n[D] Dioptase, Azurite, Chalcopyrite\n\n11. In collaboration with an organization in which among the following countries, the Ministry of Earth Science has launched \u2018Project Varsamana\u2019 as a cornerstone of the Indian meteorological department modernization programme?\n[A] United States\n[B] France\n[C] Australia\n[D] UK\n\n12. Consider the following statements:\n1. The existing Micro Irrigation Scheme (MIS) has been converted into a National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI) in the 11th plan period\n2. Only small and marginal farmers are included in the National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI)\nWhich among the above statements is/ are correct ?\n[A] Only 1 is correct\n[B] Only 2 is correct\n[C] Both 1 & 2 are correct\n[D] neither 1 nor 2 is correct\n\n13. Consider the following:\n1. Constitution (106th Amendment) Bill, 2006\n2. Constitution (111th) Amendment Bill, 2009\nThe above two amendment bills are related to which among the following respectively?\n[A] Panchayats, Cooperatives\n[B] Cooperatives, Panchayats\n[C] Panchayats, Panchayats\n[D] Cooperatives, Cooperatives\n\n14. Consider the following:\n1. Onion\n2. Potato\n3. Tomato\n4. Brinjal\nWhich among the above are covered in the Minimum Support Price Mechanism?\n[A] Only 1\n[B] Only 1 & 2\n[C] Only 1, 2 & 3\n[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4\n\n15. Which among the following presents the period of an agricultural crop year in India?\n[A] August to July\n[B] July to June\n[C] June to May\n[D] May to April\n\n\n\u00ab \u00bb\nDownload GKToday's Android App for Current Affairs updates and quizzes.\n\nArchive of GK Quiz / Questions Date wise \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Subject wise\n\n\n  \u2022 Laxman\n\n    Hi Admin, the answer for last question is from june to july or july to june ?\n    Please clarify it\n\n  \u2022 vvsmishra\n\n    can someone give explanation for question 8\n\n  \u2022 vvsmishra\n\n    got the explanation:\n\n  \u2022 GKToday\n\n    July to June
+__label__positive Chemistry Question Papers for VITEEE 2013\n\nChemistry Question Papers\n\n1. With increasing quantum number, the energy difference between adjacent energy levels in H-atom (as per Bohr\u2019s Model)\n\nA) increases B) decreases C) remains constant D) cannot be determined\n\n2. One of the elements below has all its electrons spin paired, identify it\n\nA) O B) Cl C) N D) Ne\n\n3. Which of the following is an effective reducing agent?\n\nA) H2O B) H2S C) H2Te D) H2Se\n\n4. Among the following the one that is ferromagnetic?\n\nA) CrO2 B) Fe3O4 C) MgFe2O4 D) MgCr2O4\n\n5. The IUPAC name of [CuCl2{O=C(NH2)2}2] is\n\nA) dichloridobis(urea)copper(II) B) bis(urea)dichloridocopper(II)\nC) dichloridobis(ureaido)copper(II) D) bis(ureaido)dichloridocopper(II)\n\n6. The coordination geometry around magnesium ion and the size of any one of the corresponding chelate rings present in a molecule of chlorophyll are, respectively\n\nA) tetrahedral and six membered B) tetrahedral and five membered\nC) square planar and six membered D) square planar and five membered\n\n7. For a reaction A B + C, initial concentration of A is 0.1M. After t = 10 min, the concentration of A becomes 0.01M. The numerical value of rate constant of the reaction is 9. What is the order of the reaction?\n\nA) Zero order B) First order C) Second order D) Third order\n\n8. In the Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell, which of the following overall reaction takes place?\nA) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) B) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)\nC) 2H2(l) + O2(l) 2H2O(s) D) 2H2(l) + O2(l) 2H2O(l)\n\n9. Shape of Carbanion CH3 is\n\nA) Linear B) Bent C) Pyramidal D) Tetrahedral\n\n10. Lower boiling point of ethers in comparison to those of alcohols of comparable molecular masses is due to\n\nA) polarity of ether B) dipole moment of ether\nC) absence of extensive hydrogen bonding D) both A and B\n\n\nPost a Comment\n\nPrevious Post Next Post
+__label__positive Microeconomics. Use the graph below to answer question number 3\n\nSize: px\nStart display at page:\n\nDownload \"Microeconomics. Use the graph below to answer question number 3\"\n\n\n1 More Tutorial at Microeconomics 1. Opportunity costs are the values of the: a. minimal budgets of families on welfare b. hidden charges passed on to consumers c. monetary costs of goods and services * d. best alternatives sacrificed when choices are made e. exorbitant profits made by greedy entrepreneurs 2. A mixed economy is one where a. the system changes from purely a free market economy to purely a control economy b. the market system handles resource allocation c. there are elements of democracy and dictatorship * d. there are elements of a free market economy and a control (planned) economy Use the graph below to answer question number 3 3. According to the graph above, a shift in the production-possibilities frontier from A-A to B-B could result from: * a. improved technology in the production of both goods b. changes in the combination of goods produced c. unemployment d. inflation e. changes in consumers' tastes 4. A certain country produces only two goods, A and B. A change in government policy results in the society being able to enjoy more of good A without having to sacrifice any of good B. This situation: 1/7\n\n2 More Tutorial at * a. suggests that before the policy change the economy was either operating inefficiently or had unemployed resources b. demonstrates that all economic problems are inter-related c. demonstrates the law of scarcity d. indicates that government was able to temporarily push society beyond its potential 5. Which one of the following will cause the demand curve for gasoline to shift to the right? * a. a fall in the price of cars b. an increase in the supply of gasoline c. a fall in the price of gasoline d. a rise in the price of cars 6. If the price of product 'X' decreases, the demand for a close substitute product 'Y': a. is inelastic * b. will shift to the left c. will not be affected d. is elastic 7. To say that oatmeal is an inferior good, as economists use the term a. means that as the price of oatmeal falls, the quantity demanded of oatmeal falls b. means that there is no real income effect when the price of oatmeal changes c. provides an example of a normative statement * d. means that as the average level of income falls, the demand for oatmeal rises e. means that the supply of oatmeal is perfectly inelastic 8. Assuming that over the last three years the equilibrium quantity of wheat has risen while over the same period the equilibrium price has not changed, which of the following is the most likely explanation of these facts? * a. An increase in the number of consumers and a reduction in input prices b. A reduction in the price of a substitute for wheat and a reduction in input prices c. A reduction in consumers' income wheat is a normal good and an increase in input prices d. An increase in consumers' income wheat is a normal good and an increase in input prices 9. Price ceilings and price floors are usually intended to benefit: a. government by increasing government revenue * b. buyers (ceilings) and sellers (floors) c. buyers d. sellers 10. If the percentage change in quantity demanded for a product is smaller than the percentage change in price, then demand for the good is a. infinitely elastic b. of unitary elasticity c. perfectly inelastic * d. inelastic e. elastic 2/7\n\n3 More Tutorial at 11. Two goods are complements in consumption if: a. both are inferior goods * b. the cross elasticity of demand between them is negative c. both have negative price elasticities d. one has a positive elasticity and the other has a negative price elasticity 12. Utility analysis suggests that a. a consumer will purchase only one good at a time * b. there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded c. the law of demand is nonsense d. a consumer will always purchase goods in pairs 13. Consumers' surplus means a. total expenditure divided by the price per unit * b. the difference between the maximum price a consumer would have been willing to pay for a good and the actual price paid c. value in use d. value in exchange 14. The demand for a foreign currency results primarily from the: a. supply of domestically produced goods and services b. demand for goods and services produced domestically c. supply of that foreign currency at a given exchange rate * d. demand for foreign goods and services 15. A tax imposed only on an imported good is a a. subsidy b. embargo c. quota * d. tariff 16. The cost that does NOT vary with the quantity of output that a firm produces is a. average variable cost b. average fixed cost c. total variable cost d. total cost * e. total fixed cost 17. The meaning of the term \"marginal cost\" is most closely described by which of the following statements? a. unavoidable expenditures that must be paid regardless of the firm's output * b. the increase in total costs which occurs if output increases by one unit c. total variable cost divided by quantity d. the total costs associated with producing some specific level of output 18. A driver wishes to buy gasoline and have his car washed. He finds that the market price of gasoline is $1.08 and that the wash costs $1.00 when he buys 19 gallons but that if he buys 20 gallons, the car wash is free. The 3/7\n\n4 More Tutorial at marginal cost of the twentieth gallon is: a. $1.00 b. zero * c. 8 cents d. $ In the short run, if average variable costs equal $6 and average total costs equal $10 and output equals 100, then total fixed costs equal: a. $16 b. $1,600 c. $4 * d. $400 e. $ The factors which cause economies and diseconomies of scale help explain * a. why the firm's long-run average total cost curve is U-shaped b. the profit-maximizing level of production c. the distinction between fixed and variable costs d. why the firm's short-run marginal cost curve cuts the short-run average variable cost curve at its minimum point 21. The additional revenue a firm receives from selling an extra unit of output is a. average revenue b. marginal profit c. total revenue * d. marginal revenue e. price 22. If a perfectly competitive firm sells 250 units of output at a market price of 55 dollars per unit, its marginal revenue is: * a. $55 b. $110 c. more than $55 but less than $13,750 d. less than $ A profit-maximizing firm will produce that level of output where * a. marginal revenue equals marginal cost b. marginal cost equals marginal product c. price equals average cost d. price equals variable cost e. marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost by the maximum amount 24. In the short run if a profit-maximizing firm is incurring losses, it will a. produce if it can cover its fixed costs * b. produce if price exceeds average variable cost c. shut down 4/7\n\n5 d. go out of business More Tutorial at 25. When firms leave a perfectly competitive market, other things equal, a. market demand will increase and market price will rise b. market demand will decrease and market price will fall * c. market supply will decrease and market price will rise d. market supply will decrease and market price will fall 26. Which of the following is characteristic of perfectly competitive firms in long-run equilibrium? a. firms experience diseconomies of scale * b. firms produce at minimum average total cost c. price exceeds marginal cost d. firms earn positive economic profit 27. Assume that at the current output level, a monopolist is breaking even (profit equals zero), has a marginal revenue of $7, and a marginal cost of $4. Which of the following statements is correct? * a. The firm could increase its profit by increasing its output b. The firm could increase its profit by decreasing its output c. The firm is producing the profit-maximizing output d. The firm could increase its profit by increasing its price 28. If a monopolist lowers price and total revenues rise, then a. average revenue must be less than marginal revenue b. there must be no close substitutes for the monopolist's product c. the monopolist must be in the inelastic region of its demand curve * d. the marginal revenue must be positive 29. Two of the characteristics of monopolistic competition are a. many firms, identical products * b. many firms, different products c. a single firm, several products d. a single firm, one product 30. In monopolistic competition, the demand curve facing a firm will become more elastic the: a. greater the obstacles to entry b. greater the elasticity of its supply curve * c. greater the number of sellers d. fewer the number of sellers 31. The number of firms in an oligopoly must be a. large enough that firms cannot closely monitor each other * b. small enough that firms are interdependent in decision making c. less than a dozen d. large enough that firms cannot collude e. large enough that firms will see no reason to engage in nonprice competition 5/7\n\n6 More Tutorial at 32. If a cartel determines the profit-maximizing quantity for the whole group, it will choose the quantity at which a. price is highest b. cost is lowest * c. marginal cost equals marginal revenue d. marginal cost equals demand 33. All markets that are NOT perfectly competitive have which of the following characteristics? a. each firm's demand curve is the industry demand curve b. products that the various firms sell are always differentiated to some extent * c. firms in the market have some control over price (face a downward sloping demand curve) d. there are only a few firms in the industry e. all the firms make substantial profits 34. For price discrimination to be possible between different buyers, the seller must, among other things, * a. prevent resale of the commodity b. rely on the ignorance of one consumer about what other consumers are paying c. produce at decreasing cost d. face an inelastic demand 35. Marginal revenue product (MRP) equals a. the product's price times marginal product b. the product's price times marginal cost c. marginal revenue times the product's price * d. marginal revenue times marginal product 36. The firm's demand curve for an input is downward sloping because of the a. willingness of workers to offer more labor at a higher price * b. law of diminishing marginal productivity c. fact that most firms buying factors of production are at least partial monopolists d. fact that unions exist in many labor markets Use the table below to answer question number 36 Number of Workers Wage Rate Marginal Revenue Product 0 $4-1 $4 $6 2 $4 $5 3 $4 $4 4 $4 $3 37. According to the information in the table above, the number of workers that should be hired to maximize profit is: a. 1 b. 0 6/7\n\n7 c. 4 * d. 3 More Tutorial at 38. In a perfectly competitive labor market, the supply curve of labor faced by the individual firm is a. given by the value of the marginal product (VMP) of labor curve b. the upward sloping portion of the marginal factor cost (MFC) of labor curve c. perfectly inelastic at the market wage * d. equal to the market wage 39. A firm which is the sole employer in a particular area may be classified as a. an oligopolist b. a duopolist c. a monopolist * d. a monopsonist 40. The wage rate a monopsonist would pay * a. is less than the marginal revenue product b. is equal to the marginal factor cost c. is equal to the marginal revenue product d. is greater than the marginal revenue product e. is greater than the marginal factor cost 7/7
+__label__positive CDC Volume 2 URE\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user parkerb88 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. An electrical charge at rest is called\n    static electricity\n  2. Triboelectrification is the\n    generation of static charge by friction\n  3. In an ESD prtective area, what level of relative humidity is the most desirable\n  4. The electrostatic voltage sensitive threshold of the human body is approximately\n    3,5000 volts\n  5. when ESDS components are mounted on a circuit board, the\n    components are still susceptible to ESD damage\n  6. it is important for serviceable and un-serviceable (reparable) ESDS items to reveive the same ESD protection so\n    no further ESD damage is done to the remaining operating parts\n  7. proper static drain is fast enough to quickly remove the static charge before any damage is done, yet slow enough so it doesn't produce a damaging\n    discharge current\n  8. which is not one of the three principal components of a static control workstation\n    static dissipative flooring\n  9. how often must a wrist strap be tested with a wrist strap tester\n  10. What is the proper procedure when you are testing a wrist strap with a wrist strap tester\n    check continuity and resistance of the entire system when you are wearing the cuff\n  11. you must torque a bolt to 60 inch-pounds, but you only have a foot-pound torque wrench. to what value must you set the foot-pound torque wrench to properly torque the bolt?\n    5 foot-pounds\n  12. when would you use a torque wrench to break loose a bolt\n  13. Which torque wrench uses micrometers-like markings and a rotating adjustment sleeve to set torque values\n    Type III\n  14. You must compensate for the prevailing torque of a self-locking nut if its more than\n    33 (1/3) percent of a nut's recommend torque value\n  15. you must compensate for the prevailing torque of a self-locking nut when the\n    technical order specifies that compensation is required\n  16. before using a dropped torque wrench,you must\n    have it re calibrated\n  17. which is not provided by TAS\n    tool manufacturer\n  18. in the heterodyning or mixing process, what are the two new frequencies produced\n    upper sideband (sum) and lower sideband (difference)\n  19. which radio-frequency component is used to sample and input signal and does not have any moving parts\n    Directional coupler\n  20. the radio-frequency component used to prevent any feedback in a circuit is the\n  21. the power meter\n    can be operated manually or automatically\n  22. what control compensates for a slight sensitivity associated with a particular type of power sensor?\n  23. a power sensor is essentially a\n  24. before a power meter can be used, the meter and power sensor must be\n    calibrated together\n  25. when calibrating the power sensor, you adjust the CAL ADJ control so the digital readout indicates\n  26. before turning on the power meter, ensure it is\n    set the match the line voltage you're using\n  27. measuring relative power on a power meter is useful for\n    troubleshooting stages of a component\n  28. each division of the oscilloscope faceplate is\n    one centimeter square\n  29. the horizontal divisions of an oscilloscope faceplate are calibrates to the settings of the\n    TIME/DIV control\n  30. the VAR control of an oscilloscope must be in the calibrated detent or the time measurement will be\n  31. when measuring time on an oscilloscope, multiply the trace distance between reference points by the stetting of the\n    TIME?DIV control\n  32. frequency is determined by the formula\n    F = 1/T\n  33. a spectrum analyzer is simply a receiver with the output of\n    a CRT display instead of a speaker\n  34. which control selects how much frequency band is represented by each division of a spectrum analyzer disply\n  35. Before using the spectrum analyzer to make any measurements, you must calibrate it using the\n    CAL OUTPUT signal\n  36. Which piece of test equipment is primarily used to self-calibrate devices within equipment and test stations\n    spectrum analyzer\n  37. what does resolution mean in reference to a frequency counter\n    the degree of accuracy of the reading\n  38. when using a pulse generator, selecting the NORM mode produces a\n    continuous pule output\n  39. when using a pulse gernerator, the four control modes allow you to vary the output\n    pule characteristics\n  40. when using the START FREQ function key on a sweep oscillator to select the start frequency for start/stop sweep operation, the start frequency must be at least 100 Hz lower than the\n    stop frequency\n  41. when using a sweep oscillator, the sweep time has an allowable range of\n    10ms to +200sec\n  42. the 115 VAC, 400 Hz facility power input to a test station originates from the\n    public utility line\n  43. what type of power supply is computer-controlled to produce variable outputs\n  44. the 400Hz facility power input to the test station is primarily used to\n    develop all the necessary voltage for the test station TRUs and the LRUs involved in checkout procedures\n  45. The 60 Hz facility power input to the test station is primarily used to\n    provide power to cooling air blowers, measurement devices, and standard outlets\n  46. the concept of rousing, inciting, or increasing action refers to\n  47. which signal generator operates in the 20 Hz to 20 KHz frequency range\n    audio frequency\n  48. which signal generator operstes in the 1 GHz to 18 GHZ frequency range\n  49. what device is designed to measure AC voltage, DC voltage, and resistance?\n    Digital multimeter\n  50. providing a visual display for measuring voltage and frequency is a function of the\n  51. the concept of interconnecting UUT and test station recourses is\n  52. overall test station switching can be classed as\n    stimulus and measurement\n  53. the most important test station function is\n  54. what numbering system is most widely used to allow computers to perform their functions?\n  55. Using IEEE-488 bus, devices can be linked in either linear, combination, or\n    star configuration\n  56. what is the maximum total cable length specified for the IEEE-488 bus\n    20 meters\n  57. At the maximum cable length specified for the IEEE-488 bus, how many devices can be connected?\n  58. what type of interface is the IEEE-488 bus\n  59. how many data lines does the IEEE-488 bus have\n  60. the end of identity line, which is part of the IEEE-488 bus/interface management lines, has two uses. The first part is to indicate end-of-date, and the second is to\n    initiate a parallel poll\n  61. each device on the IEEE-488 bus has a unique bus address that starts at 0 and goes up to\n  62. what device, usually a computer with an IEEE-488 board installed, always retains ultimate control of the bus\n    system controller\n  63. what process in the MIL-STD-1553B, transmits information from several sources through one system with different signals staggered in time to form a composite pule train?\n  64. up to how many units or terminals on an aircraft is the MIL-STD-1553B data bus designed to allow transfer of information between\n  65. referring to the MIL-STD-1553B bus architecture, how many buss controllers may be active on a 1553 multiplexed bus?\n  66. Which element that makes up the MIL-STD-1553B data bus system, is an avionics unit designed to transfer data between an aircraft component and the data bus?\n    remote terminal\n  67. the data bus in the MIL-STD-1553B data bus system is made up of two types of stubs, the transformer-coupled and\n    direct coupled\n  68. what is the only device that transmits a command word in the MIL-STD-1553B\n    bus controller\n  69. refering to the MIL-STD-1553B data bus systems command, status, and data words, what is the only device that transmits a status word\n    remote terminal\n  70. referring to the VXI bus, there are two classification of devices with respect to register capabilities, on is register base and the other\n    message base\n  71. which slot of the VXI chassis has special resources suck as backplane clocks, configuration signals, and synchronization signals\n    Leftmost slot (slot 0)\n  72. which size(s) of the VXI bus modules is/are the true VME bus module size(s)\n    A and B\n  73. Using the MXI bus, a computer can be located directly next to the VXI mainframe or up to how many meters away?\n  74. a computer or instrument with a MXI is called\n    MXI device\n  75. the MXI bus has two cables, a point-to-point cable and a\n  76. a MXI bus system cansists of how many MXI bus devices connected in a daisy chain\n    two or more\n  77. what type of damage to the test station may result with improper usage of certain ATLAS system procedures\n  78. what is always the first section of an ATLAS program\n    Preamble structure\n  79. what are the two basic fields that make up every ATLAS statement\n    Fixed and variable\n  80. what field of an ATLAS statement specifies in great detail exactly what is applied or how the timing of a signal is set up\n  81. what type of ATLAS statement does not require that use of the rest of the test station to properly execute\n  82. which type of nontest ATLAS statement alters the normal sequence of program flow?\n  83. which ATLAS test statement generate a signal that can have more states than just \"on\" or \"off\"\n    analog stimulus\n  84. when calibrating ATE, you must consider\n  85. in a PATEC calibration, which error is not associated with a systematic error?\n  86. What organization sets national calibration standards\n  87. what calibration ratio is necessary to ensure sufficient traceability of standards\n  88. in PATEC equipment, what type of standard is a Rubidium frequency standard\n  89. the CAPRE uses what type of computer\n    ruggedized laptop\n  90. the CAPRE is powered by a(n)\n    AC adapter and lithium-Ion battery\nCard Set:\nCDC Volume 2 URE\n2010-12-27 20:42:34\nCDC Volume Two\n\nShow\u00a0Answers:
+__label__positive \nReset Password Free Sign Up\n\n\nRemove Ads\nincorrect cards (0)\ncorrect cards (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\nCorrect box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nImage Production-new\n\nChapter 1-Production & properties of x-ray beam\n\nWhat is the device that creates the x-ray beam? x-ray tube\nWhat is another name for X-ray tube? x-ray insert\nWhat is used to define the size of the x-ray beam to the area or body part being irradiated? Collimator box\nWhat, contained within the collimator box, blocks the portion of the beam that is not needed? lead plates, shutters\nWhat is the only useful part of the x-ray beam? The part that is projected toward the patient\n-electric current running through the stator, that produces a magnetic field that turns the metal rotor electromagnetic induction\nCathode contains ___ filaments and has a ____ charge. 2 ; negative\nHow many of the two filaments is heated during a exposure? only one\nThe filament is heated in order to do what? to liberate electrons\nWhat is the process of heating filament in order to liberate electrons called? thermionic emission\nWhat is filament made from and why? tungsten bc of its high melting point\nWhat controls the degree of filament heating? mA - milliampere\nAs the temp increases, the rate of emission will ? increase\nWhat repels and contains the electrons in a small space so that they can be accurately focused on the anode disk? the focusing cup\n- \"prep\" the tube by heating one of the filaments so that electrons are emitted and hover in the tube in an electron cloud Boost-and-hold stage\nThe boost is considered the _______. thermionic emission\nThe time before the exposure is made? The hold\nThe tungsten layer of the tube inhibits? Heat dissipation from the tube\nThe __________ allows for better heat distribution over the face of the disk when the disk is bombarded by electrons during an exposure. rotating anode\nThe area on which the electrons bombard the anode disk is called _______. focal spot\nThe flow of electrons from cathode to anode constitutes the _____________. Tube current\nTube current is measured in? mA, milliamperes\nWhat determines the speed at which the electrons move from cathode to anode ? kV, kilovolt\nRaising the kV will make the electrons travel? Faster\nThe energy of the x-rays produced within the disk depends what? the speed or kinetic energy of the electrons\nThicker anatomical parts require what kind of kV setting? thinner parts? thicker = higher thinner = lower\nThe nucleus of an atom contains what? protons & neutrons\nthe electrons of an atom still feel an electrostatic attraction to the protons in the nucleus, this is called _________________ binding energy\nInner-most shell has higher or lower binding energy? higher\nWhat is the binding energy for level K? 69 kV\nThe sudden deceleration causes release of kinetic energy in the form of x-radation, known as: brensstrahlung radiation, brems radiation.\n_______ occurs when a neutral atom either loses or gains an electron. Ionization\n________ occurs when a neutral atom loses one of its electrons. Positive ionization\n_________ occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron. Negative ionization\nWhy is the x-ray beams considered to be heterogeneous or polyenergetic? bc it contains many different energies ranging from low to high\nDoing what to the beam will protect the patient by absorbing the lower energy x-rays? filtering\nWhat are the two types of radation are x-ray beams made of? Brems & Characteristic\nName the 4 conditions necessary for the production of x-ray: 1. boiling/separation off of electrons 2. production of high speed electrons 3. concentration of electrons 4. sudden slowing or stopage of electrons\nThe boiling or separation of electrons is a process known as? thermionic emission or the edison effect\nThe controling factor of thermionic emission is? mA\nWhat effect on density does thermionic emission have? increases it\nincreasing the heat in the filament, what effect does that have on the # of electrons being boiled off? increases them\nWhat controls the quantity of photons? mA\nWhat starts the boiling process? hitting the rotor switch\nHow do you overcome the negative effect of space charge? increase kVp\nWhat is the controlling factor of the speed and strength of the photons? kVp\nincrease the speed, will do what to the kinetic energy produced? increase it\nWhat handles the concentration of electrons? focusing cup\nWhat is the difference between photon speed and electron speed? Electron speed can vary; photon speed is constant\nWhat controls the sudden slowing or stopping of electrons? target or anode\nWhat will determine the amt of projectile electrons? mA\nWhat makes up the majority of the x-ray beam? brems radiation\nThe more energy the projectile electron loses per interaction, the _________ the brems photon will be. stronger\nWhat are the 3 courses of action an electron can take that is characteristic of Brems radiation? -attracted to proton and curved - repelled & curved -direct hit on neclues, stopped and all is kinetic energy\nIf the photon is stopped instantly, it will be weak?strong? strong\nIn order for (K) Characteristic radiation to be produced, the projectile electron has to have energy that is __________________ than the binding energy of the k-shell. greater than or equal to\nWhat type of characteristic radiation is the only one that is strong enough to be useful? K-characteristic\nIf kVp is able to produce k-characteristic radation, atom is _________ because electron is moved out of K shell. ionized\nWhat are the 3 regions of electromagnetic spectrum? Visible light, radio frequency, x-radiation\nList the following in order from lowest/longest to shortest/highest according to the electromagnetic spectrum; gamma, radio, infra-red, x-ray radio, infra-red, x-ray, gamma\nWhat are the 3 reasons for reduced intensity of x-ray emission at low energies? 1.electrons dont all reach peak kinetic energy 2.brems radiation may happen many times getting weaker each time 3.filters remove the low energy photons\n- how often the crests of a wave occur frequency\nWhat is the symbol of frequency? Nu\nWhat is the unit of measurement of frequency? Hz\nThe higher the frequency the _______ the photon is. stronger\nIncreaseing kVp will have what effect on the kinetic energy of the electron? increases the kinetic energy\nIncreasing the kVp will have what effct on the strength of the x-ray photon created? increase the strength\nincreasing the kVp will do what to the speed of the projectile electron that is traveling from the (-) to (+) increases the speed\nIncreasing the kVp will have what effect on the frequency of the photon? increases the frequency\nIncreasing the kVp, will have what effect on the wavelength of the photon? decreases the wavelength\n-the distance between the crests of a wave wavelength\nWhat is the symbol of the wavelength? What unit of measurement is used? Lambda Angstrom\nThe longer the wavelength the ______ the photon. weaker\n-refers to the strongest photon in the beam of radiation minimum wavelength\nWhat effect on wavelength does increasing the kVp have? shortens the wavelength\nStrong photon has what frequency and wavelength characteristics? high frequency short wavelength\nWhat is the symbol of the speed of light? C\nWhat is the speed of light? 186,000 miles/sec\nWhat is the formula that shows the relationship of frequency and wavelength to light? C= nu(lambda)\nWhat is the wave particle duality phenomena? A photon (pure energy) acts as tho it has the characteristics of matter\nIncreasing the kVp will have what effect on the projectile electron's kinetic energy? increase it\nIncreasing the kVp will have what effect on the efficiency of x-ray production? increase it.\nCreated by: erikasmith28\n
+__label__positive Therio - Bovine - Obstetrics & Dystocia 1\n\ndrraythe's version from 2015-11-24 19:14\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nabnormal birth is calleddystocia\nnormal birth is calledeutocia\nwhat are the three kinds of dystocia?(1) Primary Inertia (2) Obstructive Dystocia (3) Secondary Inertia\nexplain dystocia due to primary inertiaForces that propel the foetus are absent\nexplain obstructive dystociaForces that propel foetus are normal, but no progress of fetus through birth canal\nexplain dystocia due to secondary inertiaconsidered a complication of obstructive dystocia due to exhaustion of myometrium\nwhat are some reasons there might be a dystocia due to primary inertia?(Forces that propel the foetus are absent) #1 cause is metabolic disturbances, esp hypocalcemia!! however, can also be from Over/undernutrition, Fetal malformation (monsters), Uterine torsion, Uterine rupture, pain, or debility.\nwhat are the main causes of Obstructive Dystocia?(1) Feto-materal disproportion: small heifers, large sires, bull calves, over or under nutrition (2) Faulty fetal disposition (3) Multiple fetuses (4) Failure of soft tissue dilation (damaged cervix, unstretched vulva of heifer) (5) Fetal malformation (monsters) [[dont forget that obstructive leads to exhaustion, hence secondary inertia]]\nMOST COMMON causes of dystocia she says areFeto-maternal disproportion and Faulty fetal disposition, we well as Incomplete dilation of cervix + vagina, twins, Fetal malformations (monsters), Uterine inertia, Uterine torsion\nlist some Metabolic disturbances which can cause a primary inertia uterine dystociaHypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia, ketosis\nhow is it that Foetal malformation (monsters) can cause dystocia?either does not initiate partus (primary inertia)or malformation results in dystocia (obstructive dystocia)\nhypocalcemia would cause what kind of dystocia?primary inertia\nClinical signs of hypocalcaemia?Recumbent, Torticollis (head flexed so it looks like shes looking at her flank)\nIf a cow is having dystocia due to hypocalcemia, what other body system should you be concerned about?the RUMEN-- need Ca for GI, hypoca can cause BLOAT\nIf you see a recumbent cow at term looking a bit bloated without myometrial contractions, you think..subclinical hypocalcemia\nwhat might be some causes for fetal malformations which would cause dystocia?Viral infection, Plant teratogens, Congenital, pesticides, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals\nwhat are some Viral infections in utero which can cause fetal malformations?BVD, Rift Valley Fever\nwhat are some Plant teratogens which can cause fetal malformations?Lupines, poison Hemlock, Locoweeds, Tree tobacco\nwhat are some congenital fetal malformations?Bulldog calves in Dexters & Herefords\n(FYU) examples of Different malformations of the fetusHydrocephalus, Schistosomus reflexus, contorted joints (arthrogryposis, torticollis, kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis = \u201cCrooked calf syndrome\u201d), foetal ascites, foetal anasarca, chondrodystrophia foetalis, muscular hypertrophy, perosomas elumbis, cyclops, amorphus globosus\nwhat is Perosomus elumbis?partial or complete agenesis of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal area and accompanied by posterior bimelic arthrogryposis characterized by ankylosis of joints with associated malformations of the musculature.\nwhat is a Bulldog calf?calf suffering from Dwarfism/chondrodysplasia\nwhat is Schistosoma Reflexa?Schistosomus reflexus occurs very early in embryological development. The abnormality is associated with severe developmental anomalies of the spinal column and consequent failure of the abdominal wall to close. The spine is bent dorsally so that the head and tail curve towards each other and the fetal viscera are free floating in the amnion.\nwhat is Amorphus globosus? Instead of a typically developing fetus occurs thereby to form one of hairy skin covered, more or less spherical structure, the shares of all three germ layers contains; the differentiation of its contents can vary greatly. A amorphus globosus is lack of functional organs not viable\nwhere does uterine rupture usually occur?along the major curvature just cranial to cervix\nwhat are some of the main causes of uterine rupture?Pre-existing weakness of the uterine wall, Following ischaemia due to uterine torsion/breech position, Large, emphysematous or dropsical calves, Prolonged partus, dry birth canal, iatrogenic\nhow do you treat uterine rupture (how does treatment vary?)(1) if less than the width of a hand, then Repair may not be necessary if small and dorsal due to rapid uterine involution, so just do Repeated oxytocin injections + 7-10 days of antibiotics. (2) if bigger than the width of a hand, then Often dystocia required C-section to repair uterus. Need to do One handed \u201cBlind\u201d suture closure, or you need to Prolapse uterus & repair (Using 10ml epinephrine in 250ml saline while tugging on caruncle)\nwhat is the prog of a uterine rupture?if uterine contents infected or if it happened some time ago the prognosis is poor\nwho is more likely to have a Obstructive Dystocia- dairy or beef cow?beef\nif you are concerned about obstructive dystocia, how would you choose your sire?low birth weight sire\nhow large must a heifer be before you breed her to avoid obstructive dystocia?at least 60% of her adult mass\nwhich breed is well known for obstructive dystocias?Belgian blues\nwhat are the clinical signs of an obstructuve dystocia?initially strong continuous but unproductive straining, a prolonged stage II (expulsion of fetus), which can lead to secondary inertia dystocia from myometrial exhausion\nhow do you treat obstructive dystocia? (3 ways)(1) best tx: Lubrication and traction. (2) next best option: Caesarean section. (3) third option: fetotomy (cut up the fetus and remove it)\nwhat are common complications of obstructive dystocia?damage to obturator or ischiatic nerves, fetal death, and maternal death\nObstructive dystocia \u2013> narrow birth canal--> why are reasons for this in COWS (not heifers)Usually due to incomplete cervical dilation, Often from old trauma to cervix during previous calving/dystocia--> scarring/fibrosis formation\nObstructive dystocia \u2013> narrow birth canal--> why are reasons for this in HEIFERS (not cows)Usually due to constriction of soft tissue (vag, vulva,vestibulum), Insufficient relaxation, or even Anatomical problems eg. Persistent hymen. May require episiotomy\nwhat is an episiotomy?surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall generally done by a midwife or obstetrician during second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the opening for the baby to pass through.\ntwin dystocias usually due to what? which can result in what?usually due to simultaneous presentation of foetuses, which can can cause weak or uncoordinated contraction of the stretched myometrium, weighing down of the uterus resulting in ventroflexion\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nwhat is Disposition?total description of how the fetus lies in the cow = includes foetal presentation, position and posture\nwhat does fetal Presentation refer to? what are the possibilities?relationship of the longitudinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam. (1) Longitudinal (Cr or Ca) (2) Transverse (dorsal or ventral)\nwhich presentation is NORMAL?CRANIAL (\"the diving position\")\nwhat is transverse dorsal vs transverse ventral?dorsal: back first. ventral: all 4 legs first\nwhat does fetal Position refer to?degree of rotation of the fetus about its longitudinal axis (Basically, the relationship of the fetal dorsum to the maternal pubic quadrants)\nwhat are the different type of positions used to describe the fetus? which is normal?dorso-sacral (NORMAL), dorso-pubic, left dorso-iliac, right dorso-iliac [first part refers to the baby's dorsum, the second part refers to what part baby's dorsem is on/against]\nwhat do you say the position of the fetus is if they are in a transverse presentation, so their dorsem cant be used as a point of ref?Then say according to the position of the fetal head: so either L or R cephalo-iliac (also specifying dorsal or ventral transverse, and then L or R cephalo-iliac)\nwhat does fetal posture refer to?relationship of the foetal extremities (head and limbs) to each other and to the rest of the foetus (e.g. neck: extended, flexed, rotated limbs: partially or completely extended or flexed)\nwhat is a \"breech\" birth?Caudal presentation, Dorso-sacral position, Bilateral hip flexion\nhow do you correct a caudal presentation?traction (pull it out)\nhow do you correct a transverse presentation?transverse presentation converted into caudal presentation (And then caudal position can be pulled out via traction)\nif you suspect the baby is in a caudal presentation, but all you can see is some of the legs, how could you tell for sure?joints of back limbs bend in opposite directions, joints of front limbs bend in same direction (also, soles of the feet in caudally presented fetuses usually face dorsally)\nWhy must you be wary of dorso-iliac position? how do you fix this malposition?rotation by 90\u00b0 from the vertical causes dystocia. Do de-rotation manually by cross traction of limbs\nwhat is the most common reason for dorso-pubic position? what must you do to fix this?usually due to uterine torsion. Calf cannot be born in this position, so fetus has to be rotated into the correct position either by hand or through cross traction of limbs\nwhat must you always do to correct a malposition? what other things can you do after this?includes retropulsion (ALWAYS do this first!! There is no room in the pelvis for manipulations), extension, traction and version (\u201ctwisting\u201d)\nIf the calf cranially presents with carpal, elbow and shoulder flexion; uni- or bilateral, how do you fix this?Convert elbow & shoulder flexions to carpal flexions to resolve\nhow would you know when to suspect carpal, elbow or shoulder flexion?foetal head may present outside the vulva with one (or none) foot\nwhen fixing a carpal or shoulder flexion, what must you do to try to prevent trauma to the vagina?cup the hoof in your hand so the vag is not lacerated\nhow do you fix a shoulder flexion?Get into carpal flexion position and cont from there\nMalposition of head & neck--> how does this usually look/present? how do you usually fix it? (in general)foetal forelimbs may be presented outside the vulva, but no head seen.\nwhat is one of the most difficult malpositions to tx, and why?head and neck malpositions, because your arms are never long enough.\nhow would you ideally fix a neck/head malposition?Ideally, reach nose, place war bridle + use combination of retropulsion and traction on warbridle. May need to use eye hooks or a war bridle (one of the more difficult things to fix)\nif you are struggling to fix a malposition of the head/neck, what should you do?If you can\u2019t manage, do a c-section pronto, rather than wait for calf to die\nWhat do you do to fix a tarsal flexion in a Ca presenting calf?You can feel the calcaneous on exam to know it is Ca presenting. Push the calcaneous (hock sticky outy bone) back towards uterus, and then the foot back into the birth canal\nhow do you fix a hip flexion in a Ca presenting cow?Retropulse foetus to create more space, then Convert to tarsal flexion--> fix tarsal flexion from there. [ Sometimes easier to place rope around hock, then can retropulse hips, whilst pulling hock towards you. Then move rope further down limb towards tarsus, retropulse hock + pull lower limb towards you. REMEMBER TO CUP HOOF!]\n\nRecent badges
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n56 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nDefine the HELLP syndrome\n1. Hemolysis-due to RBC\u2019s being forced thru the fibrin network @ high pressures (DIC not far off)\nBilirubin> 1.2mg/dl\nLDH> 600u/l\n2. Elevated Liver Enzymes-pre portal lesions/hemorrhage/capsular hemmorrhage SGOT>70u/l\n3.Low Plts < 100k\nWhat is the tx when the HELLP criteria is met?\nDelivery of the baby-however may still develop postpartum\nWhat are the manifestations of DIC?\nProlonged PT, & aPTT,\nDEC Fibrinogen,\nINC fibrin degradation products\nWhat is the tx for the CNS involvement of seizures, in Pregnancy?\nMgSO4-will cause generalized CNS depression\nLoad 4-6gm iv over 20 minutes\nInfusion: 1-2gm/hr\nBreakthru-2-4gm iv\nWhat are the S/E of MgSO4?\nPotentiate/prolong MR\nRegional-\uf0ad HOTN\nFetal involvement-hypotonia/HR variability \uf0af/Resp depression\nUterine Atony\nWhat is an ideal anesthetic for PIH pts about to deliver?\nEpidural-\uf0afBP, \uf0ad placental BF, No respiratory depression\nHow is BP tx\u2019d with PIH?\nLabetalol 1 mg/kg-has both beta and alpha blockade\nHydralzine-5-10mg but has slower onset\nNifedipine-will cause uterine muscle relaxation- has a synergistic effect with MgSo4 = HOTN\nSNP-safe but may cause VQ mismatching\nWhy do you not use Esmolol in pregnancy?\nBecause it will cross the placenta and DEC FHR\nThe tx for fluid overload, in pregnancy, which is the primary reason for pulm edema consists of?\nHow is Pulm Edema from LV dysfunction tx\u2019d?\nAfterload reduction-Hydralzine, Nifedipine, SNP\nWhy does Creatinine INC in PIH?\nBecause of the DEC IV volume and subsequent DEC GFR\nHow is the Renal preservation tx\u2019d?\nJudicious fluid challenges\nThe INC uterine arterial resistance and viscosity will result in what uterine problems?\nFibrin deposits-infarcts\nIUGR-lack of flow\nPremature delivery\nWhat does the RUQ Epigastric pain evolve from?\nLiver involvement-hemorrhage or edema\nRequires CT/US and possible immediate delivery\nWhat are the potential complications of placing/removing an epidural in a Preeclamptic pt?\nThe thrombocytopenia-hematoma/cord compression\nHOTN- DEC. UBF/Fetal distress\nLA -risk of seizures (already @ risk of seizures), FHR variability DEC, distress/hypoxia\nHow does a standard General Anesthetic induction proceed FOR DELIVERY?\nSTP-4mg/kg Sch-1 mg/kg\nO2/N2O 50/50 until delivery\nAfter delivery-standard maintenance- INC. N2O use agent-remember MgSO4 will enhance all MR\nMajor considerations post partum include?\nFluid shifts-pulm edema (diuretics/dopa)\nCoagulopathies-platelets reach nadir 1-2 days\nSeizures- DEC. risk in 2 days continue MgSO4\nHTN-may continue for 6 wks\nWhat two parameters does Cardiotocography monitor?\nFHR & Contractions\nWhat is the FHR mostly controlled by?\nPNS (Vagus) > SNS the closer to birth\nName the causes of fetal asphyxia?\n--Maternal hypoxia\n--Cord compression\n--Fetal pathology\n***Follow the flow\nWhat is the response in the fetus to hypoxia?\n1. DEC. Resp movements to decrease consumption\n2. Shunt blood to vital organs including adrenals\n3.Lactic acid buildup from non-perfused areas = met acidosis\n--Continued hypoxia impairs myocardial function = continued vasoconstriction = cell death = fetal death\nWhat indicates good fetal progression on the Cardiotocography?\n-- FHR beat-to-beat variability,\n-- Normal HR\n-- Appropriate timing of decelerations in HR with quick return\nWhat are poor indicators of fetal progression re: Cardiotocography?\n-- Tachycardia>150-160 for longer than 10 min or 30BPM INC. from baseline for > 10min\n-- Late decelerations may or may not have quick rebound\n--Bradycardia- with or w/o quick rebound\nWhat is normal pH of a fetus/newborn?\n7.25-high metabolic state\nWhen is one suspicious of stress IN THE FETUS?\n<7.25 suspicious <7.2 is significant\nWhat interventions are needed for poor progressing fetuses?\nO2 for mom,\nVag exam with scalp stimulation,\n\u2206 positions,\nFluids- evaluate for stat c-s\nWhat is the interval for the recording IN CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY?\nSmall blocks are 10 secs\nDefine causes of FETAL Tachycardia?\nPrematurity (nml response) Maternal fever\nFetal acidosis\nFetal infection\nParasympatholytic-atropine Sympathamomimetic-Terbutaline\nDEFINE FETAL Bradycardia-\n<110 or \uf0af 30BPM for > 10 minutes\nCauses of FETAL bradycardia?\nAcidemia-cord/Paracervical block/HOTN/Seizures\nPost date\nFHR variability is affected by what factors?\nMaternal meds-sedatives/opioids/MgSO4\nPreterm< 28wks\nFetal anemia\nWHAT CAUSES FHR Accelerations-\nTransient INC - due to fetal movement (normal)\nSIGNIFICANCE OF Early decelerations-\nBenign- mirror contractions-stimulation of head\nWAT CAUSES FHR Variable decelerations-\nCord compression- occur at any time in relation to contractions\n\u201cV\u201d shaped with shoulders\nWHAT CAUSES Late decelerations-\nUteroplacental insufficiency- GET BABY OUT\nOccur after contractions\nUteroplacental insufficiency may be caused by?\nAbruption of placenta\nPost maturity\nTx for uteroplacental insufficiency?\nDEC Oxytocin if on-causes contractions\nWhat are Sinusoidal wave patterns?\nRegular, smooth undulating rhythm with little variability within a normal HR range\nIndicates severe fetal anemia (Rh disease)/Hypoxia\nIs ominous and has INC rate of M/M\nHow high does CO peak during pregnancy?\nAs high as 150% after 28weeks\nWhen in gestation should LUD be implemented on pregnant patients?\n12-14 weeks\nDefine the NY functional classification system?\nI-No physical limitations\nII-Ordinary activity will precipitate CV problems\nIII-< ordinary activity precipitates symptoms\nIV-CV s/s present at rest\nWhat stage of delivery is a Paracervical block initiated?\nStage I\nWhat stage of delivery is a Pudendal block initiated?\nStage II\nWhat are the 5 evaluations of Cardiac function that should be evaluated in diseased states?\nHR Rhythm Preload Afterload Contractility\nWhat arrhythmia is common in Mitral Stenosis?\nAfib-due to the Left Atria Hypertrophy\nWhat is a normal Mitral Valve size?\n4-6cm- s/s <1cm\nWhat will be noted on the PA waveform indicating MVR?\nA large v wave\nS/S of MVP?\nAnxiety, TIA, Sudden Death, Arrhythmias, Palpitations, SBE\nS/S of Aortic Stenosis?\nSyncope & Angina-due to decreased coronary-systemic perfusion, DOE, CHF\nList the common R to L shunts:\n(5 T\u2019s and a P),\nTricuspid Atresia, Transposition of the Great Arteries,\nTotal Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return,\nTruncus Arteriosis,\nPulmonary Atresia\nEisenmenger\u2019s Syndrome,\nList the common L to R shunts:\nWhat is Eisenmenger\u2019s Syndrome?\nPulm HTN, (PDA, VSD, ASD shunt sites)\nR to L (reversal of end stage)\nWhat things will inc. PVR?\nHypercarbia, Hypoxia, Hypothermia, Acidosis, PIP, ephedrine\nWhat are the anesthetic goals of Eisenmenger\u2019s Syndrome?\nInc. Pulm HTN (PVR)\nDec. SVR-which already occurs in the disease\nDec in Preload\n\nDesire: Elevated HR-may compromise RV function\nAnesthetic considerations for VSD and ASD?\nWant R to L somewhat\nAvoid Pulm HTN that would promote total R to L and\navoid Lto R shunting\nWhat are the 4 components of TOF?\nPulm Stenosis\nOverriding Aorta
+__label__positive 2013 December UGC NET Solved Question Paper in Population Studies Paper 3\n\nRead the following passage and answer the questions below (1 to 6):\n\nThe Central Government provides for environmental protection by ensuring safe management, handing and disposal of biomedical and radioactive waste. Biomedical waste means dry solid, fluid or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals in research including the animal waste from slaughter houses. Disposal means discharge, deposit, dumping, and land filling or placing on land of any biomedical waste. There are persons and organisations responsible for these activities. The authorized persons include in-charge of a hospice such as hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, laboratory, health centre, animal house, slaughter-houses including those established by or under the control of government, which generates and handles any biomedical wastes.\n\nThe combustible waste is converted into non-combustible by incineration. Some treatment is also done to render such waste non-hazardous to human health and environment.\n\n\n1. Biomedical waste includes which of the following?\n\n(A) Dry solid, fluid or liquid waste\n\n(B) Waste generated during diagnosis, treatment and immunisation\n\n(C) Wastes from slaughter houses\n\n(D) All the above\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n2. Safe disposal of hazardous waste is necessary for which of the following reasons?\n\n(A) To safeguard human health and environment and observe the government rules\n\n(B) To ensure clean environment.\n\n(C) To make hospitals hazard free.\n\n(D) To discard radioactive waste.\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n3. Disposal of waste refers to which of the following?\n\n(A) Depositing the waste in far off place.\n\n(B) Dumping the waste in landfills.\n\n(C) Discharge, deposit, dumping and land fill by waste in places away from habitation.\n\n(D) Collection of waste.\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n4. Nursing homes, laboratories, animal houses and slaughter houses are responsible for which of the following waste related activities?\n\n(A) Providing healthcare\n\n(B) Generating and handling biomedical wastes\n\n(C) Producing meat and meat products\n\n(D) Conducting diagnostic tests\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n5. Incineration is a process which issued to\n\n(A) Convert combustible waste into non-combustible residue\n\n(B) Collect ash from the waste\n\n(C) Destroy waste\n\n(D) All the above\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n6. \u2018Environmental Protection\u2019 includes\n\n(A) Safe management of waste\n\n(B) Safe handling of waste\n\n(C) Management and disposal of waste\n\n(D) Safe management, handling and disposal of biomedical and radioactive waste.\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n7. Which one of the following is not correctly matched?\n\n(A) Rank-size Rule: City Size\n\n(B) Logistic Curve: Pattern of Mortality\n\n(C) Gini Coefficient: Concentration\n\n(D) Whipple\u2019s Index: Digit Preference\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n8. Match the contraceptive methods with the technique/ingredient:\n\nContraceptive Method \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Technique / Ingredient\n\na. Oral Pill \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i. Copper-T\n\nb. Intra-uterine Device \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii. Laparoscopy\n\nc. Foam tablets\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii. Non-scalpel Procedure\n\nd. Female sterilization \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv. Progestin\n\nv. Spermicide\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii\n\n(D) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 v \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n9. Match List \u2013 I with List \u2013 II:\n\nList \u2013 I \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List \u2013 II\n\na. Crude death rate \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i. Based on total population\n\nb. General Fertility rate \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii. Based on per thousand live births\n\nc. Infant mortality rate \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii. Based on female population of the reproductive age groups\n\nd. Gross Reproductive Rate \u00a0 iv. Based on female births\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii\n\n(D) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n10. The PNDT Act was enacted to stop\n\n(A) Legal Abortion\n\n(B) Sex Selective Abortion\n\n(C) Abortion Care to Unwed Mother\n\n(D) Abortion Care to Rape Victims\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n11. Maximum life-time male migrants in India are observed in which of the following streams?\n\n(A) Rural to Rural\n\n(B) Rural to Urban\n\n(C) Urban to Urban\n\n(D) Urban to Rural\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n12. Percentage of life time female migrants in the total female population of India is around:\n\n(A) 45 percent\n\n(B) 35 percent\n\n(C) 30 percent\n\n(D) 25 percent\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n13. The maximum proportion of female headed households is found among:\n\n(A) Christians\n\n(B) Hindus\n\n(C) Muslims\n\n(D) Sikhs\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n14. Match the following List \u2013 I with List \u2013 II:\n\nList \u2013 I\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List \u2013 II\n\n(Authors) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Contributions)\n\na. L\u00f6sch\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i. Land-use Theory\n\nb. Todaro \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii. Concentric-Zone Theory\n\nc. Burgess \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii. Migration Theory\n\nd. Von Thun\u00ebn \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv. Central Place Theory\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i\n\n(D) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n15. Rural-urban fringe is a\n\n(A) A functional zone around a city\n\n(B) An administrative unit on the fringe of a city\n\n(C) A commercial and industrial hub-buh of a city\n\n(D) Green-belt surrounding the city\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n16. In Christaller\u2019s model of central places, K-3 stands for\n\n(A) Market-cum-Administrative Principle\n\n(B) Transport Principle\n\n(C) Market Principle\n\n(D) Administrative Principle\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n17. In Christaller\u2019s Central Place Theory, which one of the following alphabets represents the largest boundary of the region?\n\n(A) A\n\n(B) B\n\n(C) G\n\n(D) K\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n18. Rank-size Rule was originally put forward by\n\n(A) Felix Auerbach (1913)\n\n(B) C.W. Burgess (1925)\n\n(C) Walther Christaller (1933)\n\n(D) OHK Spate (1948)\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n19. Package of ante-natal services for a pregnant woman in Indian family welfare programme includes the following services:\n\n(i) First check-up in first 12 weeks\n\n(ii) At least three AN checkups during pregnancy\n\n(iii) Consumption of at least 90 IFAs\n\n(iv) At least one TT Full ante-natal coverage of a pregnant woman will mean the following:\n\n(A) (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv)\n\n(B) (ii) + (iii) + (iv)\n\n(C) (i) + (ii) + (iii)\n\n(D) (ii) + (iv)\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n20. According to the Sample Registration System in India, the level of infant mortality rate in India is close to the following figures:\n\n(A) 50\n\n(B) 45\n\n(C) 30\n\n(D) 48\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n21. The Sample Registration System does not provide data on\n\n(A) Population composition by broad age groups.\n\n(B) Sex and marital status\n\n(C) Fertility and Mortality levels for India and bigger States separately for rural and urban areas.\n\n(D) Couples currently and effectively protected in India by various methods.\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n22. Which among the following year Government of India conceived the Annual Health Survey?www.netugc.com\n\n(A) 2004\n\n(B) 2005\n\n(C) 2006\n\n(D) 2007\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n23. Assertion (A): There are many environmental issues in India namely air pollution, water pollution, garbage disposal and high rate of growth of the country\u2019s population.\n\nReason (R): Economic development and high rate of growth of the population is causing environmental issues.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n24. Who among the following proposed Wealth Flow Theory in the area of fertility?\n\n(A) Malthus\n\n(B) Caldwell\n\n(C) Ravenstein\n\n(D) Chandrasekharan\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n25. We use the method of age standardization of fertility to\n\n(A) Exclude effect of age distribution in measuring fertility\n\n(B) Exclude effect of differences in fertility\n\n(C) Compare fertility in two population groups\n\n(D) Compare age distribution in two populations\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n26. Who among the following has written the book \u2018Population Bomb\u2019?\n\n(A) Notestein\n\n(B) Keyfitz\n\n(C) Paul Ehrlich\n\n(D) Becker\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n27. High Density of Settlements occurs in the\n\n(A) Equatorial Region\n\n(B) Tropical Region\n\n(C) Temperate Region\n\n(D) Mediterranean Region\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n28. A metropolitan city in India is a city with a minimum population of\n\n(A) One lakh\n\n(B) Ten lakhs\n\n(C) One crore\n\n(D) Ten crores\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n29. The structure of a settlement at a given point of time, is a function of\n\n(A) Forces of concentration\n\n(B) Forces of dispersion\n\n(C) Forces of nucleation\n\n(D) All the above\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n30. Central Place Theory is based on the principle of\n\n(A) Uniformity\n\n(B) Homogeneity\n\n(C) Diversity\n\n(D) Collectivity\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n31. A Central Place Region is a\n\n(A) Formal region\n\n(B) Functional Region\n\n(C) Administrative Region\n\n(D) Corporate Region\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n32. Arrange the following States by their current level of natural growth rate, from high to low.\n\ni. Uttar Pradesh\n\nii. Bihar\n\niii. Madhya Pradesh\n\niv. Rajasthan\n\n\n(A) ii i iii iv\n\n(B) i ii iv iii\n\n(C) ii i iv iii\n\n(D) iii i ii iv\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n33. Think of different columns of life tables like lx, nqx, nLx and TX. Survival ratio at age 15 to age 45 is computed as\n\n(A) L45 / L15\n\n(B) l45 / l15\n\n(C) L45 / l15\n\n(D) None of the above\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n34. Some important National/ International days are shown in List \u2013 I and their dates in List \u2013 II. Match the days with their dates:\n\nList \u2013 I \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List \u2013 II\n\na. World Health Day\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i. April 7\n\nb. World Breast- Feeding Day \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii. August 1\n\nc. World Heart Day \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii. December 1\n\nd. World AIDS Day \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv. September 29\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(D) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n35. In India, sources of data for computation of TFR could be\n\nI. Census\n\nII. Sample Registration System\n\nIII. National Sample Surveys\n\nIV. Periodic Sample Surveys\n\nCode the combination of sources which are correct for India.\n\n\n(A) I, IV\n\n(B) II, IV\n\n\n(D) I, II\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n36. Arrange the following indicators according to their refinement level, from least to the most refined:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n37. What is \u2018Kyoto Protocol\u2019?\n\n(A) International Agreement for Emission Education in the Convention on Climate Change.\n\n(B) A city with this name in Japan.\n\n(C) International Convention on urbanisation.\n\n(D) Most urbanised city in Asia.\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n38. Rank, from higher to lower, the following North-Eastern States by their literacy level in 2011.\n\ni. Meghalaya\n\nii. Nagaland\n\niii. Assam\n\niv. Mizoram\n\n\n(A) iv ii i iii\n\n(B) iii ii iv i\n\n(C) iii iv ii i\n\n(D) iv ii iii i\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n39. Rank the following Union Territories in ascending order by population density in 2011 Census:\n\na. NCT of Delhi\n\nb. Dadra and Nagar Haveli\n\nc. Chandigarh\n\nd. Andaman and Nicobar Islands\n\n\n(A) c b a d\n\n(B) b c a d\n\n(C) d b c a\n\n(D) a c b d\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n40. DOTS is a national program to address\n\n(A) Malaria\n\n(B) Filaria\n\n(C) Tuberculosis\n\n(D) Japanese Encephalitis\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n41. Arrange in ascending order the causes of maternal mortality in India.\n\ni. Hypertensive disorders\n\nii. Sepsis\n\niii. Haemorrhage\n\niv. Abortion\n\n\n(A) iv i ii iii\n\n(B) iii ii i iv\n\n(C) ii i iii iv\n\n(D) iv iii ii i\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n42. As per 2011 Census, effective literacy rate in India is about\n\n(A) 70 percent\n\n(B) 80 percent\n\n(C) 65 percent\n\n(D) 50 percent\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n43. Which is the most literate district in India?\n\n(A) Sherchip (Mizoram)\n\n(B) Ernakulam (Kerala)\n\n(C) Pune (Maharashtra)\n\n(D) Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n44. Which is not a part of the goals of National Population Policy 2000?\n\n(A) Improve education level\n\n(B) Improve age of marriage\n\n(C) Address unmet needs of family planning methods\n\n(D) Improve the economic status\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n45. Match the following national programmes with their objectives:www.netugc.com\n\nList \u2013 I \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List \u2013 II\n\na. Kishori Swasthya Yojana\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i. Employment\n\nb. Janani Suraksha Yojana \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii. Adolescent girls\u2019 health\n\nc. Integrated Child Development Scheme \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii. Maternal Health\n\nd. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv. Children below 5 years\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii\n\n(D) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n46. Which of the following is the primary component of Janai Shishu Suraksha Yojana?\n\n(A) Early Registration\n\n(B) Institutional Birth\n\n(C) Post Delivery Care\n\n(D) All the Above\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n47. Which among the following States has the lowest maternal mortality ratio?\n\n(A) Kerala\n\n(B) Karnataka\n\n(C) Goa\n\n(D) Maharashtra\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n48. Which among the North-Eastern States of India has the highest fertility?\n\n(A) Meghalaya\n\n(B) Nagaland\n\n(C) Assam\n\n(D) Mizoram\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n49. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in\n\n(A) 2001\n\n(B) 2003\n\n(C) 2005\n\n(D) 2007\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n50. According to 2011 Census, which of the following is the most urbanised State in India?\n\n(A) Maharashtra\n\n(B) Karnataka\n\n(C) Goa\n\n(D) Andhra Pradesh\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n51. \u2018Health for All\u2019 Declaration was signed in which city?\n\n(A) Helsinki\n\n(B) Rio de Janeiro\n\n(C) Alma Ata\n\n(D) Beijing\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n52. The last international convention on climate change was held in\n\n(A) London\n\n(B) Copenhagen\n\n(C) Oslo\n\n(D) Tokyo\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n53. Which of the following is not related to the study of fertility?\n\n(A) Fecundity\n\n(B) Birth Spacing\n\n(C) Reproductive health\n\n(D) Child immunization\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n54. Arrange the following cities in ascending order of their population size:\n\n(a) Indore\n\n(b) Bengaluru\n\n(c) Darjeeling\n\n(d) Srinagar\n\n\n(A) Srinagar, Bengaluru, Darjeeling, Indore\n\n(B) Bengaluru, Indore, Darjeeling, Srinagar\n\n(C) Srinagar, Darjeeling, Indore, Bengaluru\n\n(D) Indore, Srinagar, Darjeeling, Bengaluru\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n55. Rank the following States, high to low, by percentage of population in ages 0 \u2013 6 in 2011 Census:\n\ni. Tamil Nadu\n\nii. Kerala\n\niii. Andhra Pradesh\n\niv. Karnataka\n\n\n(A) iii iv i ii\n\n(B) iv iii i ii\n\n(C) iv iii ii i\n\n(D) iii iv ii i\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n56. Match the States (List \u2013 I) by rank in population size (List \u2013 II):\n\nList \u2013 I \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List \u2013 II\n\na. West Bengal \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i. 1\n\nb. Madhya Pradesh \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii. 2\n\nc. Andhra Pradesh \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii. 3\n\nd. Rajasthan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv. 4\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(D) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n57. Which of the following is not a goal of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)?\n\n(A) Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR).\n\n(B) Universal access to public health services\n\n(C) Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases\n\n(D) Employment guarantee\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n58. Arrange the following States by their sex ratio in 2011 Census, high to low (sex ratio is defined females per 1000 males):\n\n(a) Uttar Pradesh\n\n(b) Bihar\n\n(c) Rajasthan\n\n(d) Madhya Pradesh\n\n\n(A) (a) (b) (c) (d)\n\n(B) (d) (c) (b) (a)\n\n(C) (d) (b) (a) (c)\n\n(D) (a) (b) (d) (c)\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n59. Arrange the following North-Eastern States by their sex ratio (females per 1000 males) in 2011 Census, high to low:\n\n(a) Sikkim\n\n(b) Arunachal Pradesh\n\n(c) Nagaland\n\n(d) Manipur\n\n\n\n\n(C) (a) (d) (c) (b)\n\n(D) (b) (a) (c) (d)\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n60. Which of the following types of errors were evaluated in the Post Enumeration Survey (PES) of 2011 Census?\n\ni. Omission\n\nii. Duplication\n\niii. Content of all items in the Census Schedule\n\niv. Content of some items in the Census Schedule\n\n\n(A) i ii iii\n\n(B) i ii iv\n\n(C) i ii\n\n(D) iv\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n61. Which of the following is not an element of Intermediate variables in fertility analysis?\n\n(A) Breast feeding\n\n(B) Open birth interval\n\n(C) Contraception\n\n(D) Age of marriage\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n62. Rank, from higher to lower, the following four States of India according to their literacy rate in 2011:\n\ni. Uttar Pradesh\n\nii. Bihar\n\niii. Rajasthan\n\niv. Madhya Pradesh\n\n\n(A) i iv iii ii\n\n(B) iv i iii ii\n\n(C) ii i iv iii\n\n(D) iv iii ii i\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n63. What is the correct number of questions in the household schedule (for population enumeration) used in 2011 Census?\n\n(A) 35\n\n(B) 21\n\n(C) 29\n\n(D) 26\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n64. National Health Policy was adopted in India in which of the following years?\n\n(A) 1963\n\n(B) 1973\n\n(C) 1983\n\n(D) 1993\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n65. When was the National Forest Policy formulated for the first time in the independent India?\n\n(A) 1952\n\n(B) 1961\n\n(C) 1971\n\n(D) 2002\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n66. NACO is an organisation which deals with which of the following health concerns?\n\n\n(B) Kala Azar\n\n(C) Pneumonia\n\n(D) Typhoid\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n67. Which of the following services are not provided by the Anganwadi Centres?\n\n(A) Immunisation and health check-ups\n\n(B) Treatment of minor illnesses and referral\n\n(C) Growth monitoring and supplementary feeding\n\n(D) Water and sanitation\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n68. As per the norms for the health facilities in India, what population size should be served by a Primary Health Centre (PHC) in hilly and tribal areas?\n\n(A) 20,000\n\n(B) 50,000\n\n(C) 1,00,000\n\n(D) 10,000\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n69. Assertion (A): There is a decline in the number of families living below the poverty line in India since the last two decades.\n\nReason (R): Per Capita Income in India has increased during the last two decades.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnswer: (A)\n\n\n70. Assertion (A): Human loss and damage to property due to flash floods has become common in the Himalayan belt.\n\nReason (R): Global warming has led to environmental change.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnswer: (B)www.netugc.com\n\n\n71. Nodal agency for Annual Health Survey (AHS) in India is\n\n(A) International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)\n\n(B) Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India\n\n(C) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare\n\n(D) Indian Council of Medical Research\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n72. Which of the following deaths are included in computation of neo-natal mortality rate?\n\n(A) Foetal deaths after 28 weeks\n\n(B) Deaths in the first week after birth\n\n(C) Deaths in the first month after birth\n\n(D) Deaths in the one to eleven months after birth\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n\n73. Arrange the following stages in order of their occurrence:\n\ni. Foetus\n\nii. Neonate\n\niii. Embryo\n\niv. Post neonate\n\n\na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\n\n(A) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i\n\n(B) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(C) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv\n\n(D)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ii \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 iii\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n\n74. Which of the following is not an institutional mechanism of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)?\n\n(A) Village Health and Sanitation Committee\n\n(B) Rogi Kalyan Samiti\n\n(C) State Health Mission\n\n(D) Mahila Mandal\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n\n75. Assertion (A): Earth can support infinite time of its current population.\n\nReason (R): Over exploitation of natural ecosystem is the reason for the current natural disasters.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnswer: (B)
+__label__positive Lesson 12: The Corrections System\n\nTopic 2: Youth and Adult Custody Before Trial\n\nPrior to a trial a youth or adult accused may be released or held in custody.\n\nUpon arrest, the accused may be given an Appearance Notice if the offence is not very serious. If the accused is taken into custody s/he may be released on signing a Promise to Appear.\n\nIf the offence is very serious then the police may decide to hold the accused in custody. The accused must appear in court within 24 hours of the arrest. At this time, the judge or the justice of the peace will decide whether to release the accused back into the community or to have the accused remain in custody until the trial. This decision is based on three factors:\n\n  \u2022 That the accused will attend the next court date\n  \u2022 That society is protected\n  \u2022 That the accused is protected if s/he is in a suicidal state\n\nIf the judge decides not to release the accused than the accused with be remanded into custody. If the accused is a youth, s/he will be sent to a youth detention centre awaiting the disposition of his/her case. An adult accused would be remanded to a pre-trial centre awaiting the disposition of his/her case. Time served prior to conviction receives two for one credit and is subtracted from the length of the sentence.\n\nIf the accused is released then financial conditions in the form of money or property may have to be posted (provided) as a condition of release. This is called bail with conditions attached and the purpose is to ensure the appearance of the accused in court. A warrant may be issued for the arrest of the accused if the accused fails to appear. The bail conditions would be enforced and the surety, or money posted, would be forfeited.
+__label__positive Simply Psychology Logo\n\nSynapse Definition and Function\n\nHow Neurons Communicate With Each Other\n\nBy Olivia Guy-Evans, published Feb 21, 2021\n\nKey Points\n\n  \u2022 A synapse is the small gap between two neurons, where nerve impulses are relayed by a neurotransmitter from the axon of a presynaptic (sending) neuron to the dendrite of a postsynaptic (receiving) neuron. It is referred to as the synaptic cleft or synaptic gap.\n  \u2022 These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft (the gap between the pre and post-synaptic neurons) and bind to specialized receptor sites on the post-synaptic neuron.\n  \u2022 If the neurotransmitter is excitatory (eg. noradrenaline) then the post-synaptic neuron is more likely to fire an impulse. If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory (eg. serotonin) then the post-synaptic neuron is less likely to fire an impulse.\n  \u2022 The excitatory and inhibitory influences are summed to determine whether/how frequently the neuron will fire (summation). At the dendrites, the chemical message is converted back into an electrical impulse and the process of transmission occurs again.\n\nWhat is a Synapse?\n\nNeurons do not touch each other, but where the neuron does come close to another neuron, a synapse is formed between the two.\n\nAt a synapse the presynaptic (sending) neuron causes the transmission of a signal to the postsynaptic (receiving) neuron\n\nNeurons essentially communicate with each other through synapses. When signals have traveled through neurons to the endpoint, they cannot simply continue onto the next neuron.\n\nIt must trigger the release of neurotransmitters which then carry the signals across the synapse in order to reach the next neuron. Terminal buttons belong to the presynaptic endings of the neuron and have vessels containing neurotransmitters. These are responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons.\n\nWhen a nerve impulse has triggered the release of these neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons, these chemicals are then released into the synaptic cleft and are then taken up by receptors on the next cell.\n\nThe neuron that then receives the neurotransmitters is the postsynaptic neuron. Neurons receive messages from many terminal buttons and in turn, terminal buttons form synapses with many other neurons.\n\nA synapse is a combination of:\n\n  \u2022 Presynaptic endings \u2013 which contain the neurotransmitters (chemical messengers).\n  \u2022 Synaptic clefts \u2013 which is the gap between the two neurons.\n  \u2022 Postsynaptic endings \u2013 which contains the sites for receptors (molecules which receives signals for a cell).\n\nStructure of a Synapse: Presynaptic Endings, Synaptic Cleft, and Postsynaptic Endings\n\nSynapses also have the ability to communicate a change in the message being passed on. Postsynaptic neurons can also send communications back to the presynaptic neurons telling them to change how often or much a neurotransmitter is released. Due to this, we can say that the synapses are able to communicate bi-directionally.\n\nElectrical or Chemical Synaptic Transmission?\n\nSynapses can be either chemical or electrical and are essential to the functioning of neural activity. Neuroscientists understand that synapses play a vital role in a variety of cognitive functions, including learning and memory formation.\n\nChemical Synapses Electrical Synapses\nGap between cells is about 20 nanometres Gap between cells is about 3.5 nanometres\nSpeed of transmission is several milliseconds Speed of transmission is nearly instantaneous\nCan be excitatory or inhibitory Excitatory only\nNo loss of signal strength Signal strength diminishes over time\n\nChemical Synapses Transmission\n\nThe most commonly found synapses in humans are chemical synapses. This occurs due to electrical activity in the presynaptic neurons triggering the release of neurotransmitters.\n\nThe neurotransmitters disperse across the synaptic cleft to then bind themselves to specialized receptors of postsynaptic neurons. Once this occurs, the neurotransmitters then either excites or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron. Exciting the postsynaptic neuron leads to a firing of action potential (electrical impulses), whereas inhibiting the postsynaptic neuron prevents the transmission of a signal.\n\nProcess of Chemical Synaptic Transmission\n\nInside the presynaptic neuron are synaptic vesicles, which are covered in membrane and contain neurotransmitters. When an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal, it activates voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca\u00b2 +) in the neuron\u2019s membrane. Ca\u00b2 + are highly concentrated on the outside of the neuron and will rush into the neuron when activated.\n\nThe Ca\u00b2 + permits the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic terminal\u2019s membrane, enabling it to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.\n\nThe transmitter molecules then will diffuse across the synaptic cleft and will bind to the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron. When these receptors are activated, this leads to either the opening or closing of ion channels, which are membrane proteins that provide a passageway through which charged ions can cross.\n\nDepending on the ions involved, this may either be depolarising- making the inside of the cell more positive, or depolarising- which makes the inside of the cell more negative.\n\nElectrical Synapses Transmission\n\nElectrical synapses are different from chemical synapses as there is a direct physical connection between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neuron. This connection takes the form of something called a gap junction, which is essentially a channel which allows ions to flow directly from the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell.\n\nGap junctions contain paired channels in the membranes of the pre and postsynaptic neurons, forming pores. These pores are larger than those of the voltage-gated ion channels in chemical synapses, meaning that a variety of substances can diffuse between the neurons.\n\nProcess of Electrical Synaptic Transmission\n\nElectrical synapses transmit signals much quicker than chemical synapses, almost instantaneously, compared with chemical synapses taking several milliseconds.\n\nDespite being a lot faster to transmit signals, electrical synapses\u2019 signal strength is diminished over time, whereas chemical synapses do not lose their signal strength. Also, whilst chemical synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory, electrical synapses can only be excitatory.\n\nExcitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials\n\n  \u2022 The effect of the presynaptic neuron on the postsynaptic neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory.\n  \u2022 Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from a synaptic vesicle into the synapse by neurons.\n  \u2022 Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of the neuron firing. They are generally responsible for calming the mind and inducing sleep. This is the case for serotonin.\n  \u2022 Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that an excitatory signal is sent to the post-synaptic cell. Adrenalin is which is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone has an excitatory effect.\n\nChemicals released from the presynaptic neuron may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, telling it to release neurotransmitters or to slow down or stop signaling.\n\nWhen the axon fires and the terminal buttons release a neurotransmitter that excites the postsynaptic neuron, this is excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). This effect of excitation makes it more likely that the axons of the postsynaptic neuron will also fire.\n\nThe inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) has the opposite effect. Inhibition is caused by inhibitory neurotransmitters. When the neurotransmitter binds with the post-synaptic receptor, it results in a IPSP and the cell is less likely to fire.\n\nThe rate at which the axon fires is determined by the activity of the synapses on the dendrites and soma of the neuron. If the excitatory synapses are more active then the axons fire at a high rate, compared to firing at a low rate, or not at all when inhibitory synapses are active.\n\nAn EPSP is depolarising, meaning it makes the inside of the neuron more positive, which causes more action potential. IPSPs however, bring the potential down, meaning it will be less likely to cause action potential and can cancel out the excitatory effect of the EPSPs.\n\nSpatial and Temporal Summation\n\nSummation is the process that determines whether/how frequently the neuron will fire by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs (spatial summation), and from repeated inputs (temporal summation).\n\nEPSPs and IPSPs interact with each other when a postsynaptic neuron combines (or summates) all the excitatory and inhibitory signals it receives and then makes a decision as to whether to fire an action potential. There are two types of summation that can occur at this stage:\n\n  \u2022 Spatial summation \u2013 this happens when all the postsynaptic potentials occur in different locations but at about the same time.\n  \u2022 Temporal summation \u2013 this happens when all the postsynaptic potentials occur in the same place but at slightly different times.\n\nFor example, if there are two single excitatory signals (EPSPs) that arrive at the postsynaptic neuron from two different dendrites, they cannot reach the threshold for action potential on their own. However, they can sum up together to reach the threshold and cause an action potential of the postsynaptic neuron.\n\nIf an inhibitory signal (IPSP) also enters through another dendrite, this can counteract the two EPSPs and could prevent the neuron from firing action potential. This is an instance of spatial summation.\n\nIf the same two EPSPs arrive from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron, but at slightly different times, they can still cause an action potential to fire. This is because postsynaptic potentials are not instantaneous, and they can survive in a neuron for a while before dissipating.\n\nTherefore, if one EPSP arrives first and has not dissipated yet, when the second EPSP arrives, they can then reach the threshold for action potential. This is an instance of temporal summation.\n\nReuptake of Neurotransmitters\n\nFor a synapse to function effectively, they must be shut off once the signal is sent. This signal termination allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to its resting potential state, ready for new signals. When neurotransmitters get released into the synaptic cleft, not all of them are able to attach to the receptors of the next neuron.\n\nThe synaptic cleft must be cleared of all neurotransmitters at signal termination, which can be done by either being broken down by enzymes, diffused away, or re-uptake occurs.\n\nRe-uptake is when neurotransmitters get reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron from which they came from. Transporter proteins from the presynaptic membrane remove the neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, carrying the neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic neuron. The neurotransmitter then either gets re-packaged into the synaptic vesicles and stored until it is next needed again, or they are broken down by enzymes.\n\nSerotonin is a type of neurotransmitter which is associated with a variety of psychological and bodily functions such as mood, sexual desire, appetite, sleep and memory. If there are imbalances in the way serotonin is transmitted between neurons, through too much reuptake of this neurotransmitter, then this has implications for contributing to mood disorders, specifically depression.\n\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of medication, also known as antidepressants, which work in a way to increase the amount of serotonin being transmitted between cells. SSRIs essentially aid in blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell, meaning there is more serotonin in the synaptic cleft.\n\nIf there is more serotonin in the synaptic cleft, it is more likely that serotonin will reach the receptors of the postsynaptic cell. As SSRIs allow more serotonin to pass along between neurons, they have been shown to alleviate mood disorders, making them a common therapy for depression.\n\nSynaptic Plasticity\n\nPlasticity refers to how much something can be changed or adapted through growth and reorganization. It was once believed that once synapses were formed, they remain the same forever, never changing.\n\nHowever, it is now understood that activity, or lack of activity, can affect the strength of synapses, or even change the number and structure of synapses in the brain. Therefore, the more the synapses are used, the stronger they can become and the more influence they can have over postsynaptic neurons.\n\nLikewise, not fully using synapses can weaken them and can have a detrimental impact over the long-term.\n\nAbout the Author\n\nOlivia Guy-Evans obtained her undergraduate degree in Educational Psychology at Edge Hill University in 2015. She then received her master\u2019s degree in Psychology of Education from the University of Bristol in 2019. Olivia has been working as a support worker for adults with learning disabilities in Bristol for the last four years.\n\nHow to reference this article:\n\nGuy-Evans, O. (2021, Feb 21). Synapse definition and function. Simply Psychology.\n\nPrint Friendly and PDF\n\nHome | About Us | Privacy Policy | Advertise | Contact Us\n\n\nCompany Registration no: 10521846
+__label__positive 1001 Questions and Answers on Orthography and Reading eBook\n\nThis eBook from the Gutenberg Project consists of approximately 91\u00a0pages of information about 1001 Questions and Answers on Orthography and Reading.\n\n\u00a0\u00a031. When is Z silent?\n\u00a0\u00a0In one word only\u2014\u00adRendezvous.\n\n\u00a0\u00a032. What letters are never silent?\n\u00a0\u00a0F, J, Q, and R.\n\n\u00a0\u00a033. What is meant by Antecedent part of a syllable?\n\u00a0\u00a0That part before the vowel.\n\n\u00a0\u00a034. What is the Consequent part of a syllable?\n\u00a0\u00a0That part which follows the vowel.\n\n\u00a0\u00a035. How many words end in Ceed?\n\n\u00a0\u00a036. What are they?\n\u00a0\u00a0Exceed, proceed, and succeed.\n\n\u00a0\u00a037. How many of the English words are derived from the Latin?\n\u00a0\u00a0About, three-fourths.\n\n\u00a0\u00a038. What Language is called \u201cOur mother tongue?\"\n\n\u00a0\u00a039. From what language do we get most of our Scientific terms?\n\u00a0\u00a0The Greek.\n\n\u00a0\u00a040. How many English words begin with IN as a prefix?\n\u00a0\u00a0Two hundred and fifty.\n\n\u00a0\u00a041. How many begin with im?\n\n\u00a0\u00a042. How many begin with un?\n\u00a0\u00a0About two thousand.\n\n\u00a0\u00a043. Were final E not silent, what would be the result?\n\u00a0\u00a0Another syllable would be formed.\n\n\u00a0\u00a044. When is final E dropped in spelling?\n\u00a0\u00a0Before vowel terminations mostly.\n\n\u00a0\u00a045. Why is the final E retained in such words as changeable and\n\n\u00a0\u00a0To preserve the soft sound of the c or g.\n\n\u00a0\u00a046. In the words fleeing, seeing, etc., why retain both Es?\n\u00a0\u00a0To determine the proper meaning of the word.\n\n\u00a0\u00a047 What is a Figure of orthography?\n\u00a0\u00a0Any departure from the ordinary spelling of a word.\n\n\u00a0\u00a048. How many Figures are there?\n\n\u00a0\u00a049 What are they?\n\u00a0\u00a0Archaism and Mimesis.\n\n\u00a0\u00a050. What is Archaism?\n\u00a0\u00a0The spelling of a word according to ancient usage.\n\n\u00a0\u00a051. What is Mimesis?\n\u00a0\u00a0The spelling of a word in imitation of a false pronunciation.\n\n\u00a0\u00a052. When is i used as a consonant?\n\u00a0\u00a0When followed by a vowel in the same syllable; as in alien, etc.\n\n\u00a0\u00a053. When is y final changed to e?\n\u00a0\u00a0Before the suffix ous; as in beauteous.\n\n\u00a0\u00a054. When is y final changed to i?\n\u00a0\u00a0Before the suffix ful; as in beautiful.\n\n\u00a0\u00a055. What is a Redundant prefix?\n\u00a0\u00a0One that does not change the signification of the root; as, a in\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the word adry.\n\n\u00a0\u00a056. When is ie changed to y?\n\u00a0\u00a0Before the ending ing.\n\n\u00a0\u00a057. When use the digraph ei in spelling?\n\u00a0\u00a0Ei follows c soft, and begins words.\n\n\u00a0\u00a058. When use ie in spelling?\n\u00a0\u00a0Ie follows consonants (except c soft), and ends words.\n\n\u00a0\u00a059. In changing the word hoe to hoeing, why retain the e?\n\u00a0\u00a0To preserve its signification.\n\n\u00a0\u00a060. What is the origin of the suffix less?\n\nProject Gutenberg\n1001 Questions and Answers on Orthography and Reading from Project Gutenberg. Public domain.\nFollow Us on Facebook
+__label__positive Units in Particle Physics or: \"What GeVs?\"\n\n\nRead a little about particle physics, and soon you'll see some units that aren't quite MKS . . . or cgs either. These odd units are all based on the electron-volt (eV) which itself comes from the simple insight that a single electron accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt will have a discreet amount of energy, 1 eV = (1.609 x 10-19 C)(1 J/C) = 1.609 x 10-19 J. Take a look:\nTo make matters more complicated, we can make multiples of 1 eV:\n1 keV = 103 eV 1 MeV = 106 eV 1 GeV = 109 eV and 1 TeV = 1012 eV\n(hence the Tevatron)\nIt gets better, though. Energy units have dimensions of (mass)(length)2/(time)2. Divide that by the dimensions of velocity, (length)/(time). What do you get?\n\nThat's right, (mass)(length)/(time) which are the dimensions of momentum. Physicists take advantage of this to divide energy in, say MeV, by a fundamental constant that has units of velocity, namely the speed of light c to get useful units of momentum: MeV/c. Anytime we divide energy units by c we get momentum: eV/c, keV/c, MeV/c, GeV/c and even TeV/c. To convert these to MKS, use the table below.\n\nWhat happens if we divide by c again? Then we divide (length)/(time) out of our momentum dimensions, leaving only (mass). That's right, physicists make mass units out of eV/c2, keV/c2, MeV/c2, GeV/c2 and, yes, TeV/c2.\n\nHmmm, mass units equal energy units divided by c2, or m = E/c2. Isn't that E = mc2?\n\nOf course, you know that in any language endings get dropped. Going to becomes gonna, buenos dias becomes buen' dia, and ankopan desu is rendered anpan des'. Well, physicists do the same thing, so they will often refer to the energy of a particle in MeV, its momentum in MeV, and its mass in MeV. They should say MeV, MeV/c, and MeV/c2, respectively, but they are only human.\n\nSo when someone tells you the mass of the electron is 0.511 MeV, don't panic. Just place a mental over c2 in the statement and all will be well.\n\nTable of Conversions to MKS\n\n1 eV = 1.609 x 10-19 J 1 eV/c = 5.36 x 10-28 kg-m/s 1 eV/c2 = 1.79 x 10-36 kg\n1 keV = 1.609 x 10-16 J 1 keV/c = 5.36 x 10-25 kg-m/s 1 keV/c2 = 1.79 x 10-33 kg\n1 MeV = 1.609 x 10-13 J 1 MeV/c = 5.36 x 10-22 kg-m/s 1 MeV/c2 = 1.79 x 10-30 kg\n1 GeV = 1.609 x 10-10 J 1 GeV/c = 5.36 x 10-19 kg-m/s 1 GeV/c2 = 1.79 x 10-27 kg\n1 TeV = 1.609 x 10-7 J 1 TeV/c = 5.36 x 10-16 kg-m/s 1 TeV/c2 = 1.79 x 10-24 kg
+__label__positive 163532-165461 subjects 163999-168571\n\n^ Rubygems, FreeBSD, Nitro not all playing together nicely\n163759 [criglerj ear] I installed Rails to tinker with on my FreeBSD 4 box.  Because of\n+ 163760 [james_b neur] I think there are a few issues with the current version (0.24.0) of\n+ 163771 [Ara.T.Howard] the fact that this works, but the above does not, means that the stub has been\n\n^ YACC (Was: Re: ruby-dev summary 27393-27541)\n163762 [mental rydia] Seconded.  I really don't think letting yacc dictate the shape of\n+ 163767 [daniel.schie] Best. Idea. Ever.\n| 163785 [leavengood g] I tend to agree, but this begs the question: since this idea is fairly\n| 163788 [tanner.burso] I think your last comment sums up most people. There are very few people\n| 163846 [kevin.jackso] RubyQuiz idea, translate the grammar for a portion of Ruby (I don't\n+ 163903 [chneukirchen] Full ack.\n  + 163915 [nobu.nokada ] Exactly.  It's a headache.\n  | 163926 [eric.mahurin] Too much inheritance from perl :( heredocs are the worst of all.\n  | + 163979 [mental rydia] If you can reduce it that far, you don't need lexer state, just\n  | + 164184 [dooby d10.ka] A-m-e-n.\n  |   164189 [eric.mahurin] BTW, in my grammar project, I do think of parsing as sequences of\n  + 163977 [mental rydia] Well, you could, it would just be prohibitively verbose (well,\n  | 163987 [chneukirchen] In this case, it may make sense not to use EBNF but some kind of\n  + 164068 [vikkous gmai] This is true, but it shouldn't be an obstacle to doing a parser. There\n\n^ [rails] dispatch.fcgi do not exiting ..\n163766 [mj-usunto tk] Helo Group.\n163777 [jamis 37sign] This is now fixed in edge rails. TERM will always immediately exit.\n\n^ O'Reilly Ruby Blog - Bloggers Wanted\n163773 [steve.mallet] O'Reilly is looking for some Ruby devotees to help man a new group\n\n^ Update problems with rubygems 0.8.11\n163781 [lars.broecke] I recently tried updating rubygems on my linux machine from 0.8.10 to\n163791 [caleb aei-te] There's a Gentoo bug report about this.  Are you using Gentoo?\n163874 [Lars.Broecke] yeah, that one is from me. I thought asking the question in front of a\n\n^ lazy evaluation in Ruby (Was: Re: Anonymous methods, blocks etc.)\n163810 [mental rydia] Hmm, I'm not really convinced they're useful in that respect -- it\n\n^ Hardening http POST uploads\n163812 [crf sbox.tu-] Shipping Webrick with Ruby as default offers a nice and easy way to\n\n^ Compiled version of Ruby\n163818 [web2ed gmail] I know this has been discussed before but I would like to know if\n+ 163819 [greg.kujawa ] Have you checked out YARV? See http://www.atdot.net/yarv/ for details...\n+ 163820 [james graypr] I know this isn't exactly what you asked for, but if you just need a\n+ 163823 [blargity gma] Ruby 2.0 will be byte compiled.  Take a look at YARV.\n| + 163879 [surrender_it] notice that is planned for yarv to even support translation to C, and\n| | 163965 [web2ed gmail] \"notice that is planned for yarv to even support translation to C, and\n| | 163991 [langstefan g] I wouldn't be to euphoric. I don't think it will be ever possible\n| | 164025 [surrender_it] yes, AFAIK, the ruby->c translation just spits out a C library that you\n| + 164173 [deanwampler ] Bruce Tate in his book \"Beyond Java\" argues that Ruby would benefit a\n|   164286 [surrender_it] I think that there asre still issues for a ruby interpreter running on\n+ 163824 [mental rydia] It's not a \"real compiler\", but it bundles up everything into a\n+ 163989 [drbrain segm] ZenObfuscator can compile a Ruby program to C.\n+ 164076 [drosihn gmai] You might want to check out the 'ruby2c' project.  It is still in beta-land,\n\n^ [ADV] Beta book: Enterprise Integration with Ruby\n163825 [dave pragpro] Forgive the commercial, but I suspect this will be of interest...\n\n^ soap + wsdl troubles\n163829 [kero chello.] When using wsdl and soap, I fail to get the contents of a second item\n163833 [kevin kbedel] One important difference is that the SOAP packets in the two examples are using\n163838 [kero chello.] Am I looking at different defaults (yuck) or is the wsdl setting this?\n163849 [kevin kbedel] The server you are attempting to call determines it. THe server\n163954 [kero chello.] ok\n163959 [kevin kbedel] Congratulations on solving your problem!\n\n^ Re: [[OT] Ruby vs REBOL\n163839 [snowzone5 ho] i think rebol has quirky syntax. you can't pick it up as quickly as\n\n^ Windows TempFile permission denied\n163841 [robert.evans] I looked for an answer to this problem, but couldn't find one.\n\n^ Mac ftp.list problem\n163843 [sbowman loca] Trying to call the Net::FTP list command, e.g. ftp.list(), on my Mac\n163848 [Ara.T.Howard] ftp.passive = true\n163850 [sbowman loca] Beer's on me next time you're in Denver.  Worked perfectly.\n\n^ pdf::writer - can it concatenate existing PDF files\n163851 [itsme213 hot] Sorry to ask here, I could not figure it out from Google chasing.\n163936 [halostatue g] No. Sometime next year.\n\n^ NTLM Authentication...\n163853 [fernand dim.] I am working on a rails app and I need to provide\n163855 [alex verk.in] Apparently, NTLM breaks AJAX. So, beware.\n163858 [daniels pron] It's not going to hook into your rails code, so you're going to have to\n163952 [b.hutchison ] Fernand, please take notes on your efforts, I am sure there are others (suc=\n\n^ Haiku Challenge\n163854 [jzakiya mail] Ruby, Python, Perl.\n+ 163861 [gregory.t.br] My Haiku is a lie!\n+ 163863 [billk cts.co] FORTH LOVE IF HONK THEN\n\n^ Fun with Permutations\n163857 [daniels pron] For a little project I've been doing, I've been playing around with\n+ 164049 [ammon.christ] I was intrigued by your post. It looks really neat. And the memory/cpu time\n+ 164384 [transfire gm] Sorry it took me some time to get to this. I've been quite busy. This\n| + 164408 [daniels pron] charset=\"iso-8859-1\"\n| + 164500 [horndude77 g] Sorry if this doesn't totally apply to this thread, but I felt like\n+ 164410 [lyndon.samso] Cool. Although maybe call them unsort :-)\n\n^ Doing a splat within a C extension\n163862 [djberg96 gma] Say I have an array VALUE.  How would I splat that value within a C\n163877 [decoux moulo] I've not understood but look at splat_value() in eval.c\n163906 [djberg96 gma] I saw that, but it didn't seem to be doing anything special.  Also, I\n163908 [decoux moulo] it call rb_Array() with an exception for Qnil\n\n^ Audio File Playback\n163864 [rictic gmail] I'm interested in tooling around with creating a media player in Ruby.\n163868 [daniel.amela] Hmmm...I hear gstreamer is good for this kind of thing. Although gstreamer\n\n^ Ruby On Rails Tutorials That Actually Work?\n163865 [dmgreer nspm] This may not be the group to ask, if not pardon me. I've gone through three\n+ 163866 [gregory.t.br] The Depot Application in Agile Web Development with Rails and the\n+ 163867 [kevin.jackso] - Output from the server console/log\n| 163869 [james_b neur] James\n| 163870 [sbowman loca] I think most of the Rails tutorials online are out-of-date with the\n| + 163929 [vanweerd gma] What exactly is Ontology Strategy? Sounds like a career I'd like to aspire to.\n| + 163930 [curt.hibbs g] The Rolling with Ruby on Rails tutorial at ONLamp.com is up to date\n|   + 163932 [kevin kbedel] I was able to follow the \"Rails Video\" by DHH pretty closely as a tutorial -\n|   + 166046 [Krystan gmai] I Just completed this tutorial,\n+ 163937 [vfoley gmail] I think I should probably remove my tutorial (the todo list one) as it\n\n^ Detect if the computer is little or big endian\n163880 [anryla telia] How can I know if my computer is little or big endian with Ruby?\n+ 163881 [peter semant] Perhaps pack a string into an integer and look at the result?\n| 163883 [danieljohnle] I like this, thanks.\n+ 163882 [decoux moulo] You can test if [1].pack(\"I\") == [1].pack(\"N\")\n\n^ What else do I need besides Ruby source?\n163885 [bluy sina.co] Though I know  there is a easy pack called \"One-Click Ruby Installer\",\n\n^ include\n163887 [Fleck schlei] is the Ruby-'include' equal to a C++-'using' statement? Meant for namespace issues. Or does it have a bigger result?\n163888 [christophe.g] \"include\" is used to mix in a module into a class. It has nothing to do with\n163895 [bob.news gmx] Adding to that \"extend\" is more similar to \"using\".  Using \"extend\" you\n163904 [christophe.g] Indeed. And if you defined module methods in the module, you can even call them\n\n^ ruby 1.8.4 ???\n163889 [rasputnik gm] sisred@planb:~$ ruby -v\n+ 163891 [yrashk gmail] verb% ruby -v\n| 163893 [rasputnik gm] Sorry, short of sleep.\n| 163921 [tom infoethe] Yup, also here (along with other older versions)\n+ 163951 [ehames gmail] The same on Gentoo this morning: ruby-1.8.4-pre1.\n+ 163996 [christophe.g] Got the same on unstable.\n\n^ execeute gawk from inside ruby script\n163894 [rgilaard yah] Dear folks,\n163897 [hgs dmu.ac.u] That is a right track, but not the only one.\n163898 [bob.news gmx] Pretty complete list.  I'd like to add \"drop (g)awk and do it in Ruby\" as\n163905 [rgilaard yah] Drop gawk, also right:-) I have enough to read and\n\n^ Fwd: Please Forward: Ruby Quiz Submission\n163909 [james graypr] charset=US-ASCII;\n\n^ [SUMMARY] TumbleDRYer (#53)\n163910 [james graypr] Great quiz Hugh!  This is one of those unique ideas that was a lot of fun to\n\n^ Ruby Certification\n163911 [Meghanath Ne] Is there any Ruby certification ?\n+ 163914 [danieljohnle] I haven't heard of one, but maybe there should be, I think at the\n+ 163919 [james_b neur] I think quite few here are  'certified'.\n| + 163939 [lyle.johnson] I don't think that's what people mean when they tell you you're\n| | 163944 [james_b neur] Oh indeed.  And, luckily, not alone.\n| + 163963 [ptkwt aracne] Agreed. Certification is just a scheme for testing companies to make\n+ 163922 [peter semant] Certification tends to get pushed as a 'good thing' by people selling\n  + 163924 [danieljohnle] I agree. I think the best way to know a language is to have a little\n  | + 163927 [peter semant] Now courses I have no problem with, they are a very good idea to get\n  | + 163931 [james_b neur] I have a hard time believing that someone experienced with only C and\n  |   + 163934 [kevin kbedel] I'd say certification in Ruby would be close to worthless anyway. The culture of\n  |   + 163935 [danieljohnle] But if you know the concepts of declarative programming, then lisp\n  |     + 163941 [james_b neur] That sounds very much like begging the question.\n  |     + 163943 [obiefernande] Assuming we're on the verge of a big boom in Ruby jobs, shouldn't\n  |       + 163945 [james_b neur] Isn't that what a job interview is for?\n  |       + 163947 [gwtmp01 mac.] Speaking as someone who has done hiring in a area with lots\n  |       | 163978 [ptkwt aracne] I would even maintain that a technical interview is not a very good way to\n  |       + 163964 [mental rydia] That's what Open Source is for.  It's not just a hobby, it's a\n  |       | 163986 [james graypr] I so agree.  It's a win, win for everybody.\n  |       + 163971 [ptkwt aracne] Maybe these employers should look at things like ruby-talk particpation,\n  |       + 163972 [djberg96 gma] You can rank your peers on RubyForge, although I realize relatively few\n  |         163981 [james_b neur] Indeed, I believe Dan's RubyForge user ID number is 1337, is it not?\n  + 163949 [greg.kujawa ] The idea of programming certification seems a stretch for me to imagine\n    163950 [stevena neos] charset=US-ASCII;\n    + 163980 [ptkwt aracne] This is important.  You're doing a good thing.  I've had interviews where\n    + 163985 [james graypr] My most recent interviewer (for a job I landed, using Ruby), asked me\n      163988 [james_b neur] Which is a slick technique: Ask potential employees to solve your\n      163995 [nshb inimit.] interview.\n      + 164004 [james_b neur] Pretty much any test I took involved learning things I found\n      | 164012 [nshb inimit.] I imagine quite a few people ride in this boat. Personally, if I am going to\n      | + 164062 [toddkennethb] irb(main):001:0> ruby_exists = true\n      | | 164064 [nshb inimit.] I am not trying to degrade any of his accomplishments, nor win over any of\n      | | + 164067 [blargity gma] This has already been said, but let us not forget those raking in the cash.\n      | | | 164069 [gregory.t.br] ...\n      | | + 164070 [billk cts.co] The entity awarding the certificate receives $$$ ?  I've wondered\n      | | | + 164077 [kevin.jackso] I went to uni a (long) while ago and really enjoyed the experience etc,\n      | | | + 164085 [leavengood g] Most definitely. I'll go even further and say that many computer\n      | | |   164090 [james_b neur] I don't regret getting a CS degree; I learned a while lot & had fun, but\n      | | + 164083 [gwtmp01 mac.] I think that if you are putting in the effort in order to learn\n      | + 164281 [kero chello.] Sorry, I don't do Rails.\n      |   164347 [chneukirchen] While I don't think that a certificate is a good idea, self.to_i is\n      |   + 164367 [halostatue g] I donno; self.to_i is a joke thread and people *know* it's a joke.\n      |   + 164378 [kero chello.] I know there won't be 1000 organizers of RubyConf, 10000 authors of Ruby\n      |     164381 [chneukirchen] But you don't need to see a number created by some \"random\" algorithm\n      + 164008 [kevin kbedel] Contributing to an open source project is much better credential than getting a\n\n^ Nokia goes Open Source\n163916 [bob.news gmx] All,\n\n^ [ANN] Rubyipq v0.1.0: Bindings for Netfilter's libipq\n163923 [leonardo.elo] Rubyipq are Ruby bindings for Netfilter's libipq (ip queue), making it\n+ 164060 [tom infoethe] Yours,\n+ 164091 [leonardo.elo] Thanks a lot Guillaume, I'm correcting this issue right now.\n\n^ FastCGI spawn_fs_process() failed error\n163925 [sandrews int] Am running : Windows XPPro, apache2, mysql and rubyonrails.\n\n^ Test First Challenge\n163928 [pat.eyler gm] Bill Wake.  I've been converting the tests into Ruby and Test::Unit, and\n\n^ Question about NUM2LONG, symbols\n163938 [Daniel.Berge] The various NUM2x functions (NUM2LONG, NUM2INT, etc) include builtin type\n163942 [decoux moulo] moulon% cat aa.c\n163946 [Daniel.Berge] Ok, thanks Guy, I get it - internally it calls rb_num2long(), which in turn\n164287 [nobu.nokada ] An object has :to_int method should be treated as an Integer.\n164299 [djberg96 gma] I understand the duck typing approach.  However, I'm curious why\n164300 [nobu.nokada ] In older versions, symbols were just integers, so Symbol has\n\n^ http-access2 help\n163940 [Ara.T.Howard] i'm trying to convert some scripts i have which login in to rubyforge, cache\n+ 163948 [Ara.T.Howard] client.redirect_uri_callback = lambda do |res|\n+ 163953 [alex deletem] I am pretty sure that the HTTP spec requires that a Location header content\n  163961 [Ara.T.Howard] hmmm.  i'm reading\n\n^ Continous running thread\n163955 [iamscottwalt] I have a simple task, I want to have a Thread that will every 2 minutes\n+ 163957 [caleb aei-te] Change 10000 to 10.0 ?\n+ 163958 [detlef.reich] sleep sleeps for seconds not for milliseconds. Try   slee 10\n| 163962 [iamscottwalt] thread = Thread.new do\n| + 163967 [gregory.t.br] sleep only takes integer values, but I don't think that's your problem\n| | + 163969 [caleb aei-te] Nah, it's perfectly happy taking a Float too.\n| | | 163973 [gregory.t.br] Sleep will round you to the nearest integer.\n| | | + 163976 [caleb aei-te] It rounds its return value to the nearest integer, but at least here it sleeps\n| | | | 163984 [gregory.t.br] I just looked it up in the Pickaxe... you're right.  It returns the\n| | | + 163983 [james graypr] That's just the return value.\n| | + 163975 [iamscottwalt] That did the trick!  Thanks.\n| + 163968 [james_b neur] thread = Thread.new do\n| + 163970 [desmarm gmai] If you look at one of the previous responses (from Bob Showalter) youl'l\n+ 163960 [bob_showalte] You have to join the thread, or otherwise ensure the process keeps\n| 164117 [bob.news gmx] Yes joining is the main problem here.  But if Bob makes his main thread\n+ 163966 [mental rydia] s/10000/10/\n\n^ Fwd: sqlite - and ruby\n163956 [ammon.christ] I wanted to share my experiences getting sqlite3 and ruby working in a user\n163982 [Ara.T.Howard] if you do\n\n^ Re: The \"perfect\" ORM?\n163992 [Stephen.L.Mo] What about one the Ruby dbm libraries (dbm, gdmb,...)?\n164055 [ruby-talk wh] No, MouseHole does it.\n164061 [billk cts.co] Unless something has changed recently, my experience with\n\n^ memoize and yaml\n163993 [briankbuckle] I am using the \"memoize\" module to eliminate having to redo complex,\n164003 [florgro gmai] This memoize module stores the cache in a local variable that can be\n+ 164011 [briankbuckle] I see the intent.  I have not worked at it yet but I dropped your code\n| 164036 [sean.ohalpin] With a slight adjustment, Florian's version can be used at the top\n+ 164618 [briankbuckle] Two questions of this solution.  (It works and is what I need now so\n  164970 [florgro gmai] Overriding methods usually produces warnings. It's best to remove the\n  164978 [briankbuckle] I was wondering if warnings might be the motive.  I am glad to get confirmation.\n  165015 [florgro gmai] Please note that extend is not the same thing as inheriting from another\n\n^ make $VERBOSE thread-local?\n163997 [ctm ardi.com] I'm new to ruby, so setting $VERBOSE to true is very useful for me.\n165068 [nobu.nokada ] It might be interesting.\n165217 [ctm ardi.com] Thanks for the nice patch.\n\n^ DRb recycled objects.\n163998 [blargity gma] I started this as a question but figured out the answer while I was\n+ 164001 [hgs dmu.ac.u] [stacktrace]\n+ 164009 [drbrain segm] DRb uses the __id__ of the object and the URL of the process it is\n+ 164046 [Richard_Dale] I'm not sure about the cause of your problem.. But as you using Korundum you\n  164063 [blargity gma] We _do not_ want to have to have KDE installed on the server.  Much less\n  + 164080 [blargity gma] charset=\"iso-8859-1\"\n  | 164291 [drbrain segm] The garbage collector is not random in how it collects garbage.\n  + 164081 [blargity gma] Forgot to mention this is only one front end.  It is possible (but
+__label__positive Engineering Thermodynamics/Print version\n\nFrom Wikibooks, open books for an open world\nJump to: navigation, search\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduction to Classical Thermodynamics\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Main Macroscopic Forms of Energy\n\n\nKinetic Energy\n\n\n\n\n\nPotential Energy\n\n\n\nInternal Energy of Matter\n\n\n\nThermodynamic Systems\n\n\nProperties of Pure Substances\n\nA cursory review of properties will introduce the variables of thermodynamics to the student. Properties of substances are things such as mass, temperature, volume, and pressure. Properties are used to define the current state of a substance. Several more properties exist to describe substances in thermodynamics, but a stronger understanding of theory is required for their definition and application.\n\nProperties can be intensive, if they are point properties (properties that make sense for a point) or extensive, if they depend on the amount of matter in the system. Examples of extensive properties of systems are mass of system, number of moles of a substance in a system, and overall or total volume of a system. These properties depend on how much matter of the system you measure. Examples of intensive properties are pressure, temperature, density, volume per mass, molar volume (which is volume per mole), and average molecular weight (or molecular mass). These properties are the same regardless of how you vary the amount of mass of the substance.\n\nProperties are like the variables for substances in that their values are all related by an equation. The relationship between properties is expressed in the form of an equation which is called an equation of state. Perhaps the most famous state equation is the Ideal Gas Law. The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas to one another.\n\n\nThe SI unit for volume is m3. Volume is an extensive property, but both volume per mass and molar volume are intensive properties since they do not depend on the measured mass of the system. A process during which the volume of the system remains constant is called an isochoric (or isometric) process.\n\n\nThe SI unit for pressure is Pa (Pascal), which is equivalent to a . Pressure is an intensive property. A process in which pressure remains constant is called isobaric process.\n\n\nTemperature, the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.Defined based on the zeroth law of thermodynamics, is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics. We know that a body at high temperature will transfer energy to one at lower temperature. Consider two bodies with different temperatures in contact with each other. Net energy transfer will be from the hotter body to the colder body. At some point, the net energy transfer will be zero, and the bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Bodies in thermal equilibrium are defined to have the same temperature.\n\nThermodynamic Systems\n\nThermodynamic System\n\nIn general, a system is a collection of objects, and there is a lot of subtlety in the way it is defined, as in set theory. However, in thermodynamics, it is a much more straightforward concept. A thermodynamic system is defined as a volume in space or a well defined set of materials (matter). The imaginary outer edge of the system is called its boundary.\n\nAs can be seen from the definition, the boundary can be fixed or moving. A system in which matter crosses the boundary is called an open system. In simple terms, a system which can exchange matter as well as energy with the surroundings is a open system. Whereas a system which can exchange only energy with the surroundings is a closed system, e.g.: liquid in sealed tube. The image above shows a piston cylinder arrangement, where a gas is compressed by the piston. The dotted lines represent the system boundary. As can be seen, due to an opening in the cylinder, gas can escape outside as the piston moves inwards, and gas enters the system when the piston moves outwards. Thus, it is an open system.\n\nClosed System\n\nNow consider a similar system, but one in which gas cannot escape. In practice, there might be some space between the piston and the cylinder, but we can ignore it for modeling purposes. Thus the model of this configuration is a closed system.\n\nThe region outside the system is called the surroundings. The system and the surroundings together are called the Universe. A system which does not exchange matter or energy with the surroundings is called an isolated system.\n\nAnother term sometimes used instead of system is control volume. In the case of a closed system, in which the mass of matter inside the system remains constant, the control volume is referred to as control mass. A control volume is said to be enclosed by a control surface.\n\n\nClassical thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium. The equilibrium state is defined by the values of observable quantities in the system. These are called system properties.\n\nThe minimum number of variables required to describe the system depends on the complexity or degrees of freedom of the system. Degrees of freedom refer to the number of properties that can be varied independently of each other in a system. Some of the common system variables are pressure, temperature, and density, though any other physical properties may be used.\n\nConsistent with the axiomatic nature of subject development, many of the relationships between physical properties cannot be completely specified without further development of theory. What is good about classical thermodynamics is that many of the axioms stated here can be derived using techniques of statistical thermodynamics. And statistical thermodynamics gives results in many cases where classical thermodynamics fails, such as in the specific heats of gases with many degrees of freedom. In some sense, the relationship between classical and statistical thermodynamics is similar to the one between classical and quantum mechanics, i.e., classical thermodynamics approximates statistical thermodynamics in the macroscopic limit.\n\n\nA change in the system state is called a process. When the initial and final states of a process are the same, the process is called a cycle. If a process can be run in reverse with no change in the system + surroundings, then the process is called a reversible process. If a process is not reversible it is called an irreversible process.\n\nIsothermal Process\n\nAn isothermal process is one in which the temperature remains constant. Please note that a process being isothermal does not imply anything about the heat transferred or work done, i.e. heat transfer may take place during an isothermal process. An isothermal process implies that the product of the volume and the pressure is constant for an ideal gas. i.e. PV = Constant\n\nZeroth Law of Thermodynamics\n\nIf a system A is in thermal equilibrium with another system B and also with a third system C, then all of the systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics. This is how a thermometer works. If a thermometer is placed in a substance for temperature measurement, the thermometer's glass comes into thermal equilibrium with the substance. The glass then comes into thermal equilibrium with the liquid (mercury, alcohol, etc. . . .) inside the thermometer. Because the substance is in thermal equilibrium with the glass and the glass is in thermal equilibrium with the inner liquid, the substance and liquid must be in thermal equilibrium by the zeroth law. And because they are thermally equivalent, they must have the same temperature.\n\nTemperature Measurement\n\nTemperature is measured by observing some property of the system which varies with temperature. Such a property is called thermometric property, e.g.:\n\n   - The volumes of most liquids increase with temperature.\n   - The length of a metal rod increases as the temperature increases. \n   - The pressure of a constant volume of gas increases with temperature\n\nIt is useful to establish a temperature scale so that a cardinal relationship can be established between various systems at different temperatures. This is done by defining the temperature t as a function of a thermometric property X, such that the temperature is a linear function of X, i.e., equal changes in the property X give rise to equal changes in the temperature. Such a linear function is t = a + b X, for which one needs to assign arbitrary temperatures to two values of X to find the values of the constants a and b.\n\nFor example, in the case of the Celsius scale, the measurements are based on properties of water at the boiling point and melting point. Suppose the value of the thermometric property is Xb for the normal boiling point and Xm for the normal melting point. Then the temperature is given by t = 100 (X - Xm)/(Xb - Xm), where X is the thermometric property at temperature t, and we have chosen tm = 0\u00b0C and tb = 100\u00b0C. The normal melting and boiling points are the temperatures of melting and boiling at 1 atmosphere pressure.\n\nThe major temperature scales are the Celsius (\u00b0C), the Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) and the Kelvin (K) scales. Note the absence of the \u00b0 sign for kelvin--it is not degrees Kelvin, but kelvins, not capitalized when spelled out, and with the normal English plural which was added to the degree when Kelvin was an adjective modifying that unit.\n\nDifferent thermometers are used for different temperature ranges. As the reader might have guessed by now, this means that the different thermometers will only agree on the fixed points. However, a set of thermometers have been carefully selected and calibrated so that this is not a big issue in practice.\n\nThe standard in this case is the International Temperature Scale, which was introduced in 1927, and revised in 1948, 1968, and 1990. The latest scale is denoted by T90 for the Kelvin scale and is defined from 0.65 K upwards. For instance, between 0.65 K and 5.0 K T90 is defined in terms of the vapor-pressure temperature relations of 3He and 4He. The ranges for different materials overlap and any of the valid materials can be used as a standard in the overlapping region.\n\nThe Ideal Gas\n\nRecall that a thermodynamic system may have a certain substance or material whose quantity can be expressed in mass or moles in an overall volume. These are extensive properties of the system. If the substance is evenly distributed throughout the volume in question, then a value of volume per amount of substance may be used as an intensive property. For an example, for an amount called a mole, volume per mole is typically called molar volume. Also, a volume per mass for a specific substance may be called specific volume. In such cases, an equation of state may relate the three intensive properties, temperature, pressure, and molar or specific volume.\n\nA simple but very useful equation of state is for an ideal gas. The ideal gas is a useful notion in thermodynamics, as it is a simple system that depends on two independent properties. An ideal gas is one that has no intermolecular interactions except for completely elastic collisions with other molecules. For a closed system containing an ideal gas, the state can be specified by giving the values of any two of pressure, temperature, and molar volume.\n\nConsider a system, an ideal gas enclosed in a container. Starting from an initial state 1, where the temperature is T1, its temperature is changed to T2 through a constant pressure process and then a constant molar volume process, then the ratio of pressures is found to be the same as the ratio of molar volumes. Suppose the initial value of the pressure and molar volume are p1 and V1 respectively, and final value of pressure and molar volume are p2 and V2 respectively. Note that we haven't chosen a specific scale for the temperature (like say, the Celsius scale). Now, suppose we were to choose a scale such that T1/T2 = p1/p2, we can show that the value of pV/T is constant for an ideal gas, so that it obeys the gas equation pV = RT, where p is the absolute pressure, V is the molar volume, and R is a constant known as the universal gas constant. The temperature T is the absolute temperature in the ideal gas scale, and the scale is found to be the same as the thermodynamic temperature scale. The thermodynamic temperature scale will be defined after the statement of the second law of thermodynamics.\n\nThis equation pV = RT is called the equation of state for an ideal gas, and is known as the ideal gas equation. Most common gases obey the ideal gas equation unless they are compressed or cooled to extreme states, so this is a very useful relation. A similar equation may be written where, for the specific type of gas, specific volume is used instead of molar volume and a specific gas constant is used instead of the universal gas constant. This then writes as pv = mrT.\n\nIdeal Gas Temperature\n\nIn the above image, the volume of an ideal gas at two different pressures p1 and p2 is plotted against the temperature in Celsius. If we extrapolate the two straight line graphs, they intersect the temperature axis at a point t0, where t0 = \u2212273.15\u00b0C.\n\nFrom experiment, it is easy to show that the thermodynamic temperature T is related to the Celsius temperature t by the equation: T = t + 273.15. The zero of thermodynamic temperature scale is 0 K, and its significance will be clear when we discuss the second law of thermodynamics.\n\n\nZeroth Law\n\n\nThe Zeroth law of Thermodynamics can be stated as:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\u00a0: [[1]]\n\nFirst Law\n\n\n\nWe use the notion of energy of a body from Newton's second law, and thus total energy is conserved. Common forms of energy in physics are potential and kinetic energy. The potential energy is usually the energy due to matter having certain position (configuration) in a field, commonly the gravitational field of Earth. Kinetic energy is the energy due to motion relative to a frame of reference. In thermodynamics, we deal with mainly work and heat, which are different manifestations of the energy in the universe.\n\n\nWork is said to be done by a system if the effect on the surroundings can be reduced solely to that of lifting a weight. Work is only ever done at the boundary of a system. Again, we use the intuitive definition of work, and this will be complete only with the statement of the second law of thermodynamics.\n\nConsider a piston-cylinder arrangement as found in automobile engines. When the gas in the cylinder expands, pushing the piston outwards, it does work on the surroundings. In this case work done is mechanical. But how about other forms of energy like heat? The answer is that heat cannot be completely converted into work, with no other change, due to the second law of thermodynamics.\n\nIn the case of the piston-cylinder system, the work done during a cycle is given by W, where W = \u2212\u222b F dx = \u2212\u222b p dV, where F = p A, and p is the pressure on the inside of the piston (note the minus sign in this relationship). In other words, the work done is the area under the p-V diagram. Here, F is the external opposing force, which is equal and opposite to that exerted by the system. A corollary of the above statement is that a system undergoing free expansion does no work. The above definition of work will only hold for the quasi-static case, when the work done is reversible work.\n\nWork not a State Function\n\nA consequence of the above statement is that work done is not a state function, since it depends on the path (which curve you consider for integration from state 1 to 2). For a system in a cycle which has states 1 and 2, the work done depends on the path taken during the cycle. If, in the cycle, the movement from 1 to 2 is along A and the return is along C, then the work done is the lightly shaded area. However, if the system returns to 1 via the path B, then the work done is larger, and is equal to the sum of the two areas.\n\nIndicator Diagram p vs V\n\nThe above image shows a typical indicator diagram as output by an automobile engine. The shaded region is proportional to the work done by the engine, and the volume V in the x-axis is obtained from the piston displacement, while the y-axis is from the pressure inside the cylinder. The work done in a cycle is given by W, where\n\nWork done by the system is negative, and work done on the system is positive, by the convention used in this book.\n\nFlow Energy\n\nSo far we have looked at the work done to compress fluid in a system. Suppose we have to introduce some amount of fluid into the system at a pressure p. Remember from the definition of the system that matter can enter or leave an open system. Consider a small amount of fluid of mass dm with volume dV entering the system. Suppose the area of cross section at the entrance is A. Then the distance the force pA has to push is dx = dV/A. Thus, the work done to introduce a small amount of fluid is given by pdV, and the work done per unit mass is pv, where v = dV/dm is the specific volume. This value of pv is called the flow energy.\n\nExamples of Work\n\nThe amount of work done in a process depends on the irreversibilities present. A complete discussion of the irreversibilities is only possible after the discussion of the second law. The equations given above will give the values of work for quasi-static processes, and many real world processes can be approximated by this process. However, note that work is only done if there is an opposing force in the boundary, and that a volume change is not strictly required.\n\nWork in a Polytropic Process\n\nConsider a polytropic process pVn=C, where C is a constant. If the system changes its states from 1 to 2, the work done is given by\n\nAnd additionally, if n=1\n\n\nBefore thermodynamics was an established science, the popular theory was that heat was a fluid, called caloric, that was stored in a body. Thus, it was thought that a hot body transferred heat to a cold body by transferring some of this fluid to it. However, this was soon disproved by showing that heat was generated when drilling bores of guns, where both the drill and the barrel were initially cold.\n\nHeat is the energy exchanged due to a temperature difference. As with work, heat is defined at the boundary of a system and is a path function. Heat rejected by the system is negative, while the heat absorbed by the system is positive.\n\nSpecific Heat\n\nThe specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required for a unit rise in the temperature in a unit mass of the material. If this quantity is to be of any use, the amount of heat transferred should be a linear function of temperature. This is certainly true for ideal gases. This is also true for many metals and also for real gases under certain conditions. In general, we can only talk about the average specific heat, cav = Q/m\u0394T. Since it was customary to give the specific heat as a property in describing a material, methods of analysis came to rely on it for routine calculations. However, since it is only constant for some materials, older calculations became very convoluted for newer materials. For instance, for finding the amount of heat transferred, it would have been simple to give a chart of Q(\u0394T) for that material. However, following convention, the tables of cav(\u0394T) were given, so that a double iterative solution over cav and T was required.\n\nCalculating specific heat requires us to specify what we do with Volume and Pressure when we change temperature. When Volume is fixed, it is called specific heat at constant volume (Cv). When Pressure is fixed, it is called specific heat at constant pressure (Cp).\n\nLatent Heat\n\nIt can be seen that the specific heat as defined above will be infinitely large for a phase change, where heat is transferred without any change in temperature. Thus, it is much more useful to define a quantity called latent heat, which is the amount of energy required to change the phase of a unit mass of a substance at the phase change temperature.\n\nAdiabatic Process\n\nAn adiabatic process is defined as one in which there is no heat transfer with the surroundings, that is, the change in amount of energy dQ=0 . A gas contained in an insulated vessel undergoes an adiabatic process. Adiabatic processes also take place even if the vessel is not insulated if the process is fast enough that there is not enough time for heat to escape (e.g. the transmission of sound through air). Adiabatic processes are also ideal approximations for many real processes, like expansion of a vapor in a turbine, where the heat loss is much smaller than the work done.\n\nFirst Law of Thermodynamics\n\nJoule Experiments\n\nJoule's Experiments for First Law\n\nJoule's Experiments for First Law\n\nIt was well known that heat and work both change the energy of a system. Joule conducted a series of experiments which showed the relationship between heat and work in a thermodynamic cycle for a system. He used a paddle to stir an insulated vessel filled with fluid. The amount of work done on the paddle was noted (the work was done by lowering a weight, so that work done = mgz). Later, this vessel was placed in a bath and cooled. The energy involved in increasing the temperature of the bath was shown to be equal to that supplied by the lowered weight. Joule also performed experiments where electrical work was converted to heat using a coil and obtained the same result.\n\nStatement of the First Law for a Closed System\n\nThe first law states that when heat and work interactions take place between a closed system and the environment, the algebraic sum of the heat and work interactions for a cycle is zero.\n\nMathematically, this is equivalent to\n\ndQ + dW = 0 for any cycle closed to mass flow\n\nQ is the heat transferred, and W is the work done on or by the system. Since these are the only ways energy can be transferred, this implies that the total energy of the system in the cycle is a constant.\n\nOne consequence of the statement is that the total energy of the system is a property of the system. This leads us to the concept of internal energy.\n\nInternal Energy\n\nIn thermodynamics, the internal energy is the energy of a system due to its temperature. The statement of first law refers to thermodynamic cycles. Using the concept of internal energy it is possible to state the first law for a non-cyclic process. Since the first law is another way of stating the conservation of energy, the energy of the system is the sum of the heat and work input, i.e., \u0394E = Q + W. Here E represents the internal energy (U) of the system along with the kinetic energy (KE) and the potential energy (PE) and is called the total energy of the system. This is the statement of the first law for non-cyclic processes, as long as they are still closed to the flow of mass (E = U + KE + PE). The KE and PE terms are relative to an external reference point i.e. the system is the gas within a ball, the ball travels in a trajectory that varies in height H and velocity V and subsequently KE and PE with time, but this has no affect upon the energy of the gas molecules within the ball, which is dictated only by the internal energy of the system (U). Thermodynamics does not define the nature of the internal energy, but it can be rationalised using other theories (i.e. the gas kinetic theory), but in this case is due to the KE and PE of the gas molecules within the ball, not to be mistaken with the KE and PE of the ball itself.\n\nFor gases, the value of KE and PE is quite small, so the important term is the internal energy function U. In particular, since for an ideal gas the state can be specified using two variables, the state variable u is given by u(v, T), where v is the specific volume and T is the temperature.\n\nIntroducing this temperature dependence explicitly is important in many calculations. For this purpose, the constant-volume heat capacity is defined as follows: cv = (\u2202u/\u2202t)v, where cv is the specific heat at constant volume. A constant-pressure heat capacity will be defined later, and it is important to keep them straight. The important point here is that the other variable that U depends on \"naturally\" is v, so to isolate the temperature dependence of U you want to take the derivative at constant v.\n\nInternal Energy for an Ideal Gas\n\nIn the previous section, the internal energy of an ideal gas was shown to be a function of both the volume and temperature. Joule performed an experiment where a gas at high pressure inside a bath at the same temperature was allowed to expand into a larger volume.\n\nJoule's Experiment Temperature Invariance\n\nIn the above image, two vessels, labeled A and B, are immersed in an insulated tank containing water. A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the water in the tank. The two vessels A and B are connected by a tube, the flow through which is controlled by a stop. Initially, A contains gas at high pressure, while B is nearly empty. The stop is removed so that the vessels are connected and the final temperature of the bath is noted.\n\nThe temperature of the bath was unchanged at the end of the process, showing that the internal energy of an ideal gas was the function of temperature alone. Thus Joule's law is stated as (\u2202u/\u2202v)t = 0.\n\n\nAccording to the first law, dQ + dW = dE\n\nIf all the work is pressure volume work, then we have\n\ndW = \u2212 p dV\n\ndQ = dU + pdV = d(U + pV) - Vdp\n\nd(U + pV) = dQ + Vdp\n\nWe define H \u2261 U + pV as the enthalpy of the system, and h = u + pv is the specific enthalpy. In particular, for a constant pressure process,\n\n\nWith arguments similar to that for cv, cp = (\u2202h/\u2202t)p. Since h, p, and t are state variables, cp is a state variable. As a corollary, for ideal gases, cp = cv + R, and for incompressible fluids, cp = cv\n\n\nThrottling Process\n\nThrottling is the process in which a fluid passing through a restriction loses pressure. It usually occurs when fluid passes through small orifices like porous plugs. The original throttling experiments were conducted by Joule and Thompson. As seen in the previous section, in adiabatic throttling the enthalpy is constant. What is significant is that for ideal gases, the enthalpy depends only on temperature, so that there is no temperature change, as there is no work done or heat supplied. However, for real gases, below a certain temperature, called the inversion point, the temperature drops with a drop in pressure, so that throttling causes cooling, i.e., p1 < p2 \u21d2 T1 < T2. The amount of cooling produced is quantified by the Joule-Thomson coefficient \u03bcJT = (\u2202T/\u2202p)h. For instance, the inversion temperature for air is about 400\u00b0C.\n\n\nSecond Law\n\n\n\nThe first law is a statement of energy conservation. The rise in temperature of a substance when work is done is well known. Thus work can be completely converted to heat. However, we observe that in nature, we don't see the conversion in the other direction spontaneously.\n\nThe statement of the second law is facilitated by using the concept of heat engines. Heat engines work in a cycle and convert heat into work. A thermal reservoir is defined as a system which is in equilibrium and large enough so that heat transferred to and from it does not change its temperature appreciably.\n\nHeat Engine\n\nHeat engines work between two thermal reservoirs, the low temperature reservoir and the high temperature reservoir. The performance of a heat engine is measured by its thermal efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of work output to heat input, i.e., \u03b7 = W/Q1, where W is the net work done, and Q1 is heat transferred from the high temperature reservoir.\n\nHeat Pumps\n\nHeat pumps transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir using external work, and can be considered as reversed heat engines.\n\nStatement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics\n\nKelvin-Planck Statement\n\n\"It is impossible to construct a heat engine which will operate continuously and convert all the heat it draws from a reservoir into work.\"\n\nIn other words, \"It is impossible to have a heat engine which works in cycle and does work by exchanging heat with only one reservoir.\"\n\nClausius Statement\n\n\"It is impossible to construct a heat pump which will transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir without using external work.\"\n\nIn other words, \"It is impossible for heat to flow from a low temperature (sink) to a high temperature (source) without external work.\"\n\n\nA perpetual motion machine of the second kind, or PMM2 is one which converts all the heat input into work while working in a cycle. A PMM2 has an \u03b7th of 1.\n\nEquivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements\n\nKelvin-Planck from Clausius\n\nSuppose we can construct a heat pump which transfers heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature one without using external work. Then, we can couple it with a heat engine in such a way that the heat removed by the heat pump from the low temperature reservoir is the same as the heat rejected by the heat engine, so that the combined system is now a heat engine which converts heat to work without any external effect. This is thus in violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law.\n\nClausius from Kelvin-Planck\n\nNow suppose we have a heat engine which can convert heat into work without rejecting heat anywhere else. We can combine it with a heat pump so that the work produced by the engine is used by the pump. Now the combined system is a heat pump which uses no external work, violating the Clausius statement of the second law.\n\nThus, we see that the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements are equivalent, and one necessarily implies the other.\n\nCarnot Cycle\n\nNicholas Sadi Carnot devised a reversible cycle in 1824 called the Carnot cycle for an engine working between two reservoirs at different temperatures. It consists of two reversible isothermal and two reversible adiabatic processes. For a cycle 1-2-3-4, the working material\n\n  1. Undergoes isothermal expansion in 1-2 while absorbing heat from high temperature reservoir\n  2. Undergoes adiabatic expansion in 2-3\n  3. Undergoes isothermal compression in 3-4, and\n  4. Undergoes adiabatic compression in 4-1.\n\nCarnot Cycle P-V Diagram\n\nHeat is transferred to the working material during 1-2 (Q1) and heat is rejected during 3-4 (Q2). The thermal efficiency is thus \u03b7th = W/Q1. Applying first law, we have, W = Q1 \u2212 Q2, so that \u03b7th = 1 \u2212 Q2/Q1.\n\nCarnot's principle states that\n\n  1. No heat engine working between two thermal reservoirs is more efficient than the Carnot engine, and\n  2. All Carnot engines working between reservoirs of the same temperature have the same efficiency.\n\nThe proof by contradiction of the above statements come from the second law, by considering cases where they are violated. For instance, if you had a Carnot engine which was more efficient than another one, we could use that as a heat pump (since processes in a Carnot cycle are reversible) and combine with the other engine to produce work without heat rejection, to violate the second law. A corollary of the Carnot principle is that Q2/Q1 is purely a function of t2 and t1, the reservoir temperatures. Or,\n\nThermodynamic Temperature Scale\n\nLord Kelvin used Carnot's principle to establish the thermodynamic temperature scale which is independent of the working material. He considered three temperatures, t1, t2, and t3, such that t1 > t3 > t2.\n\nAs shown in the previous section, the ratio of heat transferred only depends on the temperatures. Considering reservoirs 1 and 2:\n\nConsidering reservoirs 2 and 3:\n\nConsidering reservoirs 1 and 3:\n\nEliminating the heat transferred, we have the following condition for the function \u03c6.\n\nNow, it is possible to choose an arbitrary temperature for 3, so it is easy to show using elementary multivariate calculus that \u03c6 can be represented in terms of an increasing function of temperature \u03b6 as follows:\n\nNow, we can have a one to one association of the function \u03b6 with a new temperature scale called the thermodynamic temperature scale, T, so that\n\nThus we have the thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine as\n\nThe thermodynamic temperature scale is also known as the Kelvin scale, and it needs only one fixed point, as the other one is absolute zero. The concept of absolute zero will be further refined during the statement of the third law of thermodynamics.\n\n  \u2022 1st Law: Energy can neither be created or destroyed\n  \u2022 2nd Law: All spontaneous events act to increase total entropy\n  \u2022 3rd Law: Absolute zero is removal of all thermal molecular motion\n\n\nReservoirs are systems of large quantity of matter which no temperature difference will occur when finite amount of heat is transferred or removed. Examples of reservoirs are atmosphere, oceans, seas etc.\n\nClausius Theorem\n\nClausius theorem states that any reversible process can be replaced by a combination of reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes.\n\nClausius Theorem\n\nConsider a reversible process a-b. A series of isothermal and adiabatic processes can replace this process if the heat and work interaction in those processes is the same as that in the process a-b. Let this process be replaced by the process a-c-d-b, where a-c and d-b are reversible adiabatic processes, while c-d is a reversible isothermal process. The isothermal line is chosen such that the area a-e-c is the same as the area b-e-d. Now, since the area under the p-V diagram is the work done for a reversible process, we have, the total work done in the cycle a-c-d-b-a is zero. Applying the first law, we have, the total heat transferred is also zero as the process is a cycle. Since a-c and d-b are adiabatic processes, the heat transferred in process c-d is the same as that in the process a-b. Now applying first law between the states a and b along a-b and a-c-d-b, we have, the work done is the same. Thus the heat and work in the process a-b and a-c-d-b are the same and any reversible process a-b can be replaced with a combination of isothermal and adiabatic processes, which is the Clausius theorem.\n\nA corollary of this theorem is that any reversible cycle can be replaced by a series of Carnot cycles.\n\nSuppose each of these Carnot cycles absorbs heat dQ1i at temperature T1i and rejects heat dQ2i at T2i. Then, for each of these engines, we have dQ1i/dQ2i = \u2212T1i/T2i. The negative sign is included as the heat lost from the body has a negative value. Summing over a large number of these cycles, we have, in the limit,\n\nThis means that the quantity dQ/T is a property. It is given the name entropy.\n\nFurther, using Carnot's principle, for an irreversible cycle, the efficiency is less than that for the Carnot cycle, so that\n\nAs the heat is transferred out of the system in the second process, we have, assuming the normal conventions for heat transfer,\n\nSo that, in the limit we have,\n\nThe above inequality is called the inequality of Clausius. Here the equality holds in the reversible case.\n\n\nEntropy is the quantitative statement of the second law of thermodynamics. It is represented by the symbol S, and is defined by\n\nNote that as we have used the Carnot cycle, the temperature is the reservoir temperature. However, for a reversible process, the system temperature is the same as the reversible temperature.\n\nConsider a system undergoing a cycle 1-2-1, where it returns to the original state along a different path. Since entropy of the system is a property, the change in entropy of the system in 1-2 and 2-1 are numerically equal. Suppose reversible heat transfer takes place in process 1-2 and irreversible heat transfer takes place in process 2-1. Applying Clausius's inequality, it is easy to see that the heat transfer in process 2-1 dQirr is less than T dS. That is, in an irreversible process the same change in entropy takes place with a lower heat transfer. As a corollary, the change in entropy in any process, dS, is related to the heat transfer dQ as\n\ndS \u2265 dQ/T\n\nFor an isolated system, dQ = 0, so that we have\n\ndSisolated \u2265 0\n\nThis is called the principle of increase of entropy and is an alternative statement of the second law.\n\nFurther, for the whole universe, we have\n\n\u0394S = \u0394Ssys + \u0394Ssurr > 0\n\nFor a reversible process,\n\n\u0394Ssys = (Q/T)rev = \u2212\u0394Ssurr\n\nSo that\n\n\u0394Suniverse = 0\n\nfor a reversible process.\n\nT-S diagram for Carnot Cycle\n\nSince T and S are properties, you can use a T-S graph instead of a p-V graph to describe the change in the system undergoing a reversible cycle. We have, from the first law, dQ + dW = 0. Thus the area under the T-S graph is the work done by the system. Further, the reversible adiabatic processes appear as vertical lines in the graph, while the reversible isothermal processes appear as horizontal lines.\n\nEntropy for an Ideal Gas\n\nAn ideal gas obeys the equation pv = RT. According to the first law,\n\ndQ + dW = dU\n\nFor a reversible process, according to the definition of entropy, we have\n\ndQ = T dS\n\nAlso, the work done is the pressure volume work, so that\n\ndW = -p dV\n\nThe change in internal energy:\n\ndU = m cv dT\n\nT dS = p dV + m cv dT\n\nTaking per unit quantities and applying ideal gas equation,\n\nds = R dV/v + cv dT/T\n\nAs a general rule, all things being equal, entropy increases as, temperature increases and as pressure and concentration decreases and energy stored as internal energy has higher entropy than energy which is stored as kinetic energy.\n\n\nFrom the second law of thermodynamics, we see that we cannot convert all the heat energy to work. If we consider the aim of extracting useful work from heat, then only some of the heat energy is available to us. It was previously said that an engine working with a reversible cycle was more efficient than an irreversible engine. Now, we consider a system which interacts with a reservoir and generates work, i.e., we look for the maximum work that can be extracted from a system given that the surroundings are at a particular temperature.\n\nConsider a system interacting with a reservoir and doing work in the process. Suppose the system changes state from 1 to 2 while it does work. We have, according to the first law,\n\ndQ - dW = dE,\n\nwhere dE is the change in the internal energy of the system. Since it is a property, it is the same for both the reversible and irreversible process. For an irreversible process, it was shown in a previous section that the heat transferred is less than the product of temperature and entropy change. Thus the work done in an irreversible process is lower, from first law.\n\nAvailability Function\n\nThe availability function is given by \u03a6, where\n\n\u03a6 \u2261 E \u2212 T0S\n\nwhere T0 is the temperature of the reservoir with which the system interacts. The availability function gives the effectiveness of a process in producing useful work. The above definition is useful for a non-flow process. For a flow process, it is given by\n\n\u03a8 \u2261 H \u2212 T0S\n\n\nMaximum work can be obtained from a system by a reversible process. The work done in an actual process will be smaller due to the irreversibilities present. The difference is called the irreversibility and is defined as\n\nI \u2261 Wrev \u2212 W\n\nFrom the first law, we have\n\nW = \u0394E \u2212 Q\n\nI = \u0394E - Q - (\u03a62 \u2212 \u03a61)\n\nAs the system interacts with surroundings of temperature T0, we have\n\n\u0394Ssurr = Q/T0\n\nAlso, since\n\nE \u2212 \u03a6 = T0 \u0394Ssys\n\nwe have\n\nI = T0 (\u0394Ssys + \u0394Ssurr)\n\n\nI \u2265 0\n\nI represents increase in unavailable energy.\n\nHelmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies\n\nHelmholtz Free Energy is defined as\n\nF \u2261 U \u2212 TS\n\nThe Helmholtz free energy is relevant for a non-flow process. For a flow process, we define the Gibbs Free Energy\n\nG \u2261 H \u2212 TS\n\nThe Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies have applications in finding the conditions for equilibrium.\n\n\nThird Law\n\n\nThird Law of Thermodynamics\n\nThe Third Law of Thermodynamics extends the definition of Entropy:\n\nEntropy is zero only in a perfect crystal at absolute zero ( 0 kelvin [- 273.15 degree Celsius ]).\n\nThe Third Law of Thermodynamics can mathematically be expressed as\n\nlim ST\u21920 = 0 (1)\n\n\nS = entropy (J/K)\n\nT = absolute temperature (K)\n\nAt a temperature of absolute zero there is no thermal energy or heat. At a temperature of zero Kelvin the atoms in a pure crystalline substance are aligned perfectly and do not move. There is no entropy of mixing since the substance is pure. By -VBM\n\n\n\nOne Component Systems\n\nAll materials can exist in three phases: solid, liquid, and gas. All one component systems share certain characteristics, so that a study of a typical one component system will be quite useful.\n\nOne Component System\n\nFor this analysis, we consider heat transferred to the substance at constant pressure. The above chart shows temperature vs. specific volume (1/density) curves for at three different constant pressures. The three line-curves labeled p1, p2, and pc above are isobars, showing conditions at constant pressure. When the liquid and vapor coexist, it is called a saturated state. There is no change in temperature or pressure when liquid and vapor are in equilibrium, so that the temperature is called saturation temperature and the pressure is called saturation pressure. Saturated states are represented by the horizontal lines in the chart. In the temperature range where both liquid and vapor of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium, for every value of saturated temperature, there is only one corresponding value of saturation pressure. If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature, it is called subcooled liquid. If the temperature of the vapor or gas is greater than the saturation temperature it is called superheated vapor.\n\nThe amount of liquid and vapor in a saturated mixture is specified by its quality x, which is the fraction of vapor in the mixture. Thus, the horizontal line representing the vaporization of the fluid has a quality of x=0 at the left endpoint where it is 100% liquid and a quality of x=1 at the right endpoint where it is 100% vapor. The blue curve in the preceding diagram shows saturation temperatures for saturated liquid i. e. where x=0. The green curve in the diagram shows saturation temperatures for saturated vapor i. e. where x=1. These curves are not isobars.\n\nIf you also consider the solid state, then we get the phase diagram for the material. The point where the solid, liquid, and the vapor state exist in equilibrium is called the\ntriple point. Note that as the saturation temperatures increase, the liquid and vapor specific volumes approach each other until the blue and green curves come together and meet at point C on the pc isobar. At that point C, called the critical point, the liquid and vapor states merge together and all their thermodynamic properties become the same. The critical point has a certain temperature Tc, and pressure pc, which depend on the substance in question. At temperatures above the critical point, the substance is considered a super-heated gas.\n\nThis diagram is based on the diagram for water. Other pure (one-component) substances have corresponding temperature vs. specific volume diagrams which are fairly similarly shaped, but the temperatures, pressures, and specific volumes will vary.\n\nThe thermodynamic properties of materials are given in charts. One commonly used chart is the Mollier Chart, which is the plot of enthalpy versus entropy. The pressure enthalpy chart is frequently used in refrigeration applications. Charts such as these are useful because many processes are isenthalpic, so obtaining values would be as simple as drawing a straight line on the chart and reading off the data.\n\nSteam tables give the values of specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy for different temperatures for water. They are of great use to an engineer, with applications in steam turbines, steam engines, and air conditioning, among others.\n\nGas tables give the same equations for common gases like air. Although most gases roughly obey the ideal gas equation, gas tables note the actual values which are more accurate in many cases. They are not as important as steam tables, but in many cases it is much easier to lookup from a table rather than compute answers.\n\nGibbs Phase Rule\n\nGibbs phase rule states that for a heterogeneous system in equilibrium with C components in P phases, the degree of freedom F = C - P + 2. Thus, for a one component system with two phases, there is only one degree of freedom. F=1-2+2 F =1 That is, if you are given either the pressure or temperature of wet steam, you can obtain all the properties, while for superheated steam, which has just one phase, you will need both the pressure and the temperature.\n\n\nPsychrometry is the study of air and water vapor mixtures for air conditioning. For this application, air is taken to be a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with the other gases being small enough so that they can be approximated by more of nitrogen and oxygen without much error. In this psychrometry section, vapor refers to water vapor. For air at normal (atmospheric) pressure, the saturation pressure of vapor is very low. Also, air is far away from its critical point in those conditions. Thus, the air vapor mixture behaves as an ideal gas mixture. If the partial pressure of the vapor is smaller than the saturation pressure for water for that temperature, the mixture is called unsaturated. The amount of moisture in the air vapor mixture is quantified by its humidity.\n\nThe absolute humidity \u03c9 is the ratio of masses of the vapor and air, i.e., \u03c9 = mv/ma. Now, applying ideal gas equation, pV = mRT for water vapor and for air, we have, since the volume and temperature are the same, \u03c9 = 0.622 pv/pa. The ratio of specific gas constants (R in preceding equation) of water vapor to air equals 0.622 .\n\nThe relative humidity \u03c6 is the ratio of the vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure at that temperature, i.e., \u03c6 = pv/pv,sat.\n\nThe saturation ratio is the ratio of the absolute humidity to the absolute humidity at saturation, or, \u03c8 = \u03c9/\u03c9sat. It is easy to see that the saturation ratio is very close to the value of relative humidity.\n\nAbsolute Humidity\n\nThe above plot shows the value of absolute humidity versus the temperature. The initial state of the mixture is 1, and it is cooled isobarically, and at constant absolute humidity. When it reaches 2, it is saturated, and its absolute humidity is \u03c9a. Further cooling causes condensation and the system moves to point 3, where its absolute humidity is \u03c9b. The temperature at 2 is called the dew point.\n\nIt is customary to state all quantities in psychrometry per unit mass of dry air. Thus, the amount of air condensed in the above chart when moving from 2 to 3 is \u03c9b \u2212 \u03c9a.\n\nAdiabatic Saturation\n\nAdiabatic Saturation\n\nConsider an unsaturated mixture entering a chamber. Suppose water was sprayed into the stream, so that the humidity increases and it leaves as a saturated mixture. This is accompanied by a loss of temperature due to heat being removed from the air which is used for vaporization. If the water supplied is at the temperature of exit of the stream, then there is no heat transfer from the water to the mixture. The final temperature of the mixture is called adiabatic saturation temperature.\n\nWet Bulb Temperature\n\nThe relative humidity of air vapor mixtures is measured by using dry and wet bulb thermometers. The dry bulb thermometer is an ordinary thermometer, while the wet bulb thermometer has its bulb covered by a moist wick. When the mixture flows past the two thermometers, the dry bulb thermometer shows the temperature of the stream, while water evaporates from the wick and its temperature falls. This temperature is very close to the adiabatic saturation temperature if we neglect the heat transfer due to convection.\n\nPsychrometric Chart\n\nPsychrometric Chart\n\nThis chart gives the value of absolute humidity versus temperature, along with the enthalpy. From this chart you can determine the relative humidity given the dry and wet bulb temperatures. We have, from the first law, that for a flow system with no heat transfer, the enthalpy is a constant. Now, for the adiabatic saturation process, there is no heat transfer taking place, so that the adiabatic saturation lines are the same as the wet bulb temperature and the constant enthalpy lines.\n\n\n1. The temperature at Phoenix is 35\u00b0C with a relative humidity of 40%. Can a room be cooled using a conventional air cooler?\n\nWe need to find the wet bulb temperature for the point T = 35\u00b0C and \u03c6 = 40%. We have, from the psychrometric chart, the wet bulb temperature is between 20 and 25\u00b0C. Thus, you can cool the room down to a comfortable temperature using an evaporative cooler.\n\n2. The temperature of Los Angeles is 37\u00b0C with relative humidity of 83%. To what temperature can a room be cooled using a conventional air cooler?\n\nThe wet bulb temperature is about 34.2\u00b0C for this situation. Thus, you cannot use an ordinary cooler to reduce room temperature in this situation. You will need to use an air conditioner.\n\nAir Conditioning\n\nThe human body can work efficiently only in a narrow range of conditions. Further, it rejects about 60 W of heat continuously into the surroundings, and more during heavy exercise. The temperature of the body is maintained by the evaporation of sweat from the body. Thus, for comfort, both the temperature and the relative humidity should be low.\n\nConventional air conditioning consists of setting the humidity at an acceptable level, while reducing the temperature. Reducing the humidity to zero is not the ideal objective. For instance, low humidity leads to issues like high chances of static electricity building up, leading to damage of sensitive electronic equipment. A humidity level of 50% is more acceptable in this case.\n\nThe most common method of reducing humidity is to cool the air using a conventional air conditioner working on a reversed Carnot cycle. The vapor that condenses is removed. Now, the air that is produced is very cold, and needs to be heated back up to room temperature before it is released back to the air conditioned area.\n\nCommon Thermodynamic Cycles\n\nSeveral thermodynamic cycles used in machines can be approximated with idealized cycles. It was shown previously that a Carnot engine was the most efficient engine operating between two thermal reservoirs. However, due to practical difficulties, Carnot cycle cannot be implemented in all situations. The following sections deal with idealized (non Carnot) systems found in practice.\n\nRankine Cycle\n\nIn the Rankine cycle, also called the standard vapor power cycle, the working fluid follows a closed cycle. We will consider water as a working substance. In the Rankine cycle, water is pumped from a low pressure to a high pressure using a liquid pump. This water is then heated in the boiler at constant pressure where its temperature increases and it is converted to superheated vapor. This vapor is then expanded in an expander to generate work. This expander can be a turbine or a reciprocating (i.e. piston) machine such as those used in older steam locomotive or ship. The output of the expander is then cooled in a condenser to the liquid state and fed to the pump. The Rankine cycle differs from the Carnot cycle in that the input to the pump is a liquid (it is cooled more in the condenser). This allows the use of a small, low power pump due to the lower specific volume of liquid compared to steam. Also, the heat transfer in the boiler takes place mainly as a result of a phase change, compared to the isothermal heating of the ideal gas in the Carnot cycle, so that the efficiency is quite good (even though it is still lower than the Carnot efficiency). The amount of heat transferred as the liquid is heated to its boiling point is very small compared to the heat transfer during phase change. The steam is superheated so that no liquid state exists inside the turbine. Condensation in the turbine can be devastating as it can cause corrosion and erosion of the blades.\n\nThere are several modifications to the Rankine cycle leading to even better practical designs. In the reheat cycle there are two expanders working in series, and the steam from the high pressure stage is heated again in the boiler before it enters the low pressure expander. This avoids the problem of moisture in the turbine and also increases the efficiency. The regenerative cycle is another modification to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle. In many Rankine cycle implementations, the water enters the boiler in the subcooled state, and also, the large difference in temperature between the one at which heat is supplied to the boiler and the fluid temperature will give rise to irreversibilities which will cause the efficiency to drop. In the regenerative cycle, the output of the condenser is heated by some steam tapped from the expander. This causes the overall efficiency to increase, due to the reasons noted above.\n\nOtto Cycle\n\nOtto Cycle\n\nThe Otto Cycle is the idealization for the process found in the reciprocating internal combustion engines which are used by most automobiles. While in an actual engine the gas is released as exhaust, this is found to be a good way to analyze the process. There are, of course, other losses too in the actual engine. For instance, partial combustion and aspiration problems for a high speed engine. The working material in the idealized cycle is an ideal gas, as opposed to the air fuel mixture in an engine.\n\n  1. Heat is transferred at constant volume during 1-2.\n  2. The gas expands reversibly and adiabatically during 2-3, where work is done.\n  3. Heat is rejected at constant volume at low temperature during 3-4.\n  4. The gas is compressed reversibly and adiabatically in 4-1.\n\n\nHeat is transferred at constant volume in 1-2, so that Q1-2 = m cv(T2 \u2212 T1). Similarly, the heat rejected in 3-4 is Q3-4 = m cv (T3 \u2212 T4). The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle is thus\n\n\u03b7th = (Q1-2 \u2212 Q3-4)/Q1-2\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 Q3-4/Q1-2\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 (T3 \u2212 T4)/(T2 \u2212 T1)\n\nSince 2-3 and 4-1 are reversible adiabatic processes involving an ideal gas, we have,\n\nT2/T3 = (V3/V2)\u03b3 \u2212 1\n\n\nT4/T1 = (V1/V4)\u03b3 \u2212 1\n\n\nV1 = V2\n\n\nV3 = V4\n\nSo, we have\n\nT2/T3 = T1/T4\n\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 (T3/T2)(1 \u2212 T4/T3)/(1 \u2212 T1/T2)\n\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 T3/T2\n\nIf we introduce the term rc = V3/V2 for the compression ratio, then we have,\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 rc1 \u2212 \u03b3\n\nAs can be seen, increasing the compression ratio will improve thermal efficiency. However, increasing the compression ratio causes the peak temperature to go up, which may cause spontaneous, uncontrolled ignition of the fuel, which leads to a shock wave traveling through the cylinder, and is called knocking.\n\nDiesel Cycle\n\nDiesel Cycle\n\nThe Diesel cycle is the idealized cycle for compression ignition engines (ones that don't use a spark plug). The difference between the Diesel cycle and the Otto cycle is that heat is supplied at constant pressure.\n\n  1. Heat is supplied reversibly at constant pressure in 1-2.\n  2. Reversible adiabatic expansion during which work is done in 2-3.\n  3. Heat is rejected reversibly at constant volume in 3-4.\n  4. Gas is compressed reversibly and adiabatically in 4-1.\n\n\nHeat is transferred to the system at constant pressure during 1-2 so that\n\nQin = m cp (T2 \u2212 T1)\n\nHeat is rejected by the system at constant volume during 3-4:\n\nQout = m cv (T3 \u2212 T4)\n\nThus, the efficiency of the Diesel cycle is\n\n\u03b7th = (Qin \u2212 Qout)/Qin\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 Qout/Qin\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 (cv (T3 \u2212 T4))/(cp (T2 \u2212 T1))\n\n\u03b7th = 1 \u2212 (1/\u03b3) (T3 \u2212 T4)/(T2 \u2212 T1)\n\nWe define the cutoff ratio as rt = V2/V1, and since the pressures at 1 and 2 are equal, we have, applying the ideal gas equation, T2/T1 = rt. Now, for the adiabatic processes 2-3 and 4-1 we have,\n\nSince V3 = V4, we have\n\nDual Cycle\n\nDual Cycle\n\nThe dual cycle is sometimes used to approximate actual cycles as the time taken for heat transfer in the engine is not zero for the Otto cycle (so not constant volume). In the Diesel cycle, due to the nature of the combustion process, the heat input does not occur at constant pressure.\n\nGas Turbine Cycle (or Joule-Brayton Cycle)\n\nGas turbines are rotary internal combustion engines. As the first stage air is drawn in from outside and compressed using a compressor. Then the fuel is introduced and the mixture is ignited in the combustion chamber. The hot gases are expanded using a turbine which produces work. The output of the turbine is vented outside as exhaust.\n\nGas Turbine Cycle\n\nThe ideal gas turbine cycle is shown above. The four stages are\n\n  1. Heat input at constant pressure during 1-2.\n  2. Reversible adiabatic expansion during 2-3, where work is done.\n  3. Heat rejection at constant pressure during 3-4.\n  4. Reversible adiabatic compression during 4-1 where work is consumed.\n\nLarge amount of work is consumed in process 4-1 for a gas turbine cycle as the working material (gas) is very compressible. The compressor needs to handle a large volume and achieve large compression ratios.\n\n\nThe heat input in a gas turbine cycle is given by Qin = m cp (T2 - T1) and the heat rejected Qout = m cp (T3 - T4). Thus the thermal efficiency is given by\n\nSince the adiabatic processes take place between the same pressures, the temperature ratios are the same\n\n\nWhere rp is the pressure ratio and is a fundamental quantity for the gas turbine cycle.\n\nRefrigeration Cycles\n\nThe ideal refrigeration cycle is reverse of Carnot cycle, working as a heat pump instead of as a heat engine. However, there are practical difficulties in making such a system work.\n\nThe gas refrigeration cycle is used in aircraft to cool cabin air. The ambient air is compressed and then cooled using work from a turbine. The turbine itself uses work from the compressed air, further cooling it. The output of the turbine as well as the air which is used to cool the output of the compressor is mixed and sent to the cabin.\n\nThe Rankine vapor-compression cycle is a common alternative to the ideal Carnot cycle. A working material such as Freon or R-134a, called the refrigerant, is chosen based on its boiling point and heat of vaporization. The components of a vapor-compression refrigeration system are the compressor, condenser, the expansion (or throttling) valve, and the evaporator. The working material (in gaseous form) is compressed by the compressor, and its output is cooled to a liquid in the condenser. The output of the condenser is throttled to a lower pressure in the throttling valve, and sent to the evaporator which absorbs heat. The gas from the evaporator is sent to the compressor, completing the cycle.\n\nStandard refrigeration units use the throttling valve instead of a turbine to expand the gas as the work output that would be produced is not significant to justify the cost of a turbine. There are irreversibilities associated with such an expansion, but it is cost effective when construction costs are considered.\n\n\nFurther Reading\n\nFurther reading and resources:\n\n  \u2022 Kostic, M. (2008). Sadi Carnot\u2019s Ingenious Reasoning of Ideal Heat-Engine Reversible Cycles (Proceedings of the 4th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (EEESD'08), Algarve, Portugal, June 11-13, 2008. In NEW ASPECTS OF ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Editors: T. Panagopoulos, T. Noronha Vaz , M. D. Carlos Antunes) ed.). WSEAS Press. pp.\u00a0159-166. ISBN\u00a0978-960-6766-71-8.\u00a0 (full text)\n  \u2022 Thermodynamics\n  \u2022 Engineering Thermodynamics - A Graphical Approach by Dr. Israel Urieli, Ohio University Dept of Mechanical Engineering
+__label__positive Note: You can hover cursor to to find the correct answer.\n\n0\u00a0\u00a0(0%) 3 Sec\n\n  1. \u00a0A project manager approaches you to understand the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) in better detail. You tell him that:\n\n    A) The WBS is a detailed project plan and includes the effort, resources and dates on which the tasks for the project are completed.\n    B) The WBS is a task oriented decomposition of work that identifies each task and the resource required to accomplish the task.\n    C) The WBS is a deliverable oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be accomplished by the project team to accomplish project objectives.\n    D) The WBS is a Gantt chart which contains details about the project deliverables required to be done by the project team.\n\n    Your answer=, Correct answer= , Work Sheet:\n\n  2. \u00a0Project Scope Management is primarily concerned with:\n\n    A) Defining the scope of work that is included in the project.\n    B) Defining and controlling what is and what is not included in the project.\n    C) The scope of work that is required during the initiation phase.\n    D) Defining the specifications and functionality of the work product\n\n    Your answer=, Correct answer= , Work Sheet:\n\n  3. \u00a0While managing a project, you have included the product acceptance criteria in the Quality Management Plan. When reviewing your plan, a senior manager asks you look at this closely. You then realize that what you have done is incorrect. Where would you actually place the product acceptance criteria?\n\n    A) Project Charter\n    B) Project Management Plan\n    C) Project Scope Statement\n    D) Scope Verification Plan\n\n    Your answer=, Correct answer= , Work Sheet:\n\n  4. \u00a0Which of the following processes is not a part of Project Scope Management?\n\n    A) Create WBS\n    B) Perform Quality Control\n    C) Control Scope\n    D) Collect Requirements\n\n    Your answer=, Correct answer= , Work Sheet:\n\n  5. \u00a0Which of the following is not a Group Creativity Technique used in the Collect Requirements process?\n\n    A) Nominal group technique\n    B) Idea diagram\n    C) Mind mapping\n    D) Affinity diagram\n\n    Your answer=, Correct answer= , Work Sheet:\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Click Turn Right Ahead sign for next test \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nClose Window
+__label__positive RRB JE Previous Question Paper CBT1 | RRB NTPC Previous Questions\n\nRRB JE Previous Question Paper CBT1 | RRB NTPC Previous Questions\n\n\nYou can get the Technical Study materials in\u00a0 EEE Made Easy Blog\n\nYou can watch the Engineering Classes with malayalam Explanation in EEE Made Easy Youtube channel\n\n\n1. Which one among the following was the Harappan trading station? (a) Surkotda (b) Kalibangan (c) Lothal (d) Ropar\n2. Which one of the following recorded the transformation of King Ashoka after the Kalinga War? (a) Rock Edict XIII (b) Rock Edict VI (c) Rock Edict IV (d) Rock Edict II\n3. The International Head Quarters of Red Cross : (a) New York (b) Geneva (c) London (d) Paris\n4. The first general election of India after Independence was in : (a) 1948 (b) 1947 (c) 1949 (d) 1950\n5. The Crocodile Bank in the country is located in : (a) Madras (b) Bangalore (c) Visakhapattanam (d) Thiruvananthapuram\n6. Father of Electricity is : (a) Anders (b) Alessandro Volta (c) Faraday (d) Alexander Graham Bell\n7. Which Indian State has the longest coast line : (a) Kerala (b) Gujarat (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Maharashtra\n8. In a particular country 35 million people still live in caves. Where ? (a) India (b) Africa (c) Germany (d) China\n9. The most populated corporation of Kerala : (a) Ernakulam (b) Thrissur (c) Thiruvananthapuram (d) Cochin\n10. The postage stamps were introduced in India by :\n(a) Lord Dalhousie (b) Lord Canning (c) Lord Ripon (d) Lord Wellesley\n11. The character Karuthamma is created by : (a) Thakazhi (b) S.K. Pottekkad (c) M.T. Vasudevan Nair (d) O. Chandu Menon\n12. The Animal without fingers but with nails : (a) Tiger (b) Lion (c) Elephant (d) Dog\n13. Which Vitamin is easily destroyed during cooking? (a) Vitamin D (b) Vitamin C (c) Vitamin A (d) Vitamin B\n14. The Kerala Forest Research Institute situated in : (a) Thekkadi (b) Peechi (c) Muthanga (d) Munnar\n15. During whose tenure as the Viceroy of India were the great Martyrs Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru hanged? (a) Lord Curzon (b) Lord Irwin (c) Lord Minto (d) Lord Chelmford\n16. A Shepherd had 34 sheep. All but 18 die, How many sheep were left? (a) 34 (b) 18 (c) 14 (d) 16\n17. Chand Bibi, the famous Muslim ruler, belonged to which of the following kingdoms? (a) Bijapur (b) Golconda (c) Ahmednagar (d) Berar\n18. Adding new unrelated product or services for present customers are called\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) Horizontal diversification (b) Concentric diversification (c) Conglomerate diversification (d) None of these\n19. The Indian Struggle is the autobiography of : (a) Sarojini Naidu (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Subhash Chandra Bose\n20. A group of poets known as Ashtadiggajas adorned the kingdom of : (a) Harihara (b) Bukka (c) Ala-ud-din Hassan (d) Krishna Devaraya\n21. Cricket originated in : (a) India (b) America (c) South Africa (d) England\n22. Name the Keralite who had done a great speech in UN : (a) K.R. Narayanan (b) V.K. Krishna Menon (c) Akkama Cheriyan (d) Lekshmi N. Menon\n23. The Kodungallur poet Kunjikuttan Thampuran is also known as : (a) Kerala Kalidasa (b) Kerala Panini (c) Kerala Vyasa (d) Kerala Varma\n24. Which Mohan Lal movie was based on the Independence struggle? (a) Ravana Prabhu (b) Kalapani (c) Piravi (d) Paradesi\n25. When was World Trade Organization set up by the member countries of the United Nations to promote trade among countries? (a) 1994 (b) 1995 (c) 1993 (d) 1996\n26. Under which Article of the Indian Constitution, it is the duty of the Union Government to protect States\nagainst external aggression and internal disturbance? (a) Article 355 (b) Article 356 (c) Article 354 (d) Article 362\n27. PERT stands for (a) Program Evaluation and Review Theory (b) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (c) Project Evaluation and Review Technique (d) Progress Evaluation and Review Technique\n28. In 2008-09, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 continued to be the major source of India\u2019s imports. (a) Asia and ASEAN (b) EU (c) North America (d) South America\n29. The annual addition to India\u2019s population is almost equal to the total population of: (a) Bangladesh (b) Australia (b) Japan (d) USA\n30.How is the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere connected? (a) Hydrological cycle (b) Nitrogen cycle (c) Oxygen cycle (d) Carbon cycle\n31.Where was Stockholm Conference held? (a) Geneva (b) India (c) Austria (d) Greece\n32.What does the latest XP stand for in the product Microsoft XP? (a) Extended Product (b) Extra Pampering (c) Experience (d) Entry level product\n33.Which country is the company Nestle head quartered? (a) Sweden (b) Switzerland (c) The Netherlands (d) USA\n34.Right to vote is mentioned in the part of the constitution relating to \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) Fundamental Rights (b) Union Legislature (c) State (d) Election\n35\u2026\u2026\u2026.. refers to highly educated and skilled people who migrate from poor developing countries to wealthy industrial countries. (a) Direct Investment (b) Portfolio Investment (c) Brain Drain (d) Transfer Pricing\n36.Herpetology is a branch of science which deals with. (a) Aves (b) Mammals (c) Reptiles (d) Fishes\n37.Where there is no provision in the partnership Deed regarding the dissolution of partnership, the firm is known as \u2026\u2026. (a) Indefinite partnership (b) Partnership at will (c) General partnership (d) Contingent partnership\n38.When number of food chains are interlocked this is called \u2026\u2026\u2026. (a) Food link (b) Food chain (c) Pyramid (d) Food Web\n39.Which country will host 2015-Cricket Word Cup? (a) England (b) Australia (c) NewZealand (d) Both (a) and (b)\n40. Dengue fever is caused by : (a) Virus (b) Bacteria (c) Monkey (d) Birds\n41. Which Indian State has a separate Constitution? (a) Delhi (b) West Bengal (c) Rajasthan (d) Jammu and Kashmir\n42. The first man in space is : (a) Yuri Gagarin (b) Neil Armstrong (c) Rakesh Sharma (d) Alien Shepherd\n43.. The chief spokesman of the Government in Indian Parliament is : (a) President (b) Vice-President (c) Speaker (d) Prime Minister\n44. The instrument used to measure humidity of the atmosphere : (a) Hygrometer (b) Thermometer (c) Barometer (d) Lactometer\n45. The first Indian Woman in an Olympic track final : (a) Shiny Wilson (b) Anju George (c) P.T. Usha (d) Rosamma Chacko\n46. Chalo Chalo Delhi Chalo. This slogan was exhorted by : (a) Sarojini Naidu (b) Subhash Chandra Bose (c) Gandhiji (d) Babu Rajendra Prasad\n47. The new name of Santa Cruz Airport of Mumbai : (a) Subhash Chandra Bose Airport (b) Dum Dum Airport (c) Jawaharlal Nehru Airport (d) Indira Gandhi Airport\n48. Which river in India is known as the River of Sorrow. (a) Damodar River (b) Ganga River (c) Sindhu River (d) Periyar River\n49. The author of Astangahridaya. (a) Vishnu Sharma (b) Chanakya (c) Bhavabhooti (d) Vagbhata\n50. The Himalaya is an example of : (a) Volcanic Mountain (b) Fold Mountain (c) Block Mountain (d) Residual Mountain\n51. The most abundant metal in the Earths Crust : (a) Iron (b) Magnesium (c) Aluminium (d) Gold\n52. UN celebrated \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026year as the year of Youth. (a) 1985 (b) 1986 (c) 1992 (d) 1990\n53. The word Monsoon is derived from : (a) English (b) Tamil (c) Arabic (d) Greek\n54. Steffi Graf is belongs to : (a) Germany (b) Italy (c) England (d) France\n55. Knot is used for measuring : (a) Speed of Rocket (b) Speed of Aeroplane (c) Speed of ships (d) Speed of Train\n56. The meetings of Indian Parliament are summoned by : (a) The President (b) Prime Minister (c) Vice President (d) Speaker\n57. Best conductor of heat and electricity is : (a) Copper (b) Iron (c) Silver (d) Aluminium\n58. The Head Quarters of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is : (a) Thiruvananthapuram (b) Mumbai (c) Nasik (d) Chennai\n59. The total number of Muscles in a human body is :\n(a) 200 (b) 300 (c) 250 (d) 150\n60. The great English poet who wrote two epic poems even after losing his eye sight (a) Shakespeare (b) William Wordsworth (c) Chaucer (d) John Milton\n61. The author of ?Long Walk to Freedom. (a) Amartya Sen (b) Nelson Mandela (c) Ang-San-Suki (d) Salman Rushdie\n62. The first Mosque in India was established in : (a) Kodungallur (b) Kollam (c) Kasargod (d) Chaliyam\n63. The first lady who won Asoka Chakra. (a) Kamlesh Kumari (b) Kiran Bedi (c) Padmavathy Bandopadhyaya (d) Medha Patkar\n64. Cradle of the Indian Foot ball is : (a) Calcutta (b) Mumbai (c) Kerala (d) Chennai\n65. The motherland of Hermann Gundert : (a) England (b) America (c) Italy (d) Germany\n66. The disease caused by deficiency of iron in the diet : (a) Loss of vision (b) Anaemia (c) Pellagra (d) Loss of hearing\n67. Which organ is considered as the chemical laboratory of the human body? (a) Heart (b) Liver (c) Kidney (d) Lungs\n68. Melody Queen of India: (a) Usha Uthup (b) Sarojjini Naidu (c) P. Leela (d) Lata Mangeshkar\n69. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) is in : (a) Maharashtra (b) Kerala (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Uttar Pradesh\n70. The one and only Indian Post Office outside India is in : (a) England (b) Antartica (c) America (d) South Africa\n71. An Indian State formed on May Ist : (a) Tamil Nadu (b) Delhi (c) Rajasthan (d) Maharashtra\n72.The preamble of the Indian Constitution was for the first time amended by the \u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) 24th amendment (b) 42th amendment (c) 44th amendment (d) None of the above\n73.Which of the following acid is formed during the change of milk into curd? (a) Acetic acid (b) Ascorbic acid (c) Citric acid (d) Lactic acid\n74.Who was the first Speaker of the first Lok Sabha? (a) G.V. Mavalankar (b) C.D. Deshmukh (c) Dr. S. Radhakrisnan (d) Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant\n75.Which one of the following is not correct with regard to ethnicity and nationalism? (a) Both trace common bonds across their members (b) Both distinguish between we and they (c) There is unanimity among scholars today that both are imagined relations (d) While nationalism tends towards Nation-States, ethnicity seeks the recognition of its distinct identity\n76.According to the census (2011), the lowest literacy rate is in \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\n(a) Utter Pradesh (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Bihar (d) Arunachal Pradesh\n77.Which of the following is not correctly matched? (a) The Government of India Act, 1919 \u2013 Minto Morley Reforms (b) The Cripps Mission-year 1942 (c) The Government of India Act, 1935 \u2013 Provincial Autonomy (d) The Cabinet Mission Plan \u2013 Year 1946\n78.The main strategy adopted in the new economic policy of 1991 is \u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) Liberalization (b) Privatization (c) Globalisation (d) All of the above\n79.Bima is younger than Rita. Rita is younger than Kala. Kala is elder than Nila. Nila is younger than Bala. Who is the eldest of all fo them? (a) Nila (b) Rita (c) Kala (d) Bala\n80.The first battle of Panipat was fought between\u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) Humayun and Shershah (b) Rana Sanga and Babur (c) Akbar and Hemu (d) Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur\n81.The first Indian State Government to start Lottery (a) Goa (b) sikkim (c) Kerala (d) Manipur\n82.Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History is located at \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. (a) Pune (b) Hyderabad (c) Kerala (d)Coimbatore\nChoose one word for the underlined words: 83.Krishna gave up smoking. (a) abolished (b) abandoned (c) staarted (d) accelerated\n84.The answer is not clear. (a) vague (b) vivid (c) easy (d) difficult\nChoose the correct word to fill up the blanks: 85.He \u2026\u2026..English very well. (a) study (b) learn (c) speak (d) speaks\n86.You had better \u2026\u2026\u2026.. a doctor (a) consult (b) to consult (c) consulted (d) consulting\n87.Would you mind \u2026\u2026\u2026..a letter. (a) write (b) writes (c) writing (d) wrote\nChoose the correct phrasal verb for the words underlined 88.Large people attended for the meeting. (a) turned up (b) turned down (c) turned off (d) turn over\n89.Krishna can not tolerate with his wife. (a) put down (b) put on (c) put accross (d) put up with\n90.Choose a word having correct spelling: (a) grammar (b) grammer (c) gramar (d) gramer\nChoose a word having opposite in meaning for the words underlined 91.The High Court convicted the accused but the Supreme Court\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) accused (b) acquitted (c) punished (d) set free\n92.Raman is guilty but his wife is \u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) punished (b) lazy (c) innocent (d) courageous\nChoose the correct tense forms: 93.He \u2026\u2026.. abroad last year, (a) went (b) whom (c) go (d) had gone\n94.It \u2026.. raining since sixO\u2019 clock (a) has been (b) had been (c) was (d) is\n95. I am certain that I am wearing Leela?s cap, and she is wearing \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) my (b) its (c) her (d) mine\n96. Merchants in the town report that the orders \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 sweets have increased. (a) for (b) in (c) to (d) with\n97. The audience stood up \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 silence for the National Anthem. (a) with (b) to (c) in (d) for\n98. The antonym of entry is \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. (a) exit (b) disentry (c) gateway (d) doorway\n99. The \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. is an important punctuation mark. (a) comma (b) coma (c) comme (d) cauma\n100. I can only blame \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 for my failure. (a) me (b) my (c) mine (d) myself\n101.I am happy,\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.? (a) amn\u2019t I (b) aren\u2019t I (c) is he (d) am I\n102.Mary went to England,\u2026\u2026.? (a) didn\u2019t she (b) did she (c) does she (d) doesn\u2019t Mary\nRewrite the sentence into indirect speech by choosing the correct answer: 103.\u201dMy mother wrote a letter ,\u201d John said (a) John said that his mother writes letters? (b) John said that his mother had written a letter? (c) John said that his mother has written a letter (d) John said that he has been written a letter\n104. Choose the correctly spelt word : (a) defanition (b) definition (c) definision (d) defenition\n105. India has a good \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. team. (a) hocky (b) hokky (c) hockey (d) hokey\n106. Dont \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. your umbrella. (a) lose (b) loose (c) loss (d) losen\nComplete the sentence by choosing a word: 107.A cemetery is place \u2026\u2026. people are buried (a) who (b) whom (c) whose (d) where\nChoose a word close to the meaning of the underlined word: 108.Like a colossus Gandhiji stands astride half a century of Indias History. (a) gigantic (b) big (c) dwarf\nChoose the correct preposition: (d) tall 109.I have been learning English\u2026\u2026.1999 (a) for (b) of (c) since (d) by\nFill up the blank using the correct word: 110.Antony is \u2026.. his school days (a) ruminating (b) devoid of (c) dogged (c) a trifle\n111.If were a bird, I \u2026\u2026 fly away. (a) will (b) would (c) shall (d) would have\n112.would you like \u2026\u2026.. orange? (a) an (b) a (c) the (d) of\n113.One of the boys \u2026\u2026 absent today. (a) are (b) were (c) is (d) have\n114.Raman said \u201cI am eating an orange.\u201d (a) Raman said that he was eating an orange (b) Raman said that he is eating an orange (c) Raman said that he has been eating an orange (d) Raman said that he had eaten an orange\nRewrite the sentence into Passive voice by choosing the correct answer: 115.Sita carried a bundle of books (a) A bundle of books were carried by Sita (b) A bundle of books is carried by Sita (c) A bundle of books was carried by Sita (d) A bundle of books are carried by Sita\n116.Translate it into English (a) English can be translated (b) English would be translated (c) English should be translated (d) Let it be translated into English\n117.Suppose you are told to take all the vowels out of the alphabet. Which would then be the 11th letter? (a) k (b) n (c) p (d) m\n118.Find the odd out: (a) Uranus (b) Neptune (c) Moon (d) Earth\n119.What is the median of the following data? 23,32,24,35,36,37,27 (a) 27 (b) 35 (c) 32 (d) 30\n119. Consider the sequence of integers: 122333444455555 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. where n appears n times. The t1h 9te9r4m is : (a) 52 (b) 63 (c) 94 (d) 88\n120. Two triangles have their sides measuring 5 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm and 7.5 cm, 13.5 cm, 20.25 cm respectively. There areas are in the ratio :\n(a) 2:3 (b) 4:9 (c) 9:4 (d) 3:2\n121. If (n) = n3 + 3n2 + 3n. Then (n+1) is : (a) 2n3 + 6n2 + 3 (b) 3n3 + 12n2 + 4n + 1 (c) n3 + 6n2 + 12n + 7 (d) n3 + 4n2 + 5\n122.7,9,10,49,81,\u2026\u2026.. (a) 100 (b) 162 (c) 102 (d) 99\n123.What is the rational number equal to 0.712712712\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..a (a) 712/10 (b) 712/1000 (c) 712/999 (d) 7127/9999\n124. A length of 7 micro millimetre is : (a) 0.000000007 mm (b) 0.00000007 mm (c) 0.0007 mm (d) 0.000007 mm\n125. If each of the dimensions of a rectangle is increased by 200%, then the area is increased by : (a) 300% (b) 200% (c) 800% (d) 600%\n126. 2101 -2100 -299 is equal to : (a) 299 (b) 298 (c) 2100 (d) 3 (298)\n127. In the following number how many 1?s are there which are immediately followed by 0? and not immediately preceded by 5?. 5210638215901210421 (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1\n128. Pick odd man out : (a) Treatment (b) Planning (c) Activate (d) Popping\n129. Find the number that logically completes the series : 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026., 32, 48, 64 (a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 28 (d) 24\n129. If 5 x 4=12 and 8 x 7=42 then 9 x 8 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) 24 (b) 48 (c) 40 (d) 36\n130. If K denotes \u00f7; S denotes -; Z denotes x and F denotes + then 30S12Z6K2F10 is : (a) 64 (b) -4 (c) 4 (d) -64\n131. B earns 20% more than A, C 25% more than B and D 30% more than C. If D earns Rs. 975, then A earns : (a) Rs 195 (b) Rs. 375 (c) Rs. 487.50 (d) Rs. 500\n132. The line joining the mid-points of the diagonal of a trapezoid has length ?3?. If the longer base is 97 then the shorter base is : (a) 94 (b) 92 (c) 90 (d) 91\n133. If the code of HEAD is HA-1001, then the code of FEED is : (a) FE-1001 (b) FE-1011 (c) Fe-1101 (d) FE-1110\n134. Find Next in the series : DEFH, EFGI, FGHJ, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) GHIK (b) GHKI (c) GHIL (d) HIJL\n135. In a certain code : Khalil is coded as 123454 and Gibran coded as 657839 then the code of ?Algabar? is :\n(a) 4683733 (b) 8378346 (c) 3463738 (d) 3463837\n136. If S means +, M means x; N means \u00f7 and V means -. Then 6M5S9N3V30V3 is : (a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 10 (d) 0\n137. If MADRAS is coded as NBESBT, how is BOMBAY coded accordingly? (a) CPNCBZ (b) CQOCBZ (c) CPOCBZ (d) CPNCPX\n138.Which of the following is the oldest board under the Department of Commerce ? (a) The Rubber Board (b) The Tea Board (c) The Coffee Board (d) The Tobacco Board\n139.The stock market index of London stock market is referred to as \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. (a) Footsie (FTSE) (b) Sensex (c) NIFTY (d) Bullish\n140.Who is the author of \u2018Harry Potter\u2019 series? (a) K.K Roul (b) Jane Austin (c) Harriet Beecher Stowe (d) J.K. Rowling\n141.Which of the following is the first story in \u2018Sherlock Holmes\u2019 series ? (a) The Sign of Four (b) The Six Napoleons (c) The Red Headed League (d) A Study in Scarlet\n142.The Cricketer who became the brand Ambassador of \u2018Indigo Nation\u2019 is \u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) Sachin Tendulkar (b) Virendar Sehwag (c) Anil Kumle (d) M.S. Dhoni\n143.Which country won the ICIC Twenty-20 World Cup Cricket in 2010 ? (a) Sri Lanka (b) England (c) Pakistan (d) New Zeland\n144. The number of Zeros in the binary code of 15? is : (a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1\nStudy the following arrangement and answer the following questions : R4F@J3U%T7K$7MP*9UT6 145. Which is the next in the series given below : R@F, J%U, %K7, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (a) K%7 (b) PTU (c) K$M (d) KM7\n146.Bismi places a watch on a table so that hour hand points towards south at 6pm. On what direction will the minute hand point at 9.30 pm? (a) East (b) West (c) North (d) South\n147.Sania got 182 marks and failed by 18 marks. To pass she had to secure 40% marks. What were the max marks ? (a) 300 (b) 400 (c) 500 (d) 600\n148.What is the technique of long term planning for proposed capital outlays and their financing ? (a) Discounted cashflow (b) Pay back method (c) Cut off rate (d) Capital budgeting\n149.A seller wants a profit of 20% on the sales. Thus the percentage he should add to the cost price will be: (a) 120% (b) 25% (c) 20% (d) 125%\n150.If A means addition (+) B means subtraction (-) C means multiplication (x) and D means (/) what is\nthe value of expression: 6 B12 A 30 C 6 D 3 ? (a) 66 (b) 12 (c) 54 (d) 33\n151.In a certain code language ALBUM can be written as EPFYQ. How the word CRICKET be written in that code language ? (a) GVMGOIX (b) PQSTMOL (c) YQFRIET (d) MSKMVXO\n152.If 9+3-3=30 and 4+2-5=13 what is 7+4-8 (a) 30 (b) 36 (c) 40 (d) 46\n153.The average age of 30 boys in class and a teacher is 15. If the age of the teacher is 30 year what would be the average age of boys only ? (a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 13 (d) 16\n154.In at certain code language LOVE is written as 5321 and WOMEN is written as 63718. How would the word MOVE be written in that code language? (a) 6321 (b) 7321 (c) 8321 (d) 1235\n155.In a cricket match A, B and C together scored 47 runs, B and C together scored 27 runs and A and C together scored 35 runs. Find out individual score of A, B and C respectively. (a) 16,10,21 (b) 12,26,9 (c) 20,12,15 (d) 15,15,17\n156. What will come in the place \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. of the sequence COMMONPLACE, OMMONPLAE, MMONPAE, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) MONAE (b) MOPAE (c) MONPA (d) MONPE\n157. In a meeting of 50 boys, each boy is required to shake hands with the other. Then how many total hand shakes will be there : (a) 1230 (b) 1000 (c) 1250 (d) 1225\n158. If PRUNES is coded as SUXQHU then ELIXIR is : (a) TOLALU (b) HOLALU (c) HOLALW (d) HOLRLU\n160. Pick out the odd man out : (a) ASIMOV : FICTION (b) WINDOWS : OS (c) PHOTOSHOP : GIMP (d) STEPHEN HAWKING : OXFORD\nDirections (Question: 161-162) Read the following passage and answer. A group of students live in a house divided into one room per floor. Abu is in the room below, Aravind and Mubarak is in the room above Ummer. Ummer is in the room below Abu and Aravind lives with Rahul. Musin lives on the top floor. 161.Who else share a room ? (a) Aravind and Rahul (b) Muhsin and Rahul (c) Abu and Ummer (d) Muhsin and Ummer\n162.Who is in the bottem room? (a) Aravind (b) Ummer (c) Muhsin (d) Mubarak\nDirections(Question 163-164). The following questions are based on substitution of letters according to\nthe instructions and conditions given below. 2 5 8 1 6 4 0 9 3 7 K O T J N UP L MR (i) If the number starts with a non zero odd digit, that odd digit is codded as $ (ii) If number is starts with an even digit that even digit is codded as #\n163.What will be the code for 5693581? (a) $NLMOTI (b) LMOTJN$ (c) KTJL#NR (d) #MJTLNP\n164.Which of the following number is the code for $MRTKOU? (a) 3378254 (b) 4378542 (c) 0378245 (d) 6437825\n165. From 3 drums of petrol 27, 33 and 45 litres respectively are to be drawn out. What is the capacity of the measure which will allow this to be done most rapidly? (a) 1 litre (b) 3 litre (c) 6 litre (d) 5 litre\n166. How many such vowels are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately preceded by a number and immediately followed by a consonant : (a) None (b) One (c) Two (d) Three\n167. How many such symbols are there in the ?Arrangement? each of which is immediately preceded by a consonant but not immediately followed by a consonant : (a) More than three (b) One only (c) None (d) Two\n168.Select a similar pair: DBPS:AEOT::? (a) KMVN:JNUO (b) MVMU:NUMJ (c) KNMV:UNJM (d) RTKL:BLTR\n169.How many 3s are there in the following number series which are preceded by 5 and followed by 4 if 3 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 7 8 9 3 1 5 3 4 2 6 7 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four\n170.Some girls are standing in a row. If Labeeba who is 10th from the left and Muhsina 9th from the right interchange their positions, Labeeba becomes 14th from the left, How many girls are standing in the row? (a) 23 (b) 19 (c) 24 (d) 22\n171.Plants which grow in shade are called \u2026\u2026.. (a) Sciophytes (b) Heliophytes (c) Oxylophytes (d) Epiphytes\n172.The headquarters of \u2018Coirfed\u2019 is located at \u2026\u2026.. (a) Kottayam (b) Alappuzha (c) Palakkad (d) Trissur\n173.Which one of the following periodicals was published by Mahatma Gandhi during his stay in South Africa ? (a) Afrikanes (b) Indian Opinion (c) India Gazette (d) Navjivan\n174.Which one of the following is correct with to all theorists of social contact ? (a) Erasing the distinction between law and morality (b) The principle of separation of powers (c) Formation of public authority with social consent (d) belief in innate rights\n175.The most significant Act which declared that the sovereignty of the British Empire in India was in the\nhands of the British Crown was \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. (a) The Company\u2019s Charter Act of 1833 (b) The Company\u2019s Charter Act of 1853 (c) The Indian council Act of 1861 (d) The Indian council Act of 1892\n176.The pioneer of Indian Renaissance was \u2026\u2026. (a) Swami Vivekananda (b) Swami Dayananda Saraswati (c) Dadabhai Nauraji (d) Raja Rammohan Roy\n177.Bio-magnification means \u2026\u2026 (a) Fast spreading of cancer cells in the body (b) Increasing the amount of pesticides in the organisms of successive trophic level (c) To see the microscopic parts of the body by microscope (d) Sudden increase in the number of the individuals of a species in a specific area.\n178.What was the name of india\u2019s first Legislature ? (a) Parliament (b) Union Parliament (c) Constituent Assembly (d) National Assembly\n179.In first Lok Sabha, how many seats were \u2026\u2026\u2026 (a) 500 (b) 499 (c) 488 (d) 495\n180.Which of the following statement about the energy in a quantum is true ? (a) Varies inversely with frequency (b) Varies directly with frequency (c) Same for all frequency (d) None of these\n181.A definite amount of mechanical work is needed to produce a definite amount of heat and vice versa this given by: (a) First Law of thermodynamics (b) 2nd Law thermodynamics (c) Law of degradation of energy (d) Clausius statement\n182.The temperature of two cups of coffee are 90 oC and 75oC . If the time taken for the first cup to cool from 90oC to 80oC is 15 minutes, then the time taken for the second cup to tool from 75oC to 65oC will be: (a) More than 15 minutes (b) 15 minutes (c) Less than 15 minutes (d) None of these\n183.When India became the member of IMF, the initial par value of Indian Rupee was fixed at \u2026\u2026 grams of gold (a) 0.26801 (b) 0.364 (c) 0.359 (d) 0.865\n184.The longest highway in India runs from \u2026\u2026. (a) Kolkata to Jammu (b) Jammu to Kanyakumari (c) Ambala to Nagarcoil (d) Varanasi to Kanyakumari\n185. Mangala-Bhagyam, Shakti and Aishwarya \u2026\u2026.. (a) Are three schemes for upliftment of scheduled castes girls (b) Are oil fields discovered in Barmer-Sanchore basin. (c) Are three universities established in private sector. (d) Produce natural gas form Jaisalmer basin to supplay Ramgah power plant.\n186.Zoos are examples for \u2026\u2026\u2026. (a) insitu conservation (b) Invivo conservation\n(c) Exsitu conservation (d) Exvivo conservation\n187.The word Tsunami is derived from two Japanese word. Identify the words (a) Tsu (big) and nami (flow) (b) Tsu (Harbor) and nami (wave) (c) Tsu (Big wave) and nami (vave) (d) Tsu (big) and nami (wave)\n188. Average fo first five odd multiple of 3 is (a) 21 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 16\n189.The middle terms of the following series 2 + 4 + 6 + \u2026\u2026 + 198 is (a) 100 (b) 94 (c) 98 (d) 96\n190.As salary is increased by 10% and then decreased by 10%. The change in salary is (a) 2% decrease (b) 1% increase (c) 0% (d) 1% decrease\n191. If the circumcentre of triangle lies outside it, then the triangle is (a) Obtuse angled (b) Acute angled (c) Equilateral (d) Right angled\n192.The Tropic of Cancer does not pass through (a) Nyanmar (b) India (c) Srilanka (d) Pakistan\n193.The stage having largest area under waste land is (a) Tamilnadu (b) Rajasthan (c) Jammu Kashmir (d) West Bengal\n194. Which country was the latest entrant of G-8? (a) Japan (b) Russia (c) France (d) Italy\n195.In how many different ways can be letters of the word CREAM be arrnaged? (a) 504 (b) 240 (c) 720 (d) 360\n196.Centre of the height is a term related to (a) Milling machine (b) Drill Machine (c) Shaping machine (d) Lathe machine\n197. Which of the following is transducer? (a) Loudspearker (b) Headphone (c) Microphone (d) None of these\n198. Which is book was authored by Krishna Deva Raya? (a) Karpoor Manjari (b) Amukta Malyad (c) Mitakshara (d) Rajtarangini\n199.How far does the exclusive Economic Zone of a country extend from her coast? (a) 320km (b) 220 (c) 120km (d) 420km\n200.Which of the following ensures grass-root democracy in India? (a) President (b) Inter State Council (c) Panchayati Raj (d) CAG\n\n1 thought on \u201cRRB JE Previous Question Paper CBT1 | RRB NTPC Previous Questions\u201d\n\nLeave a Comment\n
+__label__positive Biology Paper 2 (part 2)\n\nWhat is the process of blood circulation?\nBlood enters the atria. The atria contracts, forcing blood into the ventricles. The ventricles contracts, forcing blood into the arteries. Finally, blood flows through the arteries to the organs and returns to the heart through the veins.\n1 of 41\nWhat is cellular respiration?\nA process that releases energy from glucose for use in cellular activities.\n2 of 41\nWhat is the main type of cellular respiration?\nAerobic respiration, which uses oxygen.\n3 of 41\nWhat is aerobic respiration?\nA series of chemical reactions that take place, mostly inside mitochondria in the cell.\n4 of 41\nWhat is the formula for aerobic respiration?\nglucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water\n5 of 41\nList some uses of energy in animals?\nTo maintain a steady body temperature in colder temperatures (in birds and mammals) , To enable muscle contraction and to build larger molecules from smaller ones.\n6 of 41\nWhen does anaerobic respiration take place?\nTakes place when there is not enough oxygen, or aerobic respiration is not possible.\n7 of 41\nWhat are the differences in aerobic respiration?\nAerobic respiration: requires oxygen, releases a lot of energy, the glucose is broken down completely and it occurs mostly in mitochondria.\n8 of 41\nWhat are the differences in anaerobic respiration?\nAnaerobic respiration: does not require oxygen, releases much less energy, the glucose is only partly broken down to lactic acid and it does not occur in mitochondria.\n9 of 41\nWhat is the formula for a cardiac output?\nstroke volume x heart rate.\n10 of 41\nWhat happens when you exercise?\nYour stroke volume increases and your heart rate increases.\n11 of 41\nWhy does your stroke volume increase when you exercise?\nBecause the heart muscle pumps more strongly.\n12 of 41\nHow can your heart rate be measured?\nBy taking your pulse at the wrist.\n13 of 41\nWhat is your heart rate usually measured in?\nIt is usually measured as beats per minute (BPM)\n14 of 41\nWhat happens to your heart during exercise?\nDuring exercise, muscle cells are respiring faster. This means that they need more oxygen and glucose, and release more carbon dioxide. A faster heart rate means that blood is pumped faster around the body.\n15 of 41\nWhat are ecosystems?\nEcosystems are organized into different levels. At the level of communities, both abiotic and biotic factors can have an effect.\n16 of 41\nWhat does abiotic mean?\n17 of 41\nWhat does biotic mean?\n18 of 41\nWhat is an organism?\nA single living individual.\n19 of 41\nWhat does population mean?\nAll the organisms of the same species in an area.\n20 of 41\nWhat is a community?\nAll the populations in an area.\n21 of 41\nAre all organisms in an ecosystem dependent?\n22 of 41\nHow can changes in non-living factors be measured?\nUsing an oxygen meter, thermometer or a rainfall gauge.\n23 of 41\nAre oxygen levels different in unpolluted and polluted water?\nYes. In unpolluted water, oxygen levels in water are high whereas in polluted water, the oxygen levels are low.\n24 of 41\nWhat is a pollutant?\nEnergy or a chemical substance that has a harmful effect on living organisms.\n25 of 41\nWhy do animals compete with each other?\nthey compete for food, mates for reproduction and for territory.\n26 of 41\nGive 2 examples of interdependence where the survival of one species is closely linked with another species?\nParasitism and mutualism.\n27 of 41\nWhat is the equation used to work out the number of organisms in the whole area?\nmean number of organisms in one quadrat x total area (m2)/ area of one quadrant (m2)\n28 of 41\nWhen are changes in factors recorded?\nThey are recorded at each quadrat position. This makes it easier to link a change in distribution with a change in physical factor.\n29 of 41\nWhich 2 things can you use to investigate the relationship between organisms and their environment in the field.\nQuadrats and belt transects.\n30 of 41\nWhat is biodiversity?\nBiodiversity is the variety of living organisms in an area.\n31 of 41\nWhat is reforestation?\nReplanting forests where they have been destroyed, for example to create farmland.\n32 of 41\nWhat does the carbon cycle show?\nIt shows how the element carbon passes between the environment and living organisms.\n33 of 41\nWhat is carbon as a gas when it is in the air?\nPart of carbon dioxide.\n34 of 41\nWhy is the carbon cycle important?\nbecause it recycles carbon dioxide released in respiration to be taken in by plants in photosynthesis, to make organic molecules in living organisms.\n35 of 41\nWhat does the water cycle describes?\nIt describes how water moves between different parts of our planets.\n36 of 41\nWhat is the word used where someone can produce drinking water from salty water ?\n37 of 41\nWhat do plants need to grow well?\n38 of 41\nHow do plants get nitrates?\nThey get them from the nitrogen cycle and from many other ways.\n39 of 41\nWhat does the nitrogen cycle show?\nIt shows how the element nitrogen moves between living organisms and the environment.\n40 of 41\nWhat does crop rotation mean and what does it improve?\nCrop rotation means growing different crops each year, on a rotation basis. This improves soil fertility.\n41 of 41\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat is cellular respiration?\n\n\n\nCard 3\n\n\nWhat is the main type of cellular respiration?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nWhat is aerobic respiration?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nWhat is the formula for aerobic respiration?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Science resources:\n\nSee all Science resources \u00bbSee all Biology resources \u00bb
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n187 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat percentage of total body water is made up of plasma?\nWhat percent of body water is considered interstitial fluid?\nWhat percentage of water is considered intracellular fluid?\nIs more fluid intra- or extracellular?\nAbout twice as much body water is in intracellular fluid than extracellular (33% intracellular as opposed to 67% extracellular)\nDefine: Set point\nThe mean steady-state value maintained by a homeostatic system (about which there exists a range of values).\nDefine: Feedback control system\nA system in which the regulatory signal depends upon the read \"output\" value.\nDefine: Negative feedback system\nA feedback system whose regulatory signal operates to decrease the difference between the read \"output\" value and the desired value.\nDefine: Positive feedback system\nA feedback system whose regulatory mechanism increases the effect of any perceived disturbance, ultimately driving the system to extremum.\nDefine: Feed-forward control system\nControl mechanism has predictive quality. Regulation can only come from brain.\nDefine: Control theory\nTheory of regulation of a system's reaction to disturbance\nDefine: Control system\nSystem arranged in such a way that it can self-regulate (and/or regulate other systems)\nWhat are the limitations of negative feedback?\nCan correct for disturbances that affect the system, but not those that affect perception of system variables (in which case the \"output\" that is compared the set-point is not the actual output).\nHow does a physiological variable under positive control returned to its steady-state value after having been driven to an extremum?\nAfter reaching extremum, negative feedback control restores the system to its initial set point.\nLevels of Organization\noOrgan Systems\nFactors controlled by Homeostasis\n1. Concentration of nutrients\n2. Concentration of gases\n3. Concentration of wastes\n4. Regulation of pH\n5. Concentration of water, ions\n6. Blood volume and pressure\n7. Temperature\nScientific Method\n\u2022Experiment (control group and experimental group)\n\u2022Collecting data\nThe Physiology of Science- Based on Hypothesis\n\u2022Hypothesis-based science involves:\n\u2022Observations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions\n\u2022Deductions leading to predictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable\nWhat is a hypothesis?\n\u2022A hypothesis is a tentative or educated guess at an answer to a problem or question that is being asked.\n\u2022A good hypothesis makes predictions that can be tested.\n\u2022Part of the process of hypothesis-based science uses deductive reasoning, which flows from a general premise to a specific premise.\n\u2022The important aspect of this process is that the deduction can be tested.\nprocess by which a stable internal environment within an organism is maintained\nHomeostasis: Intracellular vs Extracellular\nWhat are some important homeostatic mechanisms?\nThe maintenance of a water and solute balance, osmoregulation, the removal of metabolic waste products, excretion, the regulation of blood glucose levels, and the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature, thermoregulation\nWhat are the primary homeostatic organs in humans?\nThe kidneys, liver, the large intestine, and the skin\nWhat are the three processes that regulate salt and water balance in blood?\nFiltration, secretion, and reabsorption\nHow does reabsorption work?\nEssential substances such as glucose, salts, and amino acids and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood\nWhat does Na+ reabsorption do?\nIt increases water reabsorption, leading to a rise in blood volume, and hence a rise in blood pressure\nWhat does the high glucose concentration in a diabetic do to the nephron\u2019s active transport system?\nIt overwhelms it, leading to the excretion of glucose in the urine\nWhat does the liver do?\nIt helps regulate blood glucose levels and produces urea\nWhat happens to glucose-rich blood in the liver?\nIt is processed, which converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage\nWhat happens if the blood has a low glucose concentration?\nThe liver will convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood\nHow does the liver synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?\nVia the process of gluconeogenesis\nWhat else is the liver responsible for processing?\nNitrogenous wastes\nWhat happens to excess amino acids?\nThey are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein\nThey undergo a process called deamination\nWhat is deamination?\nIt is when the amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted into ammonia, a highly toxic compound\nWhat happens to the ammonia?\n1. Excreted in the urine\n2. The liver combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to form urea, a relatively nontoxic compound\nWhat happens to the urea?\n1. It is released into the blood and eventually excreted by the kidneys\nWhat else is the liver responsible for?\nDetoxification of toxins, storage of iron and vitamin B12, destruction of old erythrocytes, synthesis of bile, synthesis of various blood proteins, defense against various antigens, beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones, and interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids\nWhat does the large intestine do?\nIt absorbs water and sodium not previously absorbed in the small intestine and are\nAn excretory organ for excess salts\nfactors can affect the rate of chemical reactions\n1. Temperature\n2. Concentration\n3. Size\n4. pH\n5.Biological catalyst (enzymes)\nGive three properties of water and explain how each function works in the body.\nWhat are the three parts of every amino acid molecule?\nWhat are the three parts to every nucleotide?\nCompare and contrast DNA and RNA(include functions, structure, shape, where they are found in the cell)\nAdenosine Triphosphate\nRNA nucleotide containing adenine and two additional phosphate groups\nWhat is cellular metabolism?\nIt is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in the cell\nAnabolic Reactions\nbiosynthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler molecules; requires energy\nCatabolic Reactions\nreleases energy; break down of complex organic compounds into smaller molecules\nWhat are heterotrophic organisms?\nThey obtain their energy catabolically, via the breakdown of organic nutrients that must be ingested\nWhat is the net reaction of glucose catabolism?\nC6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy\nWhere is the energy of ATP stored?\nIn the covalent bonds attaching the phosphate groups\nWhat is ATP composed of?\nIt has the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and three weakly linked phosphate groups\nWhat is a second mechanism by which the cell stores chemical energy?\nIt stores energy in the form of high potential electrons\nWhat happens during glucose oxidation?\n*Hydrogen atoms are removed\n*They are accepted by NAD+, FAD, and NADP+\nWhat do NAD+, FAD, and NADP+\ntransport the high-energy electrons of the hydrogen atoms to a series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane\nSo, what do these coenzymes ultimately do?\ntemporarily store and release energy in the form of electrons through their successive oxidations and reductions\nWhat is glycolysis?\nProducts of glycolysis (per 1 molecule of glucose)\n2 pyruvate\n2 net ATP\n2 NAD+\ntype of phosphorylation in glycolysis?\nsubstrate level phosphorylation\nWhat is fermentation?\nThis is the reduction of pyruvate into ethanol or lactic acid.\nAlcoholic fermentation\nThe pyruvate is decarboxylated to become acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde is reduced by the NADH generated in glycolysis to yield ethanol. It produces NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue\nLactic Acid fermentation\nThe pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid. Then regeneration of NAD+ . The pH goes down in the blood, which causes muscle fatigue. The lack acid is oxidized back to pyruvate and the cell enters cellular respiration when oxygen is restored\nHow much energy does cellular respiration yield?\n36-38 ATP\nWhat is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?\nIt acts as the final acceptor of electrons that are passed from carrier to carrier during the electron transport chain (the final stage of glucose oxidation)\n\n-catalyzed by Reaction-specific enzymes\nWhat happens during pyruvate decarboxylation?\nThe pyruvate formed during glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix where it is decarboxylated (loses its CO2)\nWhen does the citric acid cycle begin?\n\\when the two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate. It forms the six-carbon citrate\n\n2 CO2 are released, and oxaloacetate is regenerated for use in another turn of the cycle\nWhat type of phosphorylation occurs in the citric acid cycle?\nSubstrate level phosphorylation\nWhat happens to NAD+ and FAD during the CA cycle?\nElectrons are transferred to them, making NADH and FADH2\nWhere do these coenzymes transport the electrons to?\nto the electron transport chain where more ATP is produced Through oxidative phosphorylation\nPer molecule of glucose, how many pyruvates are decarboxylated and channeled into the citric acid cycle?\n2 Pyruvates\nnet products of the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)?\n4 CO2\n4 H+\n2 CoA\nWhat is the electron transport chain?\nIt is a complex carrier mechanism located on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane\nWhat happens during oxidative phosphorylation?\nATP is produced when high energy potential electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a series of carrier molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane\nIn the ETC, What happens as electrons are transferred from carrier to carrier?\nFree energy is released; It is used to form ATP\nIn the ETC, What is FMN or flavin mononucleotide?\nIt is the first molecule of the ETC\nIn the ETC, What else does the O2 pick up besides electrons?\nalso picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the surrounding medium; this forms H2O\nIn the ETC, What happens if there is no oxygen?\nThe ETC becomes backlogged with electrons.\n\nNAD+ cannot be regenerated and glycolysis cannot continue unless lactic acid fermentation occurs.\nWhat does cyanide or dinitrophenol do?\nThey stop ATP synthesis.\n\nCyanide blocks the transfer of electrons from cytochrome a3 to O2. Dinitrophenol uncouples the electron transport chain from the proton gradient established across the inner mitochondrial membrane\nWhat are the three large protein complexes that electron carriers are classified as?\nNADH dehydrogenase, the b-c1 complex, and cytochrome oxidase\nAn electron passing through the entire ETC supplies enough energy to generate how many ATP?\nFor each NADH--NADH delivers its electrons to NADH dehydrogenase complex, which produces how many ATP?\nFor each FADH2--FADH2 delivers its electrons to ubiquinone, which produces how many ATP?\nWhat happens as NADH passes its electrons to the ETC?\nFree hydrogen ions are released and accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix\nWhat does the ETC do to these ions?\nIt pumps them out of the matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the intermembrane space at each of the three protein complexes\nWhat does this continuous translocation of H+ create?\nA positively charged acidic environment in the intermembrane space\nWhat does the electrochemical gradient generate?\nA proton-motive force (the force that drives the H+ back across the inner membrane and into the matrix)\n\nTo pass through the membrane which is impermeable to ions, the H+ must flow through specialized channels provided by enzyme complexes--called ATP synthases\nWhat is the coupling of the oxidation of NADH with the phosphorylation of ADP called?\nOxidative phosphorylation\nWhat happens when glucose supplies run low?\nThe body utilizes other energy sources--carbohydrates first, then fats, then proteins\n\nThese substances are first converted to either glucose or glucose intermediates, which can be then degraded in the glycolytic pathway and the TCA cycle\nHow does it work with carbohydrates?\nDisaccharides are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides, most of which can be converted into glucose or glycolytic intermediates\nWhat can glycogen in the liver be converted into?\nglucose-6-phosphate, (a glycolytic intermediate)\nIn cell respiration--What can fats be converted into energy?\ntriglycerides (stored in adipose tissue) are hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol, and are carried by the blood to other tissues for oxidation\nWhat can glycerol be converted into?\nG3P; glyceraldehide 3-phosphate (a glycolytic intermediate)\nWhat must first happen for the fatty acid?\nIt must be activated in the cytoplasm. this process requires 2ATP.\n\nOnce activated, The fatty acid is transported into the mitochondrion and taken through a series of beta-oxidation cycles--which converts them into two-carbon fragments.\n\nThen, they are converted into acetyl CoA & enter the Citric Acid Cycle\nWith each round of beta-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid, what is generated?\nwhat is generated? 1 NADH and 1 FADH2\nHow do proteins get converted into ATP?\nThe body degrades amino acids only when there is not enough carbohydrate available.\n\nMost undergo a transamination reaction\nWhat happens to the protein in a transamination reaction?\nIt loses an amino group to form an alpha-keto acid\nWhat happens to the carbon atoms of most amino acids?\nMost are converted into acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, or one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle\nWhen you hear the use of coenzymes that act as reducers, what two coenzymes should you think of?\nBy what process is ATP produced in glycolysis? Explain in detail how this process works.\nThe initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destabilize the molecule for cleavage into two G3P.\n\nThen, (for each G3P), 4 phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make 4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced when the triose sugars are oxidized.\n10. Which of the cellular respiration processes operate in the presence of oxygen. Which respiration process is termed anaerobic?\nOnly glycolysis may be anaerobic\nHow many times does the cycle turn for each glucose molecule?\nTransfer of the amine group is called __________________.\n\nthe transamination reaction results in the exchange of an amine group on one acid with a ketone group on another acid. It is analogous to a double replacement reaction.\n\nThe most usual and major keto acid involved with transamination reactions is alpha-ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. A specific example is the transamination of alanine to make pyruvic acid and glutamic acid.\nThe resulting molecule then goes through _______________________ which completely removes the amine group.\noxidative deamination\n\nDuring oxidative deamination, an amino acid is converted into the corresponding keto acid by the removal of the amine functional group as ammonia and the amine functional group is replaced by the ketone group. The ammonia eventually goes into the urea cycle.\n\nOxidative deamination occurs primarily on glutamic acid because glutamic acid was the end product of many transamination reactions.\nProteins used for ATP\nProteases break the peptide bonds of proteins back down to amino acids\nDeaminases break the amino group off the amino acids, releasing ammonia. This toxic ammonia is converted to urea, and is excreted in urine.\nThe remainder of the amino acid (mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen), and can be rearranged in cells to enter cellular respiration either as pyruvate, as acetyl CoA, or directly into the Krebs cycle.\nResult: Still ~32-38 or so ATPs, but from proteins, not glucose!\nFats used for ATP\nLipases break the glycerol head away from the fatty acids.\nGlycerol is converted to an intermediate in glycolysis called \"PGAL\", and enters cellular respiration in the cytoplasm.\nThe fatty acid tails are converted to Acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria\nResult: Still ~32-38 or so ATPs, but from fats, not glucose!\nAfter Glutamic Acid undergoes oxidative deamination, it converts back to ________\nthe keto acid\nkreb cycle products\n-6 NADH's are generated (3 per Acetyl CoA that enters)\n-2 FADH2 is generated (1 per Acetyl CoA that enters)\n-2 ATP are generated (1 per Acetyl CoA that enters)\n-4 CO2's are released (2 per Acetyl CoA that enters)\nDescribe the 2 steps of glycolysis--\nThe First Stage of Glycolysis---\n\n\u2022Glucose gets into the cell by facilitated diffusion\n-\u2022Glucose phosphorylated\n-Glucose (6C) is broken down into 2 G3P;This requires two ATP's\n\nThe Second Stage of Glycolysis---\n\n-\u2022Molecules go through oxidation, production of ATP\n-2 G3P (3C) are converted to 2 pyruvates-This creates 4 ATP's and 2 NADH's\nThe net ATP production of Glycolysis is 2 ATP's\nDescribe the intermediate step (between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)\nThe Oxidation of Pyruvate to form Acetyl CoA for Entry Into the Krebs Cycle\n\n\u2022PA goes through oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation\n\u2022PA is now Acetic acid (2C)\n\u2022Coenzyme A attaches to Acetic acid> Acetyl CoA\n\n2 NADH's are generated (1 per pyruvate)\n2 CO2 are released (1 per pyruvate)\nDescribe the Kreb Cycle\n\u2022Acetyl CoA enters cycle and joins with oxaloacetic acid (4C)\n\u2022Citric Acid (6C) is formed > beginning molecule in cycle\n\u2022Citric acid goes through a series of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation rxns to form oxaloacetic acid again.\n\u2022During this process, 1 ATP is formed\n\u2022Coenzymes NAD, FAD pick up hydrogens\nDescribe the Electron Transport Chain\n\u2022 NAD and FAD drop off their hydrogens to the chain\n\u2022 Hydrogens are split into electrons and protons\n\u2022 Electrons are shuttled down/along the chain\n\u2022 proton pumps are activated\n\u2022 protons flow through special membrane channel that produces ATP\n1.Substrate level phosporylation\nno oxygen needed, occurs in glycolysis and kreb\u2019s cycle.\nWhat are the 3 functions of the Cell membrane?\n1. To selectively impede molecules from passing in/out of the cell.\n\n2. To detect chemical signals from cells\n\n3. To anchor the cell to other cells and the extracellular matrix.\nwhat are intrinsic and extrinsic proteins?\nintrinsic - protein spans the membrane\n\nextrinsic - protein is on one side or the other of the membrane, or partway through.\nwhat 4 things are membranes permeable to?\n-carbon dioxide\nwhat is the driving force for diffusion?\nconcentration gradient\nWhat does \"amphipathic\" mean?\nPossessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.\ni.e. phospholipids!\nWhat are the differences between integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored proteins?\nintegral: embedded within bilayer, held in place by affinity of hydrophobic segments to the interior of the bilayer.\nperipheral: more hydrophilic and located on membrane surface, linked noncovalently to polar head groups on lipids or to other hydrophilic protein regions.\nlipid-anchored: hydrophilic as well, but covalently linked to lipid molecules embedded within the bilayer.\nWhat are the types of membrane lipids?\n-Phospholipids: most abundant. includes phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids.\n-Glycolipids: a lipid + a carbohydrate group. includes cerebrosides and gangliosides.\n-sterols: eukaryotic cells only. includes cholesterol and phytosterols.\nWhat is the difference between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport?\nsimple diffusion: unaided movement of a solute down its concentration gradient\nfacilitated diffusion: protein aided movement of a solute down its concentration gradient\nactive transport: protein aided movement of a solute AGAINST its concentration gradient\ndefine symport and antiport.\n-symport: coupled transport in which both substances move the same direction\n-antiport: coupled trasport in which substances move in opposite directions.\nWhat are the six steps of the Na+/K+ pump?\n1.) 3 Na are taken from inside\n2.) ATP phosphorylates alpha subunits\n3.) A conformational change following phosphorylation expels 3 Na to outside\n4.) Two K+ accepted from outside\n5.) Dephosphorylation triggers conformational change\n6.) 2 K+ expelled to inside; pump returns to initial state.\nWhat kind of pump does primary active use?\nWhat is symport or cotransport when referring to secondary active transport?\nmoving in the same direction as sodium\nWhat is antiport when referring to secondary active transport?\nmoving in the opposite direction as sodium\nDefinition of flux\nMovement of solute\nWhat is a necessary requirement for osmosis\nSemipermeable membrane\nWhat stops movement of water in osmosis\nOsmotic pressure\nHypotonic solutions make cells _____________\nSwell - cells have more solute activity then solution\n\n(blood cells-hemolyze)\nIsotonic solutions do what to cells?\nPreserve cell size - cells and solution have equal solute activity\nHypertonic solutions make cells _\nShrink - solution has more solute activity then cell\nWhat regulates osmolarity of extracellular fluid\nKidneys in response to ADH\nWhat is a nother name for transport proteins?\nchannel proteins\nWhat is an aquaporin?\nAn aquaporin is a type of channel protein that allows the passage of water molecules\nWhat do carrier proteins do?\nWhat is selective permeability?\nthe condition that allows some substances through more easily than others\nDescribe the current fluid-mosaic model of the membrane proposed by Singer and Nicolson.\nMembranes are made of proteins bobbing in a fluid phospholipd bilayer. They are individually dispersed. The hydrophilic regions protrude and the hydrophobic regions are protected\nHow are membranes held together?\nhydrophobic interactions (weaker than covalent bonds)\nHow does cholesterol affect fluidity in the membrane?\nat warm temperatures it makes the membrane less fluid and make it so that it takes a lower temperature for them to solidify\nWhy is it so important for membranes to remain fluid?\nwhen membranes are solid their permeability changes and enzymes might stop working\nDiffusion of ions can create a separation of electrical charge across the membrane called a ______________\nmembrane potential. An electrochemical gradient can also be established.\nrefers to the effect of an extracellular solution on the volume of the cells it surrounds.\nCharacteristics of membrane carriers\na. specificity \u2013\nb. saturation \u2013\ntransport maximum (Tm) = maximum number of molecules that can be moved per unit time\nc. competition \u2013\n. Facilitated diffusion \u2013\na. the molecule binds to the carrier on the side of the membrane with the higher concentration\nb. when the molecule binds to the carrier it causes the carrier to change shape\nc. the molecule is released on the opposite side of the membrane\nSolute pumps \u2013\nATP provides energy to open the carrier on the low-concentration side of the membrane\nPrimary active transport -\nthe ATP that provides the energy is hydrolyzed by the primary transport carrier\n\nexample: Na/K-ATPase (the sodium-potassium pump)\n\na.phosphorylation (ATP) increases the carrier\u2019s affinity for Na+ (inside the cell where the Na concentration is lower)\nb.3 intracellular Na+ bind to carrier\nc.carrier changes shape and is simultaneously dephosphorylated\nd. dephosphorylation decreases carrier\u2019s affinity for Na+ and increases affinity for K+\ne.3 Na+ are discharged into tissue fluid, 2 extracellular K+ bind to carrier (outside the cell where the K+ concentration is lower)\nf.carrier changes shape again and releases 2 K+ on inside of cell\n. Secondary active transport\n\uf0d8ATP works at one carrier to set up a concentration gradient for a molecule that will then be moved down its concentration gradient by a secondary carrier\n\uf0d8the secondary carrier takes another molecule along with it (usually up its gradient)\nVesicular transport -\n- used to move large polar molecules, droplets of fluid, or microbes across membranes\n\n2. exocytosis\ntypes of endocytosis:\na. phagocytosis - used for bacteria and debris\nb. pinocytosis - used for engulfing fluid\nc. receptor-mediated endocytosis - occurs after material to be transported binds to receptors on cell surface\nCarrier-Mediated Transport--Molecules that cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer or a channel may be transported by membrane carriers.\n\n\nDiffusion of ions Na, K, Cl, Ca---Through integral protein channels. What are the 4 types of channels\nwith inositol as polar head group, is one glycerophospholipid. In addition to being a membrane lipid, phosphatidylinositol has roles in cell signaling,\nclass of lipids derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol sphingosine. commonly believed to protect the cell surface against harmful environmental factors by forming a mechanically stable and chemically resistant outer leaflet of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. Certain complex glycosphingolipids were found to be involved in specific functions, such as cell recognition and signaling. The first feature depends mainly on the physical properties of the sphingolipids, whereas signaling involves specific interactions of the glycan structures of glycosphingolipids with similar lipids present on neighboring cells or with proteins.\nWhat are the four major phospholipid types?\nPhosphotidylcholine, sphinogomyelin, phosphotidylserine, phosphotidylethanolamine\nThe variety of phospholipids in the membrane allows _______ for reactions.\nThe protein- and carboydrate-rich coating on the cell surface is called the __________.\nCalcium (Ca2+) is stored in high concentrations where?\nEndoplasmic reticulum\nIn ______ junctions, nothing can diffuse between cells or past the junction.\nTight (occluding)\nIn _______ junctions, a series of proteins between cells connect one cell's cytoplasm to another's.\nGap junctions formed by proteins called _________, build tubes or pores between two cells so that ions and materials can pass between.\nFree ribosomes are found in the __________, while bound ribosomes are found in the outer membrane of the ___________.\nCytoplasm; rpugh endoplasmic reticulum\nSmooth ER is involved in _______ synthesis and _________ of drugs and poisons.\nLipid; detoxification\nRough ER is involved in ______ synthesis via ________ lining its outer surface.\nProtein; ribosomes\nhow are the proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER transported to the Golgi apparatus?\nThrough vesicles formed by budding of the ER membrane\nWhat is the function of the Golgi apparatus?\nTo modify proteins (adding sugar groups) from the ER and repackaging them for delivery to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or exterior of the cell\n__________ contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.\n\n-maintain a pH of 5 inside them\nWhen are lysosomes useful?\nTo renew the cell's own components by breaking them down and releasing molecular building blocks into the cytosol, or to digest injured or dying cels\nPeroxisomes contain _______ enzymes that break down ______ and ________ compounds such as alcohol.\noxidative, fats, detoxify\nfluid portion of the cytoplasm ; approx. 55% of total cell volume(75-90% water plus various dissolved and suspended components)\nThree groups of inclusions:\nStored Food Substances, Pigments, Crystals\nThe ER, Golgi and mitochondria are held in their relative locations by attachment to the ________, especially to _______.\ncytoskeleton, microtubules.\nVirtually all proteins are synthesized on _________ in the cytosol. What is the one exception?\nribosomes; exception is a few mitochondrial proteins that are synthesized on ribosomes inside the organelles.\nName three different ways cytosolic proteins are transported across the membrane between compartments of the cell.\nGated, transmembrane, and vesicular transport\nThe nuclear envelope employs this type of protein transport\nGated transport; proteins moving from the cytosol to the nucleus are transported through NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEXES. Proteins do not need to unfold.\nNuclear pore complexes selectively transport specific macromolecules unidirectionally or bidirectionally? Active or passive transport of macromolecules?\nBidirectionally; Active transport, GTP required. Free diffusion of smaller molecules.\nRibosomes are/are not membrane bound.\nAre not membrane bound.\nThese units are catalysts for protein synthesis within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.\nThe lare and small subunit of ribosomes are manufactured in the ________ and released as separate entities into the cytosol.\nProteins synthesized on _______ ribosomes include integral plasma membrane proteins, ER, golgi, and lysosomal proteins and proteins to be secreted from the cell.\nMembrane-associated; make GLYCOSYLATED proteins which are segregated from the cytosol.\n_____ ribosomes are responsible for synthesis of proteins destined for the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, NON-GLYCOSYLATED.\nFree or Membrane-nonassociated\nLarger complexes like ribosomal subunits are transported through the nuclear membranes how?\nrecpetor-mediated transport, requires ATP.\nPeroxisomes function in the catabolism of long chain fatty acids a process called _____. This process forms _____ as well as _______.\nBeta oxidation; acetyl coA and hydrogen peroxide.\nThe double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm is called the ______.\nnuclear envelope\nThe process whereby lysosomes digest materials taken into the cell from its environment by endocytosis is called\nThe process by which worn-out organelles are digested\nBased on size and chemical composition what are the three main types of filaments, in order of their decreasing diameter:\n1. microfilaments\n2. intermediate filaments\n3. microtublues\nName some functions of the cytoskeleton\n1. cell movement\n2. support and strength for cell\n3. phagocytosis\n4. cytokinesis\n5. cell to cell and cell to ECM adherence\n6. changes in cell shape
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\n\nUnderstanding & PT Role in various diseases & disorders\n\nDefine Hemochromatosis An autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption by small intestine\nDefine Anemia An abnormality of quality or quantity of blood\nDefine Sickle-cell Disease Refers to a group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders in which RBCs are crescent/sickle shaped instead of biconcave\nDefine Hemophilia A bleeding disorder inherited as sex-linked autosomal recessive trait, abnormality of plasma clotting proteins\nDefine Thrombocytopenia An increase in number of circulating platelets, caused by inadequate platelet production from bone marrow & spleen\nAn increase in INTRAvascular fluid will lead to... CHF, increased pulse, & increased respiration\nA decrease in INTRAvascular fluid will lead to... Decreased BP, increased pulse & increased respiration\nAn increase in EXTRAvascular fluid will lead to... Edema, Ascites, Pleural Effusion\nA decrease in EXTRAvascular fluid will lead to... Decreased skin turgor & fatigue\nDefine Upper Urinary Tract Infection An infection of the urinary tract located at kidney & ureters\nDefine Lower Urinary Tract An infection of urinary tract located at bladder & urethra\nDefine Functional Incontinence Person has normal urine control but is unwilling or has difficulty reaching toilet in time bc of muscle/joint dysfuntion or environmental barriers\nDefine Stress Incontinence Loss of urine due to activities that increase intraabdominal pressure such as coughing, lifting, or laughing\nDefine Urge Incontinence The sudden unexpected urge to urinate & the uncontrolled loss of urine; often related to reduced bladder capacity, detrusor instability, or hypersensitive bladder\nDefine Overflow Incontinence The constant leaking of urine from a bladder that is full but unable to empty\nList Reasons for Overflow Incontinence Anatomic obstruction (ie-prostate enlargement) Neurogenic bladder (ie-SCI)\nDefine Interstitial Cystitis Complex, chronic disorder characterized by inflamed or irritated bladder wall\nDefine Pyelonephritis an infectious, inflammatory disease involving the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis\nDefine Dialysis Dysequilibrium Result of drastic changes at beginning of dialysis; S&S include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, HA, & seizures\nDefine Dialysis Dementia Result of chronic tx; S&S include cerebral dysfunction, speech difficulties, mental confusion, seizures & occasionally death\nPT Role in Management of pt receiving Dialysis... Record vitals while pt exercising Do NOT take BP at shunt site Avoid trauma to peritoneal catheters\nDefine Type I Diabetes Decrease in size & number of Islet cells of pancreas resulting in inadequate production of insulin\nDefine Type II Diabetes Characterized by a gradual increase in peripheral insulin resistance with an insulin-secretory defect that varies in severity\nIn which type of Diabetes are pts considered Insulin Dependent? Type I Diabetes\nWhich type of Diabetes are pt's at risk for if they are obese adults? Type II Diabetes\nSigns of Hyperglycemia CNS changes: irritability, HA, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty concentrating, confusion, incoordination Sympathetic: diaphoresis, pallor, piloerection, tachycardia, shakiness, hunger\nList Classic Signs & Symptoms of DM Hyperglycemia, Glycosuria, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia & wt loss, fatigue\nClinical signs & symptoms of Hyperglycemia CNS changes; confusion, diminished reflexes, paresthia,Fruity odor to breath, weakness, complaint of thirst, rapid weak pulse, rapid deep inspirations\nWhat is the leading cause of blindness in ages 20-74? Diabetes\nWhat is the leading cause of non-traumatic LE amputation and End-stage Renal disease? Diabetes\nA pt with DM should NOT exercise when... Blood glucose levels are high (at or near 250mg/dL) OR Urine test is positive for ketones\nWhat is considered the most common pathological hormone deficiency? Hypothyroidism\nDefine Cretinism Congenital Hypothyroidism\nSymptoms of Hyperthyroidism Nervousness, Hyperreflexia, wt loss, hunger, heat intolerance, palpitations, bounding pulse, tachycardia, diarrhea, increase metabolic processes, possible exercise intolerance\nSymptoms of Hypothyroidism Wt gain, increased appetite, lethargy & fatigue, Low BP, cold intolerance, dry skin & hair, goiter, possible exercise intolerance/exercise induced myalgia, reduced CO\nDefine Acromegaly Result of increased & unregulated growth hormone (GH) production, usually cause by GH-secreting pituitary tumor\nSigns & Symptoms of Acromegaly Acral growth;enlargement of facial bone structure, enlarged hands & feet; visceral outgrowth macroglossia, enlarged heart mm, thyroid, liver, kidney; insulin antagonism, nitrogen retention, increased risk colon polyps/tumor\nAdrenal Hypofunction is also referred to as... Addson's Disease\nExcessive production of Androgens is also known as... Adrenal Virilism\nExcessive secretion of Glucocorticosteroids is also known as... Cushing's Syndrome\nExcessive Aldosterone production is known as... Hyperaldosteronism\nDefine Adrenal Crisis Medical Emergency: characterized by profound asthenia, severe pains in abdomen, lower back, legs, peripheral vascular compromise & eventual renal shutdown\nSigns & Symptoms of Adrenal Virilism Hirsutism, baldness, acne, deepening of voice, amenorrhea, atrophy of uterus, clitoral hypertrophy, decreased breast size increased muscularity (occurs in men & women)\nSigns & Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome \"moon face\" & \"buffalo hump\", muscle wasting & weakness, truncal obesity, HTN, thin/atrophic skin with poor wound healing, osteoporosis, glucose intolerance, psychiatric disturbances\nList common clinical causes for fluid & electrolyte imbalances Burns, surgery, DM, malignancy, acute alcoholism, socioeconomic status, dehydration, edema, fatigue, BP changes, CHF\nPT role in Complex Disorders (CRPS, Fibromyalgia etc.) Increase function, improve sleep thru relaxation techniques, energy conservation, ergonomic education, decrease pain & fatigue, soft-tissue & joints mobs, carefully controlled, graded exercises, lifestyle modifications esp to reduce stress\nCreated by: zimrizzle
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove Ads\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nNervous System\n\nSkeletal Muscles are innervated by: Somatic nervous System\nWhat happens when the action potential arrives at the end of an axon? A neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal\nWhat is resting potential? the membrane potential of an undisturbed cell.\nWhat is the resting potential of a human? -70mv\nWhat results in depolatization? An increase in positive charges flowing into the cell.\nWhat are neuroglia capable of that neurons are not? cell division\nHow is sodium and potassium transported across the membrane via pump? The pump moves three sodium ions (Na+) out for every two potassium (K+) ions pumped into the cell; this maintains a membrane potential of about -70mV (negative charge on the inside of the membrane and positive charge on the outside,\nOligodendrocytes form? myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some neurons in CNS\nEpendymal cells Neuroglial cells within the CNS produce, monitor, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid\nWhat are the major divisions of the nervous system Central and periphreral\nWhere are you most likely going to find a multipolar neuron? Special sense organs\nHyperpolarization A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels and moves the membrane potential toward the resting membrane potential\nMicroglia Scavenger phagocytic cells in the central nervous system CNS\nContinuous conduction local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane\nThe sequence of Action Potential A stimulus arrives, voltage-gated sodium channels open, sodium enters the cell, cell is depolarized, voltage-gated sodium channels close as K channels open, potassium leaves the cell, Cell is repolarized\nAstrocytes The outer area of sun shaped ganglie dooies attached to neurons\nAll or none principle All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials\nCentral Nervous System posesses? brain and spinal cord\nOligodendrocytes are to CNS as Schwann cells are to PNS\nDifference between saltatory and continuous propagation of nerve impulses? Saltatory carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation\nDepolarization opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron\nDendrites Receive messages\nAxons Send messages\nEpendymal cells line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid\nDepolarization results in opening of sodium channels\nWhere in the neuron is an action potential initially generated? Axon hillock\nRepolarization results from closing of sodium channels\nhyperpolarization results from slow closing of K+ channels\nwhat is the magnitude/amplitude of action potential? 100 mV\nHow is an action potential propagated along an axon? An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area\nWhy cant an action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period? sodium channels are inactive\nWhat direction do action potentials move? away from the axon hillock down the axon away from the cell body\nthe velocity of the action potential is fastest in a large, myelinated axon\nmyelination acts as insulation in action potential\nMembranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to K+\nmembranes of neurons at rest are only slightly permeable to Na+\nFunction of Na+, -K+ pump is? To maintain the resting membrane potential. Na+ is pumped out, K+ pumped in\nWhere is Na+ and Cl- concentration the highest? outside the cell\nIn a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the presynaptic cleft\nHow is a neurotransmiter released from the action potential Opening of Ca2+ channels\nbinding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor opens? ion channels on the postynaptic membrane\nPresynaptic neuron at a synapse between two neurons, the impulse passes from the axon terminal, where neurotransmitter is released\nPost synaptic neuron around axon terminal, occurs when the post synaptic cell is a neuron\nAcetylcholine breaks down by an enzyme before being returned to presynaptic neurons axon terminal\nThe arrival of an action potential at the end of an axon results in? A release of a new action potential\nWhat is the voltage when sodium channels open? +10mV\nwhen do Postassium channels open +30 mV\nWhat is in the diacephalon? Pineal gland, hypothalmus, thalmus\nCreated by: iessnorris
+__label__positive Subtracting Two- and Three-Digit Numbers\n\nLearn all about subtracting two-digit numbers and subtracting three-digit numbers in this free lesson, which includes practice problems.\n\nSolving Stacked Subtraction Problems\n\nIf you feel comfortable with the subtraction skills from Introduction to Subtraction, you're ready to start solving stacked subtraction problems.\n\nIn the slideshow, you saw that stacked subtraction problems are always solved from right to left. The expressions below are solved the same way. First, the bottom right digit is subtracted from the top right digit. Then, the bottom left digit is subtracted from the top left digit.\n\n85 - 24\n\nTry This!\n\nStack these subtraction problems and solve them. Then, check your answer by typing it into the box.\n\n56 - 40 =\n29 - 19 =\n75 - 23 =\n\nSubtracting Larger Numbers\n\nStacked subtraction can also be used for finding the difference of larger numbers. No matter how many digits there are, you subtract the same way every time \u2014 from right to left.\n\nTry This!\n\nThese subtraction problems have larger numbers. Solve them, and then check your answer by typing it into the box.\n\n225 - 100 =\n199 - 21 =\n634 - 623 =
+__label__positive A neutral fluorine atom has actually seven valence electrons. You have the right to determine the number of valence electron for any element that the main group of aspects by using their team numbers. The main group consists of all of the elements EXCEPT the shift and inner change elements. The number of valence electrons for the main group elements can be established by their team numbers as follows:\n\nGroup 1/IA: 1 valence electron\n\nGroup 2/IIA: 2 valence electrons\n\nGroup 13/IIIA: 3 valence electrons\n\nGroup 14/IVA: 4 valence electrons\n\nGroup 15/VA: 5 valence electrons\n\nGroup 16/VIA: 6 valence electrons\n\nGroup 17/VIIA: 7 valence electron (of i beg your pardon fluorine is a member)\n\nGroup 18/VIIIA: 8 valence electrons (except helium, which has 2 valence electrons)\n\nAnswer connect\n\nShivangi Mangotra \u00b7 Christopher P.\nOct 28, 2014\n\nFluorine has actually 7 Valence electrons.\n\nYou are watching: How many valence electrons does a fluorine atom have\n\nValence electrons are those electron which are existing in the outermost shell of one atom.\n\nFluorine has actually atomic number 9. Atom number is the number of protons existing in the cell nucleus of an atom.\n\nIn every secure (Neutral) atom the number of electrons room equal to the number of protons.\n\nTherefore, the variety of electrons in an atom the fluorine are 9.\n\nThe digital configuration the fluorine is:\n\nE.C:- k - 2 , L-7\n\nThe last shell of fluorine has actually 7 electrons. Therefore there space 7 valence electrons in one atom of fluorine.\n\nAnswer attach\n\nStefan V.\nSep 9, 2015\n\nFluorine has actually #7# valence electrons.\n\n\nFluorine is located in team 17, duration 2 that the routine table, and also has an atom number equal to 9.\n\nSee more: Disable Tpms Chrysler Town And Country, Low Tire Pressure Light Repair\n\nThis way that a neutral fluorine atom has a total of 9 electrons neighboring its nucleus.\n\n\nBu how many of those 9 electrons are valence electrons?\n\nYou know that valence electron are located in the outermost shell of one atom. You deserve to use fluorine\"s electron construction to aid you identify how countless electrons are situated in the outermost shell\n\n#\"F\": 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5#\n\nThe very first energy level has 2 electrons situated in the 1s-orbital and also the second energy level, i m sorry in fluorine\"s case is the outermost power level, has actually 7 electrons, 2 in the 2s-orbital and 5 in the 2p-orbitals.\n\nThis way that fluorine has actually a total of 7 valence electrons.\n\nAnswer link\nRelated concerns\ninfluence of this concern\n60059 views around the civilization\n\nYou have the right to reuse this answer an imaginative Commons patent
+__label__positive Definition of Weak Atheism\n\nWeak atheism is defined as simply the absence of belief in gods or the absence of theism. This is also the broad, general definition of atheism. The definition of weak atheism is used as a contrast to the definition of strong atheism, which is the positive assertion that no gods exist. All atheists are necessarily weak atheists because by definition all atheists do not believe in any gods; only some go on to assert that some or no gods exist.\n\nSome people deny that weak atheism exists, confusing the definition with that of agnosticism. This is a mistake because atheism is about (a lack of) belief whereas agnosticism is about (a lack of) knowledge. Belief and knowledge are related by separate issues. Thus weak atheism is compatible with agnosticism, not an alternative to it. Weak atheism overlaps with negative atheism and implicit atheism.\n\nUseful Examples\n\n\"Weak atheists do not find the evidence for the existence of gods persuasive. While theists say that deities, or gods, do exist, weak atheists do not necessarily disagree. Some simply hold no opinion on the matter. Others more actively have doubts that gods exist. They consider it likely that gods do not exist because no one can prove that they do. In this respect, weak atheism is similar to agnosticism, or the view that gods might or might not exist but no one can know for certain.\"\n\n- World Religions: Primary Sources, Michael J. O'Neal and J. Sydney Jones
+__label__positive Let's say I have a model\n\n$y_t = \\alpha + \\beta_1 s_t + \\beta_2 p_t + \\epsilon_t$\n\nBut $s_t$ depends on $p_t$ too, however, not observed. So I take it to the left-hand side.\n\n$y_t-s_t = \\alpha + \\beta_p p_t + \\epsilon_t$\n\nI don't observe $y_t$ and $s_t$ but I observe $z_t = y_t-s_t$. So I guess I can estimate the following model, right?\n\n$z_t = \\alpha + \\beta_p p_t + \\epsilon_t$\n\nAnd I do not have measurement problems, I guess. That is if I care about the effect of $p_t$ on $z_t$.\n\nSorry if my question does not fit the title.\n\n\n$y_t =\\alpha+\\beta_1s_t+\\beta_p p_t +\\epsilon_t$\n\nIf you don't observe a variable, I don't think you want to \"take it to the left-hand side\", doing that is just unnecessarily complicated. It would be this:\n\n$y_t-s_t =\\alpha+(\\beta_1-1)s_t+\\beta_p p_t +\\epsilon_t$\n\nWhere $s_t$ is still unobserved on the right-hand side.\n\nRather, if a variable isn't observed you want to think about it being incorporated in your error term.\n\n$y_t =\\alpha+\\beta_p p_t +\\epsilon^*_t$ where $\\epsilon^*_t=\\epsilon_t+\\beta_1s_t$.\n\nIf you believe that $Cov(p_t, \\epsilon^*_t)=0$, then OLS is consistent. No problems at all!\n\nOtherwise, you are in a situation of omitted variables bias. You should consider trying to find an instrument for $p_t$ and performing 2SLS.\n\nIf you aren't able to find a suitable instrument, you should use the well-known OVB formula to hypothesize the direction and size of the bias, and interpret your OLS results cautiously in light of the bias. OVB: $E[\\hat{\\beta_p}]= \\beta_p+\\beta_s\\frac{Cov(p_t,s_t)}{Var(p_t}$\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @Michael...Thanks!! But my problem is I don't observe $y_t$ in the real world. What I observe is $z_t = y_t - s_t$. So I want to estimate the effect of $p_t$ on $z_t$. $y$ is production of some item not observed, $s$ is part of $y$ that workers hide. What is observed is the difference, $z$ - amount recorded by managers. Both $y$ and $s$ depends on $p$ - price of the good. So if I am interested in the effect of p on z, then I don't have measurement issues, yeah? $\\endgroup$ Jul 20 at 2:25\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Sorry I misunderstood. As you now have written, I think all you can do is estimate the effect of $p_t$ on $z_t$. $\\endgroup$ Jul 20 at 11:52\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive LearnItalianwith Us!\n\nStart Learning!\n\nItalian Language Blog\n\nMancare Posted by on Apr 19, 2011 in Grammar\n\nThe Italian verb mancare means \u2018to be lacking in\u2019 or \u2018to be missing\u2019. It is an important and useful verb which is well worth studying because we use it a lot in everyday conversation.\n\n1. \u2018to miss\u2019 someone or something\u2019 is expressed in the following way in Italian:\n\nmi manca la mia famiglia \u2013 I miss my family (literally: my family is missing for me)\n\nmi mancano i giorni caldi dell\u2019estate \u2013 I miss the hot summer days (literally: the hot summer days are missing for me)\n\nnon ti manca l\u2019Inghilterra? \u2013 don\u2019t you miss England? (literally: isn\u2019t England missing for you?)\n\nti mancano i tuoi? \u2013 do you miss your parents? (literally: aren\u2019t your parents missing for you?)\n\nmi manchi \u2013 I miss you (literally: you are missing for me)\n\n2. \u2018to miss\u2019 as in miss a target or goal is expressed in the following way in Italian:\n\nha mancato la rete \u2013 he missed the goal\n\nho mancato il bersaglio per un pelo \u2013 I missed the target by a hair\n\nother common uses of mancare:\n\nquanto manca alla partenza? \u2013 how long before we leave? (literally: how much time is lacking before the departure?)\n\nmancano dieci minuti \u2013 there are ten minutes left (literally: ten minutes are lacking)\n\nche ore sono? \u2026. mancano cinque minuti alle dieci \u2013 what time is it? \u2026. it\u2019s five to ten (literally: five minutes are lacking before ten)\n\nmi mancano le chiavi \u2013 I haven\u2019t got my keys with me (literally: my keys are lacking to me)\n\nci manca il latte \u2013 we haven\u2019t got any milk left (literally: the milk is lacking to us)\n\n\u00e8 mancata la corrente \u2013 there was a power failure (literally: the current was lacking)\n\noggi mi manca la voglia di pulire la casa \u2013 I don\u2019t have the will to clean the house today (literally: today the will to clean the house is lacking for me)\n\nalla riunione mancava solo Giovanni \u2013 only Giovanni wasn\u2019t at the meeting (literally: at the meeting there was missing only Giovanni)\n\nwe also use the word mancanza to express a lack, absence or shortage of someone/thing:\n\nsento la sua mancanza \u2013 I miss him (literally: I feel his absence)\n\nha dimostrato una mancanza di tatto \u2013 he showed a lack of tact\n\ndurante la guerra c\u2019era sempre una mancanza di cibo \u2013 there was always a lack of food during the war\n\nTags: , ,\nShare this:\nPin it\n\n\n  1. Don Pines:\n\n    Very informative, grazie\n\n  2. Joan Engelhaupt:\n\n    I\u2019m so glad you explained this, Serena, because about a month ago the Word of the Day used an example that translated into English something like, \u201cGood-bye, Mother. I\u2019ll miss you,\u201d but grammatically, it certainly looked like \u201cYou\u2019ll miss me\u201d to me. I asked my Italian teacher about it in great confusion, and she explained pretty much as you did about \u201cmancare\u201d.\n\n  3. Ruth Neeman:\n\n    Molto utile, Grazie!!!\n\n  4. Lesley Brennan:\n\n    I love your blog, Serena and you have been so helpful in my understanding of la parola \u201cmancare\u201d, Tante grazie\n\n  5. David T:\n\n    Thanks so much \u2013 I never noticed that mancare is used very much like piacere (is missing for me vs. is pleasing to me). Thanks for clearing that up.\n\n  6. Jody:\n\n    Would you use mancare to say. What did I miss in the class yesterday.\n    Hope you can help here.\n\n    \u2022 Serena:\n\n      @Jody Salve Jody!\n      No, you can\u2019t use \u2018mancare\u2019 in this case. If you missed a lesson, a film, part of a conversion, etc. we use \u2018perdere\u2019 or better \u2018perdersi\u2019, e.g. \u201cche cosa mi sono perso/a ieri alla lezione?\u201d (what did I miss in the class yesterday?)\n      Va bene?\n      Saluti da Serena\n\n  7. roberto:\n\n    very helpful! Okay, off topic but the example \u201cmi manca la mia famiglia\u201d has the article \u201cla\u201d which I thought was dropped when using family and its members?\n\n    \u2022 Serena:\n\n      @roberto Salve Roberto!\n      L\u2019articolo determinativo (il, lo, la) si usa solamente davanti ai membri pi\u00f9 stretti della famiglia, nella forma singolare. Perci\u00f2 \u00e8 giusto dire \u2018la mia famiglia\u2019 perch\u00e9 non \u00e8 una persona!\n      Saluti da Serena\n\nLeave a comment:
+__label__positive Study Guide: Steps to Christ\n\nStudy Guide Index\n\n\nSteps to Christ is one of the most spiritual, Christ-centered books written by Ellen G. White. The first copy was completed and made ready for publication in 1891 and was presented to a group of ministers and teachers at an educational convention. That it might be widely sold in bookstores, Fleming H. Revell, a popular publishing house, printed the first edition. Publishing rights were purchased by the church in 1892. Since that time Steps to Christ has been translated into more languages than any other book from Ellen White's pen, a total of 120 (as of May 1985).\n\nIts origin is somewhat different from The Great Controversy. It was not based on certain specific visions. Beginning in 1890, Ellen White prepared this new book, setting forth simply and clearly the steps to be taken by sinners in coming to Jesus. The book also met an appeal for smaller books that might be used by evangelists in reaching the people. During the first year, seven editions were printed.\n\nWe are sure that the author's original purpose will be fulfilled once again as Steps to Christ is studied by a large sector of the church with the aid of a Study Guide. This will especially be an excellent opportunity to reach out to new members with this highly commended devotional book.\n\nThe Ellen G. White Estate\n\nSilverf Spring, MD.\n\n\nPAGES 9-36\n\n\"God's Love for Man\"\n\n1. What two important sources testify of God's love? What does each say to us? (9, 10)\n\n\n2. Even though transgression of God's law has brought woe and death, what might we learn from the curse? (9, 10)\n\n\n3. How has Satan tried to misrepresent God to sinners? (10, 11)\n\n\n4. When Jesus came to live among men, how did He represent God? (11)\n\n\n5. Jesus' work was to \"preach the __________________ to the poor, heal the __________________, preach __________________ to the captives, recovering of __________________ to the blind, to set at __________________ them that are bruised.\" (11)\n\n6. Why did Jesus take man's nature? (12)\n\n\n7. Why do you think little children were attracted to Jesus? (12)\n\n\n8. Describe how Jesus corrected or rebuked sin. (12)\n\n\n9. For what reason did Jesus become a \"Man of Sorrows\"? (13)\n\n\n10. What really broke the heart of the Son of God? (13)\n\n\n11. How are God's love for man and the sacrifice provided really connected? (13)\n\n\n12. Why was Jesus the only possible sacrifice for sin? (14)\n\n\n13. Beyond His sacrifice for sinners, how has Jesus connected Himself to the human race? (14)\n\n\n14. What has Christ done for us beyond the pardon of sins? (15)\n\n\n\"The Sinner's Need of Christ\"\n\n15. How has sin affected man's mind? (17)\n\n\n16. Describe the condition of the unrenewed heart. (17)\n\n\n17. What would heaven be like to an unrepentant sinner? (17, 18)\n\n\n18. Why are education, culture, the exercise of the will, human effort, not adequate to bring a person to holiness? (18)\n\n\n19. True or False. To develop the good that exists in man by nature is all that is necessary to be saved. (18, 19)\n\n\n20. Why is it not enough to know about God? Give Scripture support for your answer. (19)\n\n\n21. What does the ladder in Jacob's dream represent? (20)\n\n\nNote also the New Testament application.\n\n\n22. Make a list of the agencies enlisted in man's behalf to save him. (21)\n\n\n23. What means does God use to warn us against the service of Satan? (21, 22)\n\n\n\n24. Define repentance. (23)\n\n\n25. What was wrong with the repentance of Esau and Judas? (23, 24)\n\n\n26. When the heart is opened to God's Spirit, how is the sinner affected? (24)\n\n\n27. When David repented, what several things did he pray for? (25)\n\n\n28. Which comes first--repentance or coming to Jesus? (26)\n\n\n29. Finish the sentence--\"We can no more repent ________________________________________________________.\" (26)\n\n\n30. Is it possible to become ashamed of sin without a knowledge of Christ? Be prepared to discuss your answer. (27)\n\n\n31. What will happen to the sinner who does not resist the love of Christ? (27)\n\n\n32. Thought question: Have I found in Christ the answer to my craving for something I do not have? If not, why not? (28)\n\n\n33. What happens when the light from Christ shines into our souls? Discuss the experience of Daniel and Paul. (28, 29)\n\n\n34. \"God does not regard all sins as of equal magnitude; there are degrees of guilt in His estimation, as well as in that of man.\" What does this mean? Prepare to discuss. (30, 31).\n\n\n35. Why should we not wait to make ourselves better before coming to Christ? (31)\n\n\n36. How would you answer the person who suggests that God is too good to destroy sinners? (31, 32)\n\n\n37. What answer would you give to someone who says, \"I am as good as professed Christians?\" (32)\n\n\n38. What are the dangers of procrastination in forsaking sin? (37, 38)\n\n\n39. How will neglect or rejection of the grace of Christ affect the sinner? (33, 34)\n\n\n40. What encouragement is offered to those who are tempted to despair regarding their sins? (35, 36)\n\n\n\nPAGES 37-56\n\n\n1. According to Proverbs 28:13, we must not only confess our sins, but we are to __________________ them. (37)\n\n\n2. Why are pilgrimages and penances not useful for sinners? (37)\n\n\n3. It is suggested we should confess sins to God and faults to one another. What does this mean? (37)\n\n\n4. What is the first condition of acceptance with God? (37, 38)\n\n\n5. Finish the following sentence: \"The only reason why we do not have remission of sins that are past is __________________________________________________.\" (38)\n\n\n6. Confession: How should it be done? How should it not be done? (38)\n\n\n7. Why should confession be specific, acknowledging particular sins? (38)\n\n\n8. Discuss the example of Israel's sin and why specific confession had to be made. (38, 39)\n\n\n9. After confession of sin, what two additional steps must be taken? Discuss Scripture illustrations. (39)\n\n\n10. Why is it necessary for the sinner to yield to the Holy Spirit in order to correct character defects? (40)\n\n\n11. How did the sin of Adam and Eve affect their sense of responsibility for their actions? (40)\n\n\n12. By contrast, what will true repentance lead the sinner to do? (40, 41) Discuss some Bible illustrations.\n\n\n\n13. Review the Scripture descriptions of our natural condition as sinners. (43)\n\n\n14. What is the greatest battle to be fought? (43)\n\n\n15. Summarize:\n\nA. Satan's representation of God's government: (43)\n\n\nB. God's government as it really is:\n\n\n16. Why does God not force our submission? (43, 44)\n\n\n17. List some of the idols that might keep us from God. (44)\n\n\n18. What kind of religion is suggested as \"worth nothing\"? (44)\n\n\n19. Rather than asking how little we must give to God, what should be our aim? (45)\n\n\n20. What answer can be given to those who think it is too great a sacrifice to yield all to Christ? (45)\n\n\n21. What do we give up when we give \"all\"? (46)\n\n\n22. Discuss the statement: \"God does not require us to give up anything that it is for our best interest to retain.\" (46)\n\n\n23. Does God ask His children to save all joy and happiness for the future? How do you think the Christian can be at peace even in adversity? (46, 47)\n\n\n24. How do you understand the exercise of the power of choice, or the will? (47)\n\n\n25. What is the difference between desires for goodness and choosing to be a Christian? (47, 48)\n\n\n\"Faith and Acceptance\"\n\n26. How is the natural condition of the guilty sinner described? (49)\n\n\n27. What are some of the ways we cannot have peace of soul? (49)\n\n\n28. In what way only can peace be obtained? (49)\n\n\n29. What steps should be taken after we have confessed sin? (49, 50)\n\n\n30. Why should we believe that our sins are forgiven? (50) Illustrate from the ministry of Jesus.\n\n\n31. Why was the paralytic able to walk? (50, 51) Make the application of this experience to your situation as a sinner.\n\n\n32. How is it possible for us to stand before God's law without shame or remorse? (51)\n\n\n33. Why is it impossible for us to come to God on probation to prove ourselves? (52)\n\n\n34. Why do thousands fail in their Christian experience? (52)\n\n\n35. From what suspicion should we be free? Why? (52, 53)\n\n\n36. How should the repentant sinner respond to Satan's efforts to steal his assurances of acceptance by God? (53)\n\n\n37. How does Jeremiah add to the lesson of our heavenly Father's love as portrayed in the parable of the prodigal son? (54)\n\n\n38. What comparison between God's love and human love for a child does Isaiah give? (54)\n\n\n39. As we draw near to God with __________________ and __________________, He will draw near to us with __________________ and __________________. (55)\n\n\nPAGES 57-84\n\n\"The Test of Discipleship\"\n\n1. TRUE OR FALSE. In order to tell whether or not he is truly converted, a person should be able to trace the circumstances and time of his conversion. (57)\n\n\n2. How may it be known that the Spirit of God is working in a person's life? (57)\n\n\n3. By what is the character not revealed? By what, then, is it revealed? (57, 58)\n\n\n4. What things may produce only an outward correctness of deportment? (58)\n\n\n5. What are the inner evidences that we are Christ's? (58)\n\n\n6. When we become new creatures in Christ, what happens to our priorities, tastes, and character? (58)\n\n\n7. There is no genuine repentance unless there is _______________________________. (59)\n\n8. What is the attitude of the true Christian toward duty or sacrifice? (59)\n\n\n9. Make a list of seven results in the life when love is the principle of action. (59)\n\n\n10. Against what two errors do new Christians need especially to guard against? (59, 60)\n\n\n11. How do you think we can avoid either error? (59, 60)\n\n\n12. What is the true sign of discipleship? (60)\n\n\n13. How do you understand these statements: \"We do not earn salvation by our obedience.\" \"Obedience is the fruit of faith.\" (61)\n\n\n14. How is presumption or false faith defined? (61)\n\n\n15. What is the condition of eternal life? (62)\n\n\n16. In your own words, summarize how \"Christ has made a way of escape for us.\" (62)\n\n\n17. Contrast the \"belief that is wholly distinct from faith\" with belief that is combined with faith. (63)\n\n\n18. The closer we come to Jesus, the more faulty we will appear. Rather than causing discouragement, of what is this an evidence? (64, 65)\n\n\n19. What should a sense of our sinfulness drive us to do? (65)\n\n\n20. Give two illustrations from nature used in the Bible to describe birth as children of God. (67)\n\n\n21. How is Christian growth illustrated from nature? (67)\n\n\n22. In what way does nature illustrate there should be no care or anxiety in Christian growth? (68)\n\n\n23. How is a continued Christian growth assured? (69)\n\n\n24. What should be the very first work of the day? (70)\n\n\n25. How shall we \"plan\" each day? (70)\n\n\n26. How do you understand the following statement: \"A life in Christ is a life of restfulness\"? (70)\n\n\n27. \"It is by __________________ Him, __________________ Him, __________________ wholly upon Him, that you are to be transformed into His __________________.\" (71)\n\n28. What will be the experience of those who rest most fully upon Christ? (71)\n\n\n29. To what subjects will Satan seek to divert our attention? (71)\n\n\n30. How only may the tie of love between Christ and humanity be broken? (72)\n\n\n31. John, the disciple, was not naturally loving. How did he become so? (73)\n\n\n32. What lessons might we learn from the disciples' experience after Jesus returned to heaven? (74, 75)\n\n\n\"The Work and the Life\"\n\n33. What lessons are to be learned from the ministry of angels? (77)\n\n\n34. How will love to Jesus be manifested in our actions? (77, 78)\n\n\n35. What was the \"one great object\" of Christ's life on earth? (78)\n\n\n36. What will be seen as the result of the grace of Christ in our lives? (78, 79)\n\n\n37. How will the effort to bless others react on us? (79)\n\n\n38. Why did God not permit the preaching of the gospel by angels? (79)\n\n\n39. List some of the benefits to us of working for others. (80)\n\n\n40. How only will we grow in grace? (80, 81)\n\n\n41. What might we learn from Jesus' early years as a carpenter? (81, 82)\n\n\n42. What important lesson is suggested regarding use of talents in the parable? (82, 83)\n\n\n\nPAGES 85-104\n\n\"A Knowledge of God\"\n\n1. In what four ways does God speak to us today? (85 and 87)\n\n\n2. Why is nature one of the Saviour's most effective ways of teaching us? (85)\n\n\n3. Make a list of some of the most important lessons we can learn from nature. (85-87)\n\n\n4. Why does the Christian have an advantage over the poet or the naturalist when studying nature? (87)\n\n\n5. What special lessons are to be learned from a study of the Bible characters? (87, 88)\n\n\n6. How can we \"eat the flesh and drink the blood\" of Christ? (88)\n\n\n7. What will be the science and song of the redeemed throughout the ages? (88)\n\n\n8. What will be the positive advantage of study of this subject even now? (89)\n\n\n9. \"The more our __________________ are upon Christ, the more we shall __________________ of Him to others and __________________ Him to the world?\" (89)\n\n10. What will be the positive result of our study and meditation on Scripture? (89, 90)\n\n\n11. What suggestions are offered as to methods of study of the Scriptures? (90, 91)\n\n\n12. What should precede Bible study? Why? (91)\n\n\n13. What superhuman help is promised in our study of the Bible? (91)\n\n\n14. Who is the only effectual teacher of divine truth? (91)\n\n\n\"The Privilege of Prayer\"\n\n15. Notice the repetition of four ways God speaks to us. (93)\n\n\n16. Communion with God is two-way. What is our part? (93)\n\n\n17. Finish the sentence: \"Prayer is _________________________________________________________________.\" (93)\n\n18. What purposes are suggested for prayer? (93)\n\n\n19. List several reasons Jesus prayed often while on earth. (93, 94)\n\n\n20. What happens to those who neglect prayer? (94)\n\n\n21. Prayer is called the __________________ in the hand of faith. Write out the complete sentence. (94, 95)\n\n\n22. Four conditions of answered prayer are given. List them. (95-97)\n\n\n23. How does God sometimes answer our prayers when we ask for something that would not be a blessing? (96)\n\n\n24. How is presumption defined in connection with prayer? (96)\n\n\n25. Under what circumstance only can we expect mercy and blessing from God when we pray? (97)\n\n\n26. What do you think the Bible means when it says we are to be \"instant in prayer\"? See Romans 12:12. (97)\n\n\n27. What kind of prayer is \"the life of the soul\"? (98) Why?\n\n\n28. How did Enoch walk with God? (98, 99) What might we do to walk with God?\n\n\n29. How might we live as in the atmosphere of heaven? (99)\n\n\n30. If we keep close to God, what will happen when unexpected trials come? (99, 100)\n\n\n31. Review the many things God welcomes us to bring to His attention in prayer. (100)\n\n\n32. How close are the relations between God and each soul? (100)\n\n\n33. What can take away the subject matter and incentive for prayer? (101)\n\n\n34. When we neglect association with others in Christian fellowship, how does it affect our Christian experience? (101)\n\n\n35. When we do associate in Christian fellowship, how is our Christian experience affected? (101, 102)\n\n\n36. What would happen in our Christian experience if we thought and talked more of Christ? (102)\n\n\n37. In addition to asking and receiving, what else should our prayers include? (103)\n\n\n38. In what spirit should we work for the glory of God? (103)\n\n\n39. What should be the theme of our most joyful emotion? (103, 104)\n\n\n\nPAGES 105-126\n\n\"What to Do With Doubt\"\n\n1. What problem especially troubles those who are young in the Christian life? (105)\n\n\n2. What three facts about God are established by reasonable testimony? (105)\n\n\n3. Why do you think God has not removed the possibility of doubt? (105)\n\n\n4. Finish the sentence: \"Our faith must rest upon ______________________________________________________________.\" (105)\n\nWhat do you believe this means?\n\n\n5. How much of God's purposes can we understand? (106)\n\n\n6. Rather than to doubt, what should the great mysteries of the Bible cause us to do? (106, 107)\n\n\n7. Explain how Bible truth is adapted to all classes (107)\n\n\n8. How should the believer react to the fact that there are mysteries in the Bible that cannot be understood? (108)\n\n\n9. How do skeptics and infidels react to not being able to understand everything in the Bible? (108)\n\n\n10. Why are there popular theories and doctrines that are supposed to come from the Bible, but do not? (108, 109)\n\n\n11. Why is it that created beings will never have a full understanding of God and His works? (109)\n\n\n12. How only can we understand God's Word? (109)\n\n\n13. Finish the sentence: \"God desires man to exercise his _______________________________________________________.\" (109)\n\n14. How is it possible to read the Bible in a way that may cause injury? (110)\n\n\n15. What is the real cause of doubt and skepticism in most cases? (111)\n\n\n16. How only can we arrive at truth in the study of the Bible? (111)\n\n\n17. In what way may we receive greater light and understanding? (111)\n\n\n18. What place does experience have in building our confidence in God's Word? (111)\n\n\n19. When only may we be confident that we will have answers to all which has perplexed us? (113)\n\n\n\"Rejoicing in the Lord\"\n\n20. What is meant? \"In every one of His children, Jesus sends a letter to the world.\" (115)\n\n\n21. How might we delight Satan? (116)\n\n\n22. What false idea of the religious life does Satan try to present? (116)\n\n\n23. Review the lessons of Ellen White's dream of a garden with thorns and flowers. (116, 117)\n\n\n24 . Contrast the effects of reviewing past experiences that have been happy and those that have been disappointing. (117)\n\n\n25. Consider the parallels drawn between a complaining child and our complaints about our heavenly Father. (118)\n\n\n26. What double harm is done by talking about doubts? (119)\n\n\n27. How may we unconsciously influence others for good or bad? (120)\n\n\n28. Describe the life and character of Christ. (120)\n\n\n29. Wherever Christ went, what did He carry with Him? (120)\n\n\n30. Summarize how we should imitate Christ. (120, 121)\n\n\n31. What will make it impossible for us to love others? (121) How may we learn to love others?\n\n\n32. What do you think it means to \"borrow trouble\"? (121, 122)\n\n\n33. Finish this sentence. \"We should not allow the perplexities __________________________________________________________________.\" (122)\n\n34. What two suggestions are made for dealing with business difficulties? (122)\n\n\n35. In Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, what lessons in trust in God were learned from the birds? (123)\n\n\n36. In the same sermon, what lessons did Christ give from the lilies? (124)\n\n\n37. What are the characteristics of happiness sought from selfish motives? (124)\n\n\n38. How is the service of God contrasted? (124)\n\n\n39. What are the \"monumental pillars\" we are urged to remember? (125)\n\n\n40. What assurance do we have regarding trials? (125)\n\n\n41. Review the happy rewards of heaven. (125, 126)\n\nStudy Guide Index
+__label__positive Biology Core\n\nHideShow resource information\n  \u2022 Created by: T Colby\n  \u2022 Created on: 26-05-15 17:10\nGood health means having the energy you need but not ...\n1 of 176\nWhat are the key food groups in a person's diet?\nCarbohydrate, protein, fats, fibre, vitamins and mineral ions\n2 of 176\nName one mineral ion\nSalt (Sodium Na+)\n3 of 176\nIs calcium a mineral?\n4 of 176\nCarbohydrates release what?\n5 of 176\nFats keep you ... and release ...\nWarm and energy\n6 of 176\nWhat three things does protein do?\nCell repair, cell replacement and growth\n7 of 176\nWhat is the speed at which chemical reactions take place in your body called?\nMetabolic rate\n8 of 176\nTrue or false. Different people have different metabolic rates and energy requirements.\n9 of 176\nTrue or false. Smaller people are likely to have a higher metabolic rate.\n10 of 176\nTrue or false. Fitter people are likely to have a higher metabolic rate.\n11 of 176\nWhy do bigger people likely have a higher metabolic rate?\nThey have more cells that need more energy.\n12 of 176\nWhy does exercise increase a persons metabolic rate?\nExercise builds muscle and increases metabolic rate and makes it stay high for some time after exercise.\n13 of 176\nFibre keeps your ..., ..., ... and everything else generally running smoothly.\nSkin, blood and bones\n14 of 176\nName a mineral ion found in milk\n15 of 176\nWhat three factors affect a person's health?\nHaving an unbalanced diet, not getting enough exercise and inherited factors\n16 of 176\nTrue or false. Malnourished people can be fat only\nFalse. They can be fat or thin\n17 of 176\nState two health disorders related to people being malnourished.\nObesity and anorexia\n18 of 176\nDefine obesity\nObesity is defined as being 20% or more over the maximum recommended body weight.\n19 of 176\nIn what type of countries is obesity a common health disorder?\nDeveloped countries\n20 of 176\nName four health issues caused by obesity.\nArthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.\n21 of 176\nUndereating can cause what four things?\nFatigue, slow growth, poor resistance to infection and irregular periods in women.\n22 of 176\nWhat are dificiency diseases caused by?\nA lack of vitamins and minerals.\n23 of 176\nName a dificiency disease and what it is caused by.\nScurvy, a lack of vitamin C\n24 of 176\nExercise increases the amount of what used by the body and decreases the amount stored as what?\nEnergy and fat\n25 of 176\nTrue or false. People can be fit but not healthy.\n26 of 176\nDescribe an inherited factor that links to the thyroid gland.\nInherited factors can cause an underactive thyroid gland which lowers your metabolic rate and causes obesity\n27 of 176\nWhat is calories measured in?\n28 of 176\nWhat is kilojoules measured in?\n29 of 176\nHow can you check slimming foods are effective?\nIs it a scientific piece (scientifically proven), was it a large sample size, and was it writtten by a qualified person and have similar studies found similar results.\n30 of 176\nWhat health problem does eating too much sodium cause?\nHigh blood pressure\n31 of 176\nWhat are the two types of pathogen?\nBacteria and virus\n32 of 176\nHow do bacteriums make you feel ill?\nDamaging your cells and producing toxins (poisons)\n33 of 176\nTrue or false. Viruses are living cells.\n34 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of platelets?\nTo clot blood to seal wounds and prevent pathogens entering the body.\n35 of 176\nWhat are three defence systems used by the body before the immune system kicks in?\nSkin, respiratory system and platelets.\n36 of 176\nWhat does your respiratory system do to stop pathogens entering the body?\nHairs and mucus.\n37 of 176\nWhat two things do antibodies produce to kill bacteriums?\nAntibodies and antitoxins\n38 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of antitoxins?\nCounteract toxins produced by bacteriums\n39 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of antibodies?\nHave a unique shape that can connect to specific antigens on the surface of bacteriums to kill them.\n40 of 176\nWhat are antibodies made of?\n41 of 176\nWhat does MMR stand for?\nMumps, measles and rubella\n42 of 176\nWhat is measles also commonly known as?\nGerman measles\n43 of 176\nWhat other thing do white blood cells do to kill invading cells?\nEngulf and digest them.\n44 of 176\nName an infectious disease that no longer exists due to vaccination.\n45 of 176\nTrue or false. Polio infections have fallen by 99% due to vaccinations.\n46 of 176\nHow do viruses reproduce?\nThey use your own cells' machinery and when a cell is full of new viruses it bursts releasing them into your body.\n47 of 176\nGive two negatives of vaccinations.\nDoesn't always work (not 100% effective) and sometimes people get bad reactions to vaccinations.\n48 of 176\nWhat is a vaccination.\nA dead or inactive pathogen being injected into your blood stream to promote white blood cells producing antibodies and developing immunity.\n49 of 176\nWhat are the three types of drug?\nRecreational, medicinal and performance-enhancing.\n50 of 176\nHow can bacteriums become resistant to antibiotics\nThey can mutate and become resistant Strains\n51 of 176\nWhat are unmutated bacteriums known as?\nNon-resistant strains\n52 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of antibiotics?\nKill or inhibit the growth of bacteria\n53 of 176\nWhy can't antibiotics kill viruses\nThey're designed to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Also viruses use your own cells to reproduce.\n54 of 176\nWhat powerful antibiotic is MRSA resistant to?\n55 of 176\nWhat does agar jelly contain?\nCarbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins\n56 of 176\nHow are inoculating loops sterlised?\nPassed over a hot flame\n57 of 176\nHow can viruses mutate?\nChanging their DNA and antigens\n58 of 176\nWhat is the difference between epidemics and pandemics\nEpidemics spread rapidly within a single population, pandemics spread rapidly all across the world.\n59 of 176\nState a stimulus\nA bear that could kill you\n60 of 176\nWhat is a stimulus?\nA change in your environment\n61 of 176\nWhat does CNS stand for and what does it contain?\nCentral nervous system and it contains the brain and spina cord.\n62 of 176\nWhat does the brain control?\nBody temperature\n63 of 176\nName the five sense organs.\nEyes, nose, ears, skin and tongue\n64 of 176\nWhat type of receptors do the eyes and nose contain?\nLight and taste\n65 of 176\nWhat are nerve cells also known as?\n66 of 176\nWhat is the connection between two neurones called?\n67 of 176\nThe passage of information in a reflex is called what?\nReflex arc\n68 of 176\nWhat does the reflex arc go through?\n69 of 176\nWhy are reflexes quicker than normal responses?\nYou don't have to think about them\n70 of 176\nWhat are hormones carried in?\nThe blood plasma\n71 of 176\nWhat are hormones?\nChemical messengers sent in the blood that affect target cells\n72 of 176\nWhat hormones does the pituitary gland produce and secrete?\nFSH and LH\n73 of 176\nWhat produces and secretes oestrogen in women?\n74 of 176\nDescibe three characteristics of hormones.\nAct for a long time, slow action and act in a more general way.\n75 of 176\nWhat is the first stage of the menstrual cycle?\nWhen bleeding starts and the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days.\n76 of 176\nWhat is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?\nUterus lining build up again from day 4 to day 14 into a thick spongy layer of blood vessels, ready to recieve a fertilised egg.\n77 of 176\nWhat is the third stage of the menstrual cycle?\nAn egg is released from an ovary at day 14.\n78 of 176\nWhat is the fourth stage of the menstrual cycle?\nThe wall is maintained for about 14 days, until day 28 and if no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall the spongy layer breaks down and the cycle starts again.\n79 of 176\nName another hormone produced by the ovaries in the menstrual cycle.\n80 of 176\nTrue or false. Hormones can be used to reduce fertility only.\nFalse. It can be used for increasing and reducing fertility\n81 of 176\nName two types of contraceptive pill.\nThe pill and the progesterone pill\n82 of 176\nWhat are some positives of the pill?\nIt is 99% effective at reducing fertility and it can reduce the risk of getting some types of cancer.\n83 of 176\nWhat are some negatives of the pill?\nIt isn't 100% effective, it can carry some side effects such as headahces, nausea and fluid retention and it doesn't pretect against STDs.\n84 of 176\nState another way of increasing fertility.\nIVF treatment\n85 of 176\nWhat is the process of IVF treatment?\nCollecting eggs from the woman's ovaries and fertilising them in the lab using the man's sperm to grow embryos. These are then transferred to the woman's uterus when they're tiny balls of cells and increases fertility chances.\n86 of 176\nWhat two hormones are involved in IVF treatment?\nFSH and LH\n87 of 176\nName a plant growth hormone.\n88 of 176\nWhat does auxin help shoots to do?\nGrow towards light and away from gravity.\n89 of 176\nWhat does auxin help roots to do?\nGrow towards gravity and moisture.\n90 of 176\nTrue or false. Plant hormones such as auxin can't be used in agriculture.\nFalse. They can to increase plant production.\n91 of 176\nWhat are the four body levels that need to be kept correct and constant?\nTemperature, ion content, sugar content and water content.\n92 of 176\nWhat regulates ion content?\n93 of 176\nHow are ions taken into the body?\nFood and drink\n94 of 176\nWhat absorbs ion?\n95 of 176\nHow are excess ions removed from the body?\nSweat and urine\n96 of 176\nWhat three ways is excess water removed from the body?\nSkin as sweat, lungs as breath and kidneys as urine.\n97 of 176\nWhen are you likely to sweat less and produce more diluted urine?\nWhen it is a cold day or when you're not exercising.\n98 of 176\nWhen are you likely to sweat more and produce more concentrated urine and lose more water from breath?\nHot day or when you're exercising.\n99 of 176\nWhy does body temperature need to be controlled by the brain?\nBecause all enzymes work best at about 37 degrees Celsius.\n100 of 176\nHow does your brain work out body temperature?\nMessages from the skin about skin temperature and sensitive to blood temperature in the brain.\n101 of 176\nWhat hormone helps to maintain the right levels of glucose in your blood so that your cells get a constant supply of energy?\n102 of 176\nDrugs change your body ...\n103 of 176\nSome drugs make your body addicted. If you stop taking the drug, your body will suffer what?\nWithdrwal symptoms.\n104 of 176\nName four drugs that are very addictive\nCaffeine, cocaine, heroin and nicotine\n105 of 176\nTrue or false. Recreational drugs can be legal and illegal.\n106 of 176\nName two types of legal recreational drugs.\nTobacco and alcohol.\n107 of 176\nName two types of performance-enhancing drugs.\nAnabolic steroids and stimulants\n108 of 176\nGive a negative health effect of anabolic steroids.\nHigh blood pressure.\n109 of 176\nWhat are statins?\nDrugs used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease.\n110 of 176\nTrue or false. Some legal recreational drugs have a bigger impact than illegal recreational drugs.\n111 of 176\nDesert animals have adapted to do what?\nSave water and keep cool.\n112 of 176\nArctic animals have adapted to do what?\nReduce heat loss\n113 of 176\nDesert plants have adapted to do what?\nSave water\n114 of 176\nHow have some plants and animals adapted to deter predators?\nDeveloped spikes, shells and bright warning colours.\n115 of 176\nWhat are microorganisms that live in extrem environments known as?\n116 of 176\nName two animals that have adapted to deter predators and how.\nTortois and shell, frogs and bright warning skin\n117 of 176\nName two plants that have adapted to deter predators and how.\nCactus and rose bush and spikes\n118 of 176\nWhat four things do plants need to survive and reproduce?\nWater, minerals, light and space\n119 of 176\nWhat four things do animals need to survive?\nSpace (territory), water, food and mates\n120 of 176\nName two organisms that compete with each other for resources to survive and reproduce.\nRed and grey squirrels\n121 of 176\nWhat are environmental changes caused by?\nLiving and non-living factors\n122 of 176\nGive some non-living factors that cause environmental changes.\nChange in average temperature, change in average rainfall and change in the level of air to water pollution.\n123 of 176\nGive some living factors that cause environmental changes.\nChange in the occurrence of infectious diseases, change in the number of predators, change in the number of prey or the availability of food and resources and change in the number of types of competitors.\n124 of 176\nHow do environmental changes affact organisms?\nIncreases population size, decreases population size or changes the distribution of organisms.\n125 of 176\nWhat is a living species indicator?\nA species that indicates environmental changes due to human activities.\n126 of 176\nGive a living indicator species.\nLichen shows whether there is air pollution or not due to human activites as the population of it decreases as air pollution increases.\n127 of 176\nWhat are lichen sensitive to?\nConcentration of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere.\n128 of 176\nWhat non living indicator is measured using satellites?\nSea surface temperature and snow and ice cover.\n129 of 176\nWhat is a stage in a pyramid of biomass also known as?\nTrophic level\n130 of 176\nEvery time you move up a trophic level there is usually less what?\nEnergy and biomass\n131 of 176\nPyramids of biomass show what?\nFood chains\n132 of 176\nWhat is the big bottom bar in a pyramid of biomass?\n133 of 176\nWhat is the bar above the producer?\nPrimary consumer\n134 of 176\nWhat is the bar above the primary consumer?\nSecondary consumer\n135 of 176\nWhat provides nearly all the energy on Earth?\nThe Sun (our local star)\n136 of 176\nWhat two things make food during photosynthesis?\nPlants and algae\n137 of 176\nWhat supplies energy for what?\n138 of 176\nName two types of animal that have to have their body temperature higher than their surroundings.\nBirds and mammals\n139 of 176\nName an inedible material found in either plants or animals that doesn't pass to the next stage of the food chain.\nBone in animals\n140 of 176\nName a waste material that decays.\n141 of 176\nHow are elements cucled back to the food chain?\n142 of 176\nWhat three factors increase the rate at which microorganisms decay waste products?\nWarm temperatures, moist and plenty of oxygen.\n143 of 176\nWhat is a stabel community in a food chain?\nMaterials that are taken out of the soil are balanced with what goes back in.\n144 of 176\nGive some occasions when carbon is returned back to the atmosphere.\nPlants and algae respiring, animals respiring, microorganisms and detritus feeders respiring and combustion (burning) of useful plant and animal materials.\n145 of 176\nGive a plant or animal material that is burned.\n146 of 176\nWhat is variation?\nThe changes in a species appearance.\n147 of 176\nWhat two factors can cause variation?\nGenetic and environmental variation\n148 of 176\nWhat is genetic variation caused by?\nInherited characteristics\n149 of 176\nWhat causes inherited characteristics?\nInherited genes\n150 of 176\nHow are genes passed on?\nSex cells (gametes)\n151 of 176\nName the two types of sex cell.\nEgg and sperm cells\n152 of 176\nHow many genes do gametes contain each and when combined?\n23 alone and 46 combined resulting in 23 pairs\n153 of 176\nWhat contains the genetic material in a cell?\nNucleus which contains chromosomes which contain genes.\n154 of 176\nWhat are alleles?\nDifferent versions of the same gene.\n155 of 176\nGive an example of an alleles.\nBrown and blue eyes are caused by different alleles of the same gene.\n156 of 176\nSexual reproduction produces genetically what cells?\n157 of 176\nWhat is it called when an egg and sperm cell fuse?\n158 of 176\nWhy do plants and animals use asexual reproduction?\nTo grow and produce replacement cells.\n159 of 176\nGive the two ways that plants can be cloned.\nCuttings and tissue culture\n160 of 176\nHow can you make animal clones?\nUsing embryo transplants.\n161 of 176\nWhat are some issues surrounding cloning?\nReduced gene pool (disease coud wipe out a population), young animals could develop elderly diseases and children could be born disabled.\n162 of 176\nWhat do GM (genetically modified) crops reduce?\nFarmland biodiversity\n163 of 176\nWhat could GM crops provide to people in developing countries?\nCorrect and enough nutrients\n164 of 176\nTrue or false. All organisms aren't related\nFalse, they are. Evolution makes them different\n165 of 176\nWhat does it mean if species are closely related?\nThey share a close common ancestor\n166 of 176\nGive an example of closely related organisms.\nApes and humans\n167 of 176\nSpecies become genetically different due to what?\n168 of 176\nWho devised the theory of natural selection for evolution?\nCharles Darwin\n169 of 176\nWhat do evolutionary trees show?\nCommon ancestors and relationships between organisms.\n170 of 176\nIndividuals within a population of a species show variation due to what?\nDifferences in their genes\n171 of 176\nWhat can also make evolution occur?\nMutations in DNA\n172 of 176\nMutations can produce a useful what?\n173 of 176\nA beneficial mutation is more likely to what?\nPass on down the generations as it allows successful survival and reproduction\n174 of 176\nGive two people that opposed Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection?\nJean-Baptiste Lamarck and the Church\n175 of 176\nWhat caused Darwin's theory to be widely accepted?\nThe discovery of genetics.\n176 of 176\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat are the key food groups in a person's diet?\n\n\nCarbohydrate, protein, fats, fibre, vitamins and mineral ions\n\nCard 3\n\n\nName one mineral ion\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nIs calcium a mineral?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nCarbohydrates release what?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Biology resources:\n\nSee all Biology resources \u00bbSee all Biology Core resources \u00bb
+__label__positive HideShow resource information\nWhat are Bacteria?\nLiving cells that can multiply rapidly in the right conditions & release toxins that make us feel ill.\n1 of 42\nWhat are Viruses?\nPathogens that can only reproduce inside host cells damaging them whilst they do so.\n2 of 42\nWhat are the functions of White Blood Cells?\nThey can: ingest pathogens, produce antibodies, & produce antitoxins to counteract toxins released by pathogens.\n3 of 42\nWhat is the main reason why we shouldn\u2019t overuse antibiotics?\nOveruse of antibiotics can lead to the development of new strains of bacteria that reproduce.\n4 of 42\nSuggest 2 reasons why it is an advantage to keep farm animals disease free?\nTreated animals do not use energy overcoming illness and do not infect other animals/farm workers.\n5 of 42\nWhat is a vaccination?\nInactive pathogen injected to immunise somebody against a disease/diseases. In the future white blood cells produce antibodies faster.\n6 of 42\nHow do antibiotics work?\nStop bacteria from reproducing\n7 of 42\nWhat 3 disease does the MMR vaccine protect against?\nMumps, Measles & Rubella\n8 of 42\nWhat would you do to culture micro-organisms in a laboratory?\nProvide a culture medium (agar jelly), warmth + oxygen. Keep incubated @25\u00b0C in school labs & @35\u00b0C in industry. Kill all bacteria on equipment-pass metal loops through a flame; boil solutions&agar. Prevent micro-organisms from air getting into equip\n9 of 42\nWhy won\u2019t a vaccination against a measles virus protect someone against the rubella virus?\nAs the antibodies are specific\n10 of 42\nWhat does IVF involve?\nGiving FSH&LH to stimulate the maturation of eggs which are collected and fertilised by sperm from the father. The zygotes develop into embryos and 1 or 2 embryos are inserted into the mother\u2019s uterus\n11 of 42\nWhat is a hormone and what organ produces it?\nA chemical produced by a gland that controls bodily functions\n12 of 42\nWhat are the main stages involved in a reflex?\nReceptor detects a stimulus(i.e.light, touch). Sensory neuron (in nerves) transmits impulse to CNS. Relay neuron passes impulse across synapse. Motor neuron carries impulse to effector i.e. muscle (contracts) or gland (secretes chemicals)-->response.\n13 of 42\nWhat happens at the synapse when during a reflex?\nChemical diffuses across synapse and transmits impulse between neurones.\n14 of 42\nHow are hormones transported to their target organs?\nIn blood\n15 of 42\nDescribe how the FSH (produced in pituitary glands), oestrogen (produced in ovaries) & LH are involved in the control of the menstrual cycle?\nFSH stimulates oestrogen production. Oestrogen inhibits FSH. LH stimulates ovulation (releasing of mature egg) & womb lining to develop.\n16 of 42\nWhat does the contraceptive pill contain?\nOestrogen & progesterone. Prg only pills = fewer side effects.\n17 of 42\nHow do hormones control plant growth?\nAuxin is a hormone which controls phototropism (shoots grow towards light) & gravitropism (roots grow down towards gravity). Unequal distribution of auxin causes unequal growth resulting in bending of the shoot/root.\n18 of 42\nWhat are drugs?\nChemicals that alter the body\u2019s chemistry-If you stop taking addictive drugs you will suffer withdrawal symptoms.\n19 of 42\nWhat are recreational drugs?\nDrugs used for pleasure i.e. cocaine, cannabis and Heroin.\n20 of 42\nWhat can Athletes use drugs for?\nTo enhance performance \u2013i.e.stimulants boost heart rate, anabolic steroids stimulate muscle growth)\n21 of 42\nHow is drug testing carried out?\nTested on human cells in the laboratory, tested on animals, tested on healthy volunteers, tested on people with the illness.\n22 of 42\nWhat are drugs tested for?\nToxicity, interaction with other drugs, efficacy (do they work?), dosage.\n23 of 42\nWhat are blind trials?\nThe volunteers don\u2019t know which group they\u2019re in but the researcher do. The observers might give away something-->unreliable\n24 of 42\nWhat are double blind trials?\nVolunteers and researchers don\u2019t know what group they\u2019re in until the end of the trial-->More reliable\n25 of 42\nWhat are placebos?\nInactive substance given in place of drug. Doctors feel it\u2019s unfair as the patient won\u2019t benefit from it.\n26 of 42\nWhat factors should be fixed when testing drugs on volunteers?\nAge, gender, body mass/weight/height, site of pain, severity of pain.\n27 of 42\nWhat do plants + animals compete for?\nAnimals- food, mates + territory. Plant- light, space + nutrients from soil\n28 of 42\nWhat can affect the distribution of living organisms?\nEnvironmental factors incuding: Non-living (i.e temp, rainfall, light & oxygen). Living (i.e arrival of a new predator/disease, intro of new plants which might provide food/habitats.\n29 of 42\nName some pollution indicators.\nLichens (air pollution-the more lichen growing the cleaner the air), Freshwater invertebrates (the wider the range of FIs the cleaner the water) & Equipment (rain gauges, thermometers, PH/Oxygen sensors + data loggers)\n30 of 42\nHow can plants be adapted?\nSmall/waxy leaves to conserve water. Swollen/extensive stem to store water. Small/no stomata(holes through which water is lost.. Poisons/thorns/warning colours to put off animals. Thick stems, leaves low to the ground.\n31 of 42\nHow can animals be adapted?\nSmall SA: V ratio to retain heat. Large SA: V to lose heat. Camouflage, spines/horns to hurt predator. Streamlining/long limbs so that the prey can outrun the predator. Large ears/position of eyes so that predators are detected earlier to escape.\n32 of 42\nWhat stages are involved in Decay processes?\nDetritus feeders eat the dead animals/plants & produce waste. Decomposers then break down the waste/dead plants/animals.\n33 of 42\nList examples of energy wastage between each stage of a food chain?\nEnergy stored in faeces/urine, used for respiration, movement & growth, to keep a constant temperature (animals). Not all of the animal/plant eaten.\n34 of 42\nWhy is the percentage of sunlight green plants absorb so low?\nSome reflected/not absorbed/lost through respiration\n35 of 42\nWhy is recycling organic kitchen & garden waste necessary?\nReduce landfill, methane production, recycle materials & nutrients in the waste.\n36 of 42\nWhat is asexual and sexual reproduction?\nAsexual = Offspring genetically identical (clones) to 1 parent, no fusion of gametes involved. Sexual = variation in offspring due to mixing of genetic information, fusion of gametes\n37 of 42\nWhat are the main stages in Genetic engineering?\nEnzymes are used to cut out a gene of the chromosome of an organism & place it in the chromosomes of another organism.\n38 of 42\nWhy would scientists be worried about Genetic engineering?\nCould transfer gene to other species. Could affect the food chain (species that eat them). Plants - Insects which aren\u2019t pests may be affected by GM crops. Nobody knows the long-term effects.\n39 of 42\nExplain how evolution occurs via natural selection.\nOrganisms within species may show variation because mutations (Change in gene) occur in individuals. The individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.\n40 of 42\nWhy was Darwin\u2019s theory only gradually accepted?\nInsufficient evidence at the time. Mechanism of inheritance/variation not yet known. Theory undermined idea that God made all plants & animals that live on earth.\n41 of 42\nWhy did the number of male Blue-moon butterflies in the population increase after the new form of gene appeared?\nThe mutation allowed the male blue moon butterflies survive better and reproduce passing the mutation to offspring.\n42 of 42\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat are Viruses?\n\n\n\nCard 3\n\n\nWhat are the functions of White Blood Cells?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nWhat is the main reason why we shouldn\u2019t overuse antibiotics?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Biology resources:\n\nSee all Biology resources \u00bbSee all All resources \u00bb
+__label__positive The BPA Logo\n\nPhilosophical answers\n\nQuestions home\n\nThis page shows the questions that have been submitted together with their answers. Scroll to find your question, then click on it to see the answer.\n\nQ: What is the difference between knowing and knowledge?\n\n\nThe word 'knowledge' can be used more flexibly than the word 'knowing' in the following respect. 'Knowledge' can refer both to the fact that someone knows something (as in the question 'What is knowledge?', which is asking what this fact consists in) and to the truths or propositions actually known (as in 'Her knowledge of mechanics is extensive'). In contrast, the word 'knowing' only ever refers to the fact that someone knows something, never to the things known.\n\nQ: Next year\\'s Religious Studies syllabus for OCR asks us to assess the following question: \\\"Should what is meant by the word \u2018good\u2019 be the defining question in meta-ethics?\\\" Before that question arises we are required to examine Moore\\'s intuitionism, ethical naturalism and emotivism as meta-ethical theories. I\\'m not entirely sure what I could do here. I am presuming there was a reaction to post-Moorean philosophy\\'s pre-occupation with the meaning of good. Have you any suggestions as to who/what I could study in order to address the question given in the syllabus?\n\n\nThis is a case where you may need to ask OCR officers for advice, but we would take the question to be an invitation to discuss deontology. Deontological theories (as opposed to consequentialist theories such as Moore's ideal utilitarianism and other forms of utilitarian theory) put the concept of obligation, rather than goodness, at centre stage. The father of deontology is usually considered to be Kant. But a more recent expression of this theoretical approach (and a very readable one) is The Right and the Good by W.D. Ross. Although Ross does recognise a role for goodness to play, in that he thinks there is a prima facie moral duty to 'promote a maximum of aggregate good', he also thinks that there are other prima facie duties that have nothing intrinsically to do with promoting goodness, e.g., the duty to keep a promise. (Although keeping your promises may produce goodness for yourself or others, that is not the moral reason for keeping them \u2013 the reason is that it is simply your duty, in Ross's view.) How does Ross think we know these truths about what is right and wrong? He believes that this is by a non-inferential faculty of understanding akin to that by which we know mathematical truths. For more information about Ross's Approach (besides his own The Good and the Right and Foundations of Ethics), see the excellent article about him in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which includes material about Ross's attack on the ideal utilitarianism of Moore and Hastings Rashdall.\n\nQ: I am a bit unclear what the specific complaint would be from an eliminative materialist against the functionalist, given that they don't purport to make any one-to-one match-ups between mental and physical properties of the kind made by identity theorists. A related point: for the EM to be willing to allow for AI being capable of cognition (as I imagine some would wish to do) they would presumably want an account of what is happening that was focusing on the level of function/\"software\" rather than specific instances/\"hardware\", and mental concepts may well be well-suited to that purpose.\n\n\nFunctionalism is a form of mind-body reductionism in which mental states are 'reduced' to particular sorts of physical states, although, for the purposes of this reduction, these states have to be identified not in a directly physical way (in terms of neurons, for example), but in a more abstract way in terms of their causal role in the activities of the entity to which consciousness is attributed (whether that is a human being, an animal or possibly some A.I. system or robot). In contrast, eliminative materialism or eliminativism is the claim that mental states do not exist. For eliminativists, mental states are not to be identified with functional states, because they think that are no such things as mental states. Eliminativists take this nihilistic view about mental states because they think that the concept of a mental state is a defective one, since, for example, it involves various claims about privacy of access and infallibility that are objectionable or even incoherent. On the other hand, I think that eliminativists might say that talk of functional states could replace talk of mental states in a scientific description of supposedly conscious entities, as functional state talk does not appear to be vulnerable to the objections raised against mental state talk. You are right in thinking that eliminativists who want to say that some AI systems are capable of cognition may want to appeal to functional states and it does seem open to them to do so.\n\nOn the other hand, eliminativists appear to many people to be vulnerable to the objection that in providing a purely 'third person' account of human beings and other entities that we commonly regard as having consciousness, they have left out something very important. And to such objectors, functional states would not provide any sort of answer, as they cannot supply that ineliminable first person aspect. I leave it to you and your students to decide how precisely this objection could be developed and whether it is convincing! \u00a0\n\nQ: Why is the issue of circularity explanation any less an issue for functionalists than for behaviourists? If the functionalist can solve it by defining all mental states at once, holistically, (e.g. ramsification) then why can't the behaviourist do the same? I am not saying it is or is not an issue for either, just that I can't see why it is any more an issue for one than the other. Thanks.\n\n\nThank you for your question. One interpretation of the circularity objection to behaviourism is a semantic one. Hard analytic / logical behaviourism is making the claim that it is possible to translate statements about mental states such as \u2018beliefs\u2019 or \u2018desires\u2019 to statements about behaviour or behavioural dispositions. The claim entails that we should be able to give a full description of any mental state (e.g. a desire for a beer) without mentioning any other mental states (e.g. a belief that there is a beer in the fridge); i.e. that we should be able to \u2018analyse away without any remainder\u2019 talk about mental states. Against this hard analytic/logical behaviourism it can be argued that any attempt to translate statements about mental states in terms of statements about behaviour fails because the hard analytic/logical behaviourist is forced to define such states partly in terms of other mental states. E.g. in defining what it is to have a desire for a cold beer on a hot day behaviourally, you might want to define it in terms of going to the fridge to get one. However, you will only do that if you believe that there is a beer in the fridge. Hence, it looks as if you will need to include \u201cbelief\u201d in your definition of \u201cdesire.\u201d This means that mental states get defined in terms of other mental states. This \u201ccircle\u2019 of mental states being defined in terms of other mental states is a problem for a position which argues that we should be able to analyse away without any remainder talk about mental states.\n\nHowever, for a position which does not make the strong semantic claim that we can analyse away without any remainder talk about mental states, this \u2018circularity objection\u2019 fails.\n\nFunctionalism is mainly an ontological theory (a theory about what mental states are) rather than a semantic theory (a theory about what talk about mental states means). The circularity objection as outlined above is an objection to a semantic theory. It is not an objection to an ontological theory. Hence, the circularity objection doesn\u2019t translate into an objection to functionalism.\n\nThe functionalist can argue that mental states such as beliefs are interrelated with other mental states such as desire, and that mental states need to be understood holistically.\n\nThe main distinction you must keep in mind is the distinction between behaviourism as a semantic theory and functionalism as an ontological theory. Objections that can be levelled against one might not be levelled against another without making some kind of category mistake (as Ryle would say). E.g. the interaction problem, which is a real problem for (interactionist) substance dualism, might be solved by functionalism (by arguing that mental states, although multiply realisable, must be realised by something physical) whereas the logical/analytic behaviourist will argue that the interaction problem is not a genuine problem and needs to be dissolved rather than solved. E.g. to think about the mind/mental states as being causally efficacious is, according to the logical/analytic behaviourist, a logical category mistake, so there is no problem to be solved.\n\n\nQ: I was attempting to get across what Mackie finds queer in his argument from queerness. It was hard going. No explanation convinced me that I had got to the heart of what exactly is the strangeness of objective, categorically prescriptive facts - facts that have an in built to-be-pursuedness. I tried to explain using the is-ought gap but then was stuck on this question: Is Mackie presuming the validity of the is-ought gap or does his argument conclude with it? I have two questions: Is there a plausible or convincing way of getting across the argument from queerness? And is the is-ought gap an implication of the argument or is it the conclusion that he arrives at?\n\n\n\nMackie\u2019s argument from queerness and the link with the is-ought gap.\n\n\nYou ask two questions: firstly, what exactly is the argument from queerness and secondly, what is the relation between the argument from queerness and the is \u2013 ought gap?\n\n\nWhat is Mackie attacking?\n\n\nThe first thing is to understand Mackie\u2019s target with this argument from queerness. The argument from queerness does not address all versions of moral realism. In particular it does not attack ethical naturalism, the view that moral facts are simply natural facts. It is directed as an attack against those versions of moral realism which claim that moral facts are non-natural facts because of their mysterious intrinsically action guiding nature. As you correctly identify it, the target of Mackie\u2019s argument is the existence of \u201ccategorically prescriptive facts \u2013 facts that have an in built to- be - pursuedness\u201d. Mackie illustrates the view he is attacking with Plato\u2019s Form of the Good and the views of moral intuitionists.\n\n\nWhat is the basic argument from queerness?\n\n\nThe actual argument in basic outline is as follows: the existence of such \u201cfacts that have in built pursuedness\u201d is so strange and mysterious that it is unreasonable to believe in their actual existence. The claim that the existence of these alleged facts is mysterious or \u201cqueer\u201d falls short of the claim that they are logically impossible. Mackie is not claiming that objective categorical prescriptions are logically incoherent in the way four sided triangles are logically incoherent. To be \u201cqueer\u201d for Mackie is simply to be so strange and difficult to make sense of in a universe that is to be explained naturally and scientifically that it is unreasonable, other things being equal, to believe in them. They just do not fit into a modern, scientific understanding of reality.\n\n\nEpistemological unpacking of the \u201cqueerness\u201d allegation\n\n\nMackie, of course, cannot just leave it at that. He has to unpack or explain further what is \u201cqueer\u201d, contrary to a modern scientific understanding of reality, about real facts or properties which are intrinsically action guiding. He claims that there are two ways of doing this: one epistemological and the other metaphysical. The epistemological unpacking of \u201cqueerness\u201d is simply the claim that a scientific understanding of how our senses provide us with knowledge of the world leaves no room for explaining how humans can perceive objective prescriptions. There may be a science of colour perception but no equivalent science of the perception of objective values or Plato\u2019s Form of the Good. Epistemologically objective values are \"queer\" because it is not clear how we can detect them with any of our five senses or infer them from what we can detect via our five senses.\n\n\nMetaphysical unpacking of the queerness allegation: first attempt Humean psychology\n\n\nUnpacking what is metaphysically queer about these alleged action guiding facts is less straightforward. Mackie initially attempts to do so by appealing to Humean psychology where all behaviour is the product of both cognitive states (for example, beliefs) and non-cognitive states (for example, desires). From this perspective all real properties and facts are motivationally inert. Knowing this is water is not in itself sufficient to explain my drinking it. So on this view what is metaphysically queer about postulating facts with \u201cin built to-be-pursuedness\u201d is that this contradicts a well-established and plausible psychological theory of human motivation. However Mackie concedes this is not conclusive as it is open to the defender of intrinsically action guiding facts to claim that moral properties are a counter-example to Hume\u2019s thesis.\n\n\nMetaphysical unpacking of the queerness allegation: second attempt supervenience\n\n\nSo Mackie offers a second attempt to unpack the alleged metaphysical queerness of intrinsically action guiding facts. He does this in terms of the \u201cqueer\u201d relation between natural properties of actions and non-natural properties of those same actions. Suppose for example that setting fire to a cat is wrong (intrinsically not to be pursued or done). The relation between the natural properties of the burning cat and the moral property of wrongness is not any ordinary logical relation. It is not an analytic truth that burning cats is wrong and an immoral person who fails to accept that it is wrong cannot be convicted of some error of logic. However the relation is not a contingent relation either: the wrongness of burning the cat seems to be inseparable from the natural properties of the action: if they are present, it must be wrong. Therefore the relation between the natural properties and the moral properties which Mackie calls supervenience is itself metaphysically queer because it seems to be a hybrid: neither logical necessity nor contingency. But Mackie assumes all relations are either logically necessary or contingent: there is no room in reality for a third option. So Mackie thinks that the realist about intrinsically action-guiding-properties is committed to introducing a third new relation, the supervenience relation, which is necessary but not logically necessary and that is metaphysically queer.\n\n\nHow does this argument from queerness relate to the is \u2013 ought distinction?\n\n\nIf you believe there is some fundamental metaphysical underpinning for the is\u2013ought distinction then you are, in Mackie\u2019s terms, an objective prescriptivist. For to believe the distinction is one which corresponds to two different realities is precisely to believe in both inert, empirically identifiable facts and to believe in a different but equally real category of non-empirical and intrinsically action-guiding kinds of facts. This is roughly the metaphysics Mackie attributes to Plato and the intuitionists. The argument from queerness then is a direct attack on the is-ought distinction understood as a metaphysical divide, actually present, in reality. In fact Mackie is seeking to show what is \u201cqueer\u201d about that metaphysical commitment.\n\n\nHowever if you believe that our moral practices and institutions (which are simply the creation of our interests and attitudes) enshrine an is\u2013ought distinction as one of their rules then the argument from queerness leaves that untouched. Mackie\u2019s error theory is precisely that we have developed ways of talking and thinking which involve a false belief in objective prescriptions and an associated conviction that these are distinct from and cannot be logically derived from natural non-moral facts.\n\n\nTherefore Mackie\u2019s attitude to the is-ought distinction is nuanced. It can be accepted by Mackie as a constitutive part of our man-made and erroneous ordinary moral practices and beliefs. It is what we all ordinarily think. But if the appearances are taken at face value and we assume that reality is made up of two wholly different kinds of facts, prescriptive facts and natural facts, then the argument from queerness is an attempt to attack that metaphysics.\n\nQ: In the syllabus we are required to apply the ethical theories to the following five areas: the treatment of animals, simulated killing, crime and punishment, war and lying and deception. I'm struggling to come up with much to say about how preference utilitarianism might apply in these areas. Both text books (Lacewing and Jones et al) do not specifically mention preference utilitarianism when examining how utilitarianism might work out in practice. They stick to the classic hedonistic variety and the act and rule form of it. Is the lack of specific application of preference utilitarianism in the applied ethics section implying that preference utilitarianism and the classic variety are more or less identical when they are applied to the areas above? Or is this an oversight - the preference variety would actually apply differently and different conclusions would have to be drawn about war, simulated killing...etc.? If so, have you any recommendations about what to read in order to research this area?\n\n\n\nIt is quite common when discussing the implications of utilitarianism for real life issues not to make very much of the distinction between hedonistic and preference utilitarianism. The difference between the two theories is not necessarily crucial for determining the right thing to do in every case, as the two versions of the theory may give the same answer. So a treatment of these issues that did not make reference to the distinction would not necessarily be inadequate.\n\n\n\n\nHaving said that, out of the five areas to which students are asked to apply the theory, there seems to be one at least where the difference might be considered significant. This is the area of lying and deception. Here is a concrete example to work with. A friend of mine is close to death. He asks me to promise him that I will do a certain thing for him after he has died and tells me that he cannot die in peace unless I do it. I make that promise, although I have no intention of keeping it, because (let us say) I know it will be very hard and cost me a great deal of anguish.\n\n\n\n\nTo simplify things a little, let us assume an act utilitarian, rather than a rule utilitarian, approach. In other words, the rightness of a given possible act will be decided by trying to work out the value of its consequences and comparing them with the value of the consequences of alternative acts. A hedonistic utilitarian will see this 'value' exclusively in terms of the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the experiences undergone by those sentient creatures affected by the act, while a preference utilitarian will conceive of it in terms of the maximal satisfaction of preferences. Now suppose that I am a hedonistic utilitarian. Then my only concern is with the difference this deceptive promise is likely to make to the pleasantness or unpleasantness of people's experiences. It seems, then, that hedonistic utilitarianism will counsel making the insincere promise. If I do not make it, my friend is likely to be extremely miserable in the remaining (albeit short) period of his life. No doubt I will also be unhappy seeing him in this state. Nobody else's experiences will be affected (we may suppose). Surely, then, the right thing to do from a hedonistic utilitarian perspective is to go ahead and make this promise that I have no intention of keeping.\n\n\n\n\nIf I am a preference utilitarian, on the other hand, I am likely to see things differently. After all, my friend has a strong preference for me to do a certain thing. For the preference utilitarian, that fact has weight independently of its implications for my friend's state of mind. It counts strongly in favour not only of making the promise but of keeping it. If I am aware of this, my promise has to be sincere. Of course it does not necessarily follow that when all relevant factors are taken into account, the right thing really is to make the promise sincerely and keep it. The onerous aspects involved in doing the latter might be so severe as to outweigh the badness of flouting my friend's strong wish. But the point is that the preference utilitarian, unlike the hedonistic utilitarian, is obliged to take that wish into account, independently of its implications for my friend's (or anyone else's) levels of experienced happiness.\n\nQ: Dear bpa, I am about to embark on a PhD in Philosophy, I have an MA in Philosophy and a BA in History and Philosophy. I have been looking at the new AQA A level in Philosophy and I would like to teach this syllabus as an FE / Adult education lecturer while working on my PhD. I notice that there isn\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t a PGCE in Philosophy and I remember being told at a conference that working on a PhD was considered, in itself, sufficient to teach the A level. I remember being surprised and pleased at this information but I can\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t seem to find these professional entry requirements confirmed anywhere online. I\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'m happy to see that you take questions. Here\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s mine: What qualifications are required to teach AQA A level Philosophy in FE colleges or community based adult education institutions? Thank you for your help. PS:- On a more Philosophical note I wonder if our discipline is unique in this regard? Is it the case that you can learn to philosophise, you can teach others how to philosophise but you can\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t teach others how to teach others how to philosophise.\n\n\n\u00a0The answer is complicated. It is true that you do not need a PGCE you teach only A-level, But that is only true in some schools e.g. some independents and academies. To be covered for all schools, you would need at least a post 16 PGCE. It is now possible to get this in philosophy, though very rare. I believe the Institute of education are offering one, which involves a placement in a London school.\n\nThere are other ways into A-level teaching. See\u00a0this link:\n\nThe paradox you mentioned at the end of your question is well noted!\n\nQ: Descartes in his meditations tells us that an evil demon controlls all our perceptions, but the meditator retains the power willingly to suspend judgment. The cartesian demon cannot simply force its victim to have an arbitrarily chosen belieffor example, it cannot install and run an arbitrarily chosen train of thought in the mind of the philosopher, thereby making the philosopher beleave whatever the demon wants. But how could descartes be sure this wasn't the case? Whats to say our reality isn't controlled by an external force that controls what thoughts,beliefs, and actions we have everday of our lives? How could we know it if it was true? How could we deal with that?\n\n\nThe imagined deceiver \u2013 whether an omnipotent God or the malicious demon \u2013 has the power both to supply us with perceptions and to disturb our capacity to reason. Descartes is arguing that it is not merely the external world that is cast into doubt \u2013 which may not exist as it appears, or even exist at all \u2013 but also the seemingly firm ideas held by the meditator, which do not seem to depend on the external world \u2013 such as the truths of geometry and mathematics. It is this latter class of beliefs which fall into the questioner\u2019s category of \u2018making the philosopher believe whatever the demon wants\u2019. Here we have the possibility of interventions in our chains of reasoning, however brief or simple, or with our capacity to recall ideas, so that we might even doubt that we are correctly counting the sides of a triangle every time we try, or be mistaken in supposing that 2 and 3 really do make 5.\n\n\nThe deceiver\u2019s power, being total, must also, for Descartes, include being able to influence all of the \u2018thoughts, beliefs and actions\u2019 mentioned by the questioner \u2013 so it is possible that what I think I am now doing, I am not actually now doing.\n\nHowever, the way to deal with this, according to Descartes, is to recognise the limits to the deceiver\u2019s power with respect to the very idea of deception \u2013 as he says in Meditation 2, try as he might, he (the deceiver) cannot make me the subject of his deceptions unless I am here to be deceived. So whatever thoughts are being plugged into my mind, however subtle those interventions are that happen beneath my notice, I am at least able to hold on to the certainty that I (whatever it is that I am) cannot but exist.\n\nHowever, as many philosophers have noted, the conclusion established by \u2018the cogito\u2019 isn\u2019t as indubitable as Descartes thought (cf. Sartre and Russell, for instance). But what the questioner is driving at seems to offer deeper worries, before even arriving at the cogito. If we are allowed to trust at least some of our ideas/beliefs/deductions then we can work our way to something like the cogito, but if this is all just \u2018noise\u2019 then why suppose we can make any progress at all? Here Descartes makes an appeal to intuition \u2013 that we have a sound grasp of basic ideas such as truth, falsehood, doubt, and certainty, which remain unquestioned/unquestionable. But if those ideas are \u2018up for grabs\u2019, and we are not warranted in thinking that we have any firm beliefs (clearly and distinctly held or otherwise) then it\u2019s hard to see how to escape from the demon\u2019s clutches. Further, if reason itself is in doubt then it seems very hard, if not impossible, to see how to rebut the sceptic. Because none of our ordinary perceptions in these cases can be appealed to \u2013 we must do it all a priori \u2013 then only reason could be deployed to defend itself. So either we accept some of our ideas as axiomatic, or a rather vicious circle looms.\n\n\nQ: The A2 syllabus asks us to teach the zombie argument for dualism. The syllabus states this requirement in the following way: The \u2018philosophical zombies\u2019 argument for property dualism: the logical possibility of a physical duplicate of this world but without consciousness/qualia (Chalmers). I\\'m not sure why property dualism is mentioned as if the argument only supports that version of dualism. Chalmers in Consciousness and its Place in Nature says the argument could equally well support substance dualism - he calls this Type D dualism. There seems to be an implication in the wording of the syllabus that the inconceivability argument as opposed to the zombie argument support different versions of dualism. I\\'m doubtful whether this is the case. The arguments could be taken as supporting either version of dualism. It seems to me that extra considerations outside of the specifics of the argument would lead on to one version or another. Am I missing something here?\n\n\nIf philosophical zombies are a possibility \u2013 if it is possible, that is, for there to be human beings that behave exactly as we behave, but without any mental states, consciousness, qualia, etc., so that, for example, these fingers would still be falling on the keys of this keyboard, which would still have been built, etc., even if there was absolutely nothing going on subjectively - then the relation between our mental states and how our bodies behave is merely contingent.\u00a0 Even more startlingly than that, our mental states are not essentially amongst the causes of our bodily behaviour.\u00a0 Thus the possibility of philosophical zombies can be seen as an argument for that version of property dualism known as epiphenomenalism, which holds that our mental states, etc., are nothing more than causally inefficacious non-physical by-products of processes occurring in our physical brains.\u00a0 On the other hand, though, if philosophical zombies are not a possibility \u2013 perhaps because the very idea of a philosophical zombie is incoherent \u2013 then our mental states would seem to be essentially causally implicated in much of our bodily behaviour, and epiphenomenalism, at least, would be severely undermined.\n\nI agree with the specification that the primary applicability of the philosophical zombies case in this context is to property dualism.\u00a0 However one can, indeed, see how it might be raised for substance dualism.\u00a0 Famously, Descartes maintains that he has privileged access to his own mental states, but no epistemic access to any mental states that other humans might possess, and that his understanding of his own mental states is direct and intuitive.\u00a0 This raises the problem of other minds: there\u2019s a moment in the Second Meditation, for example, where Descartes asks whether the \u2018people\u2019 he seems to see from his window are really people at all, or merely mindless automata.\u00a0 If it is possible for mindless automata to pass the Turing Test, as it were, by behaving in ways indistinguishable from the ways in which a minded human behaves, then once again the relation between humans\u2019 mental states and how human bodies behave is merely contingent, and indeed human mental states are not essentially amongst the causes of human bodily behaviour.\u00a0 Of course Descartes himself goes on to say things that contradict this, his version of substance dualism being of the causal interactionist variety, according to which there is two way causation between the mental and the physical.\u00a0 However the massive difficulty of explaining how such interaction is possible between radically different substances might lead us to question the justifiability of his position here.\n\nQ: Is there a contradiction between Searle\\'s rejection of the \\'system reply\\' to his chinese room argument, and his assertion that consciousness is a systemic property?\n\n\nOK. Firstly, we need clarity concerning in what ways there can be contradiction. So I shall begin this answer somewhat circuitously.\n\nAnalytically speaking, a contradiction is conditional upon our acceptance of the meanings of the terms employed. For example, \u2018A triangle has three sides\u2019 is true by definition because the accepted meaning of the term \u2018triangle\u2019 is also that of the (defining) predicate. A contradiction such as \u2018A triangle has four sides\u2019 is only a contradiction by virtue of the accepted meanings of the terms (signs) used in the proposition. Of course, things could have been different. For whatever reason, a triangle could have been defined as a four sided figure (or even a bicycle); there is nothing that logically excludes this possibility \u2013 it is contingent upon human practices in terms of how things are classified. The point, in this sense at least, is that a logical contradiction between Searle\u2019s rejection of the \u2018system reply\u2019 and his own Chinese Room thought experiment relies on having contradictory definitions of consciousness and understanding in each. In the analytic sense described above, all this amounts to is whether or not Searle\u2019s reply implies a different definition of consciousness and understanding to those he offered in his Chinese Room thought experiment i.e. a conception of consciousness and understanding that requires something more than the \u2018input \u00e0 process \u00e0 output\u2019 model characteristic of standard functionalism (I shall assume familiarity with this and Searle\u2019s thought experiment). It is also worth highlighting that Searle\u2019s paper and the debate surrounding is (if not explicitly) implicitly an attempt to arrive at a definition of consciousness.\n\nSo, now to the topic at hand. Searle\u2019s point is that a machine is not conscious because that which is doing the sorting of the symbols into coherent conversational Chinese does not grasp what it does; it merely operates \u2013 in terms of causal necessity \u2013 in the ways it has been designed to do so. When such a machine fails to operate in the ways expected of it then something must have gone awry in terms of the internal (cause and effect) series of processes.\n\nThe system reply argues that one can only account for consciousness and understanding in terms of the whole; if this is not so then the system cannot be said to understand anything. In other words, consciousness can be accounted for in terms of the sum total of the processes which it performs. \u00a0\u00a0Searle\u2019s disquiet with this reply is as follows: the machine (computer or whatever) as a whole, according to the system theorist, can only be recognised as understanding something when considered in its entirety, not in terms of examining just one portion of its machinations in isolation. Thus, a mind can ultimately only be understood as such if we understand its machinations in their entirety. But then, asks Searle, how are we to distinguish the mind from thermostats and livers etc.? He remarks:\n\n\u201cThe study of the mind starts with such facts as that humans have beliefs, while thermostats, telephones, and adding machines don't. If you get a theory that denies this point you have produced a counterexample to the theory and the theory is false....Think hard for one minute about what would be necessary to establish that that hunk of metal on the wall over there had real beliefs beliefs with direction of fit, propositional content, and conditions of satisfaction; beliefs that had the possibility of being strong beliefs or weak beliefs; nervous, anxious, or secure beliefs; dogmatic, rational, or superstitious beliefs; blind faiths or hesitant cogitations; any kind of beliefs. The thermostat is not a candidate. Neither is stomach, liver adding machine, or telephone. However..., notice that its truth would be fatal to strong AI's claim to be a science of the mind. For now the mind is everywhere. What we wanted to know is what distinguishes the mind from thermostats and livers.\u201d \u00a0Searle, John. R. 1980. p.420\n\nSo far so good but now we come to the question of contradiction. Having dismissed the (understanding and conscious) mind as some sort of machine that exists by virtue of a complex series of inputs and outputs, he concludes his paper by suggesting that, nonetheless, \u201conly a machine could think\u201d (Searle, John. R. 1980. p.424). Granted, it has to be a special kind of machine \u2013 one with beliefs, desires, and so on (see above), and one that \u201chad the same causal powers as brains\u201d (ibid.). Searle qualifies this however, by saying:\n\n\u201cWhatever else intentionality is, it is a biological phenomenon, and it is as likely to be as causally dependent on the specific biochemistry of its origins as lactation, photosynthesis, or any other biological phenomena.\u201d Searle, John. R. 1980. p.424\n\nBut it is not clear what this amounts to. The idea of intentionality (related to phenomenological experience) seems vital to Searle\u2019s rejection of system theory. Yet this very aspect, he claims, is a biological phenomenon insofar as it is causally dependent on neurological processes. Thus, the question is: is Searle invoking the very conception of mind he has explicitly denied? If so, it would be a contradiction insofar as it would be analogous to arguing that a triangle has three sides and then concluding that it has four.\n\nThe distinguishing feature, on the face of it, seems to be that Searle\u2019s conception of mind requires intentionality (varieties of phenomenological experience). However, if causal processes are internal to such intentionality then it becomes hard to distinguish between system theory and Searle\u2019s position (unless, of course, one considers intentionality to be distinct from the processes of the machine \u2013 perhaps produced by \u2013 but not identical with \u2013 these processes). One way in which one might do this is to argue that it is our intentional states that allow for the possibility of distinguishing between those things that do not possess such intentionality from those that do not. But the question then becomes: surely, there is \u2013 in essence \u2013 no systematic difference between those machines that have intentionality and those that do not \u2013 \u00a0is it merely a contingent matter that some run processes that are consistent with intentionality whilst others do not? Certainly, an argument could be made that suggests a contradiction between Searle's rejection of the 'system reply' to his Chinese room argument, and his assertion that consciousness is a systemic property; it is also worth noting that he is not precise in terms of saying what intentionality actually amounts to. However, if construed as the search for a definition (and given that much of Searle\u2019s paper is a negative critique of other arguments as opposed to detailed positive argument in favour of his conclusion that human beings are, in some sense, machines), I would be wary of accusing him of a formal contradiction.\n\n\n\nIf you have not done so, it may also be worth reading Ned Block\u2019s rejection of standard functionalism (Block, N. \u2018Trouble with Functionalism\u2019 in The Nature of Mind. Ed. Rosenthal, D.M. OUP. Oxford. 1991).\n\nIn it (in short), Block argues that functionalism does not distinguish between conscious and non-conscious entities. Much of the force of his argument rests with the (possibly) mistaken ascriptions of experiential content (qualia) to Turing machines: the functionalist idea of sensory inputs, computational responses and the subsequent observable outputs, serves the idea of a Turing machine very well. However, it apparently leaves out one vital component which human beings possess and machines do not viz. conscious experience \u2013 what one might characterise as our \u2018inner\u2019 life or the phenomenal character of our experiences when we see colours or feel pain, for instance. The onus is, therefore, on the functionalist to show that the mind really is no more than a particular kind of organic computer and that inputs, computational responses and outputs are the sum total of what amounts to consciousness. Indeed, Block goes on to argue that functionalism also allows for organizations (in addition to machines) to be considered as conscious minds:\n\nEconomic systems have inputs and outputs, e.g., influx and outflux of credits and debits. And economic systems also have a rich variety of internal states, e.g., having a rate of increase of GNP equal to double the prime rate. It does not seem impossible that a wealthy sheik [sic.] could gain control of the economy of a small country...and manipulate its financial system to make it functionally equivalent to a person, e.g. himself. If this seems implausible, remember that the economic states, inputs, and outputs designated by the sheik [sic.] to correspond to his mental state, inputs and outputs need not be \u201cnatural\u201d economic magnitudes...His only constraint is that the magnitudes he picks be economic, that their having such and such values be inputs, outputs and state, and that he be able to set up a financial structure which can be made to fit into the intended formal mold [sic]. The mapping from psychological magnitudes to economic magnitudes could be as bizarre as the sheik requires. (Block, N. 1991. p.225)\n\nPresumably, the same could be said of other kinds of organisation such as schools, universities, hospitals and so on. Thus, Block\u2019s argument against functionalism can be reduced to the claim that two systems which are functionally equivalent cannot be distinguished in terms of their experiential content; one system cannot \u2013 on the functionalist view \u2013 have conscious experience attributed to it and the other not.\u00a0\n\nAlthough some functionalists have responded by suggesting that the criteria we use to define conscious experience should be rather more confined than functional definitions \u2013 for instance, focusing on the kind of entity (e.g. an animal as opposed to a machine) that realises functional roles (which should, themselves, be more abstractly understood) \u2013 the difficulty of conscious experience still remains in relation to psychological predicates such as fear and pain. So, for example, if we consider the causes of pain (remembering to include computational responses and outputs in its realisation) in relation to conscious and non-conscious beings, then the idea of conscious awareness as internal to the concept of pain vanishes.\n\nBlock was certainly an influence on Searle, so it may be worth looking for comparisons and differences.\n\n\nOne way in which one might address problems of this kind in philosophy of mind is to look at Wittgenstein\u2019s Philosophical Investigations.\n\nMeaning is not a process which accompanies a word. For no process could have the consequences of meaning. (PI ii: p.186)\n\nJust as understanding is not a process (I don\u2019t just understand something when there is a particular process going on in my brain), so any complex process of inputs and outputs can occur without my meaning anything in particular because meaning is not inherent in such processes. Put another way: there is nothing metaphysically meaningful in particular processes of the kind that functionalists believe to be at the root of our psychological predicates (that are understood as internal to our concept of mind). Similarly, it is perfectly conceivable that we might encounter someone who shows no signs of consciousness but, nonetheless, exhibits brain activity that is typical of a conscious person \u2013 we do not say that, all the same, that this person is conscious.\n\nThus, meaning does not come about through causal necessity \u2013 between, say, inputs, internal processes and outputs \u2013 but, rather, through the significance that a person\u2019s behaviour has for us and what we recognise (understand) it as expressing; such neurological processes may sometimes be contingently attached to particular kinds of behaviour but they are not the criteria for the predicates that we use to describe\u00a0 a person\u2019s mental states (meaning is not inherent in neural pathways; rather brain activity of particular kinds is often concomitant with particular forms of behaviour). Consequently, we cannot specify psychological predicates in functionalist terms or in terms of those specified by Searle in the latter stages of his paper.\n\nJust some food for thought anyway. Hope it helps.\n\n\n\n\nSearle, John. R. (1980) \u2018Minds, Brains, and Programs\u2019 in Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3): 417-457\n\n\nWittgenstein. L. [\u2018PI\u2019] Philosophical Investigations. 1953. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Third edition. Oxford. 2001.\n\nQ: Hello, my name is Jamie I am just beginning to study philosophical thinking. I am confused as to what Descartes Cogito argument implies, I understand that it follows that we cannot dought our existence because \\\" doughting\\\" is a form of thought. But how can Descartes know he is doing the thinking since the thoughts he is having could be coming from somewhere else? How can we be sure that something external to our minds isn\\'t coercing and controlling what thoughts we experience? I guess what I\\'m asking is how do we know we have freedom of thought?\n\n\nDear Jamie,\n\nWell done for taking the first steps on your philosophical journey. Descartes is a very good place to start, and his Meditations on first philosophy \u2013 or simply the Meditations- is a great work to begin with.\n\nI think you have two quite different questions here:\n\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How can Descartes know that he is doing the thinking?\n\n2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How can Descartes be sure that something external to his mind is not deceiving him?\n\n\u00a0The second question is the easier, so let us begin with that. Descartes CANNOT be sure that something external to his mind is not deceiving him. Descartes, however, is quite aware of that \u2013 it is part of the point that Descartes wants to make about his existence. He writes the following:\n\n\nLet him do his best to deceive me! He will never bring it about that I am nothing while I think I am something; or make it true in the future that I have never existed, given that I do now exist. (Meditations 3)\n\nDescartes argument is that EVEN IF he is deceived, he must exist. If he did not exist, he could not be deceived.\n\n\u00a0The second question is much harder to answer, and it might be that Descartes does not have a good answer to it. How can Descartes know that he exists as Descartes when he is thinking? Could it not be the case that some other bloke, call him Diabolo, could be dreaming that he is Descartes?\n\nDescartes did not consider exactly that objection. He did consider whether the fact that there are some thoughts going on entails that someone is thinking them, and he argued that it must be the case, since thoughts necessarily need a thinker as \u201ca logical subject\u201d \u2013 someone must be thinking. Thoughts cannot just float around in the word without someone, a thinker, having those thoughts, in much the same way in which colour cannot just float around in the world without something, a physical object, having that colour. You might say that \u201ccolour\u201d and \u201cthoughts\u201d are predicates which both depend on there being a \u201csubject\u201d (or \u201csubstance,\u201d as Descartes would have said) to have them.\n\nHowever, Descartes' consideration here does not answer your worry about who is doing the thinking \u2013 the identity of the thinker. If Diabolo is dreaming that he is Descartes, Descartes does not exist, and the thoughts are not in Descartes \u2013 Descartes is not the underlying logical subject or substance \u2013 all there exists is the false belief/thought that someone is Descartes, and that belief/thought is to be found in Diabolo. Descartes does not exist!\n\n\u00a0I hope this not only answers you questions but helps you a bit further on your philosophical journey.\n\n\nQ: Hello, just wondering if anybody had any notes or ideas on how Aristotle's virtue theory could be applied to animal rights/ keeping animals in zoos. Thanks :)\n\n\nOne wouldn\u2019t want to go to Aristotle\u2019s writings for defences of the rights of animals. Aristotle thinks that only humans inhabit the ethical sphere, properly speaking, since only humans have rationality. There is in nature a hierarchy of beings, with non-conscious things like plants made use of (eaten, say) by those things higher up the chain with consciousness (humans, and non-human animals). We are, by virtue of our nature, intelligent, and thereby able to make use of (for transport, work, food, etc\u2026) animals \u2013 they are of instrumental value to us, not valuable in themselves. In fact, for Aristotle, part of the function of animals is their usefulness to us, just as it is part of the function of the fruit to provide nutrition for animals.\n\nOne way, then, that we could view zoos is by means of this instrumentally valuable role played by animals \u2013 the entertainment or educational value provided by these sorts of places. To seek to understand the world is built into us, and we are only properly human when exercising this part of our nature. Aristotle himself studied animals \u2013 he was probably the first great biologist/naturalist \u2013 and he did much to highlight the features shared by humans and other animals. Much that we learn about animals can help us to understand ourselves more fully: \u201cIf any person thinks the examination of the rest of the animal kingdom an unworthy task, he must hold in like disesteem the study of man.\u201d [On Parts of Animals, Book 1, Chap 5, 645a, 26-36. In W. Ogle (trans.), Aristotle on the Parts of Animals (1882]. So insofar as zoos are places of learning, they are good, and can contribute to the virtuous life.\n\nWhat about the animals themselves, though, and the different sorts of zoos that there are? For the Aristotelian there are ways of treating animals unnaturally, given that they have natural powers, or purposes, which can be allowed to become actualised or not. There are, for Aristotle, ways for a horse to be what it \u2018ought\u2019 to be \u2013 a running, mating, eating creature \u2013 and it can do some of these things fully, partially, or not at all. So a \u2018good\u2019 horse will be one that doesn\u2019t merely use its powers of locomotion, but that uses those powers well \u2013 so if confined to a stable most of the time it will not be able to be a \u2018good horse\u2019: a powerful, healthy, active animal. So perhaps a \u2018good zoo\u2019, on this view, will be one which allows the animals to actualise their potential \u2013 with spaces to climb or roam, opportunities to predate, to hide, to burrow, dependent on the kind of animal in question. If you put a polar bear on a small fibreglass \u2018glacier\u2019 next to a paddling pool in a cramped enclosure then it will not lead the best sort of life for a polar bear.\n\nSo, does it matter morally that a zoo owner houses his animals in poor conditions? Well, yes and no. We can\u2019t say that treatment of the creatures under his care is bad in itself, and if he gains, by means of his resourcefulness, from the use of the animals then there is a sense that he is doing what comes naturally. However, if the poor treatment of the animals is financially driven, and we discover that the owner has devoted his ingenuity to squeezing as much money as possible out of his zoo (cutting corners everywhere, starvation conditions for the animals, failing to call in vets when required) in order to pursue a luxurious lifestyle we can certainly impugn his character \u2013 he might even be described by Aristotle as an evil person, behaving in a shameful or ugly fashion, holding generosity in disdain, engaged in the very opposite of virtuous action.\u00a0\n\nIt could also be the case that the worker in the zoo who treats the animals cruelly, who looks on their suffering with amusement, is less likely, thereby, to be a virtuous agent. Having habituated himself to not be moved by an obviously conscious being\u2019s pain it might make him less likely to be moved by the pain of conscious human beings \u2013 again, not a point about the badness of cruelty to animals, per se, but in light of how it might lead to badness in the human sphere of conduct (a doggedly popular view associated with St Thomas Aquinas, a Christian Aristotelian).\n\nQ: I'm teaching analytical or logical behaviourism - a thesis which claims that mental terms can be analysed into behaviour terms. Carl Hempel defends something like this. But what is the ontological claim? Is there an ontological claim? Does behaviourism claim that the mind is the body or does it just confine itself to a thesis about language and the way words should be used? Some texts seem to imply that it's an ontological claim as well as a linguistic proposal, some seem to keep this on ice so to speak and just talk about how mental terms can be unpacked. Can my students 'get away' with writing that behaviourists say that the mind is behaviour or ought they to confine themselves to the claim that mental talk can always be unpacked in terms of behaviour or 'colourless' movements?\n\n\nTo answer your question properly, I need to sketch some preliminaries (of which you are probably already well aware).\n\nAt the root of behaviourism is the attempt to circumnavigate scepticism. Traditional conceptions of the mind have conceived of it (the mind) as an inner world of essentially (as opposed to contingently) private representations and sensations. Our \u2018inner\u2019 world is believed to be epistemically independent of outer behaviour although causally linked to it. Consequently, we can never know the contents of another person\u2019s mind \u2013 we can only infer it from their behaviour. As such, our overt behaviour is traditionally conceived of as epistemically inadequate because it can only provide a rough approximation of what is going on in a subject\u2019s mind; it certainly cannot tell us anything about the qualitative aspects of a person\u2019s sensations (you could make a link with Locke\u2019s inverted colour spectrum in relation to this point). In essence, behaviourists argue that because all the criteria we have at our disposal in relation to mental state predicates are to be found in the behaviour of a person we can, as such, analyse such terms purely in terms of behaviour without invoking some kind of \u2018inner\u2019 mental state.\n\nThere are several versions of behaviourism, each with subtle but definite differences. I will just take two in order to make things clear (it will be all you need anyway). The first authentic behaviourist position emerged from Logical Positivism (although its roots can be found in Locke and Hume). \u00a0In notes taken by Friedrich Waismann, Wittgenstein claims that,\n\nA sentence cannot say more than is established by its verification. If I say, \u2018My friend is angry\u2019 and ascertain this by his displaying certain perceptible behaviour then I mean nothing more than he is displaying this behaviour. (McGuinness, B. 1967. p.244)\n\nThese comments more or less sum up the behaviourism of the Logical Positivists. (Wittgenstein was, at this time, very much aligned with the Logical Positivists). Such behaviourism is thus understood to be a corollary of the verification principle; I am only able to make meaningful assertions about my friend if there is some way in which such assertions can, in principle, be verified (or falsified).\u00a0 Put another way: Logical Positivists attach mental state terms to particular kinds of behaviour (meaning particular kinds of arrangements of facial muscles, for instance).\n\nObjections to Logical Positivist Behaviourism\n\nObjections to this form of behaviourism have tended to focus on dissimulation, feelings and mental events (such as beliefs) leading to certain kinds of overt behaviour. Frege, for example, remarks:\n\nEven an unphilosophical person soon finds it necessary to recognize an inner world distinct from the outer world, a world of sense-impressions, of creations of his imagination, of sensations, of feelings and moods, a world of inclinations, wishes and decisions (Frege, G. 1956. p.299)\n\nOur moods, for instance, are something that we can know ourselves much better than those who observe us, particularly if we hide them from others; this is quite a common occurrence. A teacher, for instance, will be expected to act professionally and not let his mood have an effect on his teaching and overall attitude in the classroom; such an event seems to suggest that the real meaning of mood is something \u2018inner\u2019, something that we can keep to ourselves; overt criteria are ontologically (and causally) dependent on our inner mood.\n\n\nRyle\u2019s Behaviourism\n\nRyle was keen to dispose of the Cartesian immaterial mind and, with it, the dualist conception of mind . In one of the most frequently quoted passages from his work Ryle attacks the Cartesian conception of mind as \u2018the dogma of the ghost in the machine\u2019. (Ryle, G. 1991. p.53) The chief difference between Ryle\u2019s behaviourism and that of the logical positivists is that it characterises the mental aspects of psychological predicates in terms of our being disposed to act in certain ways. In other words, he argued that the only way to properly understand psychological terms was to examine how they are employed in relation to the various kinds of behaviour they describe. The causal nature of such mental dispositions should not be confused with materialist theories of mind which suggest a causal relationship between brain states and particular kinds of behaviour. Ryle makes this clear:\n\n[T]o explain an act as done from a certain motive is not analogous to saying that the glass broke, because a stone hit it, but to the quite different type of statement that the glass broke, when the stone hit it, because the glass was brittle. Just as there are no other momentary actualisations of brittleness than, for example, flying into fragments when struck, so no other momentary actualisations of chronic vanity need to be postulated than such things as boasting, day-dreaming about triumphs and avoiding conversations about the merits of others. (Ryle, G. 2009. p72)\n\n\u00a0In other words, when we speak of someone as sincere or insincere, for instance, what we are actually doing is referring to such a person\u2019s dispositions to behave in certain ways; mental dispositions, Ryle believes, go towards forming patterns of human behaviour which are the sole criteria for the development and ascription of our psychological predicates. As such, he is able to respond to the charge that behaviourism cannot deal with cases of dissimulation by arguing that evidence for deception exists in our observing the further patterns of behaviour of a person within given contexts.\n\nPut another way, Ryle argued that concepts such as insincerity refer wholly to behaviour but in a way that requires further behaviour \u2013 either side of it, so to speak \u2013 for such a concept to emerge. We cannot take an isolated piece of behaviour as insincere without taking the behaviour preceding and succeeding it into account. (By contrast, the logical positivists did not think that behaviour needed to be analysed in such terms \u2013 mental state terms could be analysed wholly in terms of particular (free-standing) types of behaviour.)\n\nObjections to Ryle\u2019s Behaviourism\n\nThe idea that the inner life is a fiction \u2013 an idea that is apparently necessary in the light of the argument that psychological concepts can *only* acquire their meaning from what others can observe \u2013 now seems problematic even if a behaviourist argues that we would have no idea about the moods of another were it not for their outward behaviour. There is, for one, a causal role that does not seem to be explicable in terms of mental dispositions; after all, there needs to be some kind of cause behind our ways of behaving that cannot be analysed purely in terms of behaviour. Whilst Ryle might argue that insincerity can be analysed in terms of behaviour that preceded and succeeded it and that, as such, we should think about a person as having a disposition that is causally related to particular manifestations of insincerity, it is not at all obvious how we are to understand the previous and succeeding behaviour as causally related to a particular instance of insincerity.\n\nMoreover, if you fall over and hurt your arm, for instance, your pain causes you to cry out. In this case, the sensation seems to have been the cause of your overt behaviour. Thus, there is a causal chain between \u2018inner\u2019 sensation and overt behaviour, something that behaviourists of all kinds do not allow for.\n\nNow to answer your question!\n\n\no\u00a0\u00a0 This is accurate although it is done in different ways (as I have tried to show).\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cBut what is the ontological claim? Is there an ontological claim?\u201d\n\no\u00a0\u00a0 In short, the ontological claim is something held by, for example, Type ID theorists and Cartesian Dualists. The claim is that there is something \u2018inner\u2019 that exists and is epistemically independent of behaviour but, nonetheless, causally related to it (sensations and/or brain-states cause pain behaviour or behaviour characteristic of insincerity). Behaviourists deny such claims.\n\n\no\u00a0\u00a0 According to behaviourists, there is no dualism in accounting for the concept of mind (no mind-body, for instance). How can a mental process, such as willing, cause spatial movements like the movements of the tongue? How can a physical change in the optic nerve have among its effects a mind\u2019s perception of a flash of light?\u201d (Ryle, G. 2009. p.9). It is best at A-level to stick to the position that behaviourists deny any kind of ontological commitment in terms of the existence of mind that is, somehow, independent of behaviour. The mind itself should be merely understood as a sum of the various mental-state terms we use and which can be analysed purely in behavioural terms; nothing is hidden. All talk of emotions, sensations, sincerity, insincerity and so on can be analysed in terms of complex patterns of behaviour; all mental terms can be analysed in behavioural terms. In essence, behaviourism is about the meaning of our mental predicates, not about ontological commitment.\n\n\no\u00a0\u00a0 The top end of any class should aim to show how Ryle deals with the objection put to the Logical Positivist version. Others should stick with what you have suggested. However, I would say that some discussion about the criteria that allow us to apply mental predicates should always be included in order to lend plausibility to the behaviourist position, otherwise one runs the risk of attacking a straw man.\n\nHere are some suggestions for further reading (for students):\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Braddon-Mitchell, D. and Jackson, F. Philosophy of Mind and Cognition. Blackwell. Oxford. 1996 (this is a really good, clear volume that incorporates discussion of all relevant aspects of philosophy of mind; it contains really useful annotations in the margins)\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Nature of Mind. Ed. Rosenthal, D.M. OUP. Oxford. 1991. (contains primary material covering all aspects required for A-level together with helpful introductions to each position)\n\n\nN.B. Although I have referred to Wittgenstein in my answer, it would be best (sadly) to exclude him altogether as the syllabus makes no real reference to him. And, whilst W\u2019s later work can be interpreted as advocating a form of behaviourism,\u00a0 it is only a poor reading that understands it as such. \u00a0\n\n\nFrege, G. \u2018The Thought: A Logical Inquiry\u2019 in Mind, New Series, Vol. 65, No. 259 (Jul. 1956), pp. 289-311\n\nMcGuinness, B. (Ed.) Ludwig Wittgenstein und der Weiner Kreis. Shorthand notes of F. Waismann. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. 1967.\n\nRyle, G. \u2018Descartes\u2019 Myth\u2019 in The Nature of Mind. Ed. Rosenthal, D.M. OUP. Oxford. 1991.\n\nRyle, G. The Concept of Mind. Routledge. Oxford. 2009\n\nQ: If indirect realism is true, can we know that there is an external world that causes our sense data?\n\n\nA philosophical sceptic will answer this question with a resounding \u201cno \u2013 we cannot know that an external world causes our sense data\u201d. This is because the philosophical sceptic interprets indirect realism as imposing \u201ca veil of perception\u201d between us perceivers and whatever it is that may be supposed to produce sense data in us. There is simply no way of accessing whatever lies behind our sense data to discover what it is or to discover whether our sense data accurately represent it. Paradoxically, the sceptic interprets indirect realism as implying that our sense data cut us off from the world and actually block our access to it.\n\nHowever, unsurprisingly, supporters of indirect realism are reluctant to accept this sceptical conclusion. They argue that we can have knowledge \u2013 or if not knowledge then at least highly probable belief- regarding the cause of our sense data. Descartes is an indirect realist who in Meditation Six argues that we can be certain that the cause of our sense data is an extended physical world. He bases this certainty on his prior proof that God is no deceiver and that it is clear to human reason that the best explanation for our sense data is the existence of the external world. Locke does not claim to know for certain that the external world is the cause of our sense data. But he does claim that it is highly probable that it is the cause of our sense data and that for all practical purposes we can treat it as a certainty. He rests this claim on the involuntary nature of our sense data and their natural orderliness and coherence. Russell develops a position similar to Locke by arguing that the external world is an induction to a best explanation. What this means is that of all the various hypotheses put forward to account for the order and regularity of our sense data \u2013 a dream, an evil demon, a super computer, the physical world \u2013it is the last which is the most probable explanation as this hypothesis fits better with the character and order of the data than any other rival hypothesis. \u00a0Strictly speaking, unlike Descartes, neither Locke nor Russell claims to have certain knowledge of the existence of the external world. But they do claim that their belief in the external world is rationally justified and highly probable.\n\nQ: The new syllabus requires us to explain Russell\\'s response to scepticism engendered by indirect realism. Can we know the nature of the external world if sense data are the immediate objects of perception? Russell\\'s answer is that we cannot know the intrinsic nature of external objects but we can know something of the relationships between them. He gives the example of the experience as of an eclipse. Although I cannot know what the sun, moon and sun are in themselves, I can at least know that they are in a straight line. This seems sparse but informative. Three \\'unknowns\\' are in a straight line. But then Russell goes on to say that we cannot know what a straight line is like in itself. We can only know the look of a straight line. Is Russell being genuinely informative here? Is any information being communicated to me if I do not know what the three things are and I cannot know what I mean by an external straight line? I suppose all that is left is the notion of threeness. Apart then from threeness is there anything informative going on here?\n\n\nA lot depends on what \u201cinformation\u201d means in this question. If it means \u201cinformation about how things actually are in physical space\u201d, then it is true that Russell is saying that all such information, whether about material objects or about their spatial (and indeed numerical) relations, is conveyed to us via sense data. We cannot directly observe objects in physical space, nor therefore the spatial relations between them, since we can be directly acquainted only with our representations of these objects. But, he is arguing, that acquaintance gives us information about relations in a way that is resistant to scepticism as the information which it gives us about material objects is not. The look of the moon in my private visual space (small silvery disc), and what it is to be the moon, are things which it is not open to me to compare, since the moon \u2018in itself\u2019 is necessarily unknown. But the look of a straight line in my visual space is the look of the shortest distance between any two points on it (or else it wouldn\u2019t look like a straight line), and being the shortest distance between two points is what it is (and all it is) to be a straight line in any space. (Russell just assumes that all spaces are Euclidean.) So the comparison between straight lines in private and in public space is unnecessary as well as impossible, since what assures our knowledge here is just logic embodied in geometry. That is why he says on the basis of his eclipse example that \u201cwe can know the properties of the relations required to preserve the correspondence [of the external world] with sense-data, but we cannot know the nature of the terms between which the relations hold.\u201d \u00a0This is surely a \u201cgenuinely informative\u201d distinction within the phenomenology of perception, corresponding to the original Lockean insight that the world informs us about itself via the primary qualities, though all we ever encounter directly are the primary qualities of our representations.\n\nQ: Hello BPA, I'm looking for model essays to give to my students as examples of good practice. Rather than writing them all myself I was wondering if there was a bank of such resources that I'd not come across. In the short-term I'm particularly interested in model answers for Unit 3: Political Philosophy and Philosophy of Religion, as well as Unit 4: Mill, but in the long-term other model essays would also be good! Thank you for your time.\n\n\nOur resource bank contains suggested answers to some AQA papers including the specimen unit 3 and unit 4 papers. Just click on 'Resource Bank' at the top right, and scroll down to 'Teaching resources'. Please note that these answers don't have AQA's 'seal of approval', but every effort has been made to conform to what we think they are looking for.\n\nQ: I am looking for material that I can use to help my students to deal with possible questions for PHIL3 - Philosophy of Religion on the following: \"Students should consider what is meant by \"religion\", whether it is a well defined or integrated phenomena\". This seems very broad [i.e. what is meant by religion] but also I am not sure what is meant by religion being a \"well-integrated phenomena\" [sic]. This sounds rather sociological and I am unsure what philosophical issues are being referred to [beyond something along the lines of \"do the different religions hold incompatible beliefs/concepts about a deity, etc\". Thanks\n\n\nWe reproduce here our answer from some while back to an almost identical question, with a broken link repaired (if the link doesn't work by double-clicking, please copy and paste it to your address bar):\n\n\nWe think that this kind of question is specifically inviting reflection on the social sciences\u2019 approach to religion \u2013 and I see that Routledge have a downloadable pdf on this topic on their resources website (linked to the BPA resource bank):\n\nIn brief, we think students would be expected to discuss here whether the term \u2018religion\u2019 denotes one core activity or practice (is there, for example, a single defining characteristic shared by all religions?), or whether instead there are various \u2018religions\u2019 that have no one thing in common, even if there are overlapping features. Is there such a thing as \u2018religion\u2019, or are there only \u2018religions\u2019? And what features distinguish religious practice(s) from other forms of activity, such as scientific and philosophical discourse? Are the claims of religion to be understood as empirical claims, or are they better understood as expressions, or commitments? Does religious belief and activity arise from human beings\u2019 attempts to explain the world around them \u2013 is religion thus a cognitive activity, a pseudo-science \u2013 or is it rather that religious practice serves a fundamental emotional and social function?\n\n\nWe think this is the ground that students are expected to cover here, and the Routledge materials I mention above give a nice overview of the accounts of religion by social scientists such as Durkheim and Weber. Hope this is useful.\n\nQ: Are we like this because we're here or are we here because we're like this?\n\n\nYour question could be answered from an evolutionary perspective, in which case I think the answer would be \\'both\\'. On the one hand, we are like this because we are here, in the sense that evolution molded us to be the way we are. On the other hand, we might be said to be here (still) because evolution has given us a nature that fits us for survival.\n\n\n\n\nFrom a religious perspective, the answer might be a bit different. Christians believe that humans were made in God\\'s image, which suggests we are here because of the way God wanted us to be. This would apply to our essential spiritual nature, though a Christian could concede that other aspects of us might be molded by our interactions with each other and with the rest of the world--in other words, by the fact that we are here.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQ: Who is the author of 'Virtue Ethics in Action'?\n\n\nThe author is Howard Simmons. Incidentally, Howard has incorporated this material, in a corrected and revised form, into his \\'Guide to Moral Philosophy\\', available in the Resources section, which is why \\'Virtue Ethics in Action\\' no longer appears on the site. It is to the \\'Guide to Moral Philosophy\\' that reference should be made.\n\nQ: A student has said the following in response to Cartesian-style conceivability arguments for dualism. It is essentially the reverse of the original: \"I can conceive of my mind being identical to something physical, so it is logically possible that the mind is identical to something physical\" Therefore....?? I am unclear on whether anything follows from that at all. Any help? Thanks, Peter\n\n\n\nI suppose the original Cartesian argument goes something like this: \u00a0I can conceive of myself existing even though no physical thing exists. \u00a0And so I COULD exist even though no physical thing exists. \u00a0That is, I could exist without being a physical thing. \u00a0But every physical thing is essentially physical: \u00a0it has to be physical in order to exist at all. \u00a0It follows that I am not a physical thing.\nYour student\u2019s anti-Cartesian argument would then be this: \u00a0I can conceive of myself existing as a physical thing--something made up entirely of matter. \u00a0And so I COULD exist as a physical thing. \u00a0But every nonphysical thing--that is, every thing not entirely made up of matter--is essentially nonphysical: \u00a0it has to be nonphysical in order to exist at all. \u00a0It follows that I am a physical thing.\nThese arguments cannot both be sound, since their conclusions conflict. \u00a0The question is whether there is any reason to suppose that the Cartesian argument is sound and the anti-Cartesian argument is not. \u00a0(Of course they could both be unsound.) \u00a0If both have equal merits, the Cartesians lose, since they\u2019re the ones trying to prove something here. \u00a0Presumably the nub of the matter is whether the Cartesian \u2018conceivablity\u2019 premise is any stronger than its anti-Cartesian counterpart, since the rest of the two arguments look more or less equal.\nThe Cartesians might say that my being a physical thing is not conceivable because we can\u2019t conceive of how a physical thing could think, whereas there is no analogous barrier to conceiving of my being a nonphysical thing. \u00a0(There is no apparent conflict beteween being nonphysical and thinking.) \u00a0But this would require a further premise, in addition to the conceivability of existing as a nonphysical thing, about the incompatibility of thinking and being physical. \u00a0If this were the only response to the objection, the Cartesian argument as it stands would be incomplete. \u00a0In fact, if we had this further premise, there would be no need to appeal to the conceivability of being nonphysical, since the further premise alone (together with the indisputable premise that I am thinking) would establish that I am not a physical thing.\nA better response is to say that it\u2019s unclear what it would be to conceive of myself as a physical thing. \u00a0I can imagine seeing a physical thing in the mirror, seeing and feeling my hands and feet, and so on. \u00a0(Of course I don\u2019t need to imagine those things, since that\u2019s how my experience actually is.) \u00a0But that doesn\u2019t amount to imagining or conceiving myself as lacking any immaterial part. \u00a0It\\'s hard to imagine or conceive of a mere lack of something. \u00a0By contrast, it\u2019s much clearer what it would be to conceive of myself as wholly nonphysical: \u00a0I just imagine myself continuing to think and be conscious when all physical things are destroyed, or the like. \u00a0(Whether that actually provides any grounds for the clam that I really could exist in that state is of course a further question.) \u00a0In other words, the Cartesian argument gets such force as it has from a vivid thought experiment, whereas the corresponding anti-Cartesian thought experiment hasn\u2019t got much content.\n\nQ: Is it useful to assume virtue and vices explain moral behaviour?\n\n\nDid you mean useful or true? I suppose whether it's useful or not depends on whether one can develop a persuasive or plausible theory using this assumption. This is certainly the case\u2014a number of philosophers have done so. But whether the assumption is true is another matter. One would have to consider whether there are alternative explanations that are equally or more plausible and they're not hard to find. For example, you could argue that moral behaviour is caused by the desire to co-operate with others, to conform to one's cultural environment, to give oneself an inner glow and so on. There are also more radical options. Some writers (called 'situationists'), inspired by recent work in empirical psychology, have argued that virtues and vices do not even exist. They argue that people's behaviour is to be explained in terms of the particular circumstances of the moment, rather than in terms of fixed character traits (e.g. the man went to the front of the queue because he was confused about where the queue ended, not because he had a 'selfish character'). If you want to know more about this sort of critique, you could read Kwame Anthony Appiah's Experiments in Ethics.\n\nQ: Is there a Kantian Captain? An argument between Blackburn vs Korsgaard\n\n\nDear Charlotte,\n\nI'm not sure what you intended by adding the second phrase to your question here: 'an argument between Blackburn vs Korsgaard' ... but clearly in asking about this you're already aware that the idea of a \"Kantian Captain\" is a notion that Blackburn uses, in criticising Korsgaard's interpretation of Kant's ethics. (He uses this image, of the Captain, in his book \"Ruling Passions\", see p. 252).\n\nBlackburn characterises Korsgaard's reading of Kantian practical reasoning as presenting something like a Captain, on the deck of a ship, who has complete power and authority over the crew. The Captain is the only one who is free - he is the will, the embodiment of pure practical reason, free from all desires. He is pure, authentic self-control (unlike the crew, who are subject to all kinds of everyday desires).\n\nThe \"Captain\" idea, then, is a characterisation of a certain 'traditional' view of Kantian moral philosophy. Allen Wood (in \"Kantian Ethics, p. 3] describes this traditional view - as illustrated by Blackburn's Captain image - as follows:\n\nKant is seen exclusively as a representative of moral strictness and sternness, downright hostile to human happiness, mercilessly unsympathetic to human weakness, allowing no place in the moral life for natural human feelings and desires.\"\n\nBut this, according to many, is a misconception of Kant.\n\nSo, in answer to the question \"Is there a Kantian Captain\" - well, that all depends on which interpretation of Kant's moral philosophy one endorses. Most 'sophisticated' Kantians will reject the 'Captain' picture.\n\n\nQ: Please can you very briefly clarify Russell on the a priori/universals, the relationship of this to what exists and the implications for knowledge. Thank you very much.\n\n\n\nIn The Problems of Philosophy, Russell argues that, in addition to particular things, there exist also universals. For example, as well as individual white things, there exists also the universal white (or whiteness) which is what all particular white things have in common. He explicitly credits Plato with this view, although unlike Plato, he thinks the world of particulars is just as real as the world of universals. On the other hand, he is not quite prepared to say that universals 'exist', as this would seem to imply that they exist in time and space, like particulars, which is not the case. (Of course, a universal like whiteness can be realised at a particular place and time when it is present in a white particular, but this is not the same as saying that the universal itself exists at that place and time.) He prefers to say that universals subsist, which means they have a kind of timeless reality.\n\n\nAs for knowledge, Russell applies his famous distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Knowing something by acquaintance means knowing it in an immediate way, not by inference. Knowing something by description, in contrast, is inferential knowledge. Russell thinks we know by acquaintance such universals as sensory qualities like whiteness and hardness and simple relations like 'being to the left of' or 'coming after'. We know by description those universals that we have to infer, such as the universals associated with physical objects (mass, volume etc.), which, unlike our sense-data (whether particular or universal), cannot be perceived or known directly by us, in the view of Russell and other traditional empiricists.\n\n\nI hope that's clear. Bear in mind, that Russell changed his views a lot during his long life. This answer is based on his position in The Problems of Philosophy, which I think is his most accessible account.\n\n\nQ: What is the best way/is there a formal way to tackle the follwing: Albert says: `Everything Caroline says is true\u2019. Betty says: `Everything I say is false\u2019. Caroline says: `Everything David says is true\u2019. David says: `Everything Caroline says is false\u2019. Who is the only one who could be telling the truth? (a) Albert (b) Betty (c) Caroline (d) David Thank you.\n\n\nOnly David could be telling the truth. Here is an informal proof:\n\n\nCaroline's statement must be untrue. Proof: Caroline says that everything David says is true. Suppose she is speaking truly. Then everything David says is true. One of the things that David says is that everything that Caroline says is false. So everything that Caroline says is false. In particular, her statement that everything that David says is true is false. So it is not the case that everything David says is true. But this contradicts our finding above that everything that David says is true. So the original assumption that Caroline was speaking truly leads to a contradiction and so cannot be true.\n\n\nAlbert's statement must also be untrue. Proof: Albert says that everything Caroline says is true. But we already know of one thing that Caroline said that was false (see above). So Albert can't be speaking truly.\n\n\nBetty's statement must be untrue. Proof: she says that everything that she says is false. Suppose she is speaking truly. Then it is true that everything she says is false. In particular, when she says that everything she says is false, she must be speaking falsely. But this contradicts our assumption that she was speaking truly when she said this. So the assumption that she speaks truly leads to a contradiction and so cannot be true.\n\n\nFinally, there seems to be no contradiction in supposing that David speaks truly. He says that everything that Caroline says is false. We already know of one false thing Caroline said. If everything else said by Caroline (including possibly things not mentioned in the problem set-up) is false as well, then David speaks truly. So from the information supplied, it could be that David speaks truly on this occasion.\n\n\n\n\nQ: What is the difference between monism and materialism? And into which category (if any) would Aristotle and Gilbert Ryle be placed?\n\n\n\nMonism is the view that there exists only one thing or one type of thing. In the context of philosophy of mind, monism can either take the form of materialism (i.e., the one type of thing that exists is matter) or idealism (i.e., the one type of thing that exists is mind).\n\nBasically, both Aristotle and Ryle are materialists. Aristotle doesn't think that the mind exists as an entity independent of the body. For him, the mind is a an 'aspect' of the body in something like the way that the shape of a statue is an aspect of the statue and not something that can exist independently of it. And since the body is clearly material in nature, it follows that the mind must itself ultimately be material.\n\nRyle also believes that the mind does not exist 'over and above' the body. He has a very helpful analogy. Suppose someone is being shown around a university. He is shown the various colleges, the administrative buildings, the place where exams are held, the student union and so on. He is shown students and lecturers going about their business. When the tour finishes he says, 'Yes, that's all very interesting, but where is the university?' Clearly this person is suffering from a deep misunderstanding. He has already been shown the university, although he doesn't realise it. The university is nothing over and above the buildings, institutions and activities that compose it. In the same way, Ryle goes on to argue, a mind is not anything in addition to the body and its activities.\n\nHaving said all that, it is important to understand that there may be more specialised uses of the term 'materialist' such that Aristotle and Ryle would not count as materialists. For example, if you understood materialism in terms of mind-brain identity, so that for example, pain is literally identical to C-fibre stimulation (or some similar physiological process), then neither of these authors would be materialists. But this does not alter the fact that in the most general usage of the term both are indeed materialists (and therefore also monists).\n\nQ: What are the key differences between 'emergence' and 'supervenience' in philosophy of mind? Functionalists seem to say the mental supervenes upon the physical, as the mental is reduced to functions but not reducible to the physical itself. Bio - naturalism seems to say the mental is a high order, systemic property that supervenes on the physical; so the mental is reduced to the systemic properties but not reducible to the physical. Property dualism seems to be saying that mental properties emerge out of the physical, we don't really know what the mental stuff is but its not reducible to the physical. Chalmers would make distinctions between strong and weak emergence; weak emergence seems to fit what functionalists and Bio- naturalists might call supervening properties. It's not clear to me or my students what the essential distinctions are between these two concepts. The reading I've done around these ideas have yet to make the distinction any clearer for me. many thanks for any help you can offer.\n\n\n\nApologies for the long delay in answering.\n\n\nEmergence is 'supervenience plus'. All cases of emergence are cases of supervenience, but not all cases of supervenience are cases of emergence.\n\n\nWith supervenience, if you duplicate all the lower-order facts, then you duplicate the corresponding higher-order facts as well. So, for example, if consciousness supervenes on the brain, then any two brains in precisely the same physical state over a given period would be having the same conscious states during that period. In all the theories you mention, consciousness supervenes on the brain.\n\n\nEmergent properties and processes are those that arise from the interactions between the lower-order entities and cannot be deduced from the properties of those entities considered in isolation. If consciousness is correctly described as an emergent property of the brain, this implies that it arises from neurons, but that it cannot be deduced from the properties of neurons considered in isolation\u2014their interactions also have to be considered. (An example of a non-emergent property of a brain might be its mean density, as this is purely determined by the masses of the different bits of matter in the brain and their distribution\u2014their interactions are irrelevant).\n\n\nNow for strong and weak emergence.\n\n\nA property is only weakly emergent when, in principle at least, it can be deduced from all the lower-level facts (including facts about interactions). It is strongly emergent when it cannot be deduced from them. According to Chalmers, consciousness is a strongly emergent quality relative to brain facts, because you can't deduce it merely from the physical properties of the brain (even properties related to interactions) that it is conscious. In order to make such a deduction you have to add laws that correlate conscious states with brain states, laws that are quite unlike those of standard science, as they involve a non-physical component.\n\n\nAll the theories you mention seem to involve both supervenience and weak, but not strong, emergence. This is certainly true of biological naturalism and property dualism.* Functionalists think: (a) that the properties of the neurons considered in isolation are not sufficient to create consciousness\u2014certain kinds of causal properties are also needed; and (probably) (b) that in principle you could deduce all the functional facts\u2014and hence all the facts about consciousness\u2014from the physical facts. This makes functionalists weak emergentists, even if they don't use that term.\n\n\n*By the way, don't talk of property dualism as involving 'mental stuff'--that's substance dualism.\n\n\nYou're welcome to send a follow-up question if you need any of this further clarified.\n\n\nQ: Hi there. I am currently studying philosophy at university and have recently written a coursework on virtue ethics. I have used a piece of work from this website called 'Virtue Ethics in Action' and as I have still not learnt to reference as I go along, it has come to the end of the essay and therefore time for me to write my bibliography and as usual having one or two minor issues. Having found this piece of work (Virtue Ethics in Action) through Google I am struggling to find the relevant information to reference it. I was wondering if you might be able to help me out with this? (Sorry, I'm aware that this type of question is not what these forms were intended for!) Many Thanks, Kate\n\n\nHello Kate,\n\nNo problem.\u00a0\n\nThe first thing I would suggest is for you to ask the relevant seminar leader or module convenor.\u00a0 they will be able to tell you better than I can how *they* want you to reference websites.\u00a0 (There may be a relevant dept. or school document outlining how this should be done, as well.)\n\nBeyond that, I would give the name of the author, the name of the atricle, the full website address, and the date you last accessed it.\n\nHope this helps,\n\nQ: What would be considered the main criticisms against soft determinism? Is it fair to state that that the soft determinst position is simply a re-definition of freedom to 'political' rather than 'metaphysical' freedom?\n\n\n\u2018Soft determinism\u2019 is the conjunction of two claims:\u00a0 determinism and compatibilism (the thesis that determinism is compatible with our having free will).\u00a0 So it says this:\u00a0 everything that happens is a logical consequence of the state of the universe at any time in the past together with the laws of nature; and this does not prevent us from at least sometimes having a choice about what we do.\n\nThis view is not normally taken to be only about freedom in the political sense.\u00a0 It\u2019s easy to see how political freedom could be compatible with determinism.\u00a0 What sort of government we have, if any, is entirely independent of whether everything is a logical consequence of the past and laws of nature. \u00a0It\u2019s supposed to be about freedom in the sense of having a choice about what we do:\u00a0 being able to do something while also being able to refrain from doing it.\n\nSince soft determnism is the conjunction of determinism and compatibilism, you can criticise it either by criticising determinism or by criticising compatibilism.\n\nThe main objection to determinism is that it is inconsistent with current physics--more precisely, with standard interpretations of quantum mechanics.\u00a0 There are natural laws telling is how likely a radium atom is to decay within a certain period, but no known law telling us when it will decay, or indeed whether it ever will, no matter how much information we have about its current state and past conditions.\n\nThe main objection to compatibilism is the so-called \u2018consequence argument\u2019.\u00a0 One version goes like this:\n\n1. If determinism is true, everything that happens is a logical consequence of the state of the universe a million years ago together with the laws of nature. (definition)\n\n2.\u00a0 We have no choice about the state of the universe a million years ago.\n\n3.\u00a0 We have no choice about what the laws of nature are.\n\n4.\u00a0 If we have no choice about P, and P logically entails Q, then we have no choice about Q.\n\n5.\u00a0 Thus, if determinism is true, we have no choice about anything that happens.\n\nQ: How can anything ever be meaningful after Wittgenstein's private language argument has been claimed? If everything is external and there is no such thing as the self, how meaningful are emotions?\n\n\nThis question is in need of considerable clarification. Please indicate, in a reformulated question to the site,\u00a0how you think the PL argument impugns general meaningfulness. (It is supposed to show some necessary conditions, i.e. an arena of\u00a0 public discourse, for language to be meaningful.) Please also explain what you take the link between the first and second question to be. (The\u00a0 PL argument doesn\u2019t involve denying the self, though it does imply that a completely self-enclosed self couldn\u2019t understand itself.)\n\nQ: Am I correct in thinking that logical fatalism leaves room for some understanding of free will? Our future is fixed, but as our actions are causally ineffective whatever we do does not influence what will be. We therefore have some freedom of action as it does not cause the fixed future? Thanks.Stephen\n\n\n\nIf I understand you correctly, your argument is this. If logical fatalism is true, then nothing we do can affect what happens. Consequently we cannot reasonably be held morally responsible for anything we do. Therefore, we are free to act as we please. Is that a fair construal of your argument?\n\n\nThe argument makes the assumption that we can only be held morally responsible for our actions if they could make a difference to what happens. Though this is not obviously true, it may be defensible. More importantly, there is an objection that might be made surrounding your use of the terms 'free will' and 'freedom of action'. In philosophical discussions of these matters, these terms are usually intended to mean freedom from anything that might affect our ability to act in one way or another. (Logical fatalists and hard determinists maintain that we have this ability only in relation to what we actually do\u2014we cannot act differently from the way we do act; compatibilists and libertarians say that in some important sense we can.) But you seem to be using 'freedom of action' in a different way\u2014to mean (I think), not the ability to act as one wishes, but the (moral?) permissibility to act as one wishes. Hence my reference to moral responsibility. But it might be said that permissibility is useless if you haven't established ability in the first place\u2014and, as we saw, logical fatalists will claim that you can't do that, since (rightly or wrongly) they maintain that everything is inevitable.\n\n\nI hope this helps. If not\u2014maybe because I have misunderstood your argument\u2014do feel free to come back to us.\n\nQ: How can one stop questioning the world and its value , to accepting everything.\n\n\nDear Phil,\n\n\nIt's not really clear what you're asking here. Are you asking for advice on how to 'not think about anything'? If so, I guess I'd recommend meditation, as that's the only practice I can think of in which the aim is to quiet the mind and contemplate nothing.\n\nI wonder why you would want to 'stop questioning the world'. Human beings have a thirst for knowledge, and a great curiosity about the world, and their own place in it. This is what comes with being rational, self-aware, reflective beings. To not 'question the world' would be to reject the rational part of our nature. And, for some, this would mean living a life that is less than human. Socrates famously said that the unexamined life is not worth living, and I'm inclined to agree with that. Your suggestion that we should 'accept everything' implies a rather passive existence, and one might argue that we should not be accepting of situations and states of affairs that are, for instance, unjust or less than satisfactory. In short, I suppose I think that we should always be questioning the world, to improve our understanding of it, and that we should seek to change it where we think it should be changed.\u00a0\n\nQ: I have a continuation questions about mereological nihilism. Has Peter Unger changed his reasoning for denying I exist over the years? I know he once believed that I don't exist than I read an article that he has changed his mind. Then there is another book by Michael Rea in 2009 called, \u201carguing about metaphysics\u201d, which includes an article by Unger. I assume all the articles where Unger denies I exist are the same reasoning? Also is Unger reasoning for denying I exist the same as Professor Eric Olson in the book called, \u201cWhat Are We - A Study in Personal Ontology\u201d? Thanks\n\n\nProfessor Olson writes:\n\nUnger gives at least two different arguments for the view that there are no people. \u00a0Both have to do with vagueness. \u00a0The one I remember best--the 'problem of the many'--says that there is no ONE thing I could be, but only a vast number of material things, each with precise boundaries. \u00a0For each atom that is only a borderline case of being a part of me, there is being that has it as a part and another being that doesn't have it as a part. \u00a0Because there are many such 'borderline' atoms, there are many candidates for being me, each differing from the others only by having or lacking one atom, or a small number of atoms. \u00a0All of these beings are people. \u00a0But nothing could make any one of them me. \u00a0Unger concludes from this that none of them is me and hence I don't exist. \u00a0(It's nicely summarized in van Inwagen, Material Beings pp. 215f.)\n\nHe retracted this view in his book Identity, Consciousness and Value.\n\nHowever, Unger never endorsed mereological nihilism, the view that there are no objects with parts. \u00a0(As van Inwagen points out, it appears to presuppose mereological universalism, the view that any objects whatever are the parts of something.)\n\nOlson doesn't endorse Unger's arguments. \u00a0He says you might accept nihilism on the \u00a0grounds that it would solve a vast number of philosophical problems, not only about the metaphysics of people (personal identity and all that), but also about material objects (the ship of Theseus, the puzzle of the statue and the clay, etc.)--much as atheism solves all the philosophical problems about the nature of God.\n\nI hope that's helpful.\n\nQ: Do you have (as a mother/parent) a perfect duty to protect the life of your (very young) child?\n\n\n\n\nYes, I would say so, intuitively speaking. Let's recall Kant's distinction which you allude to: a perfect duty is one that admits of no exceptions due to personal inclination. An imperfect duty is one that does admit of such exceptions. A good example of a perfect duty is the duty to tell the truth\u2014you can't just escape this duty simply because telling the truth would make life difficult for you. A good example of an imperfect duty is the duty to help the needy. Though (perhaps) we are obliged to do this some of the time, we're not obliged to do it when, for example, we feel exhausted. Now certainly your example looks like a perfect duty. A parent can't with moral impunity say \u201cI don't feel like looking after my child or keeping her safe today, so I won't bother\u201d.\n\n\nBut one should be careful not to infer too much from this. 'Perfect duty' does not mean the same as 'absolute duty' in the sense of a duty to which there are no exceptions whatsoever. (This point may be obscured by the fact that Kant himself seems to have thought that our perfect duties are absolute\u2014for example, we are always obliged to tell the truth in any circumstances.) Consider the plight of the character Sophie in the novel and film Sophie's Choice. She is ordered by the concentration camp commandant to choose which of her two children should be shot. If she refuses to choose, they will both be shot. If we assume, as I suggested, that Sophie's duty of protecting her children is a perfect duty, it would not (I think) follow that she should be morally condemned for making the choice that the commandant offers her. In fact, it could be argued that Sophie fulfils her duty more fully if she does this, as she at least manages to protect one of her children in a situation in which the only alternative is to protect neither. But if this so, her duty cannot be absolute, since, regarding the child that she 'chooses', she does not fulfil her duty of protection.\n\n\nOne can also see some relevance of this perfect duty to the abortion issue and no doubt some might use it to argue against abortion. The problem is whether one's foetus counts as one's child. In the later stages of pregnancy the answer is probably that it does\u2014earlier on, this is much more doubtful.\n\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: Why is it that ontologically electrical/electrochemical signals in the brain or genetic code not thought of as immaterial? In explain the immaterial, these two 'substances' (a misnomer) can be thought traditionally of what pseudo-scientists of the past thought of as the soul but do not occupy a physical realm as such. More of a conduit or the case of genetic codons as something akin to a meme which desires to reproduce. Any reply would be wonderful. I'm sure you get a lot of questions. Thanks\n\n\n\nThis depends on the definition of \u201cmaterial\u201d that you are assuming, and thus the definition of \u201cimmaterial\u201d.\n\n\nStrict ontological materialism involves a claim about the ultimate, noumenal existence of matter which cannot be demonstrated through any observations of phenomena. On this criterion I can\u2019t see any distinction between \u201cmaterial\u201d and \u201cimmaterial\u201d since both involve noumenal claims, and the status of electrical signals just involve more such noumenal claims: whatever side of the metaphysical divide between material and immaterial you choose to put electrical signals, your reasons would have to be equally speculative.\n\n\nThe alternative form of materialism, more common in modern philosophy of mind, is physicalism, in which physical matter is distinguished by its observable conformity to physical laws. As far as I understand the status of electrical/electrochemical signals (without being a physicist), these do at least obey some physical laws, e.g. the conservation of energy, even if there are others which are not observable, or where the conformity of these signals to physical laws is in doubt. In any case (again from a limited, philosopher\u2019s rather than physicist\u2019s, understanding of the subject), our understanding of physical laws and the status of physical \u2018objects\u2019 is constantly changing with the development of quantum mechanics. One of the problems with physicalism is pinning down what is meant by \u2018physical laws\u2019 given the limitations in our knowledge of them, and the contradictions between Newtonian and quantum theorisations of them.\n\n\nHowever dubious the relationship of electrical/electrochemical signals to physical laws, I think it would still be very speculative to say they were immaterial. That would be drawing the reverse conclusion from limited evidence \u2013 an argument from ignorance. All we would be justified in saying is that the physical status of electrical/electrochemical signals was doubtful. In my view that\u2019s the case with all material (or immaterial) objects anyway: we can only really draw provisional conclusions about them, putting them in provisional categories according to the evidence, rather than knowing anything about their ontological status.\n\nQ: In Stanford's online article on Free Will it's distinction between 'various alleged determinisms' include psychological AND biological. In my humble opinion shouldn't they fall broadly into Genetic? Can you provide the distinction between the two or all three with an illustration? Thanks!\n\n\nThere is no quick answer to your question, either from a scientific or a philosophical point of view.\n\nFrom a scientific viewpoint, the boundaries of biological and genetic studies are constantly blurred by questions concerning the interaction of organisms with the environment they happen to be exposed to or evolve from.\u00a0 Consider a mental illness such as schizophrenia.\u00a0 There is currently advanced research into the presence of a chemical disruption in a particular biological marker that appears to be present in a particular neurological tissue.\u00a0 How does that disruption come about?\n\nThe same holds for the relation between psychological and genetic events.\u00a0 Consider the psychological experiences reported by and observed in persons who live with schizophrenia: what robust reasons are there to attribute these experiences primarily to genetic determinants?\u00a0 In spite of the categorical-nosological fact that persons who live with schizophrenia share some psychological symptoms, it is well-known that some persons recover better than others depending on certain social and cultural, ultimately environmental conditions.\n\nNow to the philosophical answer to your question.\n\nAs with any attempt to conceptualize what are otherwise ordinary, folk experiences\u2014in this case, experiences of willing such as wantings and desires\u2014one must resist reductionist approaches.\u00a0 This is not a principled recommendation, but a methodological one.\u00a0\n\nFrom a conceptualist standpoint, willing is a misnomer for action. \u00a0Descriptions of it\u2014including those by philosophers\u2014can choose to consider findings in empirical psychology, physiology, biology, and in so many other related scientific lines of investigations into the organic dynamics of the human body.\u00a0 \u00a0\n\nFrom a scientific standpoint, willings are actions that are made possible by organic material conditions, just as any other kinds of action.\u00a0 The problem for philosophers is that scientific accounts of willing usually fall short of appreciating that willing experiences include meaning:\u00a0 what I want, what I desire, the modes of manifestation of my desires and wants, and their impact in the world\u2014all these questions lend meaning to the functionality of willing.\u00a0\n\nThink of the main characters in Ridley Scott\u2019s famous film \u2018Blade Runner\u2019, troubled by the discovery of this dimension of meaning in their actions.\u00a0 The concept of free will has an origin in our experience of this dimension of freedom. \u00a0Whether this experience is a fantasy story, a metaphysical myth we tell ourselves, is just as important from a philosophical point of view as is establishing the reasons for upholding the belief in free will. \u00a0\u00a0\n\nThe consequences of the belief in free will for persons and the social groups to which they belong are all too empirically evident to be discarded as mere metaphysical illusions.\u00a0 From being held especially accountable for certain actions in the world, namely in the eyes of the Law, to people\u2019s ability to overcome all sorts of constraints\u2014psychological, biological, physical, and even genetic (think people who are born with Down Syndrome)\u2014the philosophical question is what, in our actions in the world, binds the dimension of meaning and the dimension of functionality.\n\nWe must avoid the fallacy of taking explanations and descriptions for causes.\u00a0 Describing or explaining any experience on psychological, biological, genetic, ultimately organic material grounds, must not be seen as tantamount to identifying their causes in genetic factors. \u00a0While there are scientific conditions without which willing experiences could not materialize in the first place, the subject of willing\u2019s interpretive attitude towards the manner in which those conditions constrain his/her judgements, desires, and actions, is not itself constrained by these conditions, but rather give the latter a context or dimension.\n\nBy way of example, consider the complex notion of akrasia or weakness of will.\u00a0 Should we try and give it a scientific description, we may hypothesise that it requires a psychological disposition to interact with the environment on a reduced motor and/or verbal level, that a number of neuro-physiological\u00a0 events might associate to this psychological disposition\u2014perhaps a certain combination of neuro-transmitter and hormonal processes\u2014, and perhaps these hypothetical neuro-physiological events might themselves be rooted in certain biological markers, in which case further hypotheses might be raised regarding how these biological markers are made possible by the investigated organism\u2019s genetic material. \u00a0\u00a0\n\nWhat is clearly left unaddressed in the above scientific approach to akrasia is the character of akrasia itself.\u00a0 For the above hypotheses can be raised with regard to any form of organic interaction with the world.\n\nQ: To what extent, if at all, is self-interest our motivation to be moral? [30marks]\n\n\nDear Saadia,\n\nIt looks as though you've pasted in a question from a past exam paper here (with the [30 marks] prompt); I guess you're hoping for a philosopher to reply with a nice neat 30-mark essay answer on self interest and morality, but that's not really what this site is for, i.e. we are not here to prepare sample answers for exams, but rather to answer specific questions or clear up confusions about philosophical theories, ideas, or texts.\n\nIf you have a more specific question that you'd like to ask, then please re-post.\u00a0\n\n\nQ: Would it be fair to say that rationalists would tend to disagree with the comment that \"certainty is limited to introspection and the tautological\", whereas empiricists would tend to agree with it? For exmaple: Descartes would argue that since God is benevolent we can trust our senses with certainty SO LONG as we do not let our will get out of hand. And Leibniz would argue that we can know with certainty everything about the world as it is all necessary due to this being a perfect world. Any comments on this discussion would be very much appreciated.\n\n\nI think you are broadly right in your first statement. Kant is a difficult case because he thought that there are propositions, such as the truths of arithmetic and geometry, which can be known with certainty but they are not tautologies and are not findings of introspection. This would make him a rationalist according to your principle, but he is not usually regarded as such, or at least not in any straightforward way. But then the neat rationalist/empiricist distinction does not really apply to Kant, as he has elements of both approaches in his philosophy and indeed arguably wanted to get beyond the controversy altogether.\n\nBy the way, I'm not a Leibniz expert, but I don't think the reason he thought every truth was ultimately necessary was that this is a perfect\u00a0world. It's true that he thought this is the best of all possible worlds. \u00a0But was that the reaon? This is a very difficult business and it is not entirely clear that what Leibniz thought about these matters is even coherent. But just be careful about your statement of Leibniz's views. (In a similar vein, did he think that we humans can know everything with certainty or only God?)\u00a0\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: Hi, Mereological nihilism believes that wholes don't exist. It will deny the brain exists as a whole object. Does it deny emergence, specifically consciousness? Thanks\n\n\nProfessor Eric Olson of Sheffield University sends this reply:\n\nMereological nihilism does not by itself imply anything about the nature of consciousness or its relation to physical phenomena. \u00a0Suppose, as nihilism says, that there are no brains, but only simple particles \u2018arranged cerebrally\u2019. \u00a0Those particles will still engage in activities of a sort that don\u2019t occur anywhere else but in brains. \u00a0There will be chemical reactions, the movement of ions across membranes, electrical signals passing along neuronal paths, and so on. \u00a0It may be a bit misleading, if nihilism is true, to describe these activities in these terms, since according to that view there are no such things as molecules or ions or membranes or neurones. \u00a0But there are simple particles arranged \u2018molecularly\u2019, \u2018ionically\u2019, and so on. \u00a0The microphysics--at the level of elementary particles--is the same whether or not nihilism is true.\n\nNor does nihilism by itself rule out the existence of mental phenomena such as consciousness. \u00a0So it may imply nothing at all for debates about how the mental relates to the physical--whether that relation is some sort of emergence, for instance.\n\nThat said, nihilism rules out the existence of conscious or thinking beings. \u00a0Or at least it rules out the existence of composite conscious beings--it\u2019s consistent with the existence of mereologically simple conscious beings. \u00a0Since it would be pretty mad to suppose that a simple material thing, such as a single electron, might be conscious, it would follow that the only conscious beings were immaterial--something like Leibnizian monads. \u00a0If there are no immaterial conscious beings, then according to nihilism there are no conscious, thinking beings at all. \u00a0And you might suppose that consciousness must always be the consciousness OF something: \u00a0there can be no consciousness without a conscious being. \u00a0Likewise, maybe there could be no thought without a thinking being. \u00a0In that case, nihilism would imply eliminative materialism: \u00a0that there are no mental phenomena at all.\n\nQ: Can Hume (or any other rational agent) really deny that it is possible to know, by reason alone, that nothing in the world could be be both red and green in the same moment? Likewise, can I know, without empirical investigation, that either there will or won't be a battle at sea on the Mersey tomorrow at 7am?\n\n\nAnyone can deny that it is possible to know by reason alone that nothing can be red and green at the same time, and they would be well advised to do so, because it isn\u2019t!\n\n\nYou can know by reason alone that nothing can be red and not red at the same time \u2013 this being just an instance of the purely logical law: not both p and not-p. But to know that green is not red, or more generally that the colours exclude one another, you have to have experienced colour.\n\n\nOnce you have, though, you can of course see that necessarily nothing can be both red and green at once. This is not something that subsequent experience could call into question. So this is certainly a case where the necessary, the a priori and the analytic do not carve up into the neat divisions that Hume hoped for.\n\n\nThe answer to the second question is: yes. You can know anything of the form \u2018Either p or not-p\u2019 without empirical investigation. What you can\u2019t know without such investigation is which of the alternatives is going to be the case. (But this is such an obvious answer that I may have misunderstood the question, in which case please do re-pose it.)\n\nQ: Hi, Is there any way to argue against the philosophy of mereological nihilism? The philosophy that I don't exist, trees, chairs don't exist etc.. I think there is one way mereological universalism. Are there any flaws in mereological universalism? Here is an article on mereology. Here is an article with a definition of mereological nihilism. Also how do you solve the sorites paradox? The sorites paradox is if you remove one particle from an object, repeat the process. When does it stop being the original object? For a human I think it easy, when the human is no longer conscious and same with a computer when it no longer functions. But how does it work for a chair? Here is an article that explains the sorites paradox better. Look under the comment from Sean Paul M in this link. Can you also explain the concept of existence monism? If I am not mistaken it is the belief that everything is one meaning that I don't exist? Is there any way to against Existence monism? Also what is priority monism? Here is a link. I am having trouble understanding the articles. Can you keep your answers very simple? Don't use the concept of gunk or the soul Thank you for your answers\n\n\nPlease remember that this site is intended for people teaching philosophy in secondary schools/colleges. I am not at all sure that your question is directly relevant to any of the current secondary philosophy syllabuses. It is also very wide-ranging and would make excessive demands on our panel. (Rather than ask us to visit sites, it is preferable to give your own summary of what they say.) I would suggest that you resubmit your question, making it more focused \u00a0and explaining its relevance to secondary-level philosophy.\n\nQ: Should Sapir-Whorf linguistic conceptual schemes (on the whole) be understood as predetermined?\n\n\nDear Antonios,\n\nI passed your question to my colleagues who specialise in philosophy of language and metaphysics, but they weren't quite sure what your question was asking (it's unclear what you mean). One of them replied:\n\n>> Sorry, but I'm not sure what the question means. I can comment more generally, though, that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is not held in high regard by psychologists \u2013 there may be no such thing as a \"Sapir Whorf linguistic conceptual scheme\", if that's meant to be a conceptual scheme to which a language-user is limited as a result of the language they speak. (I don't know what it would be for one to be \"predetermined\".) If I remember right, there's a very accessible discussion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in Steven Pinker's book \"The Language Instinct\", which might be worth looking at. <<\n\nHope this helps - if not, perhaps you could formulate your question a little better (provide a bit of context/detail), and try again?\n\nBest wishes,\n\nLisa Jones (& colleagues) at\u00a0University of\u00a0St Andrews.\n\nQ: Can Chomsky innate grammar mould be regarded as an innate conceptual scheme of a sort?\n\n\nYes, I think it can be viewed in this way. On the other hand, it is very much a scheme for 'knowing how' rather than 'knowing that'--that is to say, it provides the person with language-learning skills rather than a set of facts, or at least that is how it is most naturally interpreted. In this respect, it is rather different from the 'innate ideas' of the rationalists. Also, I think the phrase 'conceptual scheme' might be going too far. I think of the latter as consisting of substantive concepts (like Kant's categories)--Chomsky's innate structures seem more abstract and peculiarly linguistic than that.\n\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: Is mathematics made up of analytic propositions?\n\n\nThis is really not my field, but I think the answer is 'no'.\n\nSome philosophers (eg the logical positivists, building on Frege and Russell) maintained that mathematics was made up of analytic propositions. This required two claims to be true - (i) that mathematics can be reduced to logic, and (ii) that the propositions of logic are analytic. However, both claims are highly uncertain - I am not sure what to say about the epistemology of the propositions of logic (Quine cast doubt on the whole idea of truth in virtue of meaning in his famous paper 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism'.) And claim (i) has generally been disbelieved since Goedel's proof of the incompleteness of arithmetic. Logic is complete, so if all the propositions of maths can be derived from the propositions of logic, then maths must be complete too. But it isnt. So (ii) is false.\n\nOther considerations also bear on this - for example, does 'mathematics' include geometry? If so, it has been famously argued by Kant that our knowledge of geometry is *synthetic* a priori - not analytic. So the argument about thr analyticity of maths may work out differently for different bits of mathematics.\u00a0\n\nQ: Hi, Regarding Philosophy of Mind: In what ways do intentional mental states cause different problems for behaviourism, identity theory and functionalism? Or is it simple the same problem for all three: that intentional mental states cannot be reduced to the physical? And how would philosophers who hold to these theories respond to the problem of intentional mental states? Many thanks for any help offered.\n\n\nIntentional mental states create problems for the three theories you mention in different but overlapping ways.\n\nThe simplest case is what you call identity theory - better, 'type identity theory', ie the thesis that every token of a given mental state type is identical with a token of some one physical state type, e.g. every instance of believing that it's Thursday is identical with an instance of some particular brain-state type. The objection is then this: imagine you are talking to someone about what day it is. They answer questions just as you would, when they say they have an appointment on Thursday and then say suddenly 'oh my goodness, it's Thursday', they run to the appointment etc etc. That is, there seems to be the same connection between perception, action, assertion etc as there is in your case. Then you do a brain scan and find out that their brains are composed of some totally different material from your brain (silicon where we have carbon, say), so they cannot be in the same brain state as you are in when you believe it's Thursday, or indeed when you believe anything. But do they believe it's Thursday? Intuitively, yes - so that belief can't be identical to any brain state type, because two people can both have it and be in different brain states.\n\nAs regards behaviourism, intentional mental states (which are usually contrasted with phenomenal states such as pain, which are assumed to have no intentional content) are in a way behaviourism's strong suit: it is easier to be a behaviourist about these than about pains. For example, I may be no better at knowing that I am angry about something than a friend of mine is, so one of the usual objections to behaviourism - that it can't make sense of the immediacy of self-knowledge, because all knowledge of mental states (including my own) would need to be based on behavioural observation if behaviourism were true - lapses. However, this reply doesnt get the behaviourist very far. Very often I *do* have immediate knowledge, without self-observation, of my intentional states (e.g. of my belief that it's Thursday), so what is the behaviourist to say about that?\n\nFinally, functionalism. Functionalism is in a way a reply to the problems both for behaviourism and for type identity theory.\u00a0Behaviourism says that to believe that p is to be disposed to behave in certain ways, in certain circumstances (where 'circumstances' includes perceiving this or that, beong told this or that, etc). Functionalism in its basic form improves on this by saying that to believe that p is to be disposed, in certain circumstances, to behave in certain ways *and to form certain other mental states*. In a variant form, functionalism says that people who believe that p are disposed to\u00a0behave in certain ways and to form certain other mental states, but that what any given person's belief that p IS is the physical state which CAUSES them, in the circumstances, to behave in those ways and to form those other mental states. (Thus it identifies a disposition with its underlying cause.) However, the physical state that causes\u00a0people to behave in those ways and to form those other mental states\u00a0can be different from person to person - so, in you, it might be brain state B, while in the strange silicon-based man it might be brain state B*. Thus, it avoids the earlier objection to type identity theory - this is what's known as 'multiple realization': the same mental state can be differently physically realized in different people.\n\nHowever, if behaviourism faces a problem about self-knowledge where intentional states are concerned, so should functionalism. What's more, both allegedly face a problem that also arises for behaviourism about pains. It's this: suppose the claim is that to be in pain is to cry when injured. Well, what about people crying in films, or people who are stoical and dont cry? Behaviourism defines the state too tightly, so gives both false positives and false negatives. Why wont the same issue arise for belief - 'to believe it's Thursday is to be disposed to say that it is Thursday when it is Thursday, and when someone asks you what day it is' etc etc. Well, what about lying, pretending and so on? Functionalists say this problem can be overcome by the 'and other mental states' clause - that is, if you WANT to deceive someone else then of course you won't say 'it's Thursday' when asked. Believing it's Thursday is thubuts a very complex function from inputs to outputs, because it is mediated by a huge range of other mental states. Objectors (led by John McDowell) say you cannot draw a boundary round the range of mediating mental states, because minds are constrained by reason, not just by causal processes - hence the idea that you can state even a very complex function to capture what a belief IS is a mistake.\n\n\nQ: an economy so advanced that man can spend his life studying and experimenting - why this should not be so/should the long term unemployed seek to spend their time as such?\n\n\nThank you for this. You make a good point. It has been the dream of utopians for a long time to make human work unnecessary by passing over the drudgery to machines so that we can all just enjoy ourselves. Of course a great deal of mechanisation has already occurred over the course of the last 200 years but the result has\u00a0not been a life of leisure for all by any means. Maybe you can work out yourself why this is.\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: Hello I was reading Hare's 'blik' reply to Flew falsifiability criterion of religious statements. Are there any replies to Hare's blik argument?\n\n\nI think Flew must have responded to it at some point, though I don't know what he said. If I were Flew, I would probably maintain that the argument is a dangerous one, as it would seem to justify almost any world-view, however absurd. For example, if I have a 'blik' in which everyone is out to kill me when in fact the evidence obviously shows otherwise, then that is presumably fine according to Hare. This seems to involve a dangerous relativism, in which we can't distinguish between rational and irrational views. With the advent of postmodernism, many today seem to be comfortable with such a position, but I think Flew would have fought it tooth and nail.\n\nI hope this helps.\n\nBest wishes,\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: I am looking at hallucination and illusion as types of perceptual error and wonder whether you could clarify how the representative realist responds to them? Does the representative realist have a different thing to say about hallucination compared to illusion? Many thanks,\n\n\nA representative realist argues that we perceive representations dependent on perceivers rather than objects in themselves, and thus cannot distinguish perceptual error as a false representation of an object, as all representations are false (so to speak) in the sense of not precisely representing the object as it is. This means that perceptual errors can only be distinguished on grounds of incoherence from other perceptions. The only distinction between a hallucination and an illusion here is that a hallucination arises distinct from apparent objects, whereas illusions arise as a distortion of apparent objects. A hallucination for a representative realist would thus be incoherent in relation to the whole of the rest of experience. An illusion, on the other hand, would only be partially incoherent, as it would appear to have some properties consistent with surrounding perceptual objects and some inconsistent. For example, Macbeths dagger is a hallucination because the perception of a dagger floating in the air is inconsistent with normal sense experience, but a puddle on the road far in front of you caused by heat-haze would be an illusion, because the perception of the road itself remains consistent with normal perception, and only the apparent liquidity of the puddle is inconsistent with what we perceive as we get closer. I think the distinction here is a fuzzy one!\n\nQ: Hi, Some of the text books seem to run Locke's represenative realism and sense data theory closely together. Please can you clarify the points of similarity and difference. Thank you.\n\n\nI am rusty on this but off the top of my head, I would say Locke's representative realism and sense-datum theory are either identical or, at the every least, the former is the leading variety of the latter. Representative realism says that to perceive a mind-independent object is a two-stage affair: (i) our minds are immediately presented with an item (an 'idea'), which (ii) represents (and is, in the veridical case, caused by) the mind-independent object. So there are two relations, between our minds and the inner, mental thing; and between the inner, mental thing and the mind-independent object. On the traditional view of what sense-data are, sense-data are Lockean 'ideas', i.e. the very mental items in the two-stage theory of perception I sketched: mental items which 'represent' non-mental ones. But there are other interpretations of what sense-data are too (hence my earlier remark that the sense-datum view stands to Locke's view as genus to species). Thus, GE Moore (as I recall) thought there are sense-data in the sense that there are items, by being immediately presented with which we are (mediately) presented with e.g. trees and houses. But he denied these items are themselves mental: Moore thought sense-data were surfaces\u00a0of ordinary objects (thus, I see the tomato by seeing part of the surface of the tomato). A contemporary compromise between direct realism (contrast: representative realism) and sense-datum theory is the view which one sometimes comes across, that perceptual experiences 'present' outer objects (rather than representing them), but that nonetheless these experiences have a content\u00a0which 'represents' the objects they are experiences of (e.g. McGinn's view in The Character of Mind): perhaps an unhappy compromise. This view has debts to sense-datum theory, but isnt really a version of it.\n\nQ: Hi, I'm teaching tolerance on the AQA spec for the first time this year. It says that one of the arguments in favour of tolerance is pragmatism. The only bit of pragmatism about tolerance I'm aware of is Rorty (which can be quite tricky in places). I was wondering if anyone knew whether this was the material they expect or if there is another pragmatic approach to liberalism/tolerance? Thanks for any help you can offer.\n\n\nDear Benjamin,\n\n\nThank you for your question.\u00a0 Assuming you have not already done so, I suggest that you have a look at the concept of value pluralism, which has most famously been developed by Isaiah Berlin in his Two Concepts of Liberty (also of relevance is his essay titled 'The Hedgehog and the Fox'). You might also wish to have a look at Robert Talisse's criticism of Berlin's value pluralism.\u00a0 There are also contemporary defences of value pluralism in line with some of the traditional pragmatists such as William James and John Dewey.\n\nI hop this helps.\n\n\nDr Christine Lopes\n\n\nQ: Hi Following up the question regarding contradiction in Kant. My question was: What kind of contradiction are the maxims: a) I will kill anyone who stands in my way b) I will kill everyone c) I will abort my foetus. However, I didn't mean between the statements. I meant what is the exact contradiction (Conception or Will) for each of those statements.\n\n\nInteresting question, but I confes I have never been able to get very far inside this way of thinking about moral questions, beyond the cases for which it seems to work well such as false promises. As regards (1), the form of the maxim is conditional ('If anyone stands in my way, I will kill them') so I guess one wd have to say the answer depends on whether or not the condition is fulfilled. If it isnt (ie, in a world in which no one stands in anyone's way), the maxim seems harmlessly universalizable. On the other hand in world in which it is at least possible that the condition is fulfilled, it could lead to my being killed. But I do not see why that is a 'contradiction' of either kind. (2) One way of getting started on this would be to kill oneself - indeed universal suicide wd be the most economical way the universalization of this could come about, wouldnt it? Kant had his reasons for thinking suicide was impermissible - I cannot recall whether they are said to follow from the idea of 'contradictions' in one's maxims but I think not. (3) I have no idea what to say about this. Is one allowed to say the universalized form of the maxim has restrictions as to circumstance (inc e.g. 'I am a rape victim'?). If not, it would lead to the extinction of the human race - but where is the 'contradiction' in that? This is the point at which it sounds as if K is appealing to the badness of some large-scale set of consequences - though it doesnt seem (given other things he says) that he can be.\n\n\n\nThere is no contradiction between these statements. Their most obvious logical property is that (b) entails both (a) and (c). Perhaps also (a) entails (c). But maybe I've not understood you correctly. You may want to explain exactly what you had in mind. If you found this in a textbook or other source, it might help to give the reference.\n\nQ: What do you take Quine's final position on the debate between nominalism and platonism to be?\n\n\nI haven\u2019t read everything Quine ever wrote, but the position usually ascribed to him is that there are sets or classes but no universals (properties or relations).\u00a0 The crucial difference, for Quine, is that sets are individuated extensionally and properties are not.\u00a0 So what set you have is determined entirely by what members it has:\u00a0 X and Y are necessarily the same set if and only if they have the same members.\u00a0 A set is just a collection of certain objects; it doesn\u2019t matter how those objects are chosen.\u00a0 By contrast, different properties can have the same instances (things that have the properties), and many properties could have had instances other than the ones they in fact have. \u00a0\n\nFor example:\u00a0 as far as we know, the set of featherless bipeds (in all of time and space) is the same as the set of human beings, since every featherless biped is a human being and every human being is a featherless biped.\u00a0 (Let\u2019s not worry about amputees.\u00a0 They\u2019re still bipedal in some sense.)\u00a0 Even so, the property of being a featherless biped is not the property of being a human being:\u00a0 what it is to be a featherless biped is not the same as what it is to be human.\u00a0 There could have been non-human featherless bipeds, even if in fact there aren\u2019t.\u00a0 Another example:\u00a0 The set of British empiricists (that is, famous early-modern empiricists) is the set {Locke, Berkeley, Hume}; but the property of being a British empiricist is not the same as the property of being one of those three men.\n\nIf by \u2018nominalism\u2019 you mean the view that there are no properties or other universals, and by \u2018Platonism\u2019 the view that there are, then Quine was a nominalist.\u00a0 However, as Quine admitted, sets are immaterial, abstract entities:\u00a0 invisible, intangible, changeless, without location in space or time, and causally impotent--just the sort of thing Plato enthused about.\u00a0 So his belief in sets is Platonism of a broader sort.\n\nQ: please can somebody explain how 'rights' and 'justice' sit with 'Abortion'?\n\n\nDear Antony (if I may),\n\n\nApologies for taking a while to respond.\u00a0 Things were very busy at the end of our term, and then Christmas and family visits intervened.\n\n\nHere's a sketch of how the terrtiroy often divides when it comes to current philosophical thoughts about abortion.\u00a0 For more detailed discussion, see Marggie Little's work:\n\n\nI'll concentrate on rights rather than justice; the issues may come to the same thing in the end.\n\n\nSo, our first focus could be on whether fetuses (and zygotes, etc.) have rights, and specifically whether they have a right to life.\u00a0 When thinking about that, we first have to think hard about what a right to life is, and whether and how adult humans have rights.\u00a0 Imagine we do.\u00a0 (That's controversial.)\u00a0 In virtue of what do we have it?\u00a0 That we are conscious?\u00a0 That we are self-conscious?\u00a0 That we feel pain?\u00a0 That we feel pain as pain?\u00a0 That we have people that care for us?\u00a0 That we have certain significant interests, whether or not we are aware of them?\u00a0 And so on.\u00a0 working out the answer to this question, may help us decide whether fetuses have a right to life.\u00a0 Fetuses - at least those early on - may not feel pain, and may certainly not feel pain as pain, that is conceptualize it in a certain way.\u00a0 But, they have significant interests that can be harmed.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nSome people think that fetuses have rights to life because of potentiality: right now they have a right to life, because *in the future* they will be conscious, we can assume.\u00a0\n\nBut, potentiality is notoriously hard to base things on.\u00a0 Why assume that we can accord anything to something now because of what it *might* become?\n\nAnd I haven't even begun to think about slippery slope problems: consciousness is not an all or nothing affair.\u00a0 Neither are many of the other possible conditions above.\u00a0 When do rights kick in? At conception?\u00a0 At twenty weeks?\u00a0 At birth?\u00a0 At one years old?\u00a0 Etc.\n\nAnyway....even if we did accord a right to life to a fetus, does that mean that abortion is impermissible?\u00a0 Some people are not sure at all.\u00a0 After all, even though we use the language of rights, rights are often not regarded as absolute constraints on behavious, just significant side-constraints.\u00a0 (Because of this, people think we should do away with such talk.)\u00a0 For example, I have a right to life.\u00a0 But, if I am about to attack someone with a knife screaming blue murder, they have every right to defend themselves, even if this means killing me.\u00a0 They would not get punished.\u00a0 So, my right to life is not to be observed under all circumstances.\u00a0\n\nSimilarly, even if the fetus has a right to life, what happens in the circumstance where it is a choice between the mother's like and her child's?\u00a0 We may praise (strongly) those women that forgo their lives for their child's.\u00a0 But, we would not blame a mother for choosing the opposite path.\n\nThe really interesting debate is where we have a supposed right to life of a fetus matched against a (supposed) lesser right of the mother, such as the right to decide what happens in her own body for nine months, and how her body is changed thereafter.\u00a0 Certain people think there is no debate here: no abortion is permissible in such circumstances, even in cases of rape.\u00a0 Other people take a softer line - although that introduces a question: why value the life of a child/fetus whose existence is brought about through choice rather than force, something that no child/fetus has any say in?\u00a0 Some people think that we can allow mother's the choice, even in cases beyond rapes.\u00a0 (UK law allows for this.)\u00a0 But the philosophical basis for this is tricky.\u00a0 what is so special about the mother here?\u00a0 Is it because she is already a mature adult, and the fetus is not (and we ignore all things to go with potentiality)?\u00a0 This is a tricky area.\n\n\nAnyway, I hope that helps.\u00a0 As I say, this is just a sketch.\u00a0 At many points people will push forward arguments to say that abortion is permissible or impressible.\u00a0 If you want to chat some more, please do.\u00a0 My email address is:\n\n\nBest wishes,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQ: Dear Sir/Madam, I was wondering if you could inform me of the deadline dates for the two rounds of conference grant applications mentioned on the website. Many thanks, Dominic Shaw\n\n\nSorry Dominic - I can't answer your question. You'll need to get in touch with the appropriate admin person dealing with the grant applications (there must be a contact address somewhere). Sending a question to this 'answers facility' means that your question gets delivered to a philosopher (me, in this instance), not a BPA staffer.\u00a0\n\nQ: Hi there, I was wondering please if it would be possible for you to tell me where I could get A2 Philosophy past papers for AQA UNIT 3 AND 4 online or whether or not it would be possible for you to send me all the available A2 past paper questions that you know of, as I desperately need them. As I have looked at the AQA website in search or A2 Past paper Material and other relevant material but I have been unable to find anything in relation to both A2 units. Thank you very much please respond ASAP, very much appreciated. THANK YOU !!!!!!!!!!!\n\n\nUnit 3 and unit 4 question papers for June 2010 can be found on the AQA site at\n\nThe AQA have also provided exemplar answers to these (accessible from the same page, under Teacher Resource Bank.) In addition there are specimen papers for both units, but I cannot find them on the site any more, so I will E-mail copies to you. On our site you will find suggested answers to selected questions in the specimen papers. For these go to:\n\n\nQ: (Mill, On Liberty) Are there cases in which long term utility could require us to censor a view?\n\n\nIt depends on what you mean by censoring a view.\u00a0 Chapter II of On Liberty argues strongly against any suppression of rational discussion, where views are proposed and debated on their intellectual merits.\u00a0 Such discussion may well mislead or offend people, which is bad in terms of utility, but Mill argues that the consequences of censorship are worse.\n\nThat said, he accepts that speech more broadly should sometimes be suppressed because of the harm it can cause:\u00a0 incitement to murder, for example, or shouting Fire! in a crowded theatre.\u00a0 But these are not cases where the speaker is proposing or discussing a view.\u00a0 What if I tell lies in public in order to discredit my enemies?\u00a0 That might be proposing a view, though not in the spirit of honest intellectual debate, but rather in order to cause harm, and there is no reason for Mill to defend it.\n\nA harder case would be one where the honest rational discussion might do serious harm to someone.\u00a0 For example, someone might honestly propose, on the basis of what she takes to be good scientific evidence, that members of a certain disadvantaged group have a lower average intelligence than the rest of society and that the difference is genetically determined.\u00a0 You can imagine how the promotion of such a view might reinforce underachievement in such groups.\u00a0 I expect that Mill\u2019s principles would lead him to defend this, at least as long as it remains an honest intellectual inquiry and is not hijacked for political purposes.\u00a0\n\nQ: In what sense can Kant be classified as a \"naturalist\"?\n\n\nWe may distinguish ontological and methodological naturalism. The ontological naturalist is concerned with the contents of reality, asserting that they are exhausted by nature with no place for supernatural or other non-natural kinds of entity. The methodological naturalist is concerned with ways of investigating reality, and claims some kind of general authority for the scientific method.\n\nKant as transcendental idealist is clearly not an ontological naturalist. While for him the phenomenal world or world as it must appear to us is the domain of nature and natural laws, and is the only domain that our understanding can grasp theoretically, there is also, standing in some (problematic) relation to this phenomenal world, the intelligible or noumenal world of things-in-themselves, outside time, space and causality (and so evidently non-natural).\n\nIt seems equally clear that he is not a methodological naturalist. While much concerned to vindicate the methods of Newtonian science in relation to our knowledge of the phenomenal world, his general philosophical method is transcendental argument, that is, argument having the schematic form:\n\n\u00a01. Experience has feature F.\n\n\u00a02. Feature F requires a world of kind G.\n\n\u00a03. Therefore, the world is G.\n\nThe second premise of such arguments is always for Kant to be justified non-empirically, by appeal to forms of insight which are evidently logical and conceptual, thought not reducing to analytic \u201crelations of ideas\u201d. But it is only through such arguments that we can come to know the fundamental structure of reality. Hence the writ of (empirical) scientific method does not run across the whole of reality as a naturalist must claim.\n\nThere would thus appear to be no useful sense in which Kant can be classified as a naturalist. This is not to say that some modern philosophers, from Strawson downwards, have not tried to interpret aspects of his philosophy in terms compatible with naturalism \u2013 but that just shows the power of our modern scientistic world-view to mislead us.\n\n\n\nThere is too much in your question. It would keep us all busy for at least a month! What you need to do is confine yourself to one issue per question and ideally your question should take the form of a request to comment on some idea that you have had rather than to formulate whole lesson plans for you.\n\nI will respond to one of the points you raise here: \u201cExplain and illustrate one reason to think that certainty is confined to analytic propositions\u201d.\n\nAn analytic proposition is a proposition that is true by definition or true in virtue of the meanings of the words within it, e.g., \u201cAll vixen are female\u201d is analytic because \u201cvixen\u201d simply means a female fox. Some philosophers (empiricists) maintain that only an analytic proposition can be certain because a synthetic (non-analytic) proposition is such that its falsity is always a logical possibility and therefore such a proposition could always turn out to be false, however much evidence we may so far have accumulated for it. For example, \u201cAll vixen are good hunters\u201d is not analytic because if it is true, then what makes it true is not the meaning of any of the words within it, but \u201cthe way the world is\u201d. While we can indeed accumulate evidence for it (observing that all the vixen we have ever come across are good hunters is one way), that evidence is never such as to justify complete certainty, because there is always the possibility, however faint, that there could emerge in the future significant evidence against it. (This is most obviously true when our evidence was just based on observing the hunting skills of particular vixen\u2014we cannot observe all vixen in perpetuity.) In contrast, an analytic proposition is not subject to this problem, since our belief in its truth is not based on evidence in the first place, but on knowledge of the meanings of the words within it. As long as we understand the meaning of the word \u201cvixen\u201d, we can justifiably be certain in advance of any empirical investigation that any vixen we ever come across is going to be female.\n\nAs far as the rest of your questions are concerned, I should first look in our resource bank to see if any of them are covered there amongst the past paper answers. You may submit to us those that aren\u2019t, but only on the basis of one issue per question and you should try to give your own ideas and ask for comment, rather than asking for a whole lesson plan or exam answer.\n\n\nBest wishes,\n\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: We all know that when Aristotle taught Socrates everything he needed to know to found ethical egoism, but how does this relate to his view on the nation state?\n\n\nI would ask you to reformulate this question. please.\n\nAristotle did not teach Socrates--Socrates predated him.\n\nSocrates own views, as opposed to those attributed to him\n\nby later authors, are very much a matter of dispute.\n\nPerhaps you could have another look at your question to\n\nclarify exactly which of the two philosophers you want to\n\nknow about. Best wishes, Howard Simmons\n\nQ: In God & The World, Swinburne claims that (natural) evil needs to look unfair, random, excessive, if we are to maintain faith and hope, which are central virtues/two ways in which souls grow spiritually. What arguments could be made against that?\n\n\nIm not sure whether this reply is in the spirit of the Answers website, but it would help me if you could say - however sketchily - what YOU think the answer(s) might be, and then I can say something in reply, or just add something. Does that sound like an acceptable way to go about this?\n\nQ: In God and The World, what does the Free Will defence achieve? Can it account for the existence of natural evil? I can see how it could justify moral evil but is that all that it can?\n\n\nFree will accounts for the existence of moral evil, as moral evil just is (arguably) freely chosen wrong-doing. But without the addition of further premises, it cannot account for any other kind of \u2018evil\u2019 such as pain (whether humanly or naturally caused). A standard Christian view is that all pain and suffering in the world is the result of original sin, brought into the world by a free transgression of God\u2019s rules by the first man and first woman. But for this (or anything else) to provide a rigorous explanation of non-moral evil in terms of human free will, it has to be shown that logically, God (being the way he is) could not have created a world in which there was human free will but no possibility of non-moral evil. One suggestion is that God needs human beings to turn away from wrong-doing and this will not happen unless wrong-doing engenders pain, which then acts as a kind of deterrent against further wrong-doing (though presumably not as a guaranteed deterrent, or else the free will aspect would be compromised), but there are several objections to this. (Why do those incapable of learning\u2014such as the very young\u2014have to suffer? Why do people sometimes have to suffer as a result of others\u2019 sins? Shouldn\u2019t people repent out of love for God rather than as a way to avoid pain?\u2014and so on.) These objections may or may not be answerable\u2014or there may be some other explanation of why, if there is free will, there has to be non-moral, as well as moral, evil. But the point is that the free will defence can\u2019t explain non-moral evil unless supplemented by some additional premise(s) to secure the link.\n\nQ: I just finished my degree in Philosophy and am now teaching philosophy at AS level. My students keep on telling me that deontological ethics are about duty, but we all know deontological ethics are about the role God plays in morality. How can I get this through to my students? Thanks Thomas\n\n\nThis is an area where the established use of terms can hide philosophical confusion. But if we just stick with established usage for a moment, your students are right!\u00a0The word \"deontology\" comes from a Greek word for \"have to\" or \"must\". So sometimes the word \"deontology\" means \"the theory of duty\" - an approximate synonym of \"the theory of the right\" (as contrasted with the \"theory of the good\").\n\nMore commonly, it is used to label a particular *kind* of theory of the right, which in the Punch and Judy contest of ethical theories is intended to contrast with consequentialism, and perhaps other ethical theories too (including the \"Divine Command Theory\"). So suppose it is your job to care for a blind and immobile old lady. You could supplement your meagre income by stealing and selling a silver sporting trophy of hers (which she can no longer see, is sitting forgotten on a high shelf, there will be no further bad consequences etc etc). The (act-)consequentialist says \"take it\"; the opponent who replies \"dont take it - its wrong to steal/break trust\" is usually portrayed as the \"deontologist\". (A variant on this is to portray the opponent as an \"absolutist\" - someone who thinks the duty not to steal in unbreakable in any circumstances. That is a kind of \"deontologist\" but not the only kind - though of course it is a favourite consequentialist trick to portray their only opponents as absolutists.) If you want to find some deontologists in this sense, you might look to WD Ross with his theory of prima facie duties, or to neo-Kantians of one sort or another. This is probably the usage of \"deontology\" which your students had in mind (though the first usage I explained also puts them in the right).\n\nWell, whats wrong with the established uses of the word? Actually there is nothing wrong with the first use I sketched (\"deontology\" = theory of duty, or theory of the right). Its the second use that is muddled. For the consequentialism/deontology contrast misses the fact that consequentialism IS a theory of moral duty - it says your moral duty is to maximize good consequences. Where consequentialists and \"deontologists\" differ is not over the question whether there ARE moral duties, but over where they come from. Consequentialists think duties derive from the goodness of outcomes, Divine Command theorists think they derive from Gods commandments, neo-Kantians think they derive from the status of moral subjects as rationally autonomous; some neo-Aristotelians think they derive from considerations to do with what it is to be an excellent or flourishing human being; and there are Rossians and others who think there are duties that dont derive from any of these things, and which are in some sense basic.\n\nHowever, taking this on board may be a struggle in the context of teaching Philosophy at AS level, as I would guess the Punch and Judy contrast between consequentialists and \"deontologists\" is well embedded in the syllabus. If you want a definition of \"deontology\" that is a compromise between what I think is actually true and the Punch and Judy approach, I guess you cd say consequentialists are people who say duties derive from consequences, whereas deontologists are people who say they dont, and then go on to add that they derive either from somewhere else (eg, but not only, Divine Commands) or from nowhere, ie they are just a basic moral notion.\n\n\nQ: How does Kant's Noumena-Phenomena distinction relate to Empiricism? Does it undermine it?\n\n\nAccording to Kant, \u2018phenomena\u2019 are things as we experience them, while \u2018noumena\u2019 are things as they are in themselves before they have been structured in such a way that we can experience them. Precisely because they are beyond our experience, we can have no knowledge of what noumena are actually like. This entails that Kant\u2019s distinction rules out empiricism, since empiricists, as well as maintaining that all our substantive (non-verbal) knowledge derives from experience, are also generally understood to hold that that there are no features of the world that we could not in principle grasp through our experience. Noumena, if they existed, would be beyond our experience, and so not acceptable to empiricists.\n\nBy the way, the recognition of noumena is not the only feature of Kant\u2019s theory that rules out empiricism. The acceptance of synthetic a priori judgements is also anti-empiricist, as it involves accepting that we can know at least some substantive truths about the world independently of experience.\n\nQ: Hi Despite the differences between Kant and Sapir-Whorf, do the latter propose that ALL of our concepts will derive from our linguistic community? In other words, do Sapir-Whorf accept space-time and causality just like Kant does but everything else is taught? Or do they suggest that even such fundamental concepts are learned?\n\n\n<!-- @page { margin: 56.7pt } P { margin-bottom: 6pt } -->\n\nFor Sapir\u2014Whorf, all concepts are products of the linguistic culture. This includes Kant's forms of intuition space and time and the category of causality. Here is what Whorf has to say about the Hopi indian language/culture:\n\n'the Hopi language is seen to contain no words, grammatical forms, constructions or expressions that refer directly to what we call \u201ctime\u201d, or to past, present, or future, or to enduring or lasting, or to motion as kinematic rather than dynamic (i.e. as a continuous translation in space and time rather than as an exhibition of dynamic effort in a certain process), or that even refer to space in such a way as to exclude that element of extension or existence that we call \u201ctime\u201d... Hence, the Hopi language contains no reference to \u201ctime\u201d, either explicit or implicit.' ('An American Indian model of the universe' (c. 1936) in Whorf (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality, MIT Press)\n\nSapir\u2014Whorf generalised from specific linguistic studies such as this to the hypothesis of linguistic relativity (the very nature of reality depends on the linguistic categories a culture/language employs). It is important to notice that this hypothesis is not reached in a Kantian a priori fashion but by observation and analysis, and could thus be tested empirically, which is what Whorf intended.\n\nQ: Do you know what Wittgenstein had to say about whether there could be crossover between language games? E.g. Would he would agree that empirical evidence can be used to support religious belief? Also, what could you recommend as good for someone who has never read any Wittgenstein, to introduce me further to his philosophy? Thank you.\n\n\nA tricky one. Where exactly did Wittgenstein even locate the boundaries of language games? We need an answer to that before we can speak of crossovers. My sense is that Wittgenstein's own use of the phrase 'language games' was rather informal, and doesn't go far enough to constitute a theory of language games, where one ends and another begins, or anything like that. On the other hand some of his followers, in particular some of those interested in the philosophy of religion, have taken the phrase rather rigidly and insisted on a difference between the 'game' of religious discourse and the (distinct) 'game' of science. So their answer to your first question wd probably be 'no'. What Wittgenstein's would be I cannot say. One further point: Wittgenstein is famous for saying that philosophy should 'leave everything as it is', and not interfere with actual uses of language. But he also thought philosophers ought to give up saying certain sorts of thing as a result of understanding his work. So wasn't philosophy a 'game' that just ought to be left alone, like all the others? If not, why not? That's a further reason for hesitation in saying what Wittg wd have said about your question.\n\nAs regards what to read, Wittgenstein's masterpiece is his Philosophical Investigations, so you shd read that. More accessible, and more directly connected with your interest in religion, is (a) his Culture and Value, and (b) his Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, ed Cyril Barrett. Both are short. It's a pity just to read this material without reading the Investigations, but each will cast light on the other. Recollections of Wittgenstein, ed. R Rhees, is biographical, and will introduce you to what Wittg himself was like. Finally, W's last work, On Certainty, has things on belief, evidence etc which shd interest you.\n\nA writer who has made much use of Wittg in developing a philosophy of religion is DZ Phillips. A place to start is his essay 'Religion in Wittgenstein's Mirror;, in A. Phillips Griffiths (ed.), Wittgenstein Centenary Essays. But Phillips has also written lots of other books, if you cant get hold of that one. Peter Winch is a very interesting philosopher - his book 'The Idea of a Soclal Science' (get the revised edition if you can) started off a lot of the thinking along the lines of 'it's a conceptual error to subject religion to empirical standards of verification'.\n\nQ: I wanted to ask a quick question about identity theory. It is sometimes stated that it can be multiply realisable (on token-token identity), however, wouldn't identity theorists still have to claim that the mind is the brain? Thanks\n\n\nHello Amy, thanks for your question. I consulted my colleague, Dr Simon Prosser, who works in and teaches Philosophy of Mind and he has provided the following answer for you:\n\n\nThe difference between type identity and token identity can cause a lot of\n\nconfusion - most undergraduates find it pretty hard at first. But in fact it's\n\npretty simple. Let's start with an analogy. Suppose I give you a Christmas\n\npresent. Suppose the Christmas present that I give you is a bottle of wine.\n\nWell, that's a token identity - that specific Christmas present, the one I gave\n\nyou, is (token identical to) a bottle of wine (i.e. identical to that specific\n\nbottle of wine, the one I gave you). But it wouldn't be true, as a general\n\nclaim, to say 'a Christmas present is a bottle of wine'. A Christmas present\n\ncould be all sorts of things, and a bottle of wine could equally be a birthday\n\npresent. So the property (i.e. the 'type') 'being a Christmas present' is\n\nmultiply realisable - it can be realised by bottles of wine, teddy bears, etc.\n\netc. Consequently there's no type identity between Christmas presents and\n\nbottles of wine - i.e. no true type-identity statement of the form 'a Christmas\n\npresent is a bottle of wine' (understood as applying to every Christmas present\n\nor, in other words, to the property ('type') of being a Christmas present and\n\nthe property ('type') of being a bottle of wine). They're different properties.\n\n\nIt's the same for mental states and brain states. According to a type identity\n\ntheory there are statements like 'pain is a firing of C-fibres' that hold true\n\nof every instance of a firing of C-fibres. But according to a token identity\n\ntheory (one that isn't also a type identity theory - that's usually implicit in\n\ndescribing a theory as a token identity theory), maybe this particular feeling\n\nof pain (the one you're feeling right now, say) is a firing of C-fibres, but\n\nmaybe the subjectively indistinguishable pain that I'll feel in five minutes\n\ntime won't be a firing of C-fibres, but something else - just as one Christmas\n\npresent may be a bottle of wine, while another may be a teddy bear. So the\n\ntoken identity theory allows that pains, like Christmas presents, are multiply\n\n\n\nThese theories tend to be stated in terms of mental states and physical states,\n\nrather than in terms of minds and brains (etc.) But if we were to put it that\n\nway, then a token identity theorist would deny that 'the mind is the brain',\n\ntaken as a generalisation true of all minds (i.e. a type identity), but would\n\nstill accept the possibility that some specific ('token') mind (yours, for\n\nexample) is a specific ('token') brain (i.e. your brain).\n\nQ: Hi, Could you please clarify two points on Hume? Firstly in meta-ethics, how can he argue that we cannot go from an is to an ought yet maintain a form of naturalism tied to good as what is in line with the fact of our sympathetic sentiments? And is this significantly different from Foot's argument that we cannot value anything we like? Secondly, and more straightforwardly, following the AQA text I've told the kids that Hume's Fork does not apply to itself, but am not 100% on why it is not a relation of ideas known through demonstration? Thank you!\n\n\nBoth points are complex issues upon which Hume interpreters disagree. He is widely read as claiming that no judgement about ought can be correctly inferred from a set of premises which are solely expressed in terms of is along with the view that vulgar systems of morality commit this logical error. Ordinarily the claim is more generally taken to be the position that no moral or evaluative conclusion can be validly inferred from any collection of purely factual premises. Some philosophers hold that Hume is committed to a non-cognitivist view of moral judgements (which is that they are neither fact stating nor evaluated in terms of truth). If so his claim that ought cannot be correctly inferred from is follows very directly from the commitment to non-cognitivism. The reason is that if moral judgements are only expressions of sentiment and lack any factual content then they cannot be inferred from purely factual premises. On this reading of Hume it is evident how he could maintain both the inability to infer ought from is along with the centrality of sentiment in morality. As regards the second question Hume\u2019s Fork is very largely thought to be self-refuting (although there have been several attempts to argue that it is not). The Fork claims to be a piece of knowledge and therefore must be either a relation of ideas or a matter of fact. However, closer inspection of it reveals that it is neither and is therefore not a piece of knowledge.\u00a0\n\nQ: A previous exam question for Unit 1 is 'How convincing is the view that we are born with at least some innate knowledge?' I note that the example answer on this site does not highlight the distinction between innate ideas and innate knowledge. It seems to me that in some cases the distinction is difficult to draw, e.g. Descartes might be said to claim that he (at least) has innately an idea of God. For Descartes, I think, to possess this idea is implicitly to know that God exists (?), though a deductive argument is needed to make this clear. Is this correct? Elsewhere, how much weight should be placed on the distinction between possession of innate ideas and innate knowledge? How much clarity about this is required for the spec?\n\n\nCertainly the literature often treats innate ideas as being (almost) synonymous with innate knowledge. It seems to me that innate ideas would be innate knowledge if the expression of them were true. But false innate ideas would not be innate knowledge. It doesn't obviously follow that to have an innate idea of God is to know that God exists. You could have the idea but it turn out he doesn't exist (say the idea were planted by an evil demon). This is a clear and important distinction.\n\n\nQ: Hi. I was wondering if you could clear up a few issues with Utilitarianism. Firstly- does the hedonic calculus extend to animals? I have heard that the pain and pleasure of all sentient beings matters though presumably it is not more important that animals have pleasure than humans. Secondly- is Bentham essentially a positive Utilitarian? Would he rather we increase pleasure than decrease pain? Lastly, is or isn't Mill a rule utilitarian?! I have read differing opinions on this and presume it's debateable. Many thanks!\n\n\n1. Yes.\u00a0 All utilitarians that I know of accept that all pleasure and suffering is morally relevant.\u00a0 According to utilitarianism our moral duty is to act so as to bring about the greatest possible total happiness (think of suffering as a sort of negative happiness).\u00a0 So the suffering and pleasure of non-human animals--assuming that they can suffer or experience pleasure--makes a difference to what we ought to do.\u00a0 It may be that a pig (say) cannot suffer as much as a human being, and cannot have the same intensity of pleasure.\u00a0 Or maybe human beings are capable of a higher sort of pleasure and a worse quality of suffering than pigs are, and higher pleasures count for more in the hedonic calculus than lower ones even if the quantity and intensity is the same.\u00a0 (Whether this is so is an empirical question.)\u00a0 In that case the sufferings and pleasure of pigs matter less, morally, than those of human beings.\u00a0 But they still matter.\n\n\n2. I think not.\u00a0 In the Principles of Morals and Legislation Bentham starts out saying that we ought to approve of actions insofar as they promote happiness and disapprove of them insofar as they oppose it.\u00a0 This may give the impression that he thinks our moral duty is simply to bring about as much positive happiness as we can.\u00a0 But pain is not mere absence of happiness, and surely pain is worse than \u2018neutral\u2019 experience that is not painful but falls short of happiness.\u00a0 So it would be a mistake to think that minimising pain was unimportant, or less important than promoting happiness or pleasure.\u00a0 And later on Bentham does talk about our duty to minimise pain.\u00a0 He defines \u2018utility\u2019 as \u2018that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness\u2019.\n\n\n3. Probably not.\u00a0 Although Mill\u2019s view is complex, he is usually taken to be an act utilitarian and not a rule utilitarian.\u00a0 Rule utilitarianism is roughly the view that an act is right just when it conforms to those rules of conduct which, if we adopted them, would bring about the best overall balance of happiness over suffering.\u00a0 This implies that in some cases it will be right to perform an action whose consequences would be less good overall than some other action one might have performed instead.\u00a0 For example, if the best set of rules forbids lying, then it\u2019s always wrong to lie, and we have to tell the truth even in cases where lying would bring about more happiness.\u00a0 And Mill does not accept this.\u00a0 He doesn\u2019t say that we sometimes have a moral duty to act in a way that will bring about less overall happiness than something else we could do instead.\u00a0 So he appears to be an act utilitarian:\u00a0 to hold that our duty is always to do the thing that, of all the things we could do, would bring about the most overall happiness.\n\nQ: i am considering studying philosophy at university, but i would like to ask, what jobs would i be able to get out of this degree?\n\n\nThere are several things to say in answer to this.\n\nOne is that while teaching at the U of Kent (where I kept quite a careful eye on these things), philosophy graduates had a very good placement record - on the whole, they didn't stay unemployed for long (if for any time at all), and went on to jobs (or other destinations, such as further degrees) that they wanted.\n\nThe second thing to say is that there isn't really any one sort of job a philosophy degree prepares you for. If I had to name a career, apart from teaching and/or further study in philosophy itself, that philosophy actually *prepares* you for, I suppose I would name the law, because it involves argument, and the capacity to draw fine distinctions of meaning - both of which feature prominently in philosophy. Something similar might be said for certain sorts of journalism, or the Civil Service, or management consultancy, or ... But in a looser sense it prepares you for a huge range of things. And at the employer's end of things, it's seen as a difficult subject. So, even if philosophy has no practical relevance to the job you are applying for, employers think to themselves 'if they can do well at that, they can do well at this too'.\n\nThis brings me to my third point. However attractive to employers philosophy graduates may be, philosophy is very far (very very far) from being an 'applied' degree. (Contrast e.g. medicine or architecture or engineering.) Many of the things philosophy students get asked to think about are questions which do not arise in most work contexts. So although everyone thinks, when considering whether to apply to university, 'what am I going to do next?',\u00a0\u00a0if you have too much of an eye on what to do next, or are in too much of a hurry to get out into the world of work (or to feel what you're studying will be directly usable in the world of work), the abstraction of philosophy may seem like a drag. If you are going to spend three years studying it, therefore - and I think this applies to any subject - you really need to find it interesting and rewarding for what it is, not just in terms of what it might lead to: otherwise those three years are going to seem like a very long time.\n\nQ: I would be grateful to receive an explanation of Strawson's arguments in support of the conclusion that the concept of a person is primitive.I am particularly interested in the argument which includes the contention that it is not possible to ascribe to ourselves mental states without being able to ascribe mental states to others.Many thanks\n\n\nThe argument in question (in Ch.3 of Individuals) is an application of \u2013 perhaps, in fact, just a version of \u2013 Wittgenstein\u2019s private language argument. In Strawson\u2019s hands it emerges as a kind of transcendental argument, from the possibility of our referring meaningfully to our own experiences to the epistemological and ontological conditions necessary for us to be able to do that.\n\n\nStrawson starts from a logical point about predication: it must be logically possible for any predicate to be meaningfully affirmed of more than one subject. He takes this to be part of the idea of a predicate: (\u00a0 )F is a function with in principle a range of satisfiers, even when in practice only one yields the value true. In other words, to assign a predicate is to talk about the way something is, and for anything to be a way something is, it has to be possible in principle for more than one thing to be that way. (For another angle on this, suppose there is a predicate G which logically could only be affirmed of a unique individual S \u2013 since in saying \u201cS is G\u201d we\u00a0 couldn\u2019t then be saying of what kind S is, we wouldn\u2019t genuinely be characterising S, and the\u00a0 idea of predication just loses all content. It\u2019s not immediately clear how this argument handles such a predicate as is an even prime, but it seems to work for all predicates of the kinds Strawson is interested in here.)\u00a0\n\n\nHe then considers predicates ascribing states of consciousness, such as (\u00a0 ) is in pain. By the logical argument above, unless I can in principle meaningfully say of others that they are in pain, I cannot meaningfully say it of myself. But (he takes it as given), I can meaningfully say it of myself. Therefore (by modus tollens) I must be able to ascribe this experience to others too.\n\n\nBut to be able to ascribe the predicate (\u00a0\u00a0 ) is in pain meaningfully to others, I must be able to identify other individuals to whom to ascribe it. These individuals cannot be material objects, since it is (his argument assumes) a logical solecism to ascribe states of consciousness to these as such. But nor, and crucially, can they be Cartesian egos (\u201cminds\u201d) as such, since by virtue of their logical privacy I can never in principle identify these, just as such. So these individuals must represent within our conceptual scheme a basic class of particular, such that I can ascribe conscious states to other particulars of this kind by observation, and also to the one particular of this kind that is me by the sort of non-observational inner attention that we\u2019re all familiar with. This is the class of basic particular he calls persons.\n\n\nOne might incline to say: well, and didn\u2019t Descartes too recognise that we uniquely combine mind and body? Sure \u2013 and after all, if this is the idea of person in our basic conceptual scheme, you would expect Descartes to have been in fact working with it too. But Descartes\u2019 (mistaken) model of the concept was that persons are essentially minds, though attached in a unique sui generis way, which he could never satisfactorily specify, to bodies. Strawson\u2019s fundamental point is that actually this dualistic model can never get going in the way Descartes thinks it can, by starting from necessarily private experience in our own case. If we do try to start from there, we have nothing to start from. To think meaningfully about even just my own experience or mental contents, I have to work with a different, as it were inherently inter-subjective, concept of what I as a person am.\n\nQ: Hi, It would be really useful if you could compose some model answers for the political philosophy units/questions. Thanks, Sarah\n\n\n\nThere is an answer in the resource bank on a question about the relationship between rights and utility. It is in the specimen unit 3 paper. I hope you find it helpful.\n\nQ: Could you please explain how the philosophical direct realist deals with examples of perception, which appear to show that the nature of what is experienced is not entirely determined by the external world? For instance, the duck/rabbit illusion, in which a given observer can have two different perceptual experiences without any change in the external world or the \u201cfilling in\u201d of the blind spot by some process of the mind. (A related set of cases are those which seek to establish that observation is knowledge dependent. For instance, it might be argued that, a telephone engineer and a layman who look at the same tangle of wires that is a telephone substation can have different perceptual experiences). Both types of examples hope to establish that what we actually experience during perception is mind dependent. If this is conceded by the direct realist, then has the difference between the direct and indirect realist now become a difference of degree rather than type? Recommendations for further reading in this area, as well as advice about how much I should go into this with my A level students will also be very much appreciated. ( I submitted a version of this question a month or so ago - I am trying again in case the first was the victim of a technical problem)\n\n\nHello Mark,\n\nI passed your question to a colleague of mine (Dr Simon Prosser) who works in Philosophy of Perception, and he's provided a brilliantly comprehensive response for you - hope it helps! Here goes:\n\n\nFirst of all, we should distinguish two things: the theory-dependence of\n\nobservation, and the existence of illusions. The fact that what is observed can\n\ndepend on the theoretical commitments of the observer does not thereby make the\n\nobservation false.\n\n\nFor example, setting aside controversies over what counts as part of a\n\nperceptual experience, and what counts as inferred from the experience, it may\n\nbe that a more expert observer observes everything the non-expert observer\n\nobserves, but also observes something further. To give an example similar to\n\nyour 'telephone substation' case, a tutored musical listener may hear\n\nstructures in a musical chord that the untutored listener is unaware of.\n\n\nNone of this is a threat to direct realism; direct realism does not say that the\n\nobserver is aware of everything that could be observed, but only that whatever\n\nis observed is observed directly rather than via some kind of intermediary.\n\nAnother example to illustrate this: someone with poor eyesight will see less\n\ndetails than someone with good eyesight, but that's no reason to think that the\n\nperson with poor eyesight sees via some kind of blurry intermediary. They simply\n\nsee less than the person with good eyesight.\n\n\nThe problems for direct realism come about mainly because of illusions. If a\n\nperceptual experience presents the world in a different way from the way it\n\nreally is, then this does indeed present a prima facie problem for direct\n\nrealism. Perhaps the most popular response to this problem at the moment is to\n\nadopt a disjunctive theory of perception (i.e. one according to which the\n\nillusory perceptual state is of a fundamentally different kind from a veridical\n\nperceptual state, which offers a way of blocking a key premise in the 'argument\n\nfrom illusion'). But some intentionalists (advocates of the currently popular\n\nview that perceptual states should be understood in terms of their\n\nrepresentational content) will argue that their view is also consistent with\n\ndirect realism, at least on some versions of direct realism. For more details\n\nI'd recommend having a look at William Fish's new textbook 'Philosophy of\n\nPerception: A Contemporary Introduction' (Routledge, 2010), though for a\n\nshorter (and free, if you have access) discussion see also Tim Crane's entry in\n\nthe Stanford Encyclopedia of Perception under the heading 'The Problem of\n\nPerception'. For book-length treatments of the problems for the direct realist\n\nsee A.D. Smith, 'The Problem of Perception' and John Foster, 'The Nature of\n\n\n\nNote however that the literature on disjunctive theories is pretty tough and\n\nwill go way over the heads of most A-level students. The issues here get very\n\ntricky and subtle, so it might be best just to give a brief summary of some of\n\nthe main positions (perhaps as outlined in Tim Crane's S.E.P. piece) and\n\nexplain that there's a big and difficult recent literature if they want to\n\npursue it further.\n\n\nYou mention a couple of other problems cases. Firstly the duck/rabbit. I can\n\nthink of two different ways to think of this in the present context. Firstly,\n\nthere may be an object that really looks like a duck and also really looks like\n\na rabbit, but it's impossible to see both resemblances at once. I don't think\n\nthis threatens direct realism because there's no illusion involved, just\n\npartial seeing as described above. The fact that the subject can voluntarily\n\nswitch aspects is not a problem, any more than the fact that someone can\n\nvoluntarily choose whether to wear their spectacles. On the other had\n\nexperience might present the object as really being a duck, or really being a\n\nrabbit (or there might be a real rabbit that can be mistaken for a duck, or\n\nvice versa, for example). This would involve an illusion, and therefore\n\npresents the same problem for a direct realist as any other illusion.\n\n\nSecondly you mention the blind spot. If it's really true that the blind spot is\n\n'filled in' then it would have to be treated as akin to a hallucination, and\n\nwould therefore present the same problem for the direct realist as any other\n\nhallucination (hallucinations occur when there is no real object there despite\n\nthe subject having a perceptual experience as of an object; illusions are\n\ndistinguished from hallucinations by the fact that in an illusion there is\n\nreally an object there, but it does not have the properties it appears to have.\n\nBut hallucinations and illusions both present quite similar problems for the\n\ndirect realist). But the blind spot presents tricky philosophical problems in\n\nthe philosophy of mind; it's not at all uncontroversial to say that it's\n\n'filled in' rather than merely being an un-noticed absence in what is perceived\n\n(much like the fact that you don't see anything through the back of your head,\n\nalthough you are not generally aware of any boundary at the periphery of vision\n\n- no one thinks that's a problem for direct realism). For more on the blind\n\nspot, see Daniel C. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Penguin, 1991).\n\nQ: Is Eliminative Materialism and reductive or non-reductive (or neither) theory of the mind?\n\n\nDepends what you understand by eliminative materialism, which receives two similar but distinct interpretations in the literature. Someone who claims that common sense mental notions do not pick out anything real and that mental terms are therefore empty, is a materialist (presumably) who is actually eliminating something. Someone who claims instead that reference to mental notions can be somehow reduced to reference to states of the brain, is just a materialist. The latter position is clearly reductionist. The former is not strictly reducing to anything else what it says doesn\u2019t exist in the first place. But both are reductionist in the bad general sense of being scientistic \u2013 that is, assuming that science has to be able to explain everything because it would be unscientific if it didn\u2019t.\u00a0 Since everyone actually knows from the most intimate possible evidence that mental states are real, any attempt to reduce or explain them out of existence is actually deeply unscientific.\n\nQ: Hello, I\u2019m doing Mill\u2019s On Liberty as a set text and would like to check something. Would it be correct to say that the following conjunctive is a sufficient condition for intervening in someone\u2019s actions \u2013 that the action is both causing harm to others AND that banning the action would not be against the general interest? Thanks for your previous answers which have all been really helpful. Christina\n\n\nHi Christina,\n\nThanks for yours.\u00a0 I should preface this with 'I'm no Mill expert', by which\u00a0I mean I teach Mill, and pol phil generally, but do not have expert textual knowledge of the whole of Mill's corpus.\n\nI think your\u00a0conjuction is a sufficient condition for action according to Mill, or at least his official line.\u00a0 (Whether he could keep to it is anotehr matter.)\u00a0 In addition, the fact that he action is harmful to others is alone enough reason to justify intervention.\u00a0 We then debates as to what constitutes 'harm', and what constitutes mere offense, and how great the harm has to be to one's interests.\u00a0 But we will have to decide those debates with\u00a0your conjunction as well anyway.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nIf you have never found it, Jo Wolff's An Introduction to Political Philosophy has a chapter on Mill that revolves around a lot of these issues and is very readable, both for teachers and A-Level students.\n\nHope this helps.\u00a0 Best wishes, Simon\n\n\n\nQ: Hi, I just wanted to double check something on the Reason and Experience unit. I've been looking into Hume and have come across people giving alternative explainations for a couple of things. Could you just explain what exactly Hume's Fork is and what Hume believes about the 'self'. Many thanks.\n\n\n\nHume\u2019s Fork consists in a dichotomy between uninformative reason and informative experience, i.e. the claim that there are only two possible ways of justifying our beliefs: firstly by empirical means (which is informative) and secondly through a priori reasoning (which is trivial and uninformative, telling us only the implications of what we already assume). Hume denies the possibility of any third option of the kind favoured by rationalists: that is a priori reasoning which is informative and gives us knowledge of the world.\n\n\nHume\u2019s belief about the self is to deny the existence of the self on the empirical ground that no self can be observed. He argues that if we observe our inner experience we find mental events of various kinds, but no matter how much we observe we can never observe a self that possesses these mental events. Descartes\u2019 argument is that mental events necessarily require a possessor of those mental events, which is a self or soul, but Hume exposes this alleged necessity for a self as no more than an assumption. Given that he accepts empirical grounds alone for any assertion, the lack of observability of a self\u00a0 implies that there is no self.\n\n\nHume\u2019s Fork is important for the \u2018Reason and Experience\u2019 topic at AS, but Hume\u2019s view of the self is not essential to it \u2013 it just offers a possible illustration of the differing implications of empiricism and rationalism in a particular area. If you do want to use it for illustrative purposes, I can recommend Introducing Persons by Peter Carruthers (Routledge) for some very clear and interesting discussion of the Descartes vs Hume argument on the self, with helpful examples.\n\nQ: Can someone help me with Wittgenstein's Private Language Argument in relation to Philosophy of Mind? I understand that he is saying that the meaning of mental terms is developed publicly rather than deriving from a supposed link between the term and a private mental object. But is he also saying 1 I cannot know my own mental states until I have acquired language? 2 Thought depends on language - i.e. I cannot think until I have been introduced to a public language? I would be really grateful for any clarification/suggested reading anyone may be able to share on this so that I don't unnwittingly mislead my students (even further). Thanks, Tim\n\n\nThe private language argument is extremely complex and has a very extensive secondary literature. There is ongoing disagreement about how to interpret the argument appropriately so the best you will do is to find a reasonable way of reading it. In basic terms, it is the case that Wittgenstein claims public language is required for words to be meaningful and the meaning of words cannot explained by reference to private mental objects. It is widely agreed that Wittgenstein thinks that reference to private mental objects is unsatisfactory and disagreement how he supports this view.\n\nRe (1) it is clear that Wittgenstein holds that one cannot know ones mental states prior to the acquisition of language. If the private language argument is correct how would such knowledge be possible- that is to say, how would it be possible to find ways of conceiving of such mental states? Re (2) it follows from the private language argument and other aspects of Wittgenstein\u2019s writings that thought depends upon the acquisition of public language. However, a number of contemporary philosophers, such as Jerry Fodor, dispute this claim so it is by no means uncontroversial. For reading you could try Stuart Candlish\u2019s article on private language in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n\n( bibliography lists a good number of standard secondary literature items should you wish to investigate further.\n\nQ: I have read the question about internalism and externalism in moral philosophy. I understand the difference but find it hard to think of an ethical theory which is in fact externalist in the first sense of the meaning which I think is the way it is used in the A2 syllabus. The closest seems to be utilitarianism which seems to be a theory where you could do your hedonic calculus and have no motivation whatsoever for acting on this decision. However, I am sure Bentham and Mill must have a reply to this. Also, I thought I read somewhere that emotivism could be compatible with externalism. Any help you could give on this would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, Bonnie\n\n\nJust to make sure we are on the same page, let's say internalism is the thesis that moral judgments are intrinsically motivating (so, to judge that it's good, just, fair etc to do A is to be motivated, pro tanto, to do A - which doesn't mean one actually WILL do A, as there could be other competing motivations too); externalism is the negation of this thesis. (If this isn't roughly the definition you are working with, the rest of this probably won't be helpful.) I see what you mean about utilitarianism and externalism. Mill felt the need to write a special chapter of 'Utilitarianism' to explain how people could be motivated to do their utilitarian moral duty, so surely he's thinking 'It's one thing to prove to people that utilitarianism is the correct criterion of right action. But believing that has got nothing to do with being motivated to do as the utilitarian criterion requires.' So it sounds as if he was an externalist. Well, maybe he was. But it's worth remembering two things. First, in his 'Sanctions' chapter, Mill says utilitarianism can make use of the same psychological resources as any other ethical theory - this doesn't show he wasn't an externalist, but it does imply that he didn't think there was a *special* link between externalism and utilitarianism. And (and this is the second point) that seems right. It seems wrong to me to say some ethical theories are more 'externalist' than others. After all, internalism and externalism are theories about ANY moral judgment, whereas ethical theories are theories about which moral judgments, or which general moral principles, are correct. So whatever my ethical theory tells me it's right to do - whether that's to perform the happiness-maximizing action, or the just action, or whatever it is - internalism says that my judging *that* is pro tanto motivating, while externalism denies that.\n\nI am not sure about the link between emotivism and externalism. Emotivism is not an ethical theory on a par with (say) utilitarianism - it's a meta-ethical theory. Usually, it's claimed as a merit by emotivists that it fits in with internalism about motivation (which I guess is the majority view these days): non-cognitive attitudes motivate (it's said), internalism says moral attitudes motivate, so if moral attitudes are non-cognitive attitudes (as emotivism says) we can make good sense of the truth of internalism.\n\nQ: I know (at least I think I do) what functionalism is, but I am meant to teach my students the difference between teleological functionalism and machine functionalism. I've found some fairly technical discussions of it, but nothing I would assess to be 'only' A level standard. Is there a more snappy way of viewing the distinction? What is/are the main difference(s)?\n\n\nFunctionalists hold that the content of a mental state is determined by its causal role - it is a function from inputs to outputs and other mental states. Teleological functionalism says that the content of a mental state is determined by the causal role that it is **supposed to** play (i.e. that it is its function to play). The best place to look for more is the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online) - look at the articles entitled 'Functionalism' and 'Teleological Theories of Mental Content'.\n\nQ: Could you suggest possible content for a question in Unit 3 on Philosophy of Religion that asks for the meaning of religion and its relation to other areas of discourse /activity? (Note this appears in a separate section in the syllabus from the issue of religion as a language game or autoonomous form of life. I'd appreciate any thoughts you may have. Thanks, Tim Gay\n\n\n\nHi Tim,\n\n\nI take it that the part of the unit to which you are referring is this:\n\nStudents should consider what is meant by 'religion', whether it is a well defined or integrated phenomena and the relation between 'religion' and other kinds of discourse and activity.\n\nHaving taken quick look at topics of Unit 3 on the A2 syllabus, I would imagine that this kind of question is specifically inviting reflection on the social sciences\u2019 approach to religion \u2013 and I see that Routledge have a downloadable pdf on this topic on their resources website (linked to the BPA resource bank):\n\n\n\n\n\nQ: When dragging up some old questions from some past papers to convert to 'new' ones for the new specification, I was interested to see one that referred to two ways we gain a posteriori knowledge. Not being a strong epistimologist, I had thought that at this level, A level, that we gain a posteriori knowledge solely through sense-experience so what would be the other? Many thanks, Lucy\n\n\nI suspect this refers to Hume\u2019s distinctions among impressions. We gain knowledge of the external world through the five outwardly-directed senses, and also of our own states (emotions etc.) through a kind of inner sense. These are \u201cimpressions of sensation\u201d, but there are also \u201cimpressions of reflection\u201d such as those of desire or aversion which arise in us when we reflect upon ideas (e.g. of particular kinds of pain or pleasure) which \u201creturn upon the soul\u201d after being formed (copied) from original impressions of sensation. All this is a posteriori \u00a0knowledge \u2013 it does not precede experience and has to be justified by reference to it.\n\nQ: I am teaching the A2 Epistemology and Metaphysics section. Can you please explain to me what Wittgenstein's beetle in the box and 'tove' are exactly about? I'd be very grateful if you would do this! Thank you.\n\n\nHello Mary,\n\nWow, big questions and issues!\n\n(i) Beetle in the box.\u00a0 The idea - roughly, and trying to put things in a non-controversial way - is that there is (may be?) no way to check exactly what is going on in someone's else's mind.\u00a0 But, that doesn't really matter.\u00a0 Indeed, it points to a more positive view, namely that part of what the mind is (or, more extreme, all of what the mind is) is captured in a public fashion.\u00a0 The strong conclusion would say that there is no internal, non-public\u00a0thing called the mind.\n\nWhile thinking about this I came across this, which might be of use:\n\n(ii) Tove.\u00a0 This is concerned with definitions of things, and the applications of concepts, and links to Wittgenstein's thoughts on rule-following.\u00a0\n\nLW is arguing against the idea that one can uniquely pick out objects prior to or separate from the use of identifying descriptions.\u00a0 LW thinks this gets things round the wrong way.\u00a0 You might think that there are good counter-examples to this, e.g. (famously) ostensive definition.\u00a0 So,\u00a0I point at something and say 'this is Simon' or 'this is tove'.\u00a0 Supposedly I name or highlight the object, and then the definition can follow.\u00a0 But, LW tried to show, at length, that ostension works only in a certain context.\u00a0 E.g. a context where you point at me names the person and not the action, or my jumper, or names this person on this day (rather than that day) and so on.\n\nI hope this helps.\u00a0 there is a lot of philosophy of language going on in the background to all of this.\u00a0 Here is something\u00a0I came across when thinking about how to answer this for you.\u00a0 This is more complicated and detailed than the previous page, but I hope it won't confuse too much:\n\nI hope this helps,\n\nBest wishes, Simon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQ: Would it be correct to say that if one believes in innate ideas, then one must be a rationalist, but one can be a rationalist without believing in innate ideas? I am still confused on the distinction between these beliefs. Thanks very much Christina\n\n\nYes, it\u2019s rationalist to hold that there are innate ideas, but, yes, you could be a rationalist and not hold there were innate ideas as such.\n\nLet\u2019s assume that all ideas derived from or grounded in experience are empirical ideas, so those who hold that this is the only source of ideas are empiricists. Further assume that any idea is either an an empirically grounded idea or it is not. A rationalist believes that there are ideas which are not empirically grounded which are a source of knowledge. Many rationalists hold that these ideas are not only entirely independent of experience but are also held prior to experience. It is this latter condition which makes the ideas \u2018innate\u2019. To hold that there are such innate ideas is to adopt a rationalist stance towards knowledge. Descartes held a straightforward version of this position.\n\nLeibniz, responding to Locke\u2019s critique of innate ideas, presents a more nuanced view when he says \u2018we must not imagine that we can read the eternal laws of reason in the soul as in an open book\u2019; he\u2019s going not for Descartes\u2019s fully formed innate ideas but innate dispositions which will mould ideas (but whose content may be supplied by the senses) that would not otherwise be formed if these dispositions weren\u2019t possessed innately. So you could say that Leibniz is not committed to ideas that are entirely independent of experience and held prior to experience, but that he is still a rationalist because of the role of \u2018the eternal laws of reason\u2019 in the operation of the innate dispositions. Leibniz is a rationalist who does not rely on the existence of innate ideas.\n\n\nQ: Hi there. Could you please outline for me the difference between nominalism and conceptualism, with reference to universals and particulars? The A2 philosophy spec defines conceptualism as saying that universals are just mind-dependent classificatory schemes. I'm thinking that nominalism should imply concepualism under this definition but feel sure that can't be right. Many thanks.\n\n\nNominalism says there exist such particular things as red balls, red flags and red blood, but no such thing as \u201cthe property of redness\u201d which all these particulars share. Nominalists then owe us an account of what we mean when we use a universal term like \u201cred\u201d independently of reference to any particulars (e.g. when we say things like \u201cBlue goes better with green than it does with orange\u201d). Conceptualism says that there are actually existing things that we are referring to and talking about here, but they are mental things \u2013 they are the abstract ideas of the different colours which we have in our minds. So conceptualism isn\u2019t really implied by nominalism, in fact strictly it contradicts it (though a lot here turns on what you want to mean by thing!). On the other hand, nominalism seem to lead naturally to conceptualism (we have to save the meaningfulness of our general terms somehow), and since there are famously problems with conceptualism as pointed out by e.g. Berkeley and Hume (is your abstract idea of blue light blue or dark blue?), it leads naturally to being suspicious of nominalism too.\n\nThere is a good article about this stuff in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy under the heading of Platonism in Metaphysics, see\n\nQ: Where could I find posters and other 'incentive' material for prospective A level students. Many are interested but they want to see what it will lead to. 'Why study Philosophy....because....' type poster would be great!\n\n\nThe Subject Centre for Philosophical and Religious Studies, part of the Higher Education Academy, has useful resources for students thinking about reading for a philosophy degree on its website.\n\n\nFor students interested in an introduction to the study of the subject, their book, \u2018Doing Philosophy: A Practical Guide for Students\u2019 may be useful. Details of the book, including the first chapter, \u2018Introduction to the Study of Philosophy\u2019, are available here:\n\n\nFor students wondering what value their potential philosophy degree may have in terms of the world of work, their employability guide gives details of the skills a philosophy undergraduate can expect to gain, and how they can be useful to employers in various careers. The guide can be downloaded in its entirety here:\n\n\nThe BPA has a list of successful people who have studied philosophy:\n\n\nThe Subject Centre has a forthcoming leaflet Why Study Philosophy?. This will be available as a download from their website as well as in hard copy.\n\nQ: Can you pleeease explain what on earth the third formulation of Kant's categorical imperative means? I have explained the legislative member of a kingdom of ends in so many different ways that I now believe I am just completely lying to students. Can I also ask- when universalising a maxim I am not meant to be thinking about consequences am I? So what am I looking for to confirm that the action is definitely universalisable? Many thanks.\n\n\n\nLet me try to reply to the second and third questions first. The categorical imperative should not lead you to think of the consequences at all. Were you to think of the consequences, you would be employing an hypothetical imperative: \u2018If you want consequences C, then follow maxim M\u2019. Clearly hypothetical imperatives cannot be universalised because the grounds are ones which some might want but others don\u2019t want or have no interest in. This then provides a negative answer to your third question: if the imperative concerns the consequences of actions, if it makes reference to empirical facts, if it expresses our inclinations, then it is not universalisable. The positive answer is that an imperative is only universalisable if it is dictated by reason alone, where it would be irrational not to obey it. So the categorical imperative can never have the form: \u2018Always follow maxim M, if ...\u2019, only the form \u2018Always follow maxim M\u2019.\n\n\nNow, to your first question. Kant thinks there is only one moral categorical imperative, so each formulation of it is, as it were, taking a perspective on the same thing. Think of the categorical imperative as a criterion for choosing amongst maxims: which ones are moral \u2013 should direct duty \u2013 and those which are merely practical or prudential. The statement of the categorical imperative that concerns you is the one that views it from the perspective of autonomy. It is the recognition that rational beings not only have to obey the categorical imperative, but they are each the author of it. The analogy is with a rationally perfect legislature composed of perfectly rational beings. Such an institution would only produce moral law. Kant recognises that this isn\u2019t coextensive with the legal institution of law because he recognises that some such law can be nonmoral or even immoral \u2013 he calls such law \u2018heteronomous\u2019, meaning the grounds for the law lie outside of it. The moral law has an intrinsic ground for obeying it. The \u2018kingdom of ends\u2019 is the body of rational beings that both obey and author the categorical imperative.\n\nQ: Does anyone have an exemplar of unit 2 RS Edexcel Medical Ethics question - with student answer and an indication of marks awarded?\n\n\nYou will find all our teaching resources in the resources section, but we do not have any RS material at present (though there are some philosophy of religion\u00a0exam answers related to philosophy 'A' level).\u00a0\u00a0It is anticipated that some RS material will be developed in due course. What you have requested is very specific. You might try EDEXCEL's website, if you haven't already done so.\n\nQ: Under the miracles section in Unit 3: Philosophy of Religion the spec states that students should considermiracles in relation to the normative dimensions of belief, potential incommensurability and the possiblity of religious pluralism. Could anyone help me clarify what is meant by these three factors? Thanks\n\n\nThe normative dimensions of belief have to do with the way beliefs are governed by norms or ethical requirements. One such such norm would be the principle that we ought not to believe anything on insufficient evidence. This would obviously be of great relevance when considering the credibility of miracles.\n\nReligious pluralism normally means that more than one religion is true, e.g, both Christianity and Islam (though since these religions are strictly speaking incompatible--one asserts the divinity of Jesus and the other denies it--one might have to settle for their both being PARTIALLY true).\u00a0I suppose the relevance of this to miracles is that if one was prepared to accept religious pluralism, one would be able to grant some validity to the miracles of several different religions. For example, a Moslem might be able to accept miracles from the Christian tradition.\n\nAs for potential incommensurability, I'm not quite sure what the syllabus writers had in mind here. Perhaps you could contact\u00a0for help with this.\n\nQ: I am planning Phil3: Philosophy of religion section. In the spec it states students should know the ontological, epistemological and semantic background assumptions/motivations to both the cosmological and argument from religious experience. Am I right in thinking that: Epitemologically they are both a posteriori arguments so want to argue from our experiences of this world/universe to prove od exists. Ontologically: They are both trying to prove that there is a God which is a very different being to ourselves and the world. Semantically: ? I'm not sure what the exam board is looking for here and I can't find anything in the AQA text book. So help would be appreciated - many thanks.\n\n\nFrom the perspective of the examination board all these assumptions would benefit from further elucidation. A response from one of their officers indicated that for the cosmological argument the epistemological assumption is that on the basis of our knowledge of the nature of the universe we can gain knowledge of the nature of its cause. The ontological assumption is that nothingness is somehow the natural state of affairs and that the existence of something needs explaining in causal terms. The semantic assumption is that we can talk meaningfully about something which must by definition be\u00a0outside the universe given that it was the cause of the universe. This is an assumption about the reach of meaningful language. The epistemological and ontological assumptions seem reasonably easy to arrive at. However, the semantic assumption runs the risk of generating confused ideas about the nature of meaning.\n\nAs regards the argument from religious experience the epistemological assumption is that the nature\u00a0and content of particularly powerful and moving experiences, that is, 'religious experiences' allow us to\u00a0infer their cause. Furthermore, we can know from the content of an experience that it is indeed \u2018religious\u2019. The assumption is potentially problematic because it is directly connected to the fundamental difficulty with the argument from religious experience, namely, whether it is possible to produce a good non-circular version of the argument. The ontological assumption is that 'religious experiences'\u00a0have and indeed require a cause beyond the physical. In other words the nature of the experience requires a particular kind of entity as an explanation. The semantic assumption is that we meaningfully describe the cause on the basis of the nature of the religious experience.\n\n\n\nQ: I'm teaching the Descartes section of unit 4 and we will soon be looking at Descartes' view of the external world. In the past I have taught them that Descartes is a representative realist (using the primary/secondary distinction etc) and this seems to be support by some of the text books I've read. However, I have found some sources that claim Descartes was an idealist. Could you help me clear up this confusion? Thanks.\n\n\nDescartes does have a version of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities.\u00a0 And he probably held a representative-realist account of perception:\u00a0 that is, he probably thought that we perceive external objects by being directly aware of mental representations of them.\u00a0 I say \u2018probably\u2019 because I\u2019m not sure whether he ever says this explicitly, or even addresses the issue.\u00a0 But it\u2019s what I would expect him to say.\n\nI can\u2019t see how anyone could take him to be an idealist, though.\u00a0 Idealism is the view that material things are somehow ultimately mental, or mind-dependent, or unreal.\u00a0 Descartes sees the mental and the physical as utterly distinct.\u00a0 And he\u2019s very much concerned to establish the reality of material things, most famously in Meditation 6.\u00a0 Material things may be EPISTEMICALLY suspect--they\u2019re less well-known, on his view, than the mental.\u00a0 But they are equally real, and completely independent of the mind.\u00a0 If there really is evidence that Descartes was an idealist, I\u2019d be amazed.\n\nQ: Thanks so much for all your answers here. This is quickly becoming a lifeline! Two questions, please: 1) In Moral Philosophy at A2, I always thought that Utilitarianism was an example of moral relativism but recent definitions I've read suggest that it isn't due to the absolute nature of the Utility Principle. Pojman's definition is that in Absolutism \"There is at least one principle that ought never to be violated.\" which surely covers the Utility principle. I understand that the principle itself could be considered an example of moral universalism but doesn't its consequentialist nature dictate that it be an example of relativism not absolutism? 2) Is there a distinction between what is an objective moral standard or truth and an absolute moral standard or truth? Could you please help me to understand this distinction? Thanks.\n\n\n1. Utilitarianism allows the right course of action to vary in differing circumstances, but it does not apply different principles according to culture, time, place etc as would a moral relativist. There is a distinction between taking the culture etc. of the subject of the decision into account insofar as it affects the consequences of the action, and allowing that culture etc. to determine the nature of the principle that is applied.\n\nPersonally I think utilitarianism is a moral absolutism, because the principle of utility is invariable, even though its application varies. Absolutism does not have to be deontological. An alternative could be to argue that it is a universalism but not a relativism, and that to assume all normative theories must be either relativist and absolutist involves a false dichotomy. Either way, utilitarianism is certainly not relativism.\n\n2. This one is very much a matter of opinion, so I can only give you my opinion, which is that there is such a distinction. I would see an objective moral judgement (not a truth) as one that is justifiable in terms of experience. This depends on seeing objectivity as an attitude rather than as an absolute guarantee: an objective attitude tries to take further conditions beyond one\u2019s own immediate preferences into account, in contrast to a subjective attitude that does not. A relatively objective moral judgement can thus take more of such conditions into account than a relatively subjective one, without being absolutely guaranteed.\n\nHowever, much of the weakness of mainstream analytic moral philosophy at present, in my (probably controversial) view, is that it doesn\u2019t provide grounds for making any distinction between moral objectivity and moral absolutism. This is because it tends to use convention as the only basis of moral judgement, and to reject psychological grounds for judgements of objectivity. \u00a0\n\nQ: I have some questions on Herbert Marcuse's argument against tolerance: Could you explain and illustrate Marcuse's concepts of 'repressive tolerance' and 'desublimation' Could you also put his ideas into context in terms of political theory - I don't understand why his argument can be seen as 'radical' and left wing. Could you also offer some evaluative comments on his arguments, your own or what others have said (or what would Mill say for example?) (a few weeks ago the left wing think tank Compass called for a ban on advertising in public spaces as an act of liberation - would this be an example to support Marcuse's view?) Many thanks!\n\n\nAccording to Marcuse, tolerance is not a valid ideal when it fails to serve the goals of developing a freer and more humane society. Marcuse is sceptical of Mill\u2019s \u2018marketplace of ideas\u2019, in which it is expected that the truest or best ideas will win out by means of rational debate. He points out that this is not a fair playing field\u2014the defenders of the status quo have the means to manipulate public opinion en masse. (Think of Rupert Murdoch.) The truly progressive voices can easily be drowned out. \u2018Repressive desublimation\u2019 also fits in here.\u00a0 The term is an oxymoron. In Freudian psychology, \u2018desublimation\u2019 involves the defeat of repression and the consequent fulfilment of basic needs. In practical terms, repressive desublimation refers to the way in which the ruling class distracts the populace from seeking freedom and autonomy by creating a society based solely on the satisfaction of trivial desires (a system of which advertising is obviously an essential part). The link with the idea of repressive tolerance is that the mere \u2018availability\u2019 of richer ideas of personal freedom is not enough to distract the masses from fulfilling the \u2018needs\u2019 which a consumerist culture tells them they have.\n\n\nI think Compass\u2019s \u2018liberating\u2019 call for a ban on advertising in public places could indeed be seen as making a nod in Marcuse\u2019s direction. Conventional liberals would view the right to advertise as essential to free speech, but Marcuse would argue that advertising is mainly used to dull the masses into consumerist subservience to the \u2018military-industrial complex\u2019.\n\n\nDespite the fact that the left is normally thought of as favouring rather than opposing tolerance, Marcuse\u2019s idea can be see as left-wing, in that he believes that tolerance is only acceptable when it favours the progressive cause of liberating human beings. It follows that Marcuse probably would have supported a ban on the BNP, at least in principle, since to tolerate them would be to tolerate beliefs and ideals which we know to be false and reactionary.\n\n\nIf I had to predict where Mill\u2019s counter-attack would strike, I think it would be in relation to this idea of \u2018knowing\u2019 what is good and/or true. Marcuse might believe he knows the truth about how to arrange human affairs so as to bring about \u2018human liberation\u2019, but in reality it is a very complex and uncertain matter. Even rather unwelcome views need to be listened to, for while they may not be in possession of the whole truth, they could help to reveal important parts of it and thus contribute to the debate. (And even if what they say is wholly false, they are still worth hearing, according to Mill, as they help us gain a livelier appreciation of the truth.) Of course, as Mill would have been the first to acknowledge, there are risks in such an approach. But he would also have pointed out that it is equally risky to suppose that any group has a monopoly on truth.\n\n\nIn preparing this answer I have found the following very helpful: (by Marcuse himself).\n\nSee also for the idea of \u2018repressive Desublimation\u2019.\n\nI hope this is of some help.\n\n\nFor the BPA,\n\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: hi The specification makes a sharp distinction between fatalism and (physical) determinism. Could you please clarify this distinction for me? It seems to me that hard determinism implies fatalism. thanks for your time Chris\n\n\nDeterminism is the theory that given a complete set of initial conditions and fixed laws of nature, only one outcome is possible. Fatalism is the claim that certain important aspects of our futures are fixed independently of anything we do--for example, I am predestined to die unhappy and there is nothing I can do about this. The key difference is that determinism does not deny that certain conceivable actions of mine could affect such aspects of my life. In relation to the example above, a determinist (unlike the fatalist) needn't deny that if I go and live abroad this could prevent me from dying unhappy. True, a hard determinist would say that I cannot ultimately control whether I do go and live abroad. (Although I may go and live abroad if I choose to, I can't determine whether I will choose to--that's decided by a combination of my genes and my environment.) But at least a determinist--even a hard determinist--can allow that my actions could make a difference and this is different from the fatalist's theory.\n\nAlthough many people think of hard determinism as a very uncongenial theory, fatalism seems to be worse. Fatalism places fundamental limitations on what human actions can achieve (beyond what science and common sense tell us), but hard determinism places no such limitations. True, if the hard determinist is right, we cannot ultimately control what actions we carry out, but at least we often do know of certain critical actions that we will carry them out and of others we do not know that we will not, which leaves us room for hope.\n\nI hope this helps.\n\nHoward Simmons\n\nQ: Hi, I'm teaching A2 Ep & Met and struggling to get my head around the difference between internalist and externalist theories of justification. My students and I are getting increasingly frustrated with each other and I fear soon someone will get hurt (possibly with a textbook as a weapon). Can you help?\n\n\n\nThe question these theories are meant to answer is roughly this:\u00a0 What\u2019s the difference between genuine knowledge and mere true belief?\u00a0 Suppose I believe something, and it happens to be true, but I was only guessing and got lucky.\u00a0 My belief isn\u2019t knowledge.\u00a0 Suppose you really do know the fact in question.\u00a0 Then you\u2019ve got something that I haven\u2019t got, something beyond the true belief that we share.\u00a0 Philosophers call that extra something \u2018justification\u2019 or \u2018warrant\u2019 or \u2018grounds\u2019:\u00a0 you\u2019ve got some justification for your belief, or some grounds or warrant, and I haven\u2019t.\u00a0 It\u2019s also possible to have justification or warrant for a belief even if it turns out to be false:\u00a0 you can have a belief that would be knowledge, if only if were true.\u00a0 The question, then, is what this justification or warrant amounts to.\n\nInternalists say that justification--what turns true belief into knowledge--has to be something we\u2019re aware of or can have immediate access to on reflection.\u00a0 To know whether a belief is justified, you don\u2019t need to leave the armchair.\u00a0 You need only reflect.\u00a0 Externalists deny this:\u00a0 they say that whether a belief is justified can hinge on matters you are entirely unaware of and have no way of knowing about. \u00a0\n\nI know that it\u2019s now raining outside my window.\u00a0 What makes my true belief knowledge?\u00a0 An internalist might say:\u00a0 I\u2019m having a certain sort of visual experience, and I remember that whenever I\u2019ve had such experiences in the past, it\u2019s been raining.\u00a0 That gives me grounds for believing that it\u2019s raining now--grounds enough, when combined with the proposition\u2019s truth, to give me knowledge.\u00a0 Note that all the factors that enter into my grounds--my experience and my memory of past circumstances--are \u2018internal\u2019 to me, and open to introspection.\u00a0 So whether my belief is justified or warranted does not depend on anything outside my direct awareness (though of course whether the belief is true depends on something outside me).\n\nExternalists needn not dispute that I can have this sort of \u2018internal\u2019 grounds for my beliefs, or that such grounds can make the difference between true belief and knowledge.\u00a0 But they think a belief could also be warranted by something not in any way internal to me.\u00a0 Suppose it\u2019s a fact that whenever I have visual experiences like I\u2019m having now, it\u2019s raining, and that I never, or rarely, have such experiences in dry weather.\u00a0 My visual system is an accurate detector of rain.\u00a0 Then externalists are likely to say that my belief is warranted, and I know that it\u2019s raining.\u00a0 Internalists will reject this, because the fact that my visual system is accurate is not accessible to me just by reflecting.\u00a0 It\u2019s a fact partly about my surroundings.\u00a0 I\u2019d need to leave my armchair to discover it.\u00a0 Internalists will say that I have to KNOW that my visual system is accurate, or have a justified belief that it is, for this to be relevant to my knowing that it\u2019s raining, or for my belief to be warranted.\u00a0 Externalists say that the bare fact of its accuracy, whether I know it or not, is enough to give me warrant or knowledge.\n\nInternalism and externalism diverge in cases where, as we say, you know something but you don\u2019t know how you know it.\u00a0 According to legend, certain people can distinguish male from female chicks with great accuracy, even though the two sexes are indistinguishable to the rest of us.\u00a0 And the experts themselves can\u2019t explain how they tell them apart.\u00a0 In fact they don\u2019t know themselves how they do it.\u00a0 Externalism allows that the \u2018chicken-sexers\u2019 know whether a given chick is male or female. \u00a0What's more, they could know it even if they are unaware of their special ability. \u00a0Internalism implies that they could know this only if they they know that their hunches are reliable. \u00a0The mere ability to tell reliably whether a chick is male or female doesn't give knowledge, because this ability is not introspectively accessible to them.\n\nHere\u2019s an example where the theories diverge in the opposite way.\u00a0 Suppose you\u2019re Descartes worrying about whether you\u2019re being deceived by an evil demon.\u00a0 Are you warranted or justified in believing that you have hands?\u00a0 According to internalism, this belief can be warranted (though not true) even if an evil demon really is deceiving you and you don\u2019t have hands, because you may still have all the \u2018internal\u2019 evidence supporting your belief that you could possibly have.\u00a0 Externalists may say that whether your belief is warranted depends on how reliable your beliefs about physical objects are in the circumstances.\u00a0 That means that if you really are being deceived, your belief is probably unwarranted.\u00a0 (This shows that according to externalism, you\u2019re not always in a position to know whether a belief of yours is justified, whereas according to internalism you normally are.)\n\n\nQ: Is there an agreed definition of teleological functionalism?\n\n\nIt\u2019s not clear that there is an agreed definition of functionalism of any kind (teleological or not). But the following would do: functionalists hold that the content of a mental state is determined by the causal role that it actually or typically plays. If that would do for functionalism generally, the following will do for teleological functionalism: the content of a mental state is determined by the causal role that it is supposed to play (i.e. that it is its function to play).\n\n\nHowever, teleologists can disagree with each other about how to specify the causal role (they can be holists or not; they can be externalists or internalists). And they can disagree about what functions are and how a mental state, such as belief, gets to have the function to play a particular causal role.\n\n\nFunctionalism (and therefore teleological functionalism) can also be a theory of mental categories, rather than of content (i.e. addressing the question \u2018what's the difference between a belief and a desire?\u2019, not \u2018what\u2019s the difference between believing that p and believing that q?\u2019) . So you could have a teleological functionalist theory of mental categories too.\n\n\nQ: Firstly, Could you provide a punchy contrast between moral internalism and moral externalism please? (I have recently come across opposite usages!) Secondly, If an agent acts altruistically and this turns out to be to someone's detriment (due to unforseen cicumstances) would this rob the act of its altruism? I assume not, but I must ask due to the question on the January unit 1 paper. Surely an act cannot be both altruistic and self-interested (even though it can be altruistic and (de facto) in one's own interests).\n\n\n\n\nIt depends what sort of int and ext you are after.\u00a0 Here are two contrasts.\n\n(a) Internalism about moral motivation: when one makes a moral judgement then motivation (of some strength) to act appropriately on that judgement is a\u00a0necessary part of it.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nExternalism about moral motivation: when one makes a moral judgement then it is not necessary that there be motivation to act appropriaely on that judgement.\u00a0 If such motivation is present, then this is a contingent matter, normally dependent on an individual's particular psychology.\u00a0\n\n(So: we both might say that giving to a particular charity is morally good.\u00a0 But, whilst you are motivated to give,\u00a0I feel no motivation at all.\u00a0 Whilst externalists would be happy with this, internalists will say that something has gone wrong with my judging and although it appears to be the same as yours, really it isn't.)\n\n(b) Internalism about moral reasons: if someone is subject to a demand, or has a reason that applies to them, then the ground of that reason\u00a0 - why there is a reason in the first place - lies in something that the agent accepts, or something that we can reasonably imagine them accepting.\u00a0 ('Accepatnce' here is wide-ranging: commitments, desires, wants, ideals, etc.)\u00a0\n\nExternalism about moral reasons: an agent can be subject to a moral reason and the ground of that reason may lie in something completely external to anything the agent does not or could not\u00a0believe, desire, be committed to, etc.\n\nSo: we might think that agent A should do something, such as give to charity.\u00a0 Why does this reason apply to A?\u00a0 Internalists about reason believe that it applies to A only if A himself agrees now that it applies, or there is something else he is committed to (or some way in which we could reasonably imagine him changing his commitments) which entails that he should give to charity.\u00a0 However, if it turns out that there is nothing about A now or a reasonably imagined different A in the future that would justify this reason applying, then it doesn't apply.\u00a0 Externalists disagree.\u00a0 There are some reasons that apply to us no matter what else we are committed to, desire, etc.\u00a0 (Of course, a lot of the weight of the distinction is put on the 'reasonably imagined' new As.)\n\nThe person who started all of the modern debate on int and ext about reasons is Bernard Williams.\u00a0 He denied the existence of external reasons (strictly, he said that external reasons statements are false.).\n\nAltruism: well, it depends what one means by altruism.\u00a0 (Sorry - but it's true!)\u00a0 If one thinks that altrusm means: helping others (perhaps at some sacrifice to oneself), then it is possible to combine this with some degree of self-interestedness.\u00a0 One might sacrifice something, but gain something else, but\u00a0if one's prime motivation is to help others, then this still might be counted as altruistic.\u00a0 However, if one has a stricter definition of altruism whereby one's prime and *only* motivation is to help others, then some of the cases you may have in mind don't count as altrusitic.\u00a0 And, what of an even more exterme definition?\u00a0 An altruistic action is that where one's only goal is to help others *and* it doesn't turn out that, inadvertently, you help yourself and/or harm someone.\u00a0 That would rule out many cases as altruistic.\u00a0 Indeed, it might be hard to think of a significant action that would be altrusitic if we adopt this definition.\u00a0\n\nAny good?\u00a0 Hope this helps.\n\n\nBest wishes, Simon\n\n\nQ: In the specification AQA distinguish between arguing for design and arguing from design in the \\'God and the World\\' module. I am struggling with this distinction. If arguing for design, then presumably you think there is a Designer. If arguing from design, then what else can you say once you have assumed design but that there is a Designer?\n\n\nThere is a distinction here \u2013 it\u2019s a bit hard to spot, as it's quite subtle. Think of it this way:\n\nTo argue for the existence of God on the basis that the world is designed, you need to perform two steps:\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 show that the world is designed\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 show that the cause of this design must be God\n\nThe first step will require an argument for design \u2013 you must convince everyone that the complexity of the world should be understood in terms of being a design, a plan, showing purpose, etc. Paley\u2019s watchmaker example is thus an argument for design.\n\nThe second step is where the argument from design comes in \u2013 now you must convince everyone that the design apparent in the world has been brought about (designed) by God. You have already argued for there being design in the world, now you are arguing from the fact of this design to the existence of a designer.\n\nThat\u2019s the distinction, as I see it \u2013 a distinction between the two steps or stages in the overall \u201cDesign\u201d argument. I should say I\u2019m not familiar with the AQA materials (I\u2019m in Scotland, so know the Scottish Higher instead), but I think this is right. Hope this helps.\n\n\nQ: I am not a specialist in Philosophy, but have been roped into teach the subject along with the RS A-level. It is obvious that the students need to demonstrate quite complex skills of analysis, interpretation and evaluation. Currently, the students have an awful lot of subject knowledge (probably too much actually) and not enough of these skills. Do you have any ideas for: a) how to help the students know what these terms even mean in the context of a Philosophy essay and b)any methods, techniques, activities I could give them to help develop these skills? Thanks so much for your responses so far. Really appreciated.\n\n\n\nThanks for yours.\u00a0\n\nAnalysis, interpretation and evaluation\u00a0is often half the battle.\u00a0 The key thing to convey to your students is that philosophy is primarily an activity, not a body of knowledge.\u00a0 It has lots of 'things' that need to be known, obviously, like most subjects.\u00a0 But, it is not as if there are only two standard responses to Descartes' cogito, say, and then one learns them and one has sorted the debate.\u00a0 (From your question, I see you can appreciate this readilyl!)\u00a0 At that stage, with some of our first years who still might think in this dull way, I might ask them what they mean by thinking that a response is 'standard'.\u00a0 Why are there two responses, rather than three?\u00a0 Are these really two different ideas, or are they at root the same thing?\u00a0 Which one is more important?\u00a0 Which one should Descartes be worried about?\u00a0 (Obviously these questions can work for lots of debates.)\u00a0\u00a0As well as getting them to answer these questions directly, I try to get them to see that philosophers can ask these questions endlessly because this is what philosophy is about.\u00a0 We are after people thinking creatively about such things.\n\nAs for exercises,\u00a0you could try getting them to argue for points of view different from their own.\u00a0 Also challenge them to come up with a point that is not in the material that you have given them or in the standard books they have read.\u00a0 Also, if you are in a position where they are just trotting out lots of responses, get them to think about which is the most important response or idea and get them to defend why it is the most important one.\u00a0\u00a0Get them, then, to think\u00a0hard about how Descartes or a Cartesian would reply.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\nTo help with all of this, it might be worth you presenting them with two rival interpretations of the same passage or idea.\u00a0 Get them to see that there may be no right answer that everyone agrees on.\u00a0 Get them to debate the interpretations and idea.\u00a0 All being well, that might help their powers of interpretation, and evaluation.\n\nAs I said, this is half the battle, and what I've said here may not work.\u00a0 If you need any more advice, feel free to email us - or me - back.\u00a0 Good luck.\u00a0 Best wishes,\n\nSimon -\n\nQ: Hi there, Could you give me an overview of J. Schneewind's theories on modern moral philosophy and how they relate to understanding the need for religion in society and to understanding human actions please. Thanking you in advance\n\n\nI don't think Schneewind is mentioned in the 'A' level philosophy syllabus and I am not actually familiar with his work. By all means tell your students about him if you think he is relevant but don't over-emphasize any figure that is not explicitly mentioned in the syllabus.\n\nQ: I have a few questions that I would be most grateful if you would be able to try and answer with regard to the compulsory module \u2018Reason and Experience\u2019 on the AQA Philosophy specification. 1. I wonder if you might be able to help me on the following question from the AS specification \u2018Is certainty confined to introspection and the tautological?\u2019 Is the general gist of the reply YES from most people except rationalists who argue that there is also synthetic a priori propositions such as \u2018I have a soul\u2019 or \u2018There is a Form of the Good\u2019, that can be known with certainty (and are necessary?). So do empiricists generally agree with Hume that all a posteriori knowledge other than that of our own mental states is not certain (though most would be happy to still call it knowledge)? If there was a question on this in their exam, do you think they would be expected to talk about the problem of induction and Descartes\u2019 sceptical arguments to explain why all other types can\\'t be certain, even though this doesn\u2019t really feature on the spec in a definite way? There could easily a question on it since it is explicitly named in the spec but I\u2019m not too sure what the examiners would say. 2. Also on the specification is \u2018the philosophical significance of innate ideas\u2019. I\u2019m not really sure what they are getting at here. All I\u2019ve managed to come up with is that this knowledge will be more secure since it will be of eternal and unchanging things (according to Plato). Is it also significant as if there are innate ideas, these could form a secure foundation for other knowledge and we will have achieved certainty (what the foundationalist is looking for)? 3. Are Kant\u2019s conceptual schemes meant to be an example of the synthetic a priori? 4. Do you think that students are meant to be taking a belief in innate ideas to equal rationalism? The textbooks all appear to but I thought they were not synonymous. I realise these are big questions so I thank you in advance for your time taken to read them. Sincerely Christina Davis\n\n\n1. I can\u2019t say what the AS examiners would expect, but here\u2019s a professional philosopher\u2019s opinion.\u00a0 That certainty is \u2018confined to introspection and the tautological\u2019 is definitely a claim that empiricists typically endorse (if you define \u2018tautological\u2019 generously enough to include mathematical knowledge).\u00a0 And rationalists characteristically accept that we can have synthetic a priori knowledge.\u00a0 In fact, that claim is a good definition of rationalism.\u00a0 However, rationalism as such does not say that we can have CERTAIN knowledge about these matters.\u00a0 Even if certain famous historic rationalists such as Descartes and Kant said that we can have certain knowledge of the synthetic a priori, latter-day rationalists are much more likely to say that our knowledge of these matters is fallible and not absolutely certain.\n\nYou ask whether empiricists deny that we can have a posteriori certainty about anything other than our own mental states.\u00a0 Well, this is a common\u00a0 view (though Kant and Wittgenstein denied it).\u00a0 However, I don\u2019t know whether it\u2019s more common among empiricists than among rationalists.\u00a0 In discussing whether we can have certain knowledge about, say, the external world, it would certainly be appropriate to discuss Descartes\u2019 sceptical arguments or the problem of induction.\u00a0 I doubt whether the examiners would require this in a good answer to a question about certainty, but I can\u2019t speak for them with any authority.\n\n2. Innate ideas--concepts \u2018hard-wired\u2019 into us that we don\u2019t have to learn--are an important theme in Plato, Descartes, Locke, Kant, and, more recently, Chomsky.\u00a0 And it\u2019s true that in past centuries, those who believed in innate ideas were generally those who thought we could have certain knowledge of synthetic a priori truths, and vice versa.\u00a0 That said, neither claim obviously entails the other.\u00a0 I suppose I can be certain that all barking dogs bark, even though neither BARKING nor DOG is an innate concept.\u00a0 And even if (as Chomsky argued) basic grammatical concepts are innate, it doesn\u2019t follow that grammatical knowledge is certain. \u00a0\n\n3. The term \u2018synthetic a priori\u2019 refers to knowledge of synthetic propositions--truths.\u00a0 A conceptual scheme consists only of concepts, such as the concept DOG.\u00a0 Concepts are not propositions, and cannot be true or false.\u00a0 So Kant\u2019s claim that certain concepts (such as cause and identity) are innate and cannot be learned because they are presupposed in experience is not a claim about knowledge of propositions, and thus not about synthetic a priori knowledge.\u00a0 However, Kant did say that we can know a priori that every event has a cause (for example), which is a synthetic proposition.\n\n4. I hope not!\u00a0 \u2018Rationalism\u2019 is a term used in many different ways.\u00a0 Most commonly it means the view that we can have a priori knowledge of certain interesting, important, substantive truths--something like Kant\u2019s synthetic a priori.\u00a0 However, the claim that we have certain innate concepts is sometimes also called rationalism, even though it\u2019s entirely different.\u00a0 The fact that both claims were historically accepted or rejected together (accepted by Descartes, Leibniz and Kant; rejected by the British empiricists), and were not always distinguished, doesn\u2019t help matters.\u00a0 I teach my students to distinguish the two claims.\u00a0 But I find that they have an almost irresistible urge to conflate them.\n\nQ: In response to Howards answer about conceptual schemes: \"as the section of the syllabus that mentions conceptual schemes doesn't refer to any particular author...\" does this imply that students can simply study ONE version of conceptual schemes (either the apriori one or the aposteriori ones)in the secure knowledge that they will not be asked to discuss the debate between the two positions? Does it also mean that there will never be a question that asks anything SPECIFIC about either Kant's version or the more linguistic versions?\n\n\nThe following comment was received by an AQA philosophy subject officer:\n\n\"There will not be a question that asks specifically about Kantian or Linguistic versions of\u00a0 conceptual schemes (or any other version).\u00a0 However, they need to be clear about the a priori/a posteriori distinction and\u00a0they should know that a conceptual scheme might be acquired or it might be innate.\u00a0They would certainly not be asked to debate the relative merits of a Kantian\u00a0and Linguistic\u00a0version\u00a0-\u00a0although\u00a0such a debate might be relevant. \u00a0More important is an understanding\u00a0 why it seems that\u00a0a conceptual scheme\u00a0of some sort is important.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWith all these queries\u00a0 there is an over concern with 'knowing theories' but if you look at the mark scheme what matters is the ability to analyse, interpret and\u00a0evaluate.\"\n\nI hope you find this helpful.\n\n\n\n\n\nQ: I am teaching the tolerance section in PHIL2. The students find it very vague, and rather repetative. Even the Atherton and Lacewing text books are very vague. I am finding it very hard to break down the topic into sub topics they must learn and revise as you can with the other topics. Could you help me to make a revision list of theories/philosophers etc they can learn to make their revision more structured. Thanks\n\n\nHello Hayley (if I may),\n\n\nThanks for yours.\u00a0 Yes, this can be a hard subject to teach ansd there is no definitive, structured, settled sides or arguments.\u00a0 This isn't quite my area, also.\u00a0 However, I've just had a look on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the entry on toleration:\n\n\n\nThis seems as if it might be some help, particularly the second section.\u00a0 Think about - and get your students to think about - two key elements: (i) what exactly it is that is being tolerated (and odes this mean one tolerates the whole view, or just some aspect of a view), and how exactly the stance of those tolerating can be characterized.\u00a0 You might also think about (iii) what practical action this results in and how it affects one's attitutde to third parties (who might not wish to see the view under consideration being tolerated.)\n\nI hope this is of some help.\n\nBy the way, if you have never used it, the Stanford Encyclopedia is an excellent resource.\u00a0 Some of the pieces might be too much for your students, but some are well written and easily accessible, and most should be os some use to you as a teacher.\n\nIf you want to email me again, you can use this site or email me directly:\n\nBest wishes,\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQ: Given that there is unfortunately no PGCE in Philosophy- could you recommend the best path for a Philosophy graduate to enter into A-Level teaching? Do teachers normally get a qualified in a different subject (e.g. Religious Education) and use this as a means to teaching Philosophy? Thanks\n\n\nThere is one PGCE course in Philosophy and Religious Studies offered by Liverpool Hope. There is no Philosophy PGCE because Philosophy is not a national curriculum subject. The Religious Studies PGCE would be quite a good staging area for philosophy teaching as things stand. It is possible that there will be more routes to philosophy teaching through the PGCE in the future, but that at this stage that is only under discussion.\n\nQ: In Michael Lacewing's AS textbook he identifies three versions of compatibilism. I am struggling to see what nmakes them different. One is- 'voluntary action as defined in terms of the type of cause from which it isssues' and the second is 'voluntary action as causally determined and yet distinguishable from psychologically and physically constrained action'. He then goes on to discuss Frankfurt's views later on in the chapter. It seems to me that they are all three versions of the same basic point- that if you are able to act on your desires, without constraint, then you have free will. Obviously, there is then a debate about what constitutes 'constraint' which to me seems the main problem of compatibilism. So my question is- how should I present compatibilism to students? Is there one basic view with different versions or are there in fact different distinct versions? Thank you, Bonnie\n\n\nDear Bonnie,\n\nWhat I would take to be significant about the differences between the 3 types of compatibilism is this:\n\n  1. The first just identifies freewill as consisting in a single link, between choice and action, regardless of what is going on outside this process.\n  2. The second identifies freewill as an absence of constraint, so this potentially takes us back further in the causal process creating the action. If my action is unconstrained, then a certain identifiable immediate condition creating or preventing that action is absent (e.g. hypnosis, paralysis etc). One\u2019s action could be constrained in this sense but not in no.1, e.g. if I was hypnotised to stop smoking, but didn\u2019t know this when I chose to not have a cigarette, and this led to my actually not doing so.\n  3. Frankfurt\u2019s sense goes one step back from no.1 by locating freewill in the consistency between first order desires and second order desires, as well as between first order desires and actions. (A development of this, which makes rather more sense to me, would be to see freewill as the relative quality of integration of our desires \u2013 that is, how consistent they are generally).\n\nThese three options only represent 3 types of naturalist compatibilism. The distinction between naturalist compatibilism and rationalist compatibilism is more profound and interesting \u2013 for that I recommend Thomas Pink\u2019s Freewill: a very short introduction (Oxford). So, to answer your question, I\u2019d say there are 2 basic views, with different versions of each of them.\n\n\nHowever, having said all this, I wouldn\u2019t necessarily go into these distinctions with AS students, unless you have a pretty able group. Most students have enough trouble grasping the basic theory of one type of naturalist compatibilism. It is number 2 that I always teach, and which seems to me most typical and important. If I do go into different types with more able students, I distinguish between naturalist and rationalist types. If you\u2019re not confident with that, it\u2019s really not essential, so I\u2019d suggest sticking to no.2 naturalist compatibilism to start with.\n\nBest wishes,\n\nRobert Ellis\n\n\n\nQ: How to apply Utilitarianism to the issues of abortion and euthanasia\n\n\nIn its simplest form, utilitarianism says that our sole moral duty is to maximize utility.\u00a0 \u2018Utility\u2019 is taken to be a psychological state:\u00a0 pleasure, or happiness, or perhaps the satisfaction of desires.\u00a0 (The assumption is that this is the fundamental good--that all things are good only insofar as they promote utility--and that it is in some sense quantifiable.) \u00a0\n\n\nSo think of all the courses of action available to you in the circumstances.\u00a0 For each course of action, consider its consequences:\u00a0 what would happen if you did it.\u00a0 Work out the total utility of those consequences, adding up all the pleasure the world would contain if you performed the action and subtracting all the suffering.\u00a0 The action with the highest overall utility is what you ought to do.\n\n\nThis implies that it\u2019s morally permissible for us to kill someone or something if, and only if, doing so would result in more overall utility than anything else we could do.\u00a0 To simplify a bit, killing is right just when it would result in greater overall utility, in the circumstances, than not killing. \u00a0\n\n\nSo is it all right to kill an unborn foetus?\u00a0 That depends on how much pleasure and suffering would come about, in the circumstances, if we did so, and how much would come about if we didn\u2019t.\u00a0 This in turn will depend on what the unborn person\u2019s life would be like, and one what the lives of the mother and others affected would be like if she did and if she didn\u2019t have the abortion.\u00a0 The calculation is guaranteed to be messy!\n\n\nIs it all right to kill someone, or help her kill herself, for her own benefit?\u00a0 Again, it depends on what would happen if we did it and what would happen if we didn\u2019t.\u00a0 Suppose it makes no difference to anyone else\u2019s utility which we do.\u00a0 Then utilitarianism says that euthanasia is right if the remainder of the person\u2019s life would otherwise contain a net utility of less than zero--that is, if her suffering during that period would outweigh her pleasure or happiness.\u00a0 If the remainder of her life would otherwise have positive utility, euthanasia is wrong.\u00a0 But of course, acts of euthanasia always have important consequences for the utility of others--as does refusal to grant requests for euthanasia.\u00a0 So although utilitarianism supports euthanasia in some cases, there\u2019s plenty of room for debate about whether it supports euthanasia in real life, or whether it supports a law allowing euthanasia.\u00a0 It all depends on what the consequences would be.\n\nQ: What can you recommend to make sense of conceptual schemes for 16 year olds? Are Kant and Sapir-Wharf talking about the same kind of thing?\n\n\nSorry for the delay in getting back to you.\nKant is talking about the fundamental preconditions for our being able to have experiences at all, consisting in the fact that we are able to conceptualise\u00a0them in terms of space, time, causality etc. Kant's is\u00a0an a priori theory--he is saying that on general philosophical grounds, our thinking MUST be like this. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis\u00a0seems to\u00a0be more of an empirical\u00a0theory,\u00a0based on\u00a0differences that can be found to obtain between the ways in which\u00a0different languages 'carve up' the world. I think Sapir-Whorf is easier for students to grasp, and as the section of the syllabus\u00a0that mentions conceptual schemes doesn't refer to\u00a0any particular author, I guess you could talk about that instead of Kant, if you\u00a0thought it would work better with your students.\nI hope this helps.\nYours sincerely,\nHoward Simmons, BPA schools team\n\nOn re-reading your question, I noticed that it appeared to be asking for reading material. I have found the following helpful in relation to Sapir-Whorf:\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 Geoffrey Leech, 'Semantics' (Pelican), pp. 28-32.\n\n\u00a0 A.P. Martinich (ed.), 'The Philosophy of Language', fourth edition (OUP), pp. 23-5.\n\n\n\n\nQ: I have a student who is wondering whether to take AS philosophy. What books/resources could I recommend to give him/her a taste of the subject?\n\n\n\nA very good introduction is Stephen Law\u2019s The Philosophy Gym. It takes a series of issues in turn and deals with them in an accessible and often humorous way.\n\n\nJostein Gaarder\u2019s novel Sophie\u2019s World: A Novel About the History of Philosophy is a very unusual, but very stimulating introduction. It takes the form of a story about a 14- year-old girl who is introduced to philosophy by a mysterious mentor. Philosophers discussed include Socrates, Descartes, Spinoza and Hegel. The story has a fascinating twist, which itself raises philosophical questions.\n\n\nPhilosophy: The Basics is a pretty comprehensive introduction by Nigel Warburton. Topics covered include God, right and wrong, politics, scepticism, science, philosophy of mind and art.\n\n\nPlato and a Platypus Walk into a Bar...: Understanding Philosophy Through Jokes by Thomas Cathcart and Daniel Klein combines comedy and introductory philosophy in a very appealing way.\n\n\nMuch of the The Philosopher\u2019s Magazine would be accessible to brighter students and would give a good idea of what philosophy is all about. Its website is at\n\nFor a more extensive list of introductory books, see our guide\n\n\n\nQ: How could I introduce students to the main themes of political philosophy when teaching the \u2018Why should I be governed?\u2019 theme within Unit 1 (Introduction to Philosophy) of AS philosophy?\n\n\nOne way that you could do this is by asking the students how they might go about starting a new society from scratch. They could be divided into small groups to discuss this question, and then asked to report back towards the end of the lesson.\n\n\nRough lesson plan:\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduce topic and explain activity.\n\nQuestion: If you had to start a new society from scratch, what decisions would you make about the following:\n\n\n  \u2022 Who should be in charge? How do you decide this? How do you change it subsequently\u2014assuming you can? (Come to think of it, should there be anybody in charge?)\n  \u2022 Assuming that there are some people in charge do they have absolute power to pass any laws or edicts they want, and if not what sort of controls should be imposed on them?\n  \u2022 How, broadly speaking, are goods and services to be distributed e.g. a free market, a command economy, some mixture of the two or some other option altogether?\n  \u2022 What do you do about people who don\u2019t obey the laws or edicts? Do you punish them and if so how is their culpability decided and how is a suitable punishment determined? Or will you have some other way of dealing with them, e.g. rehabilitation of some sort?\n\n\u00a0All this will keep them very busy!\n\n\nDivide class into suitable groups (about 3 or 4 each). Students begin discussing questions, with teacher listening in and making suggestions if things are stalling.\n\n\nStudents report back with their findings. (A spokesperson can be chosen by each group.) Teacher comments encouragingly. (Don\u2019t be crushing about any suggestion, though of course it is in order to raise questions and/or objections.) When suggestions match existing ideas in political philosophy, mention philosophers concerned\u2014especially if they relate to any of the set texts.\n\n\nBring the discussion to a suitable conclusion. Obviously, this will depend to some extent on what has happened in the rest of the lesson.\u00a0\n\n\nI think that this activity could work with students of a wide range of abilities, but a weaker group will perhaps need more initial suggestions to stimulate their discussions. With a strong group you might actually give fewer suggestions than those indicated above. For example, you could leave out the reference to specific options for distributing goods and services and just see what they come up with.
+__label__positive The geologic age of fossil organisms, rock, or geologic features or events defined relative of each other. What are some examples of Relative dating and Absolute dating? This follows from the fact that the amount of daughter isotopes present is so small that it is difficult to measure. The varnish contains cations, which are positively charged atoms or molecules. By measuring the amount of carbon remaining, scientists can pinpoint the exact date of the organism's death.\n\nAbsolute or chronometric techniques give an absolute estimate of the age and fall into two main groups. Calibration of Radiocarbon Dates. Samples that were heated or irradiated at some time may yield by radioactive dating an age less than the true age of the object. What is the difference of absolute age and relative age?\n\nLayers of rock, called strata, show the order of events that took place in the past and Absolute Age is the numerical age of an object or event. Finally, some scientists have recently suggested that the cation ratios may not even be directly related to the age of the sample. These are generally analytical methods, and are carried out in a laboratory. There are well over labs worldwide that do radiocarbon dating. In short, the process of radioactive decay is immutable under all known conditions.\n\nHow can the relative age of a fossil be determined\n\n  2. There are some limitations, however, to the use of this technique.\n  3. Climatic geomorphology Denudation chronology Stratigraphy Paleontology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography.\n  4. Timbers can be used to date buildings and archaeological sites.\n  6. In one pile, with newer newspapers on top and the older ones on the bottom, is a paper dated Jan.\n\nIn both cases, stratigraphy will apply. The longer the radiation exposure, the more electrons get bumped into an excited state. Potassium gradually decays to the stable isotope argon, which is a gas. An index fossil's age is known, garage hook up socket allowing scientists to know the relative age of other fossils based on their position relative to the index fossil.\n\n  \u2022 The relative age of a rock is?\n  \u2022 Relative dating is knowing the dinosaurs came before humans.\n\nEvaluation and presentation schemes in dating\n\nThe daughters have relatively short half-lives ranging from a few hundred thousand years down to only a few years. Other sites have been continuously occupied by the same culture for a long time and the different layers represent gradual changes. Is a way to determine the age of a fossil by comparing the number of stable isotopes to the number of unstable isotopes using a known half life? Older trees are recovered from old buildings, archaeological sites, peat bogs, dating woman three years and swamps.\n\nThe physics behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward. Dating Techniques Movies and television have presented a romantic vision of archaeology as adventure in far-away and exotic locations. The absolute age of a rock is determined by the amount of decay of certain elements as interpreted from their known half-life. It uses the principle that different archaeological sites will show a similar collection of artifacts in layers of the same age. The main relative dating method is stratigraphy.\n\nAbsolute dating Science Learning Hub\n\nThey are abundant and they survive very well in archaeological contexts. How do scientist determine the relative ages of rock layers? All biological tissues contain amino acids. When objects that were made at different times are excavated, the archaeologist must be able to arrange them in a sequence from the oldest to the most recent.\n\nThis is done by counting the number of pieces of each style of the artifact in each stratigraphic layer and then graphing the data. In the process of disintegration, the atom gives off radiation energy emitted in the form of waves. Relative dating Before the advent of absolute dating methods in the twentieth century, nearly all dating was relative.\n\nBecause of this limitation, other dating techniques are often used along with radioactive dating to ensure accuracy. Dating techniques Dating techniques are procedures used by scientists to determine the age of an object or a series of events. This means that no matter how many atoms are in a sample, approximately one-half will decay in one half-life.\n\nIn most cases, this also reveals much about the climate of the period, because most plants only thrive in specific climatic conditions. Thermoluminescence testing also dates items to the last time they were heated. Absolute dating methods are carried out in a laboratory.\n\nWhich ne of the following statements suggests relative age\n\nThe decay of any individual nucleus is completely random. The half-life and the decay constant are inversely proportional because rapidly decaying radioisotopes have a high decay constant but a short half-life. The rate at which this process occurs is proportional to the decay rate of U.\n\nFluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy. It is based on the assumption which nearly always holds true that deeper layers were deposited earlier, and thus are older, than more shallow layers. What one fossil is compared with another fossil to see if it was formed before or after another fossil?\n\nOrigin of radioactive elements used\n\nWhat Is Absolute Age\n\nWhat is the relative age of a fossil that can be determined by comparing it to an index fossil is called? Relative density is determined by the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance. The rock or mineral must have remained closed to the addition or escape of parent and daughter atoms since the time that the rock or mineral system formed. If you look at a building, relative dating allows you to say that the first floor was built before the top floor. The principle of superposition borrowed from geology states that higher layers must be deposited on top of lower layers.\n\nWhich statements are true Select all that apply\n\nAs long as the plant is alive, the relative amount ratio of carbon to carbon remains constant at about one carbon atom for every one trillion carbon atoms. In terms of geology, dating Relative Age is the age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects. In geochronology the situation is identical.\n\nAbsolute dating\n\nDating Techniques\n\nDating Techniques\n\nDating methods\n\nPrinciples of isotopic dating\n\nAbsolute dating\nReport Abuse\n\nAbsolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology. What is absolute geological dating? How is relative age different from absolute age? Can relative dating be used to find out the age of a fossil? The ages of buildings and archaeological sites can also be determined by examining the ring patterns of the trees used in their construction.\n\nIn the absolute age, the value will be exact and direct but in the relative age you will compare the rock with other feature. The higher the temperature, the faster the reaction occurs, so the cooler the burial environment, the greater the dating range. In Search of the Trojan War.\n\nWhat is the relationship between relative age and the principle of superposition? The fission fragments have a lot of energy, and they plow through the rock, leaving a track that can be made visible by treating the rock. Is a fossil a relative or absolute time? All relative age can indicate is which layer is older in comparison to the other layers found with it. The best objects are bits of charcoal that have been preserved in completely dry environments.\n\nThus, the growth pattern of a tree of a known age can be used as a standard to determine the age of similar trees. It can be determined by the relative position and depth of its occurrence compared to other horizontally occurring strata and additionally by the types of index fossils it may contain. Thus, higher layers are more recent than lower layers. Relative dating is determined by fossils and sediment layers. Archaeologists can then use this information to determine the relative ages of some sites and layers within sites.\n\n  \u2022 Hiv positive dating websites\n  \u2022 Free dating sites in gujarat\n  \u2022 Free dating sites in paris\n  \u2022 What isotopes are used in radioactive dating of fossils\n  \u2022 Dating app in spain\n  \u2022 Online dating 22 year old\n  \u2022 Best south african online dating sites\n  \u2022 Who is masego maponyane dating\n  \u2022 Free canadian online dating sites\n  \u2022 Absolute dating can be determined by (select all that apply), absolute dating science learning hub
+__label__positive Technical Questions\n\n\nQuestion: Embedded metals other than reinforcing steel\n\nQuestion: Curing and curling of concrete slabs over vapor retarders\n\nQuestion: What are shrinkage-compensating expansive cement and concrete?\n\nQuestion: Curling, shrinkage, and w/cm\n\nQuestion: What is mass concrete?\n\nQuestion: Heat of hydration and the importance of controlling it\n\nQuestion: How to Control Mass Concrete Temperature during Construction\n\nQuestion: Consolidation of concrete\u2014required or not?\n\nQuestion: Requirements for durable concrete\n\nQuestion: What steps are taken in the repair of concrete structures?\n\nQuestion: Requirements for storing and handling aggregate\n\nQuestion: Using cube tests in lieu of cylinder tests\n\nQuestion: Would adding more cement serve the purpose of admixtures?\n\nQuestion: Importance of using pozzolans in hydraulic and environmental structures\n\nQuestion: Are epoxy resins widely used in concrete construction and repair?\n\nQuestion: Mixture design and strength submittals\n\n\nQuestion: What is involved in the process of mixture proportioning?\n\nQuestion: The most important single factor affecting compressive strength\n\nQuestion: Water Curing Mass Concrete Structures\n\n\nQuestion: How can durable aggregates be ensured?\n\nQuestion: Do some water-reducing admixtures induce bleeding?\n\nQuestion: Decorative concrete finishes\n\nQuestion: Definition of setting time\n\n\nQuestion: What methods of capping are recommended for compression specimens?\n\nQuestion: Joint deterioration mechanism and prevention\n\nQuestion: Benefits of using slag cement\n\nQuestion: What does a pozzolan do in the concrete?\n\n\nQuestion: Improving the abrasion resistance of concrete\n\nQuestion: Using and handling pozzolans\n\nQuestion: The effect of pozzolans on shrinkage\n\nQuestion: Specialty admixtures\n\nQuestion: What is calcium-aluminate cement?\n\nQuestion: Advantages of low-density aggregate\n\nQuestion: Why is combined aggregate grading used?\n\nQuestion: Strength of concrete\n\nQuestion: The effect of pozzolans on water demand\n\nQuestion: What is a natural pozzolan?\n\n\nQuestion: What methods are used for protecting concrete against low temperatures?\n\nQuestion: The effect of aggregate grading on concrete strength\n\nQuestion: The difference between setting and hardening\n\nQuestion: What allowance should be made for strengths where air-entrained concrete is to be used?\n\nQuestion: Characteristics of aggregate affecting concrete strength\n\nQuestion: The effect of maximum size of aggregate on concrete strength\n\nQuestion: What is an air-entraining admixture?\n\nQuestion: How is the selection of mixture proportions affected by the materials to be used and the placing...\n\nQuestion: How can the adequacy of mixing be determined?\n\nQuestion: The making of portland cement\n\nQuestion: What is a pozzolan?\n\nQuestion: What are set-controlling admixtures?\n\nQuestion: Measurement of setting time\n\n\nQuestion: Do all fly ashes behave in a similar way?\n\nQuestion: The effect of aggregate shape on concrete strength\n\nQuestion: What are water-reducing admixtures?\n\nQuestion: Definition of controlled low-strength material (CLSM)\n\n\nQuestion: Material Requirements for Mass Concrete\n\nQuestion: Chloride concentration in soil and exposure classes\n\nQuestion: The effect of aggregate strength on concrete strength\n\nQuestion: Factors affecting cement properties\n\nQuestion: Definition of \u201chot cement\u201d\n\nQuestion: What water-cementitious material ratio should be used for a particular job when strength require...\n\nQuestion: The purpose of calcium sulfate (gypsum)\n\nQuestion: Are pozzolans all alike?\n\nQuestion: What are high-density aggregates?\n\nQuestion: What is architectural concrete?\n\nQuestion: Hardening of hydraulic cement\n\nQuestion: What is silica fume?\n\nQuestion: Important requirements of a concrete aggregate\n\nQuestion: The effect of aggregate on concrete durability\n\nQuestion: Requirements for a successful concrete structure\n\nQuestion: What is fly ash?\n\nQuestion: Aggregate classification by density\n\nQuestion: What are blended cements?\n\nQuestion: What is an admixture?\n\nQuestion: The effect of surface texture and cleanness on concrete strength\n\nQuestion: Do different admixtures of a given type always perform the same?\n\nQuestion: What is aggregate?\n\n\nQuestion: Materials used to produce portland cement\n\nOther Sources for Answers\n\nSearch other resources on the ACI website for answers to technical questions\n\nPlease enter this 5 digit unlock code on the web page.
+__label__positive Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.\n\nDescribe the general characteristics of epithelial tissues. Distinguish between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium.\n\nExplain how the structure of simple squamous epithelium provides its function. Name an organ that includes each of the following tissues, and give the function of the tissue:\n\na. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium e. Stratified squamous epithelium f. Stratified cuboidal epithelium g. Stratified columnar epithelium h. Transitional epithelium Define gland.\n\nDistinguish between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.\n\nExplain how glands are classified according to the structure of their ducts and the organization of their cells. Explain how glands are classified according to the nature of their secretions.\n\n11. Distinguish between a serous cell and a mucous cell.\n\n12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.\n\n13. Define matrix and ground substance.\n\n14. Describe three major types of connective tissue cells.\n\n15. Distinguish between collagen and elastin.\n\n16. Explain the difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.\n\n17. Explain how the quantity of adipose tissue in the body reflects diet.\n\n18. Distinguish between regular and irregular dense connective tissues.\n\n19. Distinguish between elastic and reticular connective tissues.\n\n20. Explain why injured loose connective tissue and cartilage are usually slow to heal.\n\n21. Name the major types of cartilage, and describe their differences and similarities.\n\n22. Describe how bone cells are organized in bone tissue.\n\n23. Explain how bone cells receive nutrients.\n\n24. Describe the solid components of blood.\n\n25. Describe the general characteristics of muscle tissues.\n\n26. Distinguish among skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues.\n\n27. Describe the general characteristics of nervous tissue.\n\n28. Distinguish between neurons and neuroglial cells.\n\nEssentials of Human Physiology\n\nEssentials of Human Physiology\n\n\nGet My Free Ebook\n\nPost a comment
+__label__positive I. What is Revenue Recognition?\n\nThe Matching Principle\nThe matching principle of GAAP dictates that revenues must be matched with expenses. Thus, income and expenses are reported when they are earned and incurred, even if no cash transaction has been recorded.\n\nFor example, say a company made a sale for $30,000 within an accounting period but has not received payment. Even though the company was not paid, the sale is recorded as revenue. This revenue has to be matched with the expenses that the company incurred in the accounting period to generate that revenue (revenues and expanses must match).\n\nIf revenues were not matched with their related expenses, companies would produce financial statements that provide little information to the readers and themselves. (This is a fundamental principle of accrual-basis accounting)\n\nRevenue-Recognition Principles\nSFAS 5 specifies that two conditions must be met for revenue recognition to take place:\n\n  1. Completion of the Earnings Process\n    This means the company has provided all or virtually all of the goods and services for which it is to be paid. Furthermore, it means the company can measure the total expected cost of providing the goods and services, and the company must have no significant remaining obligations to its customers. Both must be true for this condition to be met.\n  2. Assurance of Payment\n    There must be a quantification of the cash or assets that will be received for realized goods and services. Furthermore, the company must be able to accurately estimate the reliability of payment. Both must be true for this requirement to be met.\n\nGross and Net Reporting of Revenue\nUnder gross revenue reporting, sales and the cost of goods sold are reported separately. With net revenue reporting only the net revenue, calculated by subtracting cost of goods sold from gross sales, is reported. Since the only the net revenue is reported, revenues will be less than under gross revenue reporting.\n\nUnder U.S. GAAP, a firm using gross revenue reporting must be the primary party to any contract, take on both inventory and credit risk, be able to choose its suppliers, and have the ability to set price.\n\nWhen analyzing the financial statements analysts should be aware of how aggressive or conservative a firm's revenue recognition policies are. A firm's that has a very aggressive revenue recognition policy runs the risk of over stating its revenues and its earnings performance. Analysts should also be aware of any assumptions or judgments that are made in reporting revenues\n\nRevenue Recognition Methods and Implications\n\nRelated Articles\n  1. Investing\n\n    Understanding Revenue Recognition\n\n  2. Managing Wealth\n\n    Revenue Analyst: Job Description & Average Salary\n\n  3. Managing Wealth\n\n    Revenue Analyst: Career Path & Qualifications\n\n  4. Investing\n\n    What does Deferred Revenue Mean?\n\n  5. Entrepreneurship & Small Business\n\n    How Do Companies Calculate Revenue?\n\n    Revenue is the money a company receives in exchange for its goods and services.\n  6. Investing\n\n    What's Marginal Revenue?\n\n  7. Investing\n\n    S&P 500 Index: A Revenue Case Study\n\n  8. Investing\n\n    The Difference Between Gross and Net Profit Margin\n\n  9. Investing\n\n    What Is The Difference Between Revenue And Profit?\n\n  10. Investing\n\n    What Is The Difference Between Revenue And Income?\n\nTrading Center
+__label__positive 70 terms\n\na/p eye\n\nReceptors are spread throughout the body\nreceptors are concentrated in specific location\nExamples of types of somatic sences\ntemperature, pressure,, pain, and proprioceptors\nWhat is a proprioceptor?\nawareness of position in space\nExamples of sensory sences\nvision, hearing and equilibrium, gustatory, smell\nTheese are the complex sensory organs\neyes, ears\nSensory inputs with localized clusters of receptors\ntaste buds, olfactory epithelium of nose\nWhat is the retina?\nsingle region of delicate white nervous tissue\nWhat is the lens?\nnot a layer of the eye wall, but is a transparent structure suspended from the ciliary body by suspensory ligaments\nWhat does the suspensory ligaments do?\nholds the lens in place.\nWhat is the cornea?\nWhere light enters\nThere are many nerve endings here\nThis is transparent and contains no blood vessells, can be transplanted\nWhat is the function of the sclera?\nprotects and gives shape to eye\nThis is the white, tough, connective tissue\nWhat covers 5/6 of the eyeball\nThis is the most anterior portion of the eye\nThis is the hole in the center of the iris\nTheese act like the diaphragm on camera\nradial smooth muscles, and circular smooth muscles\nThe radial smooth muscles do what?\nmake the pupil larger\nDialation is for what kinda vision and light?\nLong distance and dim light\nThe circular smooth muscles do what?\nMake pupil smaller\nConstriction is for what kinda vision and light?\nclose vision, and bright light\nWhat is the cicilary body?\nSmooth muscle to which the lens is attached\nWhat is the thickest area of the vascular tunic?\nthe ciliary body\nWhat is the darkly pigmented layer of the posterior eye?\nWhy is the choroid pigmented darkly?\nSo it can absorb the excess light entering eye.\nWhat is the largest portion of vascular coat?\nWhat is the optic disk?\nblind spot where the optic nerve emerges from the eye\nWhat is the macula lutea?\na yellow spot on the retina: lateral to the optic disk\nWhat is the fovea centralis?\ndepression in center of the macula lutea containing cones\nWhere is the point of sharpest vision?\nfovea centralis\nCaused by a lack of cones\ncolor blindness\nDeficiancy in vitamin a caused by malfunction of the rods?\nNight Blindness\nWhat are celiary glands?\nmodified sweat glands that are btw eyelids\nTheese carry tears down toward the nasal cavity\nLacrimal glands\nWhat is the conjuctiva?\nmembrane on front of the eye and lining eyelid\nWhat is the function of the conjuctiva?\nlubricates with mucus and keeps eye moist.\nWhere is the anterior cavity?\nSpace between back of the cornea and front of the lens\nWhere is the anterior chamber?\nposterior cornea to anterior iris\nWhere is the posterior chamber?\nposterior iris to the anterior len\nWhat is aqueous humor?\nWatery fluid filling anterio cavity which mantains presure, nourishes, and refracts light\nWhat produces the aqueous humor?\nThe epithelial cells of the cilliary body\nDescribe the pathway of the aqueous humor\nciliary body, to the posterior chamber, then the pupil, then the anterior chamber,, the the scleral venous sinus aka canal of schlemm\nWhat is the canal of schlemm?\nPermealble blood vessel at junction of cornea and sclera that reabsorbs aqueous humore\nWhere is the posterior cavity?\nBetween the posterior lens and the retina\nWhat keeps the eyeball from collapsing?\nvitreous humor\nWhat is the function of the vitous humor?\nHolds the fragile retina in place\nthis humor helps maintain intraocular pressure\nWhat is the function of the rods, and what do they contain?\noutline black and white vision at night, and provide peripheral vision\nWhat is the function of the cones?\nthey are for sharp color vision\ndescribe the pathway of light\ncornea>aqueous humor of the anterior chamber>pupil>aqueous humor of the posterior chamber>lens>victreous humor>retina>optic disk>optic neve>cerebrum\nWhat is refraction?\nwhen light rays bend as they pass from one transparent substance to another with varrying density\nTheese have constant light bending power\ncornea and aqueous humor\nHow does the lens refract light?\nby varrying and making itself less or more convex greater convexity the more the light bends, the flatter the lens, the less the lens bends\nWhat do convex transparent structures do to light?\nbend rays together\nWhat do concave transparent structures do?\nspread rays apart\nThis contracts the lens to become more or less convex\nciliary body\nWhat are the convex structures within the eye that converge light?\nthe cornea and lens\nWhat is the real image?\nimage found on the retina as a result of the bending activity of the lens\nWhat happens if the eyeball is to short?\nlight rays converge behind the retina and results in far sightedness\nWhat happens if the eyeball is too long?\nlight rays converge in front of the retina and results in near sightedness\nwhat is distance vision?\nwhen the object is 20 feet or more from the eye\nWhat should happen in distance vision?\nlight rays will be parrallel lines to the eye, there is less refraction to focus on retina\nWhat is close vision?\nless than 20 feet from object to the eye\nWhat should happen in close vision?\nlight rays will spread apart as they enter the eye, more refraction is needed to focus on retina\nWhat does the ciliary body muscle do during each type of vision?\ndistance it relaxes, close it contracts\nWhat happens to the suspensory ligaments during each type of vision?\ndistance they are taut, close they are relaxed\nWhat happens to the lins during each type of vision?\ndistance the lens is less convex, and close the lens is more convex\nDefine photopupillary reflex\neyes are exposed to brith light and the pupil constrict.
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n34 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat is Bronchitis?\nAn Inflammation of the Lungs that can be acute or chronic.\nIs Bronchitis transmitable?\nYes, it is usually a Virus.\nWhat are Rhonchi?\nA coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial tube.\nWhat is CAP?C\nCommunity Aquired Pneumonia.\nWhat are the differences between Community and Hospital Aquired Pneumonia?\nClassified as CAP when Sx start outside hospital or during first 48 hours of hospital stay.\nRisk factors for Pneumonia.\nChronic Disease\nProlonged Immobility\nWhat is Egophony?\nAn abnormal change in tone, somewhat like the bleat of a goat, heard in auscultation of the chest when the subject speaks normally.\nWhat is Whispered Pectoriloquy?\nThe distinct transmission of vocal sounds during auscultation of the chest with a stethoscope.\nWhat is Fremitus?\nVibratory tremors, esp. those felt through the chest wall by palpation.\nWhat is Sed Rate?\nA nonspecific laboratory test of the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of unclotted blood.\nMen under 50 years old: less than 15 mm/hr.\nMen over 50 years old: less than 20 mm/hr.\nWomen under 50 years old: less than 20 mm/hr.\nWomen over 50 years old: less than 30 mm/hr.\nWhat are the characteristics of Asthma?\nWheezing, SOB, Chest Tightness, Cough.\nAsthma. More trouble breathing In or Out?\nOut. Clogged airways cause air to be trapped in the lower portion of the lungs and pt must use Upper Respiratory to gasp for air.\nWhat is Albuterol.\nA Beta II agonist.\nWhat is Emphysema.\nChronic Damage of the Alveoli causing them to over inflate.\nWhat are the three diseases of COPD?\nAsthma, Chronic Bronchitus, and Emphysema.\nWhat are the signs that will be seen with an emphysema client?\nCoughon with thick sputum\nSOB on exertion\nIncrePased Ant/Post Chest\nPursed Lip Breathing\nRuddy Skin\nClubbed Fingers\nWhat would pulmonary function tests show with an Emphysema Client?\nProlonged Forced Exp\nDecreased Vital Capacity\nDecreased Residial Volume\nWhat tests would be ordered with Dx of Emphysema?\nPulmonary Function Tests\nWhat is Orthopnea?\nLabored breathing that occurs when lying flat and is relieved by sitting up.\nWhat are dietary recommendations for a COPD client?\nLow Carb, High Fat/Protein\nWhat are the pharmacotherapies for COPD?\nCorticosteroids (PO and Inhaled)\nBeta Andergenic Agonists\nWhat is ARDS?\nit is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe fluid buildup in both lungs. The fluid buildup prevents the lungs from working properly\u2014that is, allowing the transfer of oxygen from air into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body into the air.\nWhat is Pneumothoarx?\nCollapsed Lung. Air Escapes from the lung or air enters the lung from the outside.\nWhat is the difference between closed or open pneumothorax.\nOpen with penetrating injury. Closed, blunt trauma.\nWhat is thoracentesis?\nInserting a needle through the chest wall and into the pleural space, usually to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.\nHow do you dress a open pneumothorax.\nOclussive dressing taped on three sides to allow air to escape.\nWhat is PEEP, and why should it be used cautiously with Emphysema clients?\npositive end-expiratory pressure on a ventelator. They Blebs in Emphysema might rupture.\nWhat are three causes of High Pressure Alarm on Ventilator?\nSecretions in airway or tube\nClient Biting Tube\nClient with breathing out of synch with machine (bucking the ventilaor).\nNursing Interventions for High Pressure Alarm.\nSuction airway or tube or sedate client.\nWhat are two reasons for and interventions for low pressure alarm?\nDecreased Cuff or Leak in system. Reinflate cuffs or check for leaks.\nWhat is Hypercapnia?\nInadequate removal of Co2 from the bloodstream.\nWhat is Flail Chest?\nA condition of the chest wall due to two or more fractures on each affected rib resulting in a segment of rib not attached on either end; the flail segment moves paradoxically in with inspiration and out during expiration.\nWhat is an S3?\nS3 Ventricular gallop heard after S2, an abnormal heart sound.\nWhat is S4?\nAtrial gallop, heard before S1, an abnormal heart sound.
+__label__positive What is the statistical test for comparing the frequencies of variables in multiple groups?\nEntering edit mode\n18 months ago\n\nI have data that contains the occurrences of genes in different lineages:\n\nLineage Gene    Gene_function  \n1   x   regulatory proteins  \n1   p   cell wall  \n1   y   conserved hypotheticals  \n1   x   respiration  \n1   z   respiration  \n2   w   cell wall  \n2   a   cell wall  \n2   y   regulatory proteins  \n3   b   respiration  \n3   x   conserved hypotheticals  \n3   a   regulatory proteins  \n3   b   regulatory proteins  \n3   z   conserved hypotheticals  \n3   a   respiration\n\nHow do I test if there are a significantly different number of, say, \"cell wall\" genes between all the lineages (I'm thinking equivalent to a classic ANOVA, followed by Tukey test to identify which specific lineages are different). N.b. there are a different number of rows for each lineage.\n\nThen repeat this for each of the types of genes.\n\nIs there a simple and quick way to do this in R?\n\nstatistics group comparison \u2022 389 views\nEntering edit mode\n18 months ago\nHugo \u25b4 340\n\nI think that you need to use the Fisher's exact test of independence (http://www.biostathandbook.com/fishers.html). You would create a contingency matrix with lineage types in rows (1, 2, 3, and so on) and gene functions in columns (regulatory proteins, cell wall, etc.) The post-hoc test is just doing all possible pairwise comparisons between gene functions, and in this case you need to correct for the multiple comparisons.\n\nEntering edit mode\n\nThanks, so I tried this but there were a couple of problems, but I think I found a solution. I put the data in a table using table(). When I run fisher.test() I get an error FEXACT error 6. LDKEY=617 is too small for this problem.... Something to do with memory. I subsetted the table and the maximum matrix it works with is 2x3 (or 3x2). I did find on another forum however that chisq.test(<table>, simulate.p.value = T) is 'equivalent' to Fisher's exact test. However, then I found that fisher.test() also has this argument. Indeed, they produce similar results. I'm not sure however what this parameter means! Thanks\n\nEntering edit mode\n\nAccording to the documentation, the fisher.test method only applies the simulate.p.value parameter in larger than 2 by 2 tables (a logical indicating whether to compute p-values by Monte Carlo simulation, in larger than 2 by 2 tables). I am not an statistician, but I assume that this parameter speeds up the p-value calculation in such tables by simulating them instead of doing an empirical (and more accurate) calculation:\n\nIn the r x c case with r > 2 or c > 2, internal tables can get too large for the exact test in which case an error is signalled. Apart from increasing \u2018workspace\u2019 sufficiently, which then may lead to very long running times, using \u2018simulate.p.value = TRUE\u2019 may then often be sufficient and hence advisable. Simulation is done conditional on the row and column marginals, and works only if the marginals are strictly positive. (A C translation of the algorithm of Patefield (1981) is used.)\n\n\nLogin before adding your answer.\n\nTraffic: 1631 users visited in the last hour\nHelp About\nAccess RSS\n\n\nPowered by the version 2.3.6
+__label__positive May 2, 2017\n6:00 pm - 9:00 pm\nCommunity Only\n\nErdin\u00e7 Akkaya is with us to teach Programming for Non-Programmers. There is going to be two classes, each 3 hours-long, in which we are going to learn the steps for creating a website and developing a software. We will be learning about front-end development vs backend development, and get answers for the below:\n-What is javascript, html, css?\n-What are the tools we need to create website?\n\u2013 How to read the code? How is it tested?\n\u2013 How should follow a pathway while working with a developer?\n-Which software language should I choose for my product?\n-What is the meaning of domain, hosting, DNS?\n\nRelated Events
+__label__positive Comparison of Respiratory Systems: In Tetrapods\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user DesLee26 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Amphibians can be both __ and __. Some of them can have __ and __.\n    \u2022 air and land\n    \u2022 gills and lungs combined\n  2. Larynx\n    Larynx: portion of respiratory system where voice is produced in most vertebrates and it is the entrance into the respiratory system\n\n    -It is cartilaginous in structure and it contains the vocal cords, which are for voice production\n  3. What we are looking at is __.\n\n    The main tube, which we call the __, is the __, which leads from the\u00a0__. They become __, which branch down into each lung. The number of lungs is equal to the __\n    a series of tubes outside and inside of the lungs\n\n    \u2022 windpipe\n    \u2022 trachea\n\n    larynx down into the lung area\n\n\n    the number of primary bronchi.\n  4. It is important that the trachea and primary bronchi __\u00a0and __. Part of their anatomy is that there are __.\n    \u2022 remain open\n    \u2022 are prevented from collapsing\n    \u2022 cartilaginous structures in the trachea and bronchi\n  5. Trachea and Branches in Amphibians\n    the tubes have cartilage plates (little pieces of cartilage in the tube) that prevent collapse; they are embedded in the wall\n  6. Trachea and Branches in Reptiles\n    : have either plates like amphibians or incomplete rings\u2014C-shaped cartilages\u2014where the opening is the dorsal surface, held by muscle. It\u2019s also mammals. The exception is crocodiles\u2013Crocodiles have complete rings\n  7. Trachea and Branches in Birds\n    the trachea also has plates in it and has two primary bronchi, called mesobronchi\n\n    Difference in birds is dramatic. They don\u2019t have the same structure that other vertebrates have\n  8. What is different about the bronchi in all vertebrates except birds?\n    in all vertebrates except birds, the primary bronchi enter the lungs and divide into smaller bronchial tubes; as the tubes get smaller, the amount of cartilage decreases so that the smallest tubes have no cartilage. At the end of the smallest tubes is where you have the structure for gas exchange, which is called the alveolus or phalvill\nCard Set:\nComparison of Respiratory Systems: In Tetrapods\n2015-11-08 17:19:24\nTest Three: Seitchik\nTest Thre\nShow\u00a0Answers:
+__label__positive Helene was just fired from her job. She feels her supervisor never truly liked her. Due to what she believes is the economy's fault, she cannot find a job and now is running out of money. Helene's feeling that she has no control over her current situation leads her to go shopping. Helene fails to recognize any connection between her unwise spending habits and the likelihood of her going bankrupt. Helene's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of:\n\n  1. an internal locus of control\n  2. the spotlight effect\n  3. unconditional positive regard\n  4. an external locus of control\n  5. learned helplessness\n\n\na)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The correct answer to the question is (4) an external locus of control.\n\nb)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(4) An external locus of control is the correct answer because it clearly reflects Helene\u2019s lack of control. Helene believes she has no control over her life and that only external forces are controlling her life.\n\nc)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1) An internal locus of control cannot be the correct answer because that would mean Helene feels in control of her life and this is obviously not true.\n\n(2) The spotlight effect is not correct because the question has nothing to do with Helene believing others are paying excessive attention to her. It is completely irrelevant to the passage.\n\n(3) Unconditional positive regard would not be the correct answer because that would mean Helene would show complete support of a person no matter what they say or do. Since this passage is strictly about Helene, this option would not make any sense.\n\n(5) Learned helplessness could make sense, but it is not as correct as an external locus of control. Although Helene may be feeling helpless, it is not to the extent where she has learned to simply give up after failure.
+__label__positive \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nRelativistic Elastic Collision\n\n  1. Sep 29, 2005 #1\n    I've done the bulk of this problem (part A) but I still can't figure the last bit (part B):\n\n    \"Consider an elastic head-on collision between a projectile with mass m_a, velocity (vector)v_a, energy E_a, and three-momentum (vector)p_a and a stationary target of mass m_b. (That the collision is head-on measn that the two particles emerge from the collision both moving along the line of the incident velocity (vector)v_a.)\n\n    a) What is the final velocity (vector)v_b of the target particle b?\"\n\n    To solve this problem I first determined the initial 4-momenta of both a in b the laboratory frame:\n    P_ai = (P_t, P_x, P_y, P_z) = (E_a/c, p_a, 0, 0)\n    P_bi = (m_b*c, 0, 0, 0)\n    Where c is the speed of light.\n\n    Then I did a Lorentz tranformation into a frame where the total 3-momenta is 0 (keeping in mind that I don't know beta or gamma yet because I don't know the speed of this frame relative to the lab frame):\n    P'_ai = (y*E_a/c - y*B*p_a, y*p_a - B*y*E_a/c, 0, 0)\n    P'_bi = (y*m_b*c, -y*B*m_b*c, 0, 0)\n    Here, y is gamma and B is beta.\n\n    Then to find the relative speed of the frames, I add the spatial components of the 4-momenta (i.e. the 3-momenta) and I set them to 0:\n    P_total = 0 = y(-B(E_a/c + m_a*c) + p_a)\n    B = v_cm/c = p_a*c / (E_a + m_b*c)\n    Here, v_cm is the relative velocity of the center-of-momentum frame relative to the lab frame.\n\n    Now I try to find the final 4-momentum of mass m_b. Since we know the collision is elastic, |P'_bi| = |P'_bf|, and\n    P'_bf = (y*m_b*c, y*B*m_b*c, 0, 0)\n    The 3-momentum simply has the opposite sign.\n\n    Then I transformed P'_bf back into the lab frame by inverse Lorentz transfromation, which gave\n    P_bf = (y^2*m_b*c + y^2*B^2*m_b*c, 2*y^2*B*m_b*c, 0, 0) = (E_b/c, p_b, 0, 0)\n\n    Utilizing the relationship, (vector)v_b = p_b*c^2/E_b = 2*y^2*B*m_b*c^3/(y^2*m_b*c^2 + y^2*B^2*m_b*c^2) = 2*y^2*B*m_b*c^3/[y^2*m_b*c^2(1 + B^2)],\n    (vector)v_b final = 2*B*c/(1 + B^2), B = v_cm/c = p_a*c / (E_a + m_b*c) from before.\n\n    So that's part a, now comes what seems like the easy part:\n\n    \"b) Describe what happens if the 2 masses are equal.\"\n\n    I suspect that m_a becomes rested and m_b picks up all it's speed, but I'm having a hard time putting it into numbers.\n\n    I tried seeing what happened if I took m_a = m_b into the equation for B, and got y*v/((y + 1)c) but when I try to plug that into (vector)v_b, I can't simplify it and gain no further insight.\n  2. jcsd\n\nCan you offer guidance or do you also need help?\nDraft saved Draft deleted\n\nSimilar Discussions: Relativistic Elastic Collision
+__label__positive Question Paper: Television Engineering : Question Paper May 2012 - Electronics & Telecomm. (Semester 6) | Mumbai University (MU)\n\nTelevision Engineering - May 2012\n\nElectronics & Telecomm. (Semester 6)\n\n(1) Question 1 is compulsory.\n(2) Attempt any three from the remaining questions.\n(3) Assume data if required.\n(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.\n1 (a) What is Chromaticity diagram? Explain it.(5 marks) 1 (b) Explain additive and subtractive colour mixing.(5 marks) 1 (c) What is colour burst? What is the importance of back porch in CVS?(5 marks) 1 (d) List types of AGC and only describe the basic operation of AGC used in TV receiver.(5 marks) 2 (a) Explain Interlaced Scanning with the help of a neat diagram also explain how it is better than Sequential scanning.(10 marks) 2 (b) Draw cross sectional view of an Image Orthicon tube and explain how it develops video signal when light focussed on its plate. List advantages of it.(10 marks) 3 (a) Draw the composite video signal for three horizontal lines and explain the various components in details.(10 marks) 3 (b) Draw near block diagram of an NTSC coder and decoder and explain thefunctioning.(10 marks) 4 (a) Compare Delta gun, PIL and Trinitron colour picture tube.(10 marks) 4 (b) Give Reasons:-\n(i) Why (G-Y) is not selected for transmission?\n(ii) All TV standards have odd no. of lines\n(10 marks)\n5 (a) Draw and explain block diagram of TV transmitter system.(10 marks) 5 (b) Draw and explain a neat schematic of cable TV network. (10 marks) 6 (a) What is EIA test pattern? Draw and explain EIA pattern with its utility.(10 marks) 6 (b) Draw the neat block diagram of PAL coder and decoder and explain functioning of it.(10 marks) 7 (a) Frequency interleaving.(5 marks) 7 (b) CCTV.(5 marks) 7 (c) RTSP.(5 marks) 7 (d) Multicasting.(5 marks)\n\nPlease log in to add an answer.
+__label__positive \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nA question about Materials\n\n  1. Feb 10, 2008 #1\n    Two wires each of 2.50m long, one of steel of diameter 1.0mm and the other of copper of diameter 0.56mm are suspended from two points in the same horizontal plane 200mm apart. The lower ends of the wires are fixed to the two ends of a uniform bar 200mm long and of weight 20.0N\n\n    A mass of 6.0kg is suspended from the center of the bar. The bar tilts at 0.8degrees to the horizontal. The young modulus of steel is greater than that of copper. Assume the wires remain vertical.\n\n    i) What is the tension in each wire?\n    ii) Calculate the extension of steel\n    iii) Determine the young modulus of the copper wire\n    v) Calculate the strain energy stored in the two wires.\n\n    The acceleration of free fall is 9.8ms^-2 and the Young modulus of steel is 2.0 * 10^11 Pa.\n    2. Relevant equations\n    The equations to be used are probably these (from my knowledge):\n    strain = extension/length\n    stress = tension/area\n    young modulus = stress/strain = FL/Ae\n\n    3. The attempt at a solution\n    i) [ 20 + (6 * 9.8) ] / 2= 39.4\n\n    If someone could work out ii and iii for me showing all the working i'd appreciate. i believe i can proceed from there\n    Last edited: Feb 10, 2008\n  2. jcsd\n\nCan you offer guidance or do you also need help?\nDraft saved Draft deleted
+__label__positive How do I get to the office?\n\nWilson Hall is on Ben Graves Drive, Parking Lot G5.\n\nHow do I register for a test?\n\nPlease call Instructional Testing Services 256.824.6725 to register for a test.\n\nWhat are Instructional Testing Services hours?\n\nWe are open for testing from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm Monday through Friday.\n\nWhat building is Instructional Testing Services located in?\n\nOur office is located in Room 225 of Wilson Hall.\n\nWhat items should NOT be brought to the test center?\n\nExaminees will not be permitted to bring food, drinks, unauthorized testing aids, cell phones, or any other electronic device into the examination room. Lockers are available for examinees that need to store these items while testing.\n\nWhat should I bring to the test center?\n\nIt is suggested that examinees bring a sweater or jacket. Examinees may also bring any items approved by the Instructor such as calculators, notes, books, etc. ONLY those items which are approved will be allowed in the testing room. Our office provides pens, pencils and scratch paper if needed.\n\nWill I need to show identification?\n\nWe require all examinees to present a current photo ID.
+__label__positive Mock Exam.all.txt\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user lilsuds on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Ethical standards are\n  2. The use of arm gestures, facial expressions, and turning ones head are all examples of\n    Nonverbal communication\n  3. The type of law that applies to most malpractice suits is\n    Civil law\n  4. The study of disease is called\n  5. Normal, acceptable behavior in our society is known as\n  6. In order to terminate a contract with the patient, the physician should\n    Notify the patient in writing\n  7. The Americans with Disabilities Act is concerned with\n    Providing opportunities for physically challenged persons\n  8. Libel is defamation through\n    Written statements that tend to damage an individuals reputation\n  9. To show empathy, the medical assistant could\n    Acknowledge the patients feelings\n  10. The government agency responsible for the physical protection of employees in the workplace is\n    The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)\n  11. Which of the following patients would not require a legal consent to surgery?\n    An emancipated minor\n  12. A voluntary form of credentialing is\n    Registration, Certification\n  13. The four Ds necessary to prove negligence in a malpractice case include\n    Duty, derelict, direct cause, damages\n  14. Primary Care Associates has been approached by a surgical group proposing that its members be allowed to act as consultants for the practices patients who may need surgery. In return, the surgical group would compensate the practice for the referrals. From the following choices, select the answer that correctly describes this business proposition.\n    Fee splitting, unethical\n  15. A physicians license can be revoked or suspended for\n    Conviction of a crime, Unprofessional activity, Physical or mental incapacitation, Senility\n  16. Which of the following is an example of a closed question?\n    Are you an only child?\n  17. Many doctors offices subscribe to answering services. These services\n    Answer calls when the office is closed\n  18. In dealing with patients with limited understanding, the medical assistant should\n    Give detailed explanations slowlyand explain as you go along\n  19. Effective telephone communication includes\n    Being courteous and displaying a positive attitude and personality\n  20. The branch of civil law that compensates individuals for injury is called\n    Tort law\n  21. A damage award given to a patient to cover all medical bills, extended hospital stays, rehabilitation services, and prescriptions is known as\n    Compensatory damages\n  22. Which of the following is not one of the eight stages of psychosocial development as identified by Erik Erikson?\n    Initiative versus despair\n  23. The concept that influences scientific research involving patients whose conditions are so serious that doing nothing is likely to be as dangerous as the treatment or procedure being studied is\n  24. The doctrine of respondeat superior means\n    Let the master answer\n  25. Patients are more likely to respond and cooperate with the medical team if they\n    Become responsible for decisions affecting their health\n  26. The use of silence\n    Can be used whenever the medical assistant feels threatened\n  27. The most basic of Maslows hierarchy of needs is\n    Physiological needs (food and water)\n  28. When dealing with questions from a pediatric patient, the medical assistant should\n    Give short, honest answers\n  29. A persons failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner is called\n  30. The patient agrees to a procedure or treatment with reasonable knowledge of and the capacity to understand the procedure or treatment. The patient can be said to have given\n    Informed consent\n  31. The abbreviation for immediately is\n  32. For which of the following symptoms can the medical assistant offer advice over the telephone?\n    m.a. can not give advice over the phone\n  33. The doctor-patient relationship is legally considered\n    A contract\n  34. Performing only those procedures that a medical assistant is trained to do and allowed to do by law is said to be\n    Working within the scope of practice\n  35. Basic telephone techniques include\n    Controlling the speed, enunciation, volume, and pronunciation of the voice at all times\n  36. A contract is a(n)\n    Mutual agreement, based on sufficient consideration, to do or not to do certain things\n  37. The physician has certain contractual obligations to the patient, which include\n    The physician will not abandon the patient, The physician will allow sufficient time for the patient to retain the services of another physician, should the need arise, The physician will possess and exercise the degree of skill and care similar to the degree of skill and care of other physicians in a similar type of practice\n  38. To practice good communication techniques, the medical assistant will\n    Be effective at sending and receiving messages\n  39. The performance of an act that is wrongful and unlawful is called\n  40. The authorization to withdraw artificial life support that is made in advance is called\n    An advance directive\n  41. Tell me how the medication is working is an example of\n    An open-ended question\n  42. The theorist who identified the stages of grief as it relates to dying is\n    Elizabeth Kebler-Ross\n  43. Adopting the feelings of others best describes\n  44. When one state accepts another states license, this is known as\n  45. According to the AMA Code of Ethics, all of the following are permitted by ethical standards except\n  46. Once a medical facility has received notice that a patient has initiated a lawsuit, the patient usually signs a statement releasing the facility and the doctor from the requirements of\n  47. Among Maslows hierarchy of needs, the need for self-fulfillment best describes\n    Self-actualization need\n  48. Which of the following contributes to a persons personality?\n    Environment, Heredity, Life experience, Age\n  49. A call-back to convey information to a patient should\n    Always be documented in the medical record\n  50. Assuming the sick role may bring all of the following except\n  51. When the medical assistant does not understand what the patient has said, which of the following would be appropriate to clarify the communication?\n    Im sorry, I did not understand what you just said. Could you please repeat it?\n  52. Disclosing unpleasant information to a patient is best supported by the ethical concept of\n  53. The process of relaying information from the health care provider to the patient is known as\n    Therapeutic communication\n  54. A minor offense that usually results in only a fine is a(n)\n  55. Directing communication toward important topics is known as\n  56. What is Licensure?\n    Is a mandatory credential to practice medicine, Can be revoked or suspended, Is the strongest form of administrative regulation\n  57. The prescription term indicating as desired is\n    ad lib\n  58. When interacting with an adolescent, which of the following points should the medical assistant remember?\n    Answer the patients questions openly and honestly\n  59. The function of law includes all of the following except\n    To profit\n  60. Which of the following may require notification of the appropriate agencies?\n    Scarlet fever\n  61. When a collected amount is entered on the daily ledger, the fee that the collection agency charged should be\n    Entered as an office expense\n  62. Usually, the basis under which specialists are reimbursed is\n  63. While performing a venipuncture, the medical assistant experiences a needle stick. The policy for this type of injury would be found in the Office Procedures Manual section called\n    OSHA Guidelines\n  64. Spreadsheets are another example of applications software. Spreadsheets are\n    Data arranged in a matrix\n  65. Fixed scheduling\n    Allots specific time periods to patients\n  66. Documents stored in the medical record\n    Are stored in reverse chronological order (most recent first)\n  67. The second unit in alphabetic filing is the patients\n    First name\n  68. Encounter form and superbill are other names for the\n    Charge slip\n  69. One type of manual accounting system that is used in offices is a peg board system. This system is also known as a\n    Write-it-once system\n  70. Medicare Part A covers\n    Services in an extended care facility\n  71. The system used by the Department of Health and Human Services for the coding of procedures that are covered by federal insurance is the\n  72. A patient has filed bankruptcy under Chapter XIII. Under such a bankruptcy, the medical office\n    Will receive payments from the trustee in charge of the patients bankruptcy\n  73. Setting up a matrix in the appointment book means that the medical assistant\n    Blocks out the time when the physician is out of the office and cannot see patients in the office\n  74. A person who is not an established patient walks into the doctors office asking to be seen. The medical assistant should\n    Determine that the patient is not in an emergency condition and then offer the person the first available appointment\n  75. All medical records, including computer data back-up disks, should be\n    Kept in a fire-resistant file cabinet\n  76. Another name for money that is owed to the practice is\n  77. Mary Alice Jones, a foster child, is a Medicaid patient. She has a procedure performed by the doctor for which the doctor charges $100.00. The state that Mary Alice lives in allows $80.00 for the procedure. The physician is paid\n  78. Money owed is known as\n  79. Which of the following names is alphabetized first?\n    Saint-Charles, Angela\n  80. A business envelope\n    Is 10 inches long\n  81. The federal health program for the elderly and disabled is known as\n  82. Checks that are received by the medical facility should be endorsed with a\n    Restrictive endorsement\n  83. All insurance must be paid for. This payment is called the\n  84. The amount of money that must be paid each year for services before the insurance company begins to pick up the payments is known as the\n  85. Jane and Tim Barton both work and participate in the health insurance plans offered by their separate employers. They have small children. The medical facility determines whether Janes or Tims insurance is the primary plan by establishing\n    Whose birthday comes first in the year\n  86. Part of organizing the day means to review what is going to happen that day. This includes all of the following except\n    Paying the bills for the office\n  87. If a claim is rejected by the insurance company,\n    The reason for the rejection will be on a remittance advice form, The claim should be resubmitted immediately, correcting what was on the remittance advice form, The patient should not be notified\n  88. A filing system that maintains patient anonymity is\n  89. The program that provides benefits for the dependent spouses and children of veterans who suffered total, permanent service disabilities or who died as a result of those service-connected disabilities is\n  90. Elaboration on a code because a procedure was extensive or unusual requires the use of a\n    Two-digit modifier\n  91. A very large check has to be written out for a piece of expensive equipment. The company selling the equipment to the practice wants to make sure that the check will clear the bank. The company can be assured of this by having the office issue\n    A check and having it certified\n  92. For the most part, all classification systems are updated every year. CPT updates are available from\n    The American Medical Association\n  93. If a patients last name has a prefix such as Van, the prefix is considered\n    To be part of the last name\n  94. All of the following should be considered in evaluating an employee except\n    Comments and observations made by other staff members\n  95. The first disease classification system was compiled by the\n    American Medical Association\n  96. An insurance plan that will pay a percentage of the charge for each service is called a(n)\n    Indemnity plan\n  97. The most frequent reason for an insurance claim to be rejected is that\n    The procedures are not linked to the diagnosis\n  98. Proofreading a document involves\n    Reading the document, Checking the document for accuracy, Checking for clarity of the message being sent, Indicating corrections to be made\n  99. After a hospitalization, copies of which the following records are usually sent to the primary care physicians office?\n    Discharge summary and operative reports\n  100. In instances where there may be confusion about patient names, the procedure to use is\n  101. For documentation using the SOAP format, information in the P section would include\n    Plans for the patients treatment\n  102. The Health Insurance Association of America has sought to have all medical claims filed on a common form. The form that is the most accepted for office visits is\n  103. Payments made to providers under Medicare Part B are based on\n    A resource-based relative value system (RBRVS)\n  104. A managed care plan that includes a deductible is a(n)\n    Preferred provider organization plan\n  105. The first three digits of the ICD code are helpful in\n    \u2022 Locating the general area in which the code can be found\n    \u2022 The documents in problem-oriented medical records are\n    \u2022 Organized according to the patients particular problems\n  106. An effective tool that a medical office can use as a guiding principle of maintaining high standards is a(n)\n    Office policy manual\n  107. The insurance program developed to cover the children of the working poor is called\n  108. The plan that pays the primary doctor monthly, quarterly, semiannual, or annual payments in return for providing all care to the patient, including visits to specialists, is\n  109. Medicare claims are processed by\n    Insurance companies that contract with the federal government\n  110. In order to give more specificity to the cause of a problem, the modifiers E and M are used. The letter E is used to identify\n    The cause of a wound\n  111. Most medical facilities collect co-payments or balances due from patients\n    At each visit\n  112. In order to properly utilize and inventory supplies, it is necessary to\n    Keep supplies with the expiration date closest to the current date to the front\n  113. The purpose of the medical record is to\n    Provide statistical information, Provide patients with continuity of care, Provide legal documentation of all patient care\n  114. Under Medicare Part B, which of the following goods/services would be covered?\n    Medications administered in the medical office\n  115. If a patient has a secondary diagnosis or a complication, it is necessary to\n    Code the underlying disease first\n  116. Correspondence directed to a specific individual in a company has the designation listed on the envelope\n    Directly above the address\n  117. Maintaining the office and its equipment and supplies involves managing the relationship between\n    The office administrator and the contractors or vendors\n  118. Payments under Medicare are made to hospitals based on the\n    Primary diagnosis\n  119. Computers are used daily in the medical office. However, at the end of each day it is a good office practice to\n    Back up each days work on a disk or magnetic tape\n  120. Which of the following patients should be seen by the doctor as soon as possible?\n    The patient who has been stung by a bee and is experiencing difficulty breathing\n  121. Which of the following would be filed first?\n    Jones, E. W.\n  122. Usually, the first evaluation of a new employee is done after\n    The probation period\n  123. A policy and procedure manual should include all of the following except\n    Diagnoses that the doctors deal with\n  124. In the alphabetic system, each name is broken down into\n  125. Which of the following is not part of the patient medical record?\n    Financial records pertaining to the patient\n  126. A letter that must reach its destination within 24 hours should be sent by\n    Express mail\n  127. A patient may request that he or she be allowed to make monthly payments instead of putting the account into collection. In this case, the medical assistant should\n    Draw up a written credit agreement with the patient, stating the minimum amount due each month\n  128. The code that is usually sufficient for most CPT coverage is a\n    Five-digit code\n  129. If there is a question about the amount of money that has been drawn on a check, the legal amount is determined by\n    The written amount\n  130. The classification of inactive for a medical record is determined by\n    Office policy\n  131. Before a piece of correspondence can be filed, it must first be\n    Initialed by the physician\n  132. Open office hours\n    Give patients more flexibility, Can result in lengthy waits for some patients\n  133. Computers can be used in the office for a variety of functions. These include\n    Scheduling appointments, Billing, Insurance form completion, Correspondence\n  134. A 16-year-old goes to the doctor for a pregnancy test. The office may\n    Ask the patient to pay at the time of the visit\n  135. Jennifer, a foster child, is a Medicaid patient. She has a procedure performed by the doctor for which he charges $100.00. The physicians office can bill Jennifers foster parents\n  136. Originally, ICD coding was used\n    To track disease processes, In medical research, To evaluate hospital service utilization, To classify the cause of death\n  137. A letter that weighs 13 ounces should be sent by\n    First class mail\n  138. Using the alphabetic system of filing, The Harris Office Supply Company would be filed under\n  139. When sorting the mail for the physician, the mail should be arranged\n    In order of importance\n  140. In keying the second page of a document, all of the following apply except\n    Keep a minimum of one line on the bottom of the page and one line at the top of the next page when dividing a paragraph\n  141. Which of the following would require a CPT code?\n    Mastectomy, Appendectomy, Hysterectomy, Rhinoplasty\n  142. The largest unit used for storage of electronic information is the\n  143. The type of computer printer that produces the sharpest image is the\n  144. Manual scheduling of appointments utilizes\n    Spiral-bound appointment books\n  145. Which of the following is being created when a transcriber presets the format for the transcription?\n    The template\n  146. The letter style in which the first line of each new paragraph is indented five spaces is\n  147. For coding a diagnosis, the first place to go is\n    Volume II of the ICD-9-CM\n  148. The procedure that protects against the loss of computer data is known as\n    Backing up\n  149. The correct format for the salutation to a physician named David Roberts is\n    Dear Dr. Roberts\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMock Exam.all.txt\n2012-11-26 04:12:26\n\n150 Mock Exam\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive Time allowed: 2 Hrs 40 Mins Total Marks Section B and C: 53\nAnswer all parts of Section \u2018B\u2019 and two questions from Section \u2018C\u2019. Write your answers neatly and legibly.\nSection-B (33 Marks)\u00a0\u00a0\nQ-2Write short answers of the following. Answers should not exceed three to four lines.(11 x 3 = 33)\na.Convert 1gm cm -3 into Kg m-3\nb.What do you mean by the least count of a vernier calliper. Write mathematical expression.\n\nc.A cyclist completes one round of circular track of diameter 636m in 1.5 minutes. Find his velocity.\n\nWe Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically\nFor You For Only $13.90/page!\n\norder now\n\nd.Define inertia. Describe the factors on which inertia depends.\n\ne.Can a fat (heavy) child play with a small (light) child on a sea saw? Explain.\n\nf.On the surface of earth weight of a boy is 400 N but on the mountain peak his weight is 360N. Calculate value of g on the mountain peak.\n\ng.Write down three methods for reducing friction.\n\nh.Define stress and strain.\n\ni.Differentiate between nuclear energy and chemical energy.\n\nj.What do you mean by the efficiency of a system? Why practically the efficiency of a system cannot be 100%.\nk.Define centre of gravity and centre of mass.\n\nSection- C (20 Marks)\nNote: \u2013 Attempt following questions. All questions carry equal marks.\u00a0(2 x 10 = 20)\nQ. 3.\n\na.What is Law of Gravitation? Derive a relation for mass of earth by using Law of Gravitation. Calculate mass of earth. (Radius of earth is 6.4 x 106 m) (2 + 2+2)\nb.A nut has been tightened by a force of 200N using a 10cm long spanner. What length of spanner is required to loosen the same nut with force of 150 N? (4)\nQ. 4.\n\na.Define and derive expression for Archimedes Principle. (1 + 3)\nb.Differentiate between Conduction and Radiation of heat. How land and sea breezes blow? (3)\nc.How much heat is lost in an hour through a glass measuring 2m x 2.5m when inside temperature is 250C and outside is 50C.Thickness of the glass is 0.8cm and value of K for glass is 0.8Wm-1K-1 (3)\nCollege No.______________Section.__________\nTime allowed: 20 Mins Total Marks: 53\nSection A is compulsory. All parts of this questions are to be answered on question paper itself. Deleting /over writing is not allowed. Do not use lead pencil. .\n\nQ-1Circle the correct option i.e A, B , C, D. Each part carries one Mark.\n\nA body of mass 1 Kg is moving with velocity 2m/sec. Its K.E will be:\nA. 2 JB. 4 JC. 6 JD. 8 J\nWhich of the following is a vector quantity?\nA. SpeedB. AccelerationC. PowerD. Energy\nc.The SI unit of stress is:\nA. NmB. Nm -1 C. Wm 3 D. Nm -2\nd.Sea and land breezes blow due to __________ of heat:\nA. ConductionB. ConvectionC. Radiation D. Temperature\ne.The SI unit of tensile strain is:\nA. JouleB.NewtonC.VoltD. None\nf.Two equal but unlike parallel forces having different line of action produce:\nA. TorqueB. CoupleC. ForceD. Momentum\ng.The number of forces that can be added by head to tail rule are:\nA. 2B.3C.4D. any number\nh.Newton\u2019s First Law is valid only in absence of:\nA. ForceB. Net ForceC. FrictionD. Momentum\ni.Motion of a body about an axis is called:\nA. Circular motionB. Rotatory motionC. Vibratory motionD. Random Motion\nj.Moon completes one revolution around the earth in :A. 25.3 daysB. 27.3 daysC. 30.3 daysD. 33.3 days\nk.In nuclear reactor the type of energy produced is:\nA. Chemical EnergyB. Atomic EnergyC. Nuclear Energy D. Light Energy\nl.A rocket is propelled in space on basis of Newton\u2019s Law:\nA. 1st LawB. 2nd Law C. 3rd Law D. Law of Gravitation
+__label__positive Gray to Binary and Binary to Gray conversion\n\nBinary Numbers is default way to store numbers, but in many applications binary numbers are difficult to use and a variation of binary numbers is needed. This is where Gray codes are very useful.\nGray code has property that two successive numbers differ in only one bit because of this property gray code does the cycling through various states with minimal effort and used in K-maps, error correction, communication etc.\n\nHow to generate n bit Gray Codes?\n\nFollowing is 2-bit sequence (n = 2)\n  00 01 11 10\nFollowing is 3-bit sequence (n = 3)\n  000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100\nAnd Following is 4-bit sequence (n = 4)\n  0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 \n  1110 1010 1011 1001 1000\n\nn-bit Gray Codes can be generated from list of (n-1)-bit Gray codes using following steps.\n\n  1. Let the list of (n-1)-bit Gray codes be L1. Create another list L2 which is reverse of L1.\n  2. Modify the list L1 by prefixing a \u20180\u2019 in all codes of L1.\n  3. Modify the list L2 by prefixing a \u20181\u2019 in all codes of L2.\n  4. Concatenate L1 and L2. The concatenated list is required list of n-bit Gray codes.\n  5. Please refer Generate n-bit Gray Codes for detailed program.\n\n    How to Convert Binary To Gray and Vice Versa?\n\n    Binary : 0011\n    Gray   : 0010\n    Binary : 01001\n    Gray   : 01101\n\n    In computer science many a times we need to convert binary code to gray code and vice versa. This conversion can be done by applying following rules :\n    Binary to Gray conversion :\n\n    1. The Most Significant Bit (MSB) of the gray code is always equal to the MSB of the given binary code.\n    2. Other bits of the output gray code can be obtained by XORing binary code bit at that index and previous index.\n\n    Gray to binary conversion :\n\n    1. The Most Significant Bit (MSB) of the binary code is always equal to the MSB of the given binary number.\n    2. Other bits of the output binary code can be obtained by checking gray code bit at that index. If current gray code bit is 0, then copy previous binary code bit, else copy invert of previous binary code bit.\n\n    Below is C++ implementation of above steps.\n\n    // C++ program for Binary To Gray and Gray to Binary\n    // conversion\n    #include <iostream>\n    using namespace std;\n    // Helper function to xor two characters\n    char xor_c(char a, char b) { return (a == b)? '0': '1'; }\n    // Helper function to flip the bit\n    char flip(char c) { return (c == '0')? '1': '0'; }\n    //  function to convert binary string to gray string\n    string binarytoGray(string binary)\n        string gray = \"\";\n        //  MSB of gray code is same as binary code\n        gray += binary[0];\n        // Compute remaining bits, next bit is comuted by\n        // doing XOR of previous and current in Binary\n        for (int i = 1; i < binary.length(); i++)\n            // Concatenate XOR of previous bit with current bit\n            gray += xor_c(binary[i - 1], binary[i]);\n        return gray;\n    //  function to convert gray code string to binary string\n    string graytoBinary(string gray)\n        string binary  = \"\";\n        //  MSB of binary code is same as gray code\n        binary += gray[0];\n        // Compute remaining bits\n        for (int i = 1; i < gray.length(); i++)\n            // If current bit is 0, concatenate previous bit\n            if (gray[i] == '0')\n                binary += binary[i - 1];\n            // Else, concatenate invert of previous bit\n                binary += flip(binary[i - 1]);\n        return binary;\n    // Driver program to test above functions\n    int main()\n        string binary = \"01001\";\n        cout << \"Gray code of \" << binary << \" is \"\n             << binarytoGray(binary) << endl;\n        string gray = \"01101\";\n        cout << \"Binary code of \" << gray << \" is \"\n             << graytoBinary(gray) << endl;\n        return 0;\n\n\n    Gray code of 01001 is 01101\n    Binary code of 01101 is 01001\n\n    This article is contributed by Utkarsh Trivedi. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above\n\n    GATE CS Corner \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Company Wise Coding Practice\n
+__label__positive IBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers\n\nIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers, IBPS Common Interview Questions.\n\nIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers:\n\n1) Tell me something about Yourself?\nIBPS PO Common Interview Experience Image2) What is the difference between GDP & GNP ?\n3) What is Boyle\u2019s Law?\n4) What is law of Motion?\n5) What is your hobby??\n6) Tell me about your strengths & weakness?\n7) They give me a paper to find hexadecimal of 45?\n8) Are you a team player?\n9) Why you want join banks?\n10) Can you tell me the statistics about the growth in banks?\n11) What is the difference between credit card and debit card??\n12) How can an illiterate person use card if he doesn\u2019t know how to use it and enter the pin?\n13) Is there any ATM without a PIN?\n14) What about the people in rural areas who are illiterate and how will they be able to use cards and all.?\n15) What is liquidity?\n16) Who is the regulator of banks?\n17) Functions of RBI?\n18) Do you have bank a/c?\n19) In which bank?\n20) Which type of account ?\n21) How much of interest they are giving to you?\nBank-interview-questions-ibps-common-Interview22) What type of Demand Loans are introduced by Andhra bank?\n23) Do you know about SHG? EXPLAIN IT.\n24) What is financial inclusion ?\n25) Who introduced financial inclusion ?\n26) How many type of accounts ?\n27) What is priority sector?\n28) In education loan, Is there need of any collateral security ?\n29) What is limit for education loan?\n30) What is Demat account ?\n31) Who does open Demat account and can a bank it\n32) You have done MCA in 2011\u2026after that what you have done and why banking ?\n33) What is RDBMS?\n34) Name some RDBMS Software ?\n35) Is Oracle 9i the latest version of oracle?\n36) What is normalization ?\n37) Which N-form most use in normalization ?\n38) What is Bitcoin ?\n39) Who is telecommunication minister at centre?\n40) Can you tell us about the latest views of Supreme Court about Adhar Card ?\n41) What is a bank??\n42) As a bank employee what should we want to do for bank??\n43) How your field useful to bank??\n44) What is the problems at present public facing in the Public sector banks??\n45) What is your score??\n46) Will you serve in the bank upto the end??\n47) Who is the chairman of SBI??\n48) What is the full form of ATM??\n49) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0941\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n50) \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0940.\u091f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0917\u0947 ?\n51) \u0924\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 ?\n52) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n53) \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n54) \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f ?\n55) \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n56) \u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913?\n57) SBI \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 ?\n58) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091c\u0930\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?\n59) \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913 ?\n60) RTI \u0914\u0930 RTE \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 ?\n61) You have completed MCA now why you have chosen banking sector ?\n62) What is WWW?\n63) What is CRR and SLR\n64) What is Augusta Westland deal ?\n65) Who is the health minister of Delhi ?\n66) who is chief election commissioner of India ?\n67) What is your opinion about Arvind Kejriwal ?\n68) Do you think Arvind Kejriwal can change the face of Indian politics.\n69) Current Repo rate,bank rate,Reverse repo rate ?\n70) What have you done in your graduation?\n71) Tell me about your father\u2019s profession\n72) Who regulates insurance sector?\n73) Where is it\u2019s headquarter?\n74) Who regulates share market?\n75) Where is its HQ & who is chairman?\n76) What is difference between Primary & Secondary market?\n77) What is IPO?\n78) What is Follow up IPO? If IPO has already issued then what is the need of it?\n79) What is RBI?\n80) does it regulate cooperative banks also?\n81) Do u have any bank account?\n82) Who is head of SBI?\n83) Have you heard about CSR?\n84) Tell me 2 companies which are following CSR?\n85) Tell me 2 names of public & pvt banks who\u2019s head is a woman\n86) Earlier you said that RBI controls monetary policy, when govt. passes the budget then what is the need of monetary policy?\n87) What is reverse repo rate?\n88) Current reverse repo rate is?\n89) When RBI borrows from other banks, then money in market increases or decreases?\n90) What is LT, ST, MT\n91) After that Infrastructure Sector me kuan si financing hoti hai ST,LT\n92) Who is the CJI of India.\n93) Who is the CVC\n94) Who is the CIO\n95) Who is the Chief election Officer.\n96) What is the function of Financial Management.\n97) What is BEP..\n98) who control the working of banks & how\n99) What is current Bank Rate\n100) What are basic A/c Principals..\n101) Liability & assets side of Banks\n102) What is Sarfaesi act\n103) What is NPA\n104) What is the serious problem that the economy is facing\n105) What is cad\n106) How can u suit yourself in a bank\n107) Where u have worked?\n108) After MBA, why you want to join Bank, and how u are useful to us?\n109) Difference between Sales and Marketing?\n110) Types of customers?\n111) Difference between World Bank and IMF?\n112) Difference between money Market and Capital market?\n113) Last question regarding Bhartiya Mahila Bank?\n114) Which year you completed your B.com?\n115) favorite sub which i told account then they ask why loan and investment come in balance sheet?\n116) when i told them but said why it is shown under investment head then i said sorry i don\u2019t remember .\n117) What is fund flow ..\n118) What is your favorite chapter in account?\n119) What is opportunity cost. Absolute cost ..\n120) If you take loan from bank which side in balance sheet com ..\n121) What you know about banking?\n122) How rupees value getting depreciated?\n123) What are the measures to control depreciation .\n124) What types of crops in your region they grow commonly?\n125) What are your hobbies?\n126) What are todays headlines?\n127) Do you support AAP?\n128) Tell me what is CRR and how RBI uses this as a tool for various purposes?\n129) Name the Governor and deputy governor of RBI?\n130) What is black money?\n131) What is Monely laundering?\n132) What is KYC?\n133) What are the documents required for KYC?\n134) What is the objective of KYC Norms?\n135 ) About Aadhar & DBT Linkage\n136) Any twp qualities that should be there in a officer?\n137) Do you think you posses any of these qualities?\n138) Who regulates NABARD ?\n139) Whats is IPO?\n140) Whats the process of IPO?\n141) Private company can listed in market or not?\n142) What is Certificate of Incorporation and certificate of Commencement?\n143) Is both certificate necessary for both private and public sector companies?\n144) Who issue the certificates? \u2013 Replied ROC under MCA.\n145)Whats is ROC and MCA?\n146) Who sign the certificate?\n147) Why Indian Banks are not in top 20 in world?\n148) What is Book Value?\n149) Tell me specialty of Varanasi. (As the candidate was from Varanasi. The Original Question Should be, What is the specialty of your city?)\n150) What is inflation?\n151) What is CAR?\n\nSpecial Thanks to Satish Joshi (Asst. Manager) for collecting and compiling these questions and Siddarth Tiwari (Senior Manager) for sharing it wish us. Both of them works at UCO Bank.\n\n7 thoughts on \u201cIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers\n\n  1. how can an illiterate person use the ATM or card for money withdrawing?\n\n  2. I had my interview for PO III on 7th Jan and they asked me from where do RBI get money to finance State and Central Government ,, I count answer properly can anybody explain about it ?\n\n\n  3. in the form of CRR & SLR RBi help central govt to get funds..\n\n  4. Ruchir Maheshwari says:\n\n    rbi can get money by printing notes\u2026.if necessary\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__positive What is the percentage change (increase or decrease) from 524 to 4515?\n\nWhat is the % change from to ?\n\nHow to solve this problem\n\nA step by step guide\n\n\nStep 1: Subtract 524 from 4515\nThe first step is to find the difference between the new number (the second input, 4515) and the old number (the first input, 524). We can do this by simply subtracting 524 from 4515: $$ 4515 - 524 = 3991 $$\n\nStep 2: Divide 3991 by 524\nThe second step is to divide the result of step 1 by the original number. This is done to compare the difference to the original number. The equation for this is quite simply: $$ \\frac{3991}{524} = 3991 \\div 524 = 7.6164122137405 $$\n\nStep 3: Multiply 7.6164122137405 by 100\nThe final step of this calculation is to multiply the result of step 2 by 100 to turn it into a percentage (%). This equation for this is simple: $$ 7.6164122137405 \\times 100 = 761.64 $$\n
+__label__positive Radioactive Decay\n\nThe spontaneous emission of radiation from a nucleus is called radioactivity. When a nuclide changes to another element with the emission of radiation, it is called transmutation. There are three types of radiation that we will discuss. (For more on radioactivity and its history, click on\n\nAlpha particles (a) are simply helium nuclei (2 protons and 2 neutrons) and have a positive charge. a particles have relatively low penetrating power - they can be stopped by skin or by a piece of paper. They can have important biological effects on soft mucous tissue, such as inside of the lungs. Radium is a naturally occurring a emitter which decays to Radon with the emission of an a particle. We write the reaction thus:\n\nNote here that an alpha particle is commonly written as a helium nuclide.\n\nIn this type of reaction, we define a parent (the original isotope) and a daughter (what is left after the decay). Here, radium is the parent and radon is the daughter. The mass of the parent is always greater than the mass of\nthe daughter and the mass of the\na particle. This mass difference is kinetic energy from the recoiling daughter and a particle and is called disintegration energy, Q. Q = (Mp - Md - Ma)c2. The computation is fairly straight forward.\nFor example, what is the disintegration energy for a uranium-thorium decay chain which emits an\na particle?\n\nThe decay is given by:\n\nU-232 has a mass 232.037131 u and Th-228 has a mass 228.028716 u. The a has a mass of 4.002602 units. Thus, the mass lost is (232.037131 - 220.028716 - 4.002602 u) = 0.005813 u. This equates to an energy of (0.005813 u)(931.5 MeV/u) = 5.4 MeV.\n\nBeta particles (b -) are electrons, and Beta decay occurs when a nuclide undergoes transmutation with the emission of an electron. It must be noted here that a b - particle is indistinguishable from an orbital electron, but it is in fact an electron that is generated within the nucleus by a neutron that decays to a proton, an electron, and a neutrino. A b - has more energy than an a particle, and can penetrate skin but can be stopped by about 3 mm of aluminum and other substances.\n\nAnother particle - the neutrino (n). \u00a0While conducting experiments in the late 1920s and early 1930s, it was found that the kinetic energy of a b - particle had significantly less energy in a decay reaction than they should have. Some physicists, including Niels Bohr, were ready to postulate that these types of reactions violated the law of conservation of energy. Wolfgang Pauli was the first to propose that a new particle , the neutrino, was also being generated that was virtually impossible to detect. It was thought that this particle was using all the energy and momentum that could not be accounted for in the b - decay reaction. The neutrino was postulated to have no\ncharge and zero rest mass, similar to the photon. In 1934,\nEnrico Fermi\u00a0(who named the neutrino) worked out a theory for b - decay that included the neutrino and this became generally accepted. It wasn't until the mid 50s that experimentation provided further evidence for the neutrino.\n\nAntiparticles - Very simply, these are particles with characteristics similar to given particles but opposite in a given characteristic such as spin or charge. For example, an electron with a positive charge is called a positron and has the symbol b +. A neutrino has a particle with opposite spin called an antineutrino. Thus, we write the b - decay equation as\n\nwhere P is the parent nuclide and D is the daughter and an electron and anti neutrino are also produced. As an example, Carbon 14 decays as\n\nAn example of positron decay occurs with Neon 19:\n\nGamma particles (g). A gamma ray is a photon with a very high energy. It has the capability to pass through several inches of steel and requires significant shielding design in nuclear reactors. The g has no charge and there is no transmutation of an element as a result of g decay. g are emitted when a nucleus drops from an excited state to a lower energy state. This can happen as the result of a high energy collision, or more commonly a nuclide will remain in an excited state following a previous decay.\n\nConservation Laws - these three types of decay exhibit all of the classic conservation laws that we have studied: Energy, momentum, electric charge are all conserved. Additionally, mass number is also conserved. This is called the Law of Conservation of Nucleon Number, and very simply states that the total number of nucleons is constant in any process, even though one nucleon may change into another type.\n\nHalf Life is the amount of time required for a substance to decay to one half of its original amount. Half lives can be measured in nanoseconds or in thousands of years, depending upon the material. Half life is constant for a given nuclide and is independent of the original amount of the material or external conditions. For example, if a material had a half life of 10 minutes, and originally we started with 8,000 grams of the material, every 10 minutes we would have 1/2 of the amount from the previous 10 minutes. We could develop a table that looks like this:\n\n\n\n0 minutes\n\n8,000 grams\n\n10 minutes\n\n4,000 grams\n\n20 minutes\n\n2,000 grams\n\n30 minutes\n\n1,000 grams\n\n40 minutes\n\n500 grams\n\n50 minutes\n\n250 grams\n\n60 minutes\n\n125 grams\n\n70 minutes\n\n63 grams\n\nThe decay curve for this function looks like the graph at the right. Here, our time constant is .0693. We'll show to compute this a little later. Eventually we will reach a point where there is not any of the original substance left. In\npracticality, for most substances we can say that the material is approximately gone after about 7 half lives. This is because after that time span, what remains is a very small portion of the original. Mathematically, we say that\nthe number of decays\nDN that occur in a time interval Dt may be represented as a proportion to the original\u00a0 amount, N, and the decay constant, l. l\u00a0is different for different nuclides. The larger l is, the greater the rate of decay. We represent this with the equation DN = -lNDt. If we solve for N, we get a more generalized form of the equation which is useful:\n\nN = Noe-lt\n\nwhere No is the original amount of the material we had, t is the amount of time that has elapsed, and N is the amount remaining. The number of decays per second, or DN/Dt is called the activity of the substance. This number will decrease over time since there will be fewer nuclides left to decay. As an example: Carbon 14 is used for dating formerly living material since the ratio of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 can be established accurately in living material and Carbon 14 is radioactive with a half life of 5730 years. If a plant had 12 grams of Carbon 14 when it died, how much C 14 remains after 15,000 years?\n\nFirst, we need to find the time constant, l. From our equation above, N/No = 1/2 (half is decayed away in 1 time constant), .5 = e-lt or 2 = elt.\nTaking the natural log of both sides, ln 2 = ln (e\nlt) or .693 = l t. t1/2 = 5730 years\n\nso l = .693/5730 years = 1.21 x 10-4 yrs-1.\n\nThus, after 15,000 years we have N = (12 g) e -(1.21 x 10-4 yrs-1 )(15,000yrs) = 1.95 grams remaining.\n\nOften, a parent nuclide will decay to a daughter nuclide which will in turn decay to another daughter and continue\non in this fashion until a stable nuclide is reached. We call such a reaction a decay series. The chart at the right depicts the decay chain for 238U. The chart shows each nuclide, its form of decay, and the half life of the decay. For example, 238U decays to 234Th by\na emission with a half life of 4.5 billion years. This in turn b decays to 234Pa in 24 days which in turn b decays to 234U in 6.7 hrs. Note that some of these decays take years, while others occur in days, hours, minutes, and even tenths of a millisecond. Often, there may be more than one option for the decay of a nuclide.\n\nNuclear reactions can also cause transmutations. A nuclear reaction takes place when a nucleus of an atom is struck by another nucleus or by a particle such as a neutron which then causes a change to the nuclide. We are probably most familiar with nuclear fission as a reaction, but there are other types that we will examine and learn in a later lesson.\n\n\nFor Practice Problems, Try: Giancoli Multiple Choice Practice Questions (Don't worry if you can't solve all of them just yet!)
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nWhen the brightness x of a light source is increased, the eye reacts by decreasing the radius R of the pupil. The dependence of R on x is given by the function...\n\nR(x) = \u221a13 + 7x^0.4 / 1 + 4x^0.4\n\nFirst I need to Find R(1), R(10), and R(100). Then I need to make a table of the values of R(x).\n\nshare|improve this question\nIs this what you mean? $$R(x) = \\sqrt{13 + \\dfrac{7x^{0.4}}{1 + 4x^{0.4}}}$$ \u2013\u00a0 Richard Sullivan Sep 25 '12 at 13:16\nThat's exactly what I meant. Thank you. \u2013\u00a0 Brandt Sep 25 '12 at 16:59\nI've noticed that you have asked quite 5 questions during the last two days. I wanted to make sure that you are aware of the quotas 50 questions/30 days and 6 questions/24 hours, so that you can plan posting your questions accordingly. (If you try to post more questions, stackexchange software will not allow you to do so.) For more details see meta. \u2013\u00a0 Martin Sleziak Sep 26 '12 at 11:37\n\n2 Answers 2\n\nup vote 1 down vote accepted\n\n$R(x)=\\sqrt{\\frac{13+7x^{0.4}}{1+4x^{0.4}}}\\Rightarrow R(1)=2,\\;R(10)=1.66383,\\;R(100)=1.47606$\n\n$\\begin{array}{|l|c|c|}\\hline\\color{Red}x & 1&10&100\\\\\\rm \\color{Orange}{R(x)}&\\hline 2&1.66383&1.47606\\\\\\hline\\end{array}$\n\n$\\begin{array}{|l|l|}\\hline\\color{Red}x &\\color{Orange}{\\rm R(x)}\\\\\\hline 1&2\\\\\\hline10&1.66383\\\\\\hline100&1.47606\\\\\\hline 250 &1.43203\\\\\\hline700&1.39679\\\\\\hline1000&1.38734\\\\\\hline\\end{array}$\n\nshare|improve this answer\nOkay, I worked the equation portion out and came up with the same answers, but I'm having some difficulty filling in the chart. We were given a column titled \u2018x\u2019 that listed the numbers 1, 10, 100, 250, 700 and 1000. And a second column titled \u2018R(x)\u2019 where we were asked to fill in the values of R(x). My question is how exactly do I come up with those values? Am I supposed to plug in my original answers somewhere? \u2013\u00a0 Brandt Sep 25 '12 at 17:22\nI added an extra table, you actually plug in the x values in the R(x) formula and use a computer. \u2013\u00a0 Papadopoulos Ge\u03bfrgios Sep 25 '12 at 17:42\nAlright, thanks. I used my graphing calculator to plug in the x values and came up with the same answers. Thanks again! \u2013\u00a0 Brandt Sep 25 '12 at 17:53\n\n$R(x) =\\sqrt{13} + \\fbox{7$x^{0.4}/1$} + 4x^{0.4}$, can you clarify the boxed formula? Is it $7x^{\\frac{0.4}{1}}\\;\\;or\\;\\;\\frac{7x^{0.4}}{1}$ or something else?\n\nshare|improve this answer\nSorry about that. 13 + 7x^0.4 is divided by 1 + 4x^0.4 in this particular equation. \u2013\u00a0 Brandt Sep 25 '12 at 13:05\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive C Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers\n\n\u00a0 \u00a0 1 Votes\n\n16) What is a pragma?\n\nThe #pragma preprocessor allows compiler to include or exclude compiler specific features. For example if there is a feature xxx_yyy then,\n#pragma xxx_yyy(on)\nForces compiler to include the feature. Conversely, you can turn off it by the following lines:\n#pragma xxx_yyy(off)\n\n\n17) How to redefined macro with different value?\nThe #undef preprocessor can be used to reset a macro. For example,\n#ifdef SAMPLE /* Checking if SAMPLE is defined */\n#undef SAMPLE /* If so, then reset it */\n#define SAMPLE 0 /* Then redefine with intended value */\n\n\n18) What is an lvalue?\n\nAn lvalue is an expression to which a value can be assigned. The lvalue expression is the one which is located on the left side a statement, whereas an rvalue is located on the right side of a statement. Each assignment must have a valid lvalue and rvalue. The lvalue expression must refer to a storage where something can be stored. It can't be a constant.\n\n19) How to assign one array to another?\n\nYou can't assign an array to other. Arrays are not lvalue, because they don't refer to one variable, rather a set of variables. So they can't be placed on the left hand side of an assignment statement. For example the following statement will generate compilation error.\n\nint x[5], y[5];\nx = y;\n\n20) what is the order of operator precedence, left to right or right to left ?\n\nNone of them is standard. C does not always start evaluating left to right or right to left. Normally, function calls are done first, followed by complex expressions and then simple expressions. That is why it is best to use parenthesis in all expressions, without depending on precedence.\n\n21) What is the difference between ++X and X++?\n\nThe ++ operator is called the incremental operator. When the operator is placed before, the variable is incremented by 1 before it is used in the statement. When the operator is placed after the variable, then the expression is evaluated first and then the variable is incremented by 1.\n\n22) What happens when we use incremental operator in a pointer?\n\nIt depends upon the type of the pointer. It gets incremented by the size of the data type, the pointer is pointing to. For example\n\nchar p; p++; /* here p increments by 1*/\nint p; p++;/* here p increments by 4(for 32 bit system)*/\n\n23) What will be output of the following code snippet?\n\nint num1=5;\nint num2=5;\nnum1 =num1++ + num1--;\nnum2 =++num2 + --num2;\nprintf(\"num1=%d num2=%d\",num1,num2);\n\nOutput will be num1=10 num2=10.\n\n24) Can the sizeof operator be used to tell the size of an array passed to a function?\n\nNo. The sizeof() operator can't tell the size of an array, because it is actually a pointer to the data type of the array.\n\n25) Can you change the value of an array tag?\n\nNo. An array tag can't be used as a storage, because it is not an Lvalue. It can be thought as a pointer to the datatype of the array which is constant and which can't be changed or assigned dynamically.\n\nPage 3 of 8\n\nPopular Videos\n\n\n\nGot a tip or Question?\nLet us know\n\nRelated Articles\n\nC++ Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers, Experienced\nAdvanced C Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced\nEmbedded C Interview Questions and Answers
+__label__positive Multiple Choice Questions on Food Processing | Quality Control\n\nfood processing and quality control mcqs\n\nMultiple Choice Questions on Food Processing\n\n1. Saffron is obtained from:\n\na. Seed\n\nb. Root\n\nc. Fruit\n\nd. Flower\n\nAns. d\n\n2. Clove is:\n\na. Root\n\nb. Bark\n\nc. Bud\n\nd. Fruit\n\nAns. c\n\n3. Extraction of aromatic compound into fat is called:\n\na. Expression\n\nb. Super critical extraction\n\nc. Enfluerage\n\nd. Soxhlet extraction\n\nAns. c\n\n4. Limonene is present in:\n\na. Orange\n\nb. Mandarin\n\nc. Lime\n\nd. Lemon\n\nAns. a\n\n5. Linalool is present in:\n\na. Clove\n\nb. Coriander\n\nc. ardamom\n\nd. Cinnamon\n\nAns. b\n\n6. Which of the following is used as sparkling agent in carbonated beverages?\n\na. Sodium benzoate\n\nb. Sparkling colorant\n\nc. Sugar\n\nd. CO2\n\nAns. d\n\n7. Edible portion of apple is:\n\na. Epicarp\n\nb. Mesocarp\n\nc. Thalamus\n\nd. Leaf\n\nAns. c\n\n8. Which of the following is observed exclusively in meat?\n\na. Rigor mortis\n\nb. Fat bloom\n\nc. Enzymatic browning\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. a\n\n9. Which of the following is least nutritive?\n\na. Mango\n\nb. Asparagus\n\nc. Cucumber\n\nd. Papaya\n\nAns. c\n\n10. If potato is stored at more than 10 degree C:\n\na. There is increase in starch content\n\nb. There is increase in glucose content\n\nc. There is increase in both glucose and starch\n\nd. No change in either glucose or starch\n\nAns. a\n\nMCQs on Quality Control pdf\n\n11. Which of the following preservatives should not be used for the mango pulp which is to be canned?\n\na. KMS\n\nb. Vinegar\n\nc. Citric acid\n\nd. Benzoic acid\n\nAns. a\n\n12. Which of the following compounds is said to be \u201cthe doctor\u201d in confectionary?\n\na. Invertase\n\nb. Mono Sodium Glutamate\n\nc. Sorbitol\n\nd. Aspartame\n\nAns. a\n\n13. In high fructose corn syrup preparation the enzyme used for the conversion of glucose to fructose is:\n\na. Epimerase\n\nb. Isomerase\n\nc. Invertase\n\nd. Amylase\n\nAns. b\n\n14. Liquorice as a confectionary contains:\n\na. Wheat flour\n\nb. Gelatin\n\nc. Caramel\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. d\n\n15. Quality of sugar is determined by the process specifies by:\n\n\n\n\n\nAns. c\n\nfood technology multiple choice questions and answers pdf\n\n16. Which of the following makes excellent whipping agent?\n\na. Carbohydrates\n\nb. Protein\n\nc. Inorganic acid\n\nd. Fat\n\nAns. b\n\n17. Unplanned crystallization of sugar in a confection is called:\n\na. Winnowing\n\nb. Panning\n\nc. Engrossing\n\nd. Fudging\n\nAns. d\n\n18. Silver coating in confectionary is also called as:\n\na. Panning\n\nb. Gilding\n\nc. Polishing\n\nd. None\n\nAns. b\n\n19. Which of the following statements describes the characteristics of a good jelly?\n\na. Should be cut easily\n\nb. Retain shape of edge and show clear cut surface\n\nc. Tender enough to quiver\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. d\n\n20. Syneresis is a defect seen in:\n\na. Egg\n\nb. Jelly\n\nc. Chocolate\n\nd. None\n\nAns. b\n\nQuality Control MCQ\n\n21. In fruit candy, the mode of preservation is:\n\na. Osmosis\n\nb. Decrease in temperature\n\nc. Addition of Class 2 preservation\n\nd. Decrease in pH\n\nAns. a\n\n22. Which of the following statements is/are correct?\n\na. Optical isomers have different organoleptic properties\n\nb. Threshold quantity of two optical isomers are same under constant condition\n\nc. Dill caraway have(-)ve carvone\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. a\n\n23. Spear mint and dill caraway have:\n\na. Flavouring compounds which are optical isomers of each other\n\nb. Carvone as the flavouring compound\n\nc. Different threshold quantity\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. a\n\n24. Sausage is:\n\na. An emulsion\n\nb. A solution\n\nc. A precipitate\n\nd. None\n\nAns. a\n\n25. Poor quality egg floats in the water due to:\n\na. Microbial spoilage\n\nb. Increase in air cell\n\nc. Decrease in air cell\n\nd. Air cell has no relation to quality of egg\n\nAns. b\n\nQuality Control and Quality Assurance mcq\n\n26. The major duty of two muscle proteins filaments actin and myosin is:\n\na. To provide color to muscle\n\nb. To facilitate muscle contraction\n\nc. To bind the endomysium to the sacrolemma\n\nd. None\n\nAns. d\n\n27. When two isoprenes are joined it is called:\n\na. Monoterpene\n\nb. Diterpene\n\nc. Triterpene\n\nd. None\n\nAns. a\n\n28. Sharp smell of onion is due to:\n\na. Ammonia\n\nb. Sulphur\n\nc. Chlorine\n\nd. Combined effect of above\n\nAns. a\n\n29. Lard is obtained from:\n\na. Coconut\n\nb. Pigs\n\nc. Soybean\n\nd. Beet\n\nAns. b\n\n30. While deposition on the surface of the chocolate is due to faulty:\n\na. Winterization\n\nb. Plasticization\n\nc. Tempering\n\nd. None\n\nAns. c\n\nFood Processing and Preservation mcqs\n\n31. Which type of fat would you prefer for the chocolate manufacture?\n\na. Fat with high linolenic content\n\nb. Fat with short plastic range\n\nc. Fat with a crystal form\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. b\n\n32. The surface active agents used in water in oil emulsion have:\n\na. Higher HLB value\n\nb. Lower HLB value\n\nc. Higher peroxide value\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. b\n\n33. What is HLB value?\n\na. Hydrogen linolenic bond\n\nb. High lipophilic bond\n\nc. Hydrophilic lipophilic balance\n\nd. None\n\nAns. c\n\n34. Fat bloom is the defect found in:\n\na. Margarine\n\nb. Chocolate\n\nc. Ghee\n\nd. Yoghurt\n\nAns. b\n\nProcessing and Food Engineering Objective Questions and Answers pdf\n\n35. Decrease in smoke point is the indication of:\n\na. High shelf life of oil\n\nb. Low quality of oil\n\nc. High quality of oil\n\nd. It has no relation with the quality of oil\n\nAns. b\n\n36. During the extraction of oil from oil seeds the process of removal of muccilaginous material is termed as:\n\na. Tempering\n\nb. Winterizing\n\nc. Bleaching\n\nd. Degumming\n\nAns. d\n\n37. Storage of food under reduced pressure is called:\n\na. Aseptic packaing\n\nb. Hyperbaric storage\n\nc. Hypobaric storage\n\nd. Gas packaging\n\nAns. c\n\n38. Lacquering of cans helps in:\n\na. Preventing cans from discolouration\n\nb. Providing cheaper way of coloring the can\n\nc. Providing mechanical strength\n\nd. Preventing can from shock during transportation\n\nAns. a\n\n39. Lamination is:\n\na. The method of wrapping the food article with certain packaing material and storing them at ambient temperature\n\nb. Combination of two or ore materials into a sinle homogenous packaging web by means of adhesive, solvent or heat\n\nc. A type of packaging where the material used for packaing is made from substance obtained from middle lamella of cell wall\n\nd. Coatin of zinc on the surface of iron to prevent it from rustin\n\nAns. b\n\n40. Shrink wrapping is:\n\na. Dehydration the food material to reduce the volume so that it can be adjusted in a iven volume of packaging material\n\nb. Method of packaging the material to give skin tight wrap\n\nc. Type of packaging material used for pack marine foods wrap\n\nd. None\n\nAns. b\n\nFood Production Multiple Choice Questions\n\n41. Retort pouches are:\n\na. Equipment used fro the sterilization of products\n\nb. Pouch shaped retort used for the sterilization of packaging material\n\nc. Type of color used for printing the LDPE used to pack low acid food\n\nd. Heat sterilizable flexible peacks\n\nAns. d\n\n42. What is WVTR?\n\na. Water to vapour transient rate\n\nb. Water to vapour transfer rate\n\nc. Water vapour transfer rate\n\nd. Water to vapour transfer rate\n\nAns. c\n\n43. What is OTR?\n\na. Odour tranfer rate\n\nb. Oxyygen transfer rate\n\nc. Oxygen testing result\n\nd. Odour testing result\n\nAns. b\n\n44. WVTR is expressed as:\n\na. g/cm2/24hr\n\nb. g/cm2\n\nc. g/m2\n\nd. g/m2/24hr\n\nAns. a\n\n45. Aluminium foil acts:\n\na. As good barrier for vapour\n\nb. As good barrier for oxygen\n\nc. As good barrier for light\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. d\n\nfood processing and preservation mcqs\n\n46. Which of the following packaging material has perfect barrier properties?\n\na. Paper and board\n\nb. Metal\n\nc. Glass\n\nd. Plastics\n\nAns. c\n\n47. A secondary package is that:\n\na. Directly holds the product for sale\n\nb. Contains the primary packagge\n\nc. Whose prime purpose is to protect the product during distribution\n\nd. None\n\nAns. b\n\n48. Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) involves:\n\na. Monitoring adjustment of the gases\n\nb. Introduction of a as mixture other than air into a package\n\nc. Introduction of a as mixture same as the air into a package\n\nd. Both a and b\n\nAns. b\n\n49. What is the first thing the consumer notices about a package?\n\na. What is this and what is it going to do for me\n\nb. Who guarantees that\n\nc. Both a and b\n\nd. Which packaging material is used in package\n\nAns. c\n\n50. EVOH stands for:\n\na. Ethylated Vinyl Alcohol\n\nb. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol\n\nc. Ethyl Vinyl Alcohol\n\nd. Ethylidene Vinyl Alcohol\n\nAns. b\n\nFood Analysis Exam Questions\n\n51. Which chemical preservative is added to tomato sauce to extend the shelf life?\n\na. Sodium benzoate\n\nb. Calcium propionate\n\nc. Tocopherol\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. a\n\n52. Nisin is a:\n\na. Narrow spectrum antibiotic\n\nb. Broad spectrum antibiotic\n\nc. Stabilizer\n\nd. Nutrient supplement\n\nAns. b\n\n53. Sorbic acid is mostly used as preservatives in which of the following food products?\n\na. Meat\n\nb. Milk\n\nc. Baked products\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. c\n\n54. Which of the following preservatives has found to be much effective to prevent ropiness of bread?\n\na. Sugar\n\nb. Sulphite\n\nc. Propionicc acid\n\nd. Acetic acid\n\nAns. c\n\n55. Which component of cinnamon has antimicrobial effect?\n\na. Eugenol aldehyde\n\nb. Eugenol\n\nc. Cinnamic acid\n\nd. Thymol\n\nAns. c\n\n56. Which of the following is/are the class1 preservative?\n\na. Sugar\n\nb. Sorbic acid\n\nc. Calcium propionates\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. a\n\n57. Which acid is found in carbonated non-alcoholic beverages?\n\na. Propionic acid\n\nb. Acetic acid\n\nc. Citric acid\n\nd. Phosphoric acid\n\nAns. d\n\n58. What is the proposed mode of action of citric acid?\n\na. Dehydration\n\nb. Osmosis\n\nc. Chelation\n\nd. None\n\nAns. c\n\n59. Mustard shows antimicrobial effect because it contains:\n\na. Allyl sulphide\n\nb. Allyl isosulphide\n\nc. Allyl isothiocyanate\n\nd. Allyl thiocyanate\n\nAns. c\n\n60. Hydrogen peroxide is used as the preservative ion for which of the following food commodity?\n\na. Meat\n\nb. Bread\n\nc. Confectionary\n\nd. Milk\n\nAns. d\n\nMultiple Choice Questions on Quality Control\n\n61. In Aseptic packaging, the most the preservative used to sterilize the packaging material is:\n\na. Phosphoric acid\n\nb. Sulphuric acid\n\nc. Hydrogen peroxide\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. c\n\n62. Which of the following compounds acts as both synergists and antioxidants?\n\na. Ascorbic acid\n\nb. Citric acid\n\nc. Phosphoric acid\n\nd. Tartaric acid\n\nAns. a\n\n63. Dimethyl dicarbonate has got application in preservation of:\n\na. Bread\n\nb. Jellies\n\nc. Oils\n\nd. Wine\n\nAns. d\n\n64. Sucrose esters are:\n\na. Emulsifiers\n\nb. Antimicrobial agents\n\nc. Both a and b\n\nd. None\n\nAns. c\n\n65. Which component of garlic have antimicrobial effect?\n\na. Allicin\n\nb. Allyl isothicyanate\n\nc. Methyl sulphide\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. a\n\n66. Cyclamate is:\n\na. A leavning agent\n\nb. An antimicrobial agent\n\nc. A non-nutritive sweetner\n\nd. A shortening\n\nAns. c\n\nMultiple Choice Questions on Food Packaging\n\n67. Anticaking agents are:\n\na. Those used to destroy the cake while disposing the spoiled cakes\n\nb. Those used to maintain the free flowing nature of granular or powdered products\n\nc. Those used to kill microorganisms growing cakes\n\nd. Those used to maintain the shape of cakes and pastries\n\nAns. b\n\n68. Calcium stearate is used as an:\n\na. Anticaking agent\n\nb. Antifungal agent\n\nc. Antifoaming agent\n\nd. Antibacterial agent\n\nAns. a\n\n69. Which of the following is used as the clarifying agent?\n\na. Gelatin\n\nb. Bentonite\n\nc. Diatomacious earth\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. d\n\n70. Monosodium glutamate is used as:\n\na. Artificial sweetner\n\nb. Anticaking agent\n\nc. Flavour enhancer\n\nd. Cleaning agent\n\nAns. c\n\nMCQs on Quality Control pdf\n\n71. Which of the following preservatives is NOT recommended in food application?\n\na. Formaldehyde\n\nb. Sorbic aid\n\nc. Benzoic acid\n\nd. None\n\nAns. a\n\n72. Lecithin is used as:\n\na. Stabilizer\n\nb. Emulsifier\n\nc. Leavening agent\n\nd. None\n\nAns. b\n\n73. Carboy methyl cellulose is used as:\n\na. Stabilizer\n\nb. Colouring agent\n\nc. Detergent\n\nd. Emulsifier\n\nAns. a\n\n74. Which of the following colorant is NOT recommended for food applications?\n\na. Malachite green\n\nb. Carotenoids\n\nc. Coal tar\n\nd. None\n\nAns. a\n\n75. Baking powder is used in baking as:\n\na. antimirobial agent\n\nb. anticakin agent\n\nc. Leavening agent\n\nd. None\n\nAns. c\n\n76. Vinegar is used as preservatives in:\n\na. Confectionary\n\nb. Ketchup\n\nc. Jelly\n\nd. Oil\n\nAns. b\n\nFood Production Questions and Answers pdf\n\n77. Which of the following acts as a chelating agent?\n\na. Sulphur dioxide\n\nb. Chromium oxide\n\nc. Sorbic acid\n\nd. Citric acid\n\nAns. d\n\n78. Process responsible for the preservative nature of sugar is:\n\na. Osmosis\n\nb. Reverse osmosis\n\nc. Cheation\n\nd. Toxicity\n\nAns. a\n\n79. Nitrate and Nitrite is helpful in meat processing as a:\n\na. Increase tenderness\n\nb. Increase juiciness\n\nc. Improves color\n\nd. Prevents from microbial deterioration\n\nAns. c\n\n80. Which of the following acts as a dough softener?\n\na. Benzene hexachloride\n\nb. Sodium metabisulphide\n\nc. Calcium oxalate\n\nd. All of the above\n\nAns. b\n\n81. Bacterial cells shows maximum resistance against the heat during:\n\na. Logarithmic phase\n\nb. Lag phase\n\nc. Late Lag phase\n\nd. Decline phase\n\nAns. c\n\n82. Canning is also sometimes called as:\n\na. Appertization\n\nb. Pateurization\n\nc. Sterilization\n\nd. Cold sterilization\n\nAns. a\n\n83. The time of heating at a temperature to cause 90% reduction in count of viable spores is called:\n\na. D value\n\nb. F value\n\nc. Z value\n\nd. Lethal rate\n\nAns. a\n\nQuality Control mcq\n\n84. The degree in Fahrenheit required to reduce the thermal death time tenfold is:\n\na. D value\n\nb. F value\n\nc. Z value\n\nd. Lethal rate\n\nAns. c\n\n85. Time in minute required to destroy the organism in a specified medium at 250 degree F is:\n\na. D value\n\nb. F value\n\nc. Z value\n\nd. Lethal rate\n\nAns. b\n\n86. The lethal rate is reciprocal of:\n\na. Z vaue\n\nb. Thermal death rate\n\nc. F value\n\nd. None\n\nAns. b\n\n87. Both extra cellular and intracellular crystellization takes place in:\n\na. Slow freezing only\n\nb. Fast freezing only\n\nc. Both in fast as well as slow freezing\n\nd. Neither slow nor fast freezing\n\nAns. b\n\n88. Blast freezing is preferred to slow freezing because:\n\na. Large ice crystals are formed in food\n\nb. Very small crystals are formed\n\nc. Food freezes gradually in a blast of cold air\n\nd. Fod can be stored indefinitely in the refrigerator\n\nAns. b\n\n89. What is the strength of the brine solution for the canning of vegetables?\n\na. 2%\n\nb. 8%\n\nc. 15%\n\nd. 67%\n\nAns. a\n\n90. In slow freezing:\n\na. Crystal size is big\n\nb. Crystal size is small\n\nc. Both extra cellular and intracellular crystellization takes place\n\nd. Quality of product is better than fast freezing\n\nAns. a\n\nFor More GK QUIZ\n\nFood Processing Books\n\nRelated posts\n\nLeave a Comment
+__label__positive Sound Waves: Question Preview (ID: 26561)\n\nBelow is a preview of the questions contained within the game titled SOUND WAVES: Students Will Describe Sound Waves, And Identify Its Properties. To play games using this data set, follow the directions below. Good luck and have fun. Enjoy! [print these questions]\n\n\nThe bouncing of energy off a surface.\na) Scattering b) Absorption c) Reflection d)\nThe speed at which a wave travels.\na) Wave Height b) Wavelength c) Wave Speed d) Doppler Effect\nThe transfer of energy into an object\na) Reflection b) Scattering c) Absorption d)\nA change in the observed frequency of a wave when the sound source, the observer, or both are moving\na) Doppler Effect b) Echolocation c) Sonic Sounds d) Amplitude\nA longitudinal wave caused by vibrations transferring energy through a medium.\na) Sound Wave b) E.M. Wave c) Chemical Wave d) Transvers Wave\nEnergy reflected in all directions by an uneven surface.\na) Absorption b) Scattering c) Reflection d)\nThe number of cycles in a given amount of time. (How often it occurs.)\na) Amplitude b) Decibals c) Frequency d) Doppler Effect\na) Frequency b) Wavelength c) Wave Height d) Amplitude\nThe distance from any point on a wave to the corresponding point on the next wave.\na) Wavelength b) Wave Height c) Amplitude d) Frequency\nWhat type of wave is a sound wave?\na) Transverse Wave b) Electromagnetic Wave c) Chemical Wave d) Longitudinal Wave\nA sound wave traveling through the air is composed of compressions and rarefactions. Which statement is correcect about compressions and rarefactions\na) A compression is the part of a wave where the particles come together and rarefaction they spread apart. b) A compression is the part of a wave where the particles spread apart and rarefaction the particles come together. c) d)\nIf the wave had a high frequency, what would the pitch and wavelength be?\na) High Frequency = High Pitch, Long Wavelengths b) High Frequency = High Pitch, Short Wavelengths c) High Frequency = Low Pitch, Short Wavelengths d) High Frequency = Low Pitch, Long Wavelengths\nA sound wave bouncing back off a hard, flat surface is known as\na) Echo b) Absorption c) Sonic Sounds d) Doppler Effect\nWhat kind of medium do sound waves travel fastest through?\na) Liquids b) Gases c) Solids d) Plasma\nAn ambulance has its siren on. What direction is the ambulance moving relative to you if the siren is decreasing in pitch?\na) Behind You b) Towards You c) Away From You d) Maintaining the same position\nIf a meteorite crashed on the moon would we be able to hear it on Earth?\na) Yes b) No c) d)\nA student makes four observations in a science classroom. Which observation is QUANTITATIVE?\na) The room is warm b) The Chairs are blue c) There are ten tables d) The room is dark\nPlay Games with the Questions above at\nTo play games using the questions from the data set above, visit and enter game ID number: 26561 in the upper right hand corner at or simply click on the link above this text.\n\nLog In\n| Sign Up / Register
+__label__positive Published on\n\n\n  \u2022 Be the first to comment\n\n  \u2022 Be the first to like this\n\nNo Downloads\nTotal views\nOn SlideShare\nFrom Embeds\nNumber of Embeds\nEmbeds 0\nNo embeds\n\nNo notes for slide\n\n\n  1. 1. Interview Questions in Core Java1.what is a transient variable?A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized.2.which containers use a border Layout as their default layout?The window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.3.Why do threads block on I/O?Threads block on i/o (that is enters the waiting state) so that other threads may execute while the i/oOperation is performed.4. How are Observer and Observable used?Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object isupdated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changedstate. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.5. What is synchronization and why is it important?With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads toshared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object whileanother thread is in the process of using or updating that objects value. This often leads to significanterrors.6. Can a lock be acquired on a class?Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the classs Class object.7. Whats new with the stop(), suspend() and resume() methods in JDK 1.2?The stop(), suspend() and resume() methods have been deprecated in JDK 1.2.8. Is null a keyword?The null value is not a keyword.9. What is the preferred size of a component?The preferred size of a component is the minimum component size that will allow the component to displaynormally.10. What method is used to specify a containers layout?The setLayout() method is used to specify a containers layout.11. Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.12. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing?When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state.13. What is the Collections API?The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects.14. Which characters may be used as the second character of an identifier, but not as the firstcharacter of an identifier?The digits 0 through 9 may not be used as the first character of an identifier but they may be used after thefirst character of an identifier.15. What is the List interface?\n  2. 2. The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.16. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.17. What is the Vector class?The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects18. What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class?A (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final, or abstract.19. What is an Iterator interface?The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection.20. What is the difference between the >> and >>> operators?The >> operator carries the sign bit when shifting right. The >>> zero-fills bits that have been shifted out.21. Which method of the Component class is used to set the position and size of a component?setBounds()22. How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters?Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it isusually represented as 8 bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns.23What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state. When a task invokes its sleep()method, it returns to the waiting state.24. Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling?The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing.25. Is sizeof a keyword?The sizeof operator is not a keyword.26. What are wrapped classes?Wrapped classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects.27. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible forprograms to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible forprograms to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection28. What restrictions are placed on the location of a package statement within a source code file?A package statement must appear as the first line in a source code file (excluding blank lines andcomments).29. Can an objects finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable?An objects finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the object is still reachable.However, an objects finalize() method may be invoked by other objects.30. What is the immediate superclass of the Applet class?Panel31. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?\n  3. 3. Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states ora higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice oftime and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should executenext, based on priority and other factors.32. Name three Component subclasses that support painting.The Canvas, Frame, Panel, and Applet classes support painting.33. What value does readLine() return when it has reached the end of a file?The readLine() method returns null when it has reached the end of a file.34. What is the immediate superclass of the Dialog class?Window35. What is clipping?Clipping is the process of confining paint operations to a limited area or shape.36. What is a native method?A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.37. Can a for statement loop indefinitely?Yes, a for statement can loop indefinitely. For example, consider the following:for(;;) ;38. What are order of precedence and associativity, and how are they used?Order of precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. Associatitydetermines whether an expression is evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left39. When a thread blocks on I/O, what state does it enter?A thread enters the waiting state when it blocks on I/O.40. To what value is a variable of the String type automatically initialized?The default value of an String type is null.41. What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations?If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch theexception or declare it in its throws clause.42. What is the difference between a MenuItem and a CheckboxMenuItem?The CheckboxMenuItem class extends the MenuItem class to support a menu item that may be checked orunchecked.43. What is a tasks priority and how is it used in scheduling?A tasks priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed withrespect to other tasks. The scheduler attempts to schedule higher priority tasks before lower priority tasks.44. What class is the top of the AWT event hierarchy?The java.awt.AWTEvent class is the highest-level class in the AWT event-class hierarchy.45. When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state?A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started.46. Can an anonymous class be declared as implementing an interface and extending a class?An anonymous class may implement an interface or extend a superclass, but may not be declared to doboth.\n  4. 4. 47. What is the range of the short type?The range of the short type is -(2^15) to 2^15 - 1.48. What is the range of the char type?The range of the char type is 0 to 2^16 - 1.49. In which package are most of the AWT events that support the event-delegation model defined?Most of the AWT-related events of the event-delegation model are defined in the java.awt.event package.The AWTEvent class is defined in the java.awt package.50. What is the immediate superclass of Menu?MenuItem51. What is the purpose of finalization?The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanupprocessing before the object is garbage collected.52. Which class is the immediate superclass of the MenuComponent class.Object53. What invokes a threads run() method?After a thread is started, via its start() method or that of the Thread class, the JVM invokes the threadsrun() method when the thread is initially executed.54. What is the difference between the Boolean & operator and the && operator?If an expression involving the Boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated. Then the &operator is applied to the operand. When an expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the firstoperand is evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. The&& operator is then applied to the first and second operands. If the first operand evaluates to false, theevaluation of the second operand is skipped.55. Name three subclasses of the Component class.Box.Filler, Button, Canvas, Checkbox, Choice, Container, Label, List, Scrollbar, or TextComponent56. What is the GregorianCalendar class?The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.57. Which Container method is used to cause a container to be laid out and redisplayed?validate()58. What is the purpose of the Runtime class?The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.59. How many times may an objects finalize() method be invoked by the garbage collector?An objects finalize() method may only be invoked once by the garbage collector.60. What is the purpose of the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement?The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no matter whether or not an exception isthrown or caught.61. What is the argument type of a programs main() method?A programs main() method takes an argument of the String[] type.62. Which Java operator is right associative?The = operator is right associative.\n  5. 5. 63. What is the Locale class?The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, orcultural region.64. Can a double value be cast to a byte?Yes, a double value can be cast to a byte.65. What is the difference between a break statement and a continue statement?A break statement results in the termination of the statement to which it applies (switch, for, do, or while).A continue statement is used to end the current loop iteration and return control to the loop statement.66. What must a class do to implement an interface?It must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface in its implements clause.67. What method is invoked to cause an object to begin executing as a separate thread?The start() method of the Thread class is invoked to cause an object to begin executing as a separate thread.68. Name two subclasses of the TextComponent class.TextField and TextArea69. What is the advantage of the event-delegation model over the earlier event-inheritance model?The event-delegation model has two advantages over the event-inheritance model. First, it enables eventhandling to be handled by objects other than the ones that generate the events (or their containers). Thisallows a clean separation between a components design and its use. The other advantage of the event-delegation model is that it performs much better in applications where many events are generated. Thisperformance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not have to repeatedlyprocess unhandled events, as is the case of the event-inheritance model.70. Which containers may have a MenuBar?Frame71. How are commas used in the initialization and iteration parts of a for statement?Commas are used to separate multiple statements within the initialization and iteration parts of a forstatement.72. What is the purpose of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods?The wait(),notify(), and notifyAll() methods are used to provide an efficient way for threads to wait for ashared resource. When a thread executes an objects wait() method, it enters the waiting state. It only entersthe ready state after another thread invokes the objects notify() or notifyAll() methods.73. What is an abstract method?An abstract method is a method whose implementation is deferred to a subclass.74. How are Java source code files named?A Java source code file takes the name of a public class or interface that is defined within the file. A sourcecode file may contain at most one public class or interface. If a public class or interface is defined within asource code file, then the source code file must take the name of the public class or interface. If no publicclass or interface is defined within a source code file, then the file must take on a name that is different thanits classes and interfaces. Source code files use the .java extension.75. What is the relationship between the Canvas class and the Graphics class?A Canvas object provides access to a Graphics object via its paint() method.76. What are the high-level thread states?The high-level thread states are ready, running, waiting, and dead.\n  6. 6. 77. What value does read() return when it has reached the end of a file?The read() method returns -1 when it has reached the end of a file.78. Can a Byte object be cast to a double value?No, an object cannot be cast to a primitive value.79. What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class?A non-static inner class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the classs outerclass. A static inner class does not have any object instances.80. What is the difference between the String and StringBuffer classes?String objects are constants. StringBuffer objects are not.81. If a variable is declared as private, where may the variable be accessed?A private variable may only be accessed within the class in which it is declared.82. What is an objects lock and which objects have locks?An objects lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object.A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the objects lock. Allobjects and classes have locks. A classs lock is acquired on the classs Class object.83. What is the Dictionary class?The Dictionary class provides the capability to store key-value pairs.84. How are the elements of a BorderLayout organized?The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East, and West) and the centerof a container.85. What is the % operator?It is referred to as the modulo or remainder operator. It returns the remainder of dividing the first operandby the second operand.86. When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?An object reference be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.87. What is the difference between a Window and a Frame?The Frame class extends Window to define a main application window that can have a menu bar.88. Which class is extended by all other classes?The Object class is extended by all other classes.89. Can an object be garbage collected while it is still reachable?A reachable object cannot be garbage collected. Only unreachable objects may be garbage collected..90. Is the ternary operator written x : y ? z or x ? y : z ?It is written x ? y : z.91. What is the difference between the Font and FontMetrics classes?The FontMetrics class is used to define implementation-specific properties, such as ascent and descent, of aFont object.92. How is rounding performed under integer division?The fractional part of the result is truncated. This is known as rounding toward zero.93. What happens when a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object?\n  7. 7. If a thread attempts to execute a synchronized method or synchronized statement and is unable to acquirean objects lock, it enters the waiting state until the lock becomes available.94. What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchyis byte-oriented.95. What classes of exceptions may be caught by a catch clause?A catch clause can catch any exception that may be assigned to the Throwable type. This includes the Errorand Exception types.96. If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the class be accessed?A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package access. This means that theclass can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package.97. What is the SimpleTimeZone class?The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.98. What is the Map interface?The Map interface replaces the JDK 1.1 Dictionary class and is used associate keys with values.99. Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?A class does not inherit constructors from any of its superclasses.100. For which statements does it make sense to use a label?The only statements for which it makes sense to use a label are those statements that can enclose a break orcontinue statement.101. What is the purpose of the System class?The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources.102. Which TextComponent method is used to set a TextComponent to the read-only state?setEditable()103. How are the elements of a CardLayout organized?The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, one on top of the other, like a deck of cards.104. Is &&= a valid Java operator?No, it is not.105. Name the eight primitive Java types.The eight primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean.106. Which class should you use to obtain design information about an object?The Class class is used to obtain information about an objects design.107. What is the relationship between clipping and repainting?When a window is repainted by the AWT painting thread, it sets the clipping regions to the area of thewindow that requires repainting.108. Is \"abc\" a primitive value?The String literal \"abc\" is not a primitive value. It is a String object.109. What is the relationship between an event-listener interface and an event-adapter class?\n  8. 8. An event-listener interface defines the methods that must be implemented by an event handler for aparticular kind of event. An event adapter provides a default implementation of an event-listener interface.110. What restrictions are placed on the values of each case of a switch statement?During compilation, the values of each case of a switch statement must evaluate to a value that can bepromoted to an int value.111. What modifiers may be used with an interface declaration?An interface may be declared as public or abstract.112. Is a class a subclass of itself?A class is a subclass of itself.113. What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model?The java.util.EventObject class is the highest-level class in the event-delegation class hierarchy.114. What event results from the clicking of a button?The ActionEvent event is generated as the result of the clicking of a button.115. How can a GUI component handle its own events?A component can handle its own events by implementing the required event-listener interface and addingitself as its own event listener.116. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. Ado statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The dostatement will always execute the body of a loop at least once.117. How are the elements of a GridBagLayout organized?The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements are of differentsizes and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns mayhave different sizes.118. What advantage do Javas layout managers provide over traditional windowing systems?Java uses layout managers to lay out components in a consistent manner across all windowing platforms.Since Javas layout managers arent tied to absolute sizing and positioning, they are able to accomodateplatform-specific differences among windowing systems.119. What is the Collection interface?The Collection interface provides support for the implementation of a mathematical bag - an unorderedcollection of objects that may contain duplicates.120. What modifiers can be used with a local inner class?A local inner class may be final or abstract.121. What is the difference between static and non-static variables?A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.122. What is the difference between the paint() and repaint() methods?The paint() method supports painting via a Graphics object. The repaint() method is used to cause paint() tobe invoked by the AWT painting thread.123. What is the purpose of the File class?The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of a local file system.\n  9. 9. 124. Can an exception be rethrown?Yes, an exception can be rethrown.125. Which Math method is used to calculate the absolute value of a number?The abs() method is used to calculate absolute values.126. How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU?The operating systems task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple tasks. By quickly switchingbetween executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially.127. When does the compiler supply a default constructor for a class?The compiler supplies a default constructor for a class if no other constructors are provided.128. When is the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement executed?The finally clause of the try-catch-finally statement is always executed unless the thread of executionterminates or an exception occurs within the execution of the finally clause.129. Which class is the immediate superclass of the Container class?Component130. If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed?A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses ofthe class in which it is declared.131. How can the Checkbox class be used to create a radio button?By associating Checkbox objects with a CheckboxGroup.132. Which non-Unicode letter characters may be used as the first character of an identifier?The non-Unicode letter characters $ and _ may appear as the first character of an identifier133. What restrictions are placed on method overloading?Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types.134. What happens when you invoke a threads interrupt method while it is sleeping or waiting?When a tasks interrupt() method is executed, the task enters the ready state. The next time the task entersthe running state, an InterruptedException is thrown.135. What is casting?There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between objectreferences. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, tosmaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by acompatible class, interface, or array type reference.136. What is the return type of a programs main() method?A programs main() method has a void return type.137. Name four Container classes.Window, Frame, Dialog, FileDialog, Panel, Applet, or ScrollPane138. What is the difference between a Choice and a List?A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of availablechoices. Only one item may be selected from a Choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that severalList items are visible. A List supports the selection of one or more List items.139. What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system?The Java runtime system generates RuntimeException and Error exceptions.\n  10. 10. 140. What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream?The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams.141. What is the difference between a field variable and a local variable?A field variable is a variable that is declared as a member of a class. A local variable is a variable that isdeclared local to a method.142. Under what conditions is an objects finalize() method invoked by the garbage collector?The garbage collector invokes an objects finalize() method when it detects that the object has becomeunreachable.143. How are this() and super() used with constructors?this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor.144. What is the relationship between a methods throws clause and the exceptions that can bethrown during the methods execution?A methods throws clause must declare any checked exceptions that are not caught within the body of themethod.145. What is the difference between the JDK 1.02 event model and the event-delegation modelintroduced with JDK 1.1?The JDK 1.02 event model uses an event inheritance or bubbling approach. In this model, components arerequired to handle their own events. If they do not handle a particular event, the event is inherited by (orbubbled up to) the components container. The container then either handles the event or it is bubbled up toits container and so on, until the highest-level container has been tried.In the event-delegation model, specific objects are designated as event handlers for GUI components.These objects implement event-listener interfaces. The event-delegation model is more efficient than theevent-inheritance model because it eliminates the processing required to support the bubbling of unhandledevents.146. How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal under the ==operator?The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in memory. It is possible fortwo String objects to have the same value, but located indifferent areas of memory.147. Why are the methods of the Math class static?So they can be invoked as if they are a mathematical code library.148. What Checkbox method allows you to tell if a Checkbox is checked?getState()149. What state is a thread in when it is executing?An executing thread is in the running state.150. What are the legal operands of the instanceof operator?The left operand is an object reference or null value and the right operand is a class, interface, or array type.151. How are the elements of a GridLayout organized?The elements of a GridBad layout are of equal size and are laid out using the squares of a grid.152. What an I/O filter?An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in someway as it is passed from one stream to another.\n  11. 11. 153. If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again?Once an object is garbage collected, it ceases to exist. It can no longer become reachable again.154. What is the Set interface?The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do notallow duplicate elements.155. What classes of exceptions may be thrown by a throw statement?A throw statement may throw any expression that may be assigned to the Throwable type.156. What are E and PI?E is the base of the natural logarithm and PI is mathematical value pi.157. Are true and false keywords?The values true and false are not keywords.158. What is a void return type?A void return type indicates that a method does not return a value.159. What is the purpose of the enableEvents() method?The enableEvents() method is used to enable an event for a particular object. Normally, an event is enabledwhen a listener is added to an object for a particular event. The enableEvents() method is used by objectsthat handle events by overriding their event-dispatch methods.160. What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes?The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile classprovides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file.161. What happens when you add a double value to a String?The result is a String object.162. What is your platforms default character encoding?If you are running Java on English Windows platforms, it is probably Cp1252. If you are running Java onEnglish Solaris platforms, it is most likely 8859_1..163. Which package is always imported by default?The java.lang package is always imported by default.164. What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object?An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream asan object.165. How are this and super used?this is used to refer to the current object instance. super is used to refer to the variables and methods of thesuperclass of the current object instance.166. What is the purpose of garbage collection?The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a programso that their resources may be reclaimed and reused.167. What is a compilation unit?A compilation unit is a Java source code file.168. What interface is extended by AWT event listeners?All AWT event listeners extend the java.util.EventListener interface.\n  12. 12. 169. What restrictions are placed on method overriding?Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding method maynot limit the access of the method it overrides. The overriding method may not throw any exceptions thatmay not be thrown by the overridden method.170. How can a dead thread be restarted?A dead thread cannot be restarted.171. What happens if an exception is not caught?An uncaught exception results in the uncaughtException() method of the threads ThreadGroup beinginvoked, which eventually results in the termination of the program in which it is thrown.172. What is a layout manager?A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container.173. Which arithmetic operations can result in the throwing of an ArithmeticException?Integer / and % can result in the throwing of an ArithmeticException.174. What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?A thread can enter the waiting state by invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfullyattempting to acquire an objects lock, or by invoking an objects wait() method. It can also enter thewaiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.175. Can an abstract class be final?An abstract class may not be declared as final.176. What is the ResourceBundle class?The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program totailor the programs appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run.177. What happens if a try-catch-finally statement does not have a catch clause to handle anexception that is thrown within the body of the try statement?The exception propagates up to the next higher level try-catch statement (if any) or results in the programstermination.178. What is numeric promotion?Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so that integer andfloating-point operations may take place. In numerical promotion, byte, char, and short values areconverted to int values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The long and floatvalues are converted to double values, as required.179. What is the difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container. A ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles itsown events and performs its own scrolling.180. What is the difference between a public and a non-public class?A public class may be accessed outside of its package. A non-public class may not be accessed outside ofits package.181. To what value is a variable of the boolean type automatically initialized?The default value of the boolean type is false.182. Can try statements be nested?Try statements may be tested.\n  13. 13. 183. What is the difference between the prefix and postfix forms of the ++ operator?The prefix form performs the increment operation and returns the value of the increment operation. Thepostfix form returns the current value all of the expression and then performs the increment operation onthat value.184. What is the purpose of a statement block?A statement block is used to organize a sequence of statements as a single statement group.185. What is a Java package and how is it used?A Java package is a naming context for classes and interfaces. A package is used to create a separate namespace for groups of classes and interfaces. Packages are also used to organize related classes and interfacesinto a single API unit and to control accessibility to these classes and interfaces.186. What modifiers may be used with a top-level class?A top-level class may be public, abstract, or final.187. What are the Object and Class classes used for?The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to representthe classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program.188. How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception?When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement areexamined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exceptionis executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored.189. Can an unreachable object become reachable again?An unreachable object may become reachable again. This can happen when the objects finalize() method isinvoked and the object performs an operation which causes it to become accessible to reachable objects.190. When is an object subject to garbage collection?An object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used.191. What method must be implemented by all threads?All tasks must implement the run() method, whether they are a subclass of Thread or implement theRunnable interface.192. What methods are used to get and set the text label displayed by a Button object?getLabel() and setLabel()193. Which Component subclass is used for drawing and painting?Canvas194. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes asynchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the methods object or class. Synchronizedstatements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after athread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.195. What are the two basic ways in which classes that can be run as threads may be defined?A thread class may be declared as a subclass of Thread, or it may implement the Runnable interface.196. What are the problems faced by Java programmers who dont use layout managers?\n  14. 14. Without layout managers, Java programmers are faced with determining how their GUI will be displayedacross multiple windowing systems and finding a common sizing and positioning that will work within theconstraints imposed by each windowing system.197. What is the difference between an if statement and a switch statement?The if statement is used to select among two alternatives. It uses a boolean expression to decide whichalternative should be executed. The switch statement is used to select among multiple alternatives. It usesan int expression to determine which alternative should be executed.198. What is the List interface?The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects. Most frequent questions0) Q: Java and C++ A: Some of the similarities and differences are in the table: Features Java C/C++ Pointer No Yes Operator Overload No Yes Typedef, Define, Preprocessors No Yes Structures, Unions No Yes Enums No Yes Functions No (only methods within classes) Yes Goto statement No Yes Automatic CoercionsNo(types should be converted explicitly) Yes Global Variables No. Variable is part of a class Yes Templates No Yes Private, Protected, Public Inheritance No Yes Default parameters No Yes Garbage Collection Yes No Multi-thread support Yes No Multiple Inheritance Yes. Supports only interface inheritance and not implementation inheritance! Yes Exception Handling Yes. try/catch must be defined if the function declares that it may throw an exception. Yes. You may not include the try/catch even if the functionthrows an exception. Function Overload Yes Yes Internationalization Yes Yes Include of other Objects #import #include Comments \"//\",\"/* */,/** */ \"//\",\"/* */\"1) Q: What is the purpose of the toolkit in the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)? How does AWTwork ? A: The AWT toolkit is an interface between the abstract window layer and a specific windowingimplementation. 2) Q: What is layout manager ? How does it work ?\n  15. 15. A: A layout manager is an object that positions and resizes the components in a Container according tosome algorithm; for example, the FlowLayout layout manager lays out components from left to right until itruns out of room and then continues laying out components below that row. 3) Q: Advantages and disadvantages of layout manager ? 4) Q: Compare SWING components to standard AWT.A: Swing is an extension of, and not a replacement for the AWT. There is some overlap between AWT andSwing (for example a Swing JButton component might be viewed as an improved functional replacementfor an AWT Button component.) One of the advantages of Swing components is that because thecomponents are not rendered on the screen by the operating system, the look and feel of a component doesnot change as the application or applet is executed on different platforms running under different operatingsystems. Furthermore, it is possible to cause Swing components to mimic the look and feel of a specificplatform no matter what platform the program is running on. This is known as pluggable look and feel.Swing components support the JDK 1.1 Delegation Event Model. From an event handling viewpoint, Swing components operate the same asAWT components (except that Swing provides a number of new event types). Many Swing componentsdont have an AWT counterpart. A number of new and exciting components are included in the Swinglibrary that dont exist in the AWT (tooltips, progress bars, trees, etc.)5) Q: What is Java Beans ?A: According to JavaSoft, \"A Java Bean is a reusable software component that can be manipulated visuallyin a builder tool.\"6) Q: What you know about Corba implementation in Java ? A: Java 1.2 promises full CORBA IDL support. 7) Q: What do you know about networking support in Java ?A: Java supports \"low-level\" and \"high-level\" classes. \"Low-level\" classes provide support for socketprogramming: Socket, DatagramSocket, and ServerSocket classes. \"High-level\" classes provide \"Webprogramming\": URL, URLEncoder, and URLConnection classes. Networking programming classes easethe programming of network applications, but do not substitute your knowledge of networking. Javanetworking like anything else in Java is platform-independent.8) Q: What is it object serialization ? A: Serialization is a way to convert objects (including complex data structures such as lists andtrees) into a stream of bytes.9) Q: How to make application thread-safe ?A: You should use the word synchronized to mark the critical section of code. You may also use other methods of thread synchronization (see wait(), notify(), notifyAll() etc.10) Q: What is it reflection (introspection) ? Why is reflection possible in the Java language? A: Reflection (introspection) is querying a class about its properties, and operating on methods andfields by the name for a given object instance. Reflection is possible in the Java language because of latebinding.11) Q: Why are Java ARchive (JAR) files important? A: JAR files bundle .class files and optimize applet downloads.Following answer may not be correct12) Describe what happens when an object is created in JavaSeveral things happen in a particular order to ensure the object is constructed properly:\n  16. 16. 1. Memory is allocated from heap to hold all instance variables and implementation-specific data of theobject and its superclasses. Implemenation-specific data includes pointers to class and method data.2. The instance variables of the objects are initialized to their default values.3. The constructor for the most derived class is invoked. The first thing a constructor does is call theconsctructor for its superclasses. This process continues until the constrcutor for java.lang.Object is called,as java.lang.Object is the base class for all objects in java.4. Before the body of the constructor is executed, all instance variable initializers and initialization blocksare executed. Then the body of the constructor is executed. Thus, the constructor for the base classcompletes first and constructor for the most derived class completes last.13) In Java, You can create a String object as below : String str = \"abc\"; & String str = newString(\"abc\");Why cant a button object be created as : Button bt = \"abc\" Why is it compulsory to create a button objectas: Button bt = new Button(\"abc\"); Why this is not compulsory in Strings case.The main reason you cannot create a button byButton bt1= \"abc\";is because \"abc\" is a literal string (something slightly different than a String object, by-the-way) and bt1 isa Button object. That simple. The only object in Java that can be assigned a literal String is java.lang.String.Important to not that you are NOT calling a java.lang.String constuctor when you type String s = \"abc\";For example String x = \"abc\"; String y = \"abc\";refer to the same object. While String x1 = new String(\"abc\"); String x2 = new String(\"abc\"); refer to two different objects.14) What are the main differences between Java and C++?Everything is an object in Java( Single root hierarchy as everything gets derived from java.lang.Object)Java does not have all the complicated aspects of C++ ( For ex: Pointers, templates, unions, operatoroverloading, structures etc..)The Java language promoters initially said \"No pointers!\", but when many programmers questioned howyou can work without pointers, the promoters began saying \"Restricted pointers.\" You can make up yourmind whether it\u2019s really a pointer or not. In any event, there\u2019s no pointer arithmetic.There are no destructors in Java. (automatic garbage collection)Java does not support conditional compile (#ifdef/#ifndef type).Thread support is built into java but not in C++.Java does not support default arguments. There\u2019s no scope resolution operator :: in Java. Java uses thedot for everything, but can get away with it since you can define elements only within a class. Even themethod definitions must always occur within a class, so there is no need for scoperesolution there either.There\u2019s no \"goto \" statement in Java.Java doesn\u2019t provide multiple inheritance (MI), at least not in the same sense that C++ does.Exception handling in Java is different because there are no destructors.\n  17. 17. Java has method overloading, but no operator overloading. The String class does use the + and +=operators to concatenate strings and String expressions use automatic type conversion, but that\u2019s a specialbuilt-in case.Java is interpreted for the most part and hence platform independent.15) What are interfaces?Interfaces provide more sophisticated ways to organize and control the objects in your system.The interface keyword takes the abstract concept one step further. You could think of it as a \u201cpure\u201d abstractclass. It allows the creator to establish the form for a class: method names, argument lists, and returntypes, but no method bodies. An interface can also contain fields, but The interface keyword takes theabstract concept one step further. You could think of it as a \u201cpure\u201d abstract class. It allows the creator toestablish the form for a class: method names, argument lists, and return types, but no method bodies.An interface can also contain fields, butAn interface says: \u201cThis is what all classes that implement this particular interface will look like.\u201d Thus,any code that uses a particular interface knows what methods might be called for that interface, and that\u2019sall. So the interface is used to establish a \u201cprotocol\u201d between classes. (Some object-oriented programminglanguages have a keyword called protocolto do the same thing.)15) How can you achieve Multiple Inheritance in Java?Javas interface mechanism can be used to implement multiple inheritance, with one important differencefrom c++ way of doing MI: the inherited interfaces must be abstract. This obviates the need to choosebetween different implementations, as with interfaces there are no implementations.16) What is the difference between StringBuffer and String class?A string buffer implements a mutable sequence of characters. A string buffer is like a String, but can bemodified. At any point in time it contains some particular sequence of characters, but the length and contentof the sequence can be changed through certain method calls.The String class represents character strings. All string literals in Java programs, such as \"abc\" are constantand implemented as instances of this class; their values cannot be changed after they are created.17) Describe, in general, how javas garbage collector works?The Java runtime environment deletes objects when it determines that they are no longer being used. Thisprocess is known as garbage collection.The Java runtime environment supports a garbage collector that periodically frees the memory used byobjects that are no longer needed. The Java garbage collector is a mark-sweep garbage collector that scansJavas dynamic memory areas for objects, marking those that are referenced. After all possible paths toobjects are investigated, those objects that are not marked (i.e. are not referenced) are known to be garbageand are collected.18) Whats the difference between == and equals method?The equals method can be considered to perform a deep comparison of the value of an object, whereas the== operator performs a shallow comparison.The equals() method compares the characters inside a string object. == operator compares two objectreferences to check whether they refer to the same instances or not.19) What are abstract classes, abstract methods?Simply speaking a class or a method qualified with \"abstract\" keyword is an abstract class or abstractmethod.\n  18. 18. You create an abstract class when you want to manipulate a set of classes through a common interface. Allderived-class methods that match the signature of the base-class declaration will be called using thedynamic binding mechanism.An abstract method is an incomplete method. It has only a declaration and no method body. Here is thesyntax for an abstract method declaration: abstract void f();20) How can you force all derived classes to implement a method present in the base class?Creating and implementing an interface would be the best way for this situation. Just create an interfacewith empty methods which forces a programmer to implement all the methods present under it.Another way of achieving this task is to declare a class as abstract with all its methods abstract.21) What is the difference between an Applet and an Application?1. Applets can be embedded in HTML pages and downloaded over the Internet whereas Applications haveno special support in HTML for embedding or downloading.2. Applets can only be executed inside a java compatible container, such as a browser or appletviewerwhereas Applications are executed at command line by java.exe or jview.exe.3. Applets execute under strict security limitations that disallow certain operations(sandbox model security)whereas Applications have no inherent security restrictions.4. Applets dont have the main() method as in applications. Instead they operate on an entirely differentmechanism where they are initialized by init(),started by start(),stopped by stop() or destroyed by destroy().22) Java says \"write once, run anywhere\". What are some ways this isnt quite true?Any time you use system calls specific to one operating system and do not create alternative calls foranother operating system, your program will not function correctly.Solaris systems and Intel systems order the bits of an integer differently. (You may have heard of littleendian vs. big endian)If your code uses bit shifting, or other binary operators, they will not work on systems that have opposideendianism.23) Describe javas security model.Javas security model is one of the most interesting and unique aspects of the language. For the most partits broken into two pieces: the user adjustable security manager that checks various API operations like fileaccess, and the byte code verifier that asserts the validity of compiled byte code.public abstract class SecurityManager java.lang.SecurityManager is an abstract class which differentapplications subclass to implement a particular security policy. It allows an application to determinewhether or not a particular operation will generate a security exception.24) What is the difference between a Vector and an Array. Discuss the advantages and disadvantagesof both?The vector container class generalizes the concept of an ordinary C array. Like an array, a vector is anindexed data structure, with index values that range from 0 to one less than the number of elementscontained in the structure. Also like an array, values are most commonly assigned to and extracted from thevector using the subscript operator. However, the vector differs from an array in the following importantrespects:The size of the vector can change dynamically. New elements can be inserted on to the end of a vector, orinto the middle. It is important to note, however, that while these abilities are provided, insertion into themiddle of a vector is not as efficient as insertion into the middle of a list.\n  19. 19. A vector has more \"self-knowledge\" than an ordinary array. In particular, a vector can be queried about itssize, about the number of elements it can potentially hold (which may be different from its current size),and so on.A vector can only hold references to objects and not primitive types.Vector Implementaions are usually slower then array because of all the functionality that comes with them.As implemented in Java, vector is a thread-safe class and hence all methods are synchronous methods,which makes them considerably slow.25) How many different types of JDBC drivers are present? Discuss them.Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC Driver:The first type of JDBC driver is the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. It is a driver that provides JDBC access todatabases through ODBC drivers. The ODBC driver must be configured on the client for the bridge towork. This driver type is commonly used for prototyping or when there is no JDBC driver available for aparticular DBMS.Type 2: Native-API partly-Java Driver:The Native to API driver converts JDBC commands to DBMS-specific native calls. This is much like therestriction of Type 1 drivers. The client must have some binary code loaded on its machine. These driversdo have an advantage over Type 1 drivers because they interface directly with the database.Type 3: JDBC-Net Pure Java Driver:The JDBC-Net drivers are a three-tier solution. This type of driver translates JDBC calls into a database-independent network protocol that is sent to a middleware server. This server then translates this DBMS-independent protocol into a DBMS-specific protocol, which is sent to a particular database. The results arethen routed back through the middleware server and sent back to the client. This type of solution makes itpossible to implement a pure Java client. It also makes it possible to swap databases without affecting theclient.Type 4: Native-Protocol Pur Java DriverThese are pure Java drivers that communicate directly with the vendors database. They do this byconverting JDBC commands directly into the database engines native protocol. This driver has noadditional translation or middleware layer, which improves performance tremendously.26) What does the keyword \"synchronize\" mean in java. When do you use it? What are thedisadvantages of synchronization?Synchronize is used when u want to make ur methods thread safe. The disadvantage of synchronise is itwill end up in slowing down the program. Also if not handled properly it will end up in dead lock.1. Only use (and minimize its use)synchronization when writing multithreaded code as there is a speed (upto five to six time slower, depending on the execution time of the synchronized/non-synchronized method )cost associated with its use.2. In case of syncronized method modifier, the byte code generated is the exact same as non-syncronizedmethod. The only difference is that a flag called ACC_SYNCRONIZED property flag in methodsmethod_info structure is set if the syncronized method modifier is present.3. Also, syncronized keyword can make the code larger in size if used in the body of the method asbytecode for monitorenter/monitorexit is generated in addition to any exception handling.27) What are native methods? How do you use them?Native methods are methods that are defined as public static methods within a java class, but whoseimplementation is provided in another programming language such as C.28) What is RMI?RMI stands for Remote Method Invocation. Traditional approaches to executing code on other machinesacross a network have been confusing as well as tedious and error-prone to implement. The nicest way tothink about this problem is that some object happens to live on another machine, and that you can send a\n  20. 20. message to the remote object and get a result as if the object lived on your local machine. Thissimplification is exactly what Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) allows you to do.29) What is JDBC? Describe the steps needed to execute a SQL query using JDBC.The JDBC is a pure Java API used to execute SQL statements. It provides a set of classes and interfacesthat can be used by developers to write database applications.The steps needed to execute a SQL query using JDBC:1. Open a connection to the database.2. Execute a SQL statement.3. Process th results.4. Close the connection to the database.30) Access specifiers: \"public\", \"protected\", \"private\", nothing?Public \u2013 any other class from any package can instantiate and execute the classes and methodsProtected \u2013 only subclasses and classes inside of the package can access the classes and methodsPrivate \u2013 the original class is the only class allowed to executed the methods.31) What does the \"final\" keyword mean in front of a variable? A method? A class?FINAL for a variable : value is constantFINAL for a method : cannot be overriddenFINAL for a class : cannot be derived32) Does Java have \"goto\"?no33) Why \"bytecode\"? Can you reverse-engineer the code from bytecode?34) What synchronization constructs does Java provide? How do they work?35) Are constructors inherited? Can a subclass call the parents class constructor? When?You cannot inherit a constructor. That is, you cannot create a instance of a subclass using a constructor ofone of its superclasses. One of the main reasons is because you probably dont want to overide thesuperclasses constructor, which would be possible if they were inherited. By giving the developer theability to override a superclasses constructor you would erode the encapsulation abilities of the language.36) Does Java have destructors?No garbage collector does the job working in the background37) What does the \"abstract\" keyword mean in front of a method? A class?Abstract keyword declares either a method or a class. If a method has a abstract keyword in front of it,it iscalled abstract method.Abstract method hs no body.It has only arguments and return type.Abstract methodsact as placeholder methods that are implemented in the subclasses.Abstract classes cant be instantiated.If a class is declared as abstract,no objects of that class can becreated.If a class contains any abstract method it must be declared as abstract38) Name four methods every Java class will have.public String toString(); public Object clone(); public boolean equals(); public int hashCode();39) Given a text file, input.txt, provide the statement required to open this file with the appropriate I/O stream to be able to read and process this file.\n  21. 21. 40) Discuss the differences between creating a new class, extending a class and implementing aninterface; and when each would be appropriate.*Creating a new class is simply creating a class with no extensions and no implementations. The signature is as follows public class MyClass() { } *Extending a class is when you want to use the functionality of another class or classes. The extended class inherits all of the functionality of the previous class. An example of this when you create your own applet class and extend from java.applet.Applet. This gives you all of the functionality of the java.applet.Applet class. The signature would look like this public class MyClass extends MyBaseClass { } *Implementing an interface simply forces you to use the methods of the interface implemented. This gives you two advantages. This forces you to follow a standard (forces you to use certain methods) and in doing so gives you a channel for polymorphism. This isn\u2019t the only way you can do polymorphism but this is one of the ways. public class Fish implements Animal { }40) Whats the difference between the == operator and the equals() method? What test doesObject.equals() use, and why?The == operator would be used, in an object sense, to see if the two objects were actually the same object. This operator looks at the actually memory address to see if it actually the same object. The equals() method is used to compare the values of the object respectively. This is used in a higher level to see if the object values are equal. Of course the the equals() method would be overloaded in a meaningful way for whatever object that you were working with.41) why do you create interfaces, and when MUST you use one.You would create interfaces when you have two or more functionalities talking to each other. Doing it thisway help you in creating a protocol between the parties involved.42) What is the difference between instanceof and isInstance?instanceof is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type without throwing a cast classexception.isInstance() Determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with the object represented by this Class. This method is the dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is non-null and can be cast to the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns false otherwise.43) How many methods do u implement if implement the Serializable Interface?\n  22. 22. The Serializable interface is just a \"marker\" interface, with no methods of its own to implement.Are there any other marker interfaces?java.rmi.Remotejava.util.EventListener44) *What are the advantages of developing an n-tiered system?45) *Why is it often difficult to separate the business layer from the data access layer?46) . Diff between ArrayList and Vector47) Variable shadowing with example1. What is the diffrence between an Abstract class and Interface ?2. What is user defined exception ?3. What do you know about the garbate collector ?4. What is the difference between C++ & Java ?5. Explain RMI Architecture?6. How do you communicate in between Applets & Servlets ?7. What is the use of Servlets ?8. What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?9. In an HTML form I have a Button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will do youthat ?10. What is the difference between Process and Threads ?11. What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?12. What are the services in RMI ?13. How will you initialize an Applet ?14. What is the order of method invocation in an Applet ?15. When is update method called ?16. How will you pass values from HTML page to the Servlet ?17. Have you ever used HashTable and Dictionary ? 18. How will you communicate between two Applets ?19. What are statements in JAVA ?20. What is JAR file ?21. What is JNI ?22. What is the base class for all swing components ?23. What is JFC ?24. What is Difference between AWT and Swing ?25. Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What > will happen if you start notepad or IE 3times? Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are started ?26. How does thread synchronization occurs inside a monitor ?27. How will you call an Applet using a Java Script function ?28. Is there any tag in HTML to upload and download files ?29. Why do you Canvas ?30. How can you push data from an Applet to Servlet ?31. What are 4 drivers available in JDBC ?32. How you can know about drivers and database information ?33. If you are truncated using JDBC, How can you know ..that how much > > > data is truncated ?34. And What situation , each of the 4 drivers used ?35. How will you perform transaction using JDBC ?36. In RMI, server object first loaded into the memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client ? orwhether a stub reference is directly sent to the client ?37. Suppose server object is not loaded into the memory, and theclient request for it , what will happen?38. What is serialization ?\n  23. 23. 39. Can you load the server object dynamically? If so, what are the major 3 steps involved in it ?40. What is difference RMI registry and OSAgent ?41. To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20,. a messageshould be sent to the client ? What will you do for achieving for this ?42. What are the benefits of Swing over AWT ?43. Where the CardLayout is used ?44. What is the Layout for ToolBar ?45. What is the difference between Grid and GridbagLayout ?46. How will you add panel to a Frame ?47. What is the corresponding Layout for Card in Swing ?48. What is light weight component ?49. Can you run the product development on all operating systems ?50. What is the webserver used for running the Servlets ?51. What is Servlet API used for conneting database ?52. What is bean ? Where it can be used ?53. What is difference in between Java Class and Bean ?54. Can we send object using Sockets ?55. What is the RMI and Socket ?56. How to communicate 2 threads each other ?57. What are the files generated after using IDL to Java Compilet ?58. What is the protocol used by server and client ?59. Can I modify an object in CORBA ?60. What is the functionality stubs and skeletons ?61. What is the mapping mechanism used by Java to identify IDL language ?62. Diff between Application and Applet ?63. What is serializable Interface ?64. What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?65. What is the use of Interface ?66. Why Java is not fully objective oriented ?67. Why does not support multiple Inheritance ?68. What it the root class for all Java classes ?69. What is polymorphism ?70. Suppose If we have variable I in run method, If I can create one or more thread each thread willoccupy a separate copy or same variable will be shared ?71. In servlets, we are having a web page that is invoking servlets username and password ? which is cheksin the database ? Suppose the second page also If we want to verify the same information whether it willconnect to the database or it will be used previous information?72. What are virtual functions ?73. Write down how will you create a binary Tree ?74. What are the traverses in Binary Tree ?75. Write a program for recursive Traverse ?76. What are session variable in Servlets ?77. What is client server computing ?78. What is Constructor and Virtual function? Can we call Virtual funciton in a constructor ?79. Why we use OOPS concepts? What is its advantage ?80. What is the middleware ? What is the functionality of Webserver ?81. Why Java is not 100 % pure OOPS ? ( EcomServer )82. When we will use an Interface and Abstract class ?83. What is an RMI?84. How will you pass parameters in RMI ? Why u serialize?85. What is the exact difference in between Unicast and Multicast object ? Where we will use ?86. What is the main functionality of the Remote Reference Layer ?87. How do you download stubs from a Remote place ?88. What is the difference in between C++ and Java ? can u explain in detail ?89. I want to store more than 10 objects in a remote server ? Which methodology will follow ?90. What is the main functionality of the Prepared Statement ?\n  24. 24. 91. What is meant by static query and dynamic query ?92. What are the Normalization Rules ? Define the Normalization ?93. What is meant by Servelet? What are the parameters of the service method ?94. What is meant by Session ? Tell me something about HTTPSession Class ?95. How do you invoke a Servelt? What is the difference in between doPost and doGet methods ?96. What is the difference in between the HTTPServlet and Generic Servlet ? Expalin their methods ? Tellme their parameter names also ?97. Have you used threads in Servelet ?98. Write a program on RMI and JDBC using StoredProcedure ?99. How do you sing an Applet ?100. In a Container there are 5 components. I want to display the all the components names, how will youdo that one ?101. Why there are some null interface in java ? What does it mean ? Give me some null interfaces inJAVA ?102. Tell me the latest versions in JAVA related areas ?103. What is meant by class loader ? How many types are there? When will we use them ?104. How do you load an Image in a Servlet ?105. What is meant by flickering ?106. What is meant by distributed Application ? Why we are using that in our applications ?107. What is the functionality of the stub ?108. Have you used any version control ?109. What is the latest version of JDBC ? What are the new features are added in that ?110. Explain 2 tier and 3 -tier Architecture ?111. What is the role of the webserver ?112. How have you done validation of the fileds in your project ?113. What is the main difficulties that you are faced in your project ?114. What is meant by cookies ? Explain ?Make sure you have a copy of your resume in front of you. OK to have a cheat sheet or two - just dont letanyone hear papers shuffling.Know your OOA&D definitions, such as polymorphism, inheritance, etc.Know the difference between an interface and an abstract class.Know that Java does not support multiple inheritance the way C++ does.Know that you implement an interface (can implement more than one).Know that you extend an abstract class (can only extend more than one).Know about the access modifiers: public/friendly(default)/protected/private. Be able to explain in one ortwo sentences for each case. This is where you can get tangled up in a phone conversation and confuse theheck out of the interviewer and yourself.Know AWT Event Model - tough to do over the phone - but you may get hit on a question.Know the two ways to start a thread - \"extending Thread\" or \"implementing Runnable\".Know that the method is \"run\" but to run a thread you use \"start\".1. How can I improve the performance of a java application, what are the java optimizationtechniques.That question is about as meaningful as \"how do you code stuff?\" Theres no one right answer, and theinterviewer probably just wanted to see if you knew *anything* about optimization. The answer is to go tothe Performance thread and read the postings. If you search there for \"books\", you should find some goodreferences which will get you started. You should also search for \"tools\".quote:2. What should you do to ensure that your applet works exactly the same way on both IE and netscape.\n  25. 25. Short answers include: make sure they use the same JVM, dont use complex GUIs, and most importantlytest to be certain! Personally, Id question the benefit of the applet and ask if could be done with JSPs.
+__label__positive Tell me more \u00d7\n\nThe mean value of alternating current comes to be zero because of half of the cycle being positive while the other half negative. so, take the root means square value of Alternating current given by:\n\n$I_{rms} = 0.707\\times I_{max}$\n\nBut why do we take \"rms\" for direct current? if we take the simple average of direct current, we would come up with a value which is not zero (it is zero in AC).\n\nshare|improve this question\n\n3 Answers\n\nThe notion of RMS voltage originated from electrical engineers trying to calculate the power dissipated from a resistive element. copying from wiki\n\nLet's assume that the average power dissipated through a resistor $R$ be $P_{avg}$. Then,\n\n$$P_{avg} = \\langle \\frac{v(t)^2}{R} \\rangle$$, where $\\langle f \\rangle$ is the average value of function f.\n\n$$P_{avg}=\\frac{1}{R} \\times \\langle v(t)^2\\rangle$$\n\nBut, we also have $V_{rms} = \\langle v(t)^2\\rangle$ by definition of RMS value. Hence,\n\n$$P_{avg}=\\frac{1}{R} \\times V_{rms}$$\n\nRMS voltage is just a representative value of voltage which gives you the average power in a resistive load.\n\nshare|improve this answer\ni'm trying very hard to understand your question but i still dont get it that why do we take RMS value for DC current? \u2013\u00a0Muhammad Rafique Dec 4 '12 at 15:08\nthe point which I'm making is that electical engg. need some representative value for AC current/voltage for resistive load. It's just coincidence that this representative value is same as root mean square value of voltage/current. \u2013\u00a0Vineet Menon Dec 5 '12 at 9:00\n\nKeep in mind that the root mean square is slightly different than simply the arithmetic mean value (and in fact will always be equal to or greater than the mean value).\n\nThe reason that the RMS value is calculated for direct current so often is that it is used in various calculations such as average power dissipated given a time-varying current or voltage, and we find that it works generally since it correctly solves for things such as power dissipated due to alternating current as well, where a standard arithmetic mean value would not give an accurate answer.\n\nFor a bit more clarification, see what Wikipedia has to say on the matter.\n\nHope this helps!\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nAC performs work when the voltage is negative, as well as when it is positive. This means that the \"average\" is an invalid measure for current or power. Instead, RMS is used.\n\nWith RMS the quantity is first squared, to \"flip\" the negative to positive. It is then integrated, and finally the square root is taken to remove the \"error\" caused by squaring.\n\nIf you perform this operation with a DC voltage, the result is simply the DC voltage. If you do it with a sinusoidal voltage, you end up with 0.707 times the peak value (amplitude) of the sinewave. With other waveforms the result will differ. For some examples, see the Wikipedia entry.\n\nEDIT To clarify the mysterious conversion factor for sinewaves, $\\frac{1}{\\sqrt2} = 0.707$. This is also the factor you'll notice in the Wikipedia link.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nas per your argument, wouldn't it be better to take a modulo average?? $|v|$ \u2013\u00a0Vineet Menon Dec 4 '12 at 5:20\nIt is actually $\\sqrt{2}/2=0.707$ \u2013\u00a0Jaime Dec 4 '12 at 6:28\nThe problem with that is that AC is not steady like DC. RMS allows for the constantly changing voltage. You need to integrate the waveform rather than average it. @Jaime You're right of course, but then, so am I. Remember that \u221a2/2 = 1/\u221a2 \u2013\u00a0hdhondt Dec 5 '12 at 22:40\nMust have read your answer too fast, I recall having read $\\sqrt{2}=0.707$... \u2013\u00a0Jaime Dec 5 '12 at 22:51\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive A while ago my team was implementing an interior point LP solver and we came across the following conundrum:\n\nIs there a polynomial-time algorithm to find a feasible starting point in linear programming? If so, what is the algorithm?\n\nOf course, it is a well-established result in the literature that LPs can be solved in polynomial-time, and we know from LP theory that the feasibility problem is as hard to solve as the LP.\n\nHowever, looking deeper into the algorithms (as we had to implement them), we noticed that everything we could find either (i) assumed that a feasible starting point is already known, or (ii) required using an NP-complete/NP-hard method to locate the feasible point with a guarantee (the guarantee part is important).\n\nEven though this is not a big issue in practice because the algorithms work pretty well, we were left with a contradiction between what we knew from theory, and what we could find in the literature (no-one seems to mention this explicitly).\n\nI mentioned this in a couple of answers (namely here and here) and it naturally sparked some controversy, so I think it's an interesting question. It is of course very possible that at the time I missed/misunderstood something about the theoretical complexity of Phase I, so I am keen to know what you guys think!\n\nNote: everything that follows assumes a general LP problem (inequality+equality constraints).\n\nWhat we know\n\n  1. Minimising the slack error during interior point is not guaranteed to get us to the interior of the feasible region.\n  2. The ellipsoid method requires a feasible starting point.\n  3. Phase I in the Two-Phase method (which is to identify a feasible basis) requires Simplex iterations, hence is not p-hard (especially if there is no feasible point at all).\n  4. All algorithms we could find were based either on Simplex or Newton's method, neither of which is of polynomial complexity.\n\nWhy the worst-case for Newton's method for interior point is not polynomial\n\nThere are two main reasons for this. First, one of the assumptions for Newton's method requires us to be in the neighborhood of the solution, which we cannot guarantee in the general case. Second, Newton's method is not quite robust, as it depends not only on the quality of the derivatives but also on the step size. Therefore, the only way to always solve the Newton system in practice is to use a higher complexity method such as Interval Newton or to solve a global optimisation problem.\n\nCharacteristics of the polynomial time algorithm\n\nConsidering the above, if said algorithm exists I believe that it must have the following characteristics:\n\n  1. It must always give a feasible point/prove no feasible point exists.\n  2. It must not require a feasible starting point (otherwise it's a chicken and egg problem).\n  3. It must not rely on Simplex pivots.\n  4. It must be possible to implement this algorithm in a way that it works in polynomial-time in practice (see regular Newton vs Interval Newton).\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Do you need a point in the (relative) interior, or just any feasible point? $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Robert Schwarz Aug 27 '19 at 12:42\n  \u2022 2\n    $\\begingroup$ Any feasible point would do. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Nikos Kazazakis Aug 27 '19 at 12:52\n\nIt is not true that the Two-Phase methods requires Simplex iterations, it is just the common way to do it.\n\nLet's assume we have a linear program with $n$ variables and $m$ constraints.\n\nStep 1) Convert this LP into standard form by splitting all unbounded variables into two $\\geq 0$ variables, making sure $b$ is non-negative (by multiplying the rows that violate this by $-1$) and by introducing slack variables for all inequalities. Let's assume that this gives us the program:\n\n$\\begin{array}{lll} \\max & cx \\\\ \\mbox{s.t.} & Ax & = b \\\\ & x & \\geq 0\\end{array}$\n\nNote that this program has at most $2n+m$ variables and $m$ constraints.\n\nStep 2) Construct the following linear program where we introduce $m$ artificial variables as the vector $y$ and use identity matrix $I$:\n\n$\\begin{array}{lll} \\min & y \\\\ \\mbox{s.t.} & Ax + Iy & =b \\\\ & x,y & \\geq 0\\end{array}$\n\nStep 3) We now know for certain that the solution $x=0$, $y=b$ is a feasible solution for this LP (recall we made sure that $b$ is non-negative). Since $y \\geq 0$, we also know that the minimum value of the LP can not be negative. Now if we optimize this LP and find a solution of objective $0$, we know two things: (1) all artificial $y$ variables have value $0$ in this solution (otherwise the objective would be positive) and (2) the solution we found is feasible for the LP in standard form. We also know that if the minimal objective is positive, no feasible point exist for the original LP (because if such a point would exist, it would provide us a with $0$-objective solution to the LP with artificial variables). Thus, we have found a feasible point by optimizing a linear program that is polynomially larger in size than the original LP.\n\nNote that the LP in step 3 can be optimized with any algorithm you like, you just must be able to find a path from your starting point to your feasible point. Therefore, if you have an algorithm that can take you from a feasible solution to an optimal solution in polynomial time, you can find a feasible solution in polynomial time. Furthermore, you can solve the LP in step 3 with only $m$ simplex iterations, because you should just pivot out one artificial variable in each step, and forget it exists as soon as you pivot it out. If the original LP is feasible, you can forget artificial variables without introducing any infeasibility. So in fact, the simplex method should also run in polynomial time for the first phase of the two phase approach. Correction: I mistakenly assumed you can always select which variables you pivot out, but that is not true. However, it does not matter which polynomial time algorithm you use: as long as you believe there exists an algorithm that can take you from a feasbible solution to an optimal solution in polynomial time, you will always be able to find a feasible solution in polynomial time. As mentioned, the classical algorithms that prove this is possible are the Ellipsoid method and Karmarkar's algorithm.\n\n| improve this answer | |\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ \"Furthermore, you can solve the LP in step 3 with only m simplex iterations\" - ah, that's what I missed, thanks! $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Nikos Kazazakis Aug 27 '19 at 10:19\n  \u2022 3\n    $\\begingroup$ Unfortunately that statement was a mistake; it is not known if that is possible. However, you stated in your question that you were able to find polynomial time algorithms assuming you have feasible starting point, and my answer still provides you with a way to obtain such a feasible starting point. If you apply the algorithms that assume you have a starting point, you will also obtain a feasible starting point for you original problem. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Paul Bouman Aug 27 '19 at 13:22\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ Hmmm that's a shame. I am aware of the proofs for Ellipsoid and Karmakar's algorithm, but it seems like a chicken and egg problem, i.e., we need a feasible point to get a feasible point. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Nikos Kazazakis Aug 27 '19 at 15:35\n  \u2022 7\n    $\\begingroup$ That is why you augment your LP, as is done in steps 1 and 2 in my answer. If you perform those steps, you only need to compute the point where the values of the original variables (in standard form) are $0$ and the values of the artificial variables are equal to right hand side coefficients of your constraints. That point is guaranteed to be feasible by construction. As it you can trivially derive this point from you problem data, it solves your chicken-and-egg problem. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Paul Bouman Aug 27 '19 at 16:07\n\nLP is solvable in polynomial time. The polynomial depends not only on problem size, but also the size of numbers of the input matrix. The standard proof is using the ellipsoid method. Of course, the proof uses exact arithmetic, as any complexity proof would. That method isn't practical though.\n\nIt is unknown if LP is strongly polynomial.\n\nIn practice you can solve an LP to any precision using an IPM. The hard part is to get an exact solution. These are called rounding methods: they use IPM to a certain precision then jump to the surface of the polyhedron. Both steps are polynomial in the problem data. This is again theory only, in practice we use standard crossover techniques and a few extra simplex iterations.\n\nIf you want to get a strictly feasible starting point for your IPM you have two choices:\n\n  1. Use an embedding method. This adds one extra variable to all problem dimensions. In that higher dimensional space there is a trivial strictly interior point. Then from the solution of this new problem you can recover the solution of the original problem. This is very different from just adding slacks. This is implemented in practical solvers.\n\n  2. Use an infeasible start IPM. These minimize the primal and dual infeasibilities together with minimizing complementarity. This tends to be a more popular option in practical implementations.\n\nAlso, it isn't true that solving the phase-1 problem with simplex is polynomial: while you are pivoting out the infeasibilities new ones can appear. In general getting a feasible solution for an LP is equivalent to solving an LP to optimality.\n\nI hope this helps to clear up some of the confusion.\n\n| improve this answer | |\n\nPoint 2 of \"What we know\" is incorrect: the ellipsoid method does not require a feasible starting point.\n\nAs I stated in a comment earlier, in Khachiyan (1980) it is proven that \"determining the compatibility of a system of linear inequalities in $\\mathbb{R}^n$ belongs to the class of $P$ of problems\".\n\nIn Section 6 of the paper, Khachiyan shows that if you can determine the compatibility of a system of linear inequalities in polynomial time, then you can also find the optimal solution to an LP in polynomial time, which is of course feasible.\n\n| improve this answer | |\n  \u2022 2\n    $\\begingroup$ Could you please explain how \"determining the compatibility of a system of linear inequalities\" belonging to $P$ implies that finding a feasible solution can be done in polynomial time? In other words, we know in polynomial time whether the system has a feasible solution, but can we \"obtain/restore\" such a feasible solution in polynomial time? $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Opt Aug 27 '19 at 7:08\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ @Opt Thank you, I have edited the answer accordingly. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Kevin Dalmeijer Aug 27 '19 at 10:42\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Thanks Kevin - we know that it is possible in theory, but my question is about what the actual algorithm would be in practice. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Nikos Kazazakis Aug 27 '19 at 15:45\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ I think the idea is to do a binary search on the optimal objective value, and adding objective cuts until the system is no longer compatible. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Michael Feldmeier Aug 27 '19 at 16:47\n  \u2022 1\n    $\\begingroup$ There is no reason why the ellipsoid method described by Khachiyan could not be used in practice. All steps of the algorithm are given and all operations are elementary. $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Kevin Dalmeijer Aug 28 '19 at 4:08\n\nThere are LP algorithms which do not require feasible start, and which do not use a Phase I / Phase II method. These algorithms are based on the \"Homogeneous Self-Dual Embedding\" (HSDE) approach of Ye, Todd, and Mizuno (Mathematics of Operations Research, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Feb., 1994), pp. 53-67). For suitable parameter choices, a path-following HSDE algorithm achieves the standard iteration complexity bound for interior point methods.\n\nFrom what I understand, almost all conic interior-point solvers today use the Homogeneous Self-Dual Embedding. I've personally implemented that algorithm in about 200 lines of python code.\n\n| improve this answer | |\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive I'm optimizing for a probability distribution on non-negative integers and numerical calculations show that the distribution is supported on integers of the form $\\binom{i}{2}$. In trying to figure out what the probability generating function should look like, I'm not aware of any power series that only includes quadratic powers (or, for that matter, just an infinite subset of integers that do not form an arithmetic progression). So my main question is:\n\nIs anyone aware of any literature on power series of the form\n\n$f(x)=\\sum_{i=0}^\\infty a_i x^{\\binom{i}{2}}$?\n\nAre there any known series or identities that take the above form that may guide me in the right direction?\n\n\nYour Answer\n\n\nBrowse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\n\nBefore I get into the problem, my professor is trying to have us define both the logarithmic and exponential functions, so we are not allowed to use things we know about logs or the exponential function, which is why I'm having trouble.\n\nFor $ x \\in (0,\\infty)$, define $L(x)=\\int_{1}^x 1/t dt $\n\na) Why does the integral exist? By Theorem 30.1 (a theorem in our textbook), since L(x) is monotone, L(x) is integrable.\n\nb) Why is L(x) differentiable and what is its derivative?\n\nThis is the one I'm most having trouble with. How exactly do I show that this function is differentiable? I know that since it is integrable, then it is uniformly continuous and that the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives me that $L'(x)=l(x)$, but I don't know how to state this in a way that is \"proof\"\n\nc) Show that $L(1/x)=-L(x)$, in other words $\\int_{1}^{1\\over x}=-\\int_{1}^{x}$\n\nI feel like something that shows the following and then rearranging the terms would be best, but I'm pretty lost. $$\\int_{1}^{1\\over x} -\\int_{1}^x = \\int_{x}^x; define \\int_{x}^x=0$$\n\nshare|improve this question\nPlease note that the content of this site is for everyone, not just for the person who asked the question. By blanking the question, you also destroyed the answers that three people had taken the time to write. \u2013\u00a0 joriki Dec 18 '12 at 0:00\n\n3 Answers 3\n\nFor (b), just referencing the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is a perfectly cromulent proof. You don't have to say any special magic words in order to imbue it with proofiness, as long as you point out that each of the assumptions of you textbook's version of FTC are satisfied.\n\nFor (c), your definition of integrals should allow you to prove $$ \\int_{pa}^{pb} f(t)\\,dt = \\frac 1p \\int_a^b f(pt)\\,dt \\quad\\text{and}\\quad \\int_a^b qf(t)\\,dt = q\\int_a^b g(t)\\,dt $$ Judicious choices of $p$ and $q$ will then allow you to show $\\int_{1/x}^1 \\frac{dt}{t}=\\int_1^x \\frac{dt}{t}$.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nYou just embiggened my vocabulary. \u2013\u00a0 David Mitra Dec 12 '12 at 1:29\nDo you have any hints for what q and p should be? I've been banging my head on this for a while now! \u2013\u00a0 Jonathon Dec 12 '12 at 1:43\n@Ray: Hint 1: They can depend on $x$. Hint 2: Choose $p$ such that when you multiply the limits by it, $\\int_{1/x}^1$ becomes $\\int_1^x$. \u2013\u00a0 Henning Makholm Dec 12 '12 at 14:47\n\nFor (a), it seems to me that you need to say something about the function $f(t)=1/t$ on intervals of the form $[1,x]$ (for $x>1$) and $[x,1]$ (for $x<1$) in order to deduce something about $L(x)$ - ie that it exists. There's a flaw in your logic if you are quoting a property of $L(x)$ itself in order to prove that it exists.\n\nPart (b) is indeed an application of the fundamental theorem of calculus. Using the notation of this summary of the theorem, try to identify $f$ anf $F$ in your case, and check that the required properties of $f$ are satisfied.\n\nFor part (c), in the integral $\\displaystyle{\\int_1^{1/x}\\frac{dt}{t}}$, try the substitution $\\bar{t}=1/t$.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nFor differentiability, you're correct, all that is required is saying that $\\frac{1}{x}$ is continuous on $(0,\\infty)$so by FTC $L'(x)$ exists and is $\\frac{1}{x}$.\n\nFor the last part, instead of doing that, try a change of variables in $\\int_1^x\\frac{1}{t}dt$ by letting $u = \\frac{1}{t}$ and see what you get.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Search 81,913 tutors\nAsk a question\n0 0\n\n\nTutors, please sign in to answer this question.\n\n1 Answer\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 y = (x + 4)2 - 4\n\nNotice that this is the vertex form of the equation of a parabola which is generally expressed as follows:\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 y = a(x - h)2 + k \u00a0 ,\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0where (h, k) is the vertex of the parabola and 'a' determines whether the parabola opens upward (if a>0, or positive) or downwards (if a<0, or negative).\n\nFor the equation of the parabola in question,\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 y = (x + 4)2 - 4 \u00a0 \u00a0 ==> \u00a0 \u00a0 y = (x - (-4))2 + (-4)\n\nwe find that its vertex is at (h, k) = (-4, -4) and its graph opens upwards since \u00a0 a = 1 > 0 (that is, since a is positive).\u00a0\n\nTo graph the parabola, we plot the vertex (-4, -4). Since it opens up, we know that the range of the parabola consists of all values of y such that y>-4 (i.e., the minimum value of y is -4). So you can either find points by plugging in a few values for y that are greater than -4 to find their x values, or you can find values of y by plugging in a few values of x. Also note that, when given the equation in vertex form, the axis of symmetry of the parabola is the line \u00a0 x = h, which in this case would be \u00a0 x = -4.\u00a0\n\nUnless you need to plot specific points, you can typically just plot the vertex and draw a general form of the graph given that it opens up or down.
+__label__positive HideShow resource information\n  \u2022 Created by: dkoning00\n  \u2022 Created on: 23-05-16 18:41\nWhat are the five layers of the Earth's structure, what are they made of and what are their depths?\nCrust - solid rock, average depth 20km. Lithosphere (upper mantle and crust) - made up of tectonic plates, cold rigid rock, roughly 100km thick. Outer core - core makes up half Earth's radius, liquid iron and rock. Inner core - solid iron.\n1 of 118\nWhat causes the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move?\nConvection currents caused by heat rising from the core as a result of radioactive decay\n2 of 118\nWhy do tectonic plate float on the mantle?\nBecause they're less dense than the mantle\n3 of 118\nWhat is the difference between continental and oceanic plates?\nOceanic plates are thinner but more dense\n4 of 118\nAt roughly what speed do most tectonic plates move?\n2.5cm per year\n5 of 118\nWhat causes volcanoes and Earthquakes?\nPlates moving against each other at boundaries\n6 of 118\nWhy is it difficult to study the inner structure of the Earth?\nBecause the crust is too thick to drill through and there is no drill in existence that is long enough and strong enough to get past it\n7 of 118\nHow is the Earth's structure studied?\nScientists use seismic waves and seismographs\n8 of 118\nWhat are the two types of seismic waves? Describe them\nP-waves (push, primary) - longitudinal fast travelling waves. S-waves (secondary) - transverse slower waves\n9 of 118\nWhich waves cannot travel through liquid?\n10 of 118\nHow was this information used to prove the outer core is liquid?\nS-waves couldn't be detected in the core's shadow (opposite epicentre) but P-waves could, proving they passed through liquid\n11 of 118\nWho was the first scientist to suggest continental drift?\nAlfred Weneger\n12 of 118\nBriefly describe his theory\nMillions of years ago there was one supercontinent (pangaea) which ad broken up and the pieces drifted apart to form our modern day continents\n13 of 118\nWhat evidence suggested that Wegener was right?\nFossils found on each side of the Atlantic, similar rock layers, coast lines matching\n14 of 118\nWhy was his theory not accepted initially?\nIt contradicted the 'land bridge' theory and he couldn't explain how the plates moved\n15 of 118\nHow was Wegener's theory supported and accepted?\nStudies of the mid-Atlantic ridge showed the plates moved apart to create a new sea floor. Also, the polarity of the rock changed symmetrically showing rock production over millions of years at a steady rate\n16 of 118\nWhat causes volcanic eruptions?\nMagma rises up to the crust and is released as lava under high pressure out of volcanoes\n17 of 118\nWhat is subduction?\nOceanic plates are denser than continental plates. When they meet the oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle and starts to melt. The magma created by the rock melting in the mantle rises up to form a volcano, eventually causing an eruption\n18 of 118\nWhat is igneous rock?\nRock created when molten rock cools and solidifies\n19 of 118\nWhat does the type of igneous rock formed depend on?\nThe makeup of the molten rock which affects the size of the rock crystals\n20 of 118\nWhat does Extrusive cooling mean and cause?\nIngeous rock formed by magma cooling above ground. This means it cools quickly so the crystals don't have time to grow large.\n21 of 118\nGive an example of an Extrusive igneous rock\nBasalt, rhyolite, obsidian\n22 of 118\nWhat does Intrusive cooling mean and cause?\nIgenous rock formed when magma cools below the surface means it cools more slowly. This causes the crystals to be larger\n23 of 118\nGive an example of an Intrusive igneous rock\nGranite, gabbro, diorite\n24 of 118\nWhich type of lava is runny and flows?\nIron-rich basalt lava\n25 of 118\nWhich type is viscous and can be explosive?\nSilica-rich rhyolite lava\n26 of 118\nWhy do geologists study volcanoes and their movements?\nTo better learn how they work in order to predict when they might erupt in the future\n27 of 118\nWhat are the three types of rock?\nSedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic\n28 of 118\nHow is sedimentary rock formed\nLayers of sediment become compressed under each other and the pressure squeezes out the water which leaves behind mineral cement to form rock\n29 of 118\nGive examples of sedimentary rocks\nSandstone, Limestone, Chalk\n30 of 118\nHow is limestone formed and what happens when it is heated?\nCrushed seashells are compressed into rock on the sea floor. Thermal decomposition takes place turning calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and CO2\n31 of 118\nHow are metamorphic rocks formed?\nBy the action of extreme heat and pressure on below surface sedimentary and igneous rock\n32 of 118\nGive examples of metamorphic rock and the rocks they come from\nMarble - limestone, slate - shale, gneiss - granite\n33 of 118\nWhat are ores? Give examples\nMinerals we can get useful materials from\n34 of 118\nHow is glass made?\nMelting limestone, sand and soda together\n35 of 118\nWhy is clay a good building material?\nBecause it is malleable when dug up making it easy to form into bricks etc. but it becomes very hard when heated\n36 of 118\nWhat does clay contain?\nAluminium and silicates\n37 of 118\nHow is cement made?\nPowdered clay and powdered limestone are roasted together to make a mixture of calcium and aluminium silicates\n38 of 118\nHow can cement be used to make concrete and why is this done?\nBy adding water and sand or gravel to give it higher tensile strength when it dries\n39 of 118\nWhat is a composite material?\nA composition of two or more materials to get better qualities like improved strength or lower density\n40 of 118\nWhat is reinforced concrete?\nA composite material - concrete set with steel rods to combine the hardness of concrete with the strength and flexibility of steel\n41 of 118\nHow can extracting rocks cause different environmental pollution?\nQuarrying destroys habitats; transporting rock causes noise and air pollution; Quarrying produces dust and noise from dynamite; Disused sites can be dangerous e.g. people falling into quarries\n42 of 118\nWhat electrolyte is used in the electrolysis of copper?\nCopper (II) Sulphate\n43 of 118\nWhat ions does it contain?\n44 of 118\nWhat two electrodes are involved in electrolysis and what are their charges?\nAnode - positive and Cathode - negative\n45 of 118\nDescribe the electrolysis to get pure copper?\nElectrical current pulls electrons off of copper atoms at impure positive anode; Cu2+ ions are put into the solution from the anode; they are rejoined with electrons at the negative cathode from the electrical supply to make pure copper\n46 of 118\nWhat reaction happens at the cathode?\n47 of 118\nWhat reaction happens at the anode?\n48 of 118\nWhat is reduction and where does it happen in the process?\nGain of electrons at the cathode\n49 of 118\nWhat is oxidation and where does in happen in the process?\nLoss of electrons at the anode\n50 of 118\nWhy is copper recycled instead of more being mined?\nIt is cheaper, only 15% of the energy needed to mine copper is used to recycle it, less pollution results\n51 of 118\nWhat is an alloy?\nA mixture of a metal and another element (can be metal or non-metal)\n52 of 118\nGive examples of alloys and the metals/elements they contain\nBrass (copper & zinc), bronze (copper & tin), steel (iron & carbon), solder (tin & lead), amalgam (mercury, silver, tin & copper)\n53 of 118\nWhy are alloys used?\nBecause they can combine properties of different elements to give useful materials that are better than its products alone\n54 of 118\nRoughly how much carbon is usually in steel?\nLess than 1%\n55 of 118\nWhat are some of the advantages of steel over iron?\nSteel is harder, stronger and less likely to rust (corrode)\n56 of 118\nGive examples of common uses of steel\nGirders, car parts, saucepans, cutlery\n57 of 118\nGive advantages of brass and uses\nHarder than copper or zinc, used for musical instruments, fixtures, fittings, doorknobs\n58 of 118\nGive advantages of bronze and uses\nHarder and stronger than copper or tin and has better corrosion resistance, used in springs, bearings, bells and sculptures\n59 of 118\nGive advantages of solder and uses\nLower melting point than lead and tin, use for connecting circuits\n60 of 118\nGive advantages of amalgam and uses\nHard wearing, used for fillings\n61 of 118\nWhat are smart alloys?\nAlloys that have been developed to have special useful properties\n62 of 118\nWhat are Nitinols?\nAlloys of nickel and titanium that have shape memory\n63 of 118\nWhat is shape memory and how is it useful?\nAlloys can be bent or twisted but return to their original shape under certain conditions (e.g. if heated). Used for frames for glasses\n64 of 118\nWhat two conditions must be met for iron to corrode?\nMust be in contact with water and oxygen\n65 of 118\nDescribe the process by which iron corrodes\nIron undergoes oxidation and gains oxygen to form Iron(III) Oxide. When this comes into contact with water it forms Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide which is commonly known as rust\n66 of 118\nGive the word equation for this process\nIron + Oxygen + Water ---> Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide\n67 of 118\nWhy do cars parked near the coast rust quickly?\nBecause salt water speed up the process\n68 of 118\nWhy doesn't aluminium corrode even though it's most reactive than iron?\nA thin surface layer oxidises to form Aluminium Oxide which doesn't flake off so creates a protective layer over the aluminum\n69 of 118\nGive advantages and disadvantages of using aluminium in car bodies over steel\nAd: much lower density so increases fuel economy and bodies corrode less and have longer lifespan. Dis: It costs a lot more\n70 of 118\nGive uses and reasons of materials used for building cars\nSteel - body work, strong can be welded. Aluminium - engine parts, strong and low density. Glass - windows and windscreens, transparent and colourless. Plastics - insulators and interior, hard-wearing and lightweight. Fibres - seats and floors\n71 of 118\nWhy are car parts recycled and what are some of the problems with it?\nTo save natural resources and money and reduce landfill - plastics must all be separated before recycling\n72 of 118\nWhat is an indicator?\nA dye that changes colour depending on pH\n73 of 118\nGive examples of substances with pH 1-6 (acid)\n1 - car battery acid. 2 - stomach acid. 3 - vinegar/lemon juice. 4 - acid rain. 5 - normal rain. 6 - impure water\n74 of 118\nGive examples of substance with pH 8-14 (alkaline)\n8 & 9 - washing up liquid. 10 - pancreatic juice. 11 - soap powder. 12 & 13 - alkaline batteries. 14 - caustic soda (drain cleaner)\n75 of 118\nDefine an acid\nA substance with a pH of less than 7 that form H+ ions in water - the concentration of which determine the strength of the acid.\n76 of 118\nDefine a base/alkali\nA base is a substance with a pH greater than 7. An alkali is a base that is soluble in water and forms OH- ions in water - again the concentration determines the strength\n77 of 118\nGive the word equation for a neutralisation reaction\nAcid + Base ---> Salt + Water\n78 of 118\nGive the ionic equation\nH+ + OH- (reversible) H2O\n79 of 118\nMetal oxides and metal hydroxides are...\n80 of 118\nWhat does the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid and copper oxide produce?\nCopper chloride + water\n81 of 118\nGive the balanced symbol equation for this\n2HCl + CuO ---> CuCl2 + H2O\n82 of 118\nWhat does the reaction between an acid and a carbonate produce?\nSalt, water and carbon dioxide\n83 of 118\nWhat is produced by the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate?\nSodium chloride, water and carbon dioxide\n84 of 118\nGive the balanced symbol equation\n2HCl + Na2CO3 ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2\n85 of 118\nWhat do reactions between acids and ammonia produce?\nAmmonium salts\n86 of 118\nHydrochloric acid and Ammonia produces... Give the display formula\nAmmonium chloride NH4Cl\n87 of 118\nSulfuric acid and Ammonia produces... Give the display formula\nAmmonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4\n88 of 118\nNitric acid and Ammonia produces... Give the display formula\nAmmonium nitrate NH4NO3\n89 of 118\nWhat are fertilisers and why are they used?\nSubstances that provide plants with essential growth elements - used to increase crop yield in farming\n90 of 118\nWhat are the three main essential elements in fertilisers?\nNitrogen, phosphorous and potassium\n91 of 118\nWhy are Ammonia Salts good fertilisers?\nBecause they contain many/all of the essential elements\n92 of 118\nWhat acid neutralises Ammonia to make Ammonium Nitrate?\nNitric acid\n93 of 118\nAnd Ammonium Phosphate?\nPhosphoric acid\n94 of 118\nWhat acid and base neutralise to make Potassium Nitrate?\nNitric acid and Potassium Hydroxide\n95 of 118\nWhat environmental issues can be caused by over use of fertilisers?\n96 of 118\nBriefly describe eutrophication\nExcess fertiliser on fields runs off into lakes and rivers; algae growth thrives due to nitrates and phosphates; Algae bloom blocks out light so water plants die; Aerobic bacteria use up oxygen; fish and other animals die due to low oxygen\n97 of 118\nBy what process would you make Ammonium Nitrate in a lab?\n98 of 118\nDescribe this process\nPut an amount of Ammonia in a conicle flask with an indicator (UI, methyl orange etc.). Fill a burette with nitric acid. Slowly ad the acid until the indicator tells you the solution is neutral. You now have Ammonium Nitrate solution\n99 of 118\nHow could you obtain pure Ammonium nitrate crystals?\nNeutralise Ammonia solution with nitric acid by titration and measure exactly how much acid is needed using the burette and indicator. Then mix the same amounts of each wihtout indicator. Put solution in a dish to gain crystals by evapouration\n100 of 118\nDefine yield\nThe mass of product created by a reaction\n101 of 118\nBy what process can Ammonia be obtained?\nThe Haber Process\n102 of 118\nGive the balanced symbol equation for the Haber process\nN2 + 3H2 2NH3\n103 of 118\nWhat industrial conditions are required?\n200 atmospheres of pressure, 450 dC and an Iron catalyst\n104 of 118\nWhy are these conditions used?\nHigh pressure favours forwards reaction, high temperature favours reverse but also increases reaction rates so 450 dC is a compromise. Iron catalyst speeds up reaction\n105 of 118\nWhy is unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen recycled?\nTo reduce waste and save money\n106 of 118\nWhat are the five factors that affect production costs in industrial processes?\nPrice of energy, cost of raw materials, labour costs, plant and equipment costs and rate of production\n107 of 118\nDefine optimum conditions\nConditions that give the lowest production costs for percentage yield and rate of reaction\n108 of 118\nGive the display formula and chemical name for salt\nNaCl - Sodium Chloride\n109 of 118\nIn what two ways can salt be extracted from the ground?\nDrilling and mining rock salt or pumping hot water around underground to dissolve the salt in it - this is called solution mining\n110 of 118\nWhat issues can mining salt cause?\nIf the underground cavities are not filled they can collapse causing subsidence on the surface\n111 of 118\nWhat can salt be used for?\nFlavour and preservative in food, making chemicals and melting ice on roads\n112 of 118\nWhat does the electrolysis of brine produce and where?\nHydrogen gas at the negative cathode, Chlorine gas at the positive anode and Sodium Hydroxide formed from ions in the solution\n113 of 118\nWhat four ions are involved?\nNa+ OH- Cl- H+\n114 of 118\nDescribe the reaction at the cathode and give the balanced ionic equation\nTwo hydrogen ions (H+) accept one electron each to become a single hydrogen molecule (reduction) so H2 gas is given off: 2H+ + 2e- ---> H2\n115 of 118\nDescribe the reaction at the anode and give the balanced ionic equation\nTwo chloride ions (Cl-) lose one electron each to become a single chlorine molecule (oxidation) so chlorine gas is given off: 2Cl- - 2e- ---> Cl2\n116 of 118\nWhat industry uses this process?\n117 of 118\nWhat are the products used for?\nHydrogen gas - used in Haber process. Chlorine - used for disinfectants, plastics, solvents and hydrochloric acid. Sodium hydroxide - used to make soap and can be reacted with chlorine to make bleach\n118 of 118\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat causes the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move?\n\n\n\nCard 3\n\n\nWhy do tectonic plate float on the mantle?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nWhat is the difference between continental and oceanic plates?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nAt roughly what speed do most tectonic plates move?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Chemistry resources:\n\nSee all Chemistry resources \u00bbSee all C2 resources \u00bb
+__label__positive Study Guide for the DVD\n\n\u2018Goo2U Via the Zoo\u2019\n\nSCENE 1 \u2013 Introduction\n\nOur two presenters, Dave Benson and Dan Paterson, put out the challenge to consider one of life\u2019s big questions: Where did I come from?\n\nUsing the DVD menu, select each Scene in turn. This Study Guide will be a great way to help weigh the evidence.\n\nSCENE 2 \u2013 Where did I come from?\n\n  1. Two radically different stories of origins are presented. Fill in this table to summarize each one of them:\n    Design / Creation\n    Description \u2013 what is the essence of it?\n\n    Existence of non-material things\u2014love, justice,\n    peace, etc (yes/no)\n    Direction of complexity\n    Represented by tree or orchard?\n    The order found in the fossil record is based on?\n    Changes in living things are limited or unlimited?\n\n  2. Think: why are only two possible stories presented? Are there other options?\n\n  3. Consider: why is it that according to the \u2018design\u2019 story, non-material things like love, peace, justice are \u2018real\u2019, whereas for the \u2018evolution\u2019 story they are ultimately not?\n\n  4. What are we invited to do in order to determine which story is more plausible than the other one?\n\n  5. How is it that two different people can examine the same evidence and arrive at different conclusions?\n\n  6. The presenters make the point: \u201cIf you can answer the question \u2018is nature becoming less or more complex over time?\u2019, then you can solve the riddle of whether we are evolved or designed\u201d. Why? Remember: we\u2019re not talking about human society or technology (both the result of intelligence) becoming more complex over time, but nature (living things).\n\n  7. In what ways is a human being more complex than a single-celled creature?\n\n  8. The evolution story relies on what three elements to create complexity from simplicity?\n\nSCENE 3 \u2013 A closer look\n\n  1. The presenters said we constantly use our \u2018design filter\u2019 to differentiate between what is random and what is designed. The example given was finding nuts and bolts in the shape of a smiley face on the floor of a workshop. Can you think of any other examples?\n\n  2. Why do you think that many people do not use the same \u2018design filter\u2019 when considering the enormous complexity found in biology?\n\n  3. DNA is an awesome information-storing molecule, as we have seen. Consider this: the chemicals and mechanism that translate the DNA, and the enzymes that repair DNA damage, are themselves coded by DNA. So what came first, the DNA storage mechanism, or the mechanism to read and repair the DNA? Or did they come as a complete package?\n\n  4. Natural selection is the observation in nature that the most suited (\u2018fittest\u2019, but not in the sense of physical fitness or strength, necessarily) individuals survive and are thus more likely to pass on their genetic information to following generations. But why can\u2019t natural selection of itself add complexity? (Hint: it\u2019s in the word \u2018selection\u2019)\n\n  5. Mutations are \u2018changes in a genomic sequence\u2019. They generally represent copying errors in the genetic code. In what way does evidence from the study of mutations support or undermine the evolution story? (Hint: fruit flies)\n\n  6. How can a mutation be helpful and yet not add any new information to an organism?\n\nSCENE 4 \u2013 Why do we keep a designer out of science?\n\n  1. What is the difference between \u2018operational science\u2019 and \u2018historical science\u2019?\n\n  2. Which of the following can be proved through operational science?\n\n    1. The existence of God\n\n    2. The evolution story\n\n    3. The big bang\n\n    4. The biblical creation story\n\n  3. In what ways does historical (or \u2018forensic\u2019) science routinely detect design or intelligence?\n\n  4. Should historical science be able to detect design in DNA?\n\n  5. So\u2014can God and science be friends? Why or why not?\n\nSCENE 5 \u2013 Can science disprove God?\n\n  1. Using the \u2018no gold in China\u2019 example, describe the difference between proving something does not exist and proving something does exist.\n\n  2. What is your view on whether God exists or not? How confident are you in that belief, and why?\n\n  3. What would someone need to know to prove that God does not exist?\n\n  4. The Bible indicates that God is real and He is not hiding from us\u2014in fact we have no excuse for not appreciating his creative power (Romans 1:20). What do you think are the best methods for discovering God? (Hint: some ideas were presented in the video)\n\n  5. Is operational science one of those methods? Why or why not?\n\n\n  1. What was Blaise Pascal\u2019s wager?\n\n  2. At the start of the video, the presenters said, \u2018Unless we know where we have come from, we don\u2019t know where we are going to\u2019. What is your view of where you have come from?\n\n  3. Where are you going to?\n\n  4. Jesus said, \u201cAsk and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you.\u201d (Luke 11:9). Why not tell God now that you want to find Him and know Him? Ask Him to reveal Himself to you.\n\n\nCopied to clipboard\nProduct added to cart.\nClick store to checkout.\nIn your shopping cart\n\nRemove All Products in Cart\nGo to store and Checkout\nGo to store
+__label__positive GK Questions Asked in RRB CBT Exam (07.04.2016) - 2nd Shift\n\n1) When did Azad Hind Fauz form?\nAns: 1943\n2) Netware belongs to which country?\nAns: India\n\n3) Who is the National Chairperson of Human Rights?\nAns: H L Dattu\n4) What is National Motto of India?\nAns: Satyameva Jayate\n5) Who is the Chairman of Bank Board Bureau?\nAns: Vinod Rai\n6) What is the full form of PCB?\nAns: Printed Circuit Board\n7) Who was sworn second time Chief in 2011 of UN?\nAns: Ban-ki-moon\n8) Asia Cup 2016 Winner?\nAns: India\n9) Who was Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1971?\nAns: Tajuddin Ahmad\n10) Who is the Brand Ambassador of Tata Motors?\nAns: Lionel Messi\n11) When East India Company Came to India?\nAns: 1600\n12) NetWare belongs to which country?\nAns: India\n13) Fundamental rights from which articles?\nAns: Article 14-18\n14) odd one out \u2013 cricket, baseball, hockey, kabaddi?\nAns: Baseball\n15) Dhamek Stupa located at?\nAns: Uttar Pradesh\n16) Name the man who spent 340 days in space?\nAns: Scott Kelly\n17) In the following, what is bacterial disease?\nAns: Tuberculosis\n18).inf stands for?\nAns: Setup Information File\n19) Who is prime minister during 1975 bangladesh independence?\nAns: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman\n\nSBI PO Smart Prep Kit by Ramandeep Singh - Get here\n\nJoin 40,000+ readers and get free notes in your email\n\n\nPost a Comment\n
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n40 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n  \u2022 3rd side (hint)\nWho was responsible for the magic bullet? and the 606 tries to find a cure for syphillus?\nWhat was the name of the cure?\nWhat is the active ingredient in sulfanilamide\nwho discovered Prontosil? the 1900's\nWhat is prontosil?\nAnalog of PABA\nWhat is PABA?\nfolic acid is a competitive inhibitor, and plays a crucial role in metabolism. Take it when you're pregnant\nWhat is Hydrochloride?\nAnti-Tuberculosis remedy\nWhat is used for UTI infections?\nNalidixic Acid\nWhat is salvarsan?\nIt is an arsenic compound...the start of chemotherapy\nWhat are the four synthetic drugs that we covered?\nSalvarsan, Prontosil, Isoniazid, and Nalidixic Acid\nwhat do sulfa drugs do?\nSD's make PABA inactive. Micro-organisms synthesize folic acid. We have to eat folic acid. Sulfa's inhibit folic acid...but since we don't make it in our bodies, it works on micro-organisms. Sulfa drugs compete with PABA in folic acid.\nWhat kind of an infection is amphotericin B?\nwhat do we get ampicillin from?\npenicillin chrys.\nWhat is the type of antibio that we use on small children?\nWhat are the four antibiotics used for G + organisms?\nPenicillin, Erythromycin, Cephalothin, and Bacitracin\nPenny, Eryca, Cephie, and Baci (becky)\nWhat is bacitracin used for?\nwhat type of antibiotics do most doctors and dentists use?\nGram +\nWhat are two examples of G - antibiotics?\nGentamicin, and Zyvox(linezolid, 2000)\nWaht is Gentamicin known for?\nnephro-toxocities (in the liver)\nname 5 Broad Spectrum (affects both G+ and G- )antibiotics\nWhat is unizue about Chloramphenicol?\nbad side affects, but it works against typhoid fever\nwhat causes Typhoid Fever?\nSalmonella Typhii\nWhat Ab is used for ear infections in children?\nWhat is the mode of action of a protozoa in antibiotics?\nto inhibit cell wall synthesis,\ndamage cell wall\ninhibit's protein synthesis\ninhibit's nucleic acid synthesis\nWhat does AAPMC stand for?\nWhat are two protozoan Ab's?\nChloroquine, and metronidazole\nName a beta lactamase\nWhat is special about beta lactamases?\nthey are very tough to beat.\nexplain zoning.\nthe bigger the zone is around that organism,the more suceptible that organism is to that anti-microbial.\nwhat is the \"r factor?\"\na plasmid. Codes for multiple anti-biotic resistance\nWhat are two tests used for Antibiotic Sensitivity testing?\nKirby Bauer disk plate assay\nMIC determination-minimum inhibitory concentration: take antimic and dillute it, and add organism and incubate to see concentration\nWhat are five synthetic antivirals?\nand Zidovudine (AZT = Retrovir\nWhat are hte four ingredients in HART?\nZamoduvodine, Lamoduvovine, Duvodine, and Retronovir\nWhat type of organism is Bacitracin used against?\nG +\nWhat type of organism is Cephalothin used against?\nG +\nWhat is the source of Cephalothin?\nCephlosporium acremonium\nWhat is the source of Erythromycin?\nStreptomyces erythreus\nWhere are a lot of antibiotics grown inthe soil?\nAbbott, Libertyville.\nWhat is the drug, Augmentin used for?\npheumoniz, bronchitis, UTI's, Cellulitis\nWhat organisms does Rocephin kill?\nSA, EC, Strepto P, KP, HI
+__label__positive Phlebotomy Certification Practice Test 1\n\nThis is the first in a planned series of Phlebotomy Practice Tests. This is the no-frills version. A JavaScript version is planned for the very near future.\n\nTo take this practice exam, simply record your answer for each question on a piece of paper. Then, compare your answers to the answer key provided at the bottom of the page.\n\n\n1. Hemoconcentration can be caused by which of the following?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. Leaving the needle in the arm too long\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B. Leaving the tourniquet on the patient too long\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C. The tourniquet being too loose\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D. Withdrawing the blood too rapidly\n\n2. Antisepsis is a technique that is used on which of the following?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Medical Instruments\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Wound Dressings\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Tourniquets\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Skin\n\n3. In phlebotomy, what does the term preanalytical mean?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Variables that affect a specimen prior to lab testing\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Equipment failure\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Documenting the patient\u2019s ID\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Calibrating equipment\n\n4. The \u201cAirborne Precautions\u201d isolation category is used when a patient is suspected or confirmed to have which of these?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Influenza\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Tuberculosis\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Hepatitus A\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Gangrene\n\n5. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a phlebotomy competency?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Employing correct medical terminology\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Following safety protocols\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Operating a hematology blood analyzer\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Selecting a proper site for specimen collection\n\n6. In considering the safety of the patient, which of the following is the more dangerous element?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Labeling collection tubes before collecting the blood\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Disposing of a sharp properly\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Failing to wear gloves during the venipuncture procedure\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Recapping a needle after a venipuncture\n\n7. What is the meaning of hemolysis?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. Insufficient red blood cells\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B. Insufficient white blood cells\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C. Serum being red\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D. Blood breaking down\n\n8. Which color tube stopper indicates a tube with sodium heparin?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Black\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Green\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Red\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Purple\n\n9. What does the color-coding of needles indicate?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Manufacturer\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Angle of the bevel\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Length\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Guage\n\n10. Which of the following applies for a lipid panel?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. The patient can be in a basal state \u2013 no restrictions\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Patient should be fasting for 4 hours with no water\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Patient should fasting for at least 12 hours with water allowed\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Patient should be fasting for 8 hours with no water\n\n11. What is the proper point at which a sharps container should be closed, sealed, and prepared for disposal?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. When the container is 3/4 full\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. When the container is full\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. When the container is 1/2 full\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. At the discretion of the phlebotomist\n\n12. You are about to perform a venipuncture on a patient who has three good veins in the antecubital area. Which vein should you choose?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Cephalic\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Basilic\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Brachial\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Median cubital\n\n13. Which of the following is NOT a restriction for a glucose tolerance test?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Drinking water\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Eating fruit\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Chewing gum\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Drinking coffee\n\n14. When performing a skin puncture, the first drop of blood should be:\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Held for reserve\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Hemolyzed\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Used for the sample\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Wiped away\n\n15. Which of the following can be used more than once?\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A. Collection tubes\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. Needles\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Tourniquets\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. Tube holders\n\n\n\u00a0 1. B\n\n\u00a0 2. D\n\n\u00a0 3. A\n\n\u00a0 4. B\n\n\u00a0 5. C\n\n\u00a0 6. A\n\n\u00a0 7. D\n\n\u00a0 8. B\n\n\u00a0 9. D\n\n10. C\n\n11. A\n\n12. D\n\n13. A\n\n14. D\n\n15. C\n\n\n\nGo To Phlebotomy Practice Test 2\n\nGo To Phlebotomy Practice Test 3\n\nGo To Phlebotomy Practice Test 4\n\nGo To Phlebotomy Practice Test 5\n\nReturn To Phlebotomy Practice Test Page\n\nReturn To PhlebotomyCertify Home Page\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nComments are closed.
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nLet $x_1,\\dots,x_n$ be $n$ points forming a rigid body in $\\mathbb{R}^3$. The distance between each pair of points is constant. Let $R\\in SO(3)$ be a rotation and $T\\in\\mathbb{R}^3$ be a translation. Then $\\{R,T\\}$ actually is a rigid body transformation. If I apply $\\{R,T\\}$ to $\\{x_i\\}_{i=1}^N$, then I obtain a $\\{x'_i=Rx_i+T\\}_{i=1}^N$, which is different from the original one by a rigid body transformation.\n\nMy question is: Since $\\{R,T\\}$ can be arbitrary, all these $\\{x'_i\\}_{i=1}^N$ form a set. If I define $x'=[x'_1^T,\\dots,x'_n^T]^T\\in\\mathbb{R}^{3n}$, all these $\\{x'_i\\}_{i=1}^N$ form a set $\\Omega$ in $\\mathbb{R}^{3n}$. Then what does this set $\\Omega$ look like? Is it connected? compact? or a manifold? I'm not very familiar with the set theory or differential geometry, can someone give me a hint on how to analyze the problem? Thanks.\n\nshare|improve this question\n\n1 Answer 1\n\nup vote 0 down vote accepted\n\nThe usual way to model a rigid body is to attach an orthonormal frame at some point of the rigid body. Thus the configuration space becomes the trivial frame bundle $\\mathbb{R}^3 \\times SO(3)$.\n\nOK, reading your question again my answer wasn't very helpful. May I ask what do you need it for?\n\nSome simple observations can be done:\n\n  1. It's connected: Rotations and translations are connected. Use this to construct a continuous path between two points.\n  2. It's closed: It's complete. Each convergent sequence converges towards another point from that set.\n  3. It's not bounded (you can move the rigid body arbitrary far away with a translation) and thus not compact.\n\nI think more interesting would be what the topology of the set of equivalence classes is.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nCan you explain a little more about \"configuration space\" and \"frame bundle\"? \u2013\u00a0 Shiyu Mar 24 '12 at 13:00\nThe term \"configuration space\" is used by physicist as the space where the dynamic is happening. I don't think it's a well defined term as in most cases you can factor out some symmetries to get a smaller space (think of the Kepler problem, you would start by writing down the equations of motions in $\\mathbb{R}^3$ and reduce it then to a plane by using conservation of angular momentum). \u2013\u00a0 David Mar 24 '12 at 13:18\nForget about the exact definition of \"frame bundle\" (it's quite technical and requires some differential geometry), intuitively a point in the frame bundle is a point in some base manifold (in this case $\\mathbb{R}^3$) and an orthonormal frame attached to this point. You can describe the frame by the rows or columns of a matrix $R \\in SO(3)$. \u2013\u00a0 David Mar 24 '12 at 13:22\nWhat I need it for: suppose one point $x$ in $\\mathbb{R}^{3n}$ is an equilibrium. And all $x'$ in $\\mathbb{R}^{3n}$ are also equilibria, which are obtained by transforming $x$. So the set $\\Omega$ is an equilibrium set. What I want is to identify the structure or properties of this set. But I'm not familiar with related mathematics. \u2013\u00a0 Shiyu Mar 24 '12 at 14:54\nThanks for the editing. It is helping. Regarding the boundness of the set, if there is only rotation and no translation, would the set be bounded? And is the set a manifold? In fact, I think I am quite familiar with linear algebra such as matrix and subspace, is it possible to somehow check the structure of the set from a linear algebra perspective? For example, let's only consider rotation transformation. Let $x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{3n}$ be an original point and $x'=(I_n\\otimes R) x$. So the whole set is $\\Omega=\\{x' | x'=(I_n\\otimes R) x, \\forall R\\in SO(3)\\}$. But I don't know how to analyze next. \u2013\u00a0 Shiyu Mar 24 '12 at 15:07\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum\n\nSearch All of the Math Forum:\n\n\nMath Forum \u00bb Discussions \u00bb sci.math.* \u00bb sci.math\n\nTopic: Generalizing Orthogonal Projection\nReplies: 7 \u00a0 Last Post: Jan 24, 2013 5:17 PM\n\nAdvanced Search\n\nDavid C. Ullrich\n\nPosts: 21,553\nRegistered: 12/6/04\nRe: Generalizing Orthogonal Projection\nPosted: Jan 22, 2013 10:33 AM\n\nOn Mon, 21 Jan 2013 21:47:11 -0800 (PST), hbertaz@gmail.com wrote:\n\n>Hi, All:\n>I'm just curious about wether orthogonalprojection generalizes to cases such as\n>Say we have a 1-D subspace L (i.e., a line thru the origin) in R^3 , and\n>let q=(x,y,z) be a point in R^3 which is not on the line. Then I don't see\n>how to project q orthogonally onto L; I can see how to project q into a\n>2-D subspace P : the projection of q into P is the ortho complement, and\n>every vector in P is in the orthogonal complement of the ortho projected\n>line. But, the same is not the case with q and L. Sorry for the rambling;\n>my question is then actually:\n> If L is a 1-D subspace of R^3, and q=(x,y,z) is a point not on L. Can we\n>define the orthogonal projection of q into L, or do we need to have a plane\n>P (as subspace) , to define an ortho projection of q?\n\nYes. The projection is p, defined by two conditions:\n\n(i) p lies on L\n\n(ii) q - p is orthhogonal to L.\n\nOr: If V is any subspace of R^n, let W be the orthogonal\ncomplement: W is the space of all w such that\n\nv.w = 0 for all v in V\n\n(or in another standard notation, <v, w> = 0).\n\nThen every x in R^n has a uniquue decomposition\n\nx = v + w\n\nwhere v is in V and w is in W; now v is the orthogonal\nprojection of x onto V.\n\nYes, you could also define this in terms of certain planes,\nbut that's sort of missing the point.\n\n\n\n[Privacy Policy] [Terms of Use]\n\n\u00a9 Drexel University 1994-2015. All Rights Reserved.
+__label__positive Physical Design interview questions - Part 3\n\n  1. Why is Parastitic extraction performed?\n  2. Explain the various Capacitances associated with a transistor and which one of them is the most prominent?\n  3. What is clock feed through?\n  4. Why are the minimum pulse width and minimum period checks important during timing analysis?\n  5. Why does the pulse width of the signal shrink?\n  6. Why is the insertion delay high? What could be the reason?\n  7. What is the difference between set_false_path & set_disable_timing?\n  8. Skew is not getting balanced, what could be the reason?\n  9. Clock-tree is not getting built for certain sinks, what could be the reason?\n  10. What kind of Vt cells you will use in clock-tree? Can we mix the Vt in the clock-tree?\n  11. Explain PD flow?\n  12. What are all your inputs?\n  13. What is netlist?\n  14. What are contents of SDC with the explanation using command?\n  15. What is the library?\n  16. What are the different file format inside a library?\n  17. What is tech file and what does it contain?\n  18. If we change the process what is the effect on .tech file.\n  19. What are the technologies you know and use?\n  20. What are the different process.(28lp,28HP,28GP,28HPC,28HPC+,28HPM)?\n  21. What is unit tile parameter inside tech file?\n  22. What is the meaning of fat table spacing in the tech file?\n  23. What means by via rule inside tech file?\n  24. What is metal density rule, why it is important?\n  25. What is TLU+ file? What is there inside TLU+, what value do you see inside TLU+ files?\n  26. Is TLU+ human re-able?\n  27. What is there in a physical library?\n  28. What are the different view of a physical library?\n  29. Draw layout for NAND, NOR?\n  30. What is present inside a lef file?\n  31. What is the meaning of track?\n  32. What is the meaning of the placement grid?\n  33. What is the meaning of std cell height?\n  34. What is meant by 8-track, 10-track, and 12-track? Can we mix 8, 10 and 12 tracks in the same design?\n  35. What is .lib, how a cell delay is calculated?\n  36. What is the meaning of 7X7 table, have you come across 7X7, 5X5, 9X9 tables? Why are we choosing 7X7?\n  37. What kind of power is captured inside .lib?\n  38. What is the meaning of cell rise and cell fall in .lib?\n  39. What is the meaning of rise transition and fall transition?\n  40. What is meaning of drive strength?\n  41. What is meaning of multi Vt library?\n  42. What is meant by timing arc?\n  43. What the meaning of timing unate?\n  44. What is PVT? How does delay vary with PVT? What are the different PVT corners you are aware of?\n  45. What is temp inversion?\n  46. What will you do once you receive all the inputs?\n  47. What is the need of the sanity check?\n  48. What are the different checks you perform during sanity checks?\n  49. Can the output and input be floating?\n  50. What will happen if o/p and pg are connected?
+__label__positive Electrostatics is the study of electric charges at rest and so it is also called static electricity.\n\nElectric Charge\n\nElectric charge, like mass, is one of the fundamental attributes of the particle of which the matter is made. Charge is the physical property of certain fundamental particles (like electron, proton) by virtue of which they interact with the other similar fundamental particles.\n\nTo distinguish the nature of interaction charges are divided into two parts (i) positive (ii) negative. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. SI unit of charge is coulomb and CGS unit is esu.\n1C = 3 x 109esu.\n\nMagnitude of the smallest known charge is e = 1.6 x 10-19C (charge of one electron or proton).\n\nNote : True test of electrification is repulsion and not attraction as attraction may also take place between a charged and an uncharged body and also between two oppositely charged bodies.\n\nCharging of the body\n\nBasically charging can be done by two methods; by\n(i) Conduction\n(ii) Induction\n\nOrdinarily, matter contains equal number of protons and electrons. A body can be charged by the transfer of electrons or redistribution of electrons.\n\nThe process of charging from an already charged body can happen either by conduction or induction.Conduction from a charged body, involves transfer of like charges. A positively charged body can create more bodies, which are positively charged, but the sum of the total charge on all positively charged bodies will be the same as the earlier sum.\nInduction is a process by which a charged body accomplishes the creation of other charged bodies, without touching them or losing its own charge. An uncharged conductor gets charged by induction due to redistribution of its own charge.\n\nProperties of Charge\n\n(i) Quantization of charge\nCharge exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount.\ni.e. charge on any body is the integral multiple of the charge on an electron\n=> Q = \u00b1 ne, where n = 0, 1, 2, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\n\n(ii) Conservation of charge\nCharge is conserved, i.e. total charge on an isolated system is constant. By isolated system, we mean here a system through the boundary of which no charge is allowed to escape or enter. This does not require that the amount of positive and negative charges separately conserved; only their algebraic sum is conserved.\n\n(iii) Charges on a conductor\nStatic charges reside on the surface of the conductor.\n\n(iv) Distribution of charges\nThe concentration of the charges is maximum on a surface with greater curvature.\n\nExercise :\u00a0When a piece of polythene is rubbed with wool, a charge of \u2013 2 \u00d7 10\u20137 C is developed on polythene. What is the amount of mass, which is transferred to polythene ?\n\n(a)\u00a0 5.69 \u00d7 10\u201319 kg \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(b)\u00a0 6.25 \u00d7 10\u201319 kg\n\n(c)\u00a0 9.63 \u00d7 10\u201319 kg \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (d)\u00a0 11.38 \u00d7 10\u201319 kg\n\nNext Page\u00bb
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nThe original question was: Suppose $X,Y,Z$ are i.i.d. $\\mathcal{N}(0,1)$, find a nonnegative continuous function $g$ such that $\\frac{X+YZ}{g(Z)} \\sim \\mathcal{N}(0,1)$.\n\nThe solution says, since $E(X+YZ\\mid Z=z)=0$ and $Var(X+YZ\\mid Z=z)=1+z^2$, for all $z \\in \\mathcal{R}$. So $g=\\sqrt{1+Z^2}$.\n\nI see the calculation of the expectation and the variance, but not sure why $\\frac{X+YZ}{g(Z)}$ follows a normal distribution. The solution says, since $X+YZ\\mid Z=z$ follows a normal distribution for all $z$, thus $X+YZ$ is normal.\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\nup vote 2 down vote accepted\n\nFirst we find the conditional distribution given $Z$. That means treating $Z$ as constant. So we have $1\\cdot X+c\\cdot Y$ where $c$ is constant. That is normally distributed with standard deviation $\\sqrt{1^2+c^2}$. In this case, that is $\\sqrt{1+Z^2}$. That implies that the conditional distribution of $$ T=\\frac{X+YZ}{\\sqrt{1+Z^2}}%\\tag{1} $$ given $Z$ is $\\mathcal{N}(0,1)$.\n\nFinally, observe that the conditional distribution of $T$ given $Z$ does not depend on $Z$. From that, two things follow: (1) It is the same as the marginal (or \"unconditional\") distribution of $T$, and (2) $T$ is actually probabilistically independent of $Z$.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n+1. Simplified the writing. Please revert to the previous version if you do not agree. \u2013\u00a0Did Dec 20 '12 at 0:20\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Recently Asked\n\nAll of the following may contribute to the development of bulimia EXCEPT:\n\nby / Published in General Questions\n\n1. TCO 1) All of the following may contribute to the development of bulimia EXCEPT: (Points : 2)\nbirth order.\nmore angry and disruptive interactions among family members.\na less stable family organization.\na less nurturing family.\n2. (TCO 2) Consuming an excess of _______ calories in one week will result in a weight gain of one pound per week. (Points : 2)\n3. (TCO 3) Limiting dietary intake of animal products can help to reduce intake of cholesterol and __________. (Points : 2)\nmonounsaturated fat\nsaturated fat\nomega 3 fatty acids\n4. (TCO 4) In which of the following events would carbohydrate loading be the most beneficial? (Points : 2)\nWeight lifting\nBaseball game\nCross country skiing\n100 yard dash\n5. (TCO 5) Which of the following BEST describes disordered eating? (Points : 2)\nA psychiatric condition that requires a physician\u2019s diagnosis\nAny condition in which one\u2019s eating behavior changes more than six times per year\nGeneral term that describes a variety of abnormal or atypical eating behaviors\nAny disorder in which one attempts to reduce one\u2019s body weight below a healthy range\n6. (TCO 6) Which of the following BEST explains why adolescents are more vulnerable to the unrealistic media images of the perfect body than are adults? (Points : 2)\nThe images target young people.\nAdolescents cannot comprehend the objective of advertisements.\nAdolescents are developing their personal identity.\nAdolescents cannot control their environment in the way adults can.\n7. (TCO 7) Which of the following psychiatric disorders causes the most deaths among women? (Points : 2)\nAnorexia nervosa\n8. (TCO 8) Which of the following BEST describes an episode of binge eating? (Points : 2)\nEating a large amount of food in a short period of time\nEating without regard to hunger\nConsuming food beyond feeling satiated (i.e., until overfull)\nConsuming any food outside the parameters of a self imposed restrictive diet\n9. (TCO 9) Which of the following is NOT a typical warning sign of bulimia nervosa? (Points : 2)\nCalluses on the back of hands and/or knuckles\nFrequent trips to the bathroom\nDisappearance of large amounts of food\nWeight loss\n10. (TCO 10) Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate treatment strategy in treating someone with anorexia nervosa? (Points : 2)\nPsychotropic medications\nMinimum weight gain of five pounds/week\nFamily therapy\nRestoration of healthy eating habits\n\nOrder This Question! Order Your Own Question!
+__label__positive Jain World\nSub-Categories of Antiquity of Jainism\nMeaning of Jainism\nTradition of Tirthankara\nHistoricity of the Jaina tradition\nJaina tradition and Buddhism\n\u00a0 Jaina tradition and Hinduism\n\u00a0 Jaina tradition & archaeological evidence\n\u00a0 Fundamental principles of Jainism\n\u00a0 Philosophy of Jainism\n\u00a0 Tattvas of Jainism\n\u00a0 Doctrines of Jainism\n\u00a0 Three-fold path of Salvation\n\u00a0 Prescription of Ethical Code\n\u00a0 Private distinctiveness of Jaina Ethics\n\u00a0 Importance assigned to five vratas\n\u00a0 Prominence given to Ahimsa\n\u00a0 Easy practicability of ethical code\n\u00a0 Commoness of ethical code\n\u00a0 Rise of sections in Jainism\n\u00a0 The Great Schism of Jainism\n\u00a0 The Digambara and Svetambara sects\n\u00a0 The Digambara sub-sects\n\u00a0 The Svetambara Sub-sects\n\u00a0 Jainism in East India\n\u00a0 Jainism in Northern India\n\u00a0 Jainism in Western India\n\u00a0 Jainism In South India\n\u00a0 Contribution of Jainism to Indian Culture\n\u00a0 Jainism and other religions\n\u00a0 Significance of Jainism\n\u00a0 Glossary of Jaina terms\n\n\nFrom some historic references it can be regarded that Rsabha-deva must be the founder of Jainism. In this connection Dr. Jacobi writes \" There is nothing to prove that Parsva was the founder of Jainism. Jaina tradition is unanimous in making Rsabha, the first Tirthankara, as its founder and there may be something historical in the tradition which makes him the first Tirthankara \". There is evidence to show that so far back as the first century B.C. there were people who were worshipping Rsabha-deva. It has been recorded that king Kharavela of Kalinga in his second invasion of Magadha in 161B.C. brought back treasures from Magadha and in these treasures there was the idol, known as Agrajina, of the first Jina (Rsabha-deva) which had been carried away from Kalinga three centuries earlier by king Nanda I. This means that in the 5th century B.C. Rsabha-deva was worshipped and his statue was highly valued by his followers. As we get in ancient inscriptions, authentic historical references to the statues of Rsabha-deva, it can be asserted that he must have been the founder of Jainism.\n\nOther archaeological evidences belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization of the Bronze Age in the India also lend support to the hoary antiquity of the Jaina tradition and suggest the prevalence of the practice of worship of Rsabha- deva, the 1st Tirthankara along with the worship of other deities. Many relics from the Indus Valley excavations suggest the prevalence of Jaina religion in that ancient period (3500 to 3000 B.C.)\n\n  1. It is observed that in the Indus Valley civilization there is a great preponderance of pottery figures of female deities over those of male deities and that the figures of male deities are shown naked. In this regard Dr. Earnest Mackey, the renowned Archaeologist intimately connected with the Indus Valley excavations, mentions that \" for some reason which it is difficult to understand, figures of male deities in pottery are distinctly rare. They are entirely nude, in contrast with the female figures, which invariably wear a little clothing; necklaces and bangles, may be worn, but this is by no means always the case \". This fact clearly reveals the traces of Jaina religion among the Indus Valley people as the worship of nude male deities is a very well established practice in Jaina religion.\n\n  2. For example, we find that the figures of six male deities in nude form, are engraved on one seal and that each figure is shown naked and standing erect in a contemplative mood with both hands keeping close to the body. Since this kayotsarga way (i.e. in standing posture) of practicing penance is peculiar only to the Jainas and the figures are of naked ascetics, it can be maintained the these figures represent the Jaina Tirthankaras.\n\n  3. Again, the figures of male deities in contemplative mood and in sitting posture engraved on the seals resemble the figures of Jaina Tirthankaras because in these the male deities are depicted as having one face only, while, the figures of male deities, supposed to be the prototypes of Lord Siva, are generally depicted as having three faces, three eyes and three horns.\n\n  4. Moreover, on some seals we find the figure of a bull engraved below the figure of a nude male deity practicing penance in the kayotsarga way, i.e. in a standing posture. These figures appear to be the representation of Rsabha-deva, the 1st Jaina Tirthankara, because of the facts that among the Jainas there is an established practice of depicting the lanchhana, i.e. the emblem of each Tirthankara below his idol and that the emblem of Rsabha-deva is a bull.\n\n  5. In addition, the sacred signs of swastika are found engraved on a number of seals. It is pertinent to note that the swastika signs engraved on seal No. 502, 503, 506 and 514 exactly resemble the established Jaina and Hindu practices of drawing swastika signs.\n\n  6. Furthermore, there are some motifs on the seals found in Mohen-jo-Daro and it is suggested that these motifs are identical with those found in the ancient Jaina art of Mathura.\n\nFrom these archeological evidences it can be stated that there was the prevalence of worship of Jaina Tirthankara Rsabha-deva along with the worship of the Hindu God who is considered to be the prototype of Lord Siva in the Indus Valley Civilization. This presence of Jaina tradition in the earliest period of Indian history is supported by many scholars like Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Gustav Roth, Prof. A. Chakravarti, Prof. Ram Prasad Chanda, T.N. Ramchandran, Champat Rai Jain, Kamta Prasad Jain and others. Dr. Zimmerman strongly supports this antiquity of Jaina tradition in the following terms. \"There is truth in the Jaina idea that their religion goes back to remote antiquity, the antiquity in question being that of the pre-Aryan\". (Vide Zimmerman : The Philosophies of India, p.60).
+__label__positive \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nFrequency divider\n\n  1. Feb 1, 2006 #1\n    frequency divider(urgent)\n\n    does anybody knows what is frequency divider??\n    pls help........\n  2. jcsd\n  3. Feb 2, 2006 #2\n\n\n    User Avatar\n\n    Staff: Mentor\n\n    Sure. You want analog or digital? For analog, use a Gilbert cell mixer. For digital, use flip-flops connected in series, of FFs plus logic if the divide ratio is not binary.\n\nSimilar Discussions: Frequency divider\n  1. Potential Dividers (Replies: 10)\n\n  2. Voltage divider (Replies: 11)\n\n  3. Voltage Divider (Replies: 2)\n\n  4. Potential Divider (Replies: 6)
+__label__positive 61 terms\n\nAmino Acid Metabolism\n\nMajor Purposes of Amino Acid Metabolism\n1)They are substrates for the generation of metabolic energy\n2)Substrates for **PROTEIN** synthesis\n-->Human body proteins are degraded AND resynthesized continously\n3)Substrates for the synthesis of many products (Ex. Heme, purines, pyrimidines, several coenzymes, melanin, & the biogenic amines\nEssential Amino Acids (\"MTT. VIP HALL\" -> \"Mister VIP HALL\n-->The 9 AA (10 if you count arginine, which is considered semi-essential depending on the individual's age) that must be supplied in the diet:\n1)M: Methionine\n2)T: Theorinine\n3)T: Tryptophan\n4)V: Valine\n5)I: Isoleucine\n6)P: Phenylanaline\n7)H: Histidine\n8)A: Arginine\n9)L: Lysine\n10)L: Leucine\n-->***AA are not stored by the body (unlike fats & CHO)\n-->Therefore, AA must be either:\n1)Obtained from the diet\n2)Synthesized de novo\n3)Produced from normal protein degradation\n-->Any AA in EXCESS of the biosynthetic needs of the cell are rapidly degraded\nFeatures of the Amino Acid Pool\n-->Represent the AA's released by the hydrolysis of dietary or tissue protein mix with other free AA's distributed throught the body\n-->Is **100g in a 70 kg man**\n-->Major inputs into the AA pool that are interchangeable:\n1)Tissue protein, plasma protein, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin\n2)Other new AA;s\n3)Non-protein compouds (non-protein compounds, heme, hterocyclic amines\n-->Major Output of AA's:\n1)**CO, H20, & Urea**\n2)Glucose, Glycogen, Lipids\nClassification of Amino Acids\n1)Ketogenic Amino Acids (**Leucine & Lysine**)\n2)Gluconeogenic & Ketogenic Amino Acids\n(***Larger Amino Acids, including Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrptophan, & Tyrosine)\n3)Ketogenic AA\n--->All other AA's\nGluconeogenic AA\n-->Amino acids whos catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle\n-->Substrates for gluconeogenesis (which can give rise to the net formation of glucose in the LIVER & KIDNEY)\nKetogenic AA\n-->AA whose catabolism yields either acetoacetate or one of the precursors\n2 AA that contribute to the transport of AA to the liver (esp. during FASTING)\nProtein Turnover (Rate of synthesis = Rate of Degredation)\n-->Keeps the total amount of protein at a constant level\n-->Leads to the hydrolysis & resynthesis of **300-400g** of body protein each day\n-->Varies widely for individual proteins\n-->Major Functions:\n1) Prevents accumulation of abnormal proteins & harmful peptides\n2)Controls & regulates the rate of a metabolic reaction by controlling the rate of syn & catabolism of enzymes\nTypes of Proteins involved during protein turnover\n1)Short Lived Protein (Ex. Regulatory proteins & misfolded proteins)\n-->Rapidly degraded (1/2 life measured in minutes or hours)\n2)Long Lived Protein (1/2 life of days to weeks)\n-->Constitute the majority of proteins in the cell\n3)Structural Proteins (Ex. Collegen; 1/2 life measured in months or years)\nGeneral Features of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (UPP)\n-->Ubiquitin directs protein recycling\n-->Majority of **intracellular proteins** are degraded by the UPP pathway\n-->**Extracellular proteins** & some surface proteins are taken up via ENDOCYTOSIS & are degraded within the LYSOSOMES\nPEST Sequence that attaches to ubiquitin (labelling them for destruction)\n2)E --> Glutamate\nNitrogen Balance\n-->The difference btwn the nitrogen entering the body & that leaving it\n-->A normal adult with adequate protein intake should be in **nitrogen equilibrium**\nPositive Nitrogen Balance (+ NB)\n-->Is observed when nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen excretion\n-->Examples of patients with + NB:\n1)Pregnant Women\n2)Young Growing Children\n3)Adults Recovering from a major illnes\n4)Body Builders\nNegative Nitrogen Balance (- NB)\n-->When nitrogen intake is less than nitrogen excretion\n-->Examples of patients with a -NB:\n1)Wasting Diseases, Chronic infections, Cancer or any other serious disease\nInsufficient quantities of ONE AA\n-->Is enough to turn a normal individual with a postitive NB to a negative NB\nAmount of proteins that are converted to AA by digestive enzymes\n-->***70-100 grams\n3 areas that are responsible for protein degredation\n1)The Stomach\n2)The Pancreas\n3)The Small intestine\n**The is NO digestion in the mouth**\n-->Is the region where protein digestion begins\n-->Secretion of **gastric juice** occurs, with the production of 2 molecules:\n1)Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)\n2)Pepsinongen (Proenzyme)\n-->Produced by **Parietal Cells of Stomach** as PEPSINOGEN\n-->Major fxn is to DENATURE dietary protein to make it more susceptible to proteolysis\n-->A coagulation enzyme that is important **only in infants**, and is absent from the stomach of adults\n-->Causes the coagulation of milk (\"curdles milik), thus prevents the rapid passage of milk from the stomach\n-->Produced in infants for milk protein digestion because infants can't digest any other protein except milk\n1)his hormone changes to pepsin at 1 year old\n-->A protease with a low pH optimum (pH=2.0)\n-->Catalyzes the cleavage of pesinogen to pepsin (***auto-activation) when exposed to HCl\n-->Is considered an **enopeptidase**, but can cleave peptide bonds at the ends of the polypeptide\nDigestion of protein in the intestine\n-->The partially digested material from the stomach is mixed with pancreatic secretion that inclues HCO3- & a group of proteolytic enzymes\n-->HCO3- neutralizes the stomach acid, & making the pH BASIC for the digestive enzymes to act\nHighlightes of Dietary Protein by proteases from the pancrease\n-Pancreatic **Endopeptidase** which cleave peptide bonds within protein chain digest polypeptide to smaller fragments.\n-Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds in which COOH group is contributed by **argininine or lysine**\n-Trypsin is secreted as inactive zymogen, trypsinogen.\n-Trypsinogen is cleaved to form trypsin by the enzyme enteropeptidase (enterokinase).\n-Trypsinogen may also undergo auto activation by trypsin.\nFeatures of Chymotrypsin\n-->secreted as Chymotrypsinogen\n-->usually cleaves peptide bonds in which the carboxyl group COOH contributed by the *aromatic amino acids* or by *leucine**\n-->Is coverted to trypsin by trypsin\nFeatures of Elastase\n-->Elastase cleaves at the carboxyl end of amino acid residues with small uncharged side chains such as:\n-->Cleaves the zymogen proelastase to elastase\nExopeptidases from the pancreas (cleaved from zymogen to active form by trypsin)\n-->Major examples are ***Carboxypeptidase A (aromatic) & Carboxypeptidase B (basic)\n-->Are cleaved to the active enzymatic form by trypsin\n-->Act on amino acids at **C*terminal end of the peptide (vs. *aminopeptidases**)\nEnzymes of Protein Digestion\nTrypsin --> Arginine & Lsyine\nChomotyrpsin --> Aromatic AA or Leucine\nElastase --> alanine, glycine , or serine\n-->Exopeptidases prod. by the intestinal cells that cleave one AA at the **N-terminal**\nDI- & Tripeptidases\n-->Produce AA's from dipeptides or peptides\nAbsorbtion of Aminno Acids\n-->Are absorbed from the intestinal lumen through **active Na+-dependent transport system & facilitated diffusion**\n1)The luminal plasma membrane of the absorptive cell bears at least four sodium-dependent amino acid transporters - one each for acidic, basic, neutral and Imino amino acids.\n2)These transporters bind amino acids only after binding sodium.\n3)The fully loaded transporter then undergoes a conformational change that dumps sodium and the amino acid into the cytoplasm (& are eventually taken to the portal vein, followed by its reorientation back to the original form.\n1)Branched chain amino acids ARE NOT metabolized by the liver --> Sent from the liver primarily to muscle via the blood\nInherited Disorders of AA Transport\n1)Hartup Disease\nHartup Disorder\n-->Autosomal recessive disorder\n-->Characterized by a **defective neutral AA transporter on renal & intestinal epithelial cells**\n-->Primarily affects **Tryptophan** (or non-polar AA)\n1)Tryptophan is EXCRETED into the urine\n2)Decrease absorbtion from the gut\n-->Clincal sign is **PELLAGRA**(Diarrhea, Dematitis, & Dementia)\n3)Seen in patients that derive most of their diet from corn (\"maize\")\n-->Disease involving defective trans-epithelial transport of **cystine** in the kidney & intestine\n-->Characterized by formation of cystine stones (\"Staghorn Caniculi\") in the **kidneys, urethra, & bladder**\nFate of the Amino Group of the AA's\n-->The \u03b1-amino groups of amino acids (derived from the diet or the breakdown of tissue proteins (is ultimately secreted into the urine as UREA)\n-->The removal of the \u03b1-amino groups are divided into 4 processes:\n3)Ammonia Transport\n4)Reactions of Urea Cycle\n-->The transfer of \u03b1-amino group (-NH3+) to an \u03b1-KG\n-->The products are **\u03b1-keto acid (from org. AA) & glutamate***\n-->Catayzed by a family of enzymes called \"Aminotransferases\" (Transanimases)\n-->The acceptor of the amino group is always **\u03b1-KG***\n-->Requires **pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)**, a cofactor form of vitamin B6 (a cofactor for all transaminases)\n-->All amino acids undergo transaminase reactions EXCEPT ***Lysine, Threonin (undergo deamination reactions)\n-->Are **reverisble reactions**, which are important in the synthesis & catabolism of AA\nLocation of Transaminases\n-->Located in the **mitochondria & cytosol** of most tissues (esp. the LIVER)\n1)Permits the synthesis of non-essential AA's (using amino groups from other AA's and Carbon skeletons synthesized in a cell)\n2 most important aminotranferase rxn's (***see notes)\n1)ALT --> Alanine Aminotransferase\n2)AST -->Aspartate Aminotransferase\n-->Since they are normally **intracellular enzymes**, the presence of elevated plasma levels of aminotransferases indicate DAMAGE TO CELLS RICH IN THESE ENZYMES\n-->ALT & AST are elevated in nearly ALL FORMS OF LIVER DISEASE\nAmmonia-Forming Reaction involving L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase (***a mitochondrial enzyme***\n-->**Oxidation Deamination* by Glutamate Dhydrogenase results in the liberation of the amino group as *free ammonia**(NH3+)\n1)Involves the conversion of glutamate to \u03b1-KG\n-->Occur primarily in the LIVER & KIDNEY\n1)Provide \u03b1-ketoacids (Ex. Pyruvate) for the central pathway of energy\n2)To provide **ammonia* for urea synthesis\n-->Catalyses a NET LOSS of nitrogen from the L-glutamate molecule\nAllosteric Regulators of Glutamate Dehydrogenase\n-->GTP/ATP: *An allosteric inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase**\n-->Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP/GDP) is an **activator of glutamate dehydrogenase**\n-->When the energy levels in the cell are LOW:\n1)Glutamate Dehydrogenase activity is HIGH, facilitating ENERGY PRODUCTION from the carbon skeletons derived from AA\n-->When the energy levels in the cell are HIGH:\n2)Glutamate Dehydrogenase activity is LOW, conserving the breakdown of carbon skeletons derived from AA\nConenzymes involved with L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase\n***Is the only enzyme which uses BOTH conenzyme NAD+ & NADH+\n2 Major Mechanisms for the transport of ammonia from the peripheral tissues to the liver (for the its ultimate conversion into urea\n1)Use of **Glutamine Synthase** in Peripheral Tissue\n-->Catalyzes the combination of NH3+ with Glutamate to form **Glutamine* (A **non-toxic transport form of ammonia)\n-->Catalyzed by ATP\n-->Glutamine moves from the peripheral tissues through the blood to reach the liver\n-->IN LIVER: Glutamine is cleaved by **Glutaminase** to reproduce Glutamate & Free NH3\n2)Transanimation of Pyruvate in the muscle\n-->Transanimation Rxn produces **ALANINE**\n-->Alanine is transported into the blood to reach the liver, where it is **transanimated** to form pyruvate (which can be used in gluconeogenesis)\n-->The glucose produced via gluconeogenesis can enter the blood to be used by muscle, which is known as the **glucose-alanine cycle**\nGeneral Features of the Urea Cycle\n-->About 80 percent of the excreted nitrogen is in the form of urea\n-->Urea is largely made in the liver.\n-->A series of reactions that are distributed between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol.\n-->The series of reactions that form Urea is known as the Urea cycle or the Krebs - Henseleit Cycle.\n-->Blood Urea Level: 20 - 40 mg / dl\n-->Urine Urea Level: 20 - 40 gm / daily.\n-->Urea is the main non protein nitrogenous compound (NPN).\n-->Urea formation is increased in the case of increased protein intake\nFeature of Steps of The Urea Cycle\nThe first two reactions leading to the synthesis of urea occur in the **mitochondria**\n-->the remaining cycle enzymes are located in the **Cytosol**\nReactions that involve both the mitochondrial matrix & the cytosol:\n1)***Heme Synthesis\n3)Urea Cycle\nStep 1: The Formation of Carbomoyl Phosphate\n-Carbamoyl phosphate is synthesized from NH4+, CO2 and two ATP\n-Enzyme: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I )\n-Location :Mitochondria\n-Activator: N-acetylglutamate (NAG)\n-->The NH3+ (clglutaminase) eaved by is provided by the oxidative deanimation of glutamate by **mitochochodiral glutamate dehydrogenase**\nStep 2: Formation of Citrulline\nOrnithine reacts with Carbamoyl phosphate to form citrulline.\nEnzyme: Ornithine transcarbamoylase\nLocation: Mitochondria\n-->Releases a high energy Phosphate in Reactions\nStep 3: Synthesis of Arginosuccinate\nCitrulline combines with aspartate to form arginosuccinate\nEnzyme: Arginosuccinate synthetase\n1 ATP used.\nLocation: Cytosol\nStep 4: Cleavage of Argionosuccinate\nArginosuccinate is cleaved to form arginine and fumarate.\nEnzyme: arginosuccinase.\nLocation: Cytosol.\nStpe 5: Cleavage of Arigine To Ornithine & Urea\nArginine is cleaved to ornithine and urea\nEnzyme: Arginase\n**Only the liver can cleave Arginine and synthesize urea**\nKrebs Bicycle\n-->States that the FUMARATE released in the urea cycle is converted to aspartate to ENTER the urea cycle by **cytoplasmic reactions**\nRegulation of Urea Cycle via action of Carbamoyl 1-Phosphate (CPS-I)\n-->Catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from NH3+ & HCO3-\n-->As an allosteric enzyme, it is **activated by NAG*(formed from Acetyl CoA), which itself is activated by arginine**\nLevels of NAG (N-acetylglutamate)\n2)Acetyl CoA\nCarbamoyl Phosphate Sythase I vs II(CPS-I vs CPS-II)\n-->Is a **mitochondrial enzyme** that forms carbamoyl phosphate destined for inclusion into the urea cycle\n-->Is a **cytosolic enzyme** that is involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis\nIf there is a deficiency in arginase\n-->Will only be mild symptoms in the patient b/c you have other nitrogens in the body AND it can be excreted into the urine\nConsequences of a Deficiency in CSP-I\n1)Buildup of NH4+ in the blood\n2)Increased levels of glutamine in the blood\n-->Occurs when the hepatic urea cycle cannot handle the increased rates of ammonia generation\n-->***IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY, b/c ammonia has a direct neurotoxic effect on the CNS (Ex. temors, slurring of speech, vomittng, cerebral edema)\n-->At high concentrations, ammonia can cause com & death\n-->2 Major Types:\n1)Acquired Hyperammonemia\n2)Heriditary Hyperammonemia\nAcquired Hyperammonemia\n-->Commonly caused by **liver failure** caused by:\n1)Viral Hepetitis\n-->Cirrhosis of the liver may result in collateral circulation being formed around the liver, which would lead to less ammonia being converted to urea\nHeriditary Hyperammonemia\n-->Is due to genetic deficiencies of each of the 5 enzymes\n-->Orinithine Transcarbamoylase Deficiency (most common) AFFECTS **MALES*(i.e. is X Linked; all other ones are *autosomal recessive**) predominantly\n-->Major Types:\n-***Hyperammonemia Type 1 (Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I (CPSI deficiency)\n-***Hyperammonemia Type 2 (Ornithine transcarbamoylase)\n-Citrullinemia (Argininosuccinate synthase)\nArgininosuccinicaciduria (Argininosuccinate lyase)\nHyperargininemia (Arginase)\n\n-->Failure of\nTreament of Urea Cycle Disorders\n-->The key to treating patients is to ***diagnose EARLY & then aggresively treat compounds that can aid in the nitrogen removal from the patient\n-->Specific Treatments:\n1)Low-Protein Diets (are essential to reduce the potential for excessive amino acid degredation)\n2)Administring compounds that **Covelently bind to AA's (which produce nitrogen-containing mol.) that are excreted into the urine) (Ex. *Phenyacetate**)\n-->Condenses with glutamine to form **phenylacetylglutamine** --> which can be EXCRETED\nHyperammonemia Type 1 (Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I (CPSI deficiency) & Orotic Acid\n-->Can cause an increase in orotic acid (part of nucleic acid pathway)
+__label__positive Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nWhat are body planes?\n\nImaginary lines used for reference.\n\nWhat are the different planes in the human body used?\n\nMedian plane, coronal plane, and transverse plane.\n\nWhat is a section?\n\nA real or an imaginary cut made along a plane.\n\nWhat is a cut along the median plane?\n\nSagittal section.\n\nWhat is a cut along the coronal plane?\n\nFrontal section.\n\nWhat is a cut through the transverse plane?\n\n\nWhat is anatomical position?\n\nThe body is erect, feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward.\n\nWhat are the directional terms?\n\nSuperior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.\n\nWhat is the dorsal cavity?\n\nIncludes the cranial and spinal cavities.\n\nWhat is the ventral cavity?\n\nIncludes the orbits and the nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominalpelvic cavities.\n\nWhat is Histology?\n\nThe study of tissues.\n\nWhat is a tissue?\n\nA group of cells that act together to perform a specific function.\n\nWhat are the four fundamental tissues?\n\nEpithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.\n\nWhat is Epithelial tissue?\n\nCells over, line and protect the body and it's internal organs.\n\nWhat is Connective tissue?\n\nFramework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs.\n\nWhat is Nerve tissue?\n\nComposed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia.\n\nWhat is Muscle tissue?\n\nTissue that has the ability to contract or shorten. Voluntary muscle (skeletal) and involuntary muscle (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle).\n\nWhat is a cell?\n\nThe basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs.\n\nWhat is an organelle?\n\nA object inside a cell that has a specific function.\n\nWhat is a nucleus?\n\nContains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Main part of a Eukaryotic cell.\n\nWhat is a Ribosome?\n\nUsed for synthesis of proteins.\n\nWhat are enzymes?\n\nProteins (99%), that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.\n\nWhat is Mitosis necessary for?\n\nGrowth and repair.\n\nWhat happens during Mitosis?\n\nThe DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells.\n\nWhat is Meiosis?\n\nSpecial cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes), the chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23, so when the egg and sperm unite in fertilization the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes.\n\nWhat are the principal membranes?\n\nMucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous - composed of epithelial tissue.\n\nWhat are the different types of glands?\n\nSudoriferous, sebaceous, and ceruminous.\n\nWhere does cartilage replace bone in embryonic development?\n\nJoints, the thorax, and various rigid tubes.\n\nWhat is the largest organ in the body?\n\nThe skin.\n\nWhat does the skin consist of?\n\nTwo layers: the epidermis (the outer most protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells; and the dermis which is the underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures.\n\nWhat does the Dermis rest on?\n\nThe subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the superficial muscles.\n\nWhat are the layers of the Epidermis?\n\nStratum corneum, stratum lucedum, tratum granulosum, and the inner most stratum germinativum.\n\nWhat layer does mitosis occur in the Epidermis?\n\nThe stratum gerninativum.\n\nWhat is Melanin?\n\nA protein pigment found in epidermal cells, protect skin against radiation from the sun.\n\nWhat does the Dermis contain?\n\nFibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.\n\nWhat are the two types of sweat glands?\n\nEccrine and apocrine.\n\nWhat are Eccrine glands?\n\nWidely most distrubuted sweat glands that regulate the body tempearture by releasing a watery scretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.\n\nWhat are Apocrine glands?\n\nMainly in the armpits and the groin area. Contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. The cell debris attracts bacteria, and the presense of bacteria results in body oder.\n\nWhat do Sebaceous glands release?\n\nSebum - through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying.\n\nWhat is oil produced by?\n\nHolocrine secretion, in which whole cells of the gland are part of the secretion.\n\nWhat are the appendages of the skin?\n\nHair and nails.\n\nWhat are hair and nails composed of?\n\nA strong protein called keratin.\n\nWhat can hair, skin and nails be used for in diagnosis?\n\nThey may show changes in different diseases that can be used in clincal conditions. i.e., skin cancer is a clinical condition that is associated with the skin.\n\nWhat does the bodys framework consist of?\n\nBone, cartilage, ligaments, plus the joints between the bones.\n\nWhat are the functions of the skeletal system?\n\nSupport, permission of movement, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), protection of internal organs, detoxification (removal of poisons), provision for muscle attachment, and mineral storage (particularly calcium and phosphorus).\n\nWhat are the different shapes of bones?\n\nLong, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.\n\nWhat is a Long bone?\n\nHas an iregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy (cancellous) bone, and a shaft or diaphysis, composed mainly of compact bone.\n\nWhat are the cells that form compact bone?\n\n\nWhat do Osteoblasts turn into when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix?\n\nThey stop dividng but continue to maintain bone tissue as osteocytes.\n\nWhat does the axial skeleton consist of?\n\n28 bones of the skull. Separated into 14 facial bones, and the 14 bones of teh cranium.; and 33 bones of the veretebral column. Final portion consist of the bones of the thorax, the sternum and the 12 pairs of ribs.\n\nWhat are the facial bones?\n\nTwo nasal bones, two maxillary bones, two zygomatic bones, one mandible (only moveable bone in the skull), two palatine bones, one vomer, two lacrimal bones, and two inferior nasal conchae.\n\nWhat do the bones of the cranium consist of?\n\nSingle occipital, frontal, ehtmoid, and sphenoid and the paired parietal, temporal, and ossicles of the ear.\n\nWhat are the ossicles of the ear?\n\nMalleus, incus and stapes.\n\nWhat are the bones of the vertebral column?\n\nSeven cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae (fused to form the sacrum), and the occygeal vertebrae (tailbone.\n\nWhat does the Appendicular Skeleton consist of?\n\nIncludes the bones of girdles and the limbs.\n\nWhat is the upper portion of the appendicular skeleton?\n\nConsists of the pectoral or shoulder girdle, the clavicle and scapula and the upper extremeity.\n\nWhat are the bones in the arm?\n\nThe humerus, the radius and ulna, the carpals (wrist bones), the metatarsals (bones of the hand), and the phalanges (bones of the fingers).\n\nWhat is the lower portion of the appendicular skeleton?\n\nConsists of the pelvic girdle or os coxae, and the lower extremitys.\n\nWhat does the os Coxae consist of?\n\nConsists of the fused ilium, ischium and pubis.\n\nWhat do the lower extremeitys of the appendicular skeleton consist of?\n\nFemur (thighbone), the tibia and fibula, the tarsals (ankle bones), the metatarsals (bones of the foot), and the phalanges.\n\nHow do Muscles produce movement?\n\nBy contracting in response to nervous stimulation.\n\nWhat does Muscle contraction result from?\n\nSliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber.\n\nWhat does each muscle cell consist of?\n\nMyofibrils, which in turn are made up of still smaller units called sarcomeres.\n\nWhat needs to happen for a muscle cell to contract?\n\nCalcium and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) must be present. Nervous stimulation from motor neurons cause the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions attach to inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments within the cell, moving them aside so that cross-bridges can form between actin and myosin filamens. Using energy supplied by ATP, the filaments slide together to produce contraction.\n\nWhat are Skeletal muscles?\n\nMake up the muscular system, also called voluntary muscle because they are under concious control. These muscles must work in pairs.\n\nWhat is a prime mover?\n\nA muscle that executes a given movement.\n\nWhat is the Antagonist?\n\nA muscle that provides the opposite movement.\n\nWhat are synergists?\n\nMuscles that may work in cooperation with the prime mover.\n\nHow can muscles be classified?\n\nAccording to the movement they elicit. There are flexors and extensors. Abducters and adducters.\n\nWhat is a flexor?\n\nReduce the angle at the joint.\n\nWhat is an extensor?\n\nIncrease the angle at the joint.\n\nWhat is an abductor?\n\nDraw the limb away from the midline.\n\nWhat is an adductor?\n\nReturn the limb back toward the body.\n\nWhat does the Nervous System consist of?\n\nBrain, spinal cord, and the nerves.\n\nWhat is the function of the Nervous System?\n\nThis vital system enables us to percieve many of the changes that take place in our external and internal environments and to respond to those changes (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching are examples of perception). It enables us to think, reason, remember and carry out other abstract activities. It makes possible body movements by skeletal muscles, by supplying them with nerve impulses that cause contraction. It works closely with endocrine glands, correlating and integrating body functions such as digestion and reprodution.\n\nWhat do all actions of the nervous system depend on?\n\nThe transmission of nerve impulses over neurons or nerve cells.\n\nWhat are Nerve cells?\n\nThe functional units of the nervous system.\n\nWhat are the main parts of a Neuron?\n\nBody, axon and dendrites.\n\nWhat are dendrites?\n\nTrasmit the impulse toward the cell body.\n\nWhat are axons?\n\nTransmit the impulse away from the body.\n\nHow is the Nervous System divided?\n\n\nWhat does the PNS consist of?\n\nAll the nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS.\n\nWhat do Sensory (Afferent) neurons trasmit?\n\nTrasmit nerve impulses toward the CNS.\n\nWhat do Motor (Efferent) neurons transmit?\n\nTransmit nerve impulses away from the CNS, toward the effector organs such as the muscles, glands, and digestive organs.\n\nWhat are the major parts of the brain?\n\nThe cerebrum (associated with movement and sensory input), the cerebellum (responsible for muscular coordiation), and the medulla oblongata (controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate).\n\nWhat is the Spinal Cord?\n\nApproximately 18 inches long and extends from the base of the skull (foramen magnum) to the first or second lumbar veretebra (L1 or L2).\n\nHow many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?\n\n\nWhat are Simple Spinal Reflexes?\n\nRelfexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.\n\nWhat are the different tracts to and from the brain of the Spinal Cord?\n\nAscending and descending tracts.\n\nWhere do Sensory impulses enter?\n\nThe dorsal horns of the spinal cord.\n\nWhere do Motor impulses leave?\n\nThe ventral horns of the spinal cord?\n\nWhat is the Endocrine system?\n\nAssists the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation.\n\nWhere do the Endocrine System and the Nervous system meet?\n\nThe hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.\n\nWhat governs the Pituitary Gland?\n\nThe hypothalamus.\n\nWhat is the Hypothalamus controlled by?\n\nThe feedback of hormones in the blood?\n\nWhat is the difference between the control of the Central Nervous System and the Endocrine System?\n\nThe endocrine system has long-lasting and widespread effects.\n\nWhat are Hormones?\n\nChemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells.\n\nWhat are the two major groups of hormones?\n\nSteroid hormones, and protein hormones.\n\nWhat are Steriod hormones?\n\nHormones that target the cells and have direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.\n\nWhat are Protein hormones?\n\nHormones that remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger; usually adenosine mono phosphate (AMP).\n\nHow do most hormones affect cell activity?\n\nBy altering the rate of protein synthesis.\n\nWhat is the pituitary gland?\n\nThe master gland, it is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum. It has two major portions: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).\n\nWhat are the hormones of the adenohypophysis called?\n\nTropic hormones because they act mainly on other endocrine glands. i.e.; Somatotropin (STH) or growth hormone (GH), adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH).\n\nWhat do hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary consist of?\n\nOxytocin (the labor hormone) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).\n\nWhat are the other important endocrine glands?\n\nThyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and the gonads (the ovaries and the testes).\n\nWhat does whole blood consist of?\n\n55% plasma and 45 % formed elements.\n\nWhat are formed elements?\n\nErythrocytes (Red Blood Cells), Leukocytes (White Blood Cells), and platelets.\n\nWhere are formed elements produced?\n\nProduced from stem cells in red bone marrow.\n\nWhat are Erythrocytes?\n\nModified formed elements that are used for transport of oxygen.\n\nWhat is oxygen bounded too?\n\nBounded to the pigmented protein hemoglobin.\n\nHow are the five types of leukocytes distinguished?\n\nBasis of size, appearance of the nucleus, staining properties, and presense or absense of visible cytoplasmic granules.\n\nWhat are WBC's active in?\n\nPhagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes), and antibody formation (lymphcytes).\n\nWhat is the purpose of platelets?\n\nActive in the process of blood clotting.\n\nWhat does Blood serve for?\n\nTransportation of oxygen and nutrients to body cells and to carry away carbon dixoide and metabolic waste.\n\nWhat does Plasma contain?\n\nApproximately 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products and hormones, which are dissolved or suspended in water.\n\nWhat is the heart?\n\nA double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circult.\n\nWhere is blood recieved?\n\nThe atria.\n\nWhere is blood pumped into circulation by?\n\nThe ventricles.\n\nWhat are the valves between the atria and the ventricles?\n\nInclude the tricuspid on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid on the left.\n\nWhat are Semilunar valves?\n\nFound at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.\n\nHow is blood supplosed to the heart muscle (the myocardium)?\n\nThrough the coronary arterties.\n\nWhere does Blood drains from the myocardium directly into?\n\nRight atrium through the coronary sinus.\n\nWhat is the hearts intrinsic beat initiated by?\n\nThe sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium.\n\nWhat does the ECG measure?\n\nThe wave of electrical activity of the intrinsic beat that in initiated by the sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conuction system through the myocardium.\n\nWhat is the cardiac cycle?\n\n\nWhat is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?\n\n\nWhat is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?\n\n\nWhat does the Vascular system include?\n\nArteries that carry blood away from the heart, veins that carry blood toward the heart, and the microscopic vessesl (the capillaries) through which exchanges take place betwen the blood and the cells of the body.\n\nWhere do the systemic arteries begin?\n\nThe aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body.\n\nWhat happens to arteries as they get farther away from the heart?\n\nThey become thinner and thinner.\n\nWhat are the smallest arteries called?\n\n\nWhat is the Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae?\n\nLarge veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart.\n\nWhat is the structure of artery walls?\n\nThick and elastic. They carry blood under high pressure.\n\nWhat do Vasoconstriction and vasodilation result from?\n\nContraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls.\n\nWhat do Vasoconstriction and vasodilation influence?\n\nBlood pressure and blood distribution to the tissues.\n\nWhat is the structure of veins walls?\n\nThinner and less elastic then those of the arteries, they carry blood under lower pressure.\n\nWhat are Mechanisms that draw venous blood back to the heart?\n\nPressure of skeletal muscle on the veines, expansion of the chest in breathing, and valves in the veins of the legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction.\n\nWhat are the components of the Respiratory System?\n\nThe nose, phayrnx, larynx, trachae, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, diaphragm and muscles surrounding the ribs.\n\nWhat is Respiration controllded by?\n\nThe respiratory control center in the medulla of the brain.\n\nWhat does the Respiratory System do?\n\nOxygen to the body and elimantes carbon dioxide.\n\nWhat is External Respiration?\n\nRefers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.\n\nWhat is Internal Respiration?\n\nRefers to the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.\n\nWhat do the passageways between the nasal cavity and the alveoli serve as?\n\nConduction of gases to and from the lungs. Also to warm, filter, and moisten upcoming air.\n\nWhat are the upper respiratory tubules lined with?\n\nCilia that help to trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs.\n\nWhat does Inhalation require?\n\nContraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs.\n\nWhat is Exhalation?\n\nA passive process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the horax decreases in size.\n\nWhen is oxygen released from hemoglobin?\n\nWhen the concentration of oxygen drops in the tissues.\n\nWhat is carbon dioxide converted to?\n\nBicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells. This also release hydrogen ions, Co2 remains as a regulator of blood pH.\n\nWhat does the ailentary canal consist of?\n\n\nSee More\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? 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+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nshow password\n\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know (0)\nKnow (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nchapters 11-17\n\n1a. Pharmacology review ch 11-17\n\nWhat is the first oral therapy for interstitial cystitis? pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron)\nWhat term is used to describe the working units of the kidneys? nephrons\nWhich of the following should a patient undergoing dialysis NOT take? antacids\nWhat hormone is diminished in patients with anemia due to renal failure? erythropoietin\nWhat drug is often given in combination with flutamide (Eulexin) to treat BPH? leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron Depot, Viadur)\nWhich of the following agents for urinary tract problems is available OTC? phenazopyridine (Azo-Standard, Uristat)\nWhat is an example of a \"loop\" diuretic? furosemide (Lasix)\nWhat is the clinical syndrome resulting from renal dysfunction called? uremia\nWhat is the only osmotic diuretic on the market? mannitol (Osmitrol)\nWhat do the kidneys regulate? blood plasma volume , concentration of waste products in the blood, plasma acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations\nWhat antibiotic (or combination) may be used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs)? amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox), amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin)\nWhen taking which of the following antibiotics (or combinations) should sunscreen be used? sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra)\nWhat class of drugs is commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? alpha-adrenergic blockers\nDuring what stage of renal failure does the patient require chronic dialysis? end-stage renal disease\nWhat is a goal of renal therapy? reestablishing an appropriate intravascular volume ,restricting fluids in volume-overload patients ,treating underlying fluid, electrolyte, or pH problems\nWhich of the following drugs used for renal disease may be given by mouth? cinacalcet (Sensipar)\nWhich drug below causes immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) to be released from bone marrow into the bloodstream? epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)\nWho should never handle crushed tablets of finasteride (Propecia, Proscar)? pregnant women\nWhat drug is an amino acid derivative and is a cofactor needed for the transformation of long-chain fatty acids? levocarnitine (Carnitor)\nWhich of the following drugs may be used to prevent rejection in kidney transplant patients? cyclosporine (Sandimmune)\nWhich of the antiplatelet drugs listed below is a monoclonal antibody? abciximab (ReoPro)\nBeta blockers may be used in combination with what other drug to reduce the risk of death or recurrence following a myocardial infarction? aspirin\nWhich of the following drug classes is not used to treat angina? angiotensin II- receptor antagonists\nWhich of the following drugs used for TIAs and stroke prevention blocks ADP receptors, reducing platelet adhesion and aggregation? clopidogrel (Plavix)\nWhich of the following is a Class I or membrane stabilizing antiarrhythmic drug? flecainide (Tambocor) ,lidocaine (Xylocaine) ,procainamide (Pronestyl) ,quinidine\nWhich antiarrhythmic drug also has anticonvulsant properties? phenytoin (Dilantin)\nWhat does the systolic blood pressure reading represent? cardiac output\nWhat term describes a thickening of the heart muscle in an enlarged heart? myocardial hypertrophy\nWhich fibrinolytic agent below binds to fibrin, converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is incompatible with dextrose? tenecteplase (TNKase)\nWhat drug below is a phosphodieterase inhibitor used for IV therapy of congestive heart failure and calcium channel blocker intoxication? milrinone (Primacor)\nWhich of the following anticoagulant drugs is available in tablet form? warfarin (Coumadin)\nDiuretics help to lower blood pressure by reducing preload\nWhat term describes an abnormal, hyper-excitable site within the heart that becomes the dominant pacemaker? ectopic pacemaker\nWhat pacemaker cells of the heart generate a normal cardiac rhythm? sinoatrial (SA) node\nWhich of the following antihypertensive drugs is also available in a topical form that can be used to treat baldness? minoxidil (Loniten, Rogaine)\nWhat class of drugs are used to dissolve clots that have already formed? fibrinolytic agents\nWhich of the following drugs is an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and is used to treat congestive heart failure and hypertension? lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)\nWhich of the following is a selective aldosterone antagonist used to treat hypertension? eplerenone (Inspra)\nWhich of the following antihypertensive drugs binds to angiotensin II-receptors and rarely causes coughing as an adverse effect? valsartan (Diovan)\nWhat form of angina is characterized by coronary artery spasm? variant angina\nWhat form of enzyme cyclooxygenase is associated with inflammatory pain, but not with protection of the GI lining? COX-2\nWhich of the following drugs is least likely to produce GI irritation at analgesic doses? celecoxib (Celebrex)\nWhat patient should not take misoprostol (Cytotec), a drug sometimes used to counter the gastric irritating effects of NSAIDs? pregnant women\nNSAIDs can interact with which of the following drug classes? other NSAIDs, including aspirin, diuretics , oral hypoglycemics ,digoxin\nWhich of the following is an example of a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)? adalimunab (Humira) , anakinra (Kineret) , methotrexate (Rheumatrex) , azathioprine (Imuran)\nWhich of the following muscle relaxant acts on benzodiazepine receptors? diazepam (Valium)\nWhat substances reduce pain, fever, and inflammation? salicylates\nWhich of the following muscle relaxants is a DEA scheduled controlled substance? diazepam (Valium)\nHow do salicylates reduce fever? increasing blood flow to skin\nWhat dose of aspirin (per day)may be fatal? 10 g\nWhy should aspirin not be given to children? Reye's syndrome can develop in children who have been exposed to chicken pox.\nWhat is the prototype NSAID? aspirin\nWhich of the following drugs used to treat gout interferes with leucocytes, reducing their mobility and joint phagocytosis? colchicine\nWhat prostaglandin molecule, which facilitates platelet aggregation, is inhibited by low dose (81 mg-325 mg) aspirin? thromboxane A-2\nWhat clinical effect of aspirin is also produced by acetaminophen (Tylenol)? fever reduction\nWhat effect of nonnarcotic analgesics most commonly limits their use? gastrointestinal disturbances\nWhat is the most serious adverse effect associated with acetaminophen? liver damage\nWhat is the effect of preventing acetylcholine (ACh) destruction on skeletal muscle? paralysis by fatigue\nWhen injected, a 30 mg dose of which of the following NSAIDs is as effective as 12 mg of morphine in relieving pain? ketorolac (Toradol)\nWhat is a laboratory test for rheumatoid arthritis? ESR\nWhat is not a potential adverse effect of corticosteroids? hypotension due to increased sodium excretion\nWhat is a potential use of progestins in women? birth control , prevention of uterine cancer in post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy , treatment of menstrual dysfunctions , reducing the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia\nWhen a patient has had the thyroid surgically removed, due to cancer, for example, what is the drug of choice for chronic therapy? levothyroxine (Levothroid, Synthroid)\nWhat is needed for calcium to get into the bone? vitamin D\nWhich of the following drugs or drug classes may cause male impotence? alcohol ,corticosteroids , haloperidol (Haldol) ,opiates\nWhich of the following drugs is used to treat genital herpes? acyclovir (Zovirax)\nWhich synthetic insulin is the longest acting? glargine (Lantus)\nWhat is the most common form of diabetes? type II\nWhich of the following drugs act to prevent bone loss by modulating estrogen receptors? raloxifene (Evista)\nWhich drug listed below has been shown to speed the healing of lower extremity diabetic ulcers? becaplermin gel (Regranex)\nWhich of the following drugs used to treat male impotence does not act by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase? alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, Muse)\nWhich of the following oral hypoglycemic agents acts by interfering with carbohydrate metabolism and glucose absorption? acarbose (Precose)\nWhat large molecule is broken down by thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormones? thyroglobulin\nWhich of the following antibiotics is often the drug of choice for treating syphilis? penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin L-A)\nWhich of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a fungus? candidiasis\nWhat is a danger of using nicotine in combination with estrogen? increased risk of blood clots\nWhich of the following synthetic human growth hormones is recommended for used in children of families of short stature? Growth hormone treatment is not recommended in this population.\nWhich hormone listed below is not released by the pituitary gland? thyroxine (T-4)\nWhich of the following drugs is used for emergency contraception? levonorgestrel (Plan B)\nWhich of the following drugs may interact adversely with oral contraceptives? erythromycin ,carbamazepine ,prednisolone ,clofibrate\nIn general, what is the maximum dosage and the number of consecutive weeks that superpotent steroids are given? 45 to 50 g per week; 2 weeks\nWhich of the following drugs, derived from chrysanthemums, is available OTC and is used for head lice? pyrethrins (Rid Mousse)\nWhich of the following drugs is not used to treat fungal infections? fluorouracil (Efudex)\nWhat term is used to describe the excessive response of the skin to sun in the presence of a sensitizing agent? phototoxicity\nWhat skin condition is methotrexate, an inhibitor of normal bone marrow tissue cell growth, used to treat? psoriasis\nWhat drug applied topically for wound healing is also used as an anticonvulsant? phenytoin (Dilantin)\nWhat drug is used to treat chronic ketatococonjunctivitis (dry eye)? cyclosporine (Restasis)\nWhich of the following antibiotics is available in a topical dosage form? clindamycin (Cleocin T) , metronidazole (MetroGel) , mupirocin (Bactroban)\nWhat chemical was traditionally used in the eyes of newborns to prevent gonococcal infection? silver nitrate\nWhich of the following is a type of sweat gland? eccrine\nWhich of the following is given orally to treat glaucoma? acetazolemide (Diamox)\nWhich of the following otic agents contains an antibiotic to fight infection and a steroid to reduce inflammation? ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone (Ciprodex)\nWhat is the top layer of skin known as? epidermis\nWhat term defines chemicals that free objects from pathogenic organisms or render them inert? disinfectant\nWhich drug used to treat glaucoma may cause light-colored eyes to turn brown? latanoprost (Xalatan)\nWhich of the following drugs is used to treat acne vulgaris? tretinoin (Retin-A)\nWhat is the most commonly occurring eye disease? glaucoma\nWhat drug is used to treat cold sores? docosanol (Abreva)\nWhich of the following drugs is a neurotoxin used to treat facial wrinkles? botulinum toxin type A (Botox)\nWhat causes age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? unknown\nWhat drug is recommended by ACLS guidelines for cardiac emergencies and Code Blue carts? atropine , dopamine (Intropin) , naloxone (Narcan) , verapamil (Isoptin)\nWhat is the drug of choice for treating an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol)? acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)\nWhich of the following is a recommended or common addition to total parenteral nutrition mixtures? sodium , vitamin B-6 ,copper , insulin, regular\nWhich dietary supplement is incorrectly paired with its medicinal use? garlic -- impotence\nHow can grapefruit juice affect the pharmacological disposition of many drugs? It affects their metabolism.\nWhat characterizes marasmus? It is due to an imbalance between protein and calorie intake and produces growth retardation.\nWhich of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? vitamin C\nWhich of the following drugs may cause tinnitus (ringing in the ear), nausea, and vomiting in children with doses greater than 150mg/kg? aspirin\nWhat organ maintains the largest stores of fat-soluble vitamins? liver\nWhat vitamin found in dairy products, liver, and fish oils is also known at retinol? vitamin A\nWhat reversal agent may be used to treat respiratory depression caused by an opioid (narcotic) overdose? naloxone (Narcan)\nWhat bioterrorism agent is derived from castor beans, inhibits protein synthesis, and has no known treatment? ricin\nWhat herbal supplement, sometimes referred to as \"Nature's Prozac\", is used for mild-to-moderate depression? St. John's wort\nWhich of the following is the leading cause of fatal poisonings in children? iron tablets\nWhat is a complication associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? acid-base imbalance , high serum lipid concentrations , electrolyte imbalance , liver toxicity\nWhat is another name for vitamin B-9? folic acid\nWhat drug may be used to treat cholinergic agonist-induced bradycardia? atropine\nIn contrast to two-in-ones, three-in-one TPN solutions may crack or oil out.\nWhat form of calcium is most commonly used in antacids? calcium carbonate\nWhat term describes a method in which the patient is fed through a vein? total parenteral nutrition\nCreated by: danz
+__label__positive Chapter 12\n\nThe Salk Vaccine Trials\n\nIntroduction | History | Vaccines | Field Trial | Postscript | Resources and References\n\n\nThe Salk polio vaccine field trials constitute one of the most famous and one of the largest statistical studies ever conducted. The field trials are of particular value to students of statistics because two different experimental designs were used. In this project, we will compare the designs of the experiments and analyze the results.\u00a0\n\nPoliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis, is an infectious viral disease that enters through the mouth and is usually spread by contaminated drinking water or food. The virus passes through the stomach and then replicates in the lining of the intestines. Most healthy people infected with virus experience little more than mild fever or diarrhea. In about 1% of infections however, for reasons that are still unclear, the virus spreads to the bloodstream and central nervous system, causing varying degrees of paralysis, and in extreme cases, death.\n\nStrangely enough, severe polio tends to be rare in communities with poor hygiene. The reason is that the virus is abundant in such communities, so babies are likely to be exposed to the virus early, while still protected with antibodies from their mothers. Later (assuming that they survive other diseases associated with poor hygiene), these children develop their own antibodies to the virus. The net effect is that in communities with poor hygiene, most people have a natural immunity.\n\n\n\nPolio has probably existed throughout human history. For example, there are references to paralytic polio in Egyptian artifacts dating to about 1000 BCE. However, severe polio was rare in ancient time, because of the hygiene factor discussed above. With improvements in sanitation, the incidence of polio began to rise in the first half of the 20th century, particularly in congested urban areas and particularly in the summer. In the US between 1930 and 1955, polio epidemics seemed to come in waves of ever increasing intensity. The vagaries of polio in terms of time and place, and the haunting images of young children in leg braces and the \"iron lung\" respirators of the time made polio one of the most feared of all diseases.\n\nThe following table gives the approximate number of polio cases in the US between 1930 and 1955. The numbers are adapted from Meier [4]. This type of data set is known as a time series.\n\nYear Cases Year Cases Year Cases\n1930 9000 1940 10,000 1950 32,000\n1931 17,000 1941 9000 1951 27,000\n1932 3000 1942 4000 1952 57,000\n1933 5000 1943 12,000 1953 34,000\n1934 7000 1944 19,000 1954 37,000\n1935 10,000 1945 13,000 1955 27,000\n1936 4000 1946 25,000 \u00a0\n1937 9000 1947 11,000\n1938 1000 1948 26,000\n1939 7000 1949 42,000\n\n1. Draw a line graph of the data in the table above. Note the apparent increasing, yet cyclic nature of the data.\n\nFranklin Roosevelt contracted polio as a young man in 1921, and was partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. As president, Roosevelt declared war on polio and thus beginning in the 1930s, considerable effort and resources were directed towards the treatment of polio victims and the search for ways to prevent the disease. In particular, two scientists headed research teams to find a vaccine: Dr. Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh and Dr. Albert Sabin of the University of Cincinnati.\u00a0\n\n\n\nThere are two general method of producing a vaccine for a virus such as polio. Both methods address, in different ways, the fundamental tradeoff between safety and effectiveness.\n\nIn the method favored by Dr. Salk, the vaccine is prepared from a sample of the virus that is first killed using heat and chemicals (such as formaldehyde). In principle, this method results in a vaccine that is very safe, because naturally, the killed virus in the vaccine is incapable of causing the disease. The vaccine can also be quite effective, if the killed virus is sufficiently intact to cause a strong antibody response in the vaccinated person. Thus, the process of killing the virus can be quite delicate and challenging: . If the process is insufficient, the vaccine will contain live virus and will itself be capable of causing the disease. If the process is too severe, the proteins of the killed virus will be destroyed to such an extent that the vaccine will be ineffective.\n\nIn the method favored by Dr. Sabin, the vaccine is prepared from a live, but mutated strain of the virus that is no longer capable of causing severe forms of the disease (such a virus is said to be attenuated). This method produces a vaccine that is generally very effective, because the live virus replicates in the body, causing a strong antibody response in the vaccinated person. The vaccine can also be quite safe, if the attenuated strain of the virus really is harmless. Again, the development process is delicate and challenging.\u00a0\n\nThe difficulty of developing a vaccine that is both safe and effective is illustrated by a polio vaccine developed in the 1930s. This vaccine was abandoned because a number children contracted polio from the vaccine, and several of those died.\n\n\nThe 1954 Field Trial\n\nBy the early 1950s, Salk had finished the development of a killed-virus vaccine, administered in a series of three inoculations. The vaccine was believed to be safe (prematurely, it turned out), but a field trial was needed to judge effectiveness.\u00a0\n\nStatistical tests of new medical treatments almost always have the same basic format: the responses of a treatment group of subjects who are given the treatment are compared to the responses of a control group of subjects who are not given the treatment. Before we study the designs of the 1954 field trials, let us consider some simple, but flawed designs.\n\n2. Criticize the following design: A sample of children in a specified region are given the vaccine. The rate of polio among these children during a specified period of time is compared to the rate of polio in the same region during the same period of the previous year.\n\n3. Criticize the following design: A sample of children in a specified region are given the vaccine. The rate of polio among these children during a specified period of time is compared to the rate of polio during the same period of time in a different, but similar region.\n\nIn general, the treatment and control\u00a0 groups must be as similar as possible in every respect except the treatment factor. Thus, because of the vagaries of polio epidemics in time and place, it was essential to have the treatment and control groups drawn from the same regions and the same time periods. Moreover, a large number of subjects were needed for the trial for the following reasons:\n\n  1. The disease is rare. The average incidence during the 1950s was about 50 per 100,000 or 0.0005.\n  2. Diagnosis is difficult, particularly in mild cases. Mild polio is marked by fever and weakness, which of course, are also symptoms of many other diseases.\n\n4. Suppose that the incidence of polio in a one-year trial period is about 50 per 100,000, and that we want to select a sample large enough so that about 100 persons in the sample would contract polio during the trial period. Assuming perfect diagnoses of the disease, how large should the sample be?\u00a0\n\nThe field trial was conducted by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP). The original design called for vaccination of second-graders at selected schools in selected areas of the country (with the consent of the children's parents, of course). The vaccinated second-graders would form the treatment group. The first and third-graders at the schools would not be given the vaccination, and would form the control group. This design was known as the observed control experiment.\n\n5. Why do you think the decision was made to have both first and third-graders as the control group, instead of just first-graders or just third-graders?\n\n6. Can you identify any problems with the observed control experiment?\n\nHopefully, your answer to Exercise 6 included two serious issues: selection bias and diagnostic bias. Only those second-graders whose parents consented could be vaccinated, so to a certain extent, the treatment group is self-selecting. The consenting parents tended to have higher incomes than the non-consenting parents. This difference might not matter if the incidence of polio were unrelated to income. But in fact, the incidence of polio tends to be slightly lower among children of poorer parents, because of the hygiene factor discussed earlier. Thus, the selection bias is against the vaccine. Also, parents and doctors attempting to diagnose illnesses would know whether the child had been vaccinated. Such persons, even when trying hard to be objective, tend to be biased\u00a0 in favor of the vaccine--being a bit more likely to diagnose polio in an unvaccinated child and a bit less likely in a vaccinated child. The net affect of the selection and diagnostic biases is unclear and thus makes the interpretation of the results difficult.\n\nA second design was proposed to overcome the deficiencies of the first design. First a sample of children would be selected, all of whose parents consented to vaccination. The sample would be randomly divided into two groups. One group would be given the polio vaccination; the other group would be given a placebo (three injections of inert saltwater that would appear identical to the three injections of the real vaccine). This type of design is known as a randomized control experiment. The randomization tends to nullify all effects (confounding variables) except the treatment effect. Additionally, none of the participants would know the group identity--not the child, not the parents, and not the examining doctors. An experiment of this type, in which both the subjects and the evaluators are ignorant of the treatment/control status, is known as a double-blind experiment. The randomized control, double-blind design is considered the gold standard of statistical designs.\n\nThe results of the 1954 field trials are given in the following table, which is adapted from the famous Francis Report [2], the official evaluation of the trials:\n\nExperiment Study Group Population Polio Cases False Reports\nParalytic Non-Paralytic\n\n\nVaccinated 200,745 33 24 25\nPlacebo 201,229 115 27 20\nNot Inoculated 338,778 121 36 25\nIncomplete Vaccinations 8,484 1 1 0\n\n\nVaccinated 221,998 38 18 20\nControls 725,173 330 61 48\nGrade 2 Not Inoculated 123,605 43 11 12\nIncomplete Vaccinations 9,904 4 0 0\n\nTable Notes\n\n  1. The False Reports column refers to cases that were initially reported as polio, but were later determined not to be polio.\n  2. The Not Inoculated row refers to the children in the designated grades who did not participate in the experiment, and includes 8,577 children who received one or two (but not three) injections of placebo.\n  3. The Incomplete Vaccinations row in both experiments refers to children who received one or two (but not three) injections of the vaccine.\n  4. The Controls row refers to the total first and third grade populations used as controls in the observed control experiment.\n\n7. Using the results of the randomized controlled experiment, perform an appropriate hypothesis test, at the 0.01 significance level, to see if the incidence of polio is larger for the control group than for the treatment group.\n\n  1. State the hypotheses.\n  2. Compute the polio rate for the control group and for the treatment group.\n  3. Compute the appropriate test statistic.\n  4. State your conclusions\n\n8. Using the results of the observed control experiment, perform an appropriate hypothesis test, at the 0.01 significance level, to see if the incidence of polio is smaller for the treatment group than for the control group.\n\n  1. State the hypotheses.\n  3. Compute the appropriate test statistic.\n  4. State your conclusions\n\n9. Comparing the observed control experiment with the randomized control experiment, do you think that the observed control experiment is biased for or against the vaccine?\n\n\n\nAfter the success of the field trials, the Salk vaccine was put into widespread use. Unfortunately, one improperly manufactured batch of the vaccine caused polio in a number of children, and the vaccination program was temporarily halted (see [4]). By the early 1960s, the Sabin live-strain virus had been perfected and soon replaced the Salk vaccine.\u00a0\n\nSalk was at once lionized by the public and the media and criticized by other scientists, who felt that he had rushed the development of the vaccine for the sake of personal glory (and to beat Sabin).\n\nIn an invited review article [1] for the Journal of the American Statistical Association in 1955, shortly after the trials, KA Brownlee did not mince words in his scathing criticism of the original observed control experiment, referring to the design as \"stupid and futile,\" and the results as \"worthless.\"\n\nIn spite of the problems with the initial design of the statistical experiment, the manufacturing problems, and the excessive media hype, the development of the polio vaccines remains a supreme triumph of the scientific method, a triumph in which statistics played a fundamental role. Because of the vaccines, polio has largely been eradicated in the industrialized world, and countless children and others have been spared untold misery.\n\n\nReferences and Resources\n\nBooks and Articles\n\n1. K. A. Brownlee. \"Statistics of the 1954 Polio Vaccine Trials.\" Journal of the American Statistical Association 50 (1955), 1005-1013.\n\n2. Thomas Francis, Robert Korn, et al. \"An Evaluation of the the 1954 Poliomyelitis Vaccine Trials.\" American Journal of Public Health 45 (1955), 50 page supplement with a 63 page appendix.\u00a0\n\n3. David Freedman, Robert Pisani, and Roger Purves. Statistics 3rd edition, WW Norton, 1998.\n\n4. Paul Meier. \"Safety of the Poliomyelitis Vaccine.\" Science 125 (1957) 1067-1071.\n\n5. Paul Meier. \"The Biggest Public Health Experiment Ever: The 1954 Field Trial of the Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine\" in Statistics, A Guide to the Unknown, Judith Tanur, Frederick Mosteller, et al. editors, Holden Day, 1978.\n\nWeb Sites\n\n\n  1. Biography of Jonas Salk\n  2. Biography of Albert Sabin\n\n7. PBS\u00a0\n\n  1. A Science Odyssey- People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine\n  2. Biography of Jonas Salk\n\n\n9.\u00a0 Polio Information Center Online (PICO)\n\n10. March of Dimes > Polio\nor From March of Dimes > Professionals and Researchers > Quick References: March of Dimes Fact Sheets > Polio
+__label__positive Indian Constitution MCQ \u2013 1\n\nYashwant Kale General, Quiz, Resources Leave a Comment\n\n1) When was Indian Constitution Inaugurated _?\n[A] Jan 26, 1947\n[B] Jan 26, 1949\n[C] Jan 26, 1950\n[D] Jan 27 1949\n\n2) Mr. P. V. Narashima Rao is the ______ Prime Minister of India.\n[A] Seventh\n[B] Fifth\n[C] Sixth\n[D] Ninth\n\n3) In India the Governor of the states are appointed by ______?\n[A] The Prime Minister\n[B] The Parliament\n[C] The Chief Ministers\n[D] The President\n\n4) How many Schedules are contained in the Constitution of India?\n[A] 12\n[B] 20\n[C] 10\n[D] 25\n5) How Many Union Territories in India?\n[A] 9\n[B] 8\n[C] 7\n[D] 5\n\n6) What is being dealt in Part III of the Indian Constitution?\n\n[A] Fundamental Rights\n[B] Education rights\n[C] Both of the Above\n[D] None of These\n\n7) How many languages are recognized by the Constitution?\n[A] 20\n[B] 22\n[C] 27\n[D] 30\n\n8) Which of the following were the first two states in India which established Panchayati Raj in 1956?\n\n[A]Rajasthan and Maharashtra\n[B]Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh\n[C]Rajasthan and Odisha\n[D]Rajasthan and Punjab\n\n9) Which among the following political party of India has an election symbol almost close to the election symbol of Republican Party of USA?\n\n[A]Samajwadi party\n[B]Bahujan Samaj party\n[C]Janta Dal (United)\n[D]Telugudesam Party\n\n10) What can be the maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament?\n\n[A] Six Months\n[B] Three Months\n[C] One year\n[D] Not specified in constitution\n\n11) The Constituent Assembly took time to frame the Constitution of India\u2026\n\n[A] 1 years 11 months 6 days\n[B] 2 years 11 months 8 days\n[C] 2 years 11 months 18 days\n[D] 2 years 11 months 28 days\n\n12) The Concept of written constitution, first born was\u2026\n\n[A] UK\n13) The word \u2018Secularism\u2019\u009d was inserted in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by\u2026\n\n[A] 40nd Amendment\n[B] 41nd Amendment\n[C] 42nd Amendment\n[D] 52nd Amendment\n\n14) The party \u201cForward Block\u201d was formed by\u2014\u2014-\n\n[A] Bhagat singh\n[B] S.Patel\n[C] M.Gandhi\n[D] S.C.Bose\n\n15) Jurisdiction of which among the following high courts covers the Union Territory of Lakshadweep?\n\n[A]Tamil Nadu High Court\n[B]Kerala High Court\n[C]Kolkata High Court\n[D]Bombay High Court\n\n16) The number of judges can be altered in the Supreme Court by __:\n\n[A]Presidential Order\n[B]Parliament by Law\n[C]Supreme Court by Notification\n[D]Central Government by notification\n17) How long a person should have practiced in a High Court to be eligible to be appointed as a Judge of Supreme Court of India?\n\n[A]10 Years\n[B] 15 Years\n[C] 12 Years\n[D] 5 Years\n\n18) Which Article explains the appointment of Ad Hoc judge?\n\n[A] 121\n[B] 125\n[C] 126\n[D] 127\n\n19) In India, national income is estimated by :\n\n[A] National Sample Survey Organization\n[B] Central Statistical Organization\n[C] Planning Commission\n[D] Indian Statistical Institute\n\n20) Which one of the following is the time limit for the ratification of an emergency period by the Parliament?\n\n[A] 3 months\n[B] 6 months\n[C] 1 month\n[D] 14 days\n\n21) Rajya Sabha can delay the Finance Bill sent for its consideration by the Lok Sabha for a maximum period of :\n\n[A] Seven days\n[B] One month\n[C] One year\n[D] Fourteen days\n\n22) The First day session of Indian Constituent Assembly was chaired by :\n\n[A] Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha\n[B] Dr. B.R. Ambedkar\n[C] Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru\n[D] Dr. Rajendra Prasad\n\n23) Who is known as the first Law Officer of India?\n\n[A] Chief Justice of India\n[B] Solicitor General of India\n[C] Law Secretary\n[D] Law Minister of India\n\n24) Who declares the financial emergency?\n\n[A] President\n[B] Prime Minister\n[C] Finance Minister\n[D] None of the above\n\n25) How many times has Financial Emergency been declared in India so far?\n\n[A] 5\n[B] 4\n[C] 1\n[D] Never\n\n26) Under the PIN Code System, the number of postal zones in India is?\n\n[A] 7\n[B] 8\n[C] 6\n[D] 9\n\n27) Who among the following was the Chairman of the Union Constitution Committee of the Constituent Assembly?\n\n[A] B R Ambedkar\n[B] J B Kripalani\n[C] Jawaharlal Nehru\n[D] Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar\n\n28) Who of the following acted as the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly?\n\n[A] VP Menon\n[B] Dr Rajendra Prasad\n[C] BN Rau\n[D] Dr Sachhidanand Sinha\n\n29) Who declares the financial emergency?\n\n[A] President\n[B] Prime Minister\n[C] Finance Minister\n[D] None of the above\n\n30) Which one of the following on the Consolidated Fund of India?\n\n[A] Salary and allowances of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.\n[B] Salary and allowances of the Vice President of India.\n[C] Salary and allowances of the President of India.\n[D] Salary and allowances of the Justices of the Supreme Court of India\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__positive Published on\n\nPublished in: Technology\n  \u2022 Be the first to comment\n\nNo Downloads\nTotal views\nOn SlideShare\nFrom Embeds\nNumber of Embeds\nEmbeds 0\nNo embeds\n\nNo notes for slide\n\n\n  1. 1. Presentation on prolog : Dijkstra\u2019s Algorithm\n  2. 2. A graph is defined as a set of nodes and a set of edges, where each edge is a pair of nodes.\n  3. 3. There are several ways to represent graphs in Prolog. \uf097 One method is to represent each edge separately as one clause (fact). \u2022 edge(1, 5). edge(1, 7). edge(2, 1). edge(2, 7). edge(3, 1). edge(3, 6). edge(4, 3). edge(4, 5). edge(5, 8). edge(6, 4). edge(6, 5). edge(7, 5). edge(8, 6). edge(8, 7). We call this edge-clause form W\n  4. 4. \uf097 Another method is to represent the whole graph as one data object. According to the definition of the graph as a pair of two sets (nodes and edges). \uf097 EXAMPLE : \uf097 graph([b,c,d,f,g,h,k],[e(b,c),e(b,f),e(c,f),e(f,k),e(g,h)]) . \uf097 We call this graph-term form. Note, that the lists are kept sorted, they are really sets, without duplicated elements. Each edge appears only once in the edge list. \uf097 The graph-term form is a default representation\n  5. 5. \uf097 A third representation method is to associate with each node the set of nodes that are adjacent to that node . \uf097 EXAMPLE: [n(b,[c,f]), n(c,[b,f]), n(d,[]), n(f,[b,c,k]), .........]. \uf097\n  6. 6. Directed graphs \uf097 These are represented by ordered pairs \uf097 To represent a directed graph, the forms discussed above are slightly modified. The example graph is represented as follows: \uf097 When the edges are directed we call them arcs Arc-clause form \uf097 arc(s,u). arc(u,r). Graph-term form \uf097 digraph([r,s,t,u,v],[a(s,r),a(s,u),a(u,r),a(u,s),a(v,u)]) Adjacency-list form \uf097 [n(r,[]),n(s,[r,u]),n(t,[]),n(u,[r]),n(v,[u])]\n  7. 7. Dijkstra \uf097 Dijkstra's algorithm, introduced by the dutch computer scientist , is a graph searching algorithm. \uf097 Dijkstra\u2019s algorithm is used to solve the problems of finding the shortest path between edge - weighted graphs in which all the weights are non-negative.\n  8. 8. Basic features of Dijkstra's algorithm \uf097 For a given source vertices it finds the lowest cost(i.e. The shortest path) for every other vertices . \uf097 It can also be used to find the lowest cost for a particular destination by the stopping the algorithm in between. \uf097 For example:- If the vertices represents the cities and the edge path cost represents the distance between pair cities then dijkstra\u2019s can be used to find the shortest route between one city and all other.\n  9. 9. An example of Dijkstra\u2019s Algorithm\n  10. 10. Dijkstra\u2019s Algorithm can be applied to network routing, as it can be used to find the shortest path from any source computer to any other computer in the network .\n  11. 11. Basic steps towards the algorithm \uf097 The algorithm begins by initializing any vertex in the graph (vertex A, for example) a permanent label with the value of 0, and all other vertices a temporary label with the value of 0.\n  12. 12. Basic steps towards \uf097 The algorithm then proceeds to select the least cost edge connecting a vertex with a permanent label (currently vertex A) to a vertex with a temporary label (vertex B, for example). Vertex B's label is then updated from a temporary to a permanent label. Vertex B's value is then determined by the addition of the cost of the edge with vertex A's value\n  13. 13. Basic steps towards \uf097 The next step is to find the next least cost edge extending to a vertex with a temporary label from either vertex A or vertex B (vertex C, for example), change vertex C's label to permanent, and determine its distance to vertex A.\n  14. 14. Basic steps towards This process is repeated until the labels of all vertices in the graph are permanent.\n  15. 15. Start Identify source node and destination node as V1 and V2 Set V1 as T-node Set T-node\u2019s label to \u201cpermanent\u201d and update neighbor's status record set Identify the tentative node linked to V1 that has the lowest weight and set it as T-node Is T-Node is V2? END Based on information in status record set, do these until u reach V1. The string of link represents the best route\n  16. 16. dijkstra(Graph,MinDist,[],MinDist). dijkstra(Graph,Closed,Open,MinDist):- min(Open,V-D,ReducedOpen), adjacent(Graph,V,AdjacentNodes), diff(AdjacentNodes,Closed,PrunedNodes), addDist(PrunedNodes,D,UpdatedPrunedNodes), nodeMerge(UpdatedPrunedNodes,ReducedOpen,NextOpen), dijkstra(Graph,[V-D|Closed],NextOpen,MinDist).\n  17. 17. Rules which are used above in the pesudo code \uf097 min(L,Min,Rest):- The method min above takes a list L and puts the smallest value in the MIN with the smallest value in L and Rest with a list containing all values in L excluding Min. \uf097 adjacent(Graph,Node,Adj) which is true if Adj is a list of all nodes reachable from the node Node in one hop in Graph. Node is of the form of a single graph vertex label (i.e. the minimum cost is not included), Adj should be a list of node-cost pairs. For example, given the query adjacent([a-b-1,a-c-2,b-a-4,b- c-1],a,A) Prolog should return A = [b-1,c-2]\n  18. 18. Rules which are used above in the pesudo code \uf097 diff(L,M,N) takes a list L and a list M and unifies N with a list containing all items in L which are not in M. The list L is assumed to contain no duplicate elements. \uf097 addDist(Nodes, D, NewNodes) which is true if NewNodes is a list containing all the nodes in Nodes with their edge cost incremented by D.\n  19. 19. Rules which are used above in the pesudo code \uf097 nodeMerge(A,B,C) which merge lists A and B together and unifies the result in C. Lists A, B and C contain no duplicate elements: i.e. within the each list there is no pair of nodes V1,V2 such that V1=V2.\n  20. 20. In today\u2019s world, networking plays an important role in communication between autonomous computers. For this many hardware devices and software algorithms have been designed. So far, the traditional system used for the communication were the hub networking system and many other hardware applications present in the market, but as they operate on electricity, it may lead to the failure of device due to some malfunctioning in the hardware circuitry. Dijkstra Algorithm provides easy understandability and hence its chances of failure is negligible.\n  21. 21. References \uf097http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~papagel/project/kef5_7_1.htm \uf097 http://www.animal.ahrgr.de/showAnimationDetails.php3?lang=en&anim= 16 \uf097 http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~skiena/combinatorica/animations/dijkstra.ht ml \uf097 http://www.ibiblio.org/links/devmodules/graph_networking/xhtml/page13 .xml \uf097 Survivable networks: algorithms for diverse routing By Ramesh Bhandari Edition: illustrated Published by Springer, 1999 ISBN page 22
+__label__positive Agric science obj and\u00a0theory\n\nUse This Obj.\nVerified Agric OBJ:\n1-10: baecbebeaa\n11-20: cdccbccbdb\n21-30: ebeccdcaea\n31-40: abebcdeada\n41-50: eeaaebedcd\n51-60: aeadeeccdb by\n1a) commercial agricultural is a type of agriculture which is\nconcerned with the production of food,animal and cah crops in large\nquantities of sales. It involvess the cultivations of large hectares\nof land, huge investment of capital, the use of hired labour and the\nuse of agro-chemicals\n* They assist in rural development by providing social amenities like,\nroad,water supply,health centers.\n* They carry out research to improve or develop new crops varieties\n* The carry out research to improve or develop breeds of animals\n* Provision of financial support for agricultural extension project\n* Improvement of farmer awarness and agricultural knowledge\n\u2013 Construction of new feeder roads to open up the rural areas\n\u2013 Construction of wider ways to link up the river in areas\n\u2013 Construction of railways to connect rural area to the urban centers\n\u2013 it prevent fragmentation of land since land aquired under the decree\ncannot be shared into bit\n\u2013 it has facilitated borrowing of capital for further investment in agriculture\n\u2013 it has reduce in the number and frequency of court case over land ownership\n\u2013 it made land acquisition relatively easier for new entrant into agriculture\n3a)weathering can be defined as the breakdown of rock into tiny\npieces to form soil.\n1. planting cover crops:cover crops help to provide shade,prevent\nerosion and add more nutrients to the soil.\n2. application of compost manure:it help to blind the sand particles\ntogether and also add more nutrients to the soil.\n3. application of farmyard manure:this will add nutrients and also\nimprove the structure of the soil.\n4. mulching the soil:mulching sandy soil prevent water loss\nthrough evaporation and nutrient loss by water erosion.\n3c) determines the level of fertility of the soil.\n2.a good soil structure support aeration. also prevent erosion and wodertogging.\n4.a good soil structure has a good water retaining capacity. also supports the growth of crops.\n2.slakedlime-ca(OH)2 3.quicklime-cao\n4.calcium bicabonate-ca(HCO3)2\n3.mealy bugs\n\u2013 1.maize-(1)dentmaize(2)flourcorn\n\u2013 2.citrus-(1)sweet orange(2)sour orange\n\u2013 3.yam-(1)droscoren rotundata-white yam(2)dioscorea alata-water\n* taungga system is the planting of both food crops and forest trees\non the same piece of land\n\u2013 1.the prohibition of bush burning\n\u2013 2.ban of indiscriminate culting of timbertrees\n\u2013 3.encouraging people to plant trees\nanimal Improvement refers to the ways of developing and breeding only\nthose animals that show the greatest merit under consideration such as\ngood feed conversion,growth rate,disease resistance,egg size etc.\nSix Aims Of Animal Improvement\ni. To produce animals that can give high yield or products in form of\nii. To produce animals that can provide high quality of products such\nas,low back-fat thickness,yolk size,shell hardness,etc.\niii. To produce animals with high feed conversion efficiency.\niv. To produce animals with high growth rate.\nv. To produce animals with early maturity.\nvi. To produce animals which can adapt to climaic (enviromental) conditions.\ndisease can be defined as any forms of abnormality in the\nfunctions of the tissues,organs of system of the animal body.\n1.heaalth status of the animal:animals with poor health stand the\nrist of getting infected with diseases faster than animals with good\n2.nutrition:animals which are poorly feed are easily infected with\ndiseases than animals that are well feed with balanced diet\n3.sanitation:-poor sanitation,including dirty environment could\npredispose animals to diseases\n4.breeds of animals:poor breeds of animals are in position to get\ninfected with disease than good breeds\n5.unfavourable climate conditions:extremes of\ntemperature,winds,rainfall e.t.c do predispose farm animals to\n1 animal are culled because of disease\n2. failure to reproduce\n3. undesirable breed type\n4. animals may be culled because of age\n5. inherited defects.\n6. they may be culled because of death\n1. it maximizes the used of land\n2. it maximizes the used of labour\n3. birds are protected from harsh weather condition.
+__label__positive Using Ebifundiwazo (Acronyms) to form scientific concepts in Luganda\n\nBisangiddwa ku Wikipedia\nJump to navigation Jump to search\nIALI NGO has been authorised by terminologist Muwanga Charles\nto post this article from his Luganda Scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for free Public Consumption.\n\n\u201cEkifundiwazo\u201d (Acronym) is a blend from the words in the phrase \u201cekigambo ekyatulwa mu bufunze bw\u2019ensirifu\u201d (initialized word spoken out as a full word). \u201cOkufundiwaza\u201d (acronymizing) is a word formation process which is a subtype of blending. Did you know that the word \u201cacronym\u201d itself is an abbreviation?\n\nAn acronym in full is: \u201cA Common Representation of Names you must shorten\u201d. It is said that the English word \u201cNEWS\u201d is an acronym from initials or abbreviations of the words \u201cNorth\u201d abbreviated (N), \u201cEast\u201d abbreviated (E),\u201cWest\u201d abbreviated (W) and South abbreviated (S). The implication is that information broadcast by media houses should come from all the directions.\n\nOther Important English acronyms which we cannot avoid using in Scientific Luganda are \u201cLASER\u201d and \u201cRADAR\u201d. \u201cLASER\u201d is an acronym for \"Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation\u201d in Luganda we simply call it \u201cEkyongezamasoboza ga Kitangaala\u201d whose acronym is \u201cEKYOKI\u201d. \u201cAmasoboza\u201d is energy, \u201cEkyongezamasoboza\u201d is amplification and \u201cekitangaala\u201d is light. This is made possible by what we call \u201cokwongeza enfulumya y\u2019emigendo gy\u2019olubugumu\u201d, Luganda for \u201cstimulated emission of radiation\u201d. Laser-guided bomb is \u201cbbomu egoberera amasoboza g\u2019ekitangaala\u201d or \u201cBbomu y\u2019ekyoki\u201d.\n\n\u201cRadar\u201d is an acronym for \u201cRadio Detection and Ranging\u201d, in Luganda I have called it \u201cEkiketto eky\u2019Amayengo ga Leediyo\u201d. The acronym is \u201cEKIKENGO\u201d. So the Luganda concept for \u201cRADAR\u201d is \u201cEKIKENGO\u201d. Ekiketto kiva mu kikolwa kya kuketta (to detect).\n\nKino kyeyambisibwa okuketta, okubaza obuwanvu n\u2019okukuba ebifaananyi b\u2019ebiddukira mu bwengula ng\u2019ennyonyi oba enkuba mu bwengula nga weyambisa \u201camayengo ga lediyo\u201d (radio waves). Amayengo ga lediyo ag\u2019amaanyi gafulumizibwa olwo ori gwe gatuukako n\u2019awuliriza okufuna amaddannyuma (reflected echoes). Generally you can see that an acronym is a set of abbreviations formed by the initials of two or more words. These components may be:\n\nI. Individual letters. Like the letters making up a word such as the Luganda math word \u201cNESI \u201c(for English GCF) or EESE the Luganda math word for English LCM. \u201cNESI\u201d in full is Nambuluzo Eyawamu Esingayo (Greatest Common Factor) and EESE in full is Enkubise Eyawamu Esembayo (Lowest Common Multiple).\n\nII. Parts of words. This makes acronyms closely related to blends in some instances. A good example is the Luganda concept of EKKAMUSO an acronym from the Words \u201cEndaga ya Kkala za Musoke\u201d which is Luganda for \u201cthe Rainbow Spectrum\u201d. So is the acronym EKYOKI (Rasor) from the words \u201cEkyongezamasoboza ga Kitangaala\u201d and the acronym \u201cEKIKENGO\u201d (RADAR) from the Luganda words \u201cEkiketto eky\u2019Amayengo ga Leediyo\u201d.
+__label__positive Biology Core\n\nHideShow resource information\n  \u2022 Created by: T Colby\n  \u2022 Created on: 26-05-15 17:10\nGood health means having the energy you need but not ...\n1 of 176\nWhat are the key food groups in a person's diet?\nCarbohydrate, protein, fats, fibre, vitamins and mineral ions\n2 of 176\nName one mineral ion\nSalt (Sodium Na+)\n3 of 176\nIs calcium a mineral?\n4 of 176\nCarbohydrates release what?\n5 of 176\nFats keep you ... and release ...\nWarm and energy\n6 of 176\nWhat three things does protein do?\nCell repair, cell replacement and growth\n7 of 176\nWhat is the speed at which chemical reactions take place in your body called?\nMetabolic rate\n8 of 176\nTrue or false. Different people have different metabolic rates and energy requirements.\n9 of 176\nTrue or false. Smaller people are likely to have a higher metabolic rate.\n10 of 176\nTrue or false. Fitter people are likely to have a higher metabolic rate.\n11 of 176\nWhy do bigger people likely have a higher metabolic rate?\nThey have more cells that need more energy.\n12 of 176\nWhy does exercise increase a persons metabolic rate?\nExercise builds muscle and increases metabolic rate and makes it stay high for some time after exercise.\n13 of 176\nFibre keeps your ..., ..., ... and everything else generally running smoothly.\nSkin, blood and bones\n14 of 176\nName a mineral ion found in milk\n15 of 176\nWhat three factors affect a person's health?\nHaving an unbalanced diet, not getting enough exercise and inherited factors\n16 of 176\nTrue or false. Malnourished people can be fat only\nFalse. They can be fat or thin\n17 of 176\nState two health disorders related to people being malnourished.\nObesity and anorexia\n18 of 176\nDefine obesity\nObesity is defined as being 20% or more over the maximum recommended body weight.\n19 of 176\nIn what type of countries is obesity a common health disorder?\nDeveloped countries\n20 of 176\nName four health issues caused by obesity.\nArthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.\n21 of 176\nUndereating can cause what four things?\nFatigue, slow growth, poor resistance to infection and irregular periods in women.\n22 of 176\nWhat are dificiency diseases caused by?\nA lack of vitamins and minerals.\n23 of 176\nName a dificiency disease and what it is caused by.\nScurvy, a lack of vitamin C\n24 of 176\nExercise increases the amount of what used by the body and decreases the amount stored as what?\nEnergy and fat\n25 of 176\nTrue or false. People can be fit but not healthy.\n26 of 176\nDescribe an inherited factor that links to the thyroid gland.\nInherited factors can cause an underactive thyroid gland which lowers your metabolic rate and causes obesity\n27 of 176\nWhat is calories measured in?\n28 of 176\nWhat is kilojoules measured in?\n29 of 176\nHow can you check slimming foods are effective?\nIs it a scientific piece (scientifically proven), was it a large sample size, and was it writtten by a qualified person and have similar studies found similar results.\n30 of 176\nWhat health problem does eating too much sodium cause?\nHigh blood pressure\n31 of 176\nWhat are the two types of pathogen?\nBacteria and virus\n32 of 176\nHow do bacteriums make you feel ill?\nDamaging your cells and producing toxins (poisons)\n33 of 176\nTrue or false. Viruses are living cells.\n34 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of platelets?\nTo clot blood to seal wounds and prevent pathogens entering the body.\n35 of 176\nWhat are three defence systems used by the body before the immune system kicks in?\nSkin, respiratory system and platelets.\n36 of 176\nWhat does your respiratory system do to stop pathogens entering the body?\nHairs and mucus.\n37 of 176\nWhat two things do antibodies produce to kill bacteriums?\nAntibodies and antitoxins\n38 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of antitoxins?\nCounteract toxins produced by bacteriums\n39 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of antibodies?\nHave a unique shape that can connect to specific antigens on the surface of bacteriums to kill them.\n40 of 176\nWhat are antibodies made of?\n41 of 176\nWhat does MMR stand for?\nMumps, measles and rubella\n42 of 176\nWhat is measles also commonly known as?\nGerman measles\n43 of 176\nWhat other thing do white blood cells do to kill invading cells?\nEngulf and digest them.\n44 of 176\nName an infectious disease that no longer exists due to vaccination.\n45 of 176\nTrue or false. Polio infections have fallen by 99% due to vaccinations.\n46 of 176\nHow do viruses reproduce?\nThey use your own cells' machinery and when a cell is full of new viruses it bursts releasing them into your body.\n47 of 176\nGive two negatives of vaccinations.\nDoesn't always work (not 100% effective) and sometimes people get bad reactions to vaccinations.\n48 of 176\nWhat is a vaccination.\nA dead or inactive pathogen being injected into your blood stream to promote white blood cells producing antibodies and developing immunity.\n49 of 176\nWhat are the three types of drug?\nRecreational, medicinal and performance-enhancing.\n50 of 176\nHow can bacteriums become resistant to antibiotics\nThey can mutate and become resistant Strains\n51 of 176\nWhat are unmutated bacteriums known as?\nNon-resistant strains\n52 of 176\nWhat is the purpose of antibiotics?\nKill or inhibit the growth of bacteria\n53 of 176\nWhy can't antibiotics kill viruses\nThey're designed to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Also viruses use your own cells to reproduce.\n54 of 176\nWhat powerful antibiotic is MRSA resistant to?\n55 of 176\nWhat does agar jelly contain?\nCarbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins\n56 of 176\nHow are inoculating loops sterlised?\nPassed over a hot flame\n57 of 176\nHow can viruses mutate?\nChanging their DNA and antigens\n58 of 176\nWhat is the difference between epidemics and pandemics\nEpidemics spread rapidly within a single population, pandemics spread rapidly all across the world.\n59 of 176\nState a stimulus\nA bear that could kill you\n60 of 176\nWhat is a stimulus?\nA change in your environment\n61 of 176\nWhat does CNS stand for and what does it contain?\nCentral nervous system and it contains the brain and spina cord.\n62 of 176\nWhat does the brain control?\nBody temperature\n63 of 176\nName the five sense organs.\nEyes, nose, ears, skin and tongue\n64 of 176\nWhat type of receptors do the eyes and nose contain?\nLight and taste\n65 of 176\nWhat are nerve cells also known as?\n66 of 176\nWhat is the connection between two neurones called?\n67 of 176\nThe passage of information in a reflex is called what?\nReflex arc\n68 of 176\nWhat does the reflex arc go through?\n69 of 176\nWhy are reflexes quicker than normal responses?\nYou don't have to think about them\n70 of 176\nWhat are hormones carried in?\nThe blood plasma\n71 of 176\nWhat are hormones?\nChemical messengers sent in the blood that affect target cells\n72 of 176\nWhat hormones does the pituitary gland produce and secrete?\nFSH and LH\n73 of 176\nWhat produces and secretes oestrogen in women?\n74 of 176\nDescibe three characteristics of hormones.\nAct for a long time, slow action and act in a more general way.\n75 of 176\nWhat is the first stage of the menstrual cycle?\nWhen bleeding starts and the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days.\n76 of 176\nWhat is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?\nUterus lining build up again from day 4 to day 14 into a thick spongy layer of blood vessels, ready to recieve a fertilised egg.\n77 of 176\nWhat is the third stage of the menstrual cycle?\nAn egg is released from an ovary at day 14.\n78 of 176\nWhat is the fourth stage of the menstrual cycle?\nThe wall is maintained for about 14 days, until day 28 and if no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall the spongy layer breaks down and the cycle starts again.\n79 of 176\nName another hormone produced by the ovaries in the menstrual cycle.\n80 of 176\nTrue or false. Hormones can be used to reduce fertility only.\nFalse. It can be used for increasing and reducing fertility\n81 of 176\nName two types of contraceptive pill.\nThe pill and the progesterone pill\n82 of 176\nWhat are some positives of the pill?\nIt is 99% effective at reducing fertility and it can reduce the risk of getting some types of cancer.\n83 of 176\nWhat are some negatives of the pill?\nIt isn't 100% effective, it can carry some side effects such as headahces, nausea and fluid retention and it doesn't pretect against STDs.\n84 of 176\nState another way of increasing fertility.\nIVF treatment\n85 of 176\nWhat is the process of IVF treatment?\nCollecting eggs from the woman's ovaries and fertilising them in the lab using the man's sperm to grow embryos. These are then transferred to the woman's uterus when they're tiny balls of cells and increases fertility chances.\n86 of 176\nWhat two hormones are involved in IVF treatment?\nFSH and LH\n87 of 176\nName a plant growth hormone.\n88 of 176\nWhat does auxin help shoots to do?\nGrow towards light and away from gravity.\n89 of 176\nWhat does auxin help roots to do?\nGrow towards gravity and moisture.\n90 of 176\nTrue or false. Plant hormones such as auxin can't be used in agriculture.\nFalse. They can to increase plant production.\n91 of 176\nWhat are the four body levels that need to be kept correct and constant?\nTemperature, ion content, sugar content and water content.\n92 of 176\nWhat regulates ion content?\n93 of 176\nHow are ions taken into the body?\nFood and drink\n94 of 176\nWhat absorbs ion?\n95 of 176\nHow are excess ions removed from the body?\nSweat and urine\n96 of 176\nWhat three ways is excess water removed from the body?\nSkin as sweat, lungs as breath and kidneys as urine.\n97 of 176\nWhen are you likely to sweat less and produce more diluted urine?\nWhen it is a cold day or when you're not exercising.\n98 of 176\nWhen are you likely to sweat more and produce more concentrated urine and lose more water from breath?\nHot day or when you're exercising.\n99 of 176\nWhy does body temperature need to be controlled by the brain?\nBecause all enzymes work best at about 37 degrees Celsius.\n100 of 176\nHow does your brain work out body temperature?\nMessages from the skin about skin temperature and sensitive to blood temperature in the brain.\n101 of 176\nWhat hormone helps to maintain the right levels of glucose in your blood so that your cells get a constant supply of energy?\n102 of 176\nDrugs change your body ...\n103 of 176\nSome drugs make your body addicted. If you stop taking the drug, your body will suffer what?\nWithdrwal symptoms.\n104 of 176\nName four drugs that are very addictive\nCaffeine, cocaine, heroin and nicotine\n105 of 176\nTrue or false. Recreational drugs can be legal and illegal.\n106 of 176\nName two types of legal recreational drugs.\nTobacco and alcohol.\n107 of 176\nName two types of performance-enhancing drugs.\nAnabolic steroids and stimulants\n108 of 176\nGive a negative health effect of anabolic steroids.\nHigh blood pressure.\n109 of 176\nWhat are statins?\nDrugs used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease.\n110 of 176\nTrue or false. Some legal recreational drugs have a bigger impact than illegal recreational drugs.\n111 of 176\nDesert animals have adapted to do what?\nSave water and keep cool.\n112 of 176\nArctic animals have adapted to do what?\nReduce heat loss\n113 of 176\nDesert plants have adapted to do what?\nSave water\n114 of 176\nHow have some plants and animals adapted to deter predators?\nDeveloped spikes, shells and bright warning colours.\n115 of 176\nWhat are microorganisms that live in extrem environments known as?\n116 of 176\nName two animals that have adapted to deter predators and how.\nTortois and shell, frogs and bright warning skin\n117 of 176\nName two plants that have adapted to deter predators and how.\nCactus and rose bush and spikes\n118 of 176\nWhat four things do plants need to survive and reproduce?\nWater, minerals, light and space\n119 of 176\nWhat four things do animals need to survive?\nSpace (territory), water, food and mates\n120 of 176\nName two organisms that compete with each other for resources to survive and reproduce.\nRed and grey squirrels\n121 of 176\nWhat are environmental changes caused by?\nLiving and non-living factors\n122 of 176\nGive some non-living factors that cause environmental changes.\nChange in average temperature, change in average rainfall and change in the level of air to water pollution.\n123 of 176\nGive some living factors that cause environmental changes.\nChange in the occurrence of infectious diseases, change in the number of predators, change in the number of prey or the availability of food and resources and change in the number of types of competitors.\n124 of 176\nHow do environmental changes affact organisms?\nIncreases population size, decreases population size or changes the distribution of organisms.\n125 of 176\nWhat is a living species indicator?\nA species that indicates environmental changes due to human activities.\n126 of 176\nGive a living indicator species.\nLichen shows whether there is air pollution or not due to human activites as the population of it decreases as air pollution increases.\n127 of 176\nWhat are lichen sensitive to?\nConcentration of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere.\n128 of 176\nWhat non living indicator is measured using satellites?\nSea surface temperature and snow and ice cover.\n129 of 176\nWhat is a stage in a pyramid of biomass also known as?\nTrophic level\n130 of 176\nEvery time you move up a trophic level there is usually less what?\nEnergy and biomass\n131 of 176\nPyramids of biomass show what?\nFood chains\n132 of 176\nWhat is the big bottom bar in a pyramid of biomass?\n133 of 176\nWhat is the bar above the producer?\nPrimary consumer\n134 of 176\nWhat is the bar above the primary consumer?\nSecondary consumer\n135 of 176\nWhat provides nearly all the energy on Earth?\nThe Sun (our local star)\n136 of 176\nWhat two things make food during photosynthesis?\nPlants and algae\n137 of 176\nWhat supplies energy for what?\n138 of 176\nName two types of animal that have to have their body temperature higher than their surroundings.\nBirds and mammals\n139 of 176\nName an inedible material found in either plants or animals that doesn't pass to the next stage of the food chain.\nBone in animals\n140 of 176\nName a waste material that decays.\n141 of 176\nHow are elements cucled back to the food chain?\n142 of 176\nWhat three factors increase the rate at which microorganisms decay waste products?\nWarm temperatures, moist and plenty of oxygen.\n143 of 176\nWhat is a stabel community in a food chain?\nMaterials that are taken out of the soil are balanced with what goes back in.\n144 of 176\nGive some occasions when carbon is returned back to the atmosphere.\nPlants and algae respiring, animals respiring, microorganisms and detritus feeders respiring and combustion (burning) of useful plant and animal materials.\n145 of 176\nGive a plant or animal material that is burned.\n146 of 176\nWhat is variation?\nThe changes in a species appearance.\n147 of 176\nWhat two factors can cause variation?\nGenetic and environmental variation\n148 of 176\nWhat is genetic variation caused by?\nInherited characteristics\n149 of 176\nWhat causes inherited characteristics?\nInherited genes\n150 of 176\nHow are genes passed on?\nSex cells (gametes)\n151 of 176\nName the two types of sex cell.\nEgg and sperm cells\n152 of 176\nHow many genes do gametes contain each and when combined?\n23 alone and 46 combined resulting in 23 pairs\n153 of 176\nWhat contains the genetic material in a cell?\nNucleus which contains chromosomes which contain genes.\n154 of 176\nWhat are alleles?\nDifferent versions of the same gene.\n155 of 176\nGive an example of an alleles.\nBrown and blue eyes are caused by different alleles of the same gene.\n156 of 176\nSexual reproduction produces genetically what cells?\n157 of 176\nWhat is it called when an egg and sperm cell fuse?\n158 of 176\nWhy do plants and animals use asexual reproduction?\nTo grow and produce replacement cells.\n159 of 176\nGive the two ways that plants can be cloned.\nCuttings and tissue culture\n160 of 176\nHow can you make animal clones?\nUsing embryo transplants.\n161 of 176\nWhat are some issues surrounding cloning?\nReduced gene pool (disease coud wipe out a population), young animals could develop elderly diseases and children could be born disabled.\n162 of 176\nWhat do GM (genetically modified) crops reduce?\nFarmland biodiversity\n163 of 176\nWhat could GM crops provide to people in developing countries?\nCorrect and enough nutrients\n164 of 176\nTrue or false. All organisms aren't related\nFalse, they are. Evolution makes them different\n165 of 176\nWhat does it mean if species are closely related?\nThey share a close common ancestor\n166 of 176\nGive an example of closely related organisms.\nApes and humans\n167 of 176\nSpecies become genetically different due to what?\n168 of 176\nWho devised the theory of natural selection for evolution?\nCharles Darwin\n169 of 176\nWhat do evolutionary trees show?\nCommon ancestors and relationships between organisms.\n170 of 176\nIndividuals within a population of a species show variation due to what?\nDifferences in their genes\n171 of 176\nWhat can also make evolution occur?\nMutations in DNA\n172 of 176\nMutations can produce a useful what?\n173 of 176\nA beneficial mutation is more likely to what?\nPass on down the generations as it allows successful survival and reproduction\n174 of 176\nGive two people that opposed Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection?\nJean-Baptiste Lamarck and the Church\n175 of 176\nWhat caused Darwin's theory to be widely accepted?\nThe discovery of genetics.\n176 of 176\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat are the key food groups in a person's diet?\n\n\nCarbohydrate, protein, fats, fibre, vitamins and mineral ions\n\nCard 3\n\n\nName one mineral ion\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nIs calcium a mineral?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nCarbohydrates release what?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Biology resources:\n\nSee all Biology resources \u00bbSee all Biology Core resources \u00bb
+__label__positive Project Euler 122: Finding the most efficient exponentiation method.\n\nProject Euler 122: Finding the most efficient exponentiation method.\n\nWritten by on 10 November 2012\n\nTopics: Project Euler\n\nProblem 122 of Project Euler has really proved troublesome for me, partly because I couldn\u2019t read the material I got. But I will get back to that after the problem statement.\n\nThe most naive way of computing\u00a0n15\u00a0requires fourteen multiplications:\n\nn\u00a0x\u00a0n\u00a0x\u00a0\u2026 x\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0n15\n\nBut using a \u201cbinary\u201d method you can compute it in six multiplications:\n\nn\u00a0x\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0n2\nn2\u00a0x\u00a0n2\u00a0=\u00a0n4\nn4\u00a0x\u00a0n4\u00a0=\u00a0n8\nn8\u00a0x\u00a0n4\u00a0=\u00a0n12\nn12\u00a0x\u00a0n2\u00a0=\u00a0n14\nn14\u00a0x\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0n15\n\nHowever it is yet possible to compute it in only five multiplications:\n\nn\u00a0x\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0n2\nn2\u00a0x\u00a0n\u00a0=\u00a0n3\nn3\u00a0x\u00a0n3\u00a0=\u00a0n6\nn6\u00a0x\u00a0n6\u00a0=\u00a0n12\nn12\u00a0x\u00a0n3\u00a0=\u00a0n15\n\nWe shall define m(k) to be the minimum number of multiplications to compute\u00a0nk; for example m(15) = 5.\n\nFor 1\u00a0\u00a0k\u00a0\u00a0200, find\u00a0\u2211\u00a0m(k).\n\nI didn\u2019t have a really good idea on how to solve this, so I started looking for help on google, and found this page on Wikipedia about Addition-chain exponentiation. Which is exactly what we are looking for. Here it is stated that the problem is a well known NP-complete problem and therefore I knew that there would be no shortcuts if I just had to find a single value.\n\nHowever, I thought I could use dynamic programming for solving it, since I needed all the smaller values as well. It wasn\u2019t until after I build a solution (which later turns out to give me a value only 2 off the correct answer), that I came to the conclusion that the problem cannot be split into independent subproblems. It was only after that I discovered that the\u00a0aforementioned\u00a0wiki page tells me exactly that.\n\nSo after the detour, I decided to try a method where I generate a tree of solutions by combining all previously built solutions. The easiest way to approach this was through a recursive function where I keep track of the number of steps already taken as well as the path we are currently in. Then I explore the path until I reach the limit of 200 and then starting to backtrack and branch out.\n\nSo lets go through the algorithm (or part of it, for k\u00a0\u2264 10).\u00a0So We start at 1 and each time we do a binary exponentiation such taht we take the number we just got and double it. That means we will go on till we hit 16, which is the first number which is larger than out limit. For each number we generate we keep track of the path length to reach it in an array.\n\nOnce we hit 16 we start backtracking. So we go back to 8 and add the number prior to that, which is four and check the result. We do that until we reach a number which is smaller than our limit.\n\nSo when we hit 8+1 we are finally smaller than the limit, and we will continue out of that path. So our path right now is 1,2,4,8,9. Once again we will hit an\u00a0awful\u00a0lot of number larger than the limit.\n\nAmong them one interesting, the number 10. We have already seen that before. However the path to get to 10 is longer than last time we reached it, so we wont update the path length. We have now used all options to generate numbers from the path going to 8, so we will backtrack to 4 and start expanding the tree there. That will include the child node 6 which can then be expanded.\n\nSince the tree contains 1, we can prove that we will generate all numbers less than the limit at some point. However, I don\u2019t want to do that right here.\n\nOnce we have generated the whole tree all we need is to sum up the array of path lengths.\n\nThe tree generator can be implemented as\n\npublic void Backtrack(int power, int depth) {\n    if (power > limit || depth > cost[power]) return;\n    cost[power] = depth;\n    path[depth] = power;\n\nThe rest of the code can be seen in the source code. Once we execute the code it runs in just under 3ms on my machine. And we get the result\n\nthe sum of m is 1582\n\n4 Comments For This Post I'd Love to Hear Yours!\n\n  1. Jean-Marie Hachey says:\n\n    Hi Kristian,\n\n    In the example above, we saw that m(15) = 5.\n    (Minimum number of multiplications to compute n^k).\n\n    Taking in account different possibilities of exponentiation, what about the maximum of multiplications to compute n^k in the same example ?\n    (There is a possibility of a total of 8 combinations of exponentiation leading to 15.)\n\n    1) a x a = a^2\n    2) a^2 x a = a^3\n    3) a^3 x a^2 = a^5\n    4) a^5 x a^5 = a^10\n    5) a^10 x a^5 = a^15\n\n    1) a x a = a^2\n    2) a^2 x a = a^3\n    3) a^3 x a^3 = a^6\n    4) a^6 x a^3 = a^9\n    5) a^9 x a^6 = a^15\n\n    Etc, \u2026\n\n    Thanks for the problem.\n\n  2. Kristian says:\n\n    You should be able to change the code to track that as well, but it will take some changes of the code.\n\n  3. CuongVM says:\n\n    I run the code\u2026 the sollution is correct for 12<= m <= 200 :)) I get the other numbers from wiki :)))\n\n  4. Hossein says:\n\n    Ahh Damn !\n\n    I am getting 1584 too :(\n\n    my method does look for all previous chains and seeks whether is it avail able for a chain to obtain two powers from it an by one step reach the answer or not\n\nLeave a Comment Here's Your Chance to Be Heard!\n\n\n\n\n
+__label__positive Adobe Flash Basics\n\nKeywords on Flash basic skills. Eg. timeline and symbols.\nWhat T is a strip of frames in a line?. What F is small box on the timeline?. What K marks the start and end of an animation sequence?. What B is something you can click on?. What G is symbol that doesn't change?. What A is a word to describe what Flash produces?. What I is another word for a picture?. What T is comes after motion and shape?. What M is a type of tween?. What S is a type of tween?. What A is where you can add script to say a button?. What P is where you can change the look of an object?. What S is the actionscript command put on a frame to halt the animation?. What R comes after on in the actions for a button?. What M is a type of symbol that moves?. What A is a tool you use to select an item?. What L is where you keep the files for your animation?. What F describes what the flash timeline is like?. What L is what you use to separate items on the stage?. What S do you convert to to make a group of objects behave as one?.\nClick here for more free teaching resources
+__label__positive PGCB,PDB,DPDC and BADC Exam Questions with Answer(PDF)\n\n\n1. Who introduced Bangla year?\na) Smart Akbar (Answer)\nb) Babur\nc) Humayun\nd) Rashid\n\n2. In which district Bangladesh has border with India and Myanmar both?\na) Rangamati (Answer)\nb) Cox Bazar\nc) Khagrachari\nd) Bandarban\n\n3. Which one is faster memory?\na) Cache (Answer)\nb) RAM\nc) Hard disk\nd) Floppy\n\n4. Which one of following is not a valid file format?\na) Linux\nb) Java (Answer)\nc) Ubuntu\nd) Android\n\n5. What is LAN?\na) Local Area Network (Answer)\nb) MAN\nc) WAN\nd) Internet\n\n6. Which one is Database management software?\na) Microsoft Access (Answer)\nb) Microsoft Excel\nc) Microsoft Word\nd) Microsoft PowerPoint\n\n7. If x:y =3:4 and y:z =8:10 then x:y:z=\na) 6:8:10\nb) 6:8:12\nc) 6:8:16 (Answer)\nd) 6:8:20\n\n8. Then synonym of \u2018Resentment\u2019s-\na) anger (Answer)\nb) fear\nc) fair\nd) rearrange\n\n9. In the word \u2018Bull market\u2019 what is meant by \u2018bull\u2019?\na) rising (Answer)\nb) rise\nc) down\nd) up\n\n10. As the sun\u2014\u2014\u2019I was doing the work.\na) was shining (Answer)\nb) shine\nc) shined\nd) shining\n\n11. Which one is correct?\na) Why have not you done this? Ans.\nb) Why not have you done this?\nc) Why did not you done this?\nd) Why have you done this?\n\n12. We will reach there\u2014-five minutes.\na) within (Answer)\nb) by\nc) at\nd) for\n\n13. Run\u2026.by\na) out\nb) away (Answer)\nc) of\nd) for\n\n14. x+y=8,x-y=6 x2+y2\na) 40\nb) 50 (Answer)\nc) 60\nd) 80\n\n15. What is the verb of the word \u2018Shortly\u2019\nb) Shorter\nc) Shorten (Answer)\nd) Shortness\n\n16. Who, What, Which are\na) Demonstrative pronoun\nb) Relative pronoun (Answer)\nc) Reflexive\nd) Indefinite pronoun\n\n17. He has been ill\u2014\u2014-Friday last. Full in the blanks.\na) since (Answer)\nb) in\nc) from\nd) on\n\n18. \u2018Justice delayed is justice denied\u2019 was stated by-\na) Disraeli\nb) Emerson\nc) Gladstone (Answer)\nd) Shakespeare\n\n19.Despite the heat and rain, the patrol advanced \u2014\u2014\u2014towards the hill where the enemies were believed to be \u2014\u2014\u2014?\na) Hurriedly-abhorrent\nb) sluggishly-wandering\nc) doggedly-waiting\nd) Indolently-present\ne) None of these\nAnswer: Doggedly-waiting.\n\n20.What did the injured man say when he\u2014\u2014?\na) came to\nb) reached us\nc) came into\nd) went under\ne) None of these\nAnswer: Reached us.\n\n21.His one vice was increasingly \u2014\u2013and it is not surprising that as the aged he became increasingly\u2014\u2014.\na) Generosity emaciated\nb) Greed-disillusioned\nc) Gluttony-corpulent\nd) Impersonation-carping\ne) None of these\nAnswer: Greed-disillusioned\n\n22.Punishment transgressions of the law ceases to have a \u2014\u2014effect if the punishment is frequently\u2014\u2014\u2014\na) Positive-applied\nb) Deterrent-waived\nc) Profound-commuted\nd) Prevalent-lenient\ne) None of these\nAnswer: Deterrent-waived\n\n23. Questions Error Detection:\nInstruction: Underline parts of the following sentences may contain error(s) in grammar, diction, usage or idiom.\nChoose the underline part that is correct. If the sentence is correct as it stands, mark (E). No sentence contains more than one error.\na) Can you\nb) Identify the\nc) Underlying causes\nd) Of the recession?\ne) No error\nAnswer: No error.\n\nNext Page\n\nDownload PDF\n\n\nIf you want to get each and every post, Just press your Keyboard (CTRL+D) to Bookmark our Website\n\n\u00a0Follow and Join our Facebook Group Page & Social Site to Get Update daily\u2026\n\n\u00a0Facebook Group Page\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Twitter \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Google Plus\n\nLeave a Comment !\n\n1 Comment\n\nComments are closed.\n\nFocus Carnival \u00a9 2015-2018(All Right Reserved)
+__label__positive Tuesday, June 3, 2014\n\nTest Your Knowledge of Science Facts and Trivia | 03 June 2014\n\n1. One celsius is equal to how many fahrenheit?\n\n2. The density of milk is measured by ________________.\n\n3. Which is the only movable bone in the human skull?\n[A]Nasal Bone\n[C]Zygomatic Bone\n[D]Frontal Bone\n\n4. Which is the largest part of the human brain?\n[A]Frontal Lobe\n[B]Parietal Lobe\n[D]Brain Stem\n\n5. How many System of Units (SI) have been defined by the International System of Units?
+__label__positive Biology \u2013 GK Quiz\n\nBiology \u2013 GK Quiz\n\nBiology \u2013 GK Quiz: On this page, we are providing Biology General knowledge questions and answers for all competitive exams such as Railway Recruitment Board Exam, bank exams, IBPS Exams, SSC Exams etc. Biology is the study of life process and phenomena of living organisms.\n\nThe given Biology GK Quiz will give the better preparation for cracking various examinations. We create these questions on the basis of Previous Years questions of Competitive Exams. So prepare the given Biology\u00a0General Knowledge Questions and Answers. Visit our website\u00a0to get details about\u00a0GKToday Quiz.\n\nGK Quiz \u2013 Biology\n\n1. Nymph is the name of young one of\n\n2. Pollination by wind is called\n\n3. One day you wake with a sore throat and a runny nose. Your doctor takes a swab from your throat, sends it to a lab, and telephones you the next day to say that antibiotic will not help you get better. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the doctor's statement?\n\n4. Oxyreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases are all classes of\n\n5. Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, Corynebacterium diphtheria causes diphtheria and Vibrio comma causes\n\n6. Mutation is\n\n7. Nitrogen is fixed in ecosystems in ways stated below. Which one of the statements below is false?\n\n8. Pollen grains in plants are produced in\n\n9. Plants that grow under average temperature and moisture are called\n\n10. Ptyalin is an enzyme produced in the\n\n11. Radish is a\n\n12. Most common disease of poultry in India is\n\n13. Mumps is a disease caused by\n\n14. Number of chromosomes in Down's syndrome is\n\n15. Plants are killed in winter by frost\n\n16. Most abundant tissues of our body are\n\n17. Pulses are a good source of\n\n18. Rainwater helps to increase the ____ to some extent.\n\n19. Oxygen in our blood is transported by a protein named\n\n20. One of the following is most suitable for study of mutations\n\n21. On which of the following plants did Gregor Mendal perform his classical experiment?\n\n22. Norepinephrine increases\n\n23. Movements due to light are shown by\n\n24. Night blindness is cause by lack of which vitamin?\n\n25. Pigmentation of skin is due to\n\n26. Monocot root differs from dicot root in having\n\n27. Organic Substances which, in very small amounts, control growth and development called\n\n28. Radioactivity is a phenomenon of the spontaneous emission of\n\n29. Outer covering of virus made up of protein is\n\n30. Our major foods, fibres, spices, fruits and beverage crops are\n\n31. Ramapithecus and Cro-Magnon man are considered\n\n32. Monotremes are unique mammals because they\n\n33. Plant bends towards the source of light on account of the movement of curvature known as\n\n34. Poison glands of snakes are homologous to\n\n35. Plants wilt due to excess of\n\n36. Radical vascular bundles are those in which\n\n37. Plant have ____ while animals lack it.\n\n38. Osmosis is the flow of solution from higher concentration to a solution of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. What is incorrect in this statement?\n\n\n40. Photosynthesis is a process\n\n\n\nPlease enter your comment!\nPlease enter your name here
+__label__positive \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nHomework Help: Fourier Series Concept Help!\n\n  1. May 6, 2009 #1\n\n    Compute the fourier sine series for the given function:\n\n    f(x) = -1 0<x<1\n\n    2. Relevant equations\n\n\n    3. The attempt at a solution\n\n    I got:\n\n    bn = 2 * integral( (-1) * sin(npix) dx) from 0 to 1\n    = 2*(-1)^n/(npi)\n\n    however, the answer in the back of the book turns n=2k-1\n    I don't get why it does this! For most of the problems I've done so far, n has always just been n, why did they suddenly replace it with 2k-1?\n    How do I know when I should set n equal to something and when not to? How do I know what n should be equal to?\n  2. jcsd\n  3. May 6, 2009 #2\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    You did not do your integral correctly. Also, there is no reason to multiply the integral by 2. Redo the integration and you'll see why the index is 2n-1 (since n and k are both simply indices) instead of just n.\n  4. May 6, 2009 #3\n    In that case, I do not know how to do the integral. I'm not sure what's wrong, here's a step by step:\n\n    bn = 2 * integral (-1 * sin(n pi x) dx) limits 0 to 1\n    = -2 * [-cos(n pi x) / (n pi)] from 0 to 1\n    = 2 * (cos(n pi)/(n pi)\n    = 2 * (-1)^n / (n pi)\n  5. May 6, 2009 #4\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    Remember, Cos[n*pi*0] isnt 0 :)\n\n    Also, so that there is no confusion, you will see that half the terms of the summation disappear so remember to write your final summation with that in mind (namely, the denominator in the summation will not be simply n*pi.)\n  6. May 6, 2009 #5\n    AH! Too much frustration has made me delusional!\n\n    However, with the new answer:\n\n    bn = (2/(n pi)) * (cos(n pi) - 1)\n\n    I still don't get the correct answer as the book\n\n    My final answer would be\n\n    f(x) = sum of bn * sin(n pi x) according to the formula\n\n    however, the books answer is:\n\n    f(x) = (-4/pi) * sum of ( (1/(2k-1)) * sin(2k-1)*pi x)\n  7. May 6, 2009 #6\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    Well think about it, [tex]Cos(n\\pi ) - 1 = ( - 1)^n - 1[/tex] which is 0 for n = even, -2 for n=odd. [tex]B_n [/tex] is 0 for every other term which introduces that 2k-1. Thus your [tex] B_n [/tex] can be reduced to odd n's (that is, say [tex] B_n = 0 [/tex] for even values of n and [tex]B_n = \\frac{{ - 2}}{{n\\pi }}[/tex] for odd n). You can rewrite n in terms of that new index, 2k-1 so that you can keep your fourier series as a sum from 1 to infinity in your final product.\n  8. May 6, 2009 #7\n    Sorry I'm kinda slow but you totally lost me. Unfortunately my book doesn't really explain this part.\n\n    So is my answer \"correct\" but the book's answer is just a different way to write it?\n\n    If not, is my fourier series no longer a sum from 1 to infinity? If not, what is it and why did it change?\n\n    Also, I don't understand the even and odd stuff, why is that important? Why do I need to change cosine to (-1)^n?\n\n    And finally, how exactly did you get (2k-1) from all of that?\n\n    Sorry for all of the questions but I'm quite confused!\n  9. May 6, 2009 #8\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    Ok made a mistake earlier, you do multiply by 2, i forgot the function was constant. Here's what's going on:\n\n    f(x) = \\sum\\limits_{n = 1}^\\infty {B_n \\sin (n\\pi x)} \\\\\n    B_n = 2\\int_0^1 { - 1\\sin (n\\pi x)dx} \\\\\n    B_n = 2\\left[ {\\frac{{\\cos (n\\pi x)}}{{n\\pi }}} \\right]_0^1 \\\\\n    B_n = 2\\frac{{\\cos (n\\pi ) - \\cos (0)}}{{n\\pi }} \\\\\n    B_n = 2\\frac{{( - 1)^n - 1}}{{n\\pi }} \\\\\n\n    But you know cos(n*pi) = (-1)^n so you know for every even n, [tex] B_n = 0 [/tex] and for every odd n,[tex] B_n = 2\\frac{{ - 2}}{{n\\pi }}[/tex] Which means your fourier series looks like\n\n    [tex]f(x) = \\sum\\limits_{n = 1}^\\infty {2\\frac{{( - 1)^n - 1}}{{n\\pi }}\\sin (n\\pi x)} [/tex]\n\n    However, since only the odd n's exist in this series, you can write the series as\n\n    [tex]f(x) = \\sum\\limits_{n = 1,odd}^\\infty {-4\\frac{1}{{n\\pi }}} \\sin (n\\pi x)[/tex]\n\n    Which can be written out in a hopefully more helpful way...\n\n    [tex]f(x) ~2\\frac{{ - 2}}{{1\\pi }}\\sin (1\\pi x) + 2\\frac{{ - 2}}{{3\\pi }}\\sin (3\\pi x) + 2\\frac{{ - 2}}{{5\\pi }}\\sin (5\\pi x) + ...[/tex]\n\n    Thus the change to n=2k-1 allows you to write it back in a fourier series form of\n\n    f(x) = \\sum\\limits_{k = 1}^\\infty { - 4\\frac{1}{{(2k - 1)\\pi }}} \\sin ((2k - 1)\\pi x)[/tex]\n    Last edited: May 6, 2009\n  10. May 6, 2009 #9\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    Ok that shoudl be finally right, i keep making stupid mistakes :)\n  11. May 6, 2009 #10\n    It's starting to make a little more sense, thanks.\n\n    First off, is it just known that cos(npi) = (-1)^n?\n    Does sin(npi) equal anything useful then? I also see (-1)^(n+1) in some of the solutions, is there a \"formula\" for that as well?\n\n    So what if every even Bn did not = 0. How would I \"combine\" the odd and even summations to form a final answer?\n\n    Also, it seems like\n\n    is equal to\n\n\n    So both answers should be correct if I answered them on a test?\n\n    And, I see what the (2k-1) does and how it works here. However, how did you know to use n=2k-1 without \"guessing\"?\n\n    Thanks for all the help so far, I really appreciate it!\n  12. May 6, 2009 #11\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    [tex]\\cos (n\\pi ) = \\mathop { - 1}\\nolimits^n [/tex] is fairly obvious if you look at the graph of cosine. At n=1, [tex] \\cos (\\pi) = -1 [/tex], at n=2, [tex] \\cos (2\\pi) = 1 [/tex] and so on and so forth. Now [tex] \\sin (n\\pi) = 0 [/tex] always because at every integer pi, sine is 0.\n\n    Typically [tex] B_n [/tex] is not going to have this even and odd business going on, you're simply going to get [tex] B_n [/tex] equal to some function of n.\n\n    Both answers are correct, as you can see if you start expanding it out although the first one could be changed to simply -4 instead of -2*((-1)^n - 1) since you already say that n = odd.\n  13. May 6, 2009 #12\n    Thanks for all the help! I definitely get almost all of the content now but I still don't really understand how you know to equate n=2k-1, instead of n= something else\n    I know why 2k-1 works in this place but how do I think to use that when I'm doing the problem from scratch (without peeking at the answer first)\n\n    Also, I feel foolish to have to ask this, but I'm somehow integrating wrong for a different problem:\n\n    bn = (1/pi) * integral(x sin(nx) dx) from -pi to pi\n\n    I attempt to do this with substitution u=nx\n\n\n    bn = 1/(n pi) * integral(u sinu du) from -n*pi to n*pi\n    = 1/(n pi)* [sinu - ucosu] from -npi to npi\n    = 1/(n pi)* (2sin(npi) - 2(npi)cos(npi)\n\n    However, doing the integral on my calculator, I get this: http://integrals.wolfram.com/index.jsp?expr=x*sin[nx]&random=false which is also my book's answer\n  14. May 6, 2009 #13\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Homework Helper\n\n    Integration by parts f(x)=x, g'(x)=sin(nx). Which you've already done at second glance. It looks like you didn't take du=ndx into account, that should give you the n^2.\n    Last edited: May 6, 2009\n  15. May 6, 2009 #14\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    Well the only terms left are the n=1,3,5,7,9,11.... etc etc terms, but you like your series to be from some index = 1,2,3,4,5,6... and so on and so forth. How can you change your index to keep the original summation? Well If you let the index go as 2k-1, for k=1,2,3,4,5... you see that you retain the n= 2(1) - 1 = 1, 2(2) - 1 = 3, 2(3) -1 = 5... terms. When you're skipping odds or evens, the change of index will always be 2n plus or minus 1, depending which are skipped and where you start your index (1 or 0, although 1 is customary it seems).\n\n    For your second problem, you didn't plug in your limits correctly. Sin(u) = 0 in your limits and ucos(u) will be n*pi*cos(n*pi)+n*pi*cos(-n*pi). Also as noted, you're missing another n from either not substituting in for x correctly or not taking into account du=n*dx
+__label__positive How can we help?\n\nYou can also find more resources in our Help Center.\n\n57 terms\n\nAP Human Geography\n\nS1 Study Guide- (ALL Homework questions and answers)\nDefine Human Geography\nHuman Geography- focuses on how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world\nDefine Physical Geography\nthe study of physical phenomena on Earth\nWhat has been the effect of transportation and communication on places around the globe?\nAdvances in communication and transportation technologies are making places and people more interconnected. Even with culture encouraging us all to be the same, we still have a collage of religions, languages, and ethnicities. The world is full of diverse places and people.\nDefine \"globalization\"\na set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders\nWhat is the main concern about the outcome of globalization?\nThe main concern about the outcome of globalization is that there won't be individual cultures. Everything is going to turn into a big blob of the same. Global is seen as a blanket smothering the world and its diversity; local is seen as a continuation of the traditional despite the blanket of globalization. Globalization is a set of outcomes that are unevenly distributed and differently manifested across the world.\nWhat do we mean by the \"Why of Where\" when discussing geography?\nWhy and how we do things come together in certain places to produce particular outcomes? So what? Why does it matter that things are different across space? What role does a place play in its region and in the world, and what does it mean for the people?\nDefine \"spatial arrangement\"\nSpatial Arrangement- is how places and phenomena are laid out, organized, and arranged on Earth, and how they appear on the landscape.\nDefine \" spatial distribution\"\nSpatial Distribution- is the physical location of geographic phenomena across space.\nWhat is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?\nAn epidemic is a regional outbreak of a disease, while a pandemic is a worldwide outbreak of a disease\nList the Five Themes of Geography and give a brief definition.\n\u2022 Location- highlights how the geographical position of people and things on the Earth's surface affects what happens and why.\n\u2022 Human-Environment- the study of the reciprocal relationship between humans and environments\n\u2022 Region- an area on Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon\n\u2022 Place- unique areas on the Earth's surface\n\u2022 Movement-the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.\nDefine the word \"landscape\".\nLandscape-the material character of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures, and other tangible objects that give a place a particular form\nDefine \"cultural landscape\".\nCultural Landscape-the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape\nDefine \"cartography\".\nCartography-the art and science of making maps\nWhat are mental maps?\nMental maps are the images or maps of places that we have in our heads\nWhat is the purpose of creating a map?\nThe purpose of creating a map is to simplify the world\nHow does the GIS (geographic information systems) assist the geographer?\nGeographers use GIS to compare a variety of spatial data by combining layers of spatial data in a computerized environment, creating maps in which patterns and processes are superimposed. Geographers use the GIS to analyze data- in the process of creating new insights into geographic patterns and relationships.\nWhat do geographers mean when they use the term \"scale\"?\nThey mean the territorial extent of something\nWhat can geographers expect to determine by the level of the scale used?\nThe scale tells us what level of detail we can expect to see and see different patterns at different scales.\nWhat is meant by the term \"rescale\"?\nYou create involvement from other people at different scales to create interest and get them to help your position.\nWhat are the criteria used to define a formal region?\n-visible uniformity\n-cultural traits\nWhat are the criteria used to define a functional region?\nFunctional region- is the product of interactions, and of movement.\n-spatial system-its boundaries are defined by the limits of that system\n-the people within the region function together politically, socially, or economically\nWhat are the criteria used to define a perceptual region?\nPerceptual regions-are intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography.\nDefine Culture.\nCulture- the lifestyles of people and their values and beliefs.\nWhat is a \"culture trait\"?\nCulture trait- a single attribute of a culture\nWhat is a \"culture complex\"?\nCulture complex- is when more than one culture exhibits a particular culture trait , but each will have their own discrete combination of traits (they will not have all of the same traits)\nWhat is a \"culture hearth\"?\nCulture hearth- is an area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse\nWhat is \"culture diffusion\"?\nCulture diffusion- the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth (source area) to other places\nWhat is a \"culture barrier\"?\nCulture barrier- certain ideas, practices or innovations that are acceptable and known in one culture but are not known or accepted in another\nWhat is \"expansion diffusion\"? List its different forms and define each of them.\nExpansion diffusion- is when an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward\nHow does \"relocation diffusion differ from expansion diffusion?\nRelocation diffusion is when the people who have the innovation or idea move and bring the idea with them and spread it to a new culture while expansion diffusion is when the actual idea moves to a new culture; the people don't move just the idea spreads.\nWhy are environmental determinism and possibilism discouraged as defining geography?\nEveryone agrees that the natural environment affects human activity in some ways, but people are the decision makers and the modifiers, not just the slaves of environmental forces. Environmental determinism and possibilism encourages a line of questioning that starts with the physical environment and asks what it allows. Yet human cultures usually push the boundaries of what once was thought to be environmentally possible by their own ideas and ingenuity. Today it is possible to do many things that are at odd ends with the local environment. They say that the environment runs the human race and that is not exactly the case.\nDefine \"demography\"\nthe study of population\nWhat is arithmetic population density?\na measure of total population relative to land size\nWhat is physiologic population density?\nthe number of people per square mile of arable land\nDefine the term \"population distribution\"?\na description of a location on the earth's surface where individuals or groups live\nHow is population distribution displayed on a map?\non dot maps\nWhere is the most common place for population groupings to live?\nin a place where they can grow food.\nList the four regions of the globe that account for the largest population clusters.\nEast Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North America\nWhat are the two main differences between the European population clusters and the Asian population clusters?\nAsian population clusters form in major cities, on the coasts, and along rivers, while European population clusters form around Europe's coal fields.\nWhat is a megalopolis?\na huge urban agglomeration\nWhat is a census?\na poll of the number of people in an area, usually a country\nWhy do some people feel a census is seriously flawed?\nthe count isn't accurate. The United States hasn't figured out a way that accurately records the population correctly. The federal government gives money to organizations to help the hungry, homeless, etc. They base the amount of money needed by the amount of needy people there are; if the population count isn't correct then they won't have the right amount of money to fulfill their duties.\nName the three main agencies responsible for collecting data on world population.\nThe United Nations, The World Bank, and the Population Reference Bureau\nWhat was the first major concern about the world's rapidly growing population?\nThe first major concern about the world's rapidly growing population was there wouldn't be enough food to sustain all of the people living on Earth.\nHow has \"globalization\" affected the concern of the world's rapidly growing population?\nGlobalization has affected this concern because it was once thought that only the food grown in one country is the food that will sustain that country, but thanks to globalization there is now international trade and commerce. Global interaction affected the concern.\nWhat are the four components used to calculate total population within a confined territory?\nCrude birth rate (CBR), Crude death rate (CDR), immigration, and emigration\nWhat is meant by the term \"population explosion\"?\nPopulation explosion is when doubling time is down and dropping fast; the wait isn't so long anymore for your money, or in this case, the number of people to double.\nThe world population today is approximately 6.4 billion. How long will it take for today's population to double in size?\n51 years\nWhat are the conditions cited in Muslim areas where the population growth rate remains high?\nThe correlation between high growth rates and the low standing of women: where cultural traditions restrict educational and professional opportunities for women, and men dominate as a matter of custom, rates of natural increase tend to be high.\nWhat are the two main factors that are directly related to the reduction of natural population growth rates?\nThe two main factors that are directly related to the reduction of natural population growth rates are economic prosperity and social dislocation.\nDefine \"Economic prosperity\".\nif a child can't be supported and cared for because of financial reasons then that child won't be tried for\nDefine \"social dislocation\".\nwomen are getting a higher education for a longer time and are getting married later, as a result by the time has come for them to have children it's too late\nWhat methods has India used in the past to stop their rapid population growth?\nIndia has used forced sterilization of any man who had three or more children and traded gun licenses in exchange for sterilization\nWhat methods is India using today to stop their rapid population growth?\nthe Indian Government is using advertising and persuasion to encourage families to have fewer children\nDefine the term \"natural increase in population\".\nthe difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths in a population\nWhat is the demographic transition model?\nthe sequence of stages in population growth\nList and define the stages of the demographic transition model.\n1. Low-growth stage- high birth rate and high death rate lead to a population that varies over time, with little long-term population growth\n2. High-growth stage- high birth rate and declining death rate lead to a sustained and significant population increase\n3. Moderate-growth rate- declining birth rate combined with already-low death rate lead to continuing population growth\n4. Low-growth rate- low birth rate and low death rate lead to a very low rate of growth
+__label__positive Role of important protein improves understanding of autoimmune diseases\n\nResearchers \u2013 led by Great Ormond Street BRC-supported Professor Tessa Crompton in collaboration with the Paediatric Department at Oxford University \u2013 have identified the role of a key protein in normal development of the thymus, an important organ of the immune system.\u00a0\n\nThe protein, known as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), is one of a few factors that regulate thymic epilthelial cell (TEC) differentiation and lineage choice. These findings contribute to our understanding of human autoimmune diseases and will inform strategies to replace thymus function in athymic children.\n\nTECs are an essential component of the thymic stroma and are required to support T cell development. Two broad categories of TEC exist; medullary TECs, which are essential for the induction of tolerance to self, and cortical TECs, which are essential for T cell fate specification and T cell receptor repertoire selection. Researchers used both adult and foetal TECs to show that SHH regulates medullary TEC differentiation and function, with the potential to alter central tolerance.\n\nThese findings are important to our understanding of immunity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. In the future it will be important to assess the effects of SHH signalling on the induction and severity of human autoimmune diseases.\n\nThese findings were published in the Journal of Autoimmunity.
+__label__positive Animal Ecology MCQs : Zoology Solved Quiz\n\nAnimal Ecology MCQs imparts knowledge and concepts of ecology mainly based on animal life. The records also provide the information regarding the distribution of animals, preferred habitat, their life history and impact on different life forms. Detailed knowledge about the ecological zonation in the environment , Concept of thermodynamics, Present status, Future prospects.\n\nAnimal Ecology MCQs\n\n\n1. The following belong to the same trophic level?\n\nA. Tiger and wild beer\nB. Crow and cow\nC. Dear and honeybee\nD. Snake and Earthworm\n\n2. The driving force of the ecosystem is ?\n\nA. Carbohydrates in plants\nB. Solar energy\nC. Producers\nD. Biomass\n\n3. If all the green plants were to disappear from the earth ?\n\nA. Only the herbivores will die\nB. Only the carniivores will die\nC. All the animal will die\nD. Chemosynthetic bacteria will produce food for all\n\n4. Deers are known as ?\n\nA. Heterotrophic\nB. Herbivores\nC. Carnivores\nD. Autotrophic\n\n5. The most fragile of all biomes is ?\n\nA. Grassland\nB. Coniferous alpine\nC. Desert\nD. Tundra\n\n6. The part of earth in which life exists is known as ?\n\nA. Biosphere\nB. Lithosphere\nC. troposphere\nD. Hydrosphere\n\n7. The term omnivore is applied to ?\n\nA. Herbivore and carnivore\nB. Herbivore and detrivore\nC. Carnivore and detrivore\nD. All of these\n\n8. Which of the following is the smallest unit ?\n\nA. Biosphere\nB. Ecosystem\nC. Ecosphere\nD. Biome\n\n9. The fungi in a forest ecosystem act as ?\n\nA. Omnivore\nB. Decomposers\nC. Herbivores\nD. Consumers\n\n10. Synecology can be subdivided into how many branches ?\n\nA. Population Ecology\nB. ecosystem ecology\nC. Community ecology\nD. All of above\n\nAnimal Ecology MCQs Zoology Solved Quiz\n\n11. Every ecosystem must have a continuous external source of ?\n\nA. Energy\nB. Oxygen\nC. Living organisms\nD. Bacteria\n\n12. In an ecosystem, the energy flow is always ?\n\nA. Always unidirectional\nB. Always bidirectional\nC. In any direction\nD. Always down directional\n\n13. What kind of climate we can find in the Thar desert ?\n\nA. Cold\nB. Dry\nC. Cool\nD. Moist\n\n14. Which layer of permanently frozen ground that causes arctic animals to die ?\n\nA. Permafrost\nB. Mantle\nC. Crust\n\n15. Ecosystem might include such things as lakes, rivers, swamps called ?\n\nA. freshwater ecosystem\nB. Moving water\nC. Salt water\nD. Shallow water system\n\nMCQs On Animal Ecology PDF file Download Now\n\n\nRelated Post :\n\n1 thought on \u201cAnimal Ecology MCQs : Zoology Solved Quiz\u201d\n\nLeave a Comment\n\nPlease rate
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nIf $X$ is a based space, then we have $\\pi_1(X) \\cong \\pi_0(\\Omega X)$. This is to say we can identify elements in the fundamental group of $X$ with path components of the first loop space of $X$. My question is this: do all the path components of $\\Omega X$ necessarily have the same homotopy type?\n\nI ask because when you iterate this idea by considering $\\pi_2(X) \\cong \\pi_1(\\Omega X) \\cong \\pi_0(\\Omega^2 X)$, the space $\\Omega^2 X$ only sees the component of $\\Omega X$ containing the basepoint (in this case the constant map). So when I imagine climbing up the tower of $X$'s homotopy groups, at each stage we apply the loop functor and discard all the information in the non-basepoint components.\n\nIf all the components of $\\Omega X$ are homotopy equivalent, then this is clearly no loss of information, since we can identify the homotopy groups of $X$ with the (properly shifted) homotopy groups of any of the connected components. Otherwise, don't we generate much more information about $X$ by looking at the homotopy types of all the path components of $\\Omega X$, $\\Omega^2 X$, etc.?\n\nI keep thinking there might be some argument about a certain map being a fibration, and this giving an equivalence between the various path components of $\\Omega X$, realized as fibers of the map, or something like this, but I haven't found it yet, and I can think of no canonical maps which might serve as the desired equivalences.\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\nup vote 8 down vote accepted\n\nDoes the following work?\n\nLet $A$ and $B$ be components of $\\Omega X$ and assume that $A$ is the component containing the trivial path based at $x_0$. Let $f$ be any element of $B$. Then $f$ is a path from $x_0$ to $x_0$. There's a map $\\phi:A\\to B$ obtained by following a path in $A$ by $f$. Similarly there's $\\psi:B\\to A$ obtained by following a path by the reverse of $f$.\n\nSurely $\\phi$ and $\\psi$ are homotopy inverses of each other?\n\n(Warning: I'm not a topologist by trade, so I fear that I may have missed something subtle, or indeed something obvious, here).\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nThat's right: any space with a continuous multiplication law that makes the set of path-components into a group must be such that left or right multiplication by a point is a homotopy equivalence. \u2013\u00a0Tom Goodwillie Aug 8 '10 at 14:37\nAh, right. For some reasone I was thinking about the conjugation action instead of simply left and right translation. Thanks. \u2013\u00a0Eric Finster Aug 8 '10 at 14:48\nTom's comment is addressed by this question on math.SE:\u2026 \u2013\u00a0lentic catachresis Jun 10 '14 at 19:09\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Isosceles trapezoid\n\nThe lengths of the bases of the isosceles trapezoid are in the ratio 5:3, the arms have a length of 5 cm and height = 4.8 cm. Calculate the circumference and area of a trapezoid.\n\n\no = \u00a021.2 cm\nS = \u00a026.88 cm2\n\n\n3a = 5c\no = a+c+ 2*5\n(a-c)/2 = sqrt(5*5-4.8*4.8)\nS = 4.8 * (a+c)/2\n\n3a-5c = 0\na+c-o = -10\na-c = 2.8\n2S-4.8a-4.8c = 0\n\nS = 67225 = 26.88\na = 7\nc = 215 = 4.2\no = 1065 = 21.2\n\nCalculated by our linear equations calculator.\n\n\nShowing 0 comments:\n1st comment\nBe the first to comment!\n\nPythagorean theorem is the base for the right triangle calculator.\n\nNext similar examples:\n\n  1. Isosceles trapezoid\n    licho_1 Calculate the area of an isosceles trapezoid whose bases are in the ratio of 4:3; leg b = 13 cm and height = 12 cm.\n  2. The ditch\n    prikop Ditch with cross section of an isosceles trapezoid with bases 2m 6m are deep 1.5m. How long is the slope of the ditch?\n  3. ISO trapezoid v2\n    lichobeznik bases of Isosceles trapezoid measured 12 cm and 5 cm and its perimeter is 21 cm. What is the are of a trapezoid?\n  4. Embankment\n    sss Perpendicular cross-section of the embankment around the lake has the shape of an isosceles trapezoid. Calculate the perpendicular cross-section, where bank is 4 m high the upper width is 7 m and the legs are 10 m long.\n  5. ISO Triangle V2\n    triangle_3 Perimeter of RR triangle (isosceles) is 474 m and the base is 48 m longer than the arms. Calculate the area of this triangle.\n  6. Isosceles III\n    demos The base of the isosceles triangle is 17 cm area 416 cm2. Calculate the perimeter of this triangle.\n  7. Leg\n    tetris Determine the area of a trapezoid with bases 71 and 42 and height is 4 shorter than the its leg.\n  8. Trapezoid ABCD\n    trapezoid_2 Calculate the perimeter of trapezoid ABCD if we know the side c=15, b=19 which is also a height and side d=20.\n  9. Rectangular trapezoid\n    color_triangles Calculate the content of a rectangular trapezoid with a right angle at the point A and if |AC| = 4 cm, |BC| = 3 cm and the diagonal AC is perpendicular to the side BC.\n  10. Truncated cone 5\n  11. 4s pyramid\n    pyramid_regular Regular tetrahedral pyramid has a base edge a=17 and collaterally edge length b=32. What is its height?\n  12. Theorem prove\n  13. RT 11\n    right_triangle Calculate the area of right tirangle if its perimeter is p = 45 m and one cathethus is 20 m long.\n  14. Equilateral triangle v2\n    eq_triangle Equilateral triangle has a perimeter 36 dm. What is its area?\n  15. Circle inscribed\n    inscribed345 Calculate the perimeter and area of a circle inscribed in a triangle measuring 3 , 4 and 5 cm.\n  16. RT 10\n    triangles_rt Area of right triangle is 84 cm2 and one of its cathethus is a=10 cm. Calculate perimeter of the triangle ABC.\n  17. Folded square\n    square_folded ABCD is a square. The square is folded on the midpoint of AB and A is folded onto the fold, creating a shaded region. The perimiter of the shaded figure is 75. Find the area of square ABCD
+__label__positive I have a couple of questions motivated by the following exercise from Emily Riehl's Category Theory In Context,\n\nExercise 3.5.iii. Prove that the category $\\operatorname{DirGraph}$ of directed graphs is complete and cocomplete and explain how to construct its limits and colimits.\n\nFor this the author suggests using a previous proposition,\n\nProposition 3.3.9. If $A$ is small, then the forgetful functor $C^A \\to C^{\\operatorname{ob} A}$ strictly creates all limits and colimits that exist in $C$. These limits are defined objectwise, meaning that for each $a \\in A$, the evaluation functor $ev_a : C^A \\to C$ preserves all limits and colimits existing in $C$.\n\nI am aware that it usually is bad practice to include more than one question in the same post, but these are all related and probably too simple to be asked individually.\n\nI have failed to see how this result proves the aforementioned excersice, so I have instead tried to show that $\\operatorname{DirGraph}$ has (co) products and (co) equalizers, since implies (co) completeness (as shown in Theorem 3.4.12 in the book).\n\nSo far I have managed to define products, coproducts, and equalizers as\n\n  \u2022 $\\prod_i G_i$ with $(x_i)(y_i) \\in E \\iff x_iy_i \\in E_i$ for all $i$ and the projections,\n  \u2022 $\\coprod_iG_i$ with the usual inclusions, and\n\n  \u2022 $ E \\hookrightarrow G \\rightrightarrows^f_g H $ with $E = \\{v \\in V(G) : f(v) = g(v) \\}$.\n\nbut I can't seem to define the coequalizer properly, nor 'extend' the construction in $\\operatorname{Set}$ which, if I recall correctly, is defined as the quotient which identifies each image of $f$ with its corresponding of $g$. Hence I have the following questions:\n\n  \u2022 how can we prove this as intended by the author? That is, do you have any hints on how to connect the proposition with this particular exercise?\n  \u2022 what is the 'canonical' description of coequalizers in this category?\n  \u2022 and finally, trying to define the latter I have found out that I do not have much intuition for epimorphisms of graphs (where as monomorphisms I can think of 'ways of embedding a graph onto a subgraph of the codomain'). How can I think of these, in terms of intuition?\n\nThanks in advance!\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ What is the definition of DirGraph that you're using? $\\endgroup$ Jan 7, 2019 at 21:22\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ @DerekElkins I'm working with objects $G = (V,E)$ which are directed graphs modeled as pairs of vertices $V$ and edges $E \\subset V \\times V$, and incidence preserving morphisms $\\phi : G \\to H$ as set functions between vertex sets. $\\endgroup$\n    \u2013\u00a0qualcuno\n    Jan 7, 2019 at 21:50\n\n1 Answer 1\n\n\nThe category of directed multigraphs is a closely related category that has a very compact and relevant description. Let $A$ be the category consisting of two objects and two parallel arrows between them (and identities), then the category of directed multigraphs is $\\mathbf{Set}^A$ (or often $\\mathbf{Set}^{A^{op}}$ so we get the category of presheaves on $A$, but that doesn't really make much of a difference in this case). By the proposition, we immediately have that the category of directed multigraphs is complete and cocomplete (because $\\mathbf{Set}$ is). Your category of directed graphs is a full subcategory of this category where the images of the two arrows happen to be jointly monic.\n\nWe can make a directed multigraph into a directed graph via identifying all edges between those any pair of vertices. Basically, we quotient the set of edges by an equivalence relation that identifies two edges whenever they share source and target. You can verify that this is a left adjoint to the inclusion. This makes the category of directed graphs a reflective subcategory of the category of directed multigraphs. Call the left adjoint, the reflector, $R$ and the inclusion $I$, so $R\\dashv I$. We have the counit $\\varepsilon : R\\circ I \\cong Id$. We can then calculate colimits of directed graphs by including them into multigraphs, taking the colimit there, and reflecting the colimit back. That is, $R\\mathsf{Colim}(I\\circ D)\\cong\\mathsf{Colim}(R\\circ I\\circ D)\\cong\\mathsf{Colim}D$. The upshot is that colimits are calculated by calculating the corresponding colimits of the edge and vertex sets. This may produce vertices with multiple arrows between them, i.e. a directed multigraph, which we then quotient to get a directed graph.\n\nBefore doing anything about limits we have from the fact that $I$ is a right adjoint that it preserves limits. Since $I$'s action is basically trivial, any limits that exist in the category of directed graphs have to look the same as the limits of those graphs as multigraphs which are computed pointwise. The question, in this case, becomes only whether those limits exist. The least \"sophisticated\" approach is to simply check that the pointwise limits actually work. [Note, the next sentence and the next paragraph go way not what Riehl was expecting.] Another approach is to recognize that the category of directed graphs is a category of models for an essentially algebraic theory on $\\mathbf{Set}$, and those are always complete and have limits computed pointwise.\n\nHowever, there's a different approach that sticks to this reflective subcategory view. Define $T=I\\circ R$. We readily have $T\\circ T \\cong T$ and that $T$ is a monad, so $T$ is an idempotent monad. (It turns out reflective subcategories and idempotent monads are basically the same thing.) Let's consider an object of the Eilenberg-Moore category for this monad. In this case, an object of that category is a directed multigraph $G$ and a multigraph homomorphism $\\varphi:TG\\to G$ that satisfies some laws , in particular, that $\\varphi\\circ\\eta_G=id_G$ where $\\eta:Id\\to I\\circ R = T$ is the unit of the adjunction. But think about this for a second. This law can only be satisfied if $G$ is already a directed graph, i.e. if $\\eta_G:G\\cong TG$, the law then forces $\\varphi=\\eta_G^{-1}$. (Note, $\\eta_G$ is not invertible for arbitrary multigraphs $G$.) The upshot is that the category of Eilenberg-Moore algebras for $T$ is equivalent to the category of directed graphs. This situation is what it means for $I$ to be monadic. General results about categories of Eilenberg-Moore algebras imply that it has all limits that the underlying category does. It's actually fairly easy to prove this, so I recommend doing so.\n\nI recommend the nLab page I referenced before on reflective subcategories for several abstract nonsense results that imply the above or other useful statements. Very little of the above depended on the fact that we were talking about directed graphs.\n\nRiehl was probably expecting something along the lines of the first two and a half paragraphs above, though perhaps not in quite so general terms, particularly since adjunctions haven't been introduced yet. (They are in Chapter 4, but in the meantime you could use properties of representable functors.) This covers everything except whether the category of directed graphs has limits. If it does, you know what they are supposed to look like, so you can just verify that the suggested limits actually work. This basically amounts to showing that the limit of edge sets that have at most one edge between any pair of vertices has itself at most one edge between any pair of vertices. This is particularly easy to see if you think of a directed multigraph as having a family of edge sets indexed by pairs of vertices \u2013 very much like hom-sets for categories. The remaining stuff about essentially algebraic theories and monadicity is very unlikely what Riehl was expecting as those are covered in Chapter 5.\n\nTo answer your last question, an epimorphism of directed graphs just means you can lay the source graph over the target graph so that the source graph completely covers the target, possibly collapsing some edges and identifying some vertices.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ This is amazing. Thank a lot! I will have to meditate about this for a bit. As soon as I get the basics, I'll accept the answer accordingly. $\\endgroup$\n    \u2013\u00a0qualcuno\n    Jan 8, 2019 at 11:32\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__positive General gas laws\n\n\nFrom the gas laws, we know that the volume of a gas depends on both its temperature and pressure. The relationship between the three variable; i.e. volume,, temperature and pressure can be summarized up as follows:\n\nIf\u00a0V\u221d1P\u00a0(Boyle\u2019s law at constant temperature) and\u00a0V\u221dT\u00a0(Charle\u2019s law at constant pressure)\n\nV\u221d1P\u00d7T(both temperature and pressure may vary) or\u00a0PVT=K\u00a0(a mathematical constant for a fixed mass of gas)\n\nPVT=K\u00a0is often known as the general gas equation.\n\n\nGeneral gas equation states that\u00a0for fixed mass of a gas under any set of conditions of V, P and T, the value of\u00a0PVT\u00a0\u00a0must remain constant.\u00a0If for a fixed mass of gas V1\u00a0is the volume at pressure\n\nP1\u00a0and absolute temperature T1\u00a0and V2\u00a0is the volume at pressure P2 and absolute temperature T2 it follows that.\n\n\nThe general gas equation can be used to find the volume of a gas when both its pressure and temperature change. Thus;\n\n\nThe standard temperature and pressure\n\nThe value of gases are sometimes given in standard temperature and pressure (S. T. P). These values are standard temperature= 273k and standard pressure = 760mmHg. The S.I unit of standard pressure when used is 1.01 \u00d7 103Nm-2\n\n\n  1. At S. T. P a certain mass of gas occupies a volume of 790cm3, find the temperature at which the gas occupies 1000cm3 and has a presence of 720mmHg\n\n\nP1\u00a0= 760mmHg (at stp),\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V1=\u00a0790cm3\n\nT= 273k (at stp),\u00a0 = 1000cm3\n\nP= 726mmHg\n\nT= New Temperature\n\n\n  1. A given mass of gas occupies 850cm3at 320k and 0.92 \u00d7 103Nm-2\u00a0of pressure. Calculate the volume of the gas at S.T.P.\n\n\nP= 0.92 \u00d7 103Nm-2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T= 320k\n\nV= 850cm3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0P= SP + 1.01 \u00d7 103Nm-2\n\nT= 273k (at stp)\n\nV2\u00a0= new volume of gas.\n\n\n\n  1. Explain the general gas equation.\n  2. If the volume of a given mass of a gas at 298k and a pressure of 205.2 \u00d7 is 2.12 . What is the volume of the gas S.T.P (standard pressure= 1013 105Nm-2, standard temperature = 273)\n\n\nThe ideal gas: This is a gas sample whose properties correspond, within experimental error, to the relationship PV =RT. An ideal gas must obey all the rules guiding Boyle\u2019s and Charles\u2019s laws. Ideal gas conforms to the kinetic theory of gases. Four quantities\u2019 are important in all experimental work, measurements or calculations involving gases. They are:\n\n  1. volume\n  2. pressure\n  3. temperature and\n  4. numbers of moles\n\nIdeal gas equation is given by\u00a0PV=nRT\n\nThe value of R for one mole of a gas at 273K, 1atm and volume 22.4dmis 0.0821atmdm3K-1mol-1\u00a0or 8.314JK-1mol-1\n\n\n  1. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.5moles of an ideal gas at -23oC and 4.0atm. (R = 0.0821atmdm3K-1mol-1)\n\n\nUsing PV = nRT\n\nwhere P = 4.0atm\n\nn = 2.5 mole\n\nT = \u221223 + 273 = 250K\n\nHence,\u00a0V=nRTP=2.5\u00d70.0821\u00d72504=12.8dm3\n\nNOTE:\u00a0 Pressure can also be measured in other units. 760mmHg = 1atm = 101325Nm-2\n\nIdeal gases only exist at experimental conditions of high pressure and low temperature. Basically all gases are real\n\n\n  1. The forces of attraction in real gases are not negligible.\n  2. The volume of real gases are not negligible. Hence, real gases have their own volume called excluded volume.\n  3. Real gases undergo inelastic collision\n\n\n  1. What is an ideal gas?\n  2. Write down the ideal gas equation for n-mole of a gas.\n\n\nGay- Lussac\u2019s law\u00a0describes the combining volumes of gases that react together. In his experiment, all temperatures and pressures were kept constant:\n\n  1. STEAM:Gay- Lussac\u2019s observed that two volumes of hydrogen reacted with one volume of oxygen to yield two volumes of steam\nVolume2\u00a0:12\nRatio2\u00a0:12\n  1. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS:One volume of hydrogen combined with one volume of chloride to yield two volumes of hydrogen.\nHydrogen+ChlorineHydrogen Chloride\n\n\nCarbon (II) oxide+OxygenCarbon (IV) Oxide\nRatio2\u00a0:12\n\nGay- Lussac\u2019s noticed that the combining volumes as well as the volumes of the products, if gaseous, were related by simple ratios of whole numbers. He proposed the law of combining volume or gaseous volumes.\n\nHence;\u00a0Gay- Lussac\u2019s law combining volumes states that\u00a0when gases react, they do so in volumes which are in simple ratios to one another and to the volumes of the products, if gaseous provide that the temperature and the pressure remain constant.\n\n\n  1. What is the volume of oxygen required to burn completely 45\u00a0of methane (CH4)?\n\nEquation of reaction\n\n\nBy Gay- Lussac\u2019s Law:\n\n1 volume of methane required 2 volumes of oxygen i.e.\n\n1cm3\u00a0of methane requires 2cm3\u00a0of oxygen\n\n\u2234\u00a045cm3\u00a0of methane require 90cm3\u00a0of oxygen\n\n  1. 20cm3of carbon (I) oxide are sparked with 20cm3\u00a0of oxygen. If all the volumes of gases are measured at S.T.P, calculate the volume of the residual gases after sparking.\nEquation of reaction2CO(g)+O2(g)2CO2(g)\nCombining volume2:1:2\nVolumes before sparking20cm310cm320cm3\nVolumes after sparking-1020\nResidual gases =un-reacted oxygen+Carbon (IV) oxide formed\n\nVolume of residual gas = 10cm+ 20cm3\u00a0= 30cm3\n\n\nAvogadro\u2019s Law states that\u00a0equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.\n\nThis law means that for all of gases e.g. oxygen, hydrogen, Chlorine etc if their volumes are the same, they will have the same number of molecules.\n\nAvogadro\u2019s Law is easily applied to convert volume of gases to the number of molecules. Avogadro\u2019s Law can be used to solve problem under Gay \u2013Lussac\u2019s law of combining volumes.\n\nThe formation of steam from reaction of Hydrogen and Oxygen is given below:\n\nAvogadro\u2019s Law2:1:2\n\nThis agrees with the equation below:\n\n2H2(g)\u00a0+ O2(s)\u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0 2H2O(s)\n\ni.e 2 molecules of hydrogen combine with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of steam\n\n\n  1. 60of hydrogen are sparked with 20\u00a0of oxygen at 1000C and 1 atmosphere. What is the volume of the steam produced?\n\n\n2H2\u00a0 + O2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0 2H2O\n\nFrom the equation, 2 molecules of hydrogen react with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of steam.\n\n2vols1vol2vols (combining volumes)\ni.e. 2cm31cm32cm3\n\nFrom the above information, when 2cm3(2 vol) of H2\u00a0react, 1cm3(1 vol) of Owill react i.e. half of H2vol, to give 2cm3(2 vol) of H2O.\n\nThus, 10cm3\u00a0of H2\u00a0will react with 5cm3\u00a0of O2\u00a0to produce10cm3\u00a0of H2O and so on.\n\nFrom the question, we have 60cm3\u00a0of H2\u00a0and 20cm3\u00a0of O2,\u00a0thus, when all the 20cm3\u00a0of O2\u00a0react, only 40cm3\u00a0of H2\u00a0will react to give 40cm3\u00a0of H2O, because the volume of H2\u00a0is the same as that of H2O i.e.\n\n\nThus, the volume of steam (H2O) formed is 40\n\n  1. What volume of propane is left unreacted when 80\u00a0of oxygen and 20\u00a0of propane react according to the equation below?\n\nC3H8(g)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+ 5O2(g)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3CO2(g) +\u00a04H2O\n\n\nVolume of the propane before the reaction = 20cm3\n\nThe volume that reacted = 4cm3\n\nVolume that did not react = volume before reaction \u2013 volume that reacted i.e. 20 \u2013 4 = 16cm3\n\n\n  1. State Gay\u2013Lussac\u2019s law\n  2. State Avogadro\u2019s law.\n  3. 50cmof methane were burnt completely in oxygen according to the equation below.\n\nCH4\u00a0+ 2O2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Co2\u00a0+ 2H2O\n\nCalculate: (a) volume of oxygen used (b) volume of carbon(Iv) oxide produced (c) volume of steam produced.\n\n\nThis law states thatat constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its relative molecular mass or square root of its vapour density. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nMathematically, Graham\u2019s law of diffusion can be represented as:\u00a0R1R2\u221dP2P1\u2212\u2212\u221a\n\nWhere Rand R2\u00a0are the rates of diffusion and P1\u00a0and P2, the densities of the two gases.\n\nThe density is directly proportional to its molecular mass.\n\n\n  1. 100cm3of oxygen diffuse through an office in 60 seconds while it takes120 seconds for the same office. Calculate the molecular mass of the unknown gas [0 = 16]\n\n\n\nSince the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the time taken:\n\n\n200cm3\u00a0of hydrogen diffused through a porous pot in 40 seconds. How long will it take 300cm3\u00a0of chlorine to diffuse through the same pot?\n\n\n200cm3\u00a0of hydrogen diffused in 40secs\n\n\u2234 300cm3\u00a0of chlorine will diffuse in\n\n\nNow, using the equation,\n\n\nWhere\u00a0 t = 60s,\n\nM1\u00a0= molecular mass of hydrogen\n\ni.e\u00a0H2=(2\u00d71)=2\n\nM2\u00a0= molecular mass of chlorine\u00a0\u00a0=cl2=2\u00d735.5=71\n\n\nTime of diffusion of chlorine = 358s.\n\nHow many times the rate of diffusion of hydrogen is faster than that of oxygen and what law do you use to get the answer? [vapour density] of [H=1, O=16]\n\n\nRate (R+) of diffusion of H2\n\n=Density of\u00a0O2Density of\u00a0H2\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u221aR1R2=161\u2212\u2212\u221a=41\n\n\u2234 Hydrogen diffuses four times faster. The law used is Graham\u2019s law of diffusion.\n\nThe vapour density of a gas or vapour is the number of times a given volume of gas (or vapour) is heavier than the same volume of hydrogen measured and weighed under the same temperature and pressure.\n\nVapour density\u00a0=mass of 1 vol of a gas or vapourmass of equal volume of hydrogen\n\nApplying Avogadro\u2019s law, it is possible to show that the vapour density of a gas is related to the relative molecular mass of the gas.\n\nV.D.=mass of 1 mole of a gas or vapourmass of 1 molecule of hydrogenV.D.=mass of 1 vol of a gasmass of 2 atoms of hydrogen\n\n\u22342\u00d7V.D.=\u00a0relative molecular mass\n\nThe density of hydrogen at S.T.P is 0.09cm3\n\n\nCalculate the vapour densities of the following gases from the given data.\n\n  1. 560cm3of oxygen at S.T.P weighs 0.8g\n  2. 1,400cm3of sulphur (iv) oxide weighs 4g\n\n\n  1. 1000cmof hydrogen at S.T.P weighs 0.09g\n\n\u2234 560cm3\u00a0of hydrogen at\u00a0560cm3100cm3\u00d70.09=0.05g\n\nV.D.=mass of a given volume of gasmass of equal volume of hydrogen\n\n\u2234 Vapour density of oxygen\u00a0=mass of\u00a0560cm3of oxygenmass of\u00a0560cm3of hydrogen\n\n  1. 1000cm3of hydrogen at S.T.P weighs 0.09g.\n\n\u2234 1400 of hydrogen will weigh\u00a01400\u00d70.091000=0.126g\n\nVapour density\u00a0=mass of a given volume of gasmass of equal volume of hydrogen\n\n\u2234 Vapour density of SO=mass of\u00a01400cm3\u00a0of\u00a0SO2mass of\u00a01400cm3\u00a0of\u00a0H2=4g0.126=31.74\u224532\n\n\n  1. Deduce the relationship between relative molecular mass and vapour density of a substance.\n  2. Define vapour density of a gas.\n\n\nThe molar volume of any gas is the volume occupied by one mole of that gas at s.t.p. and is \u00a0numerically equally to 22.4dm3\u00a0\u00a0i.e. one mole of any gas at s.t.p. occupies the same volume the value of which is 22.4dm3\u00a0. This value is called molecular mass or molar mass.\n\nFrom the Avogadro\u2019s law, the molar volume for all gases contains the same number of molecules. This number is called the Avogadro\u2019s number or constant and the value is\u00a06.02\u00d71023\u00a0at s.t.p\n\nMOLE: The mole can be defined as the amount of substance which contain as many elementary particles or entities e.g. ions, molecules, atoms, electrons as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon -12.\n\nThe mole of any substance represents\u00a06.02\u00d71023\u00a0particles of any substance. Therefore, a mole refers to Avogadro\u2019s number of particles of any substance.\n\nIn summary, the molar mass of a gas contains Avogadro\u2019s number of molecules which is\u00a06.02\u00d71023\u00a0and occupies a volume of 22.4dm3\u00a0\u00a0at s.t.p.\n\nThe atomic mass of every element also contains Avogadro\u2019s number of atoms.\n\nThe mole concept\u2013 This says that one mole of any substance contains the same number of particles; which can be atoms, molecules or ions. This number is\u00a06.023\u00d71023dm3\u00a0(the Avogadro\u2019s number)\n\n\n  1. 158g of a gas at s.t.p. occupies a volume of 5000dm3. What is the relative molecular masss of the gas? (Molar volume at s.t.p= 22.4dm3mol-1\n\n\nVolume of gas: V = 50.00dm3\n\nMolar volume of gas; V = 22.4dm3\u00a0mol-1\n\nN = amount in moles\n\n\nMolar mass M of the gas\u00a0=Mn=158g22.4dm3mol\u22121=70.8\n\nMolar mass = 71 gmol-1\n\n  1. What is the mass of 3 moles of oxygen gas O2? (O = 16)\n\nMass of 1 mole of\u00a0O2=(2\u00d716)g=32g\n\nMass of 3moles of\u00a0O2=(3\u00d732)g=96g\n\n  1. How Many moles are there in 20g of CaCO3? [CaCO3= 100]\n\nMolar mass of CaCO= 100g\n\n100g of CaCO= 1 mole\n\n20g of CaCO=20100\u00d71mole=0.2mole\n\n\n  1. Using the relationship between mole and Avogadro\u2019s number. Define mole in six ways.\n\n\nDalton\u2019s law of partial pressure states that for a mixture of gases that do not react chemically, the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.\n\nMathematically, Dalton\u2019s law of partial pressure for a mixture of n gases can be expressed as:\n\nPtotal\u00a0= P1\u00a0+P2+P3\u00a0+\u2026\u2026\u2026..+ Pn\u00a0where Ptotal\u00a0is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases that dot not react, P1, P2, P3\u2026\u2026Pn\u00a0are partial pressure of the individual gases.\n\n\nIf 20.0dm3\u00a0of hydrogen were collected over water at 17oC and 79.7kNm-2\u00a0pressure; Calculate the\n\n(a) Pressure of dry hydrogen at this temperature.\n\n(b) Volume of dry hydrogen at s.t.p.\n\n(vapour pressure of water is 1.90 kNm-2\u00a0at 17OC)\n\n\n\nPH2\u00a0 =\u00a0 Ptotal\u00a0\u2013 Pwater vapour\n\n=\u00a0 79.7 \u2013 1.90\n\n=\u00a0 77.8 kNm-2\n\n\n\n  1. (a) State Graham\u2019s law of diffusion\n\n(b) Arrange the following gases in decreasing order of diffusion rate: Chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulphide and Carbon(IV) oxide\n\n[H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5]\n\n  1. (a) \u00a0What do you understand by s.t.p?\n\n(b) If the volume of a given mass of gas at 298k and pressure of 205.2\u00a0\u00d7 103\u00a0Nm\u22122\u00a0is 2.12dm3, what is the volume at S.T.P? Standard pressure= 101.3 \u00d7 103\u00a0Nm. Standard temperature = 273k\n\n  1. Calculate the number of moles of the following at s.t.p\n\n(a) 16g of oxygen\n\n(b) 67.2dm3\u00a0of nitrogen gas, and\n\n(c) 1.14dm3\u00a0\u00a0of hydrogen chloride gas.\n\nO = 16, H = 14, N =1. Molar volume of gas at S.T.P = 22.4dm3\n\n(b) (i) Convert 33\u00baC\u00a0 and -41\u00baC \u00a0to Kelvin scale\n\n(ii) Convert 270k and 315k to 0\u00baC\n\n\nFor advert placement/partnership, write\n\n
+__label__positive HideShow resource information\n  \u2022 Created by: Faith16\n  \u2022 Created on: 20-04-16 18:05\nWhat does blood travel around in?\nThe circulatory system\n1 of 87\nWhat are red blood cells?\nTransport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Don't have a nucleus so they can carry lots of haemoglobin (binds with oxygen). Biconcave shape-large surface area for exchanging oxygen\n2 of 87\nWhat is plasma?\nLiquid that carries nutrients (glucose and amino acids) antibodies, hormones and waste (carbon dioxide and urea)\n3 of 87\nWhat are white blood cells?\nHelp to fight infection by protecting your body against attack from microorganisms\n4 of 87\nWhat are platelets?\nSmall fragments of cells that help the blood to clot at the site of the wound\n5 of 87\nWhat is a double circulatory system?\nTwo circuits joined together- one pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take oxygen then return to the heart then the other pumps around oxygenated blood to the body\n6 of 87\nDescribe the layout of the right side of the heart.\nRight atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, blood moves to right ventricle which pumps blood to the lungs (through pulmonary artery)\n7 of 87\nDescribe the layout of the left side of the heart.\nLeft atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (from pulmonary vein), blood moves to left ventricle which pumps it out to the whole body (via aorta)\n8 of 87\nWhy are valves in the heart?\nTo stop the back flow of blood\n9 of 87\nWhat are the two arteries that supply the heart muscle cells with blood?\n10 of 87\nWhy is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?\nAs it has to pump blood all the way around the body.\n11 of 87\nWhy do atria have thinner walls?\nAs they only pump blood to the ventricles.\n12 of 87\nWhat are capillaries?\nTiny blood vessels which have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out (found in capillary beds)\n13 of 87\nWhat are tissue fluids?\nWhen blood passes through the capillary beds small molecule (water,glucose and oxygen) are forced out of the capillaries to form tissue fluid. The substances can then diffuse out of the tissue fluid into the cells.\n14 of 87\nHow does tissue fluid get rid of waste chemicals?\nThe waste chemicals (carbon dioxide and urea) diffuse out of the cells into the tissue fluid then into the capillaries\n15 of 87\nWhat is the job of the skeleton?\nTo support the body to allow it to move, protect vital organs\n16 of 87\nWhat are the bones at a joint held together by?\n17 of 87\nWhat are ligaments?\nThey have a high tensile strength but are also slightly elastic so they can help pro stabilise joints by still allow movement\n18 of 87\nWhat is cartilage?\nAt the end of the bone to reduce friction and is slightly compressed so they act like shock absorbers\n19 of 87\nWhat do membranes do at joints?\nRelease a oily synovial fluid to lubricate joints to allow them to move more easily by reducing friction\n20 of 87\nWhat are bones attached to muscles by?\n21 of 87\nHow do muscles move bones?\nBy contracting\n22 of 87\nWhat happens when a muscle contracts?\nTendons can't stretch much so when a muscle contracts a tendon pulls on the bone which transmits a force from the muscle to the bone.\n23 of 87\nWhat can't muscles do?\nPush on bones to move a joint\n24 of 87\nWhat are antagonistic pairs?\nPair of muscle so they can both pull on a joint rather than one having to try and push a joint\n25 of 87\nWhat happens when a bisect contracts?\nIt pulls the power arm upwards (triceps relaxes)\n26 of 87\nWhat happens when a tricep contracts?\nThe lower arm is pulled back down (bicep relaxes)\n27 of 87\nHow is being fit measured?\nBy how well you can do physical activities\n28 of 87\nWhat background information does a fitness practitioner need to know to make a fitness regime?\nHealth problems, current medication, previous fitness treatments (what has and hasn't worked), family medical history,physical activity and lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, drinking)\n29 of 87\nWhat is a resting level?\nYour heart rate and blood pressure when not exercising.\n30 of 87\nWhat is the recovery period?\nThe amount of time taken for your blood pressure and heart rate to return to its resting level after exercise- shorter it is the fitter you are\n31 of 87\nHow do you work out someones body mass index (BMI)?\nBody mass (kg) divided by height squared (m)\n32 of 87\nWhy is a BMI test not always accurate?\nAs body mass also considers muscle which is denser than fat\n33 of 87\nWhat is the alternative to BMI?\nProportion of body fat- the percentage of your body mass that is made up of fat\n34 of 87\nWhat is any assessment of progress dependent on?\nAccuracy and repeatability\n35 of 87\nWhat happens when you sprain something?\nDamage to a ligament- usually by being stretched too much\n36 of 87\nWhat is a dislocation?\nWhen a bone comes out of its socket\n37 of 87\nWhat is a torn ligament?\nWhen the ligament tears- severe pain and will often mean loss of control of the joint because the bones are no longer attached firmly together\n38 of 87\nWhat is a torn tendon?\nA tear in the tendon that attaches the muscle to its bone- muscle contracts in one direct but is being pulled in the opposite direction\n39 of 87\nWhat is the R.I.C.E method for a sprain?\nRest- first 24 hours then progressively used more and more. Ice- reduce swelling but reducing temperature and blood flow. Compression- reduce swelling and prevent further damage from excessive movement. Elevation-reduce swelling (blood back to heart)\n40 of 87\nWhat is a physiotherapist?\nSomeone who treats skeletal-muscular injuries\n41 of 87\nWhat might a damaged knee exercise consist of?\nStanding up and tensing muscles without moving knee, setting with lower leg hanging loose then slowly raising and lowering the leg, stepping up and down on a box and standing, bending and straightening the legs at the knees\n42 of 87\nWhat temperature does our core body temperature have to be?\n37 degrees\n43 of 87\nWhat detect the external temperature?\nTemperature receptors in the skin\n44 of 87\nWhat detects the temperature in our blood?\nReceptors in the hypothalamus (part of the brain)\n45 of 87\nWhat is the negative feedback for your core body temperature?\nToo hot- Receptors detect too high, hypothalamus acts as processing centre, effectors (sweat glands) produce response, counteract change. Too cold- same but effectors are muscles\n46 of 87\nWhat is vasodilation?\nBlood vessels close to the skins surface get bigger in diameter- more blood gets to the surface of the skin so it loses heat to its surroundings\n47 of 87\nHow does sweat cool you down and why is this dangerous if you are dehydrated?\nCool you down as the sweat evaporates heat is used which cools the body. If you are dehydrated you produce less sweat so your core body temperature will increase\n48 of 87\nWhat is vasoconstriction?\nBlood vessels close to the skins surface get smaller in diameter- less blood gets to the surface of the skin which stops the blood losing as much heat to surroundings\n49 of 87\nWhat happens when you shiver?\nYour muscles contract rapidly which increases the rate of repression which warms the tissue surrounding the muscles\n50 of 87\nWhat does eating food high in sugar cause?\nYour blood sugar level to rise rapidly- digested and absorbed into blood very quickly\n51 of 87\nWhat happens when your blood sugar level gets too high?\nPancreas releases insulin which causes sugar to be removed from the blood\n52 of 87\nWhat is type 1 diabetes?\nPancreas stops producing insulin (blood sugar can rise to a dangerous level). Controlled by injecting insulin into the blood after eating (has to be the right amount of insulin)\n53 of 87\nWhat is type 2 diabetes?\nCalled late onset diabetes as develops later in life due to having a poor diet- body no longer responds to its own insulin or doesn't make enough.\n54 of 87\nHow can type 2 diabetes be controlled?\nBy exercising and eating a carefully controlled diet- high in fibre and complex carbohydrates (digested more slowly so the sugar is absorbed into the blood over a longer period of time)\n55 of 87\nWhat is a closed loop system?\nWhere all the outputs from processes or stores within the system are recycled and used as inputs to other processes or stores in the system\n56 of 87\nWhy is no system a perfect closed loop?\nAs systems have inputs put into them and outputs taken out\n57 of 87\nWhat is an example of a closed loop system in an ecosystem?\nOxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, dead organic matter is used by microorganisms as food, mineral nutrients are produced by microorganisms when digestive enzymes break down organic matter\n58 of 87\nQuestion 58 continued\nthese nutrients are absorbed and used by plants. Many organisms like fish and plants produce large quantities of reproductive structures (e.g. eggs,sperm,pollen,flowers and fruits) as all the structures won't grow into adult organisms- eaten\n59 of 87\nHow are some outputs lost?\nDead organic matter and nutrients can be carried away by water or air, fallen leaves may be blown away by winds or carried by rivers, some organisms migrate to other ecosystems\n60 of 87\nHow is vegetation beneficial to ecosystems?\nReduces soil erosion (e.g. leaves protect soil from direct rainfall and roots bind soil together), prevents extremes of temperatures and can promote cloud formation\n61 of 87\nHow do humans unbalance ecosystems?\nChanging the inputs and outputs e.g. using fertilisers to give plants extra nutrients unbalance ecosystems because input of nutrients is higher than normal. Can lead to eutrophication.\n62 of 87\nWhat is eutrophication?\nNitrates from fields washed into rivers and lakes by rain, nitrates cause algae to grown at surface of water preventing light from reaching other plants, organisms die because they can't photosynthesise, bacteria decompose dead material\n63 of 87\nQuestion 63 continued\nand use up oxygen, oxygen isn't replaced because photosynthesis is only taking place at the surface, animals that need oxygen from the water lower down (e.g. fish) will suffocate\n64 of 87\nHow can humans taking biomass out of an ecosystem for their own use damage it?\nOver-fishing (removes food source in some food chains )unsustainable timber harvesting (removes habitats and food sources)\n65 of 87\nHow does humans clearing natural areas for vegetation produce a problem?\nReduce the biodiversity of an ecosystem, increase soil erosion (silting of rivers making more likely to flood), desertification (land becomes infertile)\n66 of 87\nWhat is bioaccumulation?\nWhere a small bit of waste (e.g. metal) is eaten by small organisms and stored in small amounts but they are then eaten by predators so a large amount of metal will be stored in the predators tissues, enough to kill it and so on\n67 of 87\nWhy are human systems not closed loop systems?\nCreate non-recyclable waste, fossil fuels are used as an energy source- produce waste emissions, inputs energy from outside a system, can't be made again within the system (millions of year to form and seconds to use)\n68 of 87\nWhy do humans rely on ecosystems?\nProvide us with clean air, water and food, provide us with fertile soil full of mineral nutrients, crop production needs pollination\n69 of 87\nWhat is sustainability?\nMeeting the needs of todays population without harming the environment so that future generations can still meet their own needs\n70 of 87\nHow can natural resources be replaced naturally?\nFishing quotas (fixed amount) have even introduced to prevent over fishing and replant trees every time they are cut down (wood and paper production)\n71 of 87\nHow is sunlight a sustainable source of energy?\nIt can't be used up by human activities, food by photosynthesis, energy stored in the form of carbohydrates (travels up food chain)\n72 of 87\nWhat is sustainable agriculture and how does sunlight aid it?\nAims to meet the food needs of today without damaging future (not using up resources or damaging resources). Sunlight used to power equipment e.g. heating and lighting systems in greenhouse and irrigation systems.\n73 of 87\nHow can conserving natural ecosystems conflict with community needs?\nBecause they need resources, population growth- more people have to be fed\n74 of 87\nWhy are microorganisms (like bacteria and fungi) used on a industrial scale?\nReproduce rapidly under right conditions, have plasmid (can be genetically modified), biochemistry is simple (few reactions) , can make complex molecules (difficult to produce artificially) and no ethnical concerns\n75 of 87\nWhat are microorganisms grown in and why?\nFermeters as they are kept at optimum for growth\n76 of 87\nWhat can microorganisms be used to make?\nAntibiotics (e.g. penicillin), food from fungi (e.g. quorn), enzymes for making food, enzymes for washing powder and biofuels (e.g. gasohol- mixture of ethanol and petrol)\n77 of 87\nHow are enzymes used to make food?\nCheese is used by using chymosion instead of enzymes called rennet (from lining of a calfs stomach)- this is a vegetarian substitute\n78 of 87\nWhat is genetic modification?\nWhere a gene from one organism is transferred to another\n79 of 87\nHow is genetic modification carried out?\n1) Desirable protein is isolated. 2) Useful gene replicated to create lots of copies. 3) Gene joined to a vector (normally plasmids and viruses). 4) Vectors containing gene transferred to new cell (bacteria). 5) Select successfully modified cells\n80 of 87\nHow is genetic modification used in medicine?\nUsed for insulin, gene for human insulin production transferred into bacteria, bacteria grown in fermenter, human insulin extracted when produced (less chance of allergic reaction as its human insulin)\n81 of 87\nHow is genetic modification used to make crops herbicide resistant?\nSome plants have a natural resistance to herbicides (e.g. weedkillers) so we can cut out the gene responsible and put it into other plants- more expensive,could transferred to weeds, encourage use weedkillers,reduce biodiversity, pollute food chains\n82 of 87\nHow do you test for a genetic disorder?\nTake a DNA sample (DNA in white blood cells-take blood). Make a gene probe (strand of bases that are complementary to faulty gene) then use gene probe (if gene is present bases will lock together)\n83 of 87\nHow do you locate the gene probe in someones body?\nFluorescent chemical marker is put on the end of the sequence- marker will glow if you shine a UV light on it marker only shows if gene is present\n84 of 87\nHow can nanotechnology improve packing properties?\nMake food last longer (clay nanoparticles to plastic stops oxygen and moisture getting in and can kill harmful microorganisms). Smart packaging- nanoparticles change packaging properties depending on conditions-milk carton change colour when gone off\n85 of 87\nHow can stem cell technology be used to treat illnesses?\nTreat spinal cord injuries bu replacing damaged nerve tissues, treat leukaemia by replacing faulty bone marrow by bone marrow transplant- stem cells become healthy blood cells\n86 of 87\nHow can biomedical engineering be used to replace body parts?\nPacemarker- produces electric current to control heart beat if cells stop working to determine how fast the heart beats. Faulty heart valves can be replaced with animal or mechanical valves.\n87 of 87\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nWhat are red blood cells?\n\n\n\nCard 3\n\n\nWhat is plasma?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nWhat are white blood cells?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nWhat are platelets?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Biology resources:\n\nSee all Biology resources \u00bbSee all Further Biology resources \u00bb
+__label__positive Full Text Archive logoFull Text Archive \u2014 Free Classic E-books\n\nA Catechism of the Steam Engine by John Bourne\n\nPart 4 out of 8\n\nAdobe PDF icon\nDownload this document as a .pdf\nFile size: 0.8 MB\n\n\n357. _Q._--Cannot you give some rules of strength which will be applicable\nwhatever pressure may be employed?\n\n_A._--In the rules already given, the effective pressure may be reckoned at\nfrom 18 to 20 lbs. upon every square inch of the piston, as is usual in\nland engines; and if the pressure upon every square inch of the piston be\nmade twice greater, the dimensions must just be those proper for an engine\nof twice the area of piston. It will not be difficult, however, to\nintroduce the pressure into the rules as an element of the computation,\nwhereby the result will be applicable both to high and low pressure\n\n358. _Q._--Will you apply this mode of computation to a marine engine, and\nfirst find the diameter of the piston rod?\n\n_A._--The diameter of the piston rod may be found by multiplying the\ndiameter of the cylinder in inches, by the square root of the pressure on\nthe piston in lbs. per square inch, and dividing by 50, which makes the\nstrain 1/7th of the elastic force.\n\n359. _Q._--What will be the rule for the connecting rod, supposing it to be\nof malleable iron?\n\n_A._--The diameter of the connecting rod at the ends, may be found by\nmultiplying 0.019 times the square root of the pressure on the piston in\nlbs. per square inch by the diameter of the cylinder in inches; and the\ndiameter of the connecting rod in the middle may be found by the following\nrule:--to 0.0035 times the length of the connecting rod in inches, add 1,\nand multiply the sum by 0.019 times the square root of the pressure on the\npiston in lbs. per square inch, multiplied by the diameter of the cylinder\nin inches. The strain is equal to 1/6th of the elastic force.\n\n360. _Q._--How will you find the diameter of the cylinder side rods of a\nmarine engine?\n\n_A._--The diameter of the cylinder side rods at the ends may be found by\nmultiplying 0.0129 times the square root of the pressure on the piston in\nlbs. per square inch by the diameter of the cylinder; and the diameter of\nthe cylinder side rods at the middle is found by the following rule:--to\n0.0035 times the length of the rod in inches, add 1, and multiply the sum\nby 0.0129 times the square root of the pressure on the piston in lbs. per\nsquare inch, multiplied by the diameter of the cylinder in inches; the\nproduct is the diameter of each side rod at the centre in inches. The\nstrain upon the side rods is by these rules equal to 1/6th of the elastic\n\n361. _Q._--How do you determine the dimensions of the crank?\n\n_A._--To find the exterior diameter of the large eye of the crank when of\nmalleable iron:--to 1.561 times the pressure of the steam upon the piston\nin lbs. per square inch, multiplied by the square of the length of the\ncrank in inches, add 0.00494 times the square of the diameter of the\ncylinder in inches, multiplied by the square of the number of lbs. pressure\nper square inch on the piston; extract the square root of this quantity;\ndivide the result by 75.59 times the square root of the length of the crank\nin inches, and multiply the quotient by the diameter of the cylinder in\ninches; square the product and extract the cube root of the square, to\nwhich add the diameter of the hole for the reception of the shaft, and the\nresult will be the exterior diameter of the large eye of the crank when of\nmalleable iron. The diameter of the small eye of the crank may be found by\nadding to the diameter of the crank pin 0.02521 times the square root of\nthe pressure on the piston in lbs. per square inch, multiplied by the\ndiameter of the cylinder in inches.\n\n362. _Q._--What will be the thickness of the crank web?\n\n_A._--The thickness of the web of the crank, supposing it to be continued\nto the centre of the shaft, would at that point be represented by the\nfollowing rule:--to 1.561 times the square of the length of the crank in\ninches, add 0.00494 times the square of the diameter of the cylinder in\ninches, multiplied by the pressure on the piston in lbs. per square inch;\nextract the square root of the sum, which multiply by the diameter of the\ncylinder squared in inches, and by the pressure on the piston in lbs. per\nsquare inch; divide the product by 9,000, and extract the cube root of the\nquotient, which will be the proper thickness of the web of the crank when\nof malleable iron, supposing the web to be continued to the centre of the\nshaft. The thickness of the web at the crank pin centre, supposing it to be\ncontinued thither, would be 0.022 times the square root of the pressure on\nthe piston in lbs. per square inch, multiplied by the diameter of the\ncylinder. The breadth of the web of the crank at the shaft centre should be\ntwice the thickness, and at the pin centre 1-1/2 times the thickness of the\nweb; the length of the large eye of the crank would be equal to the\ndiameter of the shaft, and of the small eye 0.0375 times the square root of\ndiameter of the cylinder.\n\n363. _Q._--Will you apply the same method of computation to find the\ndimensions of a malleable iron paddle shaft?\n\n_A._--The method of computation will be as follows:--to find the dimensions\nof a malleable iron paddle shaft, so that the strain shall not exceed\n5/6ths of the elastic force, or 5/6ths of the force iron is capable of\nwithstanding without permanent derangement of structure, which in tensile\nstrains is taken at 17,800 lbs. per square inch: multiply the pressure in\nlbs. per square inch on the piston by the square of the diameter of the\ncylinder in inches, and the length of the crank in inches, and extract the\ncube root of the product, which, multiplied by 0.08264, will be the\ndiameter of the paddle shaft journal in inches when of malleable iron,\nwhatever the pressure of the steam may be. The length of the paddle shaft\njournal should be 1-1/4 times the diameter; and the diameter of the part\nwhere the crank is put on is often made equal to the diameter over the\ncollars of the journal or bearing.\n\n364. _Q._--How do you find the diameter of the crank pin?\n\n_A._--The diameter of the crank pin in inches may be found by multiplying\n0.02836 times the square root of the pressure on the piston in lbs. per\nsquare inch, by the diameter of the cylinder in inches. The length of the\npin is usually about 9/8th times its diameter, and the strain if all thrown\nupon the end of the pin will be equal to the elastic force; but in ordinary\nworking, the strain will only be equal to 1/3d of the elastic force.\n\n365. _Q._--What are the dimensions of the cross head?\n\n_A._--If the length of the cross head be taken at 1.4 times the diameter of\nthe cylinder, the dimensions of the cross head will be as follows:--the\nexterior diameter of the eye in the cross head for the reception of the\npiston rod, will be equal to the diameter of the hole, plus 0.02827 times\nthe cube root of the pressure on the piston in lbs. per square inch,\nmultiplied by the diameter of the cylinder in inches; and the depth of the\neye will be 0.0979 times the cube root of the pressure on the piston in\nlbs. per square inch, multiplied by the diameter of the cylinder in inches.\nThe diameter of each cross head journal will be 0.01716 times the square\nthe diameter of the cylinder in inches--the length of the journal being\n9/8ths its diameter. The thickness of the web at centre will be 0.0245\ntimes the cube root of the pressure on the piston in lbs. per square inch,\nmultiplied by the diameter of the cylinder in inches; and the depth of web\nat centre will be 0.09178 times the cube root of the pressure on the piston\ninches. The thickness of the web at journal will be 0.0122 times the square\nthe diameter of the cylinder in inches; and the depth of the web at journal\nwill be 0.0203 times the square root of the pressure upon the piston in\nIn these rules for the cross head, the strain upon the web is 1/2.225 times\nthe elastic force; the strain upon the journal in ordinary working is\n1/2.33 times the elastic force; and if the outer ends of the journals are\nthe only bearing points, the strain is 1/1.165 times the elastic force,\nwhich is very little in excess of the elastic force.\n\n366. _Q._--How do you find the diameter of the main centre when\nproportioned according to this rule?\n\n_A._--The diameter of the main centre may be found by multiplying 0.0367\ntimes the square root of the pressure upon the piston in lbs. per square\ninch, by the diameter of the cylinder in inches, which will give the\ndiameter of the main centre journal in inches when of malleable iron, and\nthe length of the main centre journal should be 1-1/2 times its diameter;\nthe strain upon the main centre journal in ordinary working will be about\n1/2 the elastic force.\n\n367. _Q._--What are the proper dimensions of the gibs and cutters of an\n\n_A._--The depth of gibs and cutters for attaching the piston rod to the\ncross head, is 0.0358 times the cube root of the pressure of the steam on\ncylinder; and the thickness of the gibs and cutters is 0.007 times the cube\nthe diameter of its cylinder. The depth of the cutter through the piston is\n0.017 times the square root of the pressure on the piston in lbs. per\nsquare inch, multiplied by the diameter of the cylinder in inches; and the\nthickness of the cutter through the piston is 0.007 times the square root\ndiameter of the cylinder.\n\n368. _Q._--Are not some of the parts of an engine constructed according to\nthese rules too weak, when compared with the other parts?\n\n_A._--It is obvious, from the varying proportions subsisting in the\ndifferent parts of the engine between the strain and the elastic force,\nthat in engines proportioned by these rules--which represent nevertheless\nthe average practice of the best constructors--some of the parts must\npossess a considerable excess of strength over other parts, and it appears\nexpedient that this disparity should be diminished, which may best be done\nby increasing the strength of the parts which are weakest; inasmuch as the\nfrequent fracture of some of the parts shows that the dimensions at present\nadopted for those parts are scarcely sufficient, unless the iron of which\nthey are made is of the best quality. At the same time it is quite certain,\nthat engines proportioned by these rules will work satisfactorily where\ngood materials are employed; but it is important to know in what parts good\nmaterials and larger dimensions are the most indispensable. In many of the\nparts, moreover, it is necessary that the dimensions should be proportioned\nto meet the wear and the tendency to heat, instead of being merely\nproportioned to obtain the necessary strength; and the crank pin is one of\nthe parts which requires to be large in diameter, and as long as possible\nin the bearing, so as to distribute the pressure, and prevent the\ndisposition to heat which would otherwise exist. The cross head journals\nalso should be long and large; for as the tops of the side rods have little\ntravel, the oil is less drawn into the bearings than if the travel was\ngreater, and is being constantly pressed out by the punching strain. This\nstrain should therefore be reduced as far as possible by its distribution\nover a large surface. In the rules which are contained in the answers to\nthe ten preceding questions (358 to 367) the pressure on the piston in lbs.\nper square inch is taken as the sum of the pressure of steam in the boiler\nand of the vacuum; the latter being assumed to be 15 lbs. per square inch.\n\n\n\n* * * * *\n\n\n369. _Q._--Will you explain the course of procedure in the construction and\nsetting of wagon boilers?\n\n_A._--Most boilers are made of plates three eighths of an inch thick, and\nthe rivets are from three eighths to three fourths of an inch in diameter.\nIn the bottom and sides of a wagon boiler the heads of the rivets, or the\nends formed on the rivets before they are inserted, should be large and\nplaced next the fire, or on the outside; whereas on the top of the boiler\nthe heads should be on the inside. The rivets should be placed about two\ninches distant from centre to centre, and the centre of the row of rivets\nshould be about one inch from the edge of the plate. The edges of the\nplates should be truly cut, both inside and outside, and after the parts of\nthe boiler have been riveted together, the edges of the plates should be\nset up or caulked with a blunt chisel about a quarter of an inch thick in\nthe point, and struck by a hammer of about three or four pounds weight, one\nman holding the caulking tool while another strikes.\n\n370. _Q._--Is this the usual mode of caulking?\n\n_A._--No, it is not the usual mode; but it is the best mode, and is the\nmode adopted by Mr. Watt. The usual mode now is for one man to caulk the\nseams with a hammer in one hand and a caulking chisel in the other, and in\nsome of the difficult corners of marine flue boilers it is not easy for two\nmen to get in. A good deal of the caulking has also sometimes to be done\nwith the left hand.\n\n371. _Q._--Should the boiler be proved after caulking?\n\n_A._--The boiler should be filled with water and caulked afresh in any\nleaky part. When emptied again, all the joints should be painted with a\nsolution of sal ammoniac in urine, and so soon as the seams are well rusted\nthey should be dried with a gentle fire, and then be painted over with a\nthin putty formed of whiting and linseed oil, the heat being continued\nuntil the putty becomes so hard that it cannot be readily scratched with\nthe nail, and care must be taken neither to burn the putty nor to\ndiscontinue the fire until it has become quite dry.\n\n372. _Q._--How should the brickwork setting of a wagon boiler be built?\n\n_A._--In building the brickwork for the setting of the boiler, the part\nupon which the heat acts with most intensity is to be built with clay\ninstead of mortar, but mortar is to be used on the outside of the work. Old\nbars of flat iron may be laid under the boiler chime to prevent that part\nof the boiler from being burned out, and bars of iron should also run\nthrough the brickwork to prevent it from splitting. The top of the boiler\nis to be covered with brickwork laid in the best lime, and if the lime be\nnot of the hydraulic kind, it should be mixed with Dutch terrass, to make\nit impenetrable to water. The top of the boiler should be well plastered\nwith this lime, which will greatly conduce to the tightness of the seams.\nOpenings into the flues must be left in convenient situations to enable the\nflues to be swept out when required, and these openings may be closed with\ncast iron doors jointed with clay or mortar, which may be easily removed\nwhen required. Adjacent to the chimney a slit must be left in the top of\nthe flue with a groove in the brickwork to enable the sliding door or\ndamper to be fixed in that situation, which by being lowered into the flue\nwill obstruct the passage of the smoke and moderate the draught, whereby\nthe chimney will be prevented from drawing the flame into it before the\nheat has acted sufficiently upon the boiler.\n\n373. _Q._--Are marine constructed in the same way as land boilers?\n\n_A._--There is very little difference in the two cases: the whole of the\nshells of marine boilers, however, should be double riveted with rivets\n11/16ths of an inch in diameter, and 2-3/8th inches from centre to centre,\nthe weakening effect of double riveting being much less than that of single\nriveting. The furnaces above the line of bars should be of the best\nLowmoor, Bowling, or Staffordshire scrap plates, and the portion of each\nfurnace above the bars should consist only of three plates, one for the top\nand one for each side, the lower seam of the side plates being situated\nbeneath the level of the bars, so as not to be exposed to the heat of the\nfurnace. The tube plates of tubular boilers should be of the best Lowmoor,\nor Bowling iron, seven eighths to one inch thick: the shells should be of\nthe best Staffordshire, or Thornycroft S crown iron, 7/16ths of an inch\n\n374. _Q._--Of what kind of iron should the angle iron or corner iron be\n\n_A._--Angle iron should not be used in the construction of boilers, as in\nthe manufacture it becomes reedy, and is apt to split up in the direction\nof its length: it is much the safer practice to bend the plates at the\ncorners of the boiler; but this must be carefully done, without introducing\nany more sharp bends than can be avoided, and plates which require to be\nbent much should be of Lowmoor iron. It will usually be found expedient to\nintroduce a ring of angle iron around the furnace mouths, though it is\ndiscarded in the other parts of the boiler; but it should be used as\nsparingly as possible, and any that is used should be of the best quality.\n\n375. _Q._--Is it not important to have the holes in the plates opposite to\none another?\n\n_A._--The whole of the plates of a boiler should have the holes for the\nrivets punched, and the edges cut straight, by means of self-acting\nmachinery, in which a travelling table carries forward the plate with an\nequal progression every stroke of the punch or shears; and machinery of\nthis kind is now extensively employed. The practice of forcing the parts of\nboilers together with violence, by means of screw-jacks, and drifts through\nthe holes, should not be permitted; as a great strain may thus be thrown\nupon the rivets, even when there is no steam in the boiler. All rivets\nshould be of the best Lowmoor iron. The work should be caulked both within\nand without wherever it is accessible, but in the more confined situations\nwithin the flues the caulking will in many cases have to be done with the\nhand or chipping hammer, instead of the heavy hammer previously prescribed.\n\n376. _Q._--How is the setting of marine boilers with internal furnaces\n\n_A._--In the setting of marine boilers care must be taken that no copper\nbolts or nails project above the wooden platform upon which they rest, and\nalso that no projecting copper bolts in the sides of the ship touch the\nboiler, as the galvanic action in such a case would probably soon wear the\npoints of contact into holes. The platform may consist of three inch\nplanking laid across the keelsons nailed with iron, nails, the heads of\nwhich are well punched down, and caulked and puttied like a deck. The\nsurface may then be painted over with thin putty, and fore and aft boards\nof half the thickness may then be laid down and nailed securely with iron\nnails, having the heads well punched down. This platform must then be\ncovered thinly and evenly with mastic cement and the boiler be set down\nupon it, and the cement must be caulked beneath the boiler by means of\nwooden caulking tools, so as completely to fill every vacuity. Coomings of\nwood sloped on the top must next be set round the boiler, and the space\nbetween the coomings and the boiler must be caulked full of cement, and be\nsmoothed off on the top to the slope of the coomings, so as to throw off\nany water that might be disposed to enter between the coomings and the\n\n377. _Q._--How is the cement used for setting marine boilers compounded?\n\n_A._--Mastic cement proper for the setting of boilers is sold in many\nplaces ready made. Hamelin's mastic is compounded as follows:--to any given\nweight of sand or pulverized earthenware add two thirds such given weight\nof powdered Bath, Portland, or other similar stone, and to every 560 lbs.\nweight of the mixture add 40 lbs. weight of litharge, 2 lbs. of powdered\nglass or flint, 1 lb. of minium, and 2 lbs. of gray oxide of lead; pass the\nmixture through a sieve, and keep it in a powder for use. When wanted for\nuse, a sufficient quantity of the powder is mixed with some vegetable oil\nupon a board or in a trough in the manner of mortar, in the proportion of\n605 lbs. of the powder to 5 gallons of linseed, walnut, or pink oil, and\nthe mixture is stirred and trodden upon until it assumes the appearance of\nmoistened sand, when it is ready for use. The cement should be used on the\nsame day as the oil is added, else it will be set into a solid mass.\n\n378. _Q._--What is the best length of the furnaces of marine boilers?\n\n_A._--It has already been stated that furnace bars should not much exceed\nsix feet in length, as it is difficult to manage long furnaces; but it is a\nfrequent practice to make the furnaces long and narrow, the consequence of\nwhich is, that it is impossible to fire them effectually at the after end,\nespecially upon long voyages and in stormy weather, and air escapes into\nthe flues at the after end of the bars, whereby the efficacy of the boiler\nis diminished. Where the bars are very long it will generally be found that\nan increased supply of steam and a diminished consumption of coal will be\nthe consequence of shortening them, and the bars should always lie with a\nconsiderable inclination to facilitate the distribution of the fuel over\nthe after part of the furnace. When there are two lengths of bars in the\nfurnace, it is expedient to make the central cross bar for bearing up the\nends double, and to leave a space between the ends of the bars so that the\nashes may fall through between them. The space thus left enables the bars\nto expand without injury on the application of heat, whereas without some\nsuch provision the bars are very liable to get burned out by bending up in\nthe centre, or at the ends, as they must do if the elongation of the bars\non the application of heat be prevented; and this must be the effect of\npermitting the spaces at the ends of the bars to be filled up with ashes.\nAt each end of each bed of bars it is expedient to leave a space which the\nashes cannot fill up so as to cause the bars to jam; and care must be taken\nthat the heels of the bars do not come against any of the furnace bearers,\nwhereby the room left at the end of the bars to permit the expansion would\nbe rendered of no avail.\n\n379. _Q._--Have you any remarks to offer respecting the construction and\narrangement of the furnace bridges and dampers of marine boilers?\n\n_A._--The furnace bridges of marine boilers are walls or partitions built\nup at the ends of the furnaces to narrow the opening for the escape of heat\ninto the flues. They are either made of fire brick or of plate iron\ncontaining water: in the case of water bridges, the top part of the bridge\nshould be made with a large amount of slant so as to enable the steam to\nescape freely, but notwithstanding this precaution the plates of water\nbridges are apt to crack at the bend, so that fire brick bridges appear on\nthe whole to be preferable. In shallow furnaces the bridges often come too\nnear the furnace top to enable a man to pass over them; and it will save\nexpense if in such bridges the upper portion is constructed of two or three\nfire blocks, which may be lifted off where a person requires to enter the\nflues to sweep or repair them, whereby the perpetual demolition and\nreconstruction of the upper part of the bridge will be prevented.\n\n380. _Q._--What is the benefit of bridges?\n\n_A._--Bridges are found in practice to have a very sensible operation in\nincreasing the production of steam, and in some boilers in which the brick\nbridges have been accidentally knocked down by the firemen, a very\nconsiderable diminution in the supply of steam has been experienced. Their\nchief operation seems to lie in concentrating the heat within the furnace\nto a higher temperature, whereby the heat is more rapidly transmitted from\nthe furnace to the water, and less heat has consequently to be absorbed by\nthe flues. In this way the bridges render the heating surface of a boiler\nmore effective, or enable a smaller amount of heating surface to suffice.\n\n381. _Q._--Are the bridges behind the furnaces the only bridges used in\nsteam boilers?\n\n_A._--It is not an uncommon practice to place a hanging bridge, consisting\nof a plate of iron descending a certain distance into the flue, at that\npart of the flue where it enters the chimney, whereby the stratum of hot\nair which occupies the highest part of the flue is kept in protracted\ncontact with the boiler, and the cooler air occupying the lower part of the\nflue is that which alone escapes. The practice of introducing a hanging\nbridge is a beneficial one in the case of some boilers, but is not\napplicable universally, as boilers with a small calorimeter cannot be\nfurther contracted in the flue without a diminution in their evaporating\npower. In tubular boilers a hanging bridge is not applicable, but in some\ncases a perforated plate is placed against the ends of the tubes, which by\nsuitable connections is made to operate as a sliding damper which partially\nor totally closes up the end of every tube, and at other times a damper\nconstructed in the manner of a venetian blind is employed in the same\nsituation. These varieties of damper, however, have only yet been used in\nlocomotive boilers, though applicable to tubular boilers of every\n\n382. _Q._--Is it a benefit to keep the flues or tubes appertaining to each\nfurnace distinct?\n\n_A._--In a flue boiler this cannot be done, but in a tubular boiler it is\nan advantage that there should be a division between the tubes pertaining\nto each furnace, so that the smoke of each furnace may be kept apart from\nthe smoke of the furnace adjoining it until the smoke of both enters the\nchimney, as by this arrangement a furnace only will be rendered inoperative\nin cleaning the fires instead of a boiler, and the tubes belonging to one\nfurnace may be swept if necessary at sea without interfering injuriously\nwith the action of the rest. In a steam vessel it is necessary at intervals\nto empty out one or more furnaces every watch to get rid of the clinkers\nwhich would otherwise accumulate in them; and it is advisable that the\nconnection between the furnaces should be such that this operation, when\nbeing performed on one furnace, shall injure the action of the rest as\nlittle as possible.\n\n383. _Q._--Can any constructive precautions be taken to prevent the\nfurnaces and tube plates of the boiler from being burned by the intensity\nof the heat?\n\n_A._--The sides of the internal furnaces or flues in all boilers should be\nso constructed that the steam may readily escape from their surfaces, with\nwhich view it is expedient to make the bottom of the flue somewhat wider\nthan the top, or slightly conical in the cross section; and the upper\nplates should always be overlapped by the plates beneath, so that the steam\ncannot be retained in the overlap, but will escape as soon as it is\ngenerated. If the sides of the furnace be made high and perfectly vertical,\nthey will speedily be buckled and cracked by the heat, as a film of steam\nin such a case will remain in contact with the iron which will prevent the\naccess of the water, and the iron of the boiler will be injured by the high\ntemperature it must in that case acquire. To moderate the intensity of the\nheat acting upon the furnace sides, it is expedient to bring the outside\nfire bars into close contact with the sides of the furnace, so as to\nprevent the entrance of air through the fire in that situation, by which\nthe intensity of the heat would be increased. The tube plate nearest the\nfurnace in tubular boilers should also be so inclined as to facilitate the\nescape of the steam; and the short bent plate or flange of the tube plate,\nconnecting the tube plate with the top of the furnace, should be made with\na gradual bend, as, if the bend be sudden, the iron will be apt to crack or\nburn away from the concretion of salt. Where the furnace mouths are\ncontracted by bending in the sides and top of the furnace, as is the\ngeneral practice, the bends should be gradual, as salt is apt to accumulate\nin the pockets made by a sudden bend, and the plates will then burn into\n\n384. _Q._--In what manner is the tubing of boilers performed?\n\n_A._--The tubes of marine boilers are generally iron tubes, three inches in\ndiameter, and between six and seven feet long; but sometimes brass tubes of\nsimilar dimensions are employed. When brass tubes are employed, the use of\nferules driven into the ends of the tubes is sometimes employed to keep\nthem tight; but when the tubes are of malleable iron, of the thickness of\nRussell's boiler tubes, they may be made tight merely by firmly driving\nthem into the tube plates, and the same may be done with thick brass tubes.\nThe holes in the tube plate next the front of the boiler are just sensibly\nlarger in diameter than the holes in the other tube plate, and the holes\nupon the outer surfaces of both tube plates are very slightly countersunk.\nThe whole of the tubes are driven through both tube plates from the front\nof the boiler,--the precaution, however, being taken to drive them in\ngently at first with a light hand hammer, until the whole of the tubes have\nbeen inserted to an equal depth, and then they may be driven up by degrees\nwith a heavy hammer, whereby any distortion of the holes from unequal\ndriving will be prevented. Finally, the ends of the tubes should be riveted\nup so as to fill the countersink; the tubes should be left a little longer\nthan the distance between the outer surfaces of the tube plates, so that\nthe countersink at the ends may be filled by staving up the end of the tube\nrather than by riveting it over; and the staving will be best accomplished\nby means of a mandril with a collar upon it, which is driven into the tube\nso that the collar rests upon the end of the tube to be riveted; or a tool\nlike a blunt chisel with a recess in its point may be used, as is the more\nusual practice.\n\n385. _Q._--Should not stays be introduced in substitution of some of the\n\n_A._--It appears expedient in all cases that some of the tubes should be\nscrewed at the ends, so as to serve as stays if the riveting at the tube\nends happens to be burned away, and also to act as abutments to the riveted\ntube--or else to introduce very strong rods of about the same diameter as a\ntube, in substitution of some of the tubes; and these stays should have\nnuts at each end both within and without the tube plates, which nuts should\nbe screwed up, with white lead interposed, before the tubes are inserted.\nIf the tubes are long, their expansion when the boiler is being blown off\nwill be apt to start them at the ends, unless very securely fixed; and it\nis difficult to prevent brass tubes of large diameter and proportionate\nlength from being started at the ends, even when secured by ferules; but\nthe brass tubes commonly employed are so small as to be susceptible of\nsufficient compression endways by the adhesion due to the ferules to\ncompensate for the expansion, whereby they are prevented from starting at\nthe ends. In some, of the early marine boilers fitted with brass tubes, a\ngalvanic action at the ends of the tubes was found to take place, and the\niron of the tube plates was wasted away in consequence, with rapidity; but\nfurther experience proved the injury to be attributable chiefly to\nimperfect fitting, whereby a leakage was caused that induced oxidation, and\nwhen, the tubes were well fitted any injurious action at the ends of the\ntubes was found to cease.\n\n386. _Q._--What is the best mode of constructing the chimney and the parts\nin connection therewith?\n\n_A._--In sea-going steamers the funnel plates are usually about nine feet\nlong and 3/16ths thick; and where different flues or boilers have their\ndebouch in the same chimney, it is expedient to run division plates up the\nchimney for a considerable distance, to keep the draughts distinct. The\ndampers should not be in the chimney but at the end of the boiler flue, so\nthat they may be available for use if the funnel by accident be carried\naway. The waste steam pipe should be of the same height as the funnel, so\nas to carry the waste steam clear of it, for if the waste steam strikes the\nfunnel it will wear the iron into holes; and the waste steam pipes should\nbe made at the bottom with a faucet joint, to prevent the working of the\nfunnel, when the vessel rolls, from breaking the pipe at the neck. There\nshould be two hoops round the funnel, for the attachment of the funnel\nshrouds, instead of one, so that the funnel may not be carried overboard if\none hoop breaks, or if the funnel breaks at the upper hoop from the\ncorrosive action of the waste steam, as sometimes happens. The deck over\nthe steam chest should be formed of an iron plate supported by angle iron\nbeams, and there should be a high angle iron cooming round the hole in the\ndeck through which the chimney ascends, to prevent any water upon the deck\nfrom leaking down upon the boiler. Around the lower part of the funnel\nthere should be a sheet iron casing to prevent any inconvenient dispersion\nof heat in that situation, and another short piece of casing, of a somewhat\nlarger diameter, and riveted to the chimney, should descend over the first\ncasing, so as to prevent the rain or spray which may beat against the\nchimney from being poured down within the casing upon the top of the\nboiler. The pipe for conducting away the waste water from the top of the\nsafety valve should lead overboard, and not into the bilge of the ship, as\ninconvenience arises from the steam occasionally passing through it, if it\nhas its termination in the engine room.\n\n387. _Q._--Are not the chimneys of some vessels made so that they may be\nlowered when required?\n\n_A._--The chimneys of small river vessels which have to pass under bridges\nare generally formed with a hinge, so that they may be lowered backward\nwhen passing under a bridge; and the chimneys of some screw vessels are\nmade so as to shut up like a spyglass when the fires are put out and the\nvessel is navigated under sails. In smaller vessels, however, two lengths\nof chimney suffice; and in that case there is a standing piece on deck,\nwhich, however, does not project above the bulwarks.\n\n388. _Q._--Will you explain any further details in the construction of\nmarine boilers which occur to you as important?\n\n_A._--The man-hole and mud-hole doors, unless put on from the outside, like\na cylinder cover, with a great number of bolts, should be put on from the\ninside with cross bars on the outside, and the bolts should be strong, and\nhave coarse threads and square nuts, so that the threads may not be\noverrun, nor the nuts become round, by the unskilful manipulations of the\nfiremen, by whom these doors are removed or replaced. It is very expedient\nthat sufficient space should be left between the furnace and the tubes in\nall tubular boilers to permit a boy to go in to clear away any scale that\nmay have formed, and to hold on the rivets in the event of repair being\nwanted; and it is also expedient that a vertical row of tubes should be\nleft out opposite to each water space to allow the ascent of the steam and\ndescent of the water, as it has been found that the removal of the tubes in\nthat position, even in a boiler with deficient heating surface, has\nincreased the production of steam, and diminished the consumption of fuel.\nThe tubes should all be kept in the same vertical line, so as to permit the\nintroduction of an instrument to scrape them; but they may be zig-zagged in\nthe horizontal line, whereby a greater strength of metal will be obtained\naround the holes in the tube plates, and the tubes should not be placed too\nclose together, else their heating efficacy will be impaired.\n\n\n389. _Q._--What is the cause of the formation of scale in marine boilers?\n\n_A._--Scale is formed in all boilers which contain earthy or saline\nmatters, just in the way in which a scaly deposit, or rock, as it is\nsometimes termed, is formed in a tea kettle. In sea water the chief\ningredient is common salt, which exists in solution: the water admitted to\nthe boiler is taken away in the shape of steam, and the saline matter which\nis not vaporizable accumulates in process of time in the boiler, until its\namount is so great that the water is saturated, or unable to hold any more\nin solution; the salt is then precipitated and forms a deposit which\nhardens by heat. The formation of scale, therefore, is similar to the\nprocess of making salt from sea water by evaporation, the boiler being, in\nfact, a large salt pan.\n\n390. _Q._--But is the scale soluble in fresh water like the salt in a salt\n\n_A._--No, it is not; or if soluble at all, is only so to a very limited\nextent. The several ingredients in sea water begin to be precipitated from\nsolution at different degrees of concentration; and the sulphate and\ncarbonate of lime, which begin to be precipitated when a certain state of\nconcentration is reached, enter largely into the composition of scale, and\ngive it its insoluble character. Pieces of waste or other similar objects\nleft within a marine boiler appear, when taken out, as if they had been\npetrified; and the scale deposited upon the flues of a marine boiler\nresembles layers of stone.\n\n391. _Q/_--Is much inconvenience experienced in marine boilers from these\nincrustations upon the flues?\n\n_A._--Incrustation in boilers at one time caused much more perplexity than\nit does at present, as it was supposed that in some seas it was impossible\nto prevent the boilers of a steamer from becoming salted up; but it has now\nbeen satisfactorily ascertained that there is very little difference in the\nsaltness of different seas, and that however salt the water may be, the\nboiler will be preserved from any injurious amount of incrustation by\nblowing off, as it is called, very frequently, or by permitting a\nconsiderable portion of the supersalted water to escape at short intervals\ninto the sea. If blowing off be sufficiently practised, the scale upon the\nflues will never be much thicker than a sheet of writing paper, and _no\nexcuse_ should be accepted from engineers for permitting a boiler to be\ndamaged by the accumulation of calcareous deposit.\n\n392. _Q._--What is the temperature at which sea water boils in a steam\n\n_A._--Sea water contains about 1/33rd its weight of salt, and in the open\nair it boils at the temperature of 213.2 deg.; if the proportion of salt be\nincreased to 2/33rds of the weight of the water, the boiling point will\nrise to 214.4 deg.; with 3/33rds of salt the boiling point will be 215.5 deg.;\n4/33rds, 216.7 deg.; 5/33rds, 217.9 deg.; 6/33rds, 219 deg.; 7/33rds, 220.2 deg.; 8/33rds,\n221.4 deg.; 9/33rds, 222.5 deg.; 10/33rds, 223.7 deg.; 11/33rds, 224.9 deg.; and 12/33rds,\nwhich is the point of saturation, 226 deg.. In a steam boiler the boiling\npoints of water containing these proportions of salt must be higher, as the\nelevation of temperature due to the pressure of the steam has to be added\nto that due to the saltness of the water; the temperature of steam at the\natmospheric pressure being 212 deg., its temperature, at a pressure of 15 lbs.\nper square inch above the atmosphere, will be 250 deg., and adding to this 4.7 deg.\nas the increased temperature due to the saltness of the water when it\ncontains 4/33rds of salt, we have 254.7 deg. as the temperature of the water in\nthe boiler, when it contains 4/33rds of salt and the pressure of the steam\nis 15 lbs. on the square inch.\n\n393. _Q._--What degree of concentration of the salt water may be safely\npermitted in a boiler?\n\n_A._--It is found by experience that when the concentration of the salt\nwater in a boiler is prevented from exceeding that point at which it\ncontains 2/33rds its weight of salt, no injurious incrustation will take\nplace, and as sea water contains only 1/33rd of its weight of salt, it is\nclear that it must be reduced by evaporation to one half of its bulk before\nit can contain 2/33rds of salt; or, in other words, a boiler must blow out\ninto the sea one half of the water it receives as feed, in order to prevent\nthe water from rising above 2/33rds of concentration, or 8 ounces of salt\nto the gallon.\n\n394. _Q._--How do you determine 8 ounces to the gallon to be equivalent to\ntwice the density of salt water, or \"two salt waters\" as it is sometimes\n\n_A._--The density of the water of different seas varies somewhat. A gallon\nof fresh water weighs 10 lbs.; a gallon of salt water from the Baltic\nweighs 10.15 lbs.; a gallon of salt water from the Irish Channel weighs\n10.28 lbs.; and a gallon of salt water from the Mediterranean 10.29 lbs. If\nwe take an average saltness represented by a weight of 10.25 lbs., then a\ngallon of water concentrated to twice this saltness will weigh 10.5 lbs.,\nor the salt in it will weigh .5 lbs or 8 oz., which is the proportion of 8\noz. to the gallon. However, the proportion of 2/33rds gives a greater\nproportion than 8 oz. to the gallon, for 2/33 = 1/16 nearly, and 1/16 of 10\nlbs. = 10 oz. By keeping the density of the water in a marine boiler at the\nproportion of 8 or 10 oz. to the gallon, no inconvenient amount of scale\nwill be deposited on the flues or tubes. The bulk of water, it may be\nremarked, is not increased by putting salt in it up to the point of\nsaturation, but only its density is increased.\n\n395. _Q._--Is there not a great loss of heat by blowing off so large a\nproportion of the heated water from the boiler?\n\n_A._--The loss is not very great. Boilers are sometimes worked at a\nsaltness of 4/33rds, and taking this saltness and supposing the latent heat\nof steam to be at 1000 deg. at the temperature of 212 deg., and reckoning the sum\nof the latent and sensible heats as forming a constant quantity, the latent\nheat of steam at the temperature of 250 deg. will be 962 deg., and the total heat\nof the steam will be 1212 deg. in the case of fresh water; but as the feed\nwater is sent into the boiler at the temperature of 100 deg., the accession of\nheat it receives from the fuel will be 1112 deg. in the case of fresh water, or\n1112 deg. increased by 3.98 deg. in the case of water containing 4/33ds of salt--\nthe 3.98 deg. being the 4.7 deg. increase of temperature due to the presence of\n4/33rds of salt, multiplied by 0.847 the specific heat of steam. This makes\nthe total accession of heat received by the steam in the boiler equal to\n1115.98 deg., or say 1116 deg., which multiplied by 3, as 3 parts of the water are\nraised into steam, gives us 3348 deg. for the heat in the steam, while the\naccession of heat received in the boiler by the 1 part of residual brine\nwill be 154.7 deg., multiplied by 0.85, the specific heat of the brine, or\n130.495 deg.; and 3348 deg. divided by 130.495 deg. is about 1/26th. It appears,\ntherefore, that by blowing off the boiler to such an extent that the\nsaltness shall not rise above what answers to 4/33rds of salt, about 1/25th\nof the heat is blown into the sea; this is but a small proportion, and as\nthere will be a greater waste of heat, if from the existence of scale upon\nthe flues the heat can be only imperfectly transmitted to the water, there\ncannot be even an economy of fuel in niggard blowing off, while it involves\nthe introduction of other evils. The proportion of 4/33rds of saltness,\nhowever, or 16 oz. to the gallon, is larger than is advisable, especially\nas it is difficult to keep the saltness at a perfectly uniform point, and\nthe working point should, therefore, be 2/33rds as before prescribed.\n\n396. _Q._--Have no means been devised for turning to account the heat\ncontained in the brine which is expelled from the boiler?\n\n_A._--To save a part of the heat lost by the operation of blowing off, the\nhot brine is sometimes passed through a number of small tubes surrounded by\nthe feed water; but there is no very great gain from the use of such\napparatus, and the tubes are apt to become choked up, whereby the safety of\nthe boiler may be endangered by the injurious concentration of its\ncontents. Pumps, worked by the engine for the extraction of the brine, are\ngenerally used in connection with the small tubes for the extraction of the\nheat from the supersalted water; and if the tubes become choked the pumps\nwill cease to eject the water, while the engineer may consider them to be\nall the while in operation.\n\n397._Q._--What is the usual mode of blowing off the supersalted water from\nthe boiler?\n\n_A._--The general mode of blowing off the boiler is to allow the water to\nrise gradually for an hour or two above the lowest Working level, and then\nto open the cock communicating with the sea, and keep it open until the\nsurface of the water within the boiler has fallen several inches; but in\nsome cases a cock of smaller size is allowed to run water continuously, and\nin other cases brine pumps are used as already mentioned. In every case in\nwhich the supersalted water is discharged from the boiler in a continuous\nstream, a hydrometer or salt gauge of some convenient construction should\nbe applied to the boiler, so that the density of the water may at all times\nbe visible, and immediate notice be given of any interruption of the\noperation. Various contrivances have been devised for this purpose, the\nmost of which operate on the principle of a hydrometer; but perhaps a more\nsatisfactory principle would be that of a differential steam gauge, which\nwould indicate the difference of pressure between the steam in the boiler\nand the steam of a small quantity of fresh water enclosed in a suitable\nvessel, and immerged in the water of the boiler.\n\n398. _Q._--What is the advantage of blowing off from the surface of the\nwater in the boiler?\n\n_A._--Blowing off from a point near the surface of the water is more\nbeneficial than blowing off from the bottom of the boiler. Solid particles\nof any kind, it is well known, if introduced into boiling water, will lower\nthe boiling point in a slight degree, and the steam will chiefly be\ngenerated on the surface of the particles, and indeed will have the\nappearance of coming out of them; if the particles be small the steam\ngenerated beneath and around them will balloon them to the surface of the\nwater, where the steam will be liberated and the particles will descend;\nand the impalpable particles in a marine boiler, which by their subsidence\nupon the flues concrete into scale, are carried in the first instance to\nthe surface of the water, so that if they be caught there and ejected from\nthe boiler, the formation of scale will be prevented.\n\n399. _Q._--Are there any plans in operation for taking advantage of this\nproperty of particles rising to the surface?\n\n_A._--Advantage is taken of this property in Lamb's Scale Preventer, which\nis substantially a contrivance for blowing off from the surface of the\nwater that in practice is found to be very effectual; but a float in\nconnection with a valve at the mouth of the discharging pipe is there\nintroduced, so as to regulate the quantity of water blown out by the height\nof the water level, or by the extent of opening given to the feed cock. The\noperation, however, of the contrivance would be much the same if the float\nwere dispensed with; but the float acts advantageously in hindering the\nwater from rising too high in the boiler, should too much feed be admitted,\nand thereby obviates the risk of the water running over into the cylinder.\nIn some boilers sheet iron vessels, called sediment collectors, are\nemployed, which collect into them the impalpable matter, which in Lamb's\napparatus is ejected from the boiler at once. One of these vessels, of\nabout the size and shape of a loaf of sugar, is put into each boiler with\nthe apex of the cone turned downwards into a pipe leading overboard, for\nconducting the sediment away from the boiler. The base of the cone stands\nsome distance above the water line, and in its sides conical slits are cut,\nso as to establish a free communication between the water within the\nconical vessel and the water outside it. The particles of stony matter\nwhich are ballooned to the surface by the steam in every other part of the\nboiler, subside within the cone, where, no steam being generated, the water\nis consequently tranquil; and the deposit is discharged overboard by means\nof a pipe communicating with the sea. By blowing off from the surface of\nthe water, the requisite cleansing action is obtained with less waste of\nheat; and where the water is muddy, the foam upon the surface of the water\nis ejected from the boiler--thereby removing one of the chief causes of\n\n400. _Q._--What is the cause of the rapid corrosion of marine boilers?\n\n_A._--Marine boilers are corroded externally in the region of the steam\nchest by the dripping of water from the deck; the bottom of the boiler is\ncorroded by the action of the bilge water, and the ash pits by the practice\nof quenching the ashes with, salt water. These sources of injury, however,\nadmit of easy remedy; the top of the boiler may be preserved from external\ncorrosion by covering it with felt upon which is laid sheet lead soldered\nat every joint so as to be impenetrable to water; the ash pits may be\nshielded by guard plates which are plates fitting into the ash pits and\nattached to the boiler by a few bolts, so that when worn they may be\nremoved and new ones substituted, whereby any wear upon the boiler in that\npart will be prevented; and there will be very little wear upon the bottom\nof a boiler if it be imbedded in mastic cement laid upon a suitable\n\n401. _Q._--Are not marine boilers subject to internal corrosion?\n\n_A._--Yes; the greatest part of the corrosion of a boiler takes place in\nthe inside of the steam chest, and the origin of this corrosion is one of\nthe obscurest subjects in the whole range of engineering. It cannot be from\nthe chemical action of the salt water upon the iron, for the flues and\nother parts of the boiler beneath the water suffer very little from\ncorrosion, and in steam vessels provided with Hall's condensers, which\nsupply the boiler with fresh water, not much increased durability of the\nboiler has been experienced. Nevertheless, marine boilers seldom last more\nthan for 5 or 6 years, whereas land boilers made of the same quality of\niron often last 18 or 20 years, and it does not appear probable that land\nboilers would last a very much shorter time if salt water were used in\nthem. The thin film of scale spread over the parts of a marine boiler\nsituated beneath the water, effectually protect them from corrosion; and\nwhen the other parts are completely worn out the flues generally remain so\nperfect, that the hammer marks upon them are as conspicuous as at their\nfirst formation. The operation of the steam in corroding the interior of\nthe boiler is most capricious--the parts which are most rapidly worn away\nin one boiler being untouched in another; and in some cases one side of a\nsteam chest will be very much wasted away while the opposite side remains\nuninjured. Sometimes the iron exfoliates in the shape of a black oxide\nwhich comes away in flakes like the leaves of a book, while in other cases\nthe iron appears as if eaten away by a strong acid which had a solvent\naction upon it. The application of felt to the outside of a boiler, has in\nseveral cases been found to accelerate sensibly its internal corrosion;\nboilers in which there is a large accumulation of scale appear to be more\ncorroded than where there is no such deposit; and where the funnel passes\nthrough the steam chest the iron of the steam chest is invariably much more\ncorroded than where the funnel does not pass through it.\n\n402. _Q._--Can you suggest no reason for the rapid internal corrosion of\nmarine boilers?\n\n_A._--The facts which I have enumerated appear to indicate that the\ninternal corrosion of marine boilers is attributable chiefly to the\nexistence of surcharged steam within them, which is steam to which an\nadditional quantity of heat has been communicated subsequently to its\ngeneration, so that its temperature is greater than is due to its elastic\nforce; and on this hypothesis the observed facts relative to corrosion\nbecome to some extent explicable. Felt, applied to the outside of a boiler,\nmay accelerate its internal corrosion by keeping the steam in a surcharged\nstate, when by the dispersion of a part of the heat it would cease to be in\nthat state; boilers in which there is a large accumulation of scale must\nhave worked with the water very salt, which necessarily produces surcharged\nsteam; for the temperature of steam cannot be less than that of the water\nfrom which it is generated, and inasmuch as the boiling point of water,\nunder any given pressure, rises with the saltness of the water, the\ntemperature of the steam must rise with the saltness of the water, the\npressure remaining the same; or, in other words, the steam must have a\nhigher temperature than is due to its elastic force, or be in the state of\nsurcharged steam. The circumstance of the chimney flue passing through the\nsteam will manifestly surcharge the steam with heat, so that all the\ncircumstances which are found to accelerate corrosion, are it appears such\nas would also induce the formation of surcharged steam.\n\n403. _Q._--Is it the natural effect of surcharged steam to waste away iron?\n\n_A._--It is the natural effect of surcharged steam to oxidate the iron with\nwhich it is in contact, as is illustrated by the familiar process for\nmaking hydrogen gas by sending steam through a red hot tube filled with\npieces of iron; and although the action of the surcharged steam in a boiler\nis necessarily very much weaker than where the iron is red hot, it\nmanifestly must have _some_ oxidizing effect, and the amount of corrosion\nproduced may be very material where the action is perpetual. Boilers with a\nlarge extent of heating surface, or with descending flues circulating\nthrough the cooler water in the bottom of the boiler before ascending the\nchimney, will be less corroded internally than boilers in which a large\nquantity of the heat passes away in the smoke; and the corrosion of the\nboiler will be diminished if the interior of any flue passing through the\nsteam be coated with fire brick, so as to present the transmission of the\nheat in that situation. The best practice, however, appears to consist in\nthe transmission of the smoke through a suitable passage on the outside of\nthe boiler, so as to supersede the necessity of carrying any flue through\nthe steam at all; or a column of water may be carried round the chimney,\ninto which as much of the feed water may be introduced as the heat of the\nchimney is capable of raising to the boiling point, as under this\nlimitation the presence of feed water around the chimney in the steam chest\nwill fail to condense the steam.\n\n404. _Q._--In steam vessels there are usually several boilers?\n\n_A._--Yes, in steam vessels of considerable power and size.\n\n405. _Q._--Are these boilers generally so constructed, that any one of them\nmay be thrown out of use?\n\n_A._--Marine boilers are now generally supplied with stop valves, whereby\none boiler may be thrown out of use without impairing the efficacy of the\nremainder. These stop valves are usually spindle valves of large size, and\nthey are for the most part set in a pipe which runs across the steam\nchests, connecting the several boilers together. The spindles of these\nvalves should project through stuffing boxes in the covers of the valve\nchests, and they should be balanced by a weighted lever, and kept in\ncontinual action by the steam. If the valves be lifted up, and be suffered\nto remain up, as is the usual practice, they will become fixed by corrosion\nin that position, and it will be impossible after some time to shut them on\nan emergency. These valves should always be easily accessible from the\nengine room; and it ought not to be necessary for the coal boxes to be\nempty to gain access to them.\n\n406. _Q._--Should each boiler have at least one safety valve for itself?\n\n_A._--Yes; it would be quite unsafe without this provision, as the stop\nvalve might possibly jam. Sometimes valves jam from a distortion in the\nshape of the boiler when a considerable pressure is put upon it.\n\n407. _Q._--How is the admission of the water into the boiler regulated?\n\n_A._--The admission of feed water into the boiler is regulated by hand by\nthe engineer by means of cocks, and sometimes by spindle valves raised and\nlowered by a screw. Cocks appear to be the preferable expedient, as they\nare less liable to accident or derangement than screw valves, and in modern\nsteam vessels they are generally employed.\n\n408. _Q._--At what point of the boiler is the feed introduced?\n\n_A._--The feed water is usually conducted from the feed cock to a point\nnear the bottom of the boiler by means of an internal pipe, the object of\nthis arrangement being to prevent the rising steam from being condensed by\nthe entering water. By being introduced near the bottom of the boiler, the\nwater comes into contact in the first place with the bottoms of the\nfurnaces and flues, and extracts heat from them which could not be\nextracted by water of a higher temperature, whereby a saving of fuel is\naccomplished. In some cases the feed water is introduced into a casing\naround the chimney, from whence it descends into the boiler. This plan\nappears to be an expedient one when the boiler is short of heating surface,\nand more than a usual quantity of heat ascends the chimney; but in well\nproportioned boilers a water casing round the chimney is superfluous. When\na water casing is used the boiler is generally fed by a head of water, the\nfeed water being forced up into a small tank, from whence it descends into\nthe boiler by the force of gravity, while the surplus runs to waste, as in\nthe feeding apparatus of land engines.\n\n409. _Q._--Suppose that the engineer should shut off the feed water from\nthe boilers while the engine was working, what would be the result?\n\n_A._--The result would be to burst the feed pipes, except for a safety\nvalve placed on the feed pipe between the engine and the boilers, which\nsafety valve opens when any undue pressure comes upon the pipes, and allows\nthe water to escape. There is, however, generally a cock on the suction\nside of the feed pump, which regulates the quantity of water drawn into the\npump. But there must be cocks on the boilers also to determine into which\nboiler the water shall be chiefly discharged, and these cocks are sometimes\nall shut accidentally at the same time.\n\n410. _Q._--Is there no expedient in use in steam vessels for enabling the\nposition of the water level in the boiler to determine the quantity of feed\nwater admitted?\n\n_A._--In some steam vessels floats have been introduced to regulate the\nfeed, but their action cannot be depended on in agitated water, if applied\nafter the common fashion. Floats would probably answer if placed in a\ncylinder which communicates with the water in the boiler by means of small\nholes; and a disc of metal might be attached to the end of a rod extending\nbeneath the water level, so as to resist irregular movements from the\nmotion of the ship at sea, which would otherwise impair the action of the\n\n411. _Q._--How is the proper level of the water in the boiler of a steam\nis blowing off steam?\n\n_A._--By means of a separate pump worked sometimes by hand, but usually by\n\n\n412. _Q._--Will you recapitulate the general features of locomotive\n\n_A._--Locomotive boilers consist of three portions (see fig. 29): the\nand lamination.\n\n413. _Q._--What are the usual dimensions of the barrel?\n\n_A._--The thickness of the plates composing the barrel of the boiler varies\n\n414. _Q._--How are the fire boxes of a locomotive constructed?\n\n_A._--The space between the external and internal fire boxes forms a water\nin. broad,--the inner fire box being dished sufficiently outward at that\nplates composing the external fire box is in general 3/8ths of an inch if\nthe fire box is circular, and from 3/8ths to 1/2 inch if the fire box is\nsquare; and the thickness of the internal fire box is in most cases 7/16ths\nif copper, and from 3/8ths to 7/16ths of an inch if of iron. Circular\ninternal fire boxes, if made of iron, should be welded rather than riveted,\nas the rivet heads are liable to be burnt away by the action of the fire;\nand when the fire boxes are square each side should consist of a single\nplate, turned over at the edges with a radius of 3 inches, for the\nintroduction of the rivets.\n\n415. _Q._--Is there any provision for stiffening the crown of the furnace\nin a locomotive?\n\n_A._--The roof of the internal fire box, whether flat as in Stephenson's\nengines, or dome shaped as in Bury's, requires to be stiffened with cross\nstay bars, but the bars require to be stronger and more numerous when\napplied to a flat surface. The ends of these stay bars rest above the\nvertical sides of the fire box; and to the stay bars thus extending across\nthe crown, the crown is attached at intervals by means of stay bolts. There\nare projecting bosses upon the stay bars encircling the bolts at every\npoint where a bolt goes through, but in the other parts they are kept clear\nof the fire box crown so as to permit the access of water to the metal;\nand, with the view of facilitating the ascent of the steam, the bottom of\neach stay bar should be sharpened away in those parts where it does not\ntouch the boiler.\n\n416. _Q._--Is any inconvenience experienced from the intense heat in a\nlocomotive furnace?\n\n_A._--The fire bars in locomotives have always been a source of trouble, as\nfrom the intensity of the heat in the furnace they become so hot as to\nthrow off a scale, and to bend under the weight of the fuel. The best\nalleviation of these evils lies in making the bars deep and thin: 4 or 5\ninches deep by five eighths of an inch thick on the upper side, and three\neighths of an inch on the under side, are found in practice to be good\ndimensions. In some locomotives a frame carrying a number of fire bars is\nmade so that it may be dropped suddenly by loosening a catch; but it is\nfound that any such mechanism can rarely be long kept in working order, as\nthe molten clinker by running down between the frame and the boiler will\ngenerally glue the frame into its place. It is therefore found preferable\nto fix the frame, and to lift up the bars by the dart used by the stoker,\nwhen any cause requires the fire to be withdrawn. The furnace bars of\nlocomotives are always made of malleable iron, and indeed for every species\nof boiler malleable iron bars are to be preferred to bars of cast iron, as\nthey are more durable, and may if thin be set closer together, whereby the\nsmall coal or coke is saved that would otherwise fall into the ash pit. The\nash box of locomotives is made of plate iron, a quarter thick: it should\nnot be less than 10 in. deep, and its bottom should be about 9 in. above\nthe level of the rails. The chimney of a locomotive is made of plate iron\none eighth of an inch thick: it is usually of the same diameter as the\ncylinder, but is better smaller, and must not stand more than 14 ft. high\nabove the level of the rails.\n\n417. _Q._--Are locomotive boilers provided with a steam chest?\n\n_A._--The upper portion of the external fire box is usually formed into a\nsteam chest, which is sometimes dome shaped, sometimes semicircular, and\nsometimes of a pyramidical form, and from this steam chest the steam is\nconducted away by an internal pipe to the cylinders; but in other cases an\nindependent steam chest is set upon the barrel of the boiler, consisting of\na plate iron cylinder, 20 inches in diameter, 2 feet high, and three\neighths of an inch thick, with a dome shaped top, and with the seam welded\nand the edge turned over to form a flange of attachment to the boiler. The\npyramidical dome, of the form employed in Stephenson's locomotives,\npresents a considerable extent of flat surface to the pressure of the\nsteam, and this flat surface requires to be very strongly stayed with angle\nirons and tension rods; whereas the semiglobular dome of the kind employed\nin Bury's engines requires no staying whatever. Latterly, however, these\ndomes over the fire box have been either much reduced in size or abandoned\n\n418. _Q._--Is any beneficial use made of the surplus steam of a locomotive?\n\n_A._--To save the steam which is formed when the engine is stationary, a\npipe is usually fitted to the boiler, which on a cock being turned conducts\nthe steam into the water in the tender, whereby the feed water is heated,\nand less fuel is subsequently required. This method of disposing of the\nsurplus steam may be adopted when the locomotive is descending inclines, or\non any occasion where more steam is produced than the engine can consume.\n\n419._Q._--What means are provided to facilitate the inspection and cleaning\nof locomotive boilers?\n\n_A._--The man hole, or entrance into the boiler, consists of a circular or\noval aperture of about 15 in. diameter, placed in Bury's locomotive at the\napex of the dome, and in Stephenson's upon the front of the boiler, a few\ninches below the level of the rounded part; and the cover of the man hole\nin Bury's engine contains the safety valve seats. In whatever situation\nthis man hole is placed, the surfaces of the ring encircling the hole, and\nof the internal part of the door or cover, should be accurately fitted\ntogether by scraping or grinding, so that they need only the interposition\nof a little red lead to make them quite tight when screwed together. Lead\nor canvas joints, if of any considerable thickness, will not long withstand\nthe action of high pressure steam; and the whole of the joints about a\nlocomotive should be such that they require nothing more than a little\npaint or putty, or a ring of wire gauze smeared with white or red lead to\nmake them perfectly tight. There must be a mud hole opposite the edge of\neach water space, if the fire box be square, to enable the boiler to be\neasily cleaned out, and these holes are most conveniently closed by screwed\nplugs made slightly taper. A cock for emptying the boiler is usually fixed\nat the bottom of the fire box, and it should be so placed as to be\naccessible when the engine is at work, in order that the engine driver may\nblow off some water if necessary; but it must not be in such a position as\nto send the water blown off among the machinery, as it might carry sand or\ngrit into the bearings, to their manifest injury.\n\n420. _Q._--Will you state the dimensions of the tube plate, and the means\nof securing the tubes in it?\n\n_A._--The tube plates are generally made from five eighths to three fourths\nof an inch thick, but seven eighths of an inch thick appears to be\npreferable, as when the plate is thick the holes will not be so liable to\nchange their figure during the process of feruling the tubes: the distance\nbetween the tubes should never be made less than three fourths of an inch,\nand the holes should be slightly tapered so as to enable the tubes to hold\nthe tube plates together. The tubes are secured in the tube plates by means\nof taper ferules driven into the ends of the tubes. The ferules are for the\nmost part made of steel at the fire box end, and of wrought iron at the\nsmoke box end, though ferules of malleable cast iron have in some cases\nbeen used with advantage: malleable cast iron ferules are almost as easily\nexpanded when hammered cold upon a mandrel, as the common wrought iron ones\nare at a working heat. Spring steel, rolled with a feather edge, to\nfacilitate its conversion into ferules, is supplied by some of the\nsteel-makers of Sheffield, and it appears expedient to make use of steel\nthus prepared when steel ferules are employed. In cases where ferules are\nnot employed, it may be advisable to set out the tube behind the tube plate\nby means of an expanding mandrel. There are various forms of this\ninstrument. One form is that known as Prosser's expanding mandrel, in which\nthere are six or eight segments, which are forced out by means of a\nhexagonal or octagonal wedge, which is forced forward by a screw. When the\nwedge is withdrawn, the segments collapse sufficiently to enable them to\nenter the tube, and there is an annular protuberance on the exterior circle\nof the segments, which protuberance, when the mandrel is put into the tube,\njust comes behind the inner edge of the tube plate. When the wedge is\ntightened up by the screw, the protuberance on the exterior of the segments\ncomposing the mandrel causes a corresponding bulge to take place in the\ntube, at the back of the tube plate, and the tube is thereby brought into\nmore intimate contact with the tube plate than would otherwise be the case.\nThere is a steel ring indented into the segments of Prosser's mandrel, to\ncontract the segments when the central wedge is withdrawn. A more\nconvenient form of the instrument, however, is obtained by placing the\nsegments in a circular box, with one end projecting; and supporting each\nsegment in the box by a tenon, which fits into a mortise in the cylindrical\nbox. To expand the segments, a round tapered piece of steel, like a drift,\nis forced into a central hole, round which the segments are arranged. A\npiece of steel tube, also slit up to enable a central drift to expand it,\nanswers very well; but the thickness of that part of the tube in which\nthere requires to be spring enough to let the mandrel expand, requires to\nbe sufficiently reduced to prevent the pieces from cracking when the\ncentral drift is driven in by a hammer. The drift is better when made with\na globular head, so that it may be struck back by the hammer, as well as be\ndriven in. An expanding mandrel, with a central drift, is more rapid in its\noperation than when the expansion is produced by means of a screw.\n\n421. _Q._--Will you explain the means that are adopted to regulate the\nadmission of steam to the cylinders?\n\n_A._--In locomotives, the admission of the steam from the boiler to the\ncylinders is regulated by a valve called the regulator, which is generally\nplaced immediately above the internal fire box, and is connected with two\ncopper pipes;--one conducting steam from the highest point of the dome down\nto it, and the other conducting the steam that has passed through it along\nthe boiler to the upper part of the smoke box. Regulators may be divided\ninto two sorts, viz., those with, sliding valves and steam ports, and those\nwith conical valves and seats, of which the latter kind are the best. The\nformer kind have for the most part consisted of a circular valve and face,\nwith radial apertures, the valve resembling the outstretched wings of a\nbutterfly, and being made to revolve on its central pivot by connecting\nlinks between its outer edges, or by its central spindle. In some of\nStephenson's engines the regulator consists of a slide valve covering a\nport on the top of the valve chests. A rod passes from this valve through\nthe smoke box below the boiler, and by means of a lever parallel to the\nstarting lever, is brought up to the engineer's reach. Cocks were at first\nused as regulators, but were given up, as they were found liable to stick\nfast. A gridiron slide valve has been used by Stephenson, which consists of\na perforated square moving upon a face with an equal number of holes. This\nplan of a valve gives, with a small movement, a large area of opening. In\nBury's engines a sort of conical plug is used, which is withdrawn by\nturning the handle in front of the fire box: a spiral grove of a very large\npitch is made in the valve spindle, in which fits a pin fixed to the\nboiler, and by turning the spindle an end motion is given to it, which\neither shuts or opens the steam passage according to the direction in which\nit is turned. The best regulator would probably be a valve of the\nequilibrium description, such as is used in the Cornish engine: there would\nbe no friction in such a regulator, and it could be opened or shut with a\nsmall amount of force. Such valves, indeed, are now sometimes employed for\nregulators in locomotives.\n\n\n\n\n422. _Q._--Will you explain the course of procedure in the erection of a\npumping engine, such as Boulton and Watt introduced into Cornwall?\n\n_A._--The best instructions on this subject are those of Mr. Watt himself,\nwhich are as follows:--Having fixed on the proper situation of the pump in\nthe pit, from its centre measure out the distance to the centre of the\ncylinder, from which set off all the other dimensions of the house,\nincluding the thickness of the walls, and dig out the whole of the included\nground to the depth of the bottom of the cellar, so that the bottom of the\ncylinder may stand on a level with the natural ground of the place, or\nlower, if convenient, for the less the height of the house above the\nground, the firmer it will be. The foundations of the walls must be laid at\nleast two feet lower than the bottom of the cellar, unless the foundation\nbe firm rock; and care must be taken to leave a small drain into the pit\nquite through the lowest part of the foundation of the lever wall, to let\noff any water that may be spilt in the engine house, or may naturally come\ninto the cellar. If the foundation at that depth does not prove good, you\nmust either go down to a better if in your reach, or make it good by a\nplatform of wood or piles, or both.\n\n423. _Q._--These directions refer to the foundations?\n\n_A._.--Yes; but I will now proceed to the other parts. Within the house,\nlow walls must be built to carry the cylinder beams, so as to leave\nsufficient room to come at the holding down bolts, and the ends of these\nbeams must also be lodged in the wall The lever wall must be built in the\nfirmest manner, and run solid, course by course, with thin lime mortar,\ncare being taken that the lime has not been long slaked. If the house be\nbuilt of stone, let the stones be large and long, and let many headers be\nlaid through the wall: it should also be a rule, that every stone be laid\non the broadest bed it has, and never set on its edge. A course or two\nabove the lintel of the door that leads to the condenser, build into the\nwall two parallel flat thin bars of iron equally distant from each other,\nand from the outside and inside of the wall, and reaching the whole breadth\nof the lever wall. About a foot higher in the wall, lay at every four feet\nof the breadth of the front, other bars of the same kind at right angles to\nthe former course, and reaching quite through the thickness of the wall;\nand at each front corner lay a long bar in the middle of the side walls,\nand reaching quite through the front wall; if these bars are 10 feet or 12\nfeet long it will be sufficient. When the house is built up nearly to the\nbottom of the opening under the great beam another double course of bars is\nto be built in, as has been directed. At the level of the upper cylinder\nbeams, holes must be left in the walls for their ends, with room to move\nthem laterally, so that the cylinder may be got in; and smaller holes must\nbe left quite through the walls for the introduction of iron bars, which\nbeing firmly fastened to the cylinder beams at one end, and screwed at the\nother or outer end, will serve, by their going through both the front and\nback walls, to bind the house more firmly together. The spring beams or\niron bars fastened to them must reach quite through the back wall, and be\nkeyed or screwed up tight; and they must be firmly fastened to the lever\nwall on each side, either by iron bars, firm pieces of wood, or long strong\nstones, reaching far back into the wall. They must also be bedded solidly,\nand the residue of the opening must be built up in the firmest manner.\n\n424. _Q._--If there be a deficiency of water for the purpose of\ncondensation, what course should be pursued?\n\n_A._--If there be no water in the neighborhood that can be employed for the\npurpose of condensation, it will be necessary to make a pond, dug in the\nearth, for the reception of the water delivered by the air pump, to the end\nthat it may be cooled and used again for the engine. The pond may be three\nor four feet deep, and lined with turf, puddled, or otherwise made water\ntight. Throwing up the water into the air in the form of a jet to cool it,\nhas been found detrimental; as the water is then charged with air which\nvitiates the vacuum.\n\n425. _Q._--How is the piston of a pumping engine packed?\n\n_A._--To pack the piston, take sixty common-sized white or untarred\nrope-yarns, and with them plait a gasket or flat rope as close and firm as\npossible, tapering for eighteen inches at each end, and long enough to go\nround the piston, and overlapped for that length; coil this rope the thin\nway as hard as possible, and beat it with a sledge hammer until its breadth\nanswers the place; put it in and beat it down with a wooden drift and a\nhand mallet, pour some melted tallow all around, then pack in a layer of\nwhite oakum half an inch thick, so that the whole packing may have the\ndepth of five to six inches, depending on the size of the engine; finally,\nscrew down the junk ring. The packing should be beat solid, but not too\nhard, otherwise it will create so great a friction as to prevent the easy\ngoing of the engine. Abundance of tallow should be allowed, especially at\nfirst; the quantity required will be less as the cylinder grows smooth. In\nsome of the more modern pumping engines, the piston is provided with\nmetallic packing, consisting for the most part of a single ring with a\ntongue piece to break the joint, and packed behind with hemp. The upper\nedge of the metallic ring is sharpened away from the inside so as to permit\nmore conveniently the application of hemp packing behind it; and the junk\nring is made much the same as if no metallic packing were employed.\n\n426. _Q._--Will you explain the mode of putting the engine into operation?\n\n_A._--To set the engine going, the steam must be raised until the pressure\nin the steam pipe is at least equal to three pounds on the square inch; and\nwhen the cylinder jacket is fully warmed, and steam issues freely from the\njacket cock, open all the valves or regulators; the steam will then\nforcibly blow out the air or water contained in the eduction pipe, and to\nget rid of the air in the cylinder, shut the steam valve after having blown\nthrough the engine for a few minutes. The cold water round the condenser\nwill condense some of the steam contained in the eduction pipe, and its\nplace will be supplied by some of the air from the cylinder. The steam\nvalve must again be opened to blow out that air, and the operation is to be\nrepeated until the air is all drawn out of the cylinder. When that is the\ncase shut all the valves, and observe if the vacuum gauge shows a vacuum in\nthe condenser; when there is a vacuum equivalent to three inches of\nmercury, open the injection a very little, and shut it again immediately;\nand if this produces any considerable vacuum, open the exhausting valve a\nvery little way, and the injection at the same time. If the engine does not\nnow commence its motion, it must be blown through again until it moves. If\nthe engine be lightly loaded, or if there be no water in the pumps, the\nthrottle valve must be kept nearly closed, and the top and exhaustion\nregulators must be opened only a very little way, else the engine will make\nits stroke with violence, and perhaps do mischief. If there is much\nunbalanced weight on the pump end, the plug which opens the steam valve\nmust be so regulated, that the valve will only be opened very slightly; and\nif after a few strokes it is found that the engine goes out too slowly, the\nvalve may be then so adjusted as to open wider. The engine should always be\nmade to work full stroke, that is, until the catch pins be made to come\nwithin half an inch of the springs at each end, and the piston should stand\nhigh enough in the cylinder when the engine is at rest, to spill over into\nthe perpendicular steam pipe any water which may be condensed above it; for\nif water remain upon the piston, it will increase the consumption of steam.\nWhen the engine is to be stopped, shut the injection valve and secure it,\nand adjust the tappets so as to prevent the exhausting valve from opening\nand to allow the steam valve to open and remain open, otherwise a partial\nvacuum may arise in the cylinder, and it may be filled with water from the\ninjection or from leaks. A single acting engine, when it is in good order,\nought to be capable of going as slow as one stroke in ten minutes, and as\nfast as ten strokes in one minute; and if it does not fulfil these\nconditions, there is some fault which should be ascertained and remedied.\n\n427. _Q._--Your explanation has reference to the pumping engine as\nintroduced into Cornwall by Watt: have any modifications been since made\nupon it?\n\n_A._--In the modern Cornish engines the steam is used very expansively, and\na high pressure of steam is employed. In some cases a double cylinder\nengine is used, in which the steam, after having given motion to a small\npiston on the principle of a high pressure engine, passes into a larger\ncylinder, where it operates on the principle of a condensing engine; but\nthere is no superior effect gained by the use of two cylinders, and there\nis greater complexity in the apparatus. Instead of the lever walls, cast\niron columns are now frequently used for supporting the main beam in\npumping engines, and the cylinder end of the main beam is generally made\nlonger than the pump end in engines made in Cornwall, so as to enable the\ncylinder to have a long stroke, and the piston to move quickly, without\ncommunicating such a velocity to the pump buckets as will make them work\nwith such a shock as to wear themselves out quickly. A high pressure of\nsteam, too, can be employed where the stroke is long, without involving the\nnecessity of making the working parts of such large dimensions as would\notherwise be necessary; for the strength of the parts of a single acting\nengine will require to be much the same, whatever the length of the stroke\nmay be.\n\n428. _Q._--What kind of pump is mostly used in draining deep mines?\n\n_A._--The pump now universally preferred is the plunger pump, which admits\nof being packed or tightened while the engine is at work; but the lowest\nlift of a mine is generally supplied with a pump on the suction principle,\nboth with the view of enabling the lowest pipe to follow the water with\nfacility as the shaft is sunk deeper, and to obviate the inconvenience of\nthe valves of the pump being rendered inaccessible by any flooding in the\nmine. The pump valves of deep mines are a perpetual source of expense and\ntrouble, as from the pressure of water upon them it is difficult to prevent\nthem from closing with violence; and many expedients have been contrived to\nmitigate the evil, of which the valve known as Harvey and West's valve has\nperhaps gained the widest acceptation.\n\n429. _Q._--Will you describe Harvey and West's pump valve?\n\n_A._--This valve is a compromise between the equilibrium valve, of the kind\nemployed for admitting the steam to and from the cylinder in single acting\nengines, and the common spindle valve formerly used for that purpose; and\nto comprehend its action, it is necessary that the action of the\nequilibrium valve, which has been already represented fig. 34, should first\nbe understood. This valve consists substantially of a cylinder open at both\nends, and capable of sliding upon a stationary piston fixed upon a rod the\nlength of the cylinder, which proceeds from the centre of the orifice the\nvalve is intended to close. It is clear, that when the cylinder is pressed\ndown until its edge rests upon the bottom of the box containing it, the\norifice of the pipe must be closed, as the steam can neither escape past\nthe edge of the cylinder nor between the cylinder and the piston; and it is\nequally clear, that as the pressure upon the cylinder is equal all around\nit, and the whole of the downward pressure is maintained by the stationary\npiston, the cylinder can be raised or lowered without any further exertion\nof force than is necessary to overcome the friction of the piston and of\nthe rod by which the cylinder is raised. Instead of the rubbing surface of\na piston, however, a conical valve face between the cylinder and piston is\nemployed, which is tight only when the cylinder is in its lowest position;\nand there is a similar face between, the edge of the cylinder and the\nbottom of the box in which it is placed. The moving part of the valve, too,\ninstead of being a perfect cylinder, is bulged outward in the middle, so as\nto permit the steam to escape past the stationary piston when the\ncylindrical part of the valve is raised. It is clear, that if such a valve\nwere applied to a pump, no pressure of water within the pump would suffice\nto open it, neither would any pressure of water above the valve cause it to\nshut with violence; and if an equilibrium valve, therefore, be used as a\npump valve at all, it must be opened and shut by mechanical means. In\nHarvey and West's valves, however, the equilibrium principle is only\npartially adopted; the lower face is considerably larger in diameter than\nthe upper face, and the difference constitutes an annulus of pressure,\nwhich will cause the valve to open or shut with the same force as a spindle\nvalve of the area of the annulus. To deaden the shock still more\neffectually, the lower face of the valve is made to strike upon end wood\ndriven into an annular recess in the pump bucket; and valves thus\nconstructed work with very little noise or tremor; but it is found in\npractice, that the use of Harvey and West's valve, or any contrivance of a\nsimilar kind, adds materially to the load upon the pump, especially in low\nlifts where the addition of a load, to the valve makes a material addition\nto the total resistance which the engine has to overcome. Instead of end\nwood driven into a recess for the valve to strike upon, a mixture of tin\nand lead cast in a recess is now frequently used, and is found to be\npreferable to the wood.\n\n430. _Q._--Is there any other kind of pump valve which is free from the\nshocks incidental to the working of common valves?\n\n_A._--In some cases canvass valves are used for pumps, with the effect of\nmaterially mitigating the shock; but they require frequent renewal, and are\nof inferior eligibility in their action to the slide valve, which might in\nmany cases be applied to pumps without inconvenience.\n\n431. _Q._--Could not a form of pump be devised capable of working without\nvalves at all?\n\n_A._.--It appears probable, that by working a common reciprocating pump at\ncentrifugal pump than by the common pump.\n\n432. _Q._--What is the best form of the centrifugal pump?\n\n_A._--There are two forms in which the centrifugal pump may be applied to\nmines;--that in which the arms diverge from the bottom, like the letter V;\ninconvenience from any depth. The introduction of the centrifugal pump\nwould obviously extinguish the single acting engine, as rotative engines\nthe centrifugal pump was employed.\n\n433. _Q._--This would not be a heavy deprivation?\n\n_A._--The single acting engine is a remnant of engineering barbarism which\nmust now be superseded by more compendious contrivances. The Cornish\n\n434. _Q._--Are not the Cornish engines more economical in fuel than other\n\n_A._--It is a mistake to suppose that there is any peculiar virtue in the\nless lethargic engine would necessarily be less efficient. The large duty\nand there is therefore no argument in the performance of the present\nengines against the proposed substitution.\n\n\n435. _Q._--What species of paddle engine do you consider to be the best?\n\n_A._--The oscillating engine.\n\n436. _Q._--Will you explain the grounds of that preference?\n\n_A._--The engine occupies little space, consists of few parts, is easily\naccessible for repairs, and may be both light and strong at the same time.\nIn the case of large engines the crank in the intermediate shaft is a\ndisadvantage, as it is difficult to obtain such a forging quite sound. But\nby forging it in three cranked flat bars, which are then laid together and\nwelded into a square shaft, a sound forging will be more probable, and the\nbars should be rounded a little on the sides which are welded to allow the\nscoriae to escape during that operation. It is important in so large a\nforging not to let the fire be too fierce, else the surface of the iron\nwill be burnt before the heart is brought to a welding heat. In some cases\nin oscillating engines the air pump has been wrought by an eccentric, and\nthat may at any time be done where doubt of obtaining a sound intermediate\nshaft is entertained; but the precaution must be taken to make the\neccentric very wide so as to distribute the pressure over a large surface,\nelse the eccentric will be apt to heat.\n\n437. _Q._--Have not objections been brought against the oscillating engine?\n\n_A._--In common with every other improvement, the oscillating engine, at\nthe time of its introduction, encountered much opposition. The cylinder, it\nwas said, would become oval, the trunnion bearings would be liable to heat\nand the trunnion joints to leak, the strain upon the trunnions would be apt\nto bend in or bend out the sides of the cylinder; and the circumstance of\nthe cylinder being fixed across its centre, while the shaft requires to\naccommodate itself to the working of the ship, might, it was thought, be\nthe occasion of such a strain upon the trunnions as would either break them\nor bend the piston rod. It is a sufficient reply to these objections to say\nthat they are all hypothetical, and that none of them in practice have been\nfound to exist--to such an extent at least as to occasion any\ninconvenience; but it is not difficult to show that they are altogether\nunsubstantial, even without a recourse to the disproofs afforded by\n\n438. _Q._--Is there not a liability in the cylinder to become oval from the\nstrain thrown on it by the piston?\n\n_A._--There is, no doubt, a tendency in oscillating engines for the\ncylinder and the stuffing box to become oval, but after a number of years'\nwear it is found that the amount of ellipticity is less than that which is\nfound to exist in the cylinders of side lever engines after a similar\ntrial. The resistance opposed by friction to the oscillation of the\ncylinder is so small, that a man is capable of moving a large cylinder with\none hand; whereas in the side lever engine, if the parallel motion be in\nthe least untrue, which is, at some time or other, an almost inevitable\ncondition, the piston is pushed with great force against the side of the\ncylinder, whereby a large amount of wear and friction is occasioned. The\ntrunnion bearings, instead of being liable to heat like other journals, are\nkept down to the temperature of the steam by the flow of steam passing\nthrough them; and the trunnion packings are not liable to leak when the\npackings, before being introduced, are squeezed in a cylindrical mould.\n\n439. _Q._--Might not the eduction trunnions be immersed in water?\n\n_A._--In some cases a hollow, or lantern brass, about one third or one\nfourth the length of the packing space, and supplied with steam or water by\na pipe, is introduced in the middle of the packing, so that if there be any\nleakage through the trunnion, it will be a leakage of steam or water, which\nwill not vitiate the vacuum; but in ordinary cases this device will not be\nnecessary, and it is not commonly employed. It is clear that there can be\nno buckling of the sides of the cylinder by the strain upon the trunnions,\nif the cylinder be made strong enough, and in cylinders of the ordinary\nthickness such an action has never been experienced; nor is it the fact,\nthat the intermediate shaft of steam vessels, to which part alone the\nmotion is communicated by the engine, requires to adapt itself to the\naltering forms of the vessel, as the engine and intermediate shaft are\nrigidly connected, although the paddle shaft requires to be capable of such\nan adaptation. Even if this objection existed, however, it could easily be\nmet by making the crank pin of the ball and socket fashion, which would\npermit the position of the intermediate shaft, relatively with that of the\ncylinder, to be slightly changed, without throwing an undue strain upon any\nof the working parts.\n\n440. _Q._--Is the trunk engine inferior to the oscillating?\n\n_A._--A very elegant and efficient arrangement of trunk engine suitable for\npaddle vessels has latterly been employed by Messrs. Rennie, of which all\nthe parts resemble those of Penn's oscillating engine except that the\ncylinders are stationary instead of being movable; and a round trunk or\npipe set upon the piston, and moving steam tight through the cylinder\ncover, enables the connecting rod which is fixed to the piston to vibrate\nwithin it to the requisite extent. But the vice of all trunk engines is\nthat they are necessarily more wasteful of steam, as the large mass of\nmetal entering into the composition of the trunk, moving as it does\nalternately into the atmosphere and the steam, must cool and condense a\npart of the steam. The radiation of heat from the interior of the trunk\nwill have the same operation, though in vertical trunk engines the loss\nfrom this cause might probably be reduced by filling the trunk with oil, so\nfar as this could be done without the oil being spilt over the edge.\n\n441. _Q._--What species of screw engine do you consider the best?\n\n_A._--I am inclined to give the preference to a variety of the horizontal\nsteeple engine, such as was first used in H.M.S. Amphion. In this engine\nthe cylinders lie on their sides, and they are placed near the side of the\nvessel with their mouths pointing to the keel. From each cylinder two long\npiston rods proceed across the vessel to a cross head working in guides;\nand from this cross head a connecting rod returns back to the centre of the\nvessel and gives motion to the crank. The piston rods are so placed in the\npiston that one of them passes above the crank shaft, and the other below\nthe crank shaft. The cross head lies in the same horizontal plane as the\ncentre of the cylinder, and a lug projects upwards from the cross head to\nengage one piston rod, and downwards from the cross head to engage the\nother piston rod. The air pump is double acting, and its piston or bucket\nhas the same stroke as the piston of the engine. The air pump bucket\nderives its motion from an arm on the cross head, and a similar arm is\nusually employed in engines of this class to work the feed and bilge pumps.\n\n442. _Q._--Is not inconvenience experienced in direct acting screw engines\nfrom the great velocity of their motion?\n\n_A._--Not if they are properly constructed; but they require to be much\nstronger, to be fitted with more care, and to have the bearing surfaces\nmuch larger than is necessary in engines moving slowly. The momentum of the\nreciprocating parts should also be balanced by a weight applied to the\ncrank or crank shaft, as is done in locomotives. A very convenient\narrangement for obtaining surface is to form the crank of each engine of\ntwo cast iron discs cast with heavy sides, the excess of weight upon the\nheavy sides being nearly equal to that of the piston and its connections.\nWhen the piston is travelling in one direction the weights are travelling\nin the opposite; and the momentum of the piston and its attachments, which\nis arrested at each reciprocation, is just balanced by the equal and\nopposite momentum of the weights. One advantage of the horizontal engine\nis, that a single engine may be employed, whereby greater simplicity of the\nmachinery and greater economy of fuel will be obtained, since there will be\nless radiating surface in one cylinder than in two.\n\n\n443. _Q._--Is it a beneficial practice to make cylinders with steam\n\n_A._--In Cornwall, where great attention is paid to economy of fuel, all\nthe engines are made with steam jackets, and in some cases a flue winds\nspirally round the cylinder, for keeping the steam hot. Mr. Watt, in his\nearly practice, discarded the steam jacket for a time, but resumed it\nagain, as he found its discontinuance occasioned a perceptible waste of\nfuel; and in modern engines it has been found that where a jacket is used\nless coal is consumed than where the use of a jacket is rejected. The cause\nof this diminished effect is not of very easy perception, for the jacket\nexposes a larger radiating surface for the escape of the heat than the\ncylinder; nevertheless, the fact has been established beyond doubt by\nrepeated trials, that engines provided with a jacket are more economical\nthan engines without one. The exterior of the cylinder, or jacket, should\nbe covered with several plies of felt, and then be cased in timber, which\nmust be very narrow, the boards being first dried in a stove, and then\nbound round the cylinder with hoops, like the staves of a cask. In many of\nthe Cornish engines the steam is let into casings formed in the cylinder\ncover and cylinder bottom, for the further economisation of the heat, and\nthe cylinder stuffing box is made very deep, and a lantern or hollow brass\nis introduced into the centre of the packing, into which brass the steam\ngains admission by a pipe provided for the purpose; so that in the event of\nthe packing becoming leaky, it will be steam that will be leaked into the\ncylinder instead of air, which, being incondensable, would impair the\nefficiency of the engine. A lantern brass, of a similar kind, is sometimes\nintroduced into the stuffing boxes of oscillating engines, but its use\nthere is to receive the lateral pressure of the piston rod, and thus take\nany strain off the packing.\n\n444. _Q._--Will you explain the proper course to pursue in the production\nof cylinders?\n\n_A._--In all engines the valve casing, if made in a separate piece from the\ncylinder, should be attached by means of a metallic joint, as such a\nbarbarism as a rust joint in such situations is no longer permissible. In\nthe case of large engines with valve casings suitable for long slides, an\nexpansion joint in the valve casing should invariably be inserted,\notherwise the steam, by gaining admission to the valve casing before it can\nenter the cylinder, expands the casing while the cylinder remains unaltered\nin its dimensions, and the joints are damaged, and in some cases the\ncylinder is cracked by the great strain thus introduced. The chest of the\nblow-through valve is very commonly cast upon the valve casing; and in\nengines where the cylinders are stationary this is the most convenient\npractice. All engines, where the valve is not of such a construction as to\nleave the face when a pressure exceeding that of the steam is created in\nthe cylinder by priming or otherwise, should be provided with an escape\nvalve to let out the water, and such valve should be so constructed that\nthe water cannot fly out with violence over the attendants; but it should\nbe conducted away by a suitable pipe, to a place where its discharge can\noccasion no inconvenience. The stuffing boxes of all engines which cannot\nbe stopped frequently to be repacked, should be made very deep; metallic\npacking in the stuffing box has been used in some engines, consisting in\nmost instances of one or more rings, cut, sprung, and slipped upon the\npiston rod before the cross head is put on, and packed with hemp behind.\nThis species of packing answers very well when the parallel motion is true,\nand the piston rod free from scratches, and it accomplishes a material\nsaving of tallow. In some cases a piece of sheet brass, packed behind with\nhemp, has been introduced with good effect, a flange being turned over on\nthe under edge of the brass to prevent it from slipping up or down with the\nmotion of the rod. The sheet brass speedily puts an excellent polish upon\nthe rod, and such a packing is more easily kept, and requires less tallow\nthan where hemp alone is employed. In side lever marine engines the\nattachments of the cylinder to the diagonal stay are generally made of too\nsmall an area, and the flanges are made too thick. A very thick flange cast\non any part of a cylinder endangers the soundness of the cylinder, by\ninducing an unequal contraction of the metal; and it is a preferable course\nto make the flange for the attachment or the framing thin, and the surface\nlarge--the bolts being turned bolts and nicely fitted. If from malformation\nin this part the framing works to an inconvenient extent, the best\nexpedient appears to be the introduction of a number of steel tapered\nbolts, the holes having been previously bored out; and if the flanges be\nthick enough, square keys may also be introduced, half into one flange and\nhalf into the other, so as to receive the strain. If the jaw cracks or\nbreaks away, however, it will be best to apply a malleable iron hoop around\nthe cylinder to take the strain, and this will in all cases be the\npreferable expedient, where from any peculiarities of structure there is a\ndifficulty in introducing bolts and keys of sufficient strength.\n\n445. _Q._--Which is the most eligible species of piston?\n\n_A._--For large engines, pistons with a metallic packing, consisting of a\nsingle ring, with the ends morticed into one another, and a piece of metal\nlet in flush over the joint and riveted to one end of the ring, appears to\nbe the best species of piston; and if the cylinder be oscillating, it will\nbe expedient to chamfer off the upper edge of the ring on the inner side,\nand to pack it at the back with hemp. If the cylinder be a stationary one,\nsprings may be substituted for the hemp packing, but in any case it will be\nexpedient to make the vertical joints of the ends of the ring run a little\nobliquely, so as to prevent the joint forming a ridge in the cylinder. For\nsmall pistons two rings may be employed, made somewhat eccentric internally\nto give a greater thickness of metal in the centre of the ring; these rings\nmust be set one above the other in the cylinder, and the joints, which are\noblique, must be set at right angles with one another, so as to obviate any\ndisposition of the rings, in their expansion, to wear the cylinder oval.\nThe rings must first be turned a little larger than the diameter of the\ncylinder, and a piece is then to be cut out, so that when the ends are\nbrought together the ring will just enter within the cylinder. The ring,\nwhile retained in a state of compression, is then to be put in the lathe\nand turned very truly, and finally it is to be hammered on the inside with\nthe small end of the hammer, to expand the metal, and thus increase the\n\n446. _Q._--The rings should be carefully fitted to one another laterally?\n\n_A._--The rings are to be fitted laterally to the piston, and to one\nanother, by scraping--a steady pin being fixed upon the flange of the\npiston, and fitting into a corresponding hole in the lower ring, to keep\nthe lower ring from turning round; and a similar pin being fixed into the\ntop edge of the lower ring to prevent the upper ring from turning round;\nbut the holes into which these pins fit must be made oblong, to enable the\nrings to press outward as the rubbing surfaces wear. In most cases it will\nbe expedient to press the packing rings out with springs where they are not\npacked behind with hemp, and the springs should be made very strong, as the\nprevailing fault of springs is their weakness. Sometimes short bent\nsprings, set round at regular intervals between the packing rings and body\nof the piston, are employed, the centre of each spring being secured by a\nsteady pin or bolt screwed into the side of the piston; but it will not\nsignify much what kind of springs is used, provided they have sufficient\ntension. When pistons are made of a single ring, or of a succession of\nsingle rings, the strength of each ring should be tested previously to its\nintroduction into the piston, by means of a lever loaded by a heavy weight.\n\n447. _Q._--What kind of piston is employed by Messrs. Penn?\n\n_A._--Messrs. Penn's piston for oscillating engines has a single packing\nring, with a tongue piece, or mortice end, made in the manner already\ndescribed. The ring is packed behind with hemp packing, and the piece of\nmetal which covers the joint is a piece of thick sheet copper or brass, and\nis indented into the iron of the ring, so as to offer no obstruction to the\napplication of the hemp. The ring is fitted to the piston only on the under\nedge; the top edge is rounded to a point from the inside, and the junk ring\ndoes not bear upon it, but the junk ring squeezes down the hemp packing\nbetween the packing ring and the body of the piston.\n\n448. _Q._--How should the piston rod be secured to the piston?\n\n_A._--The piston rod, where it fits into the piston, should have a good\ndeal of taper; for if the taper be too small the rod will be drawn through\nthe hole, and the piston will be split asunder. Small grooves are sometimes\nturned out of the piston rod above and below the cutter hole, and hemp is\nintroduced in order to make the piston eye tight. Most piston rods are\nfixed to the piston by means of a gib and cutter, but in some cases the\nupper portion of the rod within the eye is screwed, and it is fixed into\nthe piston by means of an indented nut. This nut is in some cases\nhexagonal, and in other cases the exterior forms a portion of a cone which\ncompletely fills a corresponding recess in the piston; but nuts made in\nthis way become rusted into their seat after some time, and cannot be\nstarted again without much difficulty. Messrs. Miller, Ravenhill & Co. fix\nin their piston rods by means of an indented hexagonal nut, which may be\nstarted by means of an open box key. The thread of the screw is made flat\nupon the one side and much slanted on the other, whereby a greater strength\nis secured, without creating any disposition to split the nut. In side\nlever engines it is a judicious practice to add a nut to the top of the\npiston rod, in addition to the cutter for securing the piston rod to the\ncross head. In a good example of an engine thus provided, the piston rod is\n7 in. in diameter, and the screw 5 in.; the part of the rod which fits into\nthe cross head eye is 1 ft. 5-1/2 in. long, and tapers from 6-1/2 in. to\n6-13/16 in. diameter. This proportion of taper is a good one; if the taper\nbe less, or if a portion of the piston rod within the cross head eye be\nleft untapered, as is sometimes the case, it is very difficult to detach\nthe parts from one another.\n\n449. _Q._--Which is the most beneficial construction of slide valve?\n\n_A._--The best construction of slide valve appears to be that adopted by\nMessrs. Penn for their larger engines, and which consists of a three ported\nvalve, to the back of which a ring is applied of an area equal to that of\nexhaustion port, and which, by bearing steam tight against the back of the\ncasing, so that a vacuum may be maintained within the ring, puts the valve\nin equilibrium, so that it may be moved with an inconsiderable exercise of\nforce. The back of the valve casing is put on like a door, and its internal\nsurface is made very true by scraping. There is a hole through the valve so\nas to conduct away any steam which may enter within the ring by leakage,\nand the ring is kept tight against the back of the casing by means of a\nring situated beneath the bearing ring, provided with four lugs, through\nwhich bolts pass tapped into bosses on the back of the valve; and, by\nunscrewing these bolts,--which may be done by means of a box key which\npasses through holes in the casing closed with screwed plugs,--the lower\nring is raised upwards, carrying the bearing ring before it. The rings must\nobviously be fitted over a boss upon the back of the valve; and between the\nrings, which are of brass, a gasket ring is interposed to compensate by its\ncompressibility for any irregularity of pressure, and each of the bolts is\nprovided with a ratchet collar to prevent it from turning back, so that the\nengineer, in tightening these bolts, will have no difficulty in tightening\nthem equally, if he counts the number of clicks made by the ratchet. Where\nthis species of valve is used, it is indispensable that large escape valves\nbe applied to the cylinder, as a valve on this construction is unable to\nleave the face. In locomotive engines, the valve universally employed is\nthe common three ported valve.\n\n450. _Q._--Might not an equilibrium valve be so constructed by the\ninterposition of springs, as to enable it to leave the cylinder face when\nan internal force is applied?\n\n_A._--That can no doubt be done, and in some engines has been done. In the\nscrew steamer Azof, the valve is of the equilibrium construction, but the\nplate which carries the packing on which the top ring rests, is an octagon,\nand fits into an octagonal recess on the back of the valve. Below each side\nof the octagon there is a bent flat spring, which lifts up the octagonal\nplate, and with it the packing ring against the back of the valve casing;\nand should water get into the cylinder, it escapes by lifting the valve,\nwhich is rendered possible by the compressibility of the springs. An\nequivalent arrangement is shown in figs. 39 and 40, where the ring is\nlifted by spiral springs.\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 39. EQUILIBRIUM GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE. Longitudinal\nSection. Scale 3/4 inch = 1 foot.]\n\n451. _Q._--What species of valve is that shown in figs. 39 and 40?\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 40. EQUILIBRIUM GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE. Back View with\nRing removed. Scale 3/4 inch = 1 foot.]\n\n_A._--It is an equilibrium gridiron valve; so called because it lets the\nsteam in and out by more than one port. A A are the ordinary steam\npassages to the top and bottom of the cylinder; B B is the ring which rubs\nagainst the back of the valve casing, and D is the eduction passage, S S S\nS shows the limits of the steam space, for the steam penetrates to the\ncentral chamber S S by the sides of the valve. When the valve is opened\nupon the steam side, the cylinder receives steam through both ports at that\nend of the cylinder, and both ports at the other end of the cylinder are at\nthe same time open to the eduction. The benefit of this species of valve\nis, that it gives the same opening of the valve that is given in ordinary\nengines, with half the amount of travel; or if three ports were made\ninstead of two, then it would give the same area of opening that is given\nin common engines with one third the amount of travel. For direct acting\nscrew engines this species of valve is now extensively used.\n\n452. _Q._--Will you describe the configuration and mode of attachment of\nthe eccentric by which the valve is moved?\n\n_A._--In marine engines, whether paddle or screw, if moving at a slow rate\nof speed, the eccentric is generally loose upon the shaft, for the purpose\nof backing, and is furnished with a back balance and catches, so that it\nmay stand either in the position for going ahead, or in that for going\nastern. The body of the eccentric is of cast iron, and it is put on the\nshaft in two pieces. The halves are put together with rebated joints to\nkeep them from separating laterally, and they are prevented from sliding\nout by round steel pins, each ground into both halves; square keys would\nprobably be preferable to round pins in this arrangement, as the pins tend\nto wedge the jaws of the eccentric asunder. In some cases the halves of the\neccentric are bolted together by means of flanges, which is, perhaps, the\npreferable practice. The eccentric hoop in marine and land engines is\ngenerally of brass; it is expedient to cast an oil cup on the eccentric\nhoop, and, where practicable, a pan should be placed beneath the eccentric\nfor the reception of the oil droppings. The notch of the eccentric rod for\nthe reception of the pin of the valve shaft is usually steeled, to prevent\ninconvenient wear; for when the sides of the notch wear, the valve movement\nis not only disturbed, but it is very difficult to throw the eccentric rod\nout of gear. It is found to be preferable, however, to fit this notch with\na brass bush, for the wear is then less rapid, and it is an easy thing to\nreplace this bush with another when it becomes worn. The eccentric catches\nof the kind usually employed in marine engines, sometimes break off at the\nfirst bolt hole, and it is preferable to have a bolt in advance of the\ncatch face, or to have a hoop encircling the shaft with the catches welded\non it, the hoop itself being fixed by bolts or a key. This hoop may either\nbe put on before the cranks in one piece or afterwards in two pieces.\n\n453. _Q._--Are such eccentrics used in direct acting screw engines?\n\n_A._--No; direct acting screw engines are usually fitted with the link\nmotion and two fixed eccentrics.\n\n\n454. _Q._--What are the details of the air pump?\n\n_A._--The air pump bucket and valves are all of brass in modern marine\nengines, and the chamber of the pump is lined with copper, or made wholly\nof brass, whereby a single boring suffices. When a copper lining is used,\nthe pump is first bored out, and a bent sheet of copper is introduced,\nwhich is made accurately to fill the place, by hammering the copper on the\ninside. Air pump rods of Muntz's metal or copper are much used. Iron rods\ncovered with brass are generally wasted away where the bottom cone fits\ninto the bucket eye, and if the casing be at all porous, the water will\ninsinuate itself between the casing and the rod and eat away the iron. If\niron rods covered with brass be used, the brass casing should come some\ndistance into the bucket eye; the cutter should be of brass, and a brass\nwasher should cover the under side of the eye, so as to defend the end of\nthe rod from the salt water. Rods of Muntz's metal are probably on the\nwhole to be preferred. It is a good practice to put a nut on the top of the\nrod, to secure it more firmly in the cross head eye, where that plan can be\nconveniently adopted. The part of the rod which fits into the cross head\neye should have more taper when made of copper or brass, than when made of\niron; as, if the taper be small, the rod may get staved into the eye,\nwhereby its detachment will be difficult.\n\n455. _Q._--What species of packing is used in air pumps?\n\n_A._--Metallic packing has in some instances been employed in air pump\nbuckets, but its success has not been such as to lead to its further\nadoption. The packing commonly employed is hemp. A deep solid block of\nmetal, however, without any packing, is often employed with a satisfactory\nresult; but this block should have circular grooves cut round its edge to\nhold water. Where ordinary packing is employed, the bucket should always be\nmade with a junk ring, whereby the packing may be easily screwed down at\nany time with facility. In slow moving engines the bucket valve is\ngenerally of the spindle or pot-lid kind, but butterfly valves are\nsometimes used. The foot and delivery valves are for the most part of the\nflap or hanging kind. These valves all make a considerable noise in\nworking, and are objectionable in many ways. Valves on Belidor's\nconstruction, which is in effect that of a throttle valve hung off the\ncentre, were some years ago proposed for the delivery and foot valves; and\nit appears probable that their operation would be more satisfactory than\nthat of the valves usually employed.\n\n456. _Q._--Where is the delivery valve usually situated?\n\n_A._--Some delivery valve seats are bolted into the mouth of the air pump,\nwhereby access to the pump bucket is rendered difficult: but more commonly\nthe delivery valve is a flap valve exterior to the pump. If delivery valve\nseats be put in the mouth of the air pump at all, the best mode of fixing\nthem appears to be that adopted by Messrs. Maudslay. The top of the pump\nbarrel is made quite fair across, and upon this flat surface a plate\ncontaining the delivery valve is set, there being a small ledge all round\nto keep it steady. Between the bottom of the stuffing box of the pump cover\nand the eye of the valve seat a short pipe extends encircling the pump rod,\nits lower end checked into the eye of the valve seat, and its upper end\nwidening out to form the bottom of the stuffing box of the pump cover. Upon\nthe top of this pipe some screws press, which are accessible from the top\nof the stuffing box gland, and the packing also aids in keeping down the\npipe, the function of which is to retain the valve seat in its place. When\nthe pump bucket has to be examined the valve seat may be slung with the\ncover, so as to come up with the same purchase. For the bucket valves of\nsuch pumps Messrs. Maudslay employ two or more concentric ring valves with\na small lift. These valves have given a good deal of trouble in some cases,\nin consequence of the frequent fracture of the bolts which guide and\nconfine the rings; but this is only a fault of detail which is easily\nremedied, and the principle appears to be superior to that of any of the\nother metallic air pump valves at present in common use.\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 41. TRUNK AIR PUMP. Scale 3/4 inch to 1 foot.]\n\n457. _Q._--Are not air pump valves now very generally made of india rubber?\n\n_A._--They are almost invariably so made if the engines are travelling\nfast, as in the case of direct acting screw engines, and they are very\noften made of large discs or rings of india rubber, even when the engines\ntravel slowly. A very usual and eligible arrangement for many purposes is\nthat shown in fig. 41, where both foot and delivery valves are situated in\nthe ends of the pump, and they, as well as the valve in the bucket are made\nof india rubber rings closing on a grating. The trunk in the air pump\nenables guide rods to be dispensed with.\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 42. PENN'S DISK VALVE FOR AIR PUMP. Section.]\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 43. PENN'S DISK VALVE FOR AIR PUMP. Ground Plan.]\n\n[Illustration: Fig. 44. MAUDSLAY'S DISC VALVE FOR AIR PUMP. Section.]\n\n458. _Q._--The air pump, when double acting, has of course inlet and outlet\nvalves at each end?\n\nBook of the day:\nFacebook Google Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter Pinterest
+__label__positive \n\nSign up\nHere's how it works:\n  1. Anybody can ask a question\n  2. Anybody can answer\n\nI am trying to solve the following problem. Let $S$ be a set and $F \\subset {S \\choose k}$ that is $F$ is a subset of the set of all $k$-sets of $S$.\n\nA set $M \\subset F$ such that no two elements of $M$ intersect is called a solution for the problem.\n\nI am looking for an algorithm $A$ that finds a solution to the above problem such that if the given solution is a set $M$ and the largest set that is a solution for the same instance is $M^*$ then\n\n$$\\frac{|M|}{|M^*|} \\geq \\frac1{k}\\qquad (1) $$\n\nThe only algorithm I can see for the above problem is to pick an element $P$ from $F$, remove all the elements in $F$ that intersect with $P$ and continue.\n\nHowever I am not able to analyze the above procedure to obtain the given bound (if even attainable).\n\nAny hints on this problem?\n\nshare|cite|improve this question\nup vote 3 down vote accepted\n\nThis problem is usually called the unweighted set-packing problem. As a side-note, this problem is NP-complete; in fact, as I came to know only today (thanks, OP!), it is one of Karp's gang of 21!\n\nHere's a simple proof that the heuristic sketched in the question gives a set $M$ that is at most a factor $k$ from the optimum, call this $M^*$. Create a bipartite graph with the sets in $M$ as the left vertices, and the sets in $M^*$ as the right vertices. Add an edge between $A \\in M$ and $B \\in M^*$ iff $A$ intersects $B$. Here are some basic observations:\n\n  \u2022 Every right vertex has at least one left neighbor. Otherwise, we could add this set safely to $M$ to get a bigger family, contradicting the maximality of $M$.\n  \u2022 Every left vertex has at most $k$ right neighbors. Otherwise two of the right neighbors will be forced to \"share\" a common element, contradicting the assumption that $M^*$ is a disjoint family of sets.\n\nPutting these two together, you should be able to deduce that $|M^*| \\leq |M|/k$. (Note that we do not have strict inequality.) Btw, the set-packing problem for the case $k=2$ is the well-known maximum matching problem. If you have seen matchings before, I encourage you to work out the proof for this specific case; it's quite illuminating.\n\nThis bound is tight, as seen from the following example: let $S$ be the set of $k^2$ points arranged as a $k \\times k$ grid. Define $M$ to be just the leftmost column. Define $M^*$ to be the family of $k$ rows, each of which contains $k$ points. Take $F$ to be $M \\cup M^*$. Clearly $|M| =1$ and $|M^*|=k$.\n\nBetter heuristics. Apparently, better local-heuristics heuristics are known for this problem, achieving a factor $k/2+\\epsilon$ approximation. See e.g.: \"Approximating Discrete Collections via Local Improvements\" by Halldorsson.\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\n\nWhat is wrong with partitioning $S$ into $k$ element disjoint sets?\n\nshare|cite|improve this answer\nRoss, that doesn't work since the $k$-sets in $M$ are required to be picked from $F$. \u2013\u00a0Srivatsan Jul 23 '11 at 23:19\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Physio 2 - Neuro 1\n\ndrraythe's version from 2015-06-09 01:31\n\nNeurophysiology, introduction and somatosensory system\n\nQuestion Answer\nwhat are the three basic functions of the nervous system?(1) detect stim. and transmit this info to CNS via sensory (afferent) neurons. (2) processing info and and decision making (interneurons or association neurons). (3) transmisson of response to decision to effectors (efferent/motor neurons)\n4 sensory modalities of the somatosensory system are?Touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature\n5 basic steps (movments) of a stimulation?transduction -> transmission -> modulation -> projection -> perception\nsensory receptors are what order neuron?first order\nwhat is transduction?when stimulating energy is transferred into electrical energy\nwhat does decussate mean?cross over\nascending system composed of a 3-neuron chain...what are they?first order, second order, third order\nfirst order neuron, aka sensory neuron. dendritic zone? cell bodies? terminate/synapse where?dendrites are the sensory receptors. cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia (unless cranial nerve, then in brain stem), terminate/synapse in dorsal grey horn with 2nd order neuron and/or LMNs for reflexes\nsecond order neuron....cell bodies where? what do axons form--and where? decussate where? terminate/synapse where?bodies in dorsal grey horn. axons form ascending tracts in the white matter. decussate in spinal cord OR brain stem, terminate or synapse in thalamus or reticular formation (if synapse, w/ 3rd order neuron)\nthird order neuron...cell bodies where? axons project where?cell bodies in thalamus, etc. axons to somatosensory cortex\nwhat is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?PERCEPTION (concious experience of the incoming stim.)\nwhat is/ causes the cortical map?3rd order neurons end in DESIGNATED locations of corex...each area dedicated to a specific sense\nwhat is rapid adaptation? receptors involved?sensory receptors adapt w/in secs or milisecs. PHASIC receptors. designed to register quick changes in stim strength. (rapidly set your gun to phase!)\nwhat is slow adaptation? receptors involved?sensory receptors continue to transmit impulses as long as stim exists, frequency only decreases slightly. TONIC receptors. (keeps CNS appraised of body proprioception, baroreceptors, etc)\ndefinition of pain? purpose?unpleasant sensory and emotional EXPERIENCE associated with actual or potential tissue damage. purpose is protection mechanism.\npain receptors are called? their description? where are they present? the transduction of pain is?nociceptors...have free nerve endings. present in all tissue except brain. nociception.\ngreatest to least amount of nociceptors in tissues?skin (somatic superficial pain) > muscles and joints (somatic deep pain) > organs (visceral pain)\ntwo parts of pain process?generation of pain- first pain. maintenance of pain-second pain.\nnerves associated with generation of pain? description of the fibers and the type of sensationA-delta fibers, myelinated. Sharp, immediate, stinging localized pain (first pain)\nnerves associated with maintenance of pain? description of the fibers and the type of sensation, any additional factors?activated nociceptors release chemicals / excitatory neurotransmitters (SUBSTANCE P, CGRP[calcitonin-gene-related-peptide]) which cause more pain and stim release and production of inflammatory mediators. mediators activate nociceptors and maintain long lasting pain via C-fibers (unmyelinated) = second pain\nwhat stims release of inflammatory mediators? what are the inflammatory mediators, where do they come from?substance P and calcitonin-gene-related-peptide(CGRP) stim release of inflammatory mediators. Mediators are released from tissue macrophages and WBCs. Include histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, cytokines.\nhow does inflammatory soup effect the transduction channels? (2)temporary changes....(1) channels widen for extended opening of channels (achieved via phosphorylation of channel proteins) and (2) insertion of new channels and receptors (via gene expression)\nwhat does the inflammatory soup effecting the transduction channels accomplish?facilitate ionic flow and amplification of signal transmission (so nociceptors MORE SENSITIVE to stim.) -> this is to increase protection to the area\nwhat are the two forms of sensitization? definitions?HYPERALGESIA (exaggerated pain response to noxious stimulus) and ALLODYNIA (pain response to non-noxious stim)\nwhen does pain sensitization typically occur?as the injury is healing\nbasic tract of ascending pain pathway?A+C fibers enter SC via dorsal root -> dorsal horn -> synapse with 2nd order and use excitatory neurotransmitters (substance P, glutamate) -> neurons enter SPINOTHALAMC TRACT(STT) in LATERAL FUNNICULUS (contra in primates, ipsi and contra in animals). -> STT then projects to thalamus for A fibers (aka neo-STT) //or// reticular formation/limbic system for C-fibers aka paleo-STT -> then somatosensory cortex\nwhat does the paleo-STT (spinothalamic tract) do other than just the C-fiber stuff?autonomic responses (pulse, blood pressure, sweat), emotional and B/h responses (fear, avoidance), and maintains arousal and wakefullness\nwhat paths are responsible for modulation/inhibition of paindescending analgesia pathways\nwhere do analgesia pathways originate? where do they descend?originates in cortex, thalamus, and brain stem. descend in lateral funiculus.\nwhere do analgesia pathways synapse? where do they end?synapse with ascending pain neurons and end on inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horns.\nwhere do the inhibitory interneurons synpase? what are the inhibitory interneurons' inhibitory neurotransmitters?DFDFSGDSG\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nwhere is the pain signal blocked in inhibition of pain? what are the neurotransmitters used?blocked where 1 synapses to 2nd order. inhibitory NTs are endogenous opioids (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins, GABA, glycine\nwhere are endorphins released aside from in analgesia pathways?hypothalamus\nexplain chronic pain. charaterized by?no physiological purpose and persists in absence of tissue injury. charaterized by hypersensitivity of pain transmission system\nwhat are the two mechanisms of chronic pain? (neuroplasticity)1) peripheral sensitization (nociceptor remodeling from inflammatory mediators) 2) central sensitization (hypersensitivty upon strong stimulation, like in surgical incisions)\nwhat is the key to preventing chronic pain?preemptive analgesia\nwhat type of animal would show less obvious signs of pain?prey animals\nhow to test for superficial pain? deep pain?superficial= skin prick. deep = pinching digits and joints\nwhy must multimodal analgesia be used?because of different NT patterns and different pain pathways with variety of excitatory and inhibitory NTs\nwhat do proprioceptive receptors constant monitor, and how?muscle length+tension via muscle spindles, tendon length+tension via tendon organs, joint angulation+rotation via joint receptors\nwhat are muscle spindles?groups of 3-10 specalized muscle fibers (INTRAFUSAL) in a capsule parallel to ordinary muscle fibers (extrafusal)\nhow do muscle fibers work?polar ends of intrafusal fibers can contract (innervated by gamma motor neurons) the midpiece acts as the sensory receptor (monitors changes in length, initiates stretch reflexes, maintains and adjusts muscle tone)\nwhat is a tendon (golgi) organ composed of? how is it innervated?collagen fibers in a capsule...sensory fibers (Ib) form dense network of dendrites around fibers.\nwhat does a tendon organ monitor? how?monitors muscle tension by being situated at muscle-tendon junction in series with muscle fibers so the organ stretches as muscle contracts\njoint (kinesthetic) receptors are located where? what are they? responds to what?within and around joint capsules. are free nerve endings, ruffini/pacinian corpuscles. respond to changes in PRESSURE and MOVEMENT\n\nRecent badges
+__label__positive Mock Secondary Level Geography Form One \u00a0Question Paper\n\nExam Name: Geography Form One\u00a0\n\nCourse: Secondary Level\n\nInstitution/Board: Mock\n\nExam Year:2012\n\n1. Define the term weather 2marks\n2. Define the solar system 2marks\n3. Give four proofs that the earth is almost spherical in phase 4marks\n4. What is a solar eclipse 2marks\nii.. Using a diagram, explain how a solar eclipse occurer 5marks\n5. Give four reasons why it is important to study geography 4marks\n6. Name any four elements of weather 2marks\n7. What is used to measure the temperature of a place 1mark\n8. State three characteristics of the core 5marks\n9. Define fog 2marks\n10. State conditions favouring development of fog 3marks\n11. Show the relationship between geography and the following\ni. Mathematics\nii chemistry 4marks\nb. State branches of geography 3marks\n12. What is the different between meteors, meteoroid and meteorite 3marks\nb. Name the two dates of the year when the length of day and might are not equal 1mark\n13a. State four effects of rotation of the earth 1mark\nb. If the time in nairobi kenya longitude 34 is 16hrs what is the time in accra ghana longitude 0 3marks\nc. What is the effect of international dateline 2marks\n14. Explain briefly how duration of sunshine is measured 5marks\n15a. Differentiate between absolute humidity and relative humidity 2marks\nb. Explain factors influencing the humidity of the atmosphere 6marks\n16a. State theory which have been advanced to explain the origin of the earth 4marks\nb. Explain why the interior of the earth is very hot 5marks\n17. Explain how the following factors influence humidity 5marks\ni. Temperature\nii. Air pressure\nb. State two other factors which influence humidity 2marks\n18. Define the term clouds 1mark\nb. Explain the process of cloud formation 4marks\nc. Distinguish between mist and fog 2marks\n19. With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how the following are formed\ni. Relief rainfall 4marks\nii. Contactinal rainfall 4marks\n20. Name three types of fog 3marks\n21. What is the name of the instrument used to measure highest temperature 1mark\n\nMore Question Papers\n\nReturn to Question Papers
+__label__positive Atomic Structure\n\nUntil the final years of the nineteenth century, the accepted model of the atom resembled that of a billiard ball - a small, solid sphere. In 1897, J. J. Thomson dramatically changed the modern view of the atom with his discovery of the electron. Thomson's work suggested that the atom was not an \"indivisible\" particle as John Dalton had suggested but, a jigsaw puzzle made of smaller pieces.\n\nThomson's Atomic Model and Discovery of Electron\n\nThomson Atomic ModelThomson's notion of the electron came from his work with a nineteenth century scientific curiosity: the cathode ray tube. For years scientists had known that if an electric current was passed through a vacuum tube, a stream of glowing material could be seen; however, no one could explain why. Thomson found that the mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate. Thomson theorized, and was later proven correct, that the stream was in fact made up of small particles, pieces of atoms that carried a negative charge. These particles were later named electrons.\n\nAfter Eugen Goldstein\u2019s 1886 discovery that atoms had positive charges, Thomson imagined that atoms looked like pieces of raisin bread, a structure in which clumps of small, negatively charged electrons (the \"raisins\") were scattered inside a smear of positive charges. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford, a former student of Thomson's, proved Thomson's raisin bread structure incorrect.\n\nRutherford's atomic model\n\nRutherford Atomic ModelRutherford performed a series of experiments with radioactive alpha particles. While it was unclear at the time what the alpha particle was, it was known to be very tiny. Rutherford fired tiny alpha particles at solid objects such as gold foil. He found that while most of the alpha particles passed right through the gold foil, a small number of alpha particles passed through at an angle (as if they had bumped up against something) and some bounced straight back like a tennis ball hitting a wall. Rutherford's experiments suggested that gold foil, and matter in general, had holes in it! These holes allowed most of the alpha particles to pass directly through, while a small number ricocheted off or bounced straight back because they hit a solid object.\n\nIn 1911, Rutherford proposed a revolutionary view of the atom. He suggested that the atom consisted of a small, dense core of positively charged particles in the center (or nucleus) of the atom, surrounded by a swirling ring of electrons. The nucleus was so dense that the alpha particles would bounce off of it, but the electrons were so tiny, and spread out at such great distances, that the alpha particles would pass right through this area of the atom. Rutherford's atom resembled a tiny solar system with the positively charged nucleus always at the center and the electrons revolving around the nucleus.\n\nThe positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom were called protons. Protons carry an equal, but opposite, charge to electrons, but protons are much larger and heavier than electrons.\n\nBohr's Atomic Model\n\nRutherford planetary-model of an atom - electrons orbiting a solar nucleus \u2013 has a technical difficulty. The laws of classical mechanics predict that the electron will release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus. Because the electron would lose energy, it would gradually spiral inwards, collapsing into the nucleus. This atom model is disastrous, because it predicts that all atoms are unstable.\n\nBhor Atomic ModelIn 1913 Niels Bohr came to work in the laboratory of Ernest Rutherford. Bohr thought about the problem with Rutherford's model and after some thought came up with the Bohr model of the atom. Bohr's model of the atom revolutionized atomic physics. The Bohr model consists of four principles:\n\n  1. Electrons assume only certain orbits around the nucleus. These orbits are stable and called \"stationary\" orbits.\n  2. Each orbit has an energy associated with it. For example the orbit closest to the nucleus has an energy E1, the next closest E2 and so on.\n  3. Light is emitted when an electron jumps from a higher orbit to a lower orbit and absorbed when it jumps from a lower to higher orbit.\n  4. The energy and frequency of light emitted or absorbed is given by the difference between the two orbit energies.\n\nWith these conditions Bohr was able to explain the stability of atoms. According to Bohr's model only certain orbits were allowed which means only certain energies are possible. Bohr's model was so successful that he immediately received world-wide fame.\n\nDiscovery of the neutron\n\nIn 1932, James Chadwick discovered a third type of subatomic particle, which he named the neutron. Neutrons help stabilize the protons in the atom's nucleus. Because the nucleus is so tightly packed together, the positively charged protons would tend to repel each other normally. Neutrons help to reduce the repulsion between protons and stabilize the atom's nucleus. Neutrons always reside in the nucleus of atoms and they are about the same size as protons. However, neutrons do not have any electrical charge; they are electrically neutral.\n\nAtoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons (+ charges) is equal to the number of electrons (- charges) and thus the two cancel out. As the atom gets larger, the number of protons increases, and so does the number of electrons (in the neutral state of the atom).\n\nAtomic weight (or relative atomic mass)\n\nIn the early twentieth century, up until the 1960s scientists tool 1/16th the mass of naturally occurring oxygen as the unit for atomic weight. However in 1961 atomic weight was defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is also known as unified atomic mass unit (u) or Dalton (Da).\n\nAtomic Number\n\nThe number of protons of an atom is known as it atomic number.\n\nAtomic Mass Number\n\nThe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is known as its atomic mass number.\n\nWorksheets and in-class activities\n\nTeaching and Learning aids\n\nAssignments and Project ideas\n\nFurther reading
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nWell, here's my question:\n\nAre there any integers, $a$ and $b$ that satisfy the equation $b^2$$+4$=$a^3$, such that $a$ and $b$ are coprime?\n\nI've already found the case where $b=11$ and $a =5$, but other than that? And if there do exist other cases, how would I find them? And if not how would I prove so?\n\nThanks in advance. :)\n\nshare|improve this question\nWell, then you should also remove the part asking for the proof of their non-existence-if-they-don't in your edit. Tricky among other things. \u2013\u00a0 ashley Dec 22 '12 at 9:59\nOh, yikes. I'm sorry. You're right. It was misleading. I think it's okay now, though. \u2013\u00a0 MWarsi Dec 22 '12 at 15:01\n\n4 Answers 4\n\nUpdate: This is a Mordell equation and from the ref E_-00004 from this table all the known solutions were provided here :\n\nE_-00004: r = 1   t = 1   #III =  1\n          E(Q) = <(2, 2)>\n          R =   0.4503206856\n           4 integral points\n            1. (2, 2) = 1 * (2, 2)\n            2. (2, -2) = -(2, 2)\n            3. (5, 11) = -2 * (2, 2)\n            4. (5, -11) = -(5, 11)\n\nFine references about this kind of problems are :\n\n  \u2022 de Jonqui\u00e8res' 1878 paper (french)\n  \u2022 Conrad's paper for simple impossibilities proofs but not only since the theorem $3.3$ is the proof that no other solutions in $\\mathbb{Z}$ exists for your equation.\n\nIn Jonqui\u00e8res' paper one finds \"D'autres fois, mais rarement, on d\u00e9montre qu'il n'existe qu'une seule solution. C'est ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait par Fermat, Euler et Legendre pour les \u00e9quations $x^3-2=y^2$, $x^3-4=y^2$...\u00a8.\n\nThis means that no other solution exist and that this was proved by one or more between Fermat, Euler and Legendre (I'll search references).\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\n$a=5, b=11$ is one satisfying it. I don't think this is the only pair.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nYou didn't read the question, did you? \u2013\u00a0 Karolis Juodel\u0117 Dec 22 '12 at 9:57\nOh, i very well did. but you seem to have missed the first version of his Q. he added the line starting \"Ah well.. \" after my answer appeared here-- see my comment up there. he is getting a flag. he is a cheat. \u2013\u00a0 ashley Dec 22 '12 at 10:15\nI think it's important not to write offensive or even \"tough\" commentaries towards other people since, unfortunately, it is a very common practice over here to change the original question, either by the OP or by someone else. Ashley's answer correctly addressed the OP. +1 \u2013\u00a0 DonAntonio Dec 22 '12 at 10:24\nI apologize. I wrongly interpreted the time of your answer. It's odd that a question can be edited for a while without leaving any mark. \u2013\u00a0 Karolis Juodel\u0117 Dec 22 '12 at 14:33\nOh, I never added the line mentioning 5 and 11. That was always a part of the original question. But I concede, my original question was misleadling-ly phrased. \u2013\u00a0 MWarsi Dec 22 '12 at 15:05\n\nObserve that\n\nif $a=3k,b^2=a^3-4=(3k)^3-4\\equiv-1\\pmod 3$ but $b^2\\equiv1,0\\pmod 3$\n\nif $a=3k+1,b^2=a^3-4=(3k+1)^3-4=9(3k^3+3k^2+k)-3$ which is divisible by $3,$ but not by $9$\n\nSo, $a$ must be of the from $3k+2$\n\nConsequently, $b^2-4=a^3-8=(3k+2)^3-8$\n\n\nAlso, as $(a,b)=1,$ both $a,b$ must be odd $\\implies (b+2,b-2)=(b+2,b+2-(b-2))=1$ and $k$ is odd\n\nAs $k$ is odd, $(k,3k^2+6k+4)=(k,4)=1$\n\nIf $b-2=9k,b+2=9k+4$ and $b+2=3k^2+6k+4\\implies 3k^2-3k=0\\implies k=0,1$\n\n$k=0\\implies b=2,a=2$ (but both $a,b$ are odd)\n\n$k=1\\implies b=11,a^3=125,a=5$\n\nIf $b+2=9k,b-2=9k-4$ and $b-2=3k^2+6k+4\\implies 3k^2-3k+8=0$ whose discriminant is negative.\n\nIf $b+2=9,a^3=b^2+4=53$\n\nIf $b-2=9\\implies b=11,a^3=b^2+4=125\\implies a=5$\n\nIf $b-2=k\\implies b=k+2,b+2=k+4$ and $b+2=9(3k^2+6k+4),27k^2+53k+32=0$ whose discriminant is negative.\n\nIf $b+2=k\\implies b=k-2,b-2=k-4$ and $b-2=9(3k^2+6k+4),27k^2+53k+40=0$ whose discriminant is negative.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nUsing Gaussian integers it is easy to show that the general solution of $$x^2+y^2=z^3$$ is $$x=m^3-3m n^2$$ $$y=3m^2n-n^3$$ $$z=m^2+n^2$$\n\nIf $x=2$ you get $m=\\pm 1, \\pm2$ and then you can solve the problem.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nHey, thanks for that. Now, I've never seen it done that way though. How did you derive the expressions for x, y and z? \u2013\u00a0 MWarsi Dec 23 '12 at 17:07\nYou factor $x^2+y^2=(x+iy)(x-iy)$. The two factors are relatively prime in $Z[i]$. Therefore $$x+iy=(m+ni)^3$$. \u2013\u00a0 PAD Dec 23 '12 at 18:23\nThe above derivation is incorrect, for example if $x=y=2$ then $x+iy$ and $x-iy$ are not relatively prime. \u2013\u00a0 Michael Zieve Jul 21 at 14:54\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive EJB Section Index | Page 25\n\nWhile deploying CMP entity beans, which fields in the bean are container-managed and how are they identified?\n\nWhat makes a Java class an enterprise bean?\n\nHow do I introspect a bean at run time to discover its type(s) and available methods?\n\nWhat is a container?\n\nHow do I implement a logging system in my beans?\n\nHow do enterprise beans access native libraries?\n\n\nHow can my JSP page communicate with an EJB Session Bean?\n\n\nWhat are the constraints or drawbacks of container managed EJB's ?\n\n\nHow do beans manage resource connections to back-end services other than databases ?\n\nIs an EJB, JMS, or general-purpose Java application server a transaction manager?\n\nIs it necessary for an entity bean to protect itself against concurrent access from multiple transactions?\n\nHow does an entity bean obtain a JTA UserTransaction object?\n\nAbout | Sitemap | Contact
+__label__positive ClinNeuro- Localizing Lesions\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user Mawad on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Steps for localization of a lesion in the spinal cord. (6)\n    \u2022 1- gait and posture\n    \u2022 2- postural reactions\n    \u2022 3- pelvic limb tone and reflexes\n    \u2022 4- thoracic limb tone and reflexes\n    \u2022 5- cutaneous trunci reflex\n    \u2022 6- spinal palpation\n  2. Conscious proprioceptive deficits in both pelvic limbs; the lesion is _________.\n    caudal to T2\n  3. When ataxia is present, crossing is a sign of ___________.\n    proprioceptive deficit\n  4. What spinal cord segment is this?\n    Image Upload\n  5. What spinal cord segment is this?\n    Image Upload\n    Thoracic; lateral grey column is unique to TL region\n  6. What spinal cord segment is this?\n    Image Upload\n  7. What spinal cord segment is this?\n    Image Upload\n    Sacral; cauda equina\n  8. Proprioceptive ataxia is a sign of damage to the ____________.\n    spinocerebellar tract\n  9. Describe the sequence of appearance of signs in compressive spinal cord lesions. (4)\n    proprioceptive ataxia with mild paresis--> ataxia with severe paresis--> paralysis and urinary incontinence--> loss of nociception\n  10. Conscious proprioception is a ________ pathway than the nociception pathway, which is __(3)__; therefore,...\n    simpler; complex, highly resistant, and multi-synaptic; to damage the nociception system requires a severe spinal cord injury.\n  11. Define a LMN.\n    originates in the cervical or lumbar intumescence in the spinal cord and innervates muscles in the limbs; consider a peripheral n.\n  12. Define an UMN.\n    Start in the brain and stay within the spinal cord\n  13. Pool of neurons in the brain that go down in the spinal cord to influence the LMNs.\n  14. What are the functions of UMNs? (5)\n    initiate voluntary movements, postural adjustment, maintenance of muscle tone, stimulate flexor mm., inhibit extensor mm.\n  15. Clinical signs of lesions affecting UMNs. (3)\n    paresis/paralysis, normal to increased muscle tone and reflexes, mild muscular atrophy\n  16. Describe the pathway of a LMN, along which any lesions will cause LMN dysfunction signs.\n    motor neuron in ventral grey column of spinal cord--> nerve root--> spinal nerve--> peripheral n.--> target muscle\n  17. What are the functions of LMNs? (3)\n    Final common pathway, manifest motor activity that is voluntary and reflexes\n  18. Clinical signs of LMN dysfunction.\n    paresis/paralysis, decreased to absent muscle tone and reflexes, severe muscular atrophy\n  19. With a combined UMN and LMN injury, the ______ signs will always prevail b/c it is the ___________.\n    LMN; final common pathway\n  20. Describe signs associated with lesions in each region of the spinal cord.\n    Image Upload\n    \u2022 C1-C5- TL UMN, PL UMN\n    \u2022 C6-T2- TL LMN, PL UMN\n    \u2022 T3-L3- PL UMN\n    \u2022 L4-S3- PL LMN\n  21. The dog can't move any of it's limbs; where is the lesion possibly located? How can you differentiate it?\n    lesion is either C1-C5 or C6-T2; C1-C5 UMN signs in both PL and TL; C6-T2 LMN TL and UMN PL\n  22. Under what circumstances will you see LMN signs?\n    only if the lesion is in the C6-T2 or L4-S3 regions, where the brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus come from, respectively\n  23. Image Upload\n    Image Upload\n  24. Spinal cord lesions in motor tracts are always __________.\n  25. Ataxia, tetraparesis, reflexes normal to increased in all limbs; where is the lesion?\n  26. Ataxia, tetraparesis/plegia, decreased/absent reflexes in thoracic limbs, normal to increased reflexes in pelvic limbs; where is the lesion?\n  27. Ataxia, paraparesis/plegia, normal to increased reflexes in the pelvic limb; where is the lesion?\n  28. Mild ataxia, paraparesis/plegia, decreased to absent reflexes in the pelvic limbs; where is the lesion?\n  29. C6-C8 is an important subdivision that is associated with ___________; what signs would be associated with this disorder? (5)\n    Wobbler's Syndrome; pelvic limb ataxia, spastic thoracic limb gait, increased extensor tone in TL, normal or decreased flexor tone in TL, normal to increased tone in PL\n  30. In the thoracic limb, everything is a balance between flexion, the _________ nerve in the __________ portion of the brachial plexus, and extension, the __________ nerve in the ___________ portion of the brachial plexus.\n    musculocutaneous; cranial; radial; caudal\n  31. In what vertebral bodies are the L4-S3 spinal cord segments housed?\n    L4 and L5 vertebral bodies\n  32. In what vertebral bodies are S1-S3 spinal cord segments housed?\n    all in the L5 vertebral body (caudal to this point, cauda equina)\n  33. What causes the Schiff-Sherrington Syndrome posture?\n    severe lesion in the TL (T2-L5) region\n  34. What is the Schiff-Sherrington Syndrome posture?\n    ONLY WHEN THE DOG IS IN LATERAL RECUMBANCY, increased extensor tone in the TLs (UMN signs); in sternal recumbency, TLs are normal\n  35. With Schiff-Sherrington, there is damage to the ___________.\n    propriospinal tract\n  36. To further localize a T3-L3 lesion, what two tests do you use?\n    cutaneous trunci reflex and or spinal palpation\n  37. Crossed externsor reflex/ninja kick indicates...\n    UMN lesion and chronicity.\n  38. Describe what signs you would see in each if these situations, assuming the red dots are lesions.\n    Image Upload\n    \u2022 1- LMN TL, UMN PL\n    \u2022 2- UMN all 4 limbs; find second lesion by spinal palpation and cutaneous trunci reflex\n    \u2022 3- LMN TL, UMN PL;\u00a0find second lesion by spinal palpation and cutaneous trunci reflex\n    \u2022 4- LMN PL\n  39. What is the most common presentation, and where is this lesion?\n    UMN signs in the PL; T3-L3 myelopathy\n  40. What causes LMN signs in the PLs and the TLs?\n    lesion is outside the spinal cord- neuropathic, junctional, myopathic, botulism\n  41. Diseases that cause LMN signs in all four limbs do NOT \u00a0cause ____________.\n    proprioceptive ataxia\n  42. With brain lesions, what are the 3 possible lesion locations?\n    brainstem, cerebellum, thalamocortex (forebrain)\n  43. The brainstem contains the ___________, a common site of lesions.\n    vestibular system\n  44. What signs are associated with brainstem lesions? (2)\n    CN deficits and altered mentation\n  45. What are the components of the brainstem?\n    reticular formation (ARAS), CN III-XII, sensory (ascending) and motor (descending UMN) pathways\n  46. Mentation is controlled by the ___________.\n    Ascending reticular activating system (reticular formation)\n  47. Lesions in the sensory (ascending) and motor (descending UMN) pathways in the brainstem cause __(2)__.\n    tetraparesis and ataxia\n  48. The ascending reticular activating system maintains a state of ____________; clinical signs of lesions affecting this system include... (3)\n    wakefulness; somnolence, stupor, coma\n  49. Head tilt indicates a dysfunction in __________, which is a lesion in the __________.\n    vestibular function; rostral medulla (CN VIII)\n  50. What CN(s) are in the mesencephalon?\n    CN III and IV\n  51. What CN(s) are within the pons?\n    CN V (motor, sensory)\n  52. What CN(s) are within the rostral medulla?\n    CN V (sensory), VI, VII, VIII\n  53. What CN(s) are within the caudal medulla?\n  54. What are clinical signs of lesions within the mesencephalon? (3)\n    strabismus, ocular paralysis, mydriasis\n  55. What are clinical signs of lesions in the pons? (1)\n    atrophy of masticatory muscles\n  56. What are clinical signs of lesions in the rostral medulla? (3)\n    head tilt, facial paralysis, absence of palpebral reflex\n  57. What are clinical signs of lesions in the caudal medulla? (4)\n    dysphonia, dysphagia, sterterous breathing, tongue paralysis\n  58. The more _________ the brainstem lesion in sensory and motor pathways, the less severe the gait abnormalities.\n  59. Lesions in the thalamocortex cause __________ deficits.\n  60. What is the function of the vestibular system?\n    balance and position of eyes, neck, trunk, and limbs\n  61. What are the 4 vestibular nuclei in the rostral medulla connected to?\n    \u2022 cerebellum- projections flocculonoduar lobe\n    \u2022 reticular formation\n    \u2022 medial longitudinal fasciculus\n    \u2022 vestibulospinal tracts\n  62. Clinical signs of vestibular disease. (5)\n    head tilt, +/- vestibular ataxia, +/- strabismus/nystagmus, somnolence (central lesion), proprioceptive deficits (central lesion)\n  63. What part of the vestibular system is associated with motion sickness?\n    reticular formation\n  64. What part of the vestibular system connects C VIII to CNs II, IV, and VI?\n    medial longitudinal fasciulus\n  65. How can you differentiate a central and peripheral vestibular lesion?\n    central has proprioceptive deficits and somnolence (not peripheral)\n  66. Describe nystagmus associated with peripheral vestibular lesions.\n    horizontal that goes opposite the head tilt (\"running away from the lesion\")\n  67. Clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease. (8)\n    head/body tremors (intentional tremors), ataxia, wide-based stance, truncal sway, dysmetria, hypermetria, ipsilateral absence of menace response, +/- vestibular signs if flocculonodular lobe is involved\n  68. With cerebellar disease, there is a(n) ___________ absence of ___________.\n    ipsilateral; menace response\n  69. What clinical signs should NOT be present if it solely cerebellar disease (no involvement of any other structures)? (2)\n    no proprioceptive deficits, no weakness (strength preserved)\n  70. Clinical signs of thalamocortex/forebrain disease. (8)\n    abnormal behavior, circling, compulsiveness, seizures, central blindness, [contralat. deficits] menace, postural reactions, nasal sensation\n  71. With thalamocortical disease, there are __________ deficits in... (3)\n    contralateral; menace response, postural reactions, and nasal sensation.\n  72. What specific tests can you use to assess thalamocortical function? (4)\n    mental status, menace response, nasal sensation, proprioception/hopping\nCard Set:\nClinNeuro- Localizing Lesions\n2015-11-13 21:36:03\nvetmed clinneuro\n\nvetmed clinneuro\nShow\u00a0Answers:
+__label__positive Phil. 1100, Intro. to Ethics\n\nR. N. Johnson\n\n\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are the three categories of good things, according to Glaucon? (357b-d) In what categories do clean air, a fishing rod, a wrench, good music, and love belong? Why? Do you think this is a clear categorization? Why or why not?\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In which category of good things does Glaucon believe that the just life belongs? Where does Socrates believe that it belongs? Explain precisely how they disagree. (357a-358a)\n\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explain the origin of the rules of justice according to Glaucon. What does this show about justice, according to Glaucon, and is he right? Why or why not? (358e-359c)\n\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explain the myth of Gyges and why Glaucon brings it up. (359d-360e) What is it supposed to show about being just? Does it show this? Why or why not?\n\n\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explain how Glaucon proposes to separate the just from the unjust life, in order to judge which is the better life (360e-361d). What purpose does this separation serve for Glaucon's overall challenge?\n\n\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summarize Adiemantus' replies (there are several) to the objection that one cannot get the benefits of being just simply by appearing to be just, since it is much too difficult to appear just when one is actually unjust. (365c-d)\n\n\n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summarize Adiemantus' reply to the objection that, even if we manage to appear just to other people, surely we cannot fool the gods. (365d-366b) Try to extend his reply to more familiar religious views. Can it be extended to all that you know of? Why or why not?\n\n\n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What method does Socrates propose for discovering what justice is? Why does he think this is a good method? (368c-369b)\n\n\n9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the origin of the state, according to Socrates? (369b-d)\n\n\n10. What is the reasoning behind the division of labor Socrates proposes? (369d-370c)\n\n\n11. Explain how a \"guardian\" class emerges in a state. (373d-375)\n\n\n12. Socrates seems to think that the character of a dog is somehow related to the ideal Guardian's character. (376a-c) Explain.\n\n\n13. What is the difference between a \"true\" falsehood, and a falsehood in words? (382a-e) Which is worse, according to Socrates? Why?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What qualities must the rulers have and why? Which quality seems to be the most important? (412c-414)\n\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Socrates claims that \"one loves something when one believes that what is good for it is good for oneself\". (412d) Is this true? What role does it play in Socrates' discussion?\n\n\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What role does the \"myth of the metals\" play in Socrates' ideal state? (414b-416a) Explain why this is what Socrates calls a falsehood in word only (as opposed to a \"true\" falsehood). Think of some contemporary analogues of this myth, and discuss some of the concerns one might have about a government deploying such a device.\n\n\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summarize the nature of the guardians' lives. Why can't the guardians have private property or touch gold and silver? (415d-417a)\n\n\n\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is Adiemantus' objection to communal property for the guardians? How does Socrates respond to this? Are you convinced by Socrates? Why or why not? (419a-421c)\n\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What's wrong with the existence of extreme wealth in the Ideal State? With the existence of poverty? (421d-422a)\n\n\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Ideal State will not have to worry about being conquered. Why? (421a-423a)\n\n\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the \"one great thing\" the guardians must always guard? Why is this so important? Do you agree? Why or why not?\n\n\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Socrates proposes a process of elimination to find justice in the ideal state. (427e-428a) What problems do you see with this approach?\n\n\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Describe the three cardinal virtues other than justice and explain how they are exemplified in the ideal state. (427e-432b)\n\n\n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Socrates wants Glaucon and Adiemantus to accept his account of courage as an account of \"civic\" courage. Evidently, he believes that a full account of the virtue of courage would be somewhat different, or at least fuller, than his account. What do you think his account of civic courage leaves out of a full account of courage? (429b-430c)\n\n\n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explain Socrates conception of justice in the state and why he believes that his account gives us the essence of justice. (433a-434d) Can you think of elements of justice that have been left out of his account? Do you think that Socrates could bring them into his account? Explain.\n\n\n9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What principle does Socrates invoke to defend the view that the feature of states that makes them just will be the same as the feature that makes individual people just? (435a-b) Think of some examples that fit this principle and some that don't. Do you think this is a sufficient reason to agree with Socrates that there is such a correspondence? Why or why not?\n\n\n10. Socrates argues that the individual soul must have three parts because the state does. (435d-e) What is his argument and what is wrong with it?\n\n\n11. Explain the principle that \"the same thing will not be willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the same time.\" (436b)\n\n\n12. What is Socrates' argument for there being at least two parts of the soul? (436b-439d) What are his arguments for there being another part in addition to these two? (439d-441c) Do you think that he has successfully shown that there are really \"parts\" to the soul, and that there are exactly three of them? Explain your answer.\n\n\n13. Explain how each of the three cardinal virtues other than justice are exemplified in the individual soul. (441c-442d)\n\n\n14. What makes an action, as opposed to a soul, unjust or just, according to Socrates? Do you agree with Socrates? Why or why not? (443c-444d)\n\n\n15. Glaucon & Socrates agree on an argument which will show in a preliminary way that the just life is better than the unjust at the end of Book IV. What is the argument? Is it a good one? Why or why not?\n\n\n\n\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 At 544e (see also 435e-436) Socrates argues that there are just as many types of people as there are types of cities or states. What is his argument? What is wrong with that argument?\n\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explain what the four kinds of corrupt governments and characters are. Why does each kind of government collapse and lead to the next kind?\n\n\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why will even the ideal state deteriorate?\n\n\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"When wealth and the wealthy are honored in a city, virtue and the virtuous are prized less.\" (551a) What arguments might support this claim?\n\n\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the difference between necessary and unnecessary desires? (558d-559c) What role does this distinction play in Socrates' views?\n\n\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are Socrates' objections to democracy? Do you agree with him that it is one of the worst forms of government? Why or why not? What sort of argument might one come up with to defend democracy against his attacks?\n\n\n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why is a \"democratic' state of the soul objectionable? If you agree with Socrates' criticisms of the democratic soul, he would insist that you must also agree with his criticisms of the democratic state. Explain why. Do you think that you must? Why or why not?\n\n\n\n\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are lawless desires? Explain Socrates' conception of the \"tyrannical\" personality. (571a-579e)\n\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How is it that a tyranical personality who becomes a real tyrant is really \"in greatest need, and is truly poor\" (579e)? True?\n\n\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summarize and critically evaluate the first \"proof\" for thinking that the truly just man, independent of reputation, will be happier than the truly unjust man. (580d)\n\n\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summarize and evaluate the second \"proof\". (580-583b)\n\n\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why is pure pleasure not merely the absence of pain, and pure pain not merely the absence of pleasure? (583c-584c)\n\n\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summarize the third \"proof\". (583c-588b)\n\n\n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why does it make no difference to Socrates' argument whether the ideal state exists? (592a-b)
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nTest 2\n\nTissues, Skin, Skeleton\n\nWhich tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts? Epithelial tissue\nWhich tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and helps provide immunity? Connective tissue\nWhich tissue generates the physical force needed to make body structures move? Muscle tissue\nWhich tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds to help maintain homeostasis? Nervous tissue\nMost epithelial cells and some muscle and nerve cells are tightly joined into functional units by points of conact between their plasma membranes called what? Cell junctions\nWhat forms tight seals between cells to prevent substances from passing between the cells? Cell junctions\nWhat can anchor cells to one another so that they do not separate while performing their functions? Cell junctions\nWhy are cell junctions important? It is important for tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder because it prevents the content of these organs from leaking out.\nWhat can provide channels for ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue, allowing communication between cells and enabling nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells? Cell junctions\nWhich tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in single or multiple layers? Epithelial tissue\nWhich tissue is an excellent protective barrier for body surfaces? Epithelial tissue\nIn epithelial tissue, the cells are closely packed with little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes are held tightly together by what? Cell junctions\nWhat part of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, body cavities, interior space of organs, or tubular ducts that receive cell secretions? Apical (free) Surface\nWhat surface of an epithelial cell faces the adjacent cells on either side and may contain cell junctions? Lateral surfaces\nWhich surface of an epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface and adheres to extracellular materials? Basal surfaces\nWhich is the most superficial layer of epithelial cells? Apical\nWhat is the deepest layer of epithelial cells? Basal\nWhat is a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers? Basement membrane\nWhat is closer to the epithelial cells and is secreted by them and contains proteins such as collagen and laminin, as well as glyco proteins? Basal Lamina (thin layer)\nWhat is deep to the basal lamina and contains fibrous proteins produced by underlying connective tissue cells called fibroblasts? Reticular Lamina\nWhat forms a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing, restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue, and participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys? Basement membranes\nWhat tissue has its own nerve supply but is avascular because it lacks its own blood supply? Epithelial tissue\nHow does the exchange of substances between epithelium and connective tissue occur? Diffusion\nWhat kind of tissue has a high rate of cell division and is constantly renewing and replacing them? Epithelial tissue\nProtection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion are the important roles of which tissue? Epithelial\nWhat kind of tissue forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs? Covering and lining epithelium\nWhich tissue constitutes the secreting portion of gland? Glandular epithelium\nWhat tissue is classified by the arrangement of cells into layers and the shapes of cells? Covering and lining epithelial tissue\nWhat kind of tissue is a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, filtration, secretion, and absorption? Simple epithelium\nWhich cells are arranged like floor tires and are thin, allowing the rapid movement of substances through them? Squamous cells\nWhich cells are tall and wide and are shaped like hexagons sometimes have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption? Cuboidal cells\nWhich cells are taller than they are wide and protect underlying tissues? Columnar cells\nWhich cells change shape from flat to cuboidal as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size? Transitional cells\nWhich epithelial tissue is found at sites where filtration and diffusion takes place, but not found in body areas that are subject to wear and tear? Simple squamous epithelium\nWhat is a simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels? Endothelium\nWhat is the type of simple squamous epithelium that forms the epithelial layer of membranes (peritoneum)? Mesothelium\nWhat kind of epithelium is found in organs such as the thyroid gland and kidneys and performs the functions or secretion and absorption? Simple cuboidal epithelium\nWhich kind of epithelium contains two type of cells: columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at their apical surface, and goblet cells? Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium\nWhat increases the rate of absorption by the cell? Microvilli\nWhat are modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surface? Goblet cells\nWhy is secreted mucus important? It lubricates and offers protective covering for the lining of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract.\nWhat kind of epithelium contains columnar epithelial cells with cilia at their apical surface? Ciliated simple columnar epithelium\nWhat helps move oocytes expelled from the ovaries through the uterine tubes into the uterus and move cerebrospinal fluid through passageways in the central nervous system? Cilia\nWhat kind of epithelium is durable and can protect underlying tissues? Stratified epithelium\nWhat tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tisses in the body? Connective tissue\nWhich tissue binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues? Connective tissue\nWhich tissue protects and insulates internal organs, and compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles? Connective tissue\nWhich tissue is the major transport system within the body? Connective tissue\nWhich tissue is the major site of stored energy reserves? Connective tissue\nWhat cells retain the capacity for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix that is characteristic of the tissue? Blast cells\nIn cartilage and bone, once the extracellular matrix is produced the blast cells diffenciate into mature cells with the names ending in what? -cyte\nWhat have reduced capacity for cell division and extracellular matrix formation and are mostly involved in maintaining the matrix? Mature cells ( or -cyte)\nWhat are large, flat cells with branching processes present in several connective tissues? Fibroblasts\nWhat migrates through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substances to the extracellular matrix? Fibroblasts\nWhat engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis? Macrophages\nWhat cells secrete antibodies? Plasma cells\nWhat cells produce histamine? Mast cells\nWhat are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides? Adipocytes\nWhat cells are not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue, but in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues to mediate immune system responses? White blood cells\nWhat is the component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers? Ground substance\nWhat supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provide a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells? Ground substance\nWhat plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, and change shape and in how they carry our their metabolic functions, and contains water and glycosaminoglycans (GAG)? Ground substance\nWhat is a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs? Hyaluronic acid\nWhat fibers are very strong and resist pulling forces and allow tissue flexibility? Collagen fibers\nWhat fibers occur in bundles lying parallel to each other, providing strength? Collagen fibers\nWhat fibers are bound in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments? Collagen fibers\nWhat fibers branch and join together to form a network within a tissue? Elastic fibers\nWhat fibers have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, and are plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue? Elastic fibers\nWhat fibers consist of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, providing support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues? Reticular fibers\nWhat are thinner than collagen fibers and found in stroma, and help form the basement membrane? Reticular fibers\nWhat kind of tissue is present primarily in the embryo and fetus? Embryonic connective tissue\nWhat kind of connective tissue is present after birth? Mature connective tissue\nIn what kind of connective tissue are fibers loosely intertwined and many cells are present? Loose connective tissue\nWhat is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body, contains several kinds of cells, including fibroblasts, microphages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, and a few white blood cells? Areolar connective tissue\nStrength, elasticity, and support are the functions of which connective tissue? Areolar connective tissue\nWhich type of tissue consists of cells specialized to store triglycerides as a large centrally located droplet? Adipose tissue\nWhat kind of tissue reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, and supports and protects? Adipose tissue\nWhat kind of tissue is located around the heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind the eye socket? Adipose tissue\nWhat kind of tissue forms stroma (suuport network) of organs, filters, and removes wornout blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes? Reticular connective tissue\nWhat kind of tissue consists mainly of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles and fibroblasts present in rows between the fiber bundles? Dense regular connective tissue\nWhat kind of tissue forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses? Dense regular connective tissue\nWhich kind of connective tissue consists predominantly of collagen fibers, randomly arranged, and a few fibroblasts? Dense irregular connective tissue\nWhat kind of connective tissue provides strength and is found in fasciae (tissue around muscles and other organs), dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs, pericardium and heart valves? Dense irregular connective tissue\nWhat kind of connective tissue consists predominantly of freely branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts present in spaces between the elastic fibers? Elastic connective tissue\nWhat kind of connective tissue allows the stretching of various organs and is found in lung tissues, trachea, bronchial tubes, wall of some artieries, and ligaments in penis and vertebrae? Elastic connective tissue\nWhat consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate? Cartilage\nWhat is a gel-like component of the ground substance? Chondroitin sulfate\nWhat can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissue due to its collagen fibers and no blood supply makes it heal slowly following an injury? Cartilage\nWhat are cells of mature cartilage found within spaces called lacunae? Condrocytes\nWhat kind of cartilage consists of a bluish-white shiny ground substance with fine, pale collagen fibers and many condrocytes? Hyaline cartilage\nWhat kind of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, parts of nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic and fetal skeleton? Hyaline cartilage\nWhat kind of cartilage provides smooth muscle surfaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support? Hyaline cartilage\nWhat cartilage consists of chondrocytes located among a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix of this type of cartilage? Fibrocartilage\nWhat kind of cartilage combines strength and rigidity and is the strongest of the three types of cartilage? Fibrocartilage\nWhat kind of cartilage consists of chondrocytes located among a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix? Elastic cartilage\nWhat kind of cartilage is highly flexible, resilient, and maintains the shape of certain structures such as the ear? Elastic cartilage\nWhat kind of tissue consists of osteocytes in lacunae and an extracellular matrix arranged in concentric rings or thin columns? Bone tissue\nWhat kind of tissue supports, protects, stores, houses blood-forming tissue, and serves as levels that act together with muscle tissue to enable movement? Bone tissue\nWhat kind of tissue is either spongy or compact depending on how its extracellular matrix and cells are organized? Bone tissue\nIn what kind of tissue are cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix? Liquid connective tissue\nWhat is a connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix? Blood\nWhat is a liquid extracellular matrix with blood? Blood plasma\nWhat is found within blood vessels and chambers of the heart? Blood\nWhat kind of cell transports respiratory gases? Red blood cells\nWhat kind of cells carry on phagocytosis and contribute to immune responses? White blood cells\nWhat kind of cells are essential for blood clotting? Platelets\nWhat is a connective tissue that flows in lymphatic vessels and consists of several types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix that is similar to blood plasma, but with much less protein? Lymph\nWhat kind of connective tissue circulates body fluids, transports lipids, and helps to defend the body against pathogens? Lymph\nWhat are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body? Membranes\nThe combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer constitutes what? Epithelial membrane\nWhat kind of membrane lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior? Mucous membrane\nWhat kind of membrane lines the entire digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, and most of the urinary tract? Mucous membrane\nWhat serves as a lubricant and also an important barrier that microbes and other pathogens have difficulty penetrating? Mucous membrane\nWhat is the connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane? Areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)\nWhat supports the epithelium, binds it to the underlying structures, allows some flexibility of the membrane, holds blood vessels in place, and protects underlying muscles from abrasion or puncture? Areolare connective tissue (lamina propria)\nWhat kind of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs that lie within the cavity? Serous membrane\nWhat is the layer of serous membranes that attaches to the cavity wall? Parietal layer\nWhat is the layer of serous membranes that covers and attaches to the organs inside the cavity? Visceral layer\nWhat in a serous membrane secretes serous fluid, a watery lubricating fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities? Mesothelium\nWhat membrane covers the surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis? Cutaneous membrane\nWhat membrane lines the cavities of freely movable joints and also line cushioning sacs easing the movement of muscle tendons? Synovial membranes\nWhat tissue consists of elongated cells that can use ATP to generate force and produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat? Muscle tissue\nWhat kind of muscle tissue is striated, containing alternating light and dark bands called striations? Skeletal muscle tissue\nWhat tissue is very long, cylindrical in shape, and has many nuclei located at the periphery of the cell and has individual muscles that are parallel to each other? Skeletal muscle tissue\nWhat kind of muscle tissue is voluntary because it can be made to contract or relax by conscious control, and it is usually attached to bones by tendons? Skeletal muscle tissue\nWhat kind of muscle has branched, striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei? Cardiac muscle tissue\nWhat kind of muscle tissue is involuntary because its contractions are not consciously controlled and is located in the heart wall and pumps blood to all parts of the body? Cardiac muscle tissue\nWhat kind of tissue is spindle-shaped, contains single, centrally located nuclei, and is usually involuntary? Smooth muscle tissue\nWhat kind of tissue is found in the iris of the eyes and walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, interstines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus? Smooth muscle tissue\nWhat kind of muscle constricts blood vessels and airways, propels foods through the gastrointestinal tract, and contracts the urinary bladder and gallbladder? Smooth muscle tissue\nWhat are sensitive to various stimuli, convert stimuli into electrical impulses and consists of three basic parts: a cell body, dendrites, and axons? Neurons\nWhat contains the nucleus and other organelles in a neuron? Cell body\nWhat are tapering, highly branched and usually short cell processes that are the major receiving or input portion of a neuron? Dendrites\nWhat is a single, thin, cylyindrical process that may be very long. It is the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue? Axon\nWhat are generally smaller than neurons, do not generate or conduct impulses, but serve the important functions of supporting, nourishing, and protecting delicate neurons? Neuroglia\nWhat tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia? Nervous tissue\nWhat do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have important supporting functions, exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses, and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands? Nervous tissue\nWhat is the process that replaces worn-out, damaged, or dead cells? Tissue repair\nWhat kind of cells endure considerable wear and tear and have a continous capacity for renewal? Epithelial cells\nWhat has continuous renewal in bones, but cartilage repairs slowly due to lack of blood supply? Connective tissue\nWhat tissue has very limited repairing capacity? Muscle tissue\nWhat kind of tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal? Nervous tissue\nWhat is tissue growth through cell multiplication? Hyperplasia\nWhat is the enlargement of preexisting cell? Hypertrophy\nWhat is muscle growth through exercising an example of? Hypertrophy\nWhat is the growth of a tumor through growth of abnormal tissue? Neoplasia\nWhat is the changing from one type of mature tissue to another? Metaplasia\nWhat is the process where unspecialized cells become specialized? Differentiation\nWhat is the loss of cell size or number (lack of use)? Atrophy\nWhat is the pathological death of tissue? Neocrosis\nWhat is gangrene an example of? Neocrosis\nWhat is programmed cell death where cells disintegrate into membrane-bound particles that are phagocytized? Apoptosis\nWhat covers the external surface of the body? Skin or Cutaneous membrane\nWhat is the largest organ of the body in surface area and weight? Skin or Cutaneous membrane\nWhat is the largest organ in the body in surface area and weight? Skin or Cutaneous membrane\nWhat develop from epidermis during embryonic development? Accessory organs\nWhat helps regulate body temperature, serves as a water-repellent and protective barrier, contains sensory nerve endings, excretes salts, and helps with the synthesis of vitamin D? Skin\nWhat is the superficial, thinner portion of the skin composed of epithelial tissue? Epidermis\nWhat is the deeper, thicker, connective tissue portion of the skin? Dermis\nWhat is dep to the dermis, not part of the skin, which serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin? Hypodermis\nWhat are contained in the hypodermis that contain nerve endings sensitive to pressure? Lamellated corpuscles\nWhat covers all parts of the body except for the palms, palmar surfaces, and soles? Thin skin\nWhat has a thin epidermis, fewer sweat glands than thick skin, and a sparse distribution of sensory receptors? Thin skin\nWhat covers the palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers and soles and has dense sensory receptors and numberous sudoriferous glands? Thick skin\nWhat are the most numerous epidermal cells, are arranged in four or five layers, and produce keratin? Keratinocytes\nWhat is a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals, and also releases a waterproofing sealant? Keratin\nWhat are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis and produces the pigment melanin? Melanocytes\nWhat is a brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light? Melanin\nWhat kind of cells constitute a small fraction of the epidermal cells and participate in immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin and are easily damaged by UV light? Langerhans cells\nWhat are the least numerous of the epidermis that function together in the sensation of touch? Merkel cells\nWhat is the deepest layer of the epidermis and is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes? Stratum basale\nWhat has 8-10 layers of keratinocytes fit closely together and appear shiny in histology slides? Stratum spinosum\nWhat consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis and has lamellar granules? Stratum lucidum\nWhat consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead, flat keratinocytes which are continuously shed? Stratum corneum\nWhat is composed mainly of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers? Dermis\nWhere are blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles embedded? Dermal tissue\nWhat makes up one fifth of the dermis and consists of areolar connective tissue containing fine elastic fibers? Papillary region\nIn the papillary region, what increases its surface area with small, fingerlike projections? Dermal papillae\nWhat is attached to the hypodermis and consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fibers? Reticular region\nWhat in the reticular region provides the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity? Collagen and elastic fibers\nWhat causes the skin's color to vary from pale yellow, to tan, to black? Melanin\nWhat are melanin-producing cells and are most plentiful in the epidermis of the penis, nipples, areolae, face, and limbs? Melanocytes\nWhat are in similar numbers person to person, so differences in skin color are due mainly to the amount of melanin produced? Melanocytes\nWithin limit, what serves as a protective function but repeatedly exposing skin to UV light may cause skin cancer? Melanin\nWhat is a yellow-orange pigment, which is a precursor to vitamin A and is used to synthesize pigments needed for vision? Carotene\nWhat is the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells? Hemoglobin\nWhat are present on most skin surfaces except the palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers, soles, and plantar surfaces on the toes? Hair\nWhat offers limited protection by guarding the scalp from injury and the sun's rays? Hair\nWhat protects the eyes from foreign particles? Eyebrows and eyelashes\nWhat can function in sensing light touch? Hair\nWhat is composed of columns of dead, keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins? Hair\nWhat is the superficial portion of the hair? Shaft\nWhat is the portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the hypodermis? Root\nWhat is the outer layer of the hair that consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that are the most heavily keratinized? Cuticle\nWhat surrounds the root of the hair and is made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath? Hair follicle\nThe base of each hair follicle is enlarge into an onion-shaped structure called what? Bulb\nWhat of the hair is found in the bulb and contains many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicles? Papilla\nThe bulb contains a germinal layer of cells is the site of hair cell division? Matrix\nWhat are responsible for the growth of existing hairs, and they produce new hair when old hairs are shed, and give rise to the cells of the internal root sheath? Matrix cells\nSmooth muscle in hairs is called what? Arrector pili\nWhat extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the hair follicle, and under stress contract and pull the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface? Arrector pili\nHair color is due primarily to the amount and type of what in its cells? Melanin\nWhat glands are connected to hair follicles? Sebaceous glands (oil glands)\nThe secreting portion of what lie in the dermis and open into the hair follicles or directly onto a skin surface? Sebaceous glands\nSebaceous glands secrete an oily substances called what? Sebum\nWhat coats the surface of hairs and helps keep them from drying and becoming brittle? Sebum\nWhat prevens excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin pliable, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria? Sebum\nWhat glands release perspiration onto the skin surface through pores or into hair follicles? Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)\nWhat sweat glands are distributed throughout most of the skin and are most numerous in the skin of the forehead, palms and soles, helping to regulate body temperature? Eccrine sweat glands\nWhat kind of sweat glands are found mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae of the breasts, and bearded regions of the face in adult males? Apocrine sweat glands\nWhat glands are stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement resulting in a cold sweat? Apocrine sweat glands\nWhat are modified sweat glands in the external ear that produce a waxy secretion? Cerunimous glands\nWhat provides a sticky barrier that impedes the entrance of foreign bodies, also known as earwax? Cerumen\nWhat are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of fingers and toes? Nails\nWhat help to grasp and manipulate small objects, provide protection against trauma to the ends of the fingers and toes, and allow us to scratch various parts of the body? Nails\nWhat is the portion of the nail that is visible? Nail body\nWhat is the part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the fingers and toes? Free edge\nWhat is the portion of the nail that is buried into a fold of skin? Nail root\nWhat is the whitish semilunar area near the nail root? Lunula\nWhat is a narrow band of epidermis that extends from the proximal border of the nail and consists of stratum corneum? Cuticle\nWhat is the epithelium deep to the nail root that divides mitotically to produce growth? Nail matrix\nWhat occurs by the transformation of superficial matrix cells into nail cells? Nail growth\nWhat occurs with injuries to the epidermis including minor burns and abrasions? Epidermal wound healing\nIn response to an epidermal injury, what of the epidermis surrounds the wound and breaks contact with the basement membrane, enlarging and migrating across the wound? Stratum basale cells (basal cells)\nWhen basal cells encounter one another, they stop migrating due to a cellular response called what? Contact inhibition\nAs basal cells migrate, what hormone stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved to the wound? Epidermal growth factor\nWhat kind of healing applies to injuries that extend to the dermis and hypodermis? Deep wound healing\nDuring what phase of deep wound healing does bleeding produce a blood clot in the wound, loosely uniting the wound edges? Inflammatory phase\nWhat is a process that prepares the wound for repair by helping to eliminate microbes, foreign material, and dying tissue? Inflammation\nWhat increases the permeability and diameter of local blood vessels, enhancing delivery of helpful cells, including white blood cells? Inflammation\nIn what phase of deep wound healing do clots dry into a scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound, then fibroblasts synthesize collagen and glycoproteins in the dermis? Migratory phase\nFibrous tissue filling the wound in the migratory phase is called what? Granulation tissue\nWhat phase of deep wound healing is characterized by the extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and growth of blood vessels? The proliferative phase\nDuring what phase of deep wound healing to scabs fall off and granulation tissue develops into scar tissue as collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number? Maturation phase\nWhat is the process of scar tissue formation? Fibrosis\nWhat kind of scar remains within the boundary of the original wound? Hypertrophic scar\nWhat type of scar extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound? Keloid scar\nWhat regulates body temperature by liberating sweat and adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis? Skin\nThe skins serves as what since the dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8 to 10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult? Blood reservoir\nWhat in the skin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, and chemicals? Keratin\nWhat do lamellar granules release in the skin to inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface, protecting the body from dehydration? Lipids\nWhat in perspiration retards the growth of some microbes? Acidic pH\nWhat protects the skin from UV light? Melanin\nWhat protects skin and hairs from drying out and contains bactericidal chemicals that kill surface bacteria? Sebum\nWhat cells alert the immune system to the presence of potentially harmful microbial invaders? Epidermal Langerhans\nWhat in the dermis phagocytize bacteria and viruses that manage to penetrate the skin surface? Macrophages\nWhat sensations are those that arise in the skin, including touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, heating, cooling, and pain? Cutaneous\nWhat allow you to sense fine touch, pressure, and slow vibrations? Mesissner corpuscles\nWhat are free nerve endings in the epidermis that allow the sense of touch and pressure? Merkel discs\nWhat are found in the dermis, ligaments, and tendons and allow the sense of stretching of skin? Ruffini corpuscles\nWhat are found in the dermis, hypodermis, joints, and some viscera and allow the sensing of pressure, fast vibrations, and tickling? Pacinian corpuscles\nWhat allow the sensing of pain? Nociceptors\nWhat allow the sensing of coldness or warmth? Thermoreceptors\nWhat is the vehicle for excretion of water and small amounts of salts, CO2, ammonia, and urea? Sweat\nHow much ml/day of water evaporates from the skin? 400\nHow many ml/day of insensible sweat is lost from a sedentary person? 200\nWhat absorbs some fat-soluble vitamins, certain drugs, toxins, oxygen, and CO2? Skin\nWhat is a precursor synthesized in response to UV exposure? Vitamin D\nWhat is a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium in foods from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood? Calcitriol\nWhat type of burn occurs in the epidermis and is painful? First degree burn\nWhat kind of burn extends to the dermis with varying pain? Second degree burn\nWhat type of burn damage extends to the hypodermis with little pain? Third degree burn\nWhat type of burn damage extends into fasica, tendons, or bones? Fourth degree burn\nHow many burn injuries occur annually and how many require hospitalization? 1 million injuries, 45,000 hospitalizations\nWhat kind of carcinoma arises from stratum basale and invades dermis? Basal cell carcinoma\nWhat is the least dangerous but most prominent form of skin cancer and grows slowly? Basal cell carcinoma\nWhat carcinoma arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum and can be treated if caught early? Squamous cell carincoma\nWhat arises from melanocytes of a preexisting mole and is the most lethal form of skin cancer? Malignant melanoma\nWhat is a framework of bone and their cartilages? Skeletal system\nWhat functions as a support since it provides the structural framework for the body and provides attachment points for tendons and most skeletal muscles? Skeletal system\nWhat assists in movement because it provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles? Skeletal system\nWhat assists with mineral homeostasis because they can score calcium and phosphorous and can release minerals on demand? Skeletal system\nWhat system aids in blood cell production? Skeletal system\nWhat is a process where connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? Hemopoiesis\nWhat is present in developing bones of fetus and some adult bones such as ribs, pelvis, sternum, skull, and thigh bones? Red bone marrow\nWhat system aids in triglyceride storage? Skeletal system\nWhat consists mainly of adipocytes and few blood cells, with triglycerides that are a potential chemical energy reserve? Yellow bone marrow\nWhat bones have greater length than width and consists of a shaft and two extremities? Long bones\nWhat bones are slightly curved for strength and absorption of stress from body weight? Long bones\nWhat bones include the thigh, leg, arm, forearm, and fingers and toes? Long bones\nWhat bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width? Short bones\nWhat bones are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment? Flat bones\nWhat bones include the cranial bones, which protect the brain, the breastbone, and ribs, and shoulder blades? Flat bones\nWrist bones and ankle bones are an example of what? Short bones\nWhat bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any other category? Irregular bones\nExamples of what bones include the backbones, hipbones, certain facial bones, and the heel bone? Irregular bones\nWhat bones develop in certain tendons where this is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress, such as the palms and soles? Sesamoid bones\nWhat bones vary in number person to person except for the patellae which are normally present in all individuals? Sesamoid bones\nWhat bones protect tendons from excessive wear and tear? Sesamoid bones\nWhat is the bone's shaft or body, the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone? Diaphysis\nWhat are the distal and proximal ends of the bone? Epiphyses\nWhat are the regions in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses? Metaphyses\nIn a growing bone, each metaphysis contains what which is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length? Epiphyseal plate\nWhen bone growth in length stops, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by ossesous tissue, resulting in what? Epiphyseal line\nWhat is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation with another bone? Articular cartilage\nWhat cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints? Articular cartilage\nWhat is a tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage? Periosteum\nWhat contains bone-forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness, and protects the bone, assits in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons? Periosteum\nWhat is the space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults? Medullary cavity\nWhat is a thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains bone-forming cells? Endosteum\nWhat contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells and is about 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50% crystallized mineral salts? Osseous tissue\nWhat is the calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate found in bones? Hydroxyapatite\nWhat is the process of depositing mineral salts around collagen fibers? Collagen\nWhat does not resist torsional forces well? Bone\nWhat are unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme and are the only bone cells to undergo cell division? Osteogenic cells\nWhat cells are found in the inner portion of the periosteum in the endosteum and in the canals within bones that contain blood vessels? Osteogenic cells\nWhat are bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue? Osteoblasts\nWhat secrete collagen and initiate calcification, becoming trapped in secretions and become osteocytes? Osteoblasts\nWhat are mature bone cells and are the most numerous cells in osseous tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, but do not undergo cell division? Osteocytes\nWhat are huge cells derived from fusion of up to 50 monocytes, concentrated in the endosteum and release enzymes that digest the bone matrix? Osteoclasts\nThe breakdown of the extracellular matrix of ossesous tissue is a process that is part of the normal development, growth, maintenance and repair of bones. What is the process called? Resorption\nWhat contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones, providing protection and support? Compact bone tissue\nBlood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone tissue through what? Transverse perforating or Volmann's canals\nThe vessels and nerves of the perforating canals connect with those of the periosteum, medullary cavity, and what else? Central or haverisan canals\nWhat run longitudinally through the bone? Central canals\nAround the central canals are rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk are called what? Concentric lamellae\nBetween the lamellae are small spaces containing osteocytes. What are the spaces called? Lacunae\nRadiating in all directions from the lacunae are tiny channels filled with processes of osteocytes called what? Canaliculi\nWhat connect lacuna and allow osteocytes to communicate? Canaliculi\nWhat bone does not contain osteons, but consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregulate lattice of thin columns of bone? Spongy bone\nWhat contain lamellae in thin columns of bone, which help make bones lighter and are sometimes filled with red bone marrow? Trabeculae\nWhat bone is located where stresses are weaker or multi-directional? Spongy bone\nWhat enter the diaphysis through numberous perforating canals and supply the periosteum and outer compact bone tissue? Periosteal arteries\nIn what is there a large artery that enters the bone through the nutrient foramen and then divides into branches that supply the inner part of the compact bone and spongy bone of the diaphysis? Nutrient arteries\nWhat arteries enter the ends of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses? Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal arteries\nWhat exit with arteries and carry blood away? Veins\nWhat accompany the blood vessels that supply bones and are sensitive to tearing or tension? Nerves\nWhat is the process by which bone forms? Ossification or Osteogenesis\nThe skeleton of a human embryo is composed of what cells that are loosely shaped like bones and are a template for bone formation? Loose mesenchymal cells\nWhat is the simpler of bone formation and are flat bones of the skull and jawbone, as well as the soft spots that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal? Intramembranous ossification\nWhat is the site where bone develops in intramembranous ossification, and mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate? Ossification center\nWhat is the replacement of cartilage by osseous tissue called? Endochondral ossification\nWhat type of bone is endochondral ossification best observed in? Long bone\nWhat is the layer of hyaline cartilage in the mataphysis? Epiphyseal plate\nWhat zone anchors the epiphyseal plate to osseous tissue? Zone of resting cartilage\nWhat zone is when slightly larger chondrocytes are arranged in stacks and then divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate? Zone of proliferating cartilage\nWhat zone consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns? Zone of hypertrophic cartilage\nWhat zone is only a few cells thick and consists mainly of dead chondrocytes since the extracellular matrix has calcified, and osteoclasts dissolve cartilage, osteoblasts lay down bone extracellular matrix? Zone of calcified cartilage\nThe epiphyseal plate becomes progressively narrower until it is replaced by a bony structure, and signifies that the bone has stopped growing in length is called what? Epiphyseal line\nIf this is damaged, growth stops? Epiphyseal plate\nWhat is it called when long bones stop growing in childhood, resulting in a normal torso but short limbs? Achondroplastic dwarfism\nWhat is due to spontaneous mutation during DNA replication resulting in a failure of cartilage growth? Achondroplastic dwarfism\nWhat is due to a lack of growth hormone that leads to normal porportions with a short stature? Pituitary dwarfism\nIn what process do bony ridges form around blood vessels on the periosteum, ridges fuse to create a tunnel enclosing the blood vessels, and osteoblasts form lamellae toward blood vessels? Appositional blood growth\nAdequate dietary intake of minerals, hormones, and weight bearing exercise are factors that affect what? Bone growth\nWhat raises blood calcium by increasing intestinal absorption from the skeleton, increases stem cell differentiation, and promoting urinary reabsorption of calcium ions? Calcitriol\nRickets and osteomalacia occur without what? Vitamin D\nWhat raises blood calcium? Parathyroid hormone\nWhat release the parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low? Parathyroid glands\nWhat increase the number of osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts, increase the reabsorption of calcium, stimulate excretion of phosphate in kidneys, and increases calcitriol synthesis in kidneys? Parathyroid hormones\nWhat lowers blood calcium levels? Calcitonin\nWhat is secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high and increases the number and activity of osteoblasts? Calcitonin\nWhat is important in children but has little effect in adults since osteoclasts are more active in children and also reduces bone loss in osteoporosis? Calcitonin\nWhat is bone mass loss where bones become brittle and this is risk of fracutre? Osteoporosis\nRisk factors of what include post-menopause when there is an average loss of 30% bone by age 70? Osteoporosis\nPrevention of what includes exercise and calcium intake? Osteoporosis\nWhat is any decrease in bone mass below normal? Osteopenia\nThe healing of bone fractures typically takes how long? Between 8-12 weeks\nThe first stage of bone fracture healing when a clot forms, then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue, is called what? Fracture hematoma\nThe second stage of bone fracture healing is when fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage, and is called what? Soft callus\nThe third stage of bone fracture healing is when osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks, and is called what? Hard callus\nThe fourth stage of bone fracture healing which takes 3 to 4 months as spongy bone is replaced by compact bone is called what? Bone remodeling\nWhat is a treatment of fractures when fragments are aligned with manipulation and are casted? Closed reduction\nWhat is a treatment of fractures with surgical exposure and repair with plates and screws? Open reduction\nWhat are used for prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints, and muscles? Orthopedics\nCreated by: jgold37
+__label__positive 3.118 FAQ-691 How to Find X/Y from Fitted Curves in Find X/Y table?\n\nLast Update: 3/3/2015\n\nThe Find X/Y table allows you to obtain either a dependent variable value given an independent variable value, or an independent variable value given a dependent variable value, from the fit you performed on the data.\n\nFor example, in Linear Fit dialog, There are check boxes in FindX/Y node which turn on FindX/Y output and allows calculation of 95% LCL and UCL values\n\nFinding XY2.png\n\nAfter Checking on the checkbox, there will be a new worksheet contained Find X/Y table named something like *FindXfromY* (or *FindYfromX*). You can enter the Y (or X) values into the first column in the table and the X (or Y) values and 95% LCL and UCL values will be calculated automatically.\n\nFinding XY.png\n\nIn the Nonlinear curve fit tool (NLFit), you can specify extra X/Y columns using a drop-down list. If there are multiple solutions, those values will be added in the extra columns. For example, in the model, there might be two x values for a given y value. So you might specify the Number of X Columns as 2 in the Find X from Y branch.\n\nGenerally, Find Y from X runs faster than Find X from Y. When finding Y from X, Origin uses the fit parameter values directly in the fitting model, to calculate the Y values. However, if you choose to find X from Y, Origin will not be able to derive an X~Y equation automatically. It has to calculate the approximate values by iteration. The algorithm used is illustrated below:\n\nOrigin first creates a uniform linear curve. For a given Y value, the range containing the Y value is found. For example, the Y value of a given point might fall into the range [yn, yn+1]. We know the X value should be within the range [xn, xn+1]. Then a new Y value y', which corresponds to X = (xn + xn+1) / 2, is computed. With the computed y', we can divide the range [yn, yn+1] into two subranges [yn, y'] and [y', yn+1]. Then y and y' are compared to see in which subrange y is located. These steps are repeated until the difference between y and y' is within some tolerance 1e^{-8}.\n\nNote that the iteration method is used in Find X from Y. You can only find the X values for Y values within the source data range.\n\nKeywords:Find Y from X, Error Analysis, Linear Curve Fit
+__label__positive atlc's Tutorial\n\nThe arbitrary transmission line calculator (atlc) project is used when you wish to know the properties (Zo, capacitance per unit length, velocity factor, electric-field distribution, etc) of a transmission line or directional copuler. Unlike the well known analytical formulas printed in any book on transmission lines, atlc has great flexibility, as any cross section can be analysed, even one like this.\nvery odd line\n\nAll this is required, is that the cross section can be drawn and saved as a bitmap file and the programme atlc used to evaluate the bitmap. The following examples show how this is done.\n\n  1. Very odd transmission line In the first tutorial, that very odd transmissionl line will be analysed. It is shown just how easy it is. By far the most difficult part in using atlc is drawing the cross-section, but luckily this is rarely necessary\n  2. Coaxial cable In the second example, a standard piece of coaxial cable will be analysed. This has the advantage for now that we calculate the answer from stardard formula for a sanity check.\n  3. Symmetrical rectangular transmission line. In the example, a transmission line with one rectangular conductor centrally located inside another rectangular conductor will be analysed. The programme create_bmp_for_rect_cen_in_rect will be used for this - the name hopefully conveying the conductor shapes and the symmetry.\n  4. Directional coupler. Assume we wished to analyse the coupling between two closely spaced square conductors in a rectangular outer conductor, with a vacuum dielectric.\n  1. Very odd line Assuming we wanted to analyse that rather strange transmission line above, its cross-section would first be saved as a bitmap. One conductor would be drawn pure red, the other pure green. Assuming for a monent the dielectric is a vacuum (virtually the same permittivity as air), the dielectic would be drawn pure whilte. (The colours are critical and are discussed more in the section marked Colours at the top of the page). Assuming the cross section was in a file very_odd.bmp, we would run atlc like this:\n    wren % atlc very-odd.bmp\n    atlc would produce the following output.\n    very-odd.bmp 2 Er=  1.00 Zo=  56.557 Ohms C=   59.0 pF/m L=  188.7 nH/m v= 2.998e+08 m/s v_f= 1.000 VERSION= 4.6.0\n    All information is printed on one long line so its easy to process with other software. Note the impedance Zo is 56.557 Ohms.\n\n    The size (number of pixels) in the bitmap should be sufficient that the structure can be drawn accurately, but not so large that it takes too long to process. About 1 MB is reasonable.\n\n  2. Coaxial cable To analyse coaxial cable, we would normally use the formulas published in book. The impedance for instance, is given by Zo=59.95849160*loge(D/d))/sqrt(Er) - (the 59.958 .. is ussually seen in books as 60). atlc can be used too. We are not suggesting that atlc is used instead of the normal formula for coax on a regular basis, but since it's a simple example, it is useful for demonstration. Also, as there is an analytical expression for Zo, we can get some idea of the accuracy of atlc\n\n    Since the cross section consists of a circular conductor inside another circular conductor, the programme create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ can be used to generate the bitmap, rather than the more time consuming procedure of using a graphics package and drawing it manually..\n\n    We will assume that the inner diameter of the outer conductor is 12 mm, the outer diameter of the inner conductor is 3.9 mm, and the dielectric has a permittivity of 1.0. Since the conductors are coaxial, there is zero offset between their centres. The programme create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ will be used to generate the bitmap, with these physical dimensions\n\n    If we run create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ without any arguments, it will print a usage message, showing the first argument should the the outer diamater (D=12 mm), the second the inner conductor (d=3.9 mm), the third the offset 'O' between the conductors (O is zero since they are coaxial and there is therefore no offset between centres). The fourth argument is the relative permittivity (1.0 in this case). Ignoring the options, which are not necessary unless we wish to change the behaviour of create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ, we would type\n\n    % create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ 12 3.9 0 1.0 coaxial_1.bmp\n    This will produce a bitmap like the image on the left. The inner conductor is red, the outer green and the dielectric is white in this case, as Er=1.0. Don't worry about the fact that the outer conductor is square, as the inside of it is round, which is all that matters.\n    coax 12/3.9 mm\n    To calculate the properties of this coaxial cable, we then run atlc, where it will print the important properties to the screen, again on one long line (you will have to scroll the brower to see it all).\n\n    % atlc coaxial_1.bmp\n    coaxial_1.bmp 2 Er=  1.00 Zo=  67.390 Ohms C=   49.5 pF/m L=  224.8 nH/m v= 2.998e+08 m/s v_f= 1.000 VERSION= 4.6.0\n\n    The correct answer, given by the formula Zo=59.95849160*loge(D/d)/sqrt(Er) is 67.3892 Ohms, so atlc's estimate of Zo= 67.390 Ohms is in error by only 0.001%!! We could probably increase the accuracy further, by generating a larger bitmap with create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ, by adding the -b command line option, but there is no point. Who can argue with an error of just 0.001% ???\n\n    We could if we wanted use an outer conductor which is round on both the inner and outer like this:\n    coax 12/3.9 mm\n    so it looks more like normal coax. However, there are three good reasons not to do this. This applies to any structure you draw.\n\n    Hence there are a number of good reasons to replace any dielectric with a conductor, when it is obvious it does not change the impedance.\n\n  3. Symmetrical rectangular transmission line. In this tutorial we will analyse a rectangular conductor placed centrally inside a second rectangular conductor. We will assume the outer is 10x7 mm, the inner 2 by 5 mm and assume the dielectric is not air, but a polystryene with a relative permittity of Er=2.5. The section marked Colours will show that for a dielectric of Er=2.5, the dielectric must be drawn in yellow, with 255 parts red, 255 parts green and no blue. We could draw this quite easily by a graphics package and produce someting like this.\n\n    rectangular transmission line\n\n    The outer conductor needs only to be 2 pixels thick. Drawing a few more is usually benificial, as otherwise they can be hard to see. Do not make it too thick (say more than 30 pixels) as it will start to slow atlc.\n\n    Once the bitmap is drawn, a copy of which is in atlc-x.y.z/examples/rect9.bmp, atlc is used to process the bitmap.\n\n    % atlc rect9.bmp\n    Although drawning that would not be hard in the Gimp, Photoshop or whatever, it is even easier to use create_bmp_for_rect_cen_in_rect to generate the bitmap, giving it the 4 dimensions in the order W H w h and the permittivity, which in the following example is 2.5.\n    % create_bmp_for_rect_cen_in_rect 10 7 2 5 2.5  rect10.bmp\n    % atlc rect10.bmp\n    rect10.bmp 2 Er=  2.50 Zo=  23.95 Ohms C= 220.2 pF/m L= 126.3 nH/m v= 1.896e+08 m/s v_f= 0.632 VERSION= 4.2.5\n    In order to understand how to use create_bmp_for_rect_cen_in_rect (or any other programme for that matter), we should run it with no arguments, to get a list of the paramters it needs and any options it may have.\n  4. Directional coupler. Now consider analysing this structure, which is a coupler. A bitmap of it can be found in atlc-x.y.z/examples/cop1.bmp\n\n    rectangular transmission line\n\n    This time, since this is a coupler, the second inner conductor must be drawn pure blue. Coupled lines are quite a complex suhject, but the important properties to know are the odd and even mode impedance, Zodd and Zeven. Again atlc is used to determine these.\n\n    % atlc cop1.bmp\n    atlc responds, but this time giving both the odd mode impedance, the even mode impedance and the characteristic impedance Zo.\n    cop1.bmp 3 Er_odd= 1.00 Er_even= 1.00 Zodd= 31.69 Zeven= 138.99 Zo=  66.37 Zdiff=  63.38 Zcomm=  69.50 Ohms VERSION=4.2.5\n\n    The characteristic impedance Zo is the square root of the odd and even mode impedances. Zo=sqrt(Zodd*Zeven)=sqrt(31.59*138.99)=66.37.\n    The common mode impedance Zcomm is Zeven/2 and the differential mode impedance Zdiff is 2*Zodd.\n\n    Please see the tutorial on couplers for further examples on the use of couplers.\n\n\nReturn to the atlc homepage
+__label__positive Tuesday, 27 December 2016\n\nComputer Questions for IBPS Clerk Mains 2016\n\nQ1. Which\u00a0of the following is most oriented to scientific programming?\n(e) RUBY\n\nQ2. What\u00a0is DROPBOX?\n(a) File hosting service\n(b) Android Development platform\n(c) Web Browser\n(d) Operating System\n(e) None of the above\n\nQ3. All Android phones and iPhones have access to a SQL (pronounced \u2018sequel\u2019) database called_______\n(a) SQLite\n(b) MySQL\n(c) PostgreSQL\u00a0\n(d) Microsoft SQL\u00a0\n(e) All of the above.\u00a0\n\nQ4._____is the the scripting language of the World Wide Web and is built right into all major web browsers including Internet Explorer, FireFox and Safari.\n(a) HTML\n(b) Flash player\n(c) Javascript\n(d) Adobe\n(e) Python\n\nQ5.______is the \u00a0a relatively new programming language designed by Microsoft for a wide range of enterprise applications that run on the .NET Framework.\u00a0\n(c) JAVA\n(d) C#(pronounced C-sharp)\n(e) None of these\n\nQ6. Python is a general purpose programming language . Python is simple and incredibly readable since closely resembles the English language.\nWho developed Python?\n(a) Guido van Rossum\n(b) Jack python\n(c) Elon Musk\n(d) Dennis Ritchie\n(e) Steve Jobs\n\nQ7._______is a scripting language, running on the server, which can be used to create web pages written in HTML.\u00a0\n(a) PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor)\n(b) Javascript\n(c) Android\n(d) Adobe\n(e) None of the above.\n\nQ8._____general purpose programming language, though it is best known for its use in web programming, and _____ serves as a framework for the Ruby Language.\u00a0\n(a) Java,IDE\n(b) C#,C++\n(c) Javascript,Java\n(d) Ruby,Rails\n(e) None of the above\n\nQ9. In 2014, Apple decided to invent their own programming language.What is the programming language called?\n(a) Cyanogen\n(b) Ruby\n(c) Swift\n(d) Oxygen\n(e) None of these\n\nQ10.Which among the following is not an Object Oriented Programming Language?\n(a) Python\n(c) Java\n(d) C++\n(e) Ruby\n\n(a) SEO\n(b) ESO\n(c) IEEE\n(e) None of the above\n\n(a) Hybrid Cloud\n(b) Dynamic cloud\u00a0\n(c) Sharing cloud\n(d) Compressed cloud\n(e) None of the above\n\n(a) Private\n(b) public\n(c) distributed\n(d) hybrid\n(e) None of the above\n\nQ14. Which\u00a0among the following is a recently debated principle that Internet service providers and governments regulating the Internet should treat all data on the Internet the same, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication?\n(a) Comcast\n(b) Net Neutrality\n(c) Oblique-net\n(d) Net Fraternity\n(e) Fair Web\u00a0\n\nQ15. Which\u00a0among the following is an important circuitry in a computer system that directs the operation of the processor?\n(a) Memory\n(b) Address Bus\n(c) Accumulator\n(d) ALU\n(e) Control Unit\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment
+__label__positive Skip to main content\n\nWhat is ISO ? Explain its Standards ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 . Discuss Its Objectives , working and Versions\n\nThe following contents are covered under Business Environment of \u00a0MBA First semester\u00a0\n\nMeaning of ISO\n\nISO means international standard organisation . In business environment , ISO word is so famous and International organisation provides standards to those business oraganisations who fulfill its conditions . It has\nauthority to issue certificate of quality management and quality environment . There are large numbers of business organisation who satisfy the conditions . They have \u00a0ISO certificate \u00a0.\n\nISO's official site is at the url\n\nISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards. This organisation has made by participation of all countries .Its\u00a0central\u00a0secretariat\u00a0is in Geneva , Switzerland .It is NGO which helps to promote business by providing them solution of quality problems \u00a0.\n\nMeaning of ISO 9000\n\nThis is the latest version of International organisation for standardisation which gives to those organisation who satisfy the following condition\n\n  1. It fulfills the quality requirements of customers .\n  2. It fulfills regulatory requirements .\n  3. Customers satisfaction\n  4. Continual improvement in quality management .\n\nMeaning of ISO 14000\n\nISO 14000 is standard certificate which gives to those business organisation who fulfill the conditions relating to quality environment . Quality environments means all measure to protect the environment from\u00a0pollution .\n\n\n  1. Company has minimized harmful effect on environment by proper control on waste and pollution.\n  2. Achieve improvement in its environment \u00a0performance by planting the trees and other projects .\n  3. ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 are given after taking test of products who apply for same and ISO takes also some fees for issuing the certificate . There is no guarantee , any quality of end products but almost \u00a0all ISO products are high quality .\n  4. The certificate will be for three years and after this product will again review for giving certificate .\n\nObjectives of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000\n\n1. To Increase the goodwill of company\n\nMain objective of getting these standards is to increase the goodwill of company. Customer can compare the quality of two companies , one is with ISO standard and other is without ISO standard . Goodwill may be in form of increase in sale or more promotion of product of company.\n\n2. Control on Quality\n\nAfter getting ISO standards , company has to control on quality \u00a0and it is the objective of ISO standards . ISO standard 9000 controls product's quality and ISO 14000 controls environment quality .\n\n3. Revolution\n\nAfter coming , ISO 9000 and ISO , 14000 companies \u00a0have started to label the product by eco labeling . Moreover awarness has come in the minds of company after ist ISO standard in 1987.\n\nWorking of ISO\u00a0\n\nISO 9000 is more powerful tool to get \u00a0confidence in market . Company can invite customers to check the quality before purchasing the products. It will only possible after implement ISO 9000 standards . Every product's package is with ISO 9000 and customer can understand its value .\n\n\n  1. ISO 9001 : 1987\n  2. ISO \u00a09002 : 1987\n  3. ISO 9003: 1987\n  4. ISO 9000: 1987 , 1994 , 2000\n  5. ISO 9000 : 2008\n  6. ISO 9001 : 2008\nISO 14000 version\n\n  1. ISO 14000 family version\n  2. ISO 14001 : 2004 EMS\u00a0\n  3. ISO 14020 ,14021 , 14022 , 14023 , 14024 , 14025\n\n\n  1. Hi\n\n    I like this post:\n\n    You create good material for community.\n\n    Please keep posting.\n\n\n    Source: ISO 9001 2008 standard\n\n    Best rgs\n\n  2. very informative material\n\n\nPost a Comment\n\n\nPopular posts from this blog\n\nObjective of Business Environment\n\nFollowing are main objectives of business environment:\n1. Knowledge of Information\u00a0\n2. Basis of Decisions\u00a0\n3. Helpful in making of Policies\u00a0\n4. Technological Planning\u00a0\n\nLimitation of Business Environment Analysis\n\nFollowing are main limitation of business environment analysis:\n\n1. Unexpected and Unanticipated Events\u00a0\n\n\n2. No sufficient\u00a0Guarantee\n\n\n3. Uncritical Faith\u00a0\n\n\n4. To much information\n\n\nTechnological Environment\n\nDefinition of Technological Environment :-\n\n\u00a0work. \"\n\nIntroduction to Business Environment\n\n\nA. The Micro Environment of Business\n\n\n1. Suppliers\n\nSuppliers are the persons who supply raw material to company.\n\n2. Customers\n\nCustomers are the persons who buy goods from company.\n\n3. Market Intermediaries\n\n\n4. Financial Intermediaries\n\n\n5. Competitors\n\nCompetitors are those who also sell same product of company.\n\n6. Public\n\n\nB. The Macro Environment of Business\n\nMacro environment of business means all exte\u2026
+__label__positive 42 terms\n\nBIO UNIT 4: The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis\n\nWhat is the cell doctrine?\nThe idea that all cells arise from preexisting cells.\n1. Why do cells reproduce?\n2. The more specialized a cell becomes, the (more/less) likely it is to remain capable of reproducing itself.\n1. To grow and develop or to replace dead or damaged cells.\n2. Less.\nWhat happens during cell division?\n1. A dividing cell precisely replicates its DNA\n2. Allocations the 2 copies of DNA to opposite ends of the cell.\n3. Separates into two daughter cells containing identical information.\nWhat are the characteristics of chromosomes?\n1. Supercoils of chromatin\n2. They are a single, long, double-stranded molecule of DNA - segments are called genes.\n3. Various proteins service to maintain chromosome structure\n4. They exist in precise #s depending on the species. Eg. Humans have 46 and gamete celles (sperm or ova) have 23.\n1. What do chromosomes look like during interphase?\n2. What happens in this phase?\n1. They are loosely folded and cannot be seen with a microscope.\nWhat do chromosomes look like during the mitotic phase?\nHighly folded and condensed and can be seen with a microscope.\nWhat generally happens in preparation for EU cell division?\n1. Complete genome is duplicated.\n2. This results in identical copies of the chromosome's DNA and are initially attached to each other at the centromere.\n1. What is mitosis?\n2. What generally happens during mitosis?\n1. It is the equal division of one nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.\n2. Sister chromatids are pulled apart resulting in segregation of two sets of chromosomes (one at each end of the cell).\nWhat generally happens during cytokinesis?\nThe process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells, each containing a single nucleus and one set of chromosomes.\n1. What is the cell cycle?\n2. It alternates between the _______ phase and the _________ phase.\n3. Which two processes form the M phase?\n1. Sequence of events in which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two.\n2. mitotic (M) phase (dividing phase) and interphase (non-dividing phase).\n3. Mitosis and cytokinesis.\nWhat happens during the mitotic (M) phase?\n1. Mitosis (division of nucleus)\n2. Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)\n3. Interphase (non-dividing) a major part which includes most of a cell's growth. Happens in 3 parts:\na) G1 phase: 1st growth phase (G=Gap)\nb) S phase: DNA is synthesized & chromosomes are duplicated to produce two sister chromatids\nc) G2 phase: 2nd growth phase\n1. What are the 4 phases of mitosis and meiosis?\n2. What are the two main differences between mitosis and meiosis?\n1. Prophase\n2. a) Replication of the genome is followed by one round of cell division in mitosis and 2 rounds of cell division in meiosis.\nb) Recombination occurs in meiosis between homologous chromosomes.\nExplain what happens during prophase.\n1. In the nucleus:\na. Nucleoli disappear\nb. Chromatin fibres condense into chromosomes composed of 2 identical chromatids joined @ the centromere.\n2. In the cytoplasm:\na) Mitotic spindle forms. It's composed of microtubules between the two centrosomes.\nb) Centrosomes move apart by lengthening of microtubule bundles between them.\nWhat is a mitotic spindle?\n1. A spindle-shaped structure that develops outside the nucleus during mitosis. These fibres pull the chromatids apart toward opposite poles.\nWhat is the kinetochore?\nThe protein structure on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull the chromosomes apart.\nExplain what happens during Anaphase.\n1. Anaphase is characterized by movement. Begins when paired centromeres of each chromosome move apart.\n2. Sister chromatids split into chromosomes and move toward opposite poles of the cell.\n3. Kinetochore microtubules shorten at kinetochore end as chromosomes approach the poles.\n4. The poles of a cell move apart, elongating the cell.\nExplain what happens during telophase.\n1. During Telophase: (a) Nonkinetochore microtubules further elongate the cell. (b) Daughter nuclei begin to form at the 2 poles.\n(c) Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes from fragments of the parent cell's nucl. envelope & portions of endomembrane system. (d) Nucleoli reappear\n(e) Chromatin fiber of each chromosome uncoils and chromosomes become less distinct.\nWhat happens by the end of telophase?\n1. Mitosis is complete.\n2. Cytokinesis has begun and the appearance of two separate daughter cells occurs shortly after.\nWhat is a nonkinetochore microtubule?\nA microtubule that does not attach to a kinetochore on a centromere during mitosis.\n1. Males carry ____ sex chromosomes and females carry ___ sex chromosomes.\n2. Traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes are called _______.\n1. XY and XX\n2 sex-linked traits\nWhat is a genome?\nThe genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information.\nExplain what happens in meiotic prophase 1.\n1. The chromosomes condense and become visible. Nuclear envelope breaks down.\n2. The centrioles form and move toward the poles\n3. The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve\n4. The homologs pair up, forming a tetrad\nEach tetrad is comprised of four chromatids.\n5. Homologous chromosomes will swap genetic material in a process known as crossing over (abbr. as XO). Crossing over increases genetic diversity by creating four unique chromatids.\nExplain what happens in meiotic metaphase 1.\n1. Microtubules grow from the centrioles and attach to the centromeres.\n2. The tetrads line up along the cell equator\nWhat happens during crossing over?\n1. Genetic material from the homologous chromosomes is randomly swapped. This creates four unique chromatids\n2. Since each chromatid is unique, the overall genetic diversity of the gametes is greatly increased.\nExplain what happens in meiotic anaphase 1.\n1. The centromeres break and homologous chromosomes separate & the sister chromatids stay together.\n2. Cytokinesis begins: The 2 cells separate and prepare for meiosis 2.\nExplain what happens in meiotic anaphase 2.\n1. Sister chromatids separate and meiosis ends in 4 haploids cells from one diploid cell.\nWhat is karyotype?\nThe display of an organisms genome. The cell is frozen in metaphase, and examined for abnormalities.\nWhat must be available for exact replication to occur? (4 points)\n1. The actual DNA - to act as a template\n2. A pool of relevant enzymes to stimulate reaction.\n3. A supply of the relevant enzymes to stimulate reaction\n4. ATP to provide energy for these reactions\nWhat happens during replication?\n1. Double helix structure uncoils\n2. Exposed nucleotides are available so that free nucleotides can pair up with them. Each is used as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand.\n3. Once paired up, they recoil into double helix - now 2 strands of DNA.\nWhy is replicated DNA referred to as semi-conservative?\nB/c it possesses 50% of the original genetic material from its parent.\nWhat enzymes are involved in DNA replication?\nDNA helicase, single-stranded DNA binding proteins, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase.\nWhat does DNA helicase do?\nUnwinds DNA at replication fork: Uses ATP, makes a single strand cut, and allows one strand to flow freely around the other. H-bonds are broken.\nWhat do single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB proteins) do?\nBinds to separated DNA strands to prevent base-pairing from coming back together.\nWhat does RNA primase do?\nMakes very short piece of RNA by base-pairing RNA nucleotides with template DNA.\n\n***This has to happen b/c DNA polymerase III cannot start growing a chain from scratch.\nWhat does DNA polymerase do? (2 points)\n1. Adds new nucleotides at free 3' ends of growing chain using base-pairing rules to insert complementary nucleotides. It can keep adding indefinitely if there is no blockage.\n2. Removes RNA primers, fills in gaps by base pairing, and inserts new DNA nucleotides to replace RNA primer\nWhat does DNA ligase do?\nSeal gaps where adjacent nucleotides on one strand have not been joined.\nWhat is the leading strand of DNA?\nThe leading strand template is the strand of DNA being replicated continuously. It's the strand that goes from 3' to 5'. This is because will allow the strand to grow from 5' to 3'.\n1. What is the lagging strand of DNA? (3 points)\n2. What is it also known as?\n1. * The lagging strand grows in the direction opposite to the movement of the growing fork and is synthesized discontinuously.\n* It needs to be replicated in fragments because the Primase (that adds the RNA primer) has to wait until the fork opens to be able to put the primer in.\n* It eventually joins together.\n2. Ogasaki fragments.\nHow can mutations occur? (3 points)\n1. Subsitution of the wrong base at a certain location\n2. Breakage of DNA bonds so incorrect bases are inserted (due to chemicals)\n3. Large sections of DNA or single bases deleted causing a misreading of the entire sequence\nCells often spend much more time _______ DNA than __________ it.\nrepairing vs synthesizing.\nWhat happens during metaphase?\n1. Nuclear envelope fragments and this allows microtubules to interact with chromosomes.\n2. Spindle fibres (bundles or microtubules) extend from each pole toward the cell's equator.\n3. Each chromatic now has a kinetochore, located in the centromere region.\n4. Chromosomes move to the metaphase plate (equidistant between the spindle poles).\n1. How many cells does mitosis produce? Are they the same?\n2. How many cells does meiosis produce? Are they the same?\n1. Mitosis produces two. They are identical.\n2. Meiosis produces four. They are different.
+__label__positive Philosophy of quantum physics\n\nWhat did Einstein think of quantum physics?\n\n\nWhat are the basic principles of quantum physics?\n\nThere are basically fOUf important principles of quantum mechanics , proven experimentally and which apply to the behavior of nuclear particles at small distances: the quanta of electromagnetic energy, the uncertainty principle , the Pauli exclusion principle , and the wave theory of particles of matter.\n\nWhat is the quantum theory in simple terms?\n\n\nWhat is quantum state in physics?\n\nIn quantum physics , a quantum state is a mathematical entity that provides a probability distribution for the outcomes of each possible measurement on a system. A mixture of quantum states is again a quantum state .\n\nWhy is quantum mechanics so weird?\n\nQuantum theory describes the behavior of things \u2014 particles or energy \u2014 on the smallest scale. Also weird : Thanks to quantum theory, scientists have shown how pairs of particles can be linked \u2014 even if they\u2019re on different sides of the room or opposite sides of the universe.\n\nIs Heisenberg uncertainty principle wrong?\n\nCommon Interpretation of Heisenberg\u2019s Uncertainty Principle Is Proved False . Contrary to what many students are taught, quantum uncertainty may not always be in the eye of the beholder. A new experiment shows that measuring a quantum system does not necessarily introduce uncertainty .\n\nYou might be interested:\u00a0 Substance philosophy definition\n\nDo things only exist when observed?\n\n\nWhat is quantum physics and spirituality?\n\n\nWhat is quantum physics in a nutshell?\n\nQuantum mechanics is a mathematical description of how elementary particles move and interact in nature. It is based on the wave\u2013particle dual description formulated by Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, Schr\u00f6dinger, and others. Classical physics treated electromagnetic radiation as waves.\n\nWhat quantum physics tells us about reality?\n\nTake the de Broglie-Bohm theory , which says that reality is both wave and particle. A photon heads towards the double slit with a definite position at all times and goes through one slit or the other; so each photon has a trajectory.\n\nWhat is quantum physics for beginners?\n\n\nIs the quantum realm real?\n\nThe quantum realm (or quantum parameter) in physics is the scale at which quantum mechanical effects become important when studied as an isolated system. Typically, this means distances of 100 nanometers (109 meters) or less, or at very low temperatures (extremely close to absolute zero).\n\nYou might be interested:\u00a0 Final fantasy 14 irregular tomestone of philosophy\n\nWhat is Aqubit?\n\nA qubit (or quantum bit) is the quantum mechanical analogue of a classical bit. In classical computing the information is encoded in bits, where each bit can have the value zero or one. In quantum computing the information is encoded in qubits.\n\nIs quantum teleportation possible?\n\n\nWhat is an eigenstate?\n\n: a state of a quantized dynamic system (such as an atom, molecule, or crystal) in which one of the variables defining the state (such as energy or angular momentum) has a determinate fixed value.\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__positive How is conducting polymers classified?\n\nConducting polymers are classified :\n\nIntrinsically conducting g polymers\n\nIt is a polymer whose structural frame has delocalized electron-pair (conjugated \u03c0 \u2013bonds) or residual charges. In, an electric field the delocalized \u03c0 electrons get excited and are transported through the polymers material. Valence and conduction bands are formed due to overlapping orbital\u2019s conjugated \u03c0 \u2013 bonds.\n\nDoped conducting polymers\n\nIn the doping process, the polymers are either oxidation (removal of electrons )or reduced (addition of electrons) so that polymers chain carries resonating charge it can be further classifieds as-\nP- doping (oxidative doping) is done by oxidizing agents like iodine etc.\n\nN\u2014doping (reductive bye doping) is done treating intrinsically conducting polymers with Lewis base due which reduction process takes place. Commonly used N- dopants are Na metal, FeCl3etc.\n\nExtrinsically conducting polymers\n\n  \u2022 The conductivity of these the lymers is due to the presence of externally added ingredients. They can further be classified as-\n  \u2022 The conductive polymer is a polymer filled with conducting elements like carbon black or metallic fibres.\n  \u2022 Blended polymers are obtained by blending conventional polymers by combining a metal storm with a polydentate ligand.\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__positive Cell Biology\n\nMembranes II: Passive and Active Transporters\n\nby Nathan H Lents, Ph.D.\n\nApproximately 30,000 Americans have a disease called Cystic Fibrosis (CF). This is a genetic disease that an individual inherits from both parents and suffers from throughout their lives. People with CF have serious respiratory and digestive problems because they build up a viscous, sticky mucous in their lungs and other organs. Just a couple of decades ago, most individuals with CF did not survive long enough to begin kindergarten. Fortunately, medical research has pushed the average lifespan of a CF sufferer to approximately 35 years. In addition, the root cause of the disease has been identified: The plasma membranes of cells in the affected organs are missing a key component and so do not function properly.\n\nThe plasma membrane (also called the cell membrane) is anything but a simple barrier between the inside of a cell and the environment outside of it. As explored in Membranes I: Introduction to Biological Membranes, there is a wide variety of embedded components that are essential to the life of the cell, including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins \u2013 many of which regulate what is allowed to pass into and out of the cell (Figure 1).\n\nProteins in cell\nFigure 1: Many types of components are mingled throughout the cell membrane.\n\nThe plasma membrane: A selective barrier\n\nThe plasma membrane of all cells is a barrier to most molecules. Only uncharged, non-polar molecules can easily pass through the membrane. Non-polar molecules are those whose bonds involve equal or symmetrical sharing of electrons so there are no partial positive or negative charges. This includes gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen and a few lipid hormones like testosterone and estrogen.\n\nHowever, most molecules in our bodies are either charged or polar. For example, water cannot pass directly through a biological membrane because it is a polar molecule, with partial positive and partial negative charges. The interior environment of the plasma membrane is highly hydrophobic because of the close crowding of all of the fatty acid hydrocarbon tails (see Membranes I: Introduction to Biological Membranes). Those hydrocarbon tails are filled with non-polar bonds, and there are essentially zero polar bonds anywhere in the interior section of the membrane. This creates a very hydrophobic environment, and thus water is strongly repelled.\n\nGlucose is another example of a polar molecule that cannot easily pass through the membrane. It is much larger than water with many polar bonds all throughout the molecule. Ions, such as sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-), have an even more difficult time going through the membrane than glucose. They are not just partially charged; they are fully charged and thus strongly repelled by the interior of the membrane (see Figure 2).\n\nFigure 2: Non-polar molecules like oxygen and nitrogen diffuse through a membrane, whereas polar molecules and charged ions do not diffuse through a membrane. image \u00a9 Visionlearning\n\nHowever, we also know that water, glucose, sodium, and chloride move in and out of cells all the time, which means that there must be something that assists them. This \u201csomething\u201d is a collection of transporters: both passive and active.\n\nComprehension Checkpoint\n\nIt is more difficult for molecules to pass through cell membranes when they\n\nPassive and active transporters\n\nThere are transporters embedded in every cell membrane that allow molecules to pass through. In Membranes I, we discussed the water transporter, aquaporin \u2013 but there are many more of these transporters within the membranes of all living cells.\n\nTransporters are proteins that are divided into two classes: passive transporters, also called channels, and active transporters, also called pumps. The difference between active and passive transport is whether or not energy is required to move the molecule from one side of the membrane to the other. A channel is passive because it does not require energy to help molecules flow through it. (The aquaporin water transporter is a channel.) Pumps, on the other hand, do require energy to do their work, so they are called active transporters.\n\nChannels: Passive transporters\n\nIn order to function, the heart, nerves, and muscles in a body need to move sodium ions into and out of their cells. However, because sodium ions are charged and cannot get through the membrane directly, cells have a sodium channel that creates a path \u2013 a tunnel \u2013 through the membrane where ions can flow freely.\n\nBecause channels merely provide a path for molecules to flow, they are only capable of allowing those molecules to flow from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration. In other words, channels allow specific molecules to diffuse when they otherwise couldn't because a membrane is in their way. When a channel helps molecules to move through a membrane, this is called \"facilitated diffusion.\" The molecules are passively spreading out evenly, but they are getting a little help from the channels to do so (see Figure 3).\n\nRegular and facilitated diffusion\nFigure 3: Regular (the fat soluble molecules) and facilitated (the water soluble molecules) diffusion. image \u00a9 BruceBlaus\n\nFor example, inside of human cells, there is a fairly low concentration of sodium ions, but outside of the cells, in the general fluids of the body, there is a high concentration of sodium ions. This is why tears, sweat, and other body fluids taste salty. Thus, surrounding every cell of your body, there is a concentration gradient of sodium ions \u2013 low sodium inside of the cells and high sodium in the surrounding fluid. Channels can allow only the passive flow of molecules down their gradient (from high to low), not the other direction, so a sodium channel would allow sodium ions to flow into the cell, not out of it.\n\nChannels are important for many different types of molecules. In 1989, it was discovered that the basis of Cystic Fibrosis was the lack of a specific kind of passive transport channel in the cell membranes of CF patients. This channel, known as CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Trans-membrane Conductance Regulator), is actually made in the cells of individuals with CF, but it lacks just one tiny piece: an amino acid in a crucial location. Because of this one tiny alteration in its structure, CFTR is never delivered to the plasma membrane where it would normally allow chloride ions to flow out of the cell (Cheng, et al., 1990). A CFTR channel is shown in Figure 4.\n\nCFTR channel\nFigure 4: A CFTR channel. image \u00a9 Visionlearning\n\nThe flow of chloride ions from certain cells in the lungs is essential for making mucus of the proper consistency. Without chloride, the mucus is not as watery as it should be. When chloride fails to flow out from the cells of CF patients, viscous mucous builds up in their lungs, leading to the symptoms and infections associated with CF, such as frequent coughing and wheezing. This underscores how important a job the cell membrane plays. It is much more than a static, selective barrier.\n\nComprehension Checkpoint\n\nChannels allow molecules to\n\nSome channels have gates\n\nMany cells, especially neurons and muscle cells, have sodium channels on them, but these are usually held closed by gates. These gates prevent sodium from rushing into the cell so that the gradient can be maintained. However, these gates can also be opened at specific times. Because sodium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside, if the gates on the sodium channel suddenly opened, sodium ions would begin to flow inward.\n\nIt is important to remember that molecules move in random paths. While molecules will flow in through the channels from outside the cell, some will also flow back out. It\u2019s just that more ions will flow into the cell than out of the cell because there are more ions outside to start with. Thus, when the gates open, we say that there is net movement of sodium ions into the cell. If the gates were to stay open long enough, the concentration of sodium inside and outside would equal out. There would be no more gradient and no more net movement. This doesn\u2019t actually happen, though, because the gates only open for a brief instant.\n\nPumps: Active transporters\n\nHow do sodium ions get to be at a high concentration outside the cell in the first place? To answer this, we must consider the topic of active transport. Active transport is exactly the opposite of passive transport. First, it does require the input of energy, rather than relying on the random motion of molecules (and this usually comes in the form of ATP). Second, active transport builds concentration gradients \u2013 meaning that it increases the concentration of molecules in a given area \u2013 rather than reducing them (see our Diffusion I: An Introduction module). Third, it requires the action of a membrane pump (instead of a channel) to move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other.\n\nMembrane pumps are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that pump specific molecules or ions into or out of the cell. For example, there are proton (H+) pumps in the lining of the stomach. They pump protons into the stomach cavity, creating a very acidic solution to help digest food (Figure 5). People who suffer from chronic heartburn or indigestion might take Nexium, Prilosec, or Prevacid to treat this discomfort. These drugs work by slowing down the proton pumps in the stomach walls and thus making the stomach less acidic (Peghini et al., 1998). Other examples of pumps are the calcium (Ca2+) pumps in the intestines that help absorb calcium from food, and the glucose pumps in the kidney that grab all the glucose out of the pre-urine fluid so that we don\u2019t lose glucose constantly in our urine. Unlike channels, all of these pumps must use energy to do this pumping.\n\nProton pump\nFigure 5: A proton pump in the lining of the stomach. image \u00a9 Visionlearning\n\nComprehension Checkpoint\n\nThe random motion of molecules is associated with _____________ transport.\n\nThe sodium/potassium pump\n\nPerhaps the most important pump of all is the sodium/potassium pump, usually written simply as the Na+/K+ pump. This pump exists in just about every cell membrane of the human body, and indeed in almost every cell membrane of every animal that has ever lived on Earth. This pump is responsible for pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Because it pumps two things in opposite directions, it is called an antiport.\n\nAlthough there is already a lot of Na+ outside the cell (and very little inside), the Na+/K+ antiport actively pumps Na+ from inside the cell to the outside. The same is true for potassium (K+) \u2013 it actively pumps K+ into the cell despite higher concentrations within than without. The antiport is constantly building both gradients by increasing the concentrations of sodium outside of, and potassium inside of, the cell. The Na+/K+ pump works tirelessly on every cell of the human body, constantly maintaining these two crucial gradients (Figure 6).\n\nSodium-Potassium Exchange Pump\nFigure 6: The sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) antiport actively pumps sodium from inside the cell to the outside while also pumping potassium into the cell. image \u00a9 BruceBlaus\n\nBecause it is working against the natural flow of diffusion \u2013 to balance out the concentration on either side of the membrane \u2013 the Na+/K+ pump is said to be engaged in active transport, a process that requires energy. Like most work that cells do, the energy for this transport work comes in the form of ATP.\n\nWhy is it so important to keep the interior of the cells low in Na+ and high in K+? The reason is because these two gradients are used for all kinds of important purposes around the body, such as allowing nerves to send messages and muscles to contract. The plasma membrane of neurons and muscles have sodium and potassium channels on them; however, these channels are not always open \u2013 they have gates on them that are usually closed. These gates can be suddenly opened, though. For example, muscle cells have a sodium channel with a gate that can be opened by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. If a neuron suddenly releases acetylcholine onto a muscle, the gate on the sodium channel will swing open. When that happens, sodium ions will then rush into the cell because of the ever-present sodium gradient. The sodium ions (Na+) then cause a rapid chain reaction that leads to muscle contraction. (See Figure 7.)\n\nSodium channel\nFigure 7: A neuron releases acetylcholine onto a muscle, causing the gate on the sodium channel to swing open (inset) and sodium ions rush into the cell because of the sodium gradient. image \u00a9 VL\n\nDuring normal muscle use, the influx of sodium is temporary and is quickly reversed by the Na+/K+ pump, which is always working to re-establish the gradients as quickly as possible. However, during strenuous exercise, particularly when the muscle is not accustomed to such demanding work, the Na+/K+ pump and other ion pumps that are important in muscle cell function cannot keep up with the ion influx from the gates being opened so much. This leads to a sustained and involuntary contraction of the muscle, also called a cramp, as the sodium ions build up inside the muscle cells. Because the contraction is involuntary and very intense, cramps are painful and usually debilitating. The only way to reverse them is to stop all exercise and massage the muscle, coaxing it into a relaxed state and giving the Na+/K+ pump a chance to get caught up on its job of getting sodium out of the cell, and potassium in. Athletes who are in very good shape have fewer problems with cramping because their well-trained muscles have more Na+/K+ pumps, and other ion pumps, than the rest of us have.\n\nMany neurons in your brain also respond to a sudden influx of sodium ions by releasing neurotransmitters onto neighboring neurons. The crucial importance of these sodium channels is underscored by the fact that some of the most deadly poisonous compounds ever discovered are compounds that block sodium channels, paralyzing nerves and muscles. Tetrodotoxin, one such sodium channel-blocking poison found in Fugu pufferfish, is 100 times more lethal than cyanide. Ingesting even a very small dose of tetrodotoxin can completely paralyze someone by preventing both muscles and neurons from functioning (Narahashi, Moore, & Scott, 1964).\n\nComprehension Checkpoint\n\n_________ provides energy for active transport.\n\nDiscovery of the Na+/K+ pump\n\nIn the 1950s, scientists knew that ions move in and out of cells and that, because of this, cells had a voltage \u2013 a difference in the charge inside of the cells compared to outside the cells. The voltage, also called the resting membrane potential, of nearly all cells is negative \u2013 meaning there are more negative charges inside the cell than positive ions. This internal negative charge of cells mostly comes from many of the large macromolecules of life \u2013 DNA, proteins, lipids, and sugars \u2013 which are all negatively charged. But scientists didn't understand how the cell prevented positive ions from flowing in to cancel out the negative charges, or why all animal cells maintained a low concentration of sodium and a high concentration of potassium.\n\nThis changed in 1958 when Jens Skou, a Danish physician, made an accidental discovery while studying how local analgesics worked. Analgesics are substances that prevent or reduce pain; an example of a local analgesic is Novocain, which is used by dentists to numb the mouth during oral surgery. In his laboratory, Dr. Skou noticed that cells have an enzyme embedded in their membrane that consumed a lot of ATP. He then noticed that when he exposed cells to some analgesics, the membrane-bound enzyme stopped consuming ATP, as if it were paralyzed. The effect would slowly wear off as the drug washed away from the cells. The crucial part of the discovery came when he noticed that the drugs didn\u2019t only affect the mysterious ATP-consuming enzyme, but also allowed sodium to build up in the cell and potassium to leak out. No other ions were affected \u2013 just sodium and potassium. And once again, the effect wore off over time. With exactly the same timing, the ATP consumption would gradually resume and the Na+ and K+ gradients would be restored. Dr. Skou didn't immediately make the connection and went about studying other painkillers.\n\nIt was only after a conversation with another scientist, Robert Post, who was studying sodium transport in red blood cells, that they both realized they could be studying the same enzyme. Dr. Post went back to his lab and tried the same analgesic that Skou used, and it worked \u2013 it inhibited sodium transport in the red blood cells. Meanwhile, Skou telephoned his laboratory and instructed them to try the drug that Post had been studying, ouabain (pronounced wah-bain), and a few days later, his laboratory called back to say that it worked the same way (Skou, 1965).\n\nWhat does inhibiting a sodium/potassium pump have to do with relieving pain? As mentioned above, the gradients of sodium and potassium are crucial for the functioning of neurons. When ouabain and other analgesics slow the Na+/K+ pump on the sensory neurons responsible for sensing pain, they temporarily disrupt the Na+ and K+ gradients. When this happens, the neuron is paralyzed for a while and cannot transmit its message of pain to the brain. Though the Na+/K+ pump is on every cell of the body, these drugs do not affect other cells as powerfully as they do neurons. Most cells don\u2019t rely as much on the Na+ and K+ gradients to function, so these cells are not as affected by the drugs. However, there is one other type of cell that is affected \u2013 muscles. Both muscles and neurons are said to be excitable, which means that they are very sensitive to changes in voltage and movement of ions. Drugs that inhibit the Na+/K+ pump can paralyze muscles as well as neurons.\n\nIn summary, cellular membranes are neither passive sacs around the cell nor solitary cell parts. Embedded in the membrane are proteins that perform vital functions for the cell. Among the most important functions of these proteins is the transport of various molecules into and out of the cell. As we saw with Cystic Fibrosis, when even just one of the hundreds of transporter types in a cell membrane malfunction, serious disease can result.\n\nAt the same time, the functions of these transporters can sometimes be manipulated with pharmaceutical drugs to treat certain medical conditions. Drugs that restrain the proton pumps on the stomach lining are useful in treating acid reflux, and drugs that inhibit the Na+/K+ pump can act as topical pain relievers. Thus, many biomedical scientists study plasma membranes in their pursuit for treatments and cures to common medical conditions.\n\n\nFor living things to survive, different molecules need to enter and leave cells, yet cell membranes serve as a barrier to most molecules. Fortunately, all living cells have built-in transporters that allow water, glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and other molecules to cross the plasma membrane. This module looks at how passive and active transporters work. It highlights the importance of the study of cell membranes by looking at advances in treating cystic fibrosis and common digestive ailments as well as the development of effective pain relievers.\n\nKey Concepts\n\n  \u2022 Whether or not a molecule is able to pass easily, or at all, into or out of a cell is largely dependent on its charge and solubility in water.\n\n  \u2022 The plasma membrane serves as a semi-permeable barrier to the cell. Only uncharged, non-polar molecules are able to pass into or out of the cell without aid.\n\n  \u2022 All plasma membranes possess transporters to help move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. These transporters can be active (pumps) or passive (channels) and are sometimes regulated by gates.\n\n  \u2022 The lack of a specific transporter can interrupt cellular functions and cause diseases like cystic fibrosis.\n\n  \u2022 Research into pain relievers provided insight into the most important and universal transporter in the human body, the sodium-potassium pump.\n\n  \u2022 NGSS\n  \u2022 HS-C6.2, HS-LS1.A1, HS-LS1.C3\n  \u2022 References\n  \u2022 Cheng, S. H., Gregory, R. J., Marshall, J., Paul, S., Souza, D. W., White, G. A., ... & Smith, A. E. (1990). Defective intracellular transport and processing of CFTR is the molecular basis of most cystic fibrosis. Cell, 63(4), 827-834.\n  \u2022 Narahashi, T., Moore, J. W., & Scott, W. R. (1964). Tetrodotoxin blockage of sodium conductance increase in lobster giant axons. The Journal of General Physiology, 47(5), 965-974.\n  \u2022 Peghini, P. L., Katz, P. O., Bracy, N. A., & Castell, D. O. (1998). Nocturnal recovery of gastric acid secretion with twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 93(5), 763-767.\n  \u2022 Skou, J. C. (1965). Enzymatic basis for active transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membrane. Physiol. Rev, 45(5), 617.\n\nNathan H Lents, Ph.D. \u201cMembranes II\u201d Visionlearning Vol. BIO-3 (8), 2014.
+__label__positive \n\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\n\nFor each of the six questions choose the\u00a0one correct answer\n1. Which sentence is correct?\na. Can you borrow me your book?\nb. Can I borrow me your book?\nc. Can I borrow your book?\nd. Can I lend me your book?\n2. What is a polite response to the following? Thank you very much!\na. Me too!\nb. Yours truly!\nc. Of course!\nd. You're welcome!\n3. Which of the following is the most appropriate to say if you did not hear\nsomething clearly?\na. Repeat please.\nb. Sorry, I didn't catch that.\nc. Could you speak better, please?\nd. Excuse me, I'm not hearing you.\n4. If you promise to \u2018give me a ring\u2019 you are going to ________.\na. marry me\nb. telephone me\nc. buy me some jewellery\nd. visit me\n5. What would be a suitable way of ending a formal job application letter?\na. I look forward to hearing from you in due course.\nb. I will hear from you soon.\nc. Please reply as promptly as possible.\nd. I\u2019m really looking forward to meeting you.\n6. Before you leave someone\u2019s house, which of the following can you say?\na. Well, I must be making tracks.\nb. Well, I must be driving home.\nc. Well I must be returning to my house now.\nd. Well, I must be saying goodbye.\nFor each of the six questions choose the\u00a0one correct answer\n1. If you have nothing planned to do, you can say that you are _______.\na. at a crossroads.\nb. at a glance.\nc. at a moment's notice.\nd. at a loose end.\n2. \" Excuse me, could you tell me where ________?\"\na. is the station\nb. the station is\nc. station is\nd. station\n3. To ask permission to do something, which of these is NOT very polite?\na. \u201cWould it be alright if I smoked?\u201d\nb. \u201cWould you mind if I smoked?\u201d\nc. \u201cI want to smoke.\u201d\nd. \u201cMay I smoke?\u201d\n4. Here\u2019s an informal way to ask for the time, \"What time do you ________\na. tell\nb. make\nc. see\nd. do\n5. If someone says \u201ccheerio\u201d what are they saying in an informal way?\na. goodbye\nb. thank you\nc. hello\nd. my pleasure\n6. If you\u2019re in a hurry you can use 3 of the following expressions. Which one\ndo we NOT say? \u201cI\u2019m late, I must ________.\u201d\na. dash\nb. fly\nc. run\nd. skip\nFor each of the six questions choose the\u00a0one correct answer\n1. Which of the following do you NOT usually hear at a birthday party?\na. Sorry, it isn\u2019t much but\u2026\nb. Make a wish!\nc. Commiserations.\nd. Many happy returns!\n2. Which of the following are NOT kind words of sympathy.\na. Cheer up!\nb. Don\u2019t worry.\nc. Look on the bright side.\nd. Get a grip.\n3. Which of the following ways of giving your opinion is least formal?\na. In my opinion\u2026\nb. I believe\u2026\nc. I think\u2026\nd. I reckon\u2026\n4. A: \u201cDo you mind if I smoke?\u201d\nB: \u201c___________________.\u201d (B thinks it is OK)\na. Yes, of course.\nb. I\u2019ll take it thanks.\nc. No, of course not.\nd. Help yourself.\n5. You phone the hotel reception and say, \"There's no hot water in the\nbathroom.\" How would you then ask for help politely?\na. Send someone now.\nb. Could you see to it, please?\nc. Shall you repair it, please?\nd. Let's fix it, please.\n6. A: \u201cShall we walk or take the bus?\"\nB: \"We ____ __ ____ walk, we\u2019ve got lots of time.\"\na. might as well\nb. should as well\nc. could as well\nd. would as well
+__label__positive last updated Tuesday, December 23, 2014\n\nPlease make sure that you read the chapter about how to set up glassware for reaction under inert gas (page 87-97 in reader, Winter 2015) with emphasis on the basic reaction setup and the use of the Schlenk line. Those are important topics that should be familiar to you after Thursday's basic training session.\n\nMake sure to check all glassware for crack or star crack prior to assembling the setup and evacuating it!\n\nStep 1: Grignard formation (for pictures check this link)\n\nThe setup has to be flame-dried twice and refilled with nitrogen gas. The Mg-turnings are crushed before being placed in the 250 mL three-necked flask prior to the flame-drying heating process for which a heat gun is used as heat source.\n\nDry diethyl ether (from solvent still) is required to get a good yield of the Grignard reagent and being able to run the reaction smoothly. The experimenter should make sure to take care about this while preparing the equipment.\n\nLike in Chem 30 CL, the bromobenzene has to be dissolved in dry diethyl ether. The best approach is to place the diethyl ether from the solvent still in the addition funnel first before adding the bromobenzene to obtain a more homogeneous solution. If the bromobenzene is added before the diethyl ether, a layering of the two liquids will be observed in most cases. Thus, more or less neat bromobenzene would be added in the beginning, which is not desirable because more biphenyl will be formed :-(\n\nIn the beginning, a small quantity (5-8 mL) of the ethereal bromobenzene solution is added to the Mg-turnings. The reaction mixture will turn milky if the reaction initiated. If this does not occur after 10 min, the mixture will have to be heated gently with a heat gun. A clear liquid will drip back from the reflux condenser then. (Note that this is usually diethyl ether and not water unless the Liebig condenser has a pin hole on the inside tube which is very rare!) After the heat source is removed, the reaction should maintain a gentle boil on its own. If this does not occur, the heating has to be repeated. In case where this does not lead to success, 1-2 iodine crystals are added and the mixture heated again. At this point, the reaction should initiate. If it does not initiate, the mixture has to be discarded. The student will have to restart the reaction.\n\nAfter the reaction initiated, the remaining PhBr solution is added continously at a rate that the reaction maintains a gentle boil (it will turn brown at some point, see link above). Upon completion of the addition, the mixture is refluxed for an additional ~15 minutes to complete the reaction.\n\nStep 2: Assay\n\nIn order to determine the assay, a small portion of the Grignard reagent formed is hydrolyzed.\n\nPhMgBr + H2O -----> Ph-H + MgBrOH\n\nA 2 mL aliquot is placed into an Erlenmeyer flask with 50 mL of water. The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes. Then three drops of a phenolphthalein solution are added (which color will it have?). As titre, a diluted solution of HCl is used (~0.1 M). The number of moles of Grignard in the prepared solution. Note that MgBr(OH) is not very water soluble. The mixture has to be titrated until the solution remains colorless after 10 minutes. Note that often times the mixture will become colorless and turns pink after a few minutes because the MgBr(OH) does not dissolve well in water.\n\nStep 3: Formation of triphenylphosphine (PPh3)\n\nIt is very important to have the correct ratio of PhMgBr to PCl3. Based on the balanced equation, at least three equivalents of Grignard reagent are required for the formation of the one PPh3. In the lab, a ratio of PCl3:PhMgBr=1:3.5 will be used to suppress the formation of other chlorophosphines. Experimentally, it is easier to quench the excess Grignard reagent than separating complicated mixtures of chlorophenylphosphines (PhxPCl3-x).\n\nAfter drying the organic layer, the solvent and other volatile compunds have to be removed by distillation i.e., biphenyl (b.p.=256 oC), dichlorophenylphosphine (PPhCl2, b.p.= 240 oC) under nitrogen.\nDo not use a Vigreux column here! Other impurities like diphenylchlorophosphine (PPh2Cl, b.p.: 326 oC) and triphenylphosphine oxide (OPPh3. b.p.= 360 oC) will be removed by recrystallization from ethanol (or methanol) as long as they are present in small quantities.\n\nStep 4:\n\nInfrared spectrum (ATR), m.p., 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR, mass spectrum (submit a sample 1 mg/mL hexane) to the instructor\n\nStep 5: Problems to be considered\n\n1. How can the student prepare a 0.10 M hydrochloric acid solution quickly from concentrated hydrochloric acid? What molar concentration does concentrated. hydrochloric acid\u00a0have? How close does the concentration of the solution have to be to 0.10 M?\n\n2. Estimate of the concentration of the Grignard solution assuming that the Mg metal reacted completely and that there are ~70 mL of solution after the reaction. Does your experimentally determined value from above make sense?\n\n3. Why is the formation of PhxPCl3-x (x=1,2) a problem in the reaction? How can these species be detected in the mixture?\n\nWhich solvent should be used for the characterization using NMR spectroscopy?\n\nHints to the pre-lab questions\n\nad 3: What is the driving force for the reaction?\n\nad 4: What determines which solvent should be used for a recrystallization?\n\nad 5: What determines the splitting in the NMR\u00a0spectrum?
+__label__positive 2012 December UGC NET Examination in Criminology, Paper III: Previous Years Solved Question Paper Along With Answer Keys\n\n1. Lie Detector or Polygraph provides which type of evidence?\n(A) Primary evidence\n(B) Corroborative evidence\n(C) Circumstantial evidence\n(D) No evidence\nAnswer: (D)\n\n2. \u2018Prostitution\u2019 was presently termed as\n(A) Infidelity\n(B) Commercial sex work\n(C) Extra-marital sex\n(D) Incest\nAnswer: (B)\n\n3. What is the Latin term that means \u201cThe body of the Crime\u201d?\n(A) actusreus\n(B) mensrea\n(C) Staredecisis\n(D) Corpusdelecti\nAnswer: (D)\n\n4. A perspective on the study of criminal justice that assumes that the systems components function primarily to serve their own interests is\n(A) Consensus Model\n(B) Conflict Model\n(C) Civil Justice\n(D) Public Order\nAnswer: (B)\n\n5. Under the probation of Offender Act, Probation is granted mostly\n(A) All offenders\n(B) First offenders\n(C) Terrorists\n(D) Recidivists\nAnswer: (B)\n\n6. Which of the following is a victimless crime ?\n(A) Murder\n(B) Hijacking\n(C) Car theft\n(D) Prostitution\nAnswer: (D)\n\n7. A perspective on crime-causation which holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in the area is\n(A) Defensible space thesis\n(B) Broken windows thesis\n(C) Positive Approach\n(D) Subculture of violence\nAnswer: (B)\n\n8. Who among the following is not connected to critical criminalisation?\n(A) Richard Quinney\n(B) Austin T. Turk\n(C) I. Taylor\n(D) Oscar Newman\nAnswer: (D)\n\n9. Author of the book, \u2018Essay on Crimes and Punishment\u2019, is ______.\n(A) Cesare Lombroso\n(B) CesareBeccaria\n(C) T. Sellin\n(D) E.H. Sutherland\nAnswer: (B)\n\n10. Under the probation of Offender Act pre-sentence report is _______.\n(A) Mandatory\n(B) Optional\n(C) Preferable\n(D) Not necessary\n\nAnswer: (C)\n\n11. Among the following find out the order in which they proceed in the criminal justice system. Use the codes given below:\n(i) Judgement\n(ii) Charge sheet\n(iii) Trial\n(iv) Release on probation\n(A) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)\n(C) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)\nAnswer: (C)\n\n12. The spirit of parole or pre-mature release is ________.\n(i) Reformation and Rehabilitation\n(ii) Saving for public exchequer\n(iii) Utilization of family and community resources\n(iv) Concession to the wrong-doer\nFind the correct combination using the codes given below:\n(B) (i) & (iii) are correct.\n(C) (i), (ii) & (iv) are correct.\n(D) (i) and (ii) are correct.\nAnswer: (A)\n\n13. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?\n(A) Special Home \u2013 For children in need of care &protection\n(B) Children\u2019s Home \u2013 For children in need of care and protection\n(C) Juvenile Justice Board \u2013 For children in need of care and protection\n(D) Child Welfare Committee \u2013 For children in Conflict with law\nAnswer: (B)\n\n14. Which is the administrative authority controlling the Child Welfare Committee?\n(A) Police Department\n(B) Judicial Department\n(C) Social Welfare Department\n(D) Prosecution Department\nAnswer: (C)\n\n15. Children who are habitually absent from school or home are called _____.\n(A) Thrown-away children\n(B) Truant\n(C) Vagrant\n(D) Children in conflict with law\nAnswer: (B)\n\n16. Shift from joint family system to nuclear family system is an example of\n(A) Social problem\n(B) Social disorganisation\n(C) Social change\n(D) None of the above\nAnswer: (C)\n\n17. Which one of the following is not a narcotic drug?\n(A) Opium\n(B) Cocaine\n(C) Lysergic Acid Dimethyl Amide\n(D) Bhang\nAnswer: (D)\n\n18. Which country among the following is part of the Golden Crescent?\n(A) Russia\n(B) Pakistan\n(C) China\n(D) Tajakistan\nAnswer: (B)\n\n19. Central Jails are mainly meant for\n(A) Children in Conflict with law\n(B) Political detenue\n(C) Convict prisoners\n(D) Under Trial Prisoners\nAnswer: (C)\n\n20. According to the Indian Penal Code, how many types of Punishments can be awarded to an offender?\n(A) 3\n(B) 5\n(C) 7\n(D) 6\n\nAnswer: (B)\n\n21. Among the following experts, which person visited India in early1950\u2019s, to study the Indian prisoners?\n(A) E.H. Sutherland\n(B) J.J. Panakhal\n(C) Marwin Wolfgang\n(D) Walter C. Reckless\nAnswer: (D)\n\n22. In your view, what objective does Capital Punishment represent?\n(A) Retribution\n(B) Self Expiation\n(C) Reformation\n(D) Rehabilitation\nAnswer: (A)\n\n23. Which of the following is a tool for data collection in criminological research?\n(i) Alpha error\n(ii) Interview schedule\n(iii) Hypothesis testing\n(iv) Thematic Appreciation Test\nChoose the correct combination using the following codes:\n(A) (i) & (ii) are correct.\n(B) (ii) & (iii) are correct.\n(C) (iii) & (iv) are correct.\n(D) (ii) & (iv) are correct.\nAnswer: (D)\n\n24. Which one of the following is not a random sampling design?\n(A) Simple Random Sample\n(B) Quota Sample\n(C) Stratified Random Sample\n(D) Cluster Sample\nAnswer: (B)\n\n25. The first regular open prison in India was established in\n(A) Tamil Nadu\n(B) Uttar Pradesh\n(C) Andhra Pradesh\n(D) Kerala\nAnswer: (C)\n\n26. Travis Hirschi\u2019s Theory on explanation of criminality focuses on _______.\n(A) Intelligence\n(B) Learning\n(C) Social Bonding\n(D) Self-concept\nAnswer: (C)\n\n27. John Braithwaite is associated with _______.\n(A) Social Bonding Theory\n(B) Containment Theory\n(C) Shaming Theory\n(D) Sub-culture explanation\nAnswer: (C)\n\n28. Development and Life-Cause (DLC) theory was postulated by\n(A) Gottefredson\n(B) Braithwaite\n(C) Hirschi\n(D) David P. Farrington\nAnswer: (D)\n\n29. Who among the following is not associated with labelling theories?\n(A) Frank Tannenbaum\n(B) Edwin Lemert\n(C) Howard S. Becker\n(D) Howard B. Kaplan\nAnswer: (D)\n\n30. Who among the following is not associated with integrated theories?\n(A) Ronald L. Akers\n(B) Francis T. Cullen\n(C) David P. Farrington\n(D) Edwin H. Sutherland\nAnswer: (D)\n\n31. Which among the following is a source of crime data?\n(A) Administrative Report\n(B) Handbook of Statistics\n(C) Crime in India\n(D) Census Report\nAnswer: (C)\n\n32. A model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation via the use of general and relatively unspecified surface is known as\n(A) Determinate sentencing\n(B) Proportionate sentencing\n(C) Indeterminate sentencing\n(D) None of the above\nAnswer: (C)\n\n33. Who first introduced probation service for offenders?\n(A) John Howard\n(B) John Kennedy\n(C) John Augustus\n(D) John Ohlin\nAnswer: (C)\n\n34. Ceasare Lombroso is associated with\n(A) Ecological School\n(B) Classical School\n(C) Positive School\n(D) Sociological School\nAnswer: (C)\n\n35. Cesare Beccaria was influenced by\n(i) Social Contract\n(ii) Biological determinism\n(iii) Freewill\n(iv) Atavism\nFind the correct combination using the codes given below:\n(C) (i) & (iv) are correct.\n(D) (i) & (iii) are correct.\nAnswer: (D)\n\n36. Assertion (A): One of the changes of the neo-classical period was that children under seven years were exempt from law.\nReason (R): Children under seven years of age were exempt from law and criminal responsibility because they were presumed to be unable to understand the difference between right and wrong.\n(C) (A) is wrong, but (R) is correct.\nAnswer: (B)\n\n37. The purpose of punishment is\n(i) Incapacitation\n(ii) Deterrence\n(iii) Reformation\n(iv) Discrimination\nChoose the correct combination, using the code\n(A) (i), (ii) & (iii) are correct.\n(B) (ii), (iii) & (iv) are correct.\n(D) (i) & (iv) are correct.\nAnswer: (A)\n\n38. The idea that crime can be reduced by modifying the environments physical features is called\n(A) Sanitized zone\n(B) Commuter zone\n(C) Defensible space\n(D) Zone of transition\nAnswer: (C)\n\n39. Who first initiated an ecological study of crime?\n(A) Shaw & McKay\n(B) Sutherland & Cressey\n(C) Freud & Heales\n(D) Mclink & Ferri\nAnswer: (A)\n\n40. Match items in List \u2013 I with items in List \u2013 II:\nList \u2013 I \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List \u2013 II\na. Subculture Theory \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. Durkheim\nb. Middle Class Measuring \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. David Matza\nc. Anomie Theory \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3. Fredric Thrasher\nd. Neutralization drift Theory \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4. Albert Cohen\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a b c d\n(A) 4 2 1 3\n(B) 4 3 2 1\n(C) 1 2 3 4\n(D) 3 4 1 2\n\nAnswer: (D)\n\n41. Which one of the following is correctly matched?\n(A) Ecological Theory \u2013 Sykes and Matza\n(B) Subculture Theory \u2013 Shaw and McKay\n(C) Routine Activity Theory \u2013 Cohen and Felson\n(D) Differential Opportunity Theory \u2013 E.H. Sutherland\nAnswer: (C)\n\n42. The word \u2018critical\u2019 in critical criminology means\n(A) Deviance\n(B) Skilful Judgement\n(C) Conflict\n(D) Power\nAnswer: (B)\n\n43. Sutherland\u2019s Differential Association Theory has\n(A) 8 Postulates\n(B) 9 Postulates\n(C) 6 Postulates\n(D) 10 Postulates\nAnswer: (B)\n44. Who postulated \u2018criminal hearing also includes techniques of committing crime and also specific motives, driven and rationalisation\u2019?\n(A) James Simson\n(B) Kathleen Doly\n(C) Albert Bandira\n(D) E.H. Sutherland\nAnswer: (D)\n\n45. In statistical analysis, what does standard deviation indicate?\n(A) Association\n(B) Dispersion\n(C) Correlation\n(D) Significance\nAnswer: (B)\n\n46. Upto what age of boys and girls is the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000, applicable?\n(A) Upto 14 years\n(B) Upto 16 years\n(C) Upto 18 years\n(D) Upto 21 years\nAnswer: (C)\n\n47. How many regular members including Chairman are appointed to the National Human Rights Commission according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993?\n(A) 4 members\n(B) 5 members\n(C) 6 members\n(D) 7 members\nAnswer: (B)\n\n48. The part of the law that defines crimes and specific punishment is known as\n(A) Civil law\n(B) Common law\n(C) Local law\n(D) Substantive Criminal Law\nAnswer: (D)\n\n49. The main function of police work is\n(A) Security of VIPS\n(B) Crime Investigation\n(C) Administration\n(D) Escorting Prisoners\nAnswer: (B)\n\n50. Arrange the following concepts in order in which they evolved in criminological thought. Use the code given below\n(i) Classical school\n(ii) Integrated theories\n(iii) Ecological theories\n(iv) Positive school\n(B) (iv), (i), (ii), (iii)\n(C) (i), (iv), (iii), (ii)\nAnswer: (C)\n\n51. Arrange the following concepts in the order in which they evolved:\n(i) Reformation\n(ii) Retribution\n(iii) Deterrence\n(iv) Reintegration\nCodes :\n(A) (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)\nAnswer: (B)\n\n52. Police Diary is\n(A) Detailed report of progress of investigation\n(B) Diary of the police station\n(C) Diary issued by the State Government to the Police\n(D) All the above\nAnswer: (A)\n\n53. The Public Prosecutors are appointed by\n(A) Supreme Court\n(B) High Court\n(C) Sessions Court\n(D) State Government\nAnswer: (D)\n\n54. Which among the following statute has made the provision to permit the victim to engage an advocate of his/her choice to coordinate with the prosecution in the criminal cases?\n(A) Protection of Human Rights Act\n(B) The Constitution of India\n(C) Code of Criminal Procedure\n(D) The Indian Penal Code\nAnswer: (C)\n\n55. In Vishakhavs. State of Rajasthan the Supreme Court has laid down the guidelines relating to\n(A) Crime against Children\n(B) Sexual harassment\n(C) Crime against senior citizens\n(D) Crime against minorities\nAnswer: (B)\n\n56. Which of the following is within the Scope of criminology?\n(A) The process of making law\n(B) The process of breaching law\n(C) Reaction of the society towards law breakers\n(D) All the above\nAnswer: (D)\n\n57. \u2018Crime in India\u2019 is published by which organisation?\n(A) Bureau of Police Research and Development\n(B) L.N.J.P. National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science\n(C) S.V.P. National Police Academy\n(D) National Crime Reports Bureau\nAnswer: (D)\n\n58. Which of the following is an example of multi-item scale?\n(A) Thurston Scales\n(B) Guttman Scales\n(C) Likert Scales\n(D) All of the above\nAnswer: (D)\n\n59. The process whereby newly admitted prisoners come to accept prison lifestyles and sometimes criminal values is called _______.\n(A) Probation Restitution\n(B) Prison Population\n(C) Prison Subculture\n(D) Prisonization\nAnswer: (D)\n\n60. Probation and parole\n(A) Are essentially the same\n(B) Use different supervision technique but are administered by the same office\n(C) Are sentences handed over by courts\n(D) Are distinctly different forms of community correction administered by different authorities\nAnswer: (D)\n\n61. A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least a part of their time working for a community agency is called ________.\n(A) Compensation\n(B) Restitution\n(C) Victim Impact Statement\n(D) Community Service\nAnswer: (D)\n\n62. A Court order in response to a violation of conditions of probation, taking away a person\u2019s probationary status, thereby withdrawing the freedom is called ________.\n(A) Parole Revocation\n(B) Split Sentence\n(C) Probation Revocation\n(D) Probation Restriction\nAnswer: (C)\n\n63. Insurgents involved in trafficking of narcotics are called _______.\n(A) Money launderers\n(B) Mules\n(C) Narco terrorists\n(D) Pseudo terrorists\nAnswer: (C)\n\n64. What is \u2018phishing\u2019?\n(A) Cheating\n(B) Cyber Crime\n(C) White collar crime\n(D) Embezzlement\nAnswer: (B)\n\n65. Extracting Cash or kind by using ones official position is a crime under which law?\n(A) Immoral Traffic Prevention Act\n(B) Protection of Human Rights Act\n(C) Civil Rights Act\n(D) Prevention of Corruption Act\nAnswer: (D)\n\n66. According to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, who is appointed chairperson of the State Human Rights Commission?\n(A) Former Judge of High Court\n(B) Former Advocate Governor\n(C) Former Attorney General\n(D) Former Chief Justice of High Court\nAnswer: (D)\n\n67. Which among the following is not a right of prisoners?\n(A) Right to Speak\n(B) Right to Movement\n(C) Right to Education\n(D) Right to Vote\nAnswer: (D)\n\n68. Any chemical substance defined by social convention as bioactive or psychoactive is called _______.\n(A) Drug\n(B) Controlled substance\n(C) Recreational use\n(D) Drug abuse\nAnswer: (A)\n\n69. Which one of the following statistical technique is used for multivariate analysis?\n(A) Chi-square\n(B) Coefficient of Association\n(C) Regression\n(D) t-Test\nAnswer: (C)\n\n70. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?\n(A) Drug Abuse \u2013 Protection of Human Rights Act\n(B) Wife battering \u2013 Domestic Violence Act\n(C) Child Sexual Abuse \u2013 Immoral Traffic Prevention Act\n(D) Commercial Sex \u2013 Juvenile Justice Act\nAnswer: (B)\n\n71. Which among the following courts is at the top of hierarchy?\n(A) Judicial Magistrate\n(B) Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate\n(C) Sessions Court\n(D) Chief Judicial Magistrate\nAnswer: (D)\n\n72. Which one of the following is a writ?\n(A) nolocontendore\n(B) trial de novo\n(C) mandamus\n(D) misimensitrea\nAnswer: (C)\n\n73. The intentional making of a false statement as part of the testimony by a sworn witness in judicial proceedings is called ________.\n(A) Testimony\n(B) Hearsay\n(C) Perjury\n(D) Verdict\nAnswer: (C)\n\n74. The process of converting a criminal offence into a tort or a civil wrong is known as\n(A) Legalization\n(B) Decriminalization\n(C) Interdiction\n(D) Curtilage\nAnswer: (B)\n\n75. The court use of victim supplied information by sentencing authorities in the process of sentencing is called ________.\n(A) Truth in sentencing\n(B) Presenter investigation\n(C) Victim Impact Statement\n(D) Sentencing\nAnswer: (C)
+__label__positive What is the anatomical term for wide, sheetlike tendons\n\n\nWhich muscle tissue is branched, striated, and uninucleate\n\n\nWhich of the following is NOT a function of muscle tissue\n\nCreation of action potentials\n\nWhat type of muscle tissue contains intercalated discs\n\n\nThe alternating dark _______ and light________ give the muscle fiber its striated appearance\n\nA band; I band\n\nThe thin filament is formed of what three molecules\n\nTroponin, tropomyosin, actin\n\nWhat is the name of the functional unit of a muscle cell\n\n\nName the two myofilaments that slide past one another to allow muscle cells to contract\n\nActin and myosin\n\nDuring exercise, if there are sufficient oxygen molecules available in the muscle tissue\n\nglucose is converted to pyruvic acid and then to water, carbon dioxide, heat, and ATP\n\nWhat are contractions that maintain the same tension; contractions that shorten the length of the muscle; are the type most often used in a workout in the gym\n\nisotonic contractions\n\nSacroplasmic reticulum\n\nreleases calcium into the sacroplasm during contraction\n\nWhich of the following statements is FALSE concerning the neuromuscular junction\n\nOne sensory neuron may innervate many muscle fibers\n\nMovement of the jaw superiorly would be\n\n\nWhat does biceps mean\n\nDivided into two\n\nWhat does the term deltoid mean\n\nTriangle shaped\n\nWhat is the term for a muscle that helps a prime mover\n\nA synergist\n\nWhich of the following correctly describes pronation\n\nPutting your hands flat on a table\n\nIf you work out in the gym and do some bicep curls, the contraction of the biceps would be considered\n\n\nLeg adductors would\n\nmove legs medially\n\nThe intercostals are found\n\nbetween the ribs\n\nWhat is the muscle that encircles the eye\n\nOrbicularis oculi\n\nWhich of the following is a hamstring muscle\n\nSemimembranosus; semitendinosus; biceps femoris\n\nWhich of the following is a stomach muscle\n\nexternal oblique; rectus abdominus; internal oblique\n\nThe anatomical name for a muscle cell is a\n\nmuscle fiber.\n\nAn aponeurosis\n\nis a flat, sheet-like connective tissue attachment of one muscle to another muscle.\n\nThe endomysium is a connective tissue that surrounds a\n\nskeletal muscle fiber.\n\nIn general, skeletal muscles insertions are found\n\nThe part of a muscle attached to the\n\nmovable bone of the skeleton is termed\n\nthe insertion\n\nA tissue with striations and many flattened nuclei under the plasma membrane in each cell would be called\n\nskeletal muscle.\n\nIn a skeletal muscle fiber, the sarcomere is a repetitive unit that consists of the entire region between the\n\n\nMuscle tissue is responsible for\n\n\nMuscles that are concerned with bracing actions are called\n\n\nMyofibrils are primarily composed of\n\nactin and myosin.\n\nSmooth muscle fibers are characterized by\n\nform the contractile tissue of the walls of many hollow organs.\n\nThe bending or movement of a limb towards the midline of the body is known as\n\n\nThe energy source that is directly responsible for muscle fiber contraction is\n\n\nThe muscle whose action is dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot is the\n\ntibialis anterior.\n\nThe muscle that causes flexion of the forearm is the\n\nbiceps brachii.\n\nThe muscle that extends and adducts the humerus is the\n\nlatissimus dorsi.\n\nThe muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular movement is known as the\n\nprime mover.\n\nThe plasma membrane of a muscle cell is most usually termed a\n\n\nWhat is the BEST definition of the origin of a muscle\n\nthe attachment of the muscle to a bone that is relatively fixed.\n\nWhich of the following can best be used to distinguish cardiac from smooth muscle\n\nit is striated\n\nWhich of the following is a shared characteristic of cardiac and skeletal muscle\n\n\nThe \"all-or-none\" property of muscles is a phenomenon that occurs on the _____ level\n\n\nWhich of these muscles is located in the abdominal region\n\nExternal oblique\n\nThe _______ does NOT cause movement at the knee joint\n\ngluteus maximus\n\nThe primary function of all muscle tissue is\n\ncontraction or shortening.\n\nThe nuclei of skeletal muscle cells are pushed aside by long ribbonlike organelles called _______, which nearly fill the cytoplasm\n\n\nThe state of continuous partial contractions is called\n\nmuscle tone\n\nWhat is the specific neurotransmitter that is released by motor neurons and stimulates skeletal muscle\n\nAcetylcholine (Ach)\n\nWhat specifically causes a muscle to contract\n\nWhen the cocked heads of the myosin attach to the binding site the myosin heads pivot toward the center of the sarcomere.\n\nWhen several muscles are contracting at the same time, the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement is called the\n\nprime mover.\n\nWhich of the following are characteristic of cardiac muscle\n\nIntercalated disks\n\nWhich of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle\n\nAnother name for skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle. Skeletal muscle cells are striated. Skeletal muscle tissue can contract rapidly and with great force, but tires easily and must rest after short periods of relativity.\n\nWhich of the following is a function of muscle\n\nGenerates heat; Produces movement;\nMaintains posture; Stabilizes joints\n\nWhich of the following is a muscle of the head and neck\n\nTemporalis; Zygomaticus; Buccinator Masseter\n\nWhich of the following is true of an action potential\n\nIt is initiated by a temporary permeability to sodium ions which rush into the cell.; An action potential is a wave of electrical current.; An action potential is an all or nothing phenomenon - once started it goes to completion.; The result of the action potential is the contraction of the muscle cell.\n\nWhich of the following is one of the muscles of the abdominal girdle\n\nExternal oblique\n\nWhich of the following is the only muscle type that is nonstriated and involuntary\n\n\nWhich of the following refers to one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates\n\nMotor unit\n\nWhich of the following statements is true\n\nTetanic contraction is normal and desirable and is quite different from the pathologic condition of tetanus.; When a muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen and the contractions are completely smooth and sustained the muscle is said to be in tetanus or in tetanic contraction.; Tetanic contractions of muscles are smooth and prolonged muscle contractions which can be slight or vigorous depending on what work has to be done.; Complete tetanus is a smooth continuous contraction without any evidence of relaxation and results from a very rapid rate of stimulation.\n\nWhich of the following statements is true regarding energy generation for muscle contraction\n\nOne of the pathways for ATP regeneration is direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate.; At rest and during light exercise, ATP is regenerated almost entirely by metabolic pathways that use oxygen.; Aerobic respiration refers to metabolic pathways that use oxygen.; The initial steps of glucose breakdown occur via a pathway called glycolysis, which does not use oxygen and is an anaerobic part of the metabolic pathway.\n\nWhich of the following statements is true regarding muscle attachments and body movements\n\nThe point of attachment of a muscle to the immovable or less movable bone is called the origin.; Flexion is a movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the two bones closer together.; Abduction is movement away from the body and occurs in the coronal plane.; In circumduction of the arm the distal end of the limb describes a cone.\n\n\ncranial aponeurosis, skin of eybrows, raises eybrows\n\norbicularis oculi\n\nfrontal bone and maxilla, tissue around eyes, blinks and closes eyes\n\norbicularis oris\n\nmandible and maxilla, skin and muscle around the mouth, closes and protrudes lips\n\n\ntemporal bone, mandible, closes jaw\n\n\nzygomatic bone, skin and muscle at corner of lips, raises corner of mouth\n\n\ntemporal bone, mandible, closes jaw\n\n\nmaxilla and mandible near molars, orbicularis oris, compresses cheeck as in whistling and holds food between teeth during chewing\n\n\nsternum and clavicle, temporal bone, flexes neck and rotates head\n\n\nconnective tissue covering of superior chest muscles, tissue around mouth, pulls corner of mouth inferiorly\n\npectoralis major\n\nsternum clavicle and first to sixth ribs, proximal humerus, adducts and flexes humerus\n\nrectus abdominus\n\npubis, sternum and fifth to seventh ribs, flexes verteberal column\n\nbiceps brachii\n\nscapula of shoulder girdle, proximal radius, flexes elbow and supinates forearm\n\nadductor muscles\n\npelvis, proximal femur, adduct thigh\n\nquadriceps group vasti\n\nfemur, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament, all extends knee; rectus femoris also flexes hip on thigh\n\n\noccipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae, scapular spine and clavicle, extends neck and adducts scapula\n\nlatissimus dorsi\n\nlower spine and iliac crest, proximal humerus, extends and adducts humerus\n\n\nscapular spine and clavicle, humerus, abducts humerus\n\ntriceps brachii\n\nshoulder girdle and proximal humerus, olecranon process of ulna, extends elbow\n\ngluteus maximus\n\nsacrum and ilium, proximal femur, extends hip\n\ngluteus medius\n\nilium, proximal femur, abducts thigh steadies pelvis during walking\n\nhamstring muscles\n\nischial tuberosity, proximal tibia, flex knee and extend hip\n\n\ndistal femur, calcaneus, plantar flexes foot and flexes knee\n\n\nproximal tibia and fibula, calcaneus, plantar flexes foot\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\nClick the icon above to update your browser permissions and try again\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nVoice Recording
+__label__positive \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nCard Range To Study\n\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\nUse LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;\n\nUse UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;\n\nH to show hint;\n\nA reads text to speech;\n\n21 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n\ndescribe the micro anatomy of a skeletal muscle\n\nwhat are the 3 types of filament muscle?\n\nactin (thin) myosin (thick) and titin\n\na myosin molecule consists of a two parts; the head and the tail, how many heads does a myosin molecule have? and what are the letters associated with the head and tail?\n\n-myosin has 2 heads\n\n-head --> S1\n\n-tail --> S2\n\nwhat is the arrangement in which 2 myosin molecules wrap around each other known as?\n\nhelical arrangement\n\nwhat energy compound is found in myosin heads that is released when myosin and actin join together?\n\nADP + inorganic phosphate\n\nname the 3 (relevant) structures found in an actin molecule\n\ntroponin complex - 3 proteins (C,T&I) which hold the tropomyosin in place\n\n\nG actin\n\nWhat is the role of troponin C?\n\nthis is the part Where Calcium binds to the troponin\n\nit makes a conformational change\n\nWhat is the role of troponin T?\n\n-the troponin C makes a conformational change to the troponin (through the action of Calcium)\n\n-this conformational change pulls on troponin t and transduces the effect on calcium by pulling on troponin I\n\nWhat is the role of troponin I?\n\ntroponin I is the inhibitory troponin - it is attached to tropomyosin\n\nso when troponin I is pulled away, so is tropomyosin\n\nwhen actin and myosin join, what happens to the ATP which is associated with shortening of muscle\n\nthe ATP is metabolised/hydrolysed\n\nwhat is the role of ATP in the myosin heads?\n\ndetaches myosin heads and energizes them for another contaction\n\ndefine power stroke in muscle contraction\n\n\n\n\nwhat is the molecule which is capable of storing ATP energy, and in what form?\n\ncreatine in the form of creatine phosphate\n\ncreatine in the form of creatine phosphate\n\ndefine muscle atrophy\n\nthe weakening and shrinking of a muscle\n\nwhat can cause muscle atrophy?\n\n\n-loss of neural stimulation\n\ndefine muscle hypertrophy\n\nenlargement of muscle through\n\n-enlargement of cells within muscle\n\n-more capillaries\n\n-more mitochondria\n\nwhat is causes muscle hypertrophy\n\n-strenuous exercise\n\n-steroid hormones\n\ndefine isometric contraction\n\n-contraction in which there is no movement\n\n-muscle length does not change even tho the muscle is contracted\n\nwhen is isometric contraction used\n\n\n\n\ndefine isotonic contraction\n\n-produces movement\n\n-muscle length changes when the muscle is contracted\n\nwhen is isotonic contraction used?\n\n\n-in concentric/eccentric movements (the different types of isotonic movements)
+__label__positive Glossary of Head and Neck 11 -- Larynx\n\nStart Studying! Add Cards \u2193\n\nWhat are the parts of the larynx?\n\n\nHow are they viewed?\nLike the spleen, kidney, and liver. They are near each other, they together constitute the larynx, but they are treated very differently by surgeons and radiation oncologists.\nWhat is the larynx supported by?\nCartilaginous backbone\nWhere does the larynx begin?\nIn order, what are the cartilaginous structures of the larynx?\n\nThyroid cartilage\n\n\nWhat is the function of the epiglottis?\nProtect airway during swallowing\nWhat is the function of the thyroid cartilage?\nProtect vocal cords and vocal ligament\nWhat is the function of the arytenoids?\nSupport the true vocal cords\nHow do they do this?\nVia the vocal ligament\nWhat is the special trait of the cricoid cartilage?\nIt makes a 360 degree ring around airway\nWhat is cricoid needed for?\nOnly cartilage needed for providing airway patency\nWhat are the main parts of the thyroid cartilage?\nTwo anterior laminae\nWhat do they do?\nMeet together in the midline at an acute outpouching angle\nWhat is at the top of the throid cartilage anteriorly\nThe superior thyroid notch\nWhat happens posteriorly?\nEach lamina is elongated to form a superior and inferior cornua\nWhat does the superior cornua do?\nProvides attachment for the thyrohyoid ligament\nWhat does the inferior conua do?\nArticulates medially with the sides of the cricoid cartilage\nWhat is this articulation?\nCricothyroid joint\nWhich is wider, thyroid or cricoid?\nThyroid is much wider. Cricoid is only a little wider than a tracheal ring\nWhat is between the thyroid and the hyoid anterolaterally?\nThe thyrohyoid membrane\nWhat penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane?\nSuperior laryngeal nerve\n\nLaryngeal artery\nWhat is located between the cricoid and thyroid?\nCricothyroid ligament\nWhere is the ligament located?\nWhat penetrates the cricothyroid ligament?\nThe recurrent laryngeal nerve on its way to innervate the major laryngeal muscles\nWhere is the arytenoid cartilage?\nBuried deep within the depths of the thyroid cartilage, posteriorly\nWhat does the arytenoid cartilage give rise to?\nThe vocal ligament\nWhere does the vocal ligament insert?\nInner aspect of thyroid cartilage\nWhat does this look like diagrammatically?\n\nWhat is revealing about this picture?\nThe superior tip of the epiglottis is actually superior to the hyoid!\nWhat does the vocal ligament support?\nThe thyroarytenoid muscle\nWhat is the thyroarytenoid muscle?\nTrue vocal cord\nWhat constitutes the supraglottis?\n\nAryepiglottic folds\n\n\nFalse vocal cords\n\nLaryngeal ventricle\nWhat else is in the supraglottis?\nTwo spaces\nWhat are these spaces?\nPre-epiglottic space\n\nParaglottic space\nWhat is the other name for paraglottic space?\nParalaryngeal space\nWhere is the actual extent of the supraglottis?\nTip of the epiglottis to the laryngeal ventricle\nWhat is definitely not part of the supraglottis, despite its proximity?\nThe valleculae and pyriform sinuses\nWhat are these then?\nThe vallecula are in the lower oropharynx, and pyriform sinuses are part of the hypopharynx\nIf they are so close, does it really matter?\nCrucial differences.\nBecause below the hyoid you get into the paraglottic and pre-epiglottic spaces.\nWhat is the epiglottis shaped like?\nA leaf\nWhat is crucial about epiglottic anatomy?\nIf there is a tumor, you must state whether it is confined to the suprahyoid epiglottis or extends into infrahyoid epiglottis\nWhat is the difference\nIf supraglottic only, they can do an epiglottectomy, or even laser surgery to treat it.\n\nIf it extends into the infrahyoid epiglottis, the game changes, and treatment is radically more complicated.\nWhere is the epiglottis in relation to the hyoid?\nDirectly posterior\nWhat is directly posterior to the hyoid bone?\nThe preepiglottic space\nWhat is posterior to the pre-epiglottic space?\nThe valleculae\nWhat is posterior to the valleculae?\nThe epiglottis\nWhat attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid?\nThe hyoepiglottic ligament\nWhat covers this ligament?\nA mucosal fold\nWhat is this fold better known as?\nThe glossoepiglottic fold\nWhat does this ligament/fold do?\nAttaches epiglottis to hyoid\n\nSplits the vallecula into 2 separate structures\nWhat connects the epiglottis to the pharynx?\nPharyngoepiglottic fold\nWhat do the glossoepiglottic and pharyngoepiglottic ligaments do as a team?\nSeparate the supraglottis from the oropharynx (tongue base and vallecula)\nWhat separates the pyriform sinus from the supraglottis?\nAryepiglottic folds\n\nAdd Cards\n\nYou must Login or Register to add cards
+__label__positive Bharat Electronics Question-Paper Contributed by Martin updated on Mar 2019\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 BEL Model Question Paper\n\n1. Which one of the following is called the \u0091metal of future\u0092?\n(A) Copper\n(B) Iron\n(C) Titanium\n(D) Aluminum\n\n2. The earliest coins of India were made of ?\n(A) Copper\n(B) Gold\n(C) Lead\n(D) Silver\n\n3. The Mongols appeared for the first time on the banks of Indus during the reign of?\n(A) Balban\n(B) Iltutrnish\n(C) Qutubuddin Aibak\n(D) Razia\n\n4. The first woman ruler of medieval India was?\n(A) Chand Bibi\n(B) Durgavati\n(C) Noorjahan\n(D) Razia\n\n5. The Moplah Rebellion (1921) took place in?\n(A) Malabar\n(B) Marathawada\n(C) Telengana\n(D) Vidarbha\n\n6. Which part of the Constitutions of India has been described as the: Soul of the Constitution ?\n(A) Directive principles of State policy\n(B) Fundamental rights\n(C) Preamble\n(D) Right to constitutional remedies\n\n7. The first state to implement the Panchayati Raj System in India was?\n(A) Uttar Pradesh\n(B) Rajasthan\n(C) Gujarat\n(D) Karnataka\n\n8. Who has the right to seek advisory opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law?\n(A) Prime Minister\n(B) President\n(C) Any High Court\n(D) All of the above\n\n9. Consider the following statements about the Governor of a State\n1. He is appointed by the President.\n2. He holds office at the pleasure of the President.\n3. The executive power of the: State vests in him.\n4. Normally he holds office for five years.\nSelect the correct answer from the codes given below\n(A) l and 2\n(B) 1,2 and 3\n(C) 1,2 and 4\n(D) All the four\n\n10. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?\n(A) Ahmedabad\u0097Sabarmati\n(B) Lucknow \u0097Gomti\n(C) Bhubaneshwar\u0097Mahanadi\n(D) Ujjain-Shipra\n\n11. Dilwara Jain temple is situated at?\n(A) Palitana\n(B) Mount Abu\n(C) Sonagiri\n(D) Girinarji\n\n12. Which one of the following is the biggest shipping canal in the world?\n(A) Kiel Canal\n(B) Panama Canal\n(C) Soo Canal\n(D) Suez Canal\n\n13. Where was the battle of Plassey fought?\n(A) Karnal\n(B) Haldighati\n(C) Mysore\n(D) Bengal\n\n14. Who was the first Vice-President of India?\n(A) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan\n(B) Dr. Rajendra Prasad\n(C) C. V. Raman\n(D) Jawahar Lal Nehru\n\n15. What was the reason behind the mutiny of 1857?\n(A) Cartridge containing fat\n(B) Frustration in soldiers\n(C) Failure of British Government\n(D) Administrative research\n\n16. For VHF interfering waves generated by automobile ignition systems or other electrical equipment located close to the ground, specify which of the following components of the interfering signal are significant at receiving locations such as used in the reception of TV signals:\n1.Horizontal polarization component\n2.Vertical polarization component\n3. Both horizontal and vertical polarization components\n4. Neither horizontal nor vertical polarization components\n\n17. The ratio of lower frequency limit to the MUF for radio communication at short-wave is generally\n1. Smaller at night than in the day time\n2. Larger at night than in the day time\n3. Same at night and in the day time\n4. A maximum during the evening times\n\n18. Two UHF amateur radio antenna placed at the same height and 30 statute miles apart are to be such that each is on the radio horizon line of the other. The height of the antennas should be\na. 56.25 ft\u00a0\nb. 112.5ft\u00a0\nc. 150ft\u00a0\nd. 225ft\n\n19. A transmitter with a radiated power of 1 KW produces a field strengthof 300 mv/m at a distance of 1 Km from the antenna. If the transmitter power is increased to 50 KW and the vertical directivity of the antenna is increased by a factor of 1.41, the field strength a the same distance from the antenna is approximately\na. 1.5 V/m\u00a0\nb. 2.115 V/m\u00a0\nc. 3.0 V/m\u00a0\nd. 6.0 V/m\n\n20. The directive gains of non-resonant and resonant wire antennas of equal length are approximately in the ratio of\na.. 4:1\u00a0\nb. 1.5:1\u00a0\nc. 1:1\u00a0\nd 3:1\n\n21.A simple wire radiator produces a radiation field of intensity 100 mV/m at a distance point 25 Km away. The field produced (in mV/m) at a point 50 Km away in the same direction is\na. 25\u00a0\nc. 12.5\u00a0\nd. 100\n\n22. Assuming the plane of polarization of the incoming wave and the plane of the receiving antenna to be the same, the effective height of the receiving antenna is proportional to\n1. Radiation resistance\n2. Power gain of the antenna\n3. Physical area of the antenna\n4. Wavelength, assuming other parameters being same\n\n23. The function performed by the following circuits is\n1. General combinational logic\n2. Exclusive OR logic\n3. Exclusive NOR logic\n4. Digital comparator logic\n\n24. Narrow trigger pulses are required to be generated from a square wave pluse train (pulse width = T). The linear wave shaping circuit would be an RC circuit (time constant = T) with the following features:\n1. High pass with T << T\n2. High pass with T >> T\n3. Low pass with T >> T\n4. Low pass with T << T\n\n25. The circuit given below acts as\n1. An OR gate\n2. An AND gate\n3. An inverter\n4. A NOR gate\n\n26. In the circuit shown below. if R = 0 and S = 1, the outputs Q and Q' will be\n1. Q low, Q' high\n2. Both low\n3. Q high, Q' low\n4. Both high\n\n27. Schmitt trigger buffers are normally used as input buffers to digital logic circuit to achieve\n1. Higher isolation\n2. Higher fan-in-capability\n3. Higher drive capability\n4. Higher noise-immunity\n\n28. For a reverse-biased PN junction. If the applied voltage is doubled the junction capacitance decreases by a factor of 2 \u00bd. Assuming the junction acts as a parallel plate condenser, the average spacing between the plates changes by a factor of\n1. 22\u00a0\nc. 1/21/2\u00a0\nd. 21/2\n\n29. Many frequency sources use a piezo-electric resonator in the feedback circuit essentially to achieve a\n1. Miniature product\n2. Low cost design\n3. Stable frequency\n4. Large output power\n\n30. A pulse train has the following characteristics:\nPeak amplitude = 10 V, Pulse ON time 1 sec\nPulse OFF time = 4 sec\nThe pulse train is passed through a high pass RC filter with a large time constant. The amplitude of the positive peak at the output will be\n1. .10 V\u00a0\nb. 2V\u00a0\nc. 4V\u00a0\nd. 8V
+__label__positive Diffusion MRI Indices\n\n\nA common question about diffusion indices is that how do they differ in term of their biophysical meaning? Here is a brief explanation. First of all, all tensor derived measurements, including FA, AD, RD, are based on \"diffusivity\", which by definition measures how fast water diffuses. By contrast, measurements derived from GQI or QSDR, such as QA, iso, RDI, and local connectome fingerprint are based on \"density\", which by definition measure how much water diffuses in a particular direction.\u00a0These are two different approaches to measure the diffusion. If we compare diffusion to traffic,\u00a0one way to quantify traffic is to measure how fast vehicles travels on the highway (diffusivity), and another way is to count how many vehicles are traveling (density). These measurement may be related, but entirely different in terms of their physical meanings.\n\nIn application, diffusivity measurements are more sensitive to pathological conditions, whereas density measurements are more sensitive to individual/physiological difference (see Yeh et al. PLoS Comput Biol 12(11): e1005203, where local connectome fingerprint is a type of density measurement). To better understand this difference, we can compare axons to water pipes. If the pipes are in good condition, they will have similar water transfusion rate (diffusivity will remain similar), even though the amount of water (density) being transfused can vary a lot. This indicates that diffusivity is good for detecting whether the structural is still intact, whereas the density measurement is good for quantifying the \"connectivity\" because it quantifies the total quantity of the diffusing water.\u00a0Under this paradigm, we can figure out diffusivity measures may not vary a lot\u00a0between subjects, whereas density measures will differ substantially.\u00a0This is shown in\u00a0Yeh et al. PLoS Comput Biol 12(11): e1005203.\u00a0\nwhere the individuality can be better characterized by density-based measurements, not diffusivity measurements.\u00a0\n\nDTI measures\n\nA diffusion tensor can provide fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD).\u00a0\n\nAD, denoted by \u03bb parallel, quantifies how fast water diffuses along the axonal fibers. It is estimated by \u03bb1, the first eigenvalue of the tensor. RD, denoted by \u03bb perpendicular, quantified how fast water diffuses across the axonal bundles. It is estimated by (\u03bb2+\u03bb3)/2, the average of the second and third eigenvalues of the tensor. MD is the diffusivity average from the three eigenvalue of the tensor. It is often regarded as an approximation of the overall ADC. FA is a fraction derived from the ratio between \u03bb1, \u03bb2, and \u03bb3. It has a value ranged from 0 (isotropic) to 1(totally anisotropic).\n\nIn general, good myelinated fibers have high FA and low RD (Chang 2017). When there is demyelination, RD changes dramatically (Song, 2002). If there is axonal loss, the AD drops (Song 2003). Many studies have used RD specifically for myelination citing the demyelination studies. However, the fact that demyelination has RD change does not mean that good myelination is also reflected by RD (Change 2017). The interpretation of RD requires additional caution.\n\nGFA is calculated from an ODF function. The definition is documented in the q-ball imaging paper [3]. GFA has a high correlation with FA (Fritzsche, K. H., et al. (2010). Neuroimage 51(1): 242-251.), and it also suffers from the same partial volume effect as FA. The value deceases in fiber crossing or voxels with CSF partial volume. GFA values may not be comparable across different reconstruction methods since the sharpness of ODF may differ due to the reconstruction method used. It may not be comparable if different b-value and diffusion sampling scheme are used. Studies using GFA should be conducted in a careful control manner to make sure that the results are not due to other confounding factors.\n\nNumerous studies have investigated the relation between diffusivity and pathological conditions.\nAxonal injury: AD \u2193(Budde et al., 2007; Song et al., 2003)\nDemyelination: RD \u2191 (Budde et al., 2007; Song et al., 2002; Song et al., 2005)\nMyelination: FA (Chang, 2017), RD (partly, Chang, 2017).\nTumor: ADC\u2193(Gauvain et al., 2001; Kono et al., 2001; Sugahara et al., 1999)\nImmune cell infiltration: ADC\u2193\nVasogenic edema: ADC\u2191\nCytotoxic edema: ADC\u2193\nHemorrhage: ADC\u2193\n\n\nfa: fractional anisotropy\u00a0\nad: axial diffusivity\u00a0\nrd: radial diffusivity (the average of two radial eigenvalues)\u00a0\nmd: mean diffusivity (the average of all eigen values).\u00a0The diffusivity (either RD, MD, or AD) calculated in DSI Studio has a unit of\u00a010-3\u00a0mm2/s.\u00a0\ntxx, txy, txz, tyy, tyz, tzz\u00a0the 6 entry of the tensor matrix.\n\nGQI measures\n\nGQI provides QA and ISO.\u00a0QA is calculated from the peak orientations on a spin distribution function (SDF). Each peak orientation defines a QA value. The definition for QA is defined in the generalized q-sampling imaging paper [9]. One should note that QA is defined for each fiber orientation, whereas FA and GFA are defined for each voxel. This forms a big difference in fiber tracking, since QA can be used to filter out false fibers in crossing fiber scenario.\u00a0\n\nQA scales with spin density and MRI signals and thus it has \"arbitrary unit\". This causes consistency problem in comparing QA values between scans.\u00a0DSI Studio has adopts several strategies to calibrate QA , but sometimes the calibration may not be accurate enough, causing a large variability in QA. A solution to this problem is to\u00a0scales the maximum QA value of a subject to 1 so that QA may be more comparable across the subject. This gives \"NQA\". NQA assumes that all subjects share the same compactness of the white matter bundle.\n\nThe isotropic value of the ODF [9], termed \"ISO\", is the minimum distribution value of an ODF. It represent background isotropic diffusion contributed from CSF or non-directional restricted diffusion (e.g. diffusion within or between cells). In\u00a0multi-shell\u00a0scheme, ISO is more correlated with restricted non-directional diffusion because of the higher b-value weighting, whereas in grid scheme, ISO has more weighting from free water diffusion. To separate restricted iso from non-restsricted iso, GQI has a derived method called \"restricted diffusion imaging\" (RDI), which provides a spectrum of RDI measures estimating restricted or non-restricted diffusion.\n\nDSI abbreviations:\nqa: quantitative anisotropy (QA).\u00a0qa0 represents the QA value for the most prominent fiber orientations, and qa1 the second, ...etc.\u00a0\niso: isotropic diffusion component\nnqa:\u00a0normalized QA.\u00a0\nrdi, nrdi: an index quantifying the density of restricted diffusion given a displacement distance (L). nRDI quantifies non-restricted diffusion. See the \"restricted diffusion imaging\" reconstruction above for detail.\n\nFA versus QA\n\nFA can be affected by several biological factors, and thus its change/pattern is more intractable.\u00a0The FA will drop if there is an axonal loss, demyelination, edema, or inflammation. Thus it can be within a short time if the damage is substantial or takes longer if repeated inflammation causes a long-term neuronal loss. The timescale can be as short as few hours(edema) to one month (inflammation) or even take up to several months (axonal loss).\u00a0The change of FA can be reversed if it is due to inflammation and edema without demyelination.\u00a0\n\nQA is more robust because it is less affected by the inflammation and edema (see:\u00a0 Zhang, et al. Neurosurgery, 73(6), 1044-1053. 2013).\u00a0It is because there is separate metric called \"iso\" extracted from the calculation to model edema. QA will be more specific to neural change itself.\u00a0\n\nQA scales with spin density. These features make\u00a0it less susceptible to partial volume effect (see a comparison in Yeh F-C et al. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80713.2013). However, since QA scales with spin density, it is affected by T2-shine through, receiver gain, and B1 inhomogeneity. The QA value may not be comparable across subject if different TE and diffusion sampling\u00a0scheme are used.\n\nQA scales with diffusion signals and thus can be affected by the gain of the receiver coil. To ensure a better consistency/reproducibility,\u00a0DSI Studio uses a voxel with free water diffusion to calibrate QA. The \"CSF calibration\" option use spatial normalization to search for voxels in the 3rd ventricle\u00a0and use it to calibrate QA and achieve better reproducibility.
+__label__positive What is Validation in software testing? or What is software validation?\n\nValidation is determining if the system complies with the requirements and performs functions for which it is intended and meets the organization\u2019s goals and user needs.\n\n  \u2022 Validation is done at the end of the development process and takes place after verifications are completed.\n  \u2022 It answers the question like: Am I building the right product?\n  \u2022 Am I accessing the right data (in terms of the data required to satisfy the requirement).\n  \u2022 It is a High level activity.\n  \u2022 Performed after a work product is produced against established criteria ensuring that the product integrates correctly into the environment.\n  \u2022 Determination of correctness of the final software product by a development project with respect to the user needs and requirements.\nSoftware verification and validation\n\nSoftware verification and validation\n\n\nA product can pass while verification, as it is done on the paper and no running or functional application is required. But, when same points which were verified on the paper is actually developed then the running application or product can fail while validation. This may happen because when a product or application is build as per the specification but these specifications are not up to the mark hence they fail to address the user requirements.\n\nAdvantages of Validation:\n\n  1. During verification if some defects are missed then during validation process it can be caught as failures.\n  2. If during verification some specification is misunderstood and development had happened then during validation process while executing that functionality the difference between the actual result and expected result can be understood.\n  3. Validation is done during testing like feature testing, integration testing, system testing, load testing, compatibility testing, stress testing, etc.\n  4. Validation helps in building the right product as per the customer\u2019s requirement and helps in satisfying their needs.\n\nValidation is basically done by the testers during the testing. While validating the product if some deviation is found in the actual result from the expected result then a bug is reported or an incident is raised. Not all incidents are bugs. But all bugs are incidents. Incidents can also be of type \u2018Question\u2019 where the functionality is not clear to the tester.\n\nHence, validation helps in unfolding the exact functionality of the features and helps the testers to understand the product in much better way. It helps in making the product more user friendly.\n\nAlso Read: What is Verification in Software Testing?
+__label__positive Explore Related Concepts\n\nhow many feet in one kilometer\n\nBest Results From Yahoo Answers\n\nFrom Yahoo Answers\n\nQuestion:How many feet are in 1 kilometer(s)?\n\nAnswers:3280.84 feet\n\n\nAnswers:There are 3,280.84 feet in a kilometer.\n\nQuestion:It would be very much appreciated if someone could show me step by step HOW to do this, and please, not just an answer. Given that 3.281 feet equals 1m and using only that (aside from the fact that there are 5,280 feet in a mile) how do i go about finding how much of a mile equals a kilometer? (I know it's a decimal but i need to know HOW) I only got as far as figuring out that a mile equals 1609.27 meters or 1.609 kilometers.\n\nAnswers:using your numbers: 3.281 ft = 1 meter 5280 ft = 1 mile 1000 meters = 1 kilometer So, you can approach this in two methods: How many feet are in 1 kilometer? 1 kilometer = 1000 meters = 1000*3.281 ft = 3281 ft. Now compare the number of feet in a kilometer to the number of feet in a mile to give you a fraction to tell you what direction to convert: 3281 ft in a kilometer / 5280 ft in a mile = 3281/5280 ~= 0.621 miles in one kilometer or 5280 ft in a mile / 3281 ft in a kilometer = 5280/3281 ~= 1.609 kilometers in one mile How many meters are in one mile? 1 ft = 1/3.281 meters 1 mile = 5280 ft = 5280/3.281 meters = 1609.27 meters = 1.609 km you can use the same ratio of 1 mile = 1.609 km to convert back and forth. divide both sides by 1.609, and you'll get 1/1.609 miles = 1 km, or .621 miles = 1 km. you can add/subtract/multiply/divide, so long as you do the same operation to both sides of an = equation, and you'll still preserve the same equality.\n\n\nAnswers:Let's be a little more precise. 1 foot equals 0.3048 meters. So, here we go 5280 x 0.3048 / 1000 = 1.609 Km per mile. That''s within about a foot, or at least the one that has 12 inches in it. :-)
+__label__positive Often asked: What Are Abstract And Concrete Nouns?\n\nWhat are examples of concrete and abstract nouns?\n\nConcrete and Abstract Noun Practice Answers\n\n  \u2022 Concrete \u2013 You can see, smell, touch and taste a cobbler.\n  \u2022 Abstract \u2013 Sadness is an emotion.\n  \u2022 Abstract \u2013 Liberty is an idea or concept.\n  \u2022 Concrete \u2013 You can touch, taste, see and smell butter.\n  \u2022 Abstract \u2013 Intelligence is a concept.\n\nWhat is abstract noun and concrete noun?\n\nA concrete noun is a noun that you can see, hear, smell, touch, and taste. An abstract noun is something that you cannot see, hear, smell, touch, or taste.\n\nWhat is concrete noun with example?\n\nA concrete noun is a noun that can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell). Consider the examples below: Would someone please answer the phone? In the sentence above, the noun phone is a concrete noun: you can touch it, see it, hear it, and maybe even smell it or taste it.\n\nWhat are the abstract nouns?\n\n\nYou might be interested:\u00a0 How To Remove Rust Stains On Concrete?\n\nWhat are 10 concrete nouns?\n\n\nIs boy a concrete noun?\n\nboys, pebbles, cattle \u2013 Concrete Noun.\n\nIs year an abstract noun?\n\nA year is a unit of time, and time is, according to the list of abstract nouns found on the above hyperlinked webpage, an abstract noun. Though the effects of time can be perceived, time itself cannot.\n\nIs love an abstract noun?\n\nRemember, abstract nouns identify something immaterial and abstract, which means we cannot see, taste, hear, touch, or smell it. For example, the word love is an abstract noun.\n\nIs Memories an abstract noun?\n\nExplanation: The Abstract noun usually the name of a quality, action or state.. Childhood and memories are not abstract noun because they are common nouns\n\nIs Sun a concrete noun?\n\nThe Sun is a \u201c concrete noun \u201d. We can able to see the Sun so it is one of the examples for concrete noun. Because concrete noun denote something that is physically seen. Most of the nouns are concrete and the nouns other than concrete are abstract ones.\n\nWhat are concrete words?\n\n\nWhat is the difference between a concrete noun and a common noun?\n\nCommon nouns refer to an object, person or place. Concrete nouns are physical things that you can see, touch, taste, hear or smell. In other words, they can be experienced through the five senses.\n\nYou might be interested:\u00a0 Question: How To Color Stamped Concrete?\n\nWhat are 10 abstract nouns?\n\n10 Examples of Abstract Noun\n\n  \u2022 Anger.\n  \u2022 Charity.\n  \u2022 Deceit.\n  \u2022 Evil.\n  \u2022 Idea.\n  \u2022 Hope.\n  \u2022 Luck.\n  \u2022 Patience.\n\nIs joy an abstract noun?\n\n\nIs good an abstract noun?\n\nAbstract Noun Examples Good, an adjective, becomes the abstract noun goodness. Concrete nouns, in opposition, are tangible and experienced by the senses.\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__positive Distinction Between Matter and Spirit\n\n\n\narjuna uvacha\nprakrtim purusam chaiva, ksetram ksetrajnam eva cha\netad veditum ichchhami, jnanam jneyam cha kesava [1]\n\narjunah uvacha\u2013Arjuna said: (he) kesava\u2013O Kesava; (aham)\u2013I; ichchhami\u2013wish; veditum\u2013to know; etat\u2013about these subjects: prakrtim\u2013material nature; purusam cha eva\u2013and the person; ksetram\u2013the field; ksetra-jnam eva cha\u2013and the knower of the field; jnanam\u2013knowledge; jneyam cha\u2013and the object of knowledge.\n\n1 Arjuna said: O Kesava, I would like to know about material nature, the person, the field, the knower of the field, knowledge and the object of knowledge.\n\nsri-bhagavan uvacha\nidam sariram kaunteya, ksetram ity abhidhiyate\netad yo vetti tam prahuh, ksetrajna iti tad vidah [2]\n\nsri-bhagavan uvacha\u2013The Supreme Lord said: (he) kaunteya\u2013O son of Kunti; idam sariram\u2013this body; abidhiyate iti\u2013is called; ksetramksetra, or the field. yah vetti\u2013One who knows; etat\u2013this field; tat vidah\u2013the learned; prahuh\u2013describe; tam\u2013him; ksetra-jnah iti\u2013as ksetrajna, the knower of the field.\n\n2 The Supreme Lord said: O Arjuna, this body is known as the field. One who knows this field is described by the learned as the knower of the field.\n\nksetrajnam chapi mam viddhi, sarva-ksetresu bharata\nksetra-ksetrajnayor jnanam, yat taj jnanam matam mama [3]\n\n(he) bharata\u2013O descendant of the Bharata dynasty; api\u2013further; cha\u2013also; viddhi\u2013know; mam\u2013Me; sarva-ksetresu\u2013within all bodies; ksetra-jnam\u2013as ksetrajna, the knower of the field. yat jnanam\u2013This knowledge; ksetra-ksetrajnayoh\u2013of the field and the knower of the field; tat jnanam\u2013is actual knowledge; mama matam\u2013in My opinion.\n\n3 O Bharata, you should also know Me as the knower of all fields. This knowledge, of the field and of the knower of the field, is true knowledge, in My opinion.\n\ntat ksetram yach cha yadrk cha, yad vikari yatas cha yat\nsa cha yo yat prabhavas cha, tat samasena me srnu [4]\n\nsrnu\u2013Hear; me\u2013from Me; tat samasena\u2013briefly; yat tat ksetram\u2013what that field is; cha\u2013and; yadrk\u2013how is it constituted; cha\u2013and; yat vikari\u2013what its transformations are; cha\u2013and; yatah\u2013wherefrom; yat\u2013it develops; cha\u2013and; yah\u2013who is; sah\u2013that knower of the field; cha\u2013and; yat prabhavah\u2013what his potency is.\n\n4 Now hear from Me briefly what this field is, its constitution, transformations, causes and effects; and who the knower of the field is, and of his potency.\n\nrsibhir bahudha gitam, chhandobhir vividhaih prthak\nbrahma-sutra-padais chaiva, hetumadbhir vinischitaih [5]\n\n(tat)\u2013That knowledge of ksetra and ksetrajna; gitam\u2013is sung; vividhaih rsibhih\u2013by many types of sages; bahudha eva\u2013in many ways; prthak chhandobhih\u2013by the different Vedas; brahma-sutra-padaih\u2013and by the aphorisms of Vedanta; vinischitaih\u2013with conclusive; hetumadbhih cha\u2013logic.\n\n5 This has been taught in many ways by various sages, the different Vedas and the aphorisms of the Brahma-sutra with its conclusive logic.\n\nmaha-bhutany ahankaro, buddhir avyaktam eva cha\nindriyani dasaikam cha, pancha chendriya-gocharah [6]\nichchha dvesah sukham duhkham, sanghatas chetana dhrtih\netat ksetram samasena, sa-vikaram udahrtam [7]\n\nmaha-bhutani\u2013The five primary elements; ahankarah\u2013ego; buddhih\u2013intelligence (mahat-tattva); avyaktam eva cha\u2013the unmanifest material nature; dasa indriyani\u2013the ten senses (the five senses of action\u2014voice, hands, legs, anus and genital; and the five senses of perception\u2014eye, tongue, skin, nose and ear); ekam cha\u2013and the mind; pancha cha\u2013and the five; indriya-gocharah\u2013corresponding objects of the senses (form, taste, touch, smell and sound); ichchha\u2013likes; dvesah\u2013dislikes; sukham\u2013happiness; duhkham\u2013unhappiness; sanghatah\u2013the aggregate, the gross body; chetana\u2013consciousness; dhrtih\u2013determination; etat\u2013all these; udahrtam\u2013are described; samasena\u2013in brief; ksetram\u2013as the field; sa-vikaram\u2013with its transformations.\n\n6-7 The five primary elements of ether, air, fire, water and earth; ego, intelligence, and the unmanifest material nature; the ten senses, the mind, and the five objects of the senses; likes, dislikes, happiness, unhappiness, the aggregate, consciousness and determination\u2014all these are summarily known as the field and its transformations.\n\namanitvam adambhitvam, ahimsa ksantir arjavam\nacharyopasanam saucham, sthairyam atma-vinigrahah [8]\nindriyarthesu vairagyam, anahankara eva cha\njanma-mrtyu-jara-vyadhi-duhkha-dosanudarsanam [9]\nasaktir anabhisv-angah, putra-dara-grhadisu\nnityam cha sama-chittatvam, istanistopapattisu [10]\nmayi chananya-yogena, bhaktir avyabhicharini\nvivikta-desa-sevitvam, aratir jana-samsadi [11]\nadhyatma-jnana-nityatvam, tattva-jnanartha-darsanam\netaj jnanam iti proktam, ajnanam yad ato 'nyatha [12]\n\netat jnanam\u2013The following qualities denote knowledge: amanitvam\u2013the quality of desirelessness for honour; adambhitvam\u2013pridelessness; ahimsa\u2013nonviolence; ksantih\u2013forbearance; arjavam\u2013straightforwardness and simplicity; acharya-upasanam\u2013service to the spiritual master; saucham\u2013purity; sthairyam\u2013steadiness; atma-vinigrahah\u2013self-control; indriya-arthesu vairagyam\u2013detachment from the objects of the senses; anahankarah eva cha\u2013absence of egoism; duhkha-dosa-anudarsanam\u2013awareness of the miseries; janma-mrtyu-jara-vyadhi\u2013of birth, death, infirmity and disease; asaktih\u2013worldly detachment; anabhisu-angah\u2013not to dote on; putra-dara-grha-adisu\u2013children, wife, home, etc.; nityam sama-chittatvam cha\u2013constant equanimity; ista-anista-upapattis u\u2013in desirable or undesirable circumstances; cha\u2013and; ananya-yogena\u2013singleminded; avyabhicharini\u2013undeviating; bhaktih\u2013devotion; mayi\u2013to Me; vivikta-desasevitam\u2013residing in a solitary place; aratih\u2013indifference; jana-samsadi\u2013to mundane association; adhyatma-jnana-nityatvam\u2013constancy in self-knowledge; tattva-jnanaartha-darsanam\u2013and the vision of the goal of true knowledge; iti\u2013thus; proktam\u2013has been proclaimed; (rsibhih)\u2013by the sages. yat\u2013Anything; anyatha\u2013contrary; atah\u2013to this; ajnanam\u2013is nescience.\n\n8-12 Desirelessness for honour, pridelessness, nonviolence, forbearance, honesty, service to the spiritual master, purity, stability, self-control, detachment from the objects of the senses, absence of egoism, awareness of the miseries of birth, disease, old age and death; worldly detachment, absence of doting on children, wife, home, etc., constant equanimity in desirable or undesirable circumstances, undeviating pure devotion to Me, residing in a solitary place, indifference to mundane association, constancy in selfknowledge, and the vision of the goal of true knowledge\u2014all these qualities have been said to denote knowledge. Anything contrary to this is to be considered ignorance.\n\njneyam yat tat pravaksyami, yaj jnatvamrtam asnute\nanadi mat-param brahma, na sat tan nasad uchyate [13]\n\n(aham) pravaksyami\u2013I now describe; tat\u2013that; yat\u2013which; jneyam\u2013is the object of knowledge; jnatva\u2013realizing; yat\u2013which; amrtam\u2013the nectar of life; asnute\u2013is attained. tat brahma uchyate\u2013That is known as Brahma; anadi\u2013beginningless, eternal; matparam\u2013resting in Me; na sat\u2013beyond being, beyond the material effect; na asat\u2013and beyond non-being, beyond the material cause.\n\n13 Now I shall describe the object of knowledge, realizing which one attains the nectar of life. Resting in Me, it is known as Brahman, eternal, neither being nor non-being.\n\nsarvatah pani-padam tat, sarvato 'ksi-siro-mukham\nsarvatah srutimal loke, sarvam avrtya tisthati [14]\n\nsarvatah\u2013Everywhere; pani-padam\u2013hands and feet; sarvatah\u2013everywhere; aksi-sirah-mukham\u2013eyes, heads and mouths; sarvatah\u2013everywhere; srutimat\u2013ears; tat\u2013that object of knowledge; tisthati\u2013exists; avrtya\u2013pervading; sarvam\u2013everything; loke\u2013in the universe.\n\n14 Everywhere are His hands and feet, everywhere are His eyes, heads, mouths and ears. He pervades the entire universe (as the Supersoul).\n\nsarvendriya-gunabhasam, sarvendriya-vivarjitam\nasaktam sarva-bhrch chaiva, nirgunam guna-bhoktr cha [15]\n\nsarva-indriya-guna-abhasam\u2013(He) illuminates all the senses and their functions; (tad api)\u2013yet; sarva-indriya-vivarjitam\u2013is without (material) senses. asaktam\u2013(Although) aloof; sarva-bhrt cha\u2013(He is) the maintainer of all. nirgunam cha\u2013(Although) transcendental to the modes of nature; guna-bhoktr eva\u2013(He is) the Lord of all qualities.\n\n15 He illuminates all the senses and their functions, yet He is without material senses; He is completely aloof to everything, yet He is the maintainer of all (Visnu); He is transcendental to the three modes of material nature, yet He is the Lord of all qualities.\n\nbahir antas cha bhutanam, acharam charam eva cha\nsuksmatvat tad avijneyam, durastham chantike cha tat [16]\n\ntat\u2013That knowable is; bahih cha\u2013outside; antah\u2013and inside; acharam\u2013stationary; charam eva cha\u2013and moving; bhutanam\u2013beings. suksmatvat\u2013Due to subtlety; tat\u2013that; avijneyam\u2013is difficult to comprehend; antike cha\u2013near; dura-stham cha\u2013yet far.\n\n16 He is situated within and without all moving and stationary beings, near yet far, subtle and therefore most difficult to comprehend.\n\navibhaktam cha bhutesu, vibhaktam iva cha sthitam\nbhuta-bhartr cha taj jneyam grasisnu prabhavisnu cha [17]\n\ntat avibhaktam\u2013That indivisible; sthitam\u2013appears; vibhaktam iva cha\u2013as divided; bhutesu\u2013in the living beings. (tat eva)\u2013He; jneyam\u2013is to be known; prabha-visnu cha\u2013as the manifestor; bhuta-bhartr cha\u2013the maintainer; grasisnu cha\u2013and the devourer.\n\n17 Although indivisible, He appears as divided in all beings. He is to be known as the one who manifests, maintains, and devours all beings.\n\njyotisam api taj jyotis, tamasah param uchyate\njnanam jneyam jnana-gamyam, hrdi sarvasya dhisthitam [18]\n\ntat\u2013He; uchyate\u2013is said to be; jyotih\u2013the illuminator; jyotisam api\u2013of the luminaries; param\u2013beyond; tamasah\u2013the darkness; (tat eva)\u2013He is; jnanam\u2013knowledge; jneyam\u2013the object of knowledge; jnana-gamyam\u2013reached by knowledge (verses 8-12); dhisthitam\u2013situated as the Supersoul; hrdi\u2013within the hearts; sarvasya\u2013of all.\n\n18 He is known as the illuminator of the luminaries, beyond darkness. Situated in the hearts of all beings, He is knowledge, the object of knowledge, reached by knowledge.\n\niti ksetram tatha jnanam, jneyam choktum samasatah\nmad-bhakta etad vijnaya, mad-bhavayopapadyate [19]\n\niti\u2013Thus; ksetram\u2013the field; jnanam\u2013knowledge; jneyam cha\u2013and the object of knowledge (the Lord in His aspects of Brahman, Paramatman and Bhagavan); tatha uktam\u2013are described; samasatah\u2013in brief. etat vijnaya\u2013Realizing this; mat-bhaktah\u2013My devotee; upapadyate\u2013attains; mat-bhavaya\u2013love for Me.\n\n19 The field, knowledge and the object of knowledge have been briefly described by Me. Realizing these truths, My devotee attains love for Me.\n\nprakrtim purusam chaiva, viddhy anadi ubhav api\nvikarams cha gunams chaiva, viddhi prakrti-sambhavan [20]\n\nviddhi\u2013Know; ubhau api\u2013both; prakrtim\u2013nature\u2014Maya; purusam cha\u2013and the jivatman, individual soul, described as 'knower of the field'; anadi eva\u2013to be beginningless. viddhi\u2013Know; vikaran cha\u2013the transformations\u2014body, senses and their functions; gunan eva cha\u2013and the transformations of the modes of nature, as happiness, unhappiness, sorrow and delusion, etc.; prakrti-sambhavan\u2013as born of material nature.\n\n20 Know that both material nature (Maya) and the person (individual soul) are beginningless, and know that the transformations (body, senses and their functions) and the transformations of the modes of nature (such as pleasure, pain, sorrow and delusion) are born of material nature.\n\nkarya-karana-kartrtve, hetuh prakrtir uchyate\npurusah sukha-duhkhanam, bhoktrtve hetur uchyate [21]\n\nprakrtih\u2013Material nature (with the presence of purusa); uchyate\u2013is said to be; hetuh\u2013the cause; karya-karana-kartrtve\u2013via the presiding demigods of the senses, of the production of the effect, as the body, and of the cause, as the senses. purusah\u2013The person\u2014jiva; uchyate\u2013is said to be; hetuh\u2013the cause; bhoktrtve\u2013of the state of being an enjoyer or a sufferer; sukha-duhkhanam\u2013of happiness and unhappiness.\n\n21 Material nature is said to be the cause of the production of effect (the body) and cause (the senses); the person (in material bondage) is said to be the cause of the condition of being an enjoyer or a sufferer of happiness and unhappiness.\n\npurusah prakrti-stho hi, bhunkte prakrti-jan gunan\nkaranam guna-sango 'sya, sad-asad-yoni-janmasu [22]\n\nprakrti-sthah\u2013Situated within (the body which is an effect of) material nature; purusah hi\u2013a person; bhunkte\u2013enjoys; gunan\u2013the modes; prakrti-jan\u2013born of material nature. guna-sangah\u2013Attachment to the modes (as body, senses, etc.); (bhavati)\u2013is; karanam\u2013the cause; asya\u2013of that person's; sat-asat-yoni-janmasu\u2013births in higher and lower species.\n\n22 Being situated within material nature, a person enjoys the modes born of material nature. His attachment to these modes is the cause of his repeated births in higher and lower species.\n\nupadrastanumanta cha, bharta bhokta mahesvarah\nparamatmeti chapy ukto, dehe 'smin purusah parah [23]\n\nparah purusah\u2013The Supreme Person; upadrasta\u2013witness; anumanta\u2013sanctioner; bharta\u2013support; bhokta\u2013maintainer; maha-isvarah cha\u2013and Supreme Lord; asmin dehe\u2013within this body; api uktah\u2013is also described; iti cha\u2013as; paramatma\u2013Paramatman, the Supersoul.\n\n23 The Supreme Person\u2014the witness, sanctioner, support, guardian, and almighty Lord within this body, is known as Paramatman, the Supersoul.\n\nya evam vetti purusam, prakrtim cha gunaih saha\nsarvatha vartamano 'pi, na sa bhuyo 'bhijayate [24]\n\nyah\u2013One who; evam vetti\u2013thus knows; purusam\u2013the Supreme Person; prakrtim cha\u2013and material nature; gunaih saha\u2013with its modes; sah\u2013he; vartamanah api\u2013though present; sarvatha\u2013in any situation; na abhijayate\u2013is not born; bhuyah\u2013again.\n\n24 Thus, one who truly knows the Supreme Person and material nature with its modes, will never in any circumstances have to take birth again.\n\ndhyanenatmani pasyanti, kechid atmanam atmana\nanye sankhyena yogena, karma-yogena chapare [25]\n\nkechit\u2013Some; pasyanti\u2013see; dhyanena\u2013by meditation; atmana\u2013by the pure consciousness; atmanam\u2013the Supersoul; atmani\u2013within the heart; anye\u2013others; sankhyena yogena\u2013by sankhya-yoga; apare cha\u2013and yet others; karma-yogena\u2013by karma-yoga.\n\n25 With their pure consciousness, some persons see the Supersoul within the heart, in their meditation. Others perceive Him through enlightenment, and yet others by the yoga of selfless action.\n\nanye tv evam ajanantah, srutvanyebhya upasate\nte 'pi chatitaranty eva, mrtyum sruti-parayanah [26]\n\nanye tu\u2013Yet others; ajanantah\u2013not knowing; evam\u2013of all these methods; upasate\u2013worship; srutva\u2013by hearing; anyebhyah\u2013from others. te api\u2013They too; sruti-parayanah (santah)\u2013when their faith is deepened by hearing; atitaranti eva\u2013surpass; mrtyum cha\u2013death.\n\n26 Further, there are those who, not knowing of these methods, engage in worship by hearing the scriptures. When their faith is deepened by such hearing, they, too, surpass the mortal plane.\n\nyavat sanjayate kinchit, sattvam sthavara-jangamam\nksetra-ksetrajna-samyogat, tad viddhi bharatarsabha [27]\n\n(he) bharatarsabha\u2013O best of the Bharata dynasty; yavat kinchit\u2013whatever; sthavarajan gamam\u2013stationary or moving; sattvam\u2013being; sanjayate\u2013is born; viddhi\u2013know; tat\u2013that; ksetra-ksetrajna-samyogat\u2013as born of the combination of the field and its knower.\n\n27 O Arjuna, best of the Bharatas, whatever is born in the world, whether moving or stationary, know it to be manifest from the combination of the field and its knower.\n\nsamam sarvesu bhutesu, tisthantam paramesvaram\nvinasyatsv avinasyantam, yah pasyati sa pasyati [28]\n\nyah\u2013One who; pasyati\u2013sees; parama-isvaram\u2013the Supreme Lord; tisthantam\u2013situated; samam\u2013equally; sarvesu bhutesu\u2013in all beings; avinasyantam\u2013as the imperishable; vinasyatsu\u2013within the perishable; sah\u2013such a person; pasyati\u2013sees perfectly.\n\n28 One who sees the Supreme Lord situated equally within all beings as the imperishable within the perishable\u2014such a person sees perfectly.\n\nsamam pasyan hi sarvatra, samavasthitam isvaram\nna hinasty atmanatmanam, tato yati param gatim [29]\n\n(sah) hi\u2013Such a person; pasyan\u2013by seeing; samam\u2013with equality; isvaram\u2013the Lord; samavasthitam\u2013dwelling alike; sarvatra\u2013in every place; na hinasti\u2013does not deceive, deprive; atmanam\u2013himself; atmana\u2013by himself; tatah\u2013and therefore; yati\u2013attains; param gatim\u2013the supreme destination.\n\n29 Such a person with the vision of equality, seeing the Lord dwelling in every place alike, does not deceive himself, and thus he attains the supreme destination.\n\nprakrtyaiva cha karmani, kriyamanani sarvasah\nyah pasyati tathatmanam, akartaram sa pasyati [30]\n\ncha\u2013And; yah\u2013he who; pasyati\u2013sees; tatha\u2013that; sarvasah\u2013all; karmani\u2013actions; kriyamanani\u2013are brought about; eva\u2013only; prakrtya\u2013by material nature; sah\u2013such a person; pasyati\u2013sees; atmanam\u2013himself; akartaram\u2013as non-doer.\n\n30 He who sees that all actions are brought about only by material nature, sees himself as non-doer.\n\nyada bhuta-prthag-bhavam, eka-stham anupasyati\ntata eva cha vistaram, brahma sampadyate tada [31]\n\nyada\u2013When; (sah)\u2013such a seer; anupasyati\u2013can see; bhuta-prthak-bhavam\u2013the different types of beings; eka-stham\u2013situated in the one nature; cha\u2013and; (bhutanam) vistaram\u2013the projection of all beings; tatah eva\u2013from that nature; tada\u2013then; brahma sampadyate\u2013the state of Brahman is reached.\n\n31 When such an enlightened person realizes that the different types of beings are situated within the one nature and that all are made manifest from that nature, he attains realization of Brahman.\n\nanaditvan nirgunatvat, paramatmayam avyayah\nsarira-stho 'pi kaunteya, na karoti na lipyate [32]\n\n(he) kaunteya\u2013O son of Kunti; anaditvat\u2013because of eternality; nirgunatvat\u2013and being transcendental to the material modes; avyayah\u2013and inexhaustible; ayam\u2013the; paramatma\u2013Supersoul; sarira-sthah api\u2013although present within the field; na karoti\u2013neither acts; na lipyate\u2013nor is affected by any action.\n\n32 O Arjuna, since the Supersoul is beginningless, transcendental and inexhaustible, although also present within the field (with the individual soul), He neither acts nor is affected by any action.\n\nyatha sarva-gatam sauksmyad, akasam nopalipyate\nsarvatravasthito dehe, tathatma nopalipyate [33]\n\nyatha\u2013As; sarva-gatam\u2013the all-pervading; akasam\u2013space; na upalipyate\u2013is not tainted by anything, is untouched; sauksmyat\u2013due to its subtleness; tatha\u2013similarly; atma\u2013atman, the soul; avasthitah\u2013situated; sarvatra\u2013pervading; dehe\u2013the body; na upalipyate\u2013is not tainted or touched.\n\n33 As the most subtle element of space pervades everything yet is not tainted by anything, similarly, the soul, though pervading the body, is not tainted by it.\n\nyatha prakasayaty ekah, krtsnam lokam imam ravih\nksetram ksetri tatha krtsnam, prakasayati bharata [34]\n\n(he) bharata\u2013O Arjuna; yatha\u2013as; ekah\u2013the one; ravih\u2013sun; prakasayati\u2013illuminates; imam\u2013this; krtsnam\u2013entire; lokam\u2013world; tatha\u2013similarly; ksetri\u2013the occupier of the field; prakasayati\u2013illuminates; krtsnam\u2013the entire; ksetram\u2013field.\n\n34 O Bharata, as the one sun illuminates the entire world, the occupier of the field illuminates the entire field.\n\nksetra-ksetrajnayor evam, antaram jnana-chaksusa\nbhuta-prakrti-moksam cha, ye vidur yanti te param [35]\n\nye\u2013Those who; jnana-chaksusa\u2013through the eyes of knowledge; evam viduh\u2013can thus know; antaram\u2013the distinction; ksetra-ksetrajnayoh\u2013between the field and its knower; cha\u2013and (can thus know); bhuta-prakrti-moksam\u2013the way of liberation of the living beings from material nature; te\u2013they; yanti\u2013attain; param\u2013the Supreme.\n\n35 Those who, through the eyes of knowledge, can thus distinguish between the field and the knower of the field, and who can thus know the path of liberation of the living beings from material nature\u2014such persons attain the Supreme.\n\niti sri-mahabharate sata-sahasryam samhitayam vaiyasikyam\nbhisma-parvani srimad-bhagavad-gitasupanisatsu brahmavidyayam\nyoga-sastre sri-krsnarjuna-samvade prakrtipurus\na-viveka-yogo nama trayodaso 'dhyayah [13]\n\nEnd of Chapter Thirteen\n\nDistinction between Matter and Spirit\n\nfrom the conversation\nof Sri Krishna and Arjuna\nin Srimad Bhagavad-Gita Upanisad,\nthe Yoga Scripture of Transcendental Knowledge\nin Bhisma Parva of Sri Mahabharata, the Holy Scripture\nrevealed by Srila Vyasadeva in a hundred thousand verses.\n\n\n\n\n\u21d0 12: The Path of Devotion\n\n14: The Three Divisions of Material Nature \u21d2\n\n\n\n1 Observing the Armies\n2 The Constitution of the Soul\n3 The Path of Action\n4 The Path of Knowledge\n5 The Path of Renunciation of Action\n6 The Path of Meditation\n7 Knowledge and Realization of the Supreme\n8 The Merciful Absolute\n9 The Hidden Treasure of Devotion\n10 The Divine Glories of the Lord\n11 The Vision of the Universal Form\n12 The Path of Devotion\n13 Distinction Between Matter and Spirit\n14 The Three Divisions of Material Nature\n15 The Supreme Person\n16 The Godly and Ungodly Natures\n17 The Three Types of Faith\n18 The Path of Liberation\nThe Glories of the Gita\nThe Glories of Srimad Bhagavad-gita from Sri Vaisnaviya-tantra-sara
+__label__positive NTS Sample Paper for Computer Science\n\nMCQs for Computer Science\n\n1. Who is called as Father of Computers?\nCharles Babbage\n2. Which of these is a standard interface for serial data transmission?\n3. Which type of topology is best suited for large businesses which must carefully control and coordinate the operation of distributed branch outlets?\nStar topology\n4. The first Digital Computer introduced, was named as?\n5. How many generations, computer can be classified?\n6. First Generation Computers contain?\nVacuum Tubes\n7. II Generation Computers are made of?\n8. IV Generation Computers contain?\n9. Vth Generation Computers are based on?\nArtificial Intelligence\n10. Computers, combine both measuring and counting, are called?\n11. Which of the following transmission directions listed is not a legitimate channel?\nDouble Duplex\n12. How many menus has a calculator in the windows\n13. Parity bits\" are used for which of the following purposes?\nTo detect errors\n14. In world today, most of the computers are?\n15. In any computer installation, how many elements consist?\n16. Physical structure of computer is called?\n17. CPU stands for?\nCentral Processing Unit\n18. In which type of computer, data are represented as discrete signals?\nDigital computer\n19. Which of the following is available in the form of a PC now?\n20. PARAM is an example of?\nSuper computer\n21. Who developed the analytical engine?\nCharles Babbage\n22. GUI stands for?\nGraphical User Interface\n23. The time taken by CPU to retrieve and interpret the instruction to be executed is calledas? Instruction cycle\n24. Which of the following is responsible for all types of calculations?\n25. Which of the following is permanent memory?\n26. The metal or plastic case that holds all the physical parts of the computer is the?\nSystem Unit\n27. CD-ROM stands for?\nCompact Disk Read Only Memory\n28. ALU Stand for?\nArithmetic Logic Unit\n29. VGA Stand for?\nVideo Graphics Array\n30. The communication protocol that drives the internet and therefore most Lan\u2019s use is called\n31. The hardware parts are\nPhysical components\n32. What kind of transmission medium is most appropriate to carry data in a computer network that is exposed to electrical interferences?\nOptical fiber\n\n33. The registers used for any mathematical and logical operations are\nAccumulators registers\n34. Dot-matrix is a type of\n35. A combination of 4 bit is called\n36. A combination of 8 bit is called\n37. IBM 1401 is?\nSecond Generation Computer\n38. MSI stands for?\nMedium Scale Integrated Circuits\n39. WAN stands for?\nWide Area Network\n40. MICR stands for?\nMagnetic Ink Character Reader\n41. One byte consists of?\neight bits\n42. EEPROM stand for?\nElectrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory\n43. Which of the following is a way to access secondary memory?\nRandom access memory\n44. UNIVAC Stand for?\nUniversal Automatic Computer\n45. The brain of any computer system is?\n46. To rage capacity of magnetic disk depends on?\ndisk pack in disk surface\n47. The two kinds of main memory are?\n48. A storage area used to store data to a Compensate for the difference in speed at which the different units can handle data is?\n49. Computer is free from tiresome and boardroom. We call it?\n50. Which type of computers uses the 8-bit code called EBCDIC?\nMainframe computers\n51. The ALU of a computer responds to the commands coming from?\nControl section\n52. Chief component of first generation computer was?\nVacuum Tubes and Valves\n53. To produce high quality graphics (hardcopy) in color, you would want to use a/n?\n54. One millisecond is?\n1000th of a seconds\n55. The output quality of a printer is measured by?\nDot per inch\n56. Which of the following was a special purpose computer?\n57. Which of the following storage devices can store maximum amount of data?\nHard Disk\n58. Which computer was considered the first electronic computer until 1973 when court invalidated the patent?\n59. A physical connection between the microprocessor memory and other parts of the microcomputer is known as?\nAddress bus\n60. Propagation of signals across a communication medium is called\n61. A collection of hyperlinked documents on the internet forms the ?\nWorld Wide Web (WWW)\n62. The location of a resource on the internet is given by its?\n63. The term HTTP stands for?\nHypertext transfer protocol\n64. Which one of the following would breach the integrity of a system?\nFull access rights for all users\n65. Which software prevents the external access to a system?\n66. Which of the following best describes uploading information?\nSending information to a host computer\n67. High density double sided floppy disks could store of data?\n1.4 MB\n68. A high quality CAD system uses the following for printing drawing and graphs?\nDigital plotter\n69. The accuracy of the floating-point numbers representable in two 16-bit words of a computer is approximately?\n16 digits\n70. In most of the IBM PCs, the CPU, the device drivers, memory, expansion slots and active components are mounted on a single board. What is the name of the board?\n71. A technique used by codes to convert an analog signal into a digital bit stream is known as?\nPulse code modulation\n72. Regarding a VDU, Which statement is more correct?\nIt is a peripheral device\n73. A modern electronic computer is a machine that is meant for?\nInput, storage, manipulation and outputting of data\n74. When was vacuum tube invented?\n75. Computer with 80286 Microprocessor is?\nAT computers\n76. The digital computer was developed primarily in?\n77. Software in computer?\nEnhances the capabilities of the hardware machine\n78. The arranging of data in a logical sequence is called?\n79. What is the responsibility of the logical unit in the CPU of a computer?\nTo compare numbers\n\n80. Abacus was the first ?\nmechanical calculator\n81. If in a computer, 16 bits are used to specify address in a RAM, the number of addresses will be?\n82. Instructions and memory address are represented by?\ninary codes\n83. The terminal device that functions as a cash register, computer terminal, and OCR reader is the?\nPOS terminal\n84. A set of flip flops integrated together is called?\n85. Which is used for manufacturing chips?\n86. The first computer introduced in Nepal was?\nIBM 1401\n87. Mnemonic a memory trick is used in which of the following language?\nAssembly language\n88. A register organized to allow to move left or right operations is called ?\nShift register\n89. Which was the most popular first generation computer?\nIBM 650\n90. A set of information that defines the status of resources allocated to a process is?\nProcess description\n91. Each set of Napier\u2019s bones consisted of rods?\n92. BCD Stand for?\nBinary Coded Decimal\n93. When was the world\u2019s first laptop computer introduced in the market and by whom?\nEpson, 1981\n94. From which generation operating systems were developed?\nThird generation\n95. The first firm to mass-market a microcomputer as a personal computer was?\nRadio Shak\n96. How many address lines are needed to address each machine location in a 2048 x 4 memory chip?\n98. Properly arranged data is called?\n99. John Napier invented Logarithm in?\n100. How many times, the rate of the transfer of data on a USB port is faster than a parallel port device\n10 to 20 times\n101. In Microsoft Word, Ctrl+1 is used for which of the following\nSingle line spacing\n102. Radio button offers a list of\nMutually exclusive options\n103. Check Box offers a list of\nMutually inclusive Options\n104. An integrated circuit is?\nFabricated on a tiny silicon chip\n105. What Type of control pins are needed in a microprocessor to regulate traffic on the bus, in order to prevent two devices from trying to use it at the same time?\nBus arbitration\n106. Whereas a computer mouse moves over the table surface, the trackball is?\n107. Multi user systems provided cost savings for small business because they use a single processing unit to link several?\nDumb terminals\n108. The word processing task associated with changing the appearance of a document is?\n109. When was Pascale invented?\n110. What is required when more than one person uses a central computer at the same time?\n111. The term gigabyte refers to?\n1024 megabytes\n112. in which year was UK\u2019s premier computing event started?\n113. What is the date when Babbage conceived Analytical engine?\n114. What was the expected feature of fifth generation computers when Japan started FGCS?\n\u00a0Parallel Processing\n116. Computer operators?\noperate the device which input and output data from the computer\n117. Computers are also called personal computers?\nMicro Computers\n118. Which of the following is machine independence program?\nHigh level language\n119. When was the first electro-mechanical computer developed?\n120. Analog computer works on the supply of?\nContinuous electrical pulses\n121. The BIOS is the abbreviation of ?\nBasic Input Output System\n122. Most of the first generation computers were?\nSpecial purpose computers\n123. The output quality of a printer is measured by?\nDot per sq. inch\n124. On a PC, how much memory is available to application software?\n640 KB\n125. In a Computer is capable to store single binary bit?\nFlip flop\n126. What does DMA stand for?\nDirect Memory Access\n127. Operating system, editors, and debuggers comes under?\nSystem Software\nReverse video\n129. Which is the largest computer?\nMainframe Computer\n130. The personal computer industry was started by?\n131. What is meant by a dedicated computer?\nWhich is assigned one and only one task\n132. Registers, which are partially visible to users and used to hold conditional, are known as?\nGeneral purpose register\n133. Registers which are partially visible to users and used to hold conditional codes (bits set by the CPU hardware as the result of operations), are known as?\n134. An approach that permits the computer to work on several programs instead of one is?\nOver lapped processing\n135. Who suggested Stored Program Concept?\nJohn Neumann\n136. The central processing unit (CPU) consists of?\nControl unit, arithmetic-logic unit and primary storage\n137. The notable features like keyboards, monitors, GUI were developed in?\nThird generation\n138. Who is credited with the idea of using punch cards to control patterns in a waving machine?\n139. What is an interpreter?\nAn interpreter is the representation of the system being designed\n140. RJ45 UTP cable has Cables?\n4 pair\n141. Which of the following is not a valid size of a Floppy Disk?\n5 \u00bd\n142. The earliest calculating devices are?\n143. Word length of a Personal Computer is?\n8 bits\n144. A directly accessible appointment calendar is feature of a resident package?\n145. Which unit converts computer data into human readable form?\nOutput unit\n146. What produces useful information out of data?\n147. Which of the following device was not invented by Babbage?\n148. A digital computer did not score over an analog computer in terms of?\n149. Which number system is usually followed in a typical 32-bit computer?\n150. A computer has very low failure rate because it uses electronic components. It produces very consistent results. This is highlighted by which of the feature of computer?\n151. A paper printout of a document is known as?\nHardcopy output\n152. Which part of the computer is used for calculating and comparing?\n153. ABC Stand for?\nSpecial purpose computer\n154. The maximum length (in bytes) of an IPv4 datagram is?\n155. The speed of communications between any two devices on the Ethernet Lan is\n10 Mbps to 100 Mbps\n156. The IP network is to be divided into 10 equal sized subnets. Which of the following subnet masks can be used for the above requirement?\n157. When the mail server sends mail to other mail servers it becomes ___ ?\nSMTP client\n158. The computer code for the interchange of information between terminals is?\n159. When was the X window system born?\n160. What is the first stage in software development?\nSystem Analysis\n161. Which of the following is valid statement?\nData in itself is useless unless it is processed\n162. EBCDIC stands for?\nExtended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code\n163. Personnel who design, program, operates and maintains computer equipment refers to?\nPeople ware\n164. IBM System/360 is?\nMainframe Computer\n165. Which of the following color graphics display has the highest resolution\n166. In order to open the view menu in the word menu bar which of the following shortcut key is used\n167. Which of the following address belongs class A?\n\n168. Which of the following IP addresses can be used as (a) loop-back addresses?\n\n169. You can set the folder view option according to your settings through which of the following choice\nCustom style\n\n170. Which of the following shortcut key is used to close the program\n171. Which of the following have the fastest access time?\nSemiconductor Memories\n172. The term WAN stands for?\nWide Area Network\n173. What IP address class allocates 8 bits for the host identification part?\nClass C\n174. The term IANA stands for?\nInternet Assigned Numbers Authority\n175. How many versions available of IP?\n2 version\n176. The term IPv4 stands for?\nInternet Protocol Version 4\n177. The term LAN stands for?\nLocal Area Network\n178. What is a compiler?\nCompiler scans the entire program and translates the whole of it into machine code at once\n179. What is an interpreter?\nInterpreter translates just one statement of the program at a time into machine code.\n180. . Punched cards were first introduced by?\n181. Which of the through is share the data of two computer?\n182. Which of the following programming language started from second generation?\n183. The translator program used in assembly language is called?\n184. Which of the following memories allows simultaneous read and Write operations?\n185. EPROM can be used for?\nErasing and reconstructing the contents of ROM\n186. A 32 bit microprocessor has the word length equal to?\n4 byte\n187. The term GIGO is related to?\n188. Web cam is an?\ninput unit device\n189. Bit stands for?\nBinary digits\n190. Which device can understand difference between data &programs?\n191. Which of the following is a read only memory storage device?\n192. Symbolic logic was discovered by?\nGeorge Boole\n193. An error in computer data is called?\n194. The instructions for starting the computer are house on?\nRead only memory chip\n\n195. 1 nibble equals to?\n4 bits\n196. Perforated paper used as input of output media is known as?\npaper tapes\n197. Which American computer company is called Big Blue?\n198. It was in 2028 BS the was brought in to calculate census data?\nIBM 1401\n199. Which unit holds data temporarily?\nPrimary Memory Unit\n200. The computer size was very large in?\nFirst Generation\n201. A name or number used to identify storage location devices?\nAn address\n202. Which of the following is not computer language?\nMedium level language\n203. Reading data is performed in magnetic disk by?\nRead/write lead\n204. The term \u2018computer\u2019 is derived from?\nLatin language\n205. To locate a data item for storage is?\n206. In specific, if the systems use separate protocols, which one of the following devices is used to link two systems?\n207. How many digits of the Data Network Identification Code (DNIC) identify the country?\nfirst three\n208. Which of the following methods is used to broadcast two packets on the medium at a time?\n209. Word length of a Personal Computer is?\n8 bits\n210. Which of the following is true with regard to the ping command?\nPing summarizes the packet loss and round-trip delay between two IP end points.\n\n211. In the cryptography, the sequence of the letters is rearranged by?\nTransposition ciphers\n212. Who used punched cards practically for the first time in the history of computers?\nHerman Hollerith\n213. Hard disk is coated in both sides with?\nMagnetic metallic oxide\n214. Which of the following term means to reckon?\nPut are\n215. Computer professionals working in a computer Centre are?\nHuman ware\n216. The contents of information are stored in?\nMemory data register\n217. Main storage is also called?\n218. Memory unit is one part of?\nCentral Processing Unit\n219. By programmable machine we mean?\n220. Which of the following is a secondary memory device?\n221. The memory which is programmed at the time it is manufactured?\n222. Which of the following memories must be refreshed many times per second?\nDynamic RAM\n223. In mode, the communication channel is used in both directions at the same time?\n224. Memory is made up of?\nLarge number of cells\n225. What is the path from which data flow in a computer system is known as?\n226. Which technology is more reliable?\n227. Raw facts and figures about any particular topic are?\n229. Cursor is a?\nThin blinking line\n230. We can Search character & word and symbols in Microsoft word by using _______ command?\nCtrl + F\n231. In the context of Microsoft Word, there is a feature called \u2018Gutter Margin\u2019. What is this feature used for?\nGive provision for better document binding\n232. In which tab Hyphenation options are available?\nPage Layout\n233. Which device is required for the Internet connection?\n234. What does DMA stand for?\nDirect Memory Access\n235. When did John Napier develop logarithm?\n236. Which short cut key is used to bring up the \u201cFind and Replace\u201d dialog box in Ms word?\n237. From which generation computers the printers were used?\n238. How many symbols exist in Bardot code?\n\n240. What is the name of the new color laptop computer which is powered by a 386 processor at 33 MHz and is built by Epson?\n241. In analog computer?\nInput is never converted to digital form\n242. When as the Company named IBM?\n\n243. Which of the following storage device can store the largest amount of data?\nHard Disks\n244. The octal equivalence of 111010 is?\n245. What do you call a single point on a computer screen?\n246. Mostly which of the following device is used to carry user files?\nFloppy Disk\n247. An output device that uses words or messages recorded on a magnetic medium to produce audio response is?\nVoice response unit\n248. Who developed a mechanical device in the 17th century that could add, Subtract, Multiple divide and find square roots?\n249. The first Macintosh computer was from?\nFourth generation\n250. Which of the following is internal memory?\n251. Floppy disks which are made from flexible plastic material are also called?\n252. The magnetic storage chip used to provide non-volatile direct access storage of data and that have no moving parts are known as?\nMagnetic bubble memory\n253. Microsoft was founded in________?\n254. A \u201cCtrl + Enter\u201d command will __________ ?\nCreate a new page\n255. A normal CD-ROM usually can store up to data?\n680 MB\n256. The protect document option can be found in the _______ tab of the Ribbon ?\n257. ATM stands for?\nAutomatic Teller Machine\n258. Which function you will use to add names and addresses of different recipient for each copy of the letter?\nMail Merge\n259. Default Font Size In MS Office 2007 is__________?\n11 ppt\n260. The 2nd Generation Computer was based on?\n261. The 3rd Generation Computer was made with?\n262. He BIOS is the abbreviation of ?\nBest Input Output System\n263. What do u say a single point on a computer screen\n264. How was the generation of computer classified?\nby the device used in memory & processor\n265. A collection of related instructions organized for a common purpose is referred to as?\n266. Computer instructions written with the use of English words instead of binary machine code is called?\nSymbolic code\n267. Which language is directly understood by the computer without translation program?\nMachine language\n268. Which of the following processors use RISC technology?\nPower PC\n269. Which of the following machine was not invented by Charles Babbage?\nTabulating Machine\n270. How many numbers could ENIAC store in its internal memory?\n271. The subject of cybernetics deals with the science of?\nControl and communication\n272. Binary circuit elements have?\nTwo stable state\n273. The value of each bead in earth is?\n274. Which of the following terms is the most closely related to main memory?\n275. Which was the world\u2019s first minicomputer and when was it introduced?\nPDP-I, 1958\n276. A group of magnetic tapes, videos or terminals usually under the control of one master is?\n277. The word length of a computer is measured in?\n278. Which unit holds data permanently?\nSecondary storage unit\n279. . From which device main component of the computer communicate with each other?\nSystem Bus\n280. Which is a volatile memory?\n281. The digital signals can be represented by\n0 and 1\n282. Modulator-demodulator is a device that converts?\nDigital signal into analog signal and Analog signal into digital signal\n283. Computer system comprises of major units?\ninput unit, output unit, central processing unit and storage unit\n284. Magnetic tape can serve as?\nSecondary storage media\n285. Which company is the biggest player in the microprocessor industry?\n286. EBCDIC can code up to how many different characters?\n287. Number crunchier is the informal name for?\nSuper computer\n288. Which device is used to process data?\n290. Who is known as the father of Computer Science?\n\nCharles Babbage\n\n292. In MS Word short cut key for Split a window or remove the split view?\n293. Ms Word offers the different views of a document?\n294. RATS stand for?\nRegression Analysis Time Series\n295. Which technology is used in Compact disks?\n296. The metal disks, which are permanently housed in, sealed and contamination free containers are called?\nWinchester disk\n297. Intel Corporation produces chips for which computers?\n298. The first microprocessor built by the Intel Corporation was called?\n299. The data recording format in most of the modern magnetic tape is?\n8-bit EBCDIC\n300. Who designed the first electronics Computer ?\nENIAC/ C) J. P. Eckert and J. W. Muchly\n301. Time during which a job is processed by the computer is?\nExecution time\n302. Which unit converts user data into machine readable form?\nInput unit\n303. Which unit is known as nerve center of computer?\n304. What is the capacity of a 3.5\u201d Floppy Disk?\n305. Floppy disks, sometimes called\nflexible disks\n306. What is the capacity of 5.25-inch diskette?\n307. Access time is?\nseek time + latency time\n308. Easily relocatable language is?\nAssembly language\n309. Through which device the main components of the computer communicate with each other?\nSystem Bus\n310. What type of device is computer keyboard?\n311. Which is the limitation of high level language?\nLower efficiency\n312. The original ASCII code used bits of each byte, reserving that last bit for error checking?\n313. A computer programmer?\nDoes all the thinking for a computer\n314. Fifth generation computer is also known as?\nKnowledge information processing system\n315. A typical personal computer used for business purposes would have of RAM?\n316. Model 5100 was in 1957?\nThe first PC built by IBM\n317. Which 8-bit chip was used in many of today\u2019s TRS-80 computers?\n318. Which of the following disk is fixed disk?\nHard Disks\n319. The word Abacus is derived from Abaxis a word from?\nLatin language\n320. An online backing storage system capable of storing larger quantities of data is?\nMass storage\n321. A kind of serial dot-matrix printer that forms characters with magnetically-charged ink sprayed dots is called?\nInk-jet printer\n322. Which of the following is an example of fifth generation computer?\n323. The number of records contained within a block of data on magnetic tape is defined by the?\nBlocking factor\n324. A Personal Computer (PC) is a _____ Computer?\n325. What type of printers are Dot Matrix Printers?\n326. By default your document print in_________mode?\n327. What is the full form of RAM?\nRandom Access Memory\n328. VDU stands for?\nVisual Display Unit\n329. One kilobyte is approximately?\n1000 bytes\n330. DOS stands for?\nDisk Operating System\n331. WORD STAR is a popular?\nWord processing program\n332. WORD STAR was developed by\nMicro pro Company\n333. ALU stands for?\nArithmetic Logic Unit\n334. In MS Word Ctrl+Shift+C is shortkey of:____________?\nCopy Format Painter\n335. The VDU and Keyboard together form a?\n336. The speed of the dot matrix printers is measured by CPS which stands for?\ncharacters per second\n337. The speed of the line printers is measured by LPM which stands for?\nLines per second\n338. Which of the following registers is loaded with the contents of the memory location pointed by the PC?\nInstruction register\n339. MIS is designed to provide information needed for effective decision making by?\n340. Latency time is?\nTime to spin the needed data under head\n341. Who built the first Mechanical Calculator?\nBlaise Pascal\n342. Which of the following generation computers had expensive operation cost?\n343. An IBM system/38 represents the computer class of?\nSmall-scale computer\n344. Another word for a daisy wheel printer?\nGolf ball printer\n345. Which computers are used as servers for any medium sized organizations?\nMini Computers\n346. Slide Rules was invented in?\n347. A normal CD-ROM usually can store up to data?\n680 MB\n348. The lower deck of an abacus is known as?\n349. All modern Computers operate on?\n350. Offline device is?\nA device which is not connected to CPU\n351. What is the latest write-once optical storage media?\nCD-ROM disk\n352. Which one of the following input device is user- programmable?\n353. Floppy disks typically in diameter?\n354. Pressing the _____ key instructs Word to replace an AutoText entry name with the stored AutoText entry\n355. Current SIMMs have either or connectors (pins)?\n30 or 72\n356. Dot-matrix is a type of?\n357. Programs are executed on the basis of a priority number in?\n358. When was Apple Macintosh II microcomputer introduced in the market?\n359. When was the world\u2019s first laptop computer introduced in the market and by whom?\nEpson, 1981\n360. Today\u2019s computer giant IBM was earlier known by different name which was changed in 1924. What was that name?\nThe Tabulator Ltd.\nFormat Painter\n362. DBMS stands for?\nDatabase Management System\n364. IBM is a famous computer company.IBM stands for?\nInternational Business Machines Corporation\n365. ROM stands for?\nRead Only Memory\n366. The programs run on the computer are commonly known as?\n367. Who built the world\u2019s first electronic calculator using telephone relays, light bulbs and batteries?\nGeorge Stibitz\n368. In which language is source program written?\nHigh level\n369. A song being played on computer speaker is?\nsoft output\n370. What is the number of read-write heads in the drive for a 9-trac magnetic tape?\n371. Charles Babbage was awarded by Royal Society for his?\nDifference Engine\n372. A computer which CPU speed around 100 million instruction per second and with the word length of around 64 bits is known as?\nSuper computer\n373. All the output which is printed on paper is called?\nHard Copy\n374. The number of pixels on a computer screen determines a screen\u2019s?\n375. A processor\u2019s speed is measured in?\n376. CAM stands for?\nComputer Aided Manufacturing\n377. DTP stands for?\nDesk Top Publishing\n378. EPROM stands for?\nErasable and Programmable Read only Memory\n379. A magnetic storage disk made out of a thin piece of plastic is called?\nFloppy Disk\n380. Which key is used to increase left indent in Ms Word?\n381. When typing in a word field manually, what must you press to insert the code\u2019s brackets?\nCtrl + F9\n382. How can you make the selected character super-scripted in Ms Word?\nCtrl + Shift + =\n\n383. Which of the following will happen when data is entered into a memory location?\nIt will erase the previous content\n384. Which device is used as the standard pointing device in a Graphical User Environment?\n385. Pick the one that is used for logical operations or comparisons such as less than equal to or greater than?\nArithmetic and Logic Unit\n386. Which of the following is used only for data entry and storage, and never for processing?\nDumb terminal\n387. Basic is language?\nA procedural language\n388. Which of the following have the fastest access time?\nSemiconductor Memories\n389. How many types of storage loops exists in magnetic bubble memory?\n390. Daisy wheel printer is a type of?\nImpact printer\n391. A number system that has eight different symbols to represent any quantity is known as?\n392. The two basic types of record access methods are?\nSequential and random\n393. One of a class of storage device devices that can access storage locations in any order is?\n394. In what respect human beings are superior to computers?\n395. As compared to the secondary memory, the primary memory of a computer is?\n396. The language that the computer can understand and execute is called?\nMachine language\n397. How was the generation of computer classified?\nby the device used in memory & processor\n398. CAD stands for?\nComputer aided design\n399. Which of the following memories has the shortest access times?\nCache memory\n400. A small or intelligent device is so called because it contains within it a?\n401. Who invented Analytical engine?\nCharles Babbage\n402. CPU speed of a personal computer is?\n100 KIPS\n403. Circular division of disks to store and retrieve data is known as?\n404. The Stepped Reckoner was invented by?\nGottfried Leibnitz\n405. While inserting a diskette into the diskette drive of a PC, the diskette\u2019s label side should face?\n406. Most of the inexpensive personal computers do not have any disk or diskette drive. What is the name of such computes?\nDiskless computers\n407. What is a light pen?\nOptical input device\n408. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, which standard is used for converting the keystroke into the corresponding bits?\n409. In order to play and hear sound on a computer, one needs?\na sound card and speakers\n410. For which of the following computers can\u2019t be used?\ngathering data\n411. Who invented punched cards?\nJoseph Jacquard\n412. Which device is required for the Internet connection?\n413. A pictorial representation of the step by step sequence for solving a problem is known as a?\nFlow Chart\n414. A measure of storage capacity equal to one thousand megabytes is one?\n415. A variable whose value is accessible throughout the program is called?\nGlobal Variable\n416. A printer which uses light to transfer the image to paper is the?\nLaser Printer\n417. Memory which retains all its contents even after the power is turned off is known as?\nNon-Volatile Memory\n418. Electronic mail is more popularly known as?\n419. What does Ctrl + = key effect?\n420. How much space in minimum must be provided between columns?\n421. PILOT stands for?\nProgrammed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching\n422. PILOT was developed by?\nDoug Engelbardt\n423. IQL stands for?\nInteractive Query Language\n424. LOGO was developed by?\nDr.seymour Papert\n425. LOGO is -------\nProgramming Language\n426. CAL stands for?\nComputer Assisted Learning\n427. APT stands for?\nAutomatically Programmed Tooling\n\n428. C language was invented by?\nDennis M.Ritchie\n\n429. Terminals that have their own memory are called?\nSmart terminals\n430. The memory that needs electric power to sustain its contents is known as?\n431. MOS stands for?\nMetallic Oxide Semiconductors\n\n432. In the second generation computers,magnetic cores were used as?\nMain Memory Devices\n\n433. The file type ________ indicates the file is a Word document.\n\n434. LCD stands for?\nLiquid Crystal Display\n435. The paragraph mark (\u00b6) is a formatting mark that indicates where the ________ was pressed\nEnter key\n436. RADAR stands for?\nRadio Detection and Ranging\n437. RADAR works on the principle of?\n438. Software-in-Hardware modules are called?\n439. Which of the following typically appear at the end of document for citation of source?\nEnd notes\n\n440. After doing a low-level format, what would be the next step in configuring the hard drive in a system?\nFormat DOS partition\n441. A device by which any microcomputer can use ordinary television set for producing output is called?\nRF modulator\n442. What's the best way to protect your hard drive data?\n443. EDSAC stands for?\nElectronic Delayed Storage Automatic calculator\n444. EDVAC stands for?\nElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer\n\n445. EDSAC was developed in the year?\n\n446. A parity error usually indicates a problem with:\n447. EDVAC was developed in the year?\n\n448. Which provides the fastest data access time?\n\n449. ENIAC stands for?\nElectronic Numerical Integrator and Computer\n450. The buffers statement is found in what file?\n451. The most successful computing device in the ancient time was?\n\n452. In the DOS memory model, the HIGH Memory Area (HMA). is the _____ memory.\nLast 64k of conventional\n453. Use of some mechanism for the operation of a machine is known as?\n454. A modern means of communication in which the information is stored in a computer at a TV station is known as?\n\n455. How many MB of programs do system ROM chips store?\n456. Global communication became possible by using?\n457. Morse code was invented by?\nSamuel Morse\n458. The code used in a teleprinter is the?\nBaudot Code
+__label__positive Student Center | Instructor Center | Information Center | Home\nAn Introduction to the World's Oceans, 10/e\nStudent Center\nCareer Opportunities\n\nMultiple Choice Quiz\nStudent Study Guide\nInternet Exercises\nWeb Links\n\nHelp Center\n\nThe Water Planet\n\nMultiple Choice Quiz\n\n\nWhich of the following statements concerning the organization of our solar system is correct?\nA)The four inner planets are less dense than the four planets beyond Mars.\nB)The atmospheres of the outer planets are made up of oxygen and nitrogen.\nC)The four planets beyond Mars have much greater mass relative to Earth.\nD)Our solar system is thought to have originated 13 billion years ago.\n\nThe accepted age of the Earth was established by which of the following methods?\nA)counting the generations in the Bible\nB)calculating the time for molten rock to cool\nC)calculating the time to accumulate the amount of salts into the oceans\nD)comparing the quantity of unstable isotopes remaining in rocks with their known half-lives\n\nThe seasons of the Earth are attributed to:\nA)annual variability in the distance from the Earth to the Sun.\nB)the length of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.\nC)the length of time for the Earth to rotate on its axis.\nD)the tilt of the Earth's axis with respect to its orbital plane around the Sun.\n\nSelect the correct statement about the Earth-Sun relationship.\nA)The winter solstice marks the end of the Sun's northward movement in the sky.\nB)The equinoxes mark when the Sun stands above the poles.\nC)The Arctic circle is the northern limit of sunlight on the winter solstice.\nD)The amount of daylight at the equator ranges from 24 hours to 0 hours.\n\nThe map projection that preserves lines of constant heading is the:\nB)Polar Conic.\nC)Polar Tangent.\nD)Equatorial Conic.\n\nSelect the statement regarding location reference systems that is not correct.\nA)Lines of latitude parallel each other.\nB)Lines of longitude all intersect at the equator.\nC)Lines of longitude are all great circles.\nD)The equator is the only line of latitude that forms a great circle.\n\nWhich of the following statements does not correctly describe factors in the measurement of longitude?\nA)The reference longitude is the prime meridian.\nB)The Earth rotates on its axis at a rate of 15o/hour.\nC)The star Polaris is always above the north pole.\nD)Longitude measures angular distance east and west of the prime meridian.\n\nIf at your location the Sun's zenith occurs 3 hours before noon GMT, you are:\nA)45o west of the prime meridian.\nB)45o east of the prime meridian.\nC)45o north of the equator.\nD)going to be very late to your oceanography class.\n\nWhich of the following is not correct with respect to the hydrologic cycle?\nA)Reservoirs include the atmosphere, oceans, and icecaps.\nB)The hydrologic cycle involves the movement of water between reservoirs.\nC)On a global average, land gives up more water to evaporation than it receives through precipitation.\nD)Climate zones are primarily functions of patterns of temperature, precipitation and evaporation.\n\nSelect the statement that is not correct about reservoirs.\nA)Larger reservoirs have longer residence times.\nB)The size of the reservoir determines its reaction to changes in the rate of gains or losses.\nC)Water frozen in icecaps and glaciers is not considered a reservoir because it is frozen.\nD)The atmosphere cycles water through its reservoir very quickly relative to other reservoirs.\n\nWhich of the following statements correctly describes the Atlantic Ocean?\nA)The Atlantic is the smallest ocean in area.\nB)The Atlantic is the shallowest of the four oceans.\nC)There are more shallow adjacent seas around the Atlantic than the other oceans.\nD)The Atlantic is principally a Northern Hemisphere ocean.\n\nWhich of the following Earth-Sun relationships is not correct?\nA)Summer Solstice, Tropic of Cancer\nB)Autumnal Equinox, Equator\nC)Vernal Equinox, Tropic of Capricorn\nD)Winter Solstice, Tropic of Capricorn\n\nThe shape of the Earth is:\nA)perfectly spherical.\nB)slightly pear shaped.\nC)very rough.\n\nSelect the correct order of geologic eras from oldest to youngest.\nA)Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic\nB)Cambrian, Triassic, Tertiary, Quaternary\nC)Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic\nD)Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Palaeozoic, Precambrian\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding Earth's geologic history is not correct?\nA)Dinosaurs and mammals did not coexist.\nB)Land plants became established prior to the dinosaurs.\nC)Dinosaurs did not survive past the Cretaceous period.\nD)The first humans appeared in the Quaternary period.\n\nSelect the following statement about GPS that is not correct.\nA)GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation system.\nB)Commercial users can obtain positional accuracy of a few meters.\nC)The principle behind GPS uses relationships between velocity and time to calculate location.\nD)The user on the ground sends a radio signal to a satellite which then tells the user where they are located.\n\nWhich of the following isotopic relationships is not correct?\nA)carbon-14, carbon-13\nB)uranium-235, lead-207\nC)carbon-14, nitrogen-14\nD)potassium-40, argon-40\n\nWhich of the following cartographic relationships is not correct?\nA)surface elevations, topographic map\nB)water depth, bathymetric map\nC)perspective, physiographic map\nD)water depth, hypsographic map\n\nWhich of the following is not correct regarding the origin of the universe?\nA)The universe began expanding 13.7 billion years ago.\nB)Heavy elements, such as iron, were created by the Big Bang.\nC)Heavy elements have been created by stars.\nD)The existence of planets outside of our solar system has been demonstrated.\n\nSelect the statement regarding satellite oceanography that is not correct.\nA)Geosynchronous satellites orbit the Earth above the Equator at the same speed as the Earth rotates.\nB)The GOES family of satellites primarily monitors the weather.\nC)Satellites use an AVHRR sensor to monitor sea surface elevations.\nD)GPS use a constellation of 24 navigational satellites.\n\nWhy is it impossible to make a map without some distortion?\nA)Because attempts to create maps of the Earth's surface are very recent\nB)Because distortion is inherent when attempting to display the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map\nC)Because we have not explored all areas of the Earth so it is difficult to map them\nD)Because mapping technology is not yet very advanced\n\nWhich of the following is NOT a reason for the Earth's layered structure?\nA)The Earth was bombarded by large objects in the solar system which caused it to heat up.\nB)When the Earth heated up to a temperature at which all of its constituents melted, the denser material sank to the center and less dense material floated to the top\nC)Earth accreted at distinct intervals resulting in layers, similar to tree rings\nD)All of the above are true
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nshow password\n\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know (0)\nKnow (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nComp Review: Single\n\nComp. Review: Single\n\nHerbsActions & Effects\nWhat are the properties of Release the Exterior Herbs? warm, cool, acrid\nWhat are Ma Huang's actions? releases the exterior induces sweating, facilitates Lu Qi (cough, wheezing), promotes urination & reduces edema, warms to expel cold pathogens\nWhat is Gui Zhi? cinnamon\nWhat are Gui Zhi's actions? releases exterior, assists yang, unblocks channels for wind-cold, unblocks Yang Qi in chest, warms the channels, releases muscle layer; used for deficiency & sweating with no improvement in condition\nWhat is Zi Su Ye? perilla leaf\nWhich 2 herbs may be used together to treat seafood poisoning? Sheng Jiang & Zi Su Ye\nWhat are Zi Su Ye's actions? releases the exterior & expels cold, promotes movement of Qi in the chest, calms fetus for morning sickness, seafood poisoning\nWhat are Jing Jie's properties? slightly warm/neutral\nWhat are Jing Jie's actions? vents rash, releases the exterior, alleviates itching\nWhen charred, what does Jing Jie do? stops bleeding\nWhat \"temperature\" is Fang Feng? neutral\nWhat are Fang Feng's actions? expels WIND-DAMP, wind-cold or wind-heat, alleviates pain, stops spasms, (relieves itching)\nWhich relieves wind-itching better, Jing Jie or Fang Feng? Jing Jie\nWhat are Qiang Huo's actions? Releases exterior, guides Qi to upper body taiyang and and GV, for damp bi & joint excess\nCompare Qiang Huo with Du Huo. Du Huo guides to (and treats wind damp in) the lower body. Qiang Huo guides to the upper body anf treats Taiyang/occipital headaches.\nWhat does Gao Ben treat? vertex headaches caused by wind-cold-damp\nWhat are Bai Zhi's actions & effects? 1. Expels wind & alleviates pain, 2. expels wind invading the yang brightness/YANGMING channel, 3.OPENS NASAL PASSAGES/SINUS CONGESTION, 4. reduces swelling & expels pus, 5. alleviates DAMP-cold in the lower warmer & controls discharge (vaginal)\nWhat type of headache does Bai Zhi treat? yangming\nWhat \"temperature\" is Bai Zhi? warm\nWhat are Xi Xin's properties? acrid, warm-hot, toxic to Lv & Kd\nWhat is an appropriate daily dose of Xi Xin? 1.5 g/day\nWhat are Xi Xin's actions? expels cold, relieves pain, warms the Lungs, transforms thin mucous, treats Jueyin HAs, toothache\nWhat type of HA does Xi Xin treat? Jueyin (frontal/orbital/eye)\nName 10 warm, acrid, release-the-exterior herbs. 1. ma huang, 2.gui zhi, 3. zi su ye, 4. jing jie, 5. fang feng, 6. qiang huo, 7. gao ben, 8. bai zhi, 9. xi xin, 10. sheng jiang\nName 10 COOL, acrid release-the exterior herbs. 1. Bo He, 2. Niu Bang Zi, 3. Chan Tui, 4. Sang Ye, 5. Ju Hua, 6. Mang Jing Zi, 7. Dan Dou Chi, 8. Ge Gen, 9. Chai Hu, 10. Sheng Ma\nWhat are Bo He's properties? acrid, aromatic, cool\nWhich channels does Bo He enter? Lu & Lv\nWhat are Bo He's actions? 1.clears wind-heat with fever, cough, HA, red eyes, sore throat 2. courses constrained Lv Qi, 3.vents measles/rash\nWhat are Niu Bang Zi's 4 main actions? disperses wind-heat, benefits the throat, helps vent rashes, clears internal heat toxins\nWhat are Chan Tui's actions & effects? disperses wind & clears heat\nWhat is Chan Tui? cicada moltings\nWhat are Sang Ye's actions? clears wind-heat from the Lu w/ cough & fever, calms the Lv & clears the eyes, treats Lu dryness with cough, dry mouth, thick-yellow mucus\nWhat channels does Sang Ye enter? Lv & Lu\nWhat is Ju Hua? chrysanthemum\nCompare the actions of yellow, white and wild chrysanthemum. yellow - clears heat; white - Lv Yang; wild - carbuncles, antibacterial, swelling\nWhat are the actions of Ju Hua? clears eyes(red, swollen, dry), calms Lv & clears wind-heat\nWhat are the actions of Man Jing Zi? disperse wind and clears heat\nMan Jing Zi primarily treats pain in which two areas? head & eyes: HA & eye pain\nWhat is Dan Dou Chi? prepared soybean\nWhat does Dan Dou Chi treat (sx)? IRRITABILITY, restlessness, insomnia, chest after a febrile disorder\nWhat are Dan Dou Chi's actions? Release the exterior for hot or cold\nWhat are Ge Gen's actions? 1.releases the muscles, 2. vents rash & measles, 3. raises Sp yang, 4. acts as an envoy to the Du Mai to treat upper back & neck tightness, 5. stops diarrhea, 6. HTN\nWhat is the action of Ge Gen + Sheng Ma vents measles\nWhat are cool, acrid, release-the-exterior herbs that may be used to raise Sp yang? Ge Gen, Sheng Ma, Chai Hu\nWhat are Chai Hu's actions? clears heat in the muscle layer, spreads Lv Qi, tx Shaoyang disorder (reduces fever), raises Sp yang (hemorrhoids, prolapse, diarrhea)\nWhat are Sheng Ma's actions? raises (Sp) yang, vents measles (w/ ge gen), clears heat & relieves toxicity\nList 7 Clear Heat herbs. 1. Shi Gao, 2. Zhi Mu, 3. Zhi Zi, 4.Dan Zhu Ye, 5. Xia Ku Cao, 6. Lu Gen, 7. Jue Ming Zi\nWhat is a common name for Shi Gao? \"ice man\"\nWhat are Shi Gao's properties? sweet, acrid, very cold\nWhich channels does Shi Gao enter? Lu & St\nWhat are Shi Gao's actions? clear heat & drain fire (esp Lu heat & blazing St fire)\nWhat are Shi Gao's indications? High fever, 4 \"bigs\"\nShi Gao is commonly used to balance which warm herb? Ma Huang\nWhat are Zhi Mu's actions? clears the 4-bigs,enriches yin, generates fluids, tx yin def with empty heat (with huang bai)\nWhat are Zhi Zi's actions? clears heat, eliminates irritability, drains damp-heat (Lv & GB -- jaundice), cools blood & stops bleeding, reduces swelling\nZhi Zi may be used topically to treat what conditions? swollen joints, muscles, trauma\nWhat 3 herbs may be combined to treat jaundice? zhi zi, yin chen hao, da huang\nWhat are Dan Zhu Ye's actions & indications? clears heat, eliminates irritability, clears heat in the Ht & St channels to tx UTIs, promotes urination\nWhat are Xia Ku Cao's actions? clears Lv fire, brightens the eyes, dissipates nodules/swollen glands, treats hypertension\nWhat are Lu Gen's actions? clears heat (esp Lu & St), generates fluids (acts like an IV), promotes urination\nWhat are Jue Ming Zi's actions? clears Lv, benefits eyes, moistens intestines\nWhich herb is now used to prevent arteriosclerosis and to lower blood pressure and serum cholesterol? Jue Ming Zi\nList 7 Cool the Blood herbs. 1. Sheng Di Huang, 2. Xuan Shen, 3. Mu Dan Pi, 4. Zi Cao, 5. Di Gu Pi, 6. Bai Wei, 7. Yin Chai Hu\nWhat are Sheng Di Huang's properties? sweet, bitter, cold\nWhich channels does Sheng Di Huang enter? Ht, Kd, Lv\nWhat are Sheng Di Huang's actions? clear heat, cool blood, nourish yin, generate fluids\nWhat are Xuan Shen's actions? softens hardness, dissipates nodules (esp. neck), clears excess heat & empty heat, tx yin deficient sore throat, moistens dryness\nCompare Sheng Di Huang & Xuan Shen. Both clear heat, cool blood, nourish yin. Xuan Shen also drains fire & relieves toxicity, esp for swollen red eyes, sore throat, dissipates (phlegm fire) nodules(in the throat)\nWhat are Mu Dan Pi's actions? clears heat from excess/deficiency, invigorates blood & dispels blood stasis (amenorrhea, painful period) without injuring blood or yin\nWhat are Zi Cao's actions & indications? clears heat & cools blood, vents rashes, topically treats skin lesions, burns, vaginal; moistens intestines & unblocks bowels\nWhat Di Gu Pi's actions? drains fire from yin deficiency, nosebleeds, clears Lu heat (cough), eliminates both excess/deficiency heat, steaming bone disorder with sweating\nWhich herb is used to treat toothache from Kd Yin deficiency? Di Gu Pi\nDi Gu Pi is commonly combined with which herb? Mu Dan Pi\nWhat are Bai Wei's actions? clears heat & cools blood, treats yin deficient fevers, postpartum fevers, (recovery from febrile disorders; promotes urination, relieves toxicity)\nWhat does Yin Chai Hu do? clears heat from deficiency, reduces childhood nutritional impairment due to accumulation of heat\nWhat are the properties of Clear Heat & Dry Dampness herbs? bitter & cold\nList 6 herbs that Clear Heat & Dry Dampness. 1. Huang Qin, 2. Huang Lian, 3. Huang Bai, 4. Long Dan Cao, 5. Ku Shen, 6. Hu Huang Lian\nWhat are Huang Qin's actions? 1. clears heat, 2. dries dampness, 3. stops bleeding and quiets fetus, 4. drains UW fire & toxicity (high fever, irritability, thirst), 5. major herb for damp-heat in St & LI (diarrhea)\nWhich of the 3-yellow herbs is commonly charred to give it the ability to stop bleeding? Huang Qin\nIn which two channels does Huang Qin dry dampness? St & LI\nWhich less expensive herb may be substituted for Huang Lian? Hu Huang Lian\nWhich of the 3-yellows addresses lack of communication between which Ht & Kd? Huang Lian\nWhat are Huang Lian's actions? acts on MW, clears Ht fire, drains St fire, clears heat topically, Kd/Ht not communicating\nWhat are Huang Bai's actions? drains damp-heat from the LW, drains Kd fire (empty heat), treats leucorrhea, foul diarrhea\nWhich of the 3-yellows most strongly clears Ht fire? Kd fire? Ht fire -- Huang Lian; Kd fire -- Huang Bai\nWhat does Long Dan Cao do? drains damp-heat from the Lv & GB channels, drains excess Lv fire ; tx LW damp-heat/UTIs, similar to 4 yellows, tx jaundice, eyes, ears\nWhat are Ku Shen's actions? clears heat, dries damp, disperse wind, kills parasites, stops itching\nWhat are some of Ku Shen's indications? scabies, lice, skin disorders/sores, dysentery\nHow is Ku Shen used topically? to treat genital itching & discharge\nWhat are Hu Huang Lian's actions? clears excess & deficiency heat, cools blood, dries damp, drains damp-heat (dysentery, steaming bone)\nWhat type of HA does Qiang Huo treat? occipital/taiyang\nName 2 herbs that guide to the Du Mai. Qiang Huo and Ge Gen\nWhat are Sheng Jiang's actions? 1. releases the exterior & expels cold, 2. warms the middle for vomiting, 3. warms the Lu and stops cough\nWhat do cool, acrid, release-the-exterior herbs treat? Wind-Heat; Sx\nWhat symptoms does Chan Tui treat? loss of voice, superficial visual obstructions, spasms, night terrors, itching due to wind\nWhat sl warm herb may be used with Sheng Ma, Chai Hu, and/or Ge Gen to raise the Sp Yang? Huang Qi\nWhat are the symptopms associated with exterior heat? fever, chills, HA, thirst, moderate sweating, floating, rapid pulse\nWhat are the symptoms associated with interior heat? fever, NO chills, dry mouth, thirst, arritability, dark, scanty urine, yellow TC, constipation/diarrhea, abdominal distention\nHerbs that Clear Heat treat what type of heat? interior\nClear Heat herbs have what temperature? cold\nWhat are the symptoms treated by herbs that clear heat? dry throat, red face, dry stools, dark & scanty urine, yellow TC, rapid pulse, 5 palm heat\nWhat are the temperatures, tastes of Herbs that Cool the Blood? cold, bitter or sweet, salty\nHerbs that Cool the Blood clear heat at what 2 levels? Blood & Nutritive\nWhat symptoms are treated by herbs that Cool the Blood? scarlet tongue, irritability, restlessness\nBlood level heat damages what? injures yin & exhausts fluids\nName 2 Clear Heat herbs that treat both excess & deficient heat. Mu Dan Pi & Di Gu Pi\nWhat is a major herb for clearing damp-heat in the St & LI? Huang Qin\nClear Heat, Relieve Toxicity herbs primarily treat what? fever, hot swellings\nWhat is Jin Yin Hua? honeysuckle\nWhat are Jin Yin Hua's actions? disperses heat, clears toxicity, cools blood, stops bleeding; clears early-stage W-H and damp-heat in LW\nWhat are Lian Qiao's actions? cools heat, esp in Ht & UW, resolves toxicity, disperses clumps\nWhat does Da Qing Ye do? prevents common colds, cold sores, clears Qi & Blood levels\nWhat are Ban Lan Gen's primary actions? cools blood, benefits THROAT, anti-microbial\nWhat are Pu Gong Ying's actions? tx breast & intestinal abscesses, promotes lactation, facilitates urination, clears Lv & eyes for redness, swelling\nWhat is Ye Ju Hua? Wild chrysanthemum\nWhat does Ye Ju Hua treat? carbuncles/sores, wind-fire red eyes\nWhat does Bai Jiang Cao treat? INTESTINAL ABSCESSES/APPENDICITIS; invigorates blood for heat induced blood stasis, stops growth of CA\nWhat are 2 herbs that tx intestinal abscess? Pu Gong Ying, Bai Jiang Cao\nWhat does Bai Tou Weng treat? damp-heat in LI (dysentery)\nWhat is Bai Tou Weng? Pulsatilla\nWhat is Ma Chi Xian? Portulacca\nWhat does Ma Chi Xian treat? damp-heat, bacterial dysentery, clears heat, resolves toxicity, eases LI\nWhat does Yu Xing Cao treat? LUNG ABSCESS; clears heat toxins\nName three herbs that treat dysentery. Bai Tou Weng, Ma Chi Xian, Ya Dan Zi\nWhich herb treats plantar warts? Ya Dan Zi\nWhat does Ma Bo treat? Throat disorders due to wind-heat, fire toxins; used with Shan Dou Gen\nWhat does Ya Dan Zi treat? dysenteric disorders, warts (plantar & vaginal)\nWhat does Shan Dou Gen treat? swollen, painful throat, Lu CA\nWhat does She Gan treat? throat swellings; transforms phlegm in throat, Lu; pain & swelling due to fire excess or phlegm-heat\nWhat is She Gan? Iris\nWhat is the primary action of Clear Summerheat herbs? clear heat from deficiency\nWhat is He Ye? Lotus leaf\nWhat are He Ye's actions? raises Sp Yang, drains summerheat; tx diarrhea from summerheat\nWhat is Xi Gua? Watermelon\nWhat are Xi Gua's actions? generates fluids, promotes urination, releases heat from St channel\nIn what formula is Xi Gua found? Bai Hu Tang/ Natural White Tiger Decoction\nWhich 4 Clear Heat/Toxicity Herbs treat the throat? Ban Lan Gen, Shan Dou Gen, She Gan, Ma Bo\nWhich herb is used as a tea in summer to prevent or clear summerheat, esp when there is thirst? Lu Dou\nWhich summerheat herb is used to treat obesity? Lu Dou\nLu Dou is an antidote to what two items? Fu Zi and fava beans\nWhat does Bai Bian Dou treat? diarrhea & vomiting due to summerheat; strengthens Sp\nWhich 2 Summerheat herbs treat diarrhea? He Ye & Bai Bian Dou\nWhat are the 3 categories of Downward Draining Herbs? purgatives, moist laxatives, harsh expellants\nHow does Heat accumulation cause constipation? Heat depletes St/LI fluids; can present with high fever\nHow does Cold accumulation cause constipation? Cold interferes with the normal expulsion of stool; usually seen with systemic cold sx.\nName 2 purgative herbs. Da Huang, Mang Xiao\nWhat are Da Huang's actions? 1. guides heat downward, purges clumped heat in the LI, 3. cools the blood, 4. removes blood stasis 5. purges accumulations to tx constipation\nWhich of the downward draining herbs can be charred to stop bleeding? Da Huang\nWhat are Mang Xiao's actions? moistens dryness, softens hardness, (topically, promotes lactation; overuse stops lactation)\nName 2 Moist Laxative herbs. Huo Ma Ren & Yu Li Ren\nWhich of the Downward Draining Herbs can mildly tonify Yin? Huo Ma Ren\nWhich is stronger for treating constipation: Yu Li Ren or Huo Ma Ren? Yu Li Ren\nWhat are Huo Ma Ren's actions? 1. enriches yin fluids, 2. moistens dryness & unblocks dry constipation, 3. mildly tonifies yin; tx elderly yin deficient constipation\nWhich moist laxative herb is indicated for excess conditions? Yu Li Ren\nMoist laxative herbs treat constipation due to what causes? Blood, Yin or Qi deficiency\nHarsh Expellant herbs treat constipation due to what causes? stagnation of fluids in the thoracic or abdominal cavities\nwhat are the actions of harsh expellant herbs? drives out excess water; treats interior excess patterns\nWhat is a caution that must be considered when using harsh expellant herbs They can injure Yin.\nName 2 Harsh Expellant herbs. Qian Nui Zi & Gan Sui\nWhat does Qian Niu Zi treat? expels intestinal parasites, dispels intestinal accumulations; expels roundworms and tapeworms; unblocks and drains via urine & stool\nWhat does Gan Sui treat? Excess edema; induces severe watery diarrhea & promotes urination\nWith what is Gan Sui incompatible? Gan Cao\nWhich of the downward draining herbs is a violent cathartic? Gan Sui\nWhat is dampness? fluid accumulation in the body (thin mucous, edema, pathogenic water)\nWhat are the properties of Drain Dampness herbs? sweet & bland\nDrain Dampness herbs primarily enter which channels? Bl, Sp, Kd\nWhat are the signs of damp-heat? fever, burning sensations, dark or yellow secretions\nWhat are the main actions of Drain Dampness herbs? promote water metabolism, leach out dampness (diuretics)\nName 9 Drain Dampness herbs. 1. Fu Ling, 2. Zhu Ling, 3. Che Qian Zi, 4. Hua Shi, 5. Dong Kui Zi, 6. Yi Yi Ren, 7. Jin Qian Cao, 8. Ze Xie, 9. Yin Chen Hao\nWhat are 4 actions of Fu Ling? 1. tonifies Sp, 2. eliminates dampness, 3. promotes urination, 4. Calms the Ht\nWhat are 2 contraindications for Drain Dampness Herbs? Yin deficiency & depleted fluids\nCompare Fu Ling & Zhu Ling. Zhu Ling is a stronger diuretic. Zhu Ling has no tonifying effects.\nWhat does Che Qian Zi treat? 1.Damp-heat in the LW, promotes urination(tx leukorrhea, solidifies stool), 2. Clears Lu heat & expel phlegm to stop cough, 3. Clears red eyes from Lv heat\nWhat are Dong Kui Zi's actions? 1. unblocks hot, stone LIN, 2. benefits breast for insufficient LACTATION, 3. promotes urination 4. unblocks intestines & moves bowels\nName 3 actions of Yi Yi Ren. 1. promoes urination, strengthens Sp, clears heat\nWhat are Jin Qian Cao's actions? 1. Expels stones (Kd, Bl, GB), 2. drains damp, 3. clears heat, 4. eliminates jaundice\nWhich 3 herbs are called the \"golden herbs\"? Why? Jin Qian Cao, Hai Jin Sha, Ji Nei Jin; Jin=Gold\nWhat is Ze Xie's primary action? drains Kd fire (by promoting urination)\nYin Chen Hao's primary function is what? #1 herb to tx jaundice (tx Lv/GB damp-heat or cold)\nWhat are the 3 draining herbs in Liu Wei di Huang Wan? Fu Ling, Mu Dan Pi, Ze Xie\nWhat are the 3 tonifying herbs in Liu Wei di Huang Wan? (blank)\nWhat is the #1 herb to tx jaundice? Yin Chen Hao\nWhat is the primary herb to expel stones? Jin Qian Cao\nWhat is the nature of herbs that Dispel Wind-Dampness? aromatic, warm, drying\nDispel Wind Damp herbs treat what areas of the body? muscles, sinews, joints, bones; bi\nWhat are some cautions in the use of Dispel W_D herbs? Caution in patients w/ Blood or Yin deficiency\nName 5 herbs that dispel Wind-Dampness. Du Huo, Qin Jiao, Wei Ling Xian, Sang Zhi, Cang Er Zi\nWhat are 2 actions of Du Huo? guides to the lower body; alleviates Bi syndrome in low back & legs\nWhat are the properties of Qin Jiao? bitter, acrid, sl. cold\nWhat does Qin Jiao treat? HOT BI; acute or chronic, hot or cold Bi; alos, wind Bi aches & pains, relaxes sinews\nWhat is the taste of Wei Ling Xian? salty\nWhat is Wei Ling Xian? Clematis root\nWhat herb is best for softening fish bones lodged in the throat? Wei Ling Xian\nWhat herb is unique in its ability to treat hot Bi? Qin Jiao\nWhat does Wei Ling Xian do? softens fish bones, unblocks LW, releases exterior, promotes movement of Qi\nWhat does Sang Zhi do? dispels wind, unblocks channels in the UPPER EXTREMITIES to treat pain, numbness, itching\nWhat is Cang Er Zi's primary action? unblock nasal passages\nWhat are 2 other herbs frequently used with Cang Er Zi? BAI ZHI & xin yi hua\nWhat are some causes of phlegm that lead to cough? 1. Sp deficiency, 2. pathogenic heat, 3. Kd deficiency, 4. Lv Qi constraint, 5. Lungs are the receptacle for phlegm\nTransform Phlegm-Heat herbs treat what 2 kinds of phlegm?` phlegm heat & dry phlegm\nWhat are some conditions treated by transform phlegm herbs? epilepsy, goiter, scrofularia\nName 7 herbs that Transform Phlegm-Heat. 1. Qian Hu, 2. Gua Luo Ren, 3. Tian Hua Fen, 4. Zhu Ru, 5. Chaun Bei Mu, 6. Zhi Bei Mu, 7. Kun Bu\nWhat are the actions of Qian Hu DIRECT QI DOWNWARD; assists dissemination of Lu Qi, directs fire down, tx COUGH\nWhat are the actions of Chuan Bei Mu? clears heat, transforms phlegm, tx cough with fire due to YIN DEFICIENCY\nWhat are the actions of Zhi Bei Mu? clears heat, transforms phlegm for Lu heat patterns with productive cough\nCompare Chuan Bei Mu & Zhi Bei Mu. Chuan Bei Mu tx Yin def. heat; Zhi Bei Mu treats patterns with more heat.\nWhat is Gua Luo Ren? trichosanthis seeds\nWhat are Gua Luo Ren's actions? 1. moistens Lu & LI, 2. cools & transforms phlegm; tx cough w/ chest pain & thick mucous\nName 3 herbs that are used together to tx Lu abscess. Gua Luo Ren, Yu Xing Cao, Jie Geng\nWhat are the actions of Tian Hua Fen? 1. drains Lu heat, 2. generates fluids, 3. expels pus, 4. tx Yin deficient wasting & thirsting disorder\nWhat is Zhu Ru? bamboo shavings\nWhat are Zhu Ru's actions? 1. stops vomiting & directs rebellious St qi down, 2. clears Lu & St heat, 3. tx morning sickness\nName 4 transform Phlegm-Cold herbs. 1. Ban Xia, 2. Tian Nan Xing, 3. Bai Jie Zi, 4. Jie Geng\nWhat does Ban Xia do? 1. drains rebellious qi down (Er Chen Tang), 2. dries damp, 3. transforms phlegm-cold, 4. IMPERIAL HERB TO TREAT PHLEGM-DAMP DUE TO SP DEF.\nWhat are Ban Xia's contraindications? 1. bleeding, 2. cough due to yin deficiency, 3. depleted fluids\nWhich is drier & stronger, Ban Xia or Tian Nan Xing? Tian Nan Xing\nWhat does Tian Nan Xing treat? Dispels Wind to tx spasms, epilepsy, vertigo, facial paralysis; PRIMARY HERB TO TX WIND-PHLEGM\nWhat are Bai Jie Zi's actions? warms Lu, regulates qi, expels phlegm\nWhat sx are treated by Bai Jie Zi? coughing, wheezing, numb limbs caused by phlegm obstructing Qi flow\nBai Jie Zi can be used internally & externally to tx what? externally -joint pain, limb numbness; internally - asthma\nWhat are Jie Geng's actions? 1. opens & disperses Lu Qi, 2. expels phlegm, 3. stops cough, 4. benefits the throat, 5. guides to Lungs, 6. tx Lu abscess\nWhat are Kun Bu's actions? clears heat, transforms phlegm, promotes urination, tx neck nodules, scrofularia\nWhich 2 herbs are often used together to tx phlegm in the upper body? Kun Bu & Hai Zao\nName 4 Relieve Cough & Wheezing herbs. Xing Ren, Su Zi, Bai Bu, Sang Bai Pi\nWhat are Xing Ren's 2 major actions? 1. moisten intestines & unblock the bowels, 2. stop cough & wheezing for W-C attaking the Lu\nSu Zi treats what kind of wheezing? exhalation is worse than inhalation (therefore Lu not Kd def)\nWhat are Su Zi's 2 main actions? 1. directs Qi down to stop cough & wheezing, 2. moistens intestines & unblocks bowels\nWhat are Bai Bu's 2 main actions? 1. moistens Lu, stops cough, 2. expels parasites & kills lice\nWhat are Sang Bai Pi's 3 major actions? 1. drains heat from the Lu to stop cough & wheezing (w/ copiuos sputum), 2. promotes urination to reduce facial edema, 3. HTN\nWhat is the nature of Aromatic Transform Damp Herbs? acrid, warm, aromatic, dry\nWhat pattern & sx are are tx by Aromatic Transform Damp Herbs? Stagnation in the MW -- distention in abdomen, nausea, vomiting, spitting up sour fluids, loss of appetite\nWhat cautions must be taken into accoutn when using Aromatic Transform Damp herbs? They can exhaust Qi & injure Yin.\nName 4 Aromatic Transform Phlegm herbs. Huo Xiang, Huo Po, Cang Zhu, Sha Ren\nWhat does Huo Xiang treat? nausea & vomiting caused by damp\nWhat is Hou Po? magnolia bark\nWhat are Huo Po's actions? Moves qi, relieves stagnation to tx vomiting & diarrhea, distention & fullness cuased by EXCESS\nWhat is Cang Zhu? black atractylodes\nWhat are Cang Zhu's actions? strongly dries damp & strengthens Sp; induces sweating & dispels W-D; clears LW damp-heat pouring down(foul smelling vaginal discharge)\nCompare Bai Zhi & Cang Zhu. Cang Zhu is much drier\nIn what formula is Cang Zhu used to tx foul smelling vaginal discharge? Er Miao San\nWhat is Sha Ren? Cardamom\nWhat are Sha Ren's actions? promotes movement of qi, calms fetus, prevents tonifying herbs from causing stagnation\nName 3 herbs used to prevent tonifying herbs from causing stagnation. Chen Pi (Lu), Sha Ren (digestion), Mu Xiang (LW)\nWhat is the nature of Regulate Qi herbs? aromatic or warm, acrid, dispersing or drying\nWhat channels do Regulate Qi herbs enter? Lv & St\nWhat do Regulate Qi herbs do? 1. Regulate Qi & Strenthen Sp, 2. Spread constrained Lv Qi, 3. dissipate nodules & direct rebellious Qi down\nName 9 Regulate Qi herbs. Chen Pi, Qing Pi, Zhi Shi, Zhi Ke, Xiang Fu, Mu Xiang, Wu Yao, Chen Xiang, Chuan Lian Zi\nWhat are Chen Pi's actions? 1. prevents stagnation caused by the cloying nature of tonifying herbs, 2. moves Qi (for Sp/St stagnant Qi)\nChen Pi is often used with what herb to dry damp-phlegm? Ban Xia\nWhat are Qing Pi's actions? 1. directs downward, 2. breaks stagnant Qi & dissipates clumps, 3. harmonizes St, 4. treats pain in the chest/breast problems due to stagnation; 5. dires damp, transforms phlegm\nWhat are Zhi Shi's actions? 1. breaks up stagnant Qi, 2. transforms phlegm & focal distention for abdominal/epigastric pain; acts STRONGLY & QUICKLY\nCompare Zhi Ke to Zhi Shi. Zhi Ke is milder, tx digestive problems, direct qi down to unblock the bowels & tx focal distention\nWhat does Xiang Fu treat, primarily? GYN disorders -- spreads & regulates Lv Qi/menstruation, alleviates pain, promotes the flow of Qi\nWhat are 4 main actions of Mu Xiang? 1. helps prevent cloying, 2. alleviates pain in St/Sp, 3. eliminates food stagnation, 4. regulates Qi in LI\nWhat is Wu Yao? linera\nWhat are Wu Yao's actions? alleviates pain, warms Kd to tx freq urination, disperses cold works in all 3 warmers\nWhat does Chen Xiang treat? 1. alleviates pain in epigastrum/abdomen, 2. directs qi down for wheezing, vomiting, belching, 3. helps Kd grasp Qi to tx asthma, wheezing with inhalation problems\nWhat are Chaun Lian Zi's actions? moves Qi, stops pain, dires damp, regulates Qi, esp w/ Lv/St disharmony\nWhat are some sx that Chuan Lian Zi treats? hernia, kills parasites (roundworms, tapeworms\nWhat is Chen Xiang? aloeswood\nName 3 herbs that relieve food stagnation. Shan Zha, Mai Ya, Lai Fu Zi\nWhat type of food stagnation does Shan Zha treat? meat or greasy food\nWhat are Shan Zha's properties? sour & sweet\nWhen used raw, what does Shan Zha treat? HTN & cholesterol\nWhat type of food stagantion does Mai Ya treat? starchy food\nWhen used raw or stir fried, what does Mai Ya do? inhibits lactation\nWhat are Lai Fu Zi's actions? 1. transforms phlegm, reduces food stagnation, 3. promotes flow of Qi in Lu, Sp, LI, 4. eliminates accumulations, 5. counteracts ginseng overdose\nWhat are the 3 general Blood pathologies? bleeding, blood stasis, blood deficiency\nWhat are the 3 categories of herbs to regulate blood? Stop bleeding, regulate blood, tonify blood\nWhat are 3 reasons for bleeding? 1. Sp fails to hold the blood; leaks out of vessels, 2. excess yang pushes blood out (fire or asc yang); reckless bleeding of hot blood due to yin def.; 3. Blood stasis obstructing normal passageways of blood -- blood follows Qi\nWhat pathology causes bleeding in the upper body? lower body? upper body -- ascendant Yang; lower body -- sinking Sp Qi\nCreated by: sralph
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n50 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat are the two main goals for MAPI?\nto provide a standard API for client/server messaging, and to provide a standard set of services to client messaging apps\nWhat standard is MAPI a part of?\nComponent Object Model (COM)\nWhat protocol does Exchange use to pass instructions and data between machines?\nRemote Procedure Call (RPC)\nWhat is a procedure call?\na process that transfers instructions and data between a program and a processor or processors\nWhat are the two main types of procedure calls?\nlocal procedure calls and remote procedure calls\nWhy do you need a high-speed connection between computers involved in an RPC session?\nthe request/reply is supposed to be transparent\nWhat is the goal of the X.400 standard?\nto enable a global electronic messaging network\nWhat TCP/IP layer does X.400 operate at?\nthe Application layer\nWhat does the X.500 standard specify?\na global directory service\nWhat two main areas does X.500 address?\ndirectory structure and directory access\nWhat is an X.500 Distinguished Name (DN)?\nthe location of that object in a directory\nWhat advantage does LDAP have over DAP?\nit is less client resource-intensive\nWhat three objects constitute the main structure in the Exchange heirarchy?\nOrganization, Sites, and Servers\nWhat Microsoft technology enables the Exchange Client to create compound documents using drag-and-drop?\nWhat unit is at the top of the Exchange heirarchy?\nthe Organization\nHow many organizations should be created by a particular company?\nonly one\nWhat are sites?\nlogical groupings of one or more Exchange servers\nWhat does a site do?\ngroups all resources of the servers in that site without reference to location\nWhat is a mailbox's home server?\nthe server it physically resides on\nWhat are the two primary requirements to create a site?\nthere must be a permanent, high-speed connection between all servers; and all servers must be in the same NT security context\nWhy does a site require a high-speed connection between site servers?\nall intrasite communication uses RPC\nWhy must all servers in a site be in the same security context?\nduring a communication, the initiating server logs on to the recipient\nduring a communication, the initiating server logs on to the recipient\nWhat account is used during intrasite communication?\nthe Site Services Account\nWhat are the four core Exchange components?\nDirectory Service (DS), Information Store (IS), Message Transfer Agent (MTA), and System Attendant (SA)\nWhat does the Direcory Service (DS) do?\ncreates and manages storage of all information about Exchange objects\nWhat is the primary property of the Oganization object?\nWhat file holds the Exchange directory configuration data?\nWhat user data should be backed up?\nthe Information Store (pub.edb & priv.edb), PST's, OST's, PAB's, and transaction logs\nWhat configuration data should be backed up?\nthe Exchange directory (dir.edb), the registry, and subdirectories under the install path\nIs Key Management (KM) server data automatically backed up by online backups?\nWhere is Exchange 5.5 KM server data located?\nWhat is the default path for the information store databases?\nexchsrvr\\mdbdata\\pub.edb & priv.edb\nWhat is the default path for the Exchange directory?\nWhere are the information store transaction logs located?\nWhere are the Exchange directory transaction logs stored?\nWhat program will repair a damaged PST?\nHow can a lost or password-protected PST be recovered?\nit can't\nWhat is an OST file?\nan offline message store\nWhen is OST data at risk?\nwhen changes to a local OST have not been replicated to the server store\nHow is a client-based OST recovered from a server copy?\na new OST is created on the client and the OST is synchronized\nWhat program is used to repair a damaged OST?\nWhat is the difference between archiving and exporting?\narchiving moves items; exporting copies them\nDoes the respective service have to be running to perform an online backup?\nCan an offline backup be performed while Exchange is running?\nWhat is the minimum CPU necessary to run Exchange?\nPentium 60\nWhat is the minimum RAM necessary to run Exchange 5.5?\n24 Mb\nWhat is the minimum amount of free space necessary to run Exchange 5.5?\n250 Mb\nWhat OS is necessary to run Exchange 5.5?\nNT Server 3.51 SP5 or higher\nHow many items can Outlook 97 support?
+__label__positive General Knowledge Practice Questions Set 1 for Competitive Exams\n\nDownload PDF of This Page (Size: 107K)\n\nQ. When was Television separated from Akashvini (radio) as an independent organization?\n\n\nB. 1956\n\nC. 1976\n\nD. 1982\n\nAnswer: C\n\nQ. Which water condenses into ice?\n\nA. Heat is absorbed\n\nB. Heat is released\n\nC. Heat remain unchanged\n\nD. None of these\n\nAnswer: B\n\nQ. Which of the following inert gases is not found in atmosphere\n\nA. Xenon\n\nB. Argon\n\nC. Helium\n\nD. Radon\n\nAnswer: D\n\nQ. Which of the following diffuses at the fastest retest rate?\n\nA. Solid\n\nB. Gas\n\nC. Liquid\n\nD. None of these\n\nAnswer: B\n\nQ. What temperature at Celsius is scale is equal to 300oK?\n\nA 300C\n\nB. 27oC\n\nC. 300oC\n\nD. None of these\n\nAnswer: B\n\nQ. The United Nation imposed sanctions on?? Recently due to\n\nA. Japan\n\nB. China\n\nC. North Korea\n\nD. South Korea\n\nAnswer: C\n\nQ. The capital of Pandya dynasty was\n\nA. Mysore\n\nB. Kanchipuram\n\nC. Madurai\n\nD. Dwarsamudra\n\nAnswer: C\n\nQ. Tripitak a religious scripture of\n\nA. Jainism\n\nB. Hinduism\n\nC. Buddhism\n\nD. Muslim\n\nAnswer: C\n\nQ. Who is the writer of \u2018Ad he__ Adhere\u2019?\n\nA. Mohan Rakes\n\nB. Premchand\n\nC. S.K Tirupati \u2019Nirala\u2019\n\nD. Ashok Vajpayee\n\nAnswer: A\n\nQ. By which Constitutional amendment, fundamental duties were incorporated in the Indian Constitution?\n\nA. 42nd\n\nB. 43rd\n\nC. 44th\n\nD. 39th\n\nAnswer: A\n\nQ. The headquarters Central Food Technology Research Institute is located in\n\nA. Delhi\n\nB. Anand\n\nC. Ahmedabad\n\nD. Mysore\n\nAnswer: D\n\nQ. Which is common in Jainism and Buddhism both?\n\nA. Non-violence\n\nB. Violence\n\nC. Fast\n\nD. Way of worship\n\nAnswer: A
+__label__positive Select Board & Class\n\n\nBoard Paper of Class 12-Humanities 2018 Economics (SET 1) - Solutions\n\nGeneral Instructions:\n\n\u00a0(i) All questions in both sections are compulsory.\n\n(ii) Marks for questions are indicated against each question.\n\n(iii) Question No.1-4 and 13-16 are very short answer questions carrying 1 mark each. They are required to be answered in one sentence each.\n\n(iv) Question No.5-6 and 17-18 are short answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answers to them should not normally exceed 60 words each.\n\n(v) Question No.7-9 and 19-21 are also short answer questions carrying 4 marks each. Answers to them should not normally exceed 70 words each.\u00a0\n\n(vi) Question No.10-12 and 22-24 are long answer questions carrying 6 marks each. Answers to them should not normally exceed 100 words each.\n\n(vii) Answers should be brief and to the point and the above word limits should be adhered to as far as possible.\n\n  \u2022 Question 2\n    At what level of production is total cost equal to total fixed cost? VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 3\n    Which of the following does not cause shift of supply curve of a good?\n    (Choose the correct alternative)\n    (a) Price of input\n    (b) Price of the good\n    (c) Goods and services tax\n    (d) Subsidy VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 4\n    Which of the following measures of price elasticity shows elastic supply?\n    (Choose the correct alternative)\n    (a) 0\n    (b) 0.5\n    (c) 1.0\n    (d) 1.5 VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 5\n    Explain the central problem of \"What is produced and in what quantities.\".\n\n    In what circumstances may the production possibility frontier shift away from the origin? Explain. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 6\n    A consumer buys 200 units of a good at a price of Rs 20 per unit. Price elasticity of deamnd is (\u2013) 2. At what price will he be willing to purchase 300 units? Calculate. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 7\n    Write a budget line equation of a consumer if the two goods purchased by the consumer, Good X and Good Y are priced at Rs 10 and Rs 5 respectively and the consumer's income is Rs 100.\n\n    Define marginal rate of substitution. Explain its behaviour along an indifference curve. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 8\n    Explain the conditions of producer's equilibrium under perfect competition. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 9\n    Explain the implications of \"freedom of entry and exit of firms\" under perfect competition. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 10\n    A consumer consumes only two goods X and Y. Explain the conditions of consumer's equilibrium using Utility Analysis. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 11\n    Draw Average Variable Cost (AVC), Average Total Cost (ATC) and Marginal Cost (MC) curves in a single diagram. State the relation between MC curve and AVC and ATC curves. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 12\n    Define price floor. Explain the implications of price floor.\n    Market of a good is in equilibrium. If the demand for the good 'decreases'. Explain the chain of effects of this change. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 13\n    Give one example of negative externalities. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 14\n    Credit creation by commercial banks is determined by (Choose the correct alternative)\n    (a) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)\n    (b) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)\n    (c) Initial Deposits\n    (d) All the above VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 15\n    State the two components of M1 measure of Money Supply. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 17\n    Distinguish between stock and flow variables with suitable examples.\n\n    What are capital goods? How are they different from consumption goods? VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 18\n    Define investment multiplier. How is it related to marginal propensity to consume? VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 19\n    What is monetary policy? State any three instruments of monetary policy. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 20\n\n    Define full employment in an economy. Discuss the situation when aggregate demand is more than aggregate supply at full employment income level.\n\n\n    What are two alternative ways of determining equilibrium level of income? How are these related?\n\n\n  \u2022 Question 21\n    What is ex-Ante consumption? Distinguish between autonomous consumption and induced consumption. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 22\n    What is government budget? Explain its major components.\n\n    Explain (a) allocation of resources and (b) economic stability as objectives of government budget. VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 23\n    Discuss briefly the meanings of :\n    (i) Fixed Exchange Rate\n    (ii) Flexible Exchange Rate\n    (iii) Managed Floating Exchange Rate VIEW SOLUTION\n\n  \u2022 Question 24\n    Calculate (a) Operating Surplus, and (b) Domestic Income :\n    \u00a0 \u00a0 (Rs in crores)\n    (i) Compensation of employees 2,000\n    (ii) Rent and interest 800\n    (iii) Indirect taxes 120\n    (iv) Corporation tax 460\n    (v) Consumption of fixed capital 100\n    (vi) Subsidies 20\n    (vii) Dividend 940\n    (viii) Undistributed profits 300\n    (ix) Net factor income to abroad 150\n    (x) Mixed income 200\nMore Board Paper Solutions for Class 12 Humanities Economics\nWhat are you looking for?
+__label__positive Carbon dioxide Formula\n\nCarbon dioxide Formula\n\nCarbon dioxide, also known as carbonic acid gas or carbon anhydride, is an inorganic gas formed as a product of the respiration of plants and animals.\n\nFormula and structure: The carbon dioxide chemical formula is CO2. The molar mass is 44.01 g/mol. The molecule is formed by one carbon cation C4+ and two oxygen anions O2-. The two anions are bound to the carbon cation trough double bonds (pi bonds) making the carbon dioxide as a linear and rigid molecular. Its chemical structure can be written as below, in the common representations used for organic molecules.\n\nOccurrence: Carbon dioxide is largely found in nature. It is the product of the respiration process. All forms of live need respiration to survive, in this process the organisms inhale or capture oxygen from the environment and through different biochemical reactions; it is produced CO2 and water. Carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and is also emitted by volcanoes, natural gas, crude oil and hot springs.\n\nPreparation: Carbon dioxide is produced by the natural and unnatural ways. In the natural way, the carbon dioxide is produced during the respiration of organisms (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria):\n\n\nThe carbon dioxide produced is used for the plants during the photosynthesis in a reverse process that produces oxygen.\n\nIn a unnatural way, carbon dioxide can be produced from the combustion of fuels as methane, gasoline, kerosene, propane, minerals, rocks and coal.\n\nCH4+ 2 O2\u2192 CO2+ 2 H2O\n\nPhysical properties: Carbon dioxide is a colourless and odourless gas. When concentrate, it can have a acidic odour. The density 1.56 g/mL. Carbon dioxide melting point is -56.6 \u00b0C and above this temperature, it sublimates. Carbon dioxide solubility in water is 1.45 g/L, and it is insoluble in ethanol and organic solvents.\n\nChemical properties: One of the most important reactions for the environment is the solubility of carbon dioxide in water. Even when the solubility is low, this factor is very important for the water bodies in the planet. When the carbon dioxide is in contact with water, it forms carbonic acid, which could decrease the pH of water, causing a problem for aquatic life.\n\nCO2 + H2O \u2192 H2CO3\n\nUses: Carbon dioxide is used in the productions of other most valuable products in the chemical industry. Some of these products are the urea, used as fertilizer and the solvent and chemical precursor methanol. Other products are the carbonate salts as sodium carbonate and bicarbonate (baking soda). It is used as a food additive and also as a propellant. It is present in sodas and soda water and dry ice.\n\nHealth effects / safety hazards: Carbon dioxide inhalation can cause headache and increase of the respiration rate. It can cause unconsciousness at high concentration. The dry ice can cause cold burns. It is not flammable.\n\nRelated Links:\n\nEducational Videos
+__label__positive Musculoskeletal Development\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user medstudent2017 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. What are the two different blocks developed form the paraxial mesoderm (one kind on the caudal end and one on the cranial end)\n    Somitomeres on the cranial end, somites on the caudal end\n  2. The somites seperate into ventral and dorsal groups called\n    \u2022 Ventral end called Sclerotome\n    \u2022 Dorsolateral end forming the dermomyotome\n  3. What does the ventral part of the somites (Sclerotome) eventually form\n    The vetebral column, surrounding the notochord\n  4. What does the dorsolateral end of the somites (dermomyotome) eventually form\n    Dermis (Derm) of the skin and skeletal (Myotome) muscles\n  5. Each mytome forms what two sections\n    Dorsal epimere and ventral hypomere\n  6. What develops into the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back\n    Dorsal Epimeres of the mytome\n  7. All of the intrinsic muscle of the back are innervated by\n    The dorsal rami of the spinal nerves\n  8. The prevertebral, intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles are developed from\n    Ventral Hypomeres of the myotome\n  9. The vertebral, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are innervated by\n    The ventral rami of the spinal nerves\n  10. The limb muscles develop from what section\n    The ventral lateral edge of the somites\n  11. With the elongation of the limb muscles, they split into what two blocks\n    \u2022 Flexors - Anterior\n    \u2022 Extensors - Posterior\n  12. It what direction does the development of somite progress\n    Caudal to Cranial\n  13. Somite development is triggered by what do signals\n    Shh (coming from the ventral neural tube) and Wnts (dorsal neural tube)\n  14. What is a synovial joint made up of\n    Mesoderm and connective tissue\n  15. The upper limb is made up of mostly what joints\n    Fibrous Joints\n  16. How are joints developed\n    The tissue boundaries are established by suppression of condensation by inhibiting fibronectin and breaking N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecules) linkages\n  17. What type of mesenchyme develops into the joints in a synovial membrane\n    Interzonal mesenchyme\n  18. Damage to what parts of the bones in a growing child will stunt growth\n    \u2022 From the elbow I flow, to the knee I flee.\n    \u2022 Damage to the upper tibia, lower femur, the wrist of the ulna, or the shoulder of the Humerus\n  19. What is the rule for when a developing bone closes\n    First to form, last to close\n  20. Where does cartilaginous bone grow from\n    Epiphyseal plate\n  21. What are the most important parts of cartilaginous bones\n    Epiphyseal plates\n  22. What cavity of the cartilaginous bone contains hemopoietic cells\n    Medullary cavity\n  23. What is the only long bone that doesn't contain a medullary cavity\n  24. Cartilaginous bone has what structures\n    \u2022 Epiphyseal plate\n    \u2022 Primary and secondary ossification centers\n    \u2022 A cartilage core\n    \u2022 Medullary cavity\n  25. Where is the primary ossification center in comparison to the secondary ossification in long bones\n    Primary is in the shaft, secondary in one end or the other\n  26. What is the difference between a primary ossification center and a secondary\n    Primary is where the cartilaginous bone starts to grow, secondary is where it grows when it is more mature\n  27. What is endochondral bone\n    Cartilaginous bone\n  28. Where does growth take place in a endochondral bone\n    Epiphyseal plates\n  29. Segmentation of the somatic mesoderm into vertebrae happens when\n    4th to 5th weeks\n  30. What is unique about the development of the vertebrae.\n    After the cranial half is pierced by the spinal chord and migrates inferiorly, the caudal half of the sclerotome fuses with the cranial half. This puts the spinal chord between the vertebral discs\n  31. What does the notochord end up developing into\n    The inter-vertebral discs\n  32. Ribs develop from\n    Mesenchymal costal processes of vertebrae and eventually develop costal vertebral plane joints\n  33. Two ventro medial sternal bars of mesoderm develop independently to form\n    The Sternum\n  34. How do the flat bones of the skull develop\n    By intramembranous ossification\n  35. The membranous neurocranium (skull around the brain) is formed by\n    Flat bones from the mesenchyme deposited by oteoblasts around the brain\n  36. The anterior of the skull develops from\n    Neural crest cells\n  37. The posterior part of the skull develops from\n    The paraxial mesoderm\n  38. What is a squamae\n    A center for ossification in the skull\n  39. What are the four different squama on the skull\n    Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital\n  40. Squamae in full development become\n    Bosses and external occipital protuberences\n  41. What does the membranous Viscerocranium include\n    It is the bones of the face, maxilla, mandible, lacrimal, zygomatic, and vomer ect.\n  42. Cartilaginous neurocranium is also called\n  43. What are the four areas formed form chondrocranium\n    \u2022 Ethmoid\n    \u2022 Petrous temporal (section of temporal bone)\n    \u2022 Sphenoid\n    \u2022 Occipital\n  44. Meckels cartilage (Arch I) Cartilaginous Viscerocranium includes what bones\n    The cartilanginous joint of the mandibular bar, also includes the incus and malleus of the inner ear\n  45. Reikerts cartilage (Arch II) Cartilaginous Viscerocranium includes what eventual bones\n    The upper hyoid bone, and stapes of the middle ear\n  46. Arch III CartilaginousViscerocranium includes what bones\n    Lower hyoid bone and greater cornu of hyoid bone\n  47. Arch IV Cartilaginous Viscerocranium develops into what\n    Thyroid cartilage\n  48. Arch VI of the CartilaginousViscerocranium develops into what\n    Arytenoid cartilage (forms the larynx)\n  49. Membranous bones of the skull begin ossification at\n    The parietal and frontal eminences\n  50. Craniosynotosis is when\n    There is premature closure of the sutures in a skull of a fetus\n  51. What are the different types of craniosynostosis\n    \u2022 Scaphocephaly/Dolichocephaly- premature closure of sagittal suture\n    \u2022 Oxycephaly/Brachycephaly-premature closure of coronal sutureImage Upload\n  52. What is myogenesis\n    The formation of elongated myoblasts from mesenchyme (somites)\n  53. What is a myotube\n    Developing muscle cell or fiber that are multinucleated cylinders\n  54. Cardiac muscle cells differentiate from\n    Splanchnic mesoderm\n  55. Smooth muscle cells for around the gut arise from\n    Splanchnic mesoderm\n  56. Smooth muscle cells for around blood vessels arise from\n    Somatic mesoderm\n  57. Smooth muscle cells for pupillary muscles for the eye, sweat glands, mammary glands, and myoepithelial cells arise from\n  58. Cardiac muscle cells from splanchnic mesoderm form\n    \u2022 Cardiac muscle\n    \u2022 Purkinje fibers\n  59. There are no parasympathetic nerves where\n    In the limbs or the body wall\n  60. Purkinje fibers are\n    Modified muscle cells\n  61. Hypaxial musculature is found in what region, and develops into\n    Ventral region, the body wall\n  62. The Epaxial musculature is found in what region and develops into what muscles\n    Dorsal, short and long muscles of the back\n  63. AER means\n    Apical Ectodermal Ridge, it is found on the ends of developing limbs\n  64. Damage to the AER causes\n    The limbs not to grow\n  65. Dorsal divisions of the limb plexus innervate\n    Limb extensor muscles\n  66. Ventral divisions of the limb plexus innervate\n    Flexor mucles\n  67. The muscles of the anterior part of the thigh are innervated by nerves from the\n    Posterior division\n  68. All extensor muscles come from\n    A Posterior division\n  69. Hiltons law is\n    \u2022 Nerves that supply sensory innervation to a joint also supply motor innervation to the muscles that move that joint\n    \u2022 Example - axillary nerve and lateral brachial cutaneous nerve to shoulder joint\n  70. What is the prune belly syndrome\n    It is a congenital lack of body wall musculature\n  71. What causes prune belly\n    Lacking or no migration of myoblasts or neural crest cells around the anterior body wall (myotomal development)\n  72. Hirshsprungs disease is\n    The result is a section of bowel that is essentially paralyzed\n  73. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is\n    It is also known as joint contractures, and includes the degeneration of motor neurons\n  74. Torticollis is\n    Shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle \"wry neck\", can be due to doctor pulling the baby out by the head as well as other causes\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMusculoskeletal Development\n2015-11-28 17:09:39\n\nMusculoskeletal Development\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__positive Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n70 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat is an atom?\nThe smallest unit of a chemical element.\nWhat are the three main subatomic particles?\n1. Proton\n2. Neutron\n3. Electron\nWhat are orbitals?\nCharacteristic regions of space outside the nucleus of an atom where electrons exist.\nWhat is an element?\nSubstance that show similar chemical properties and can't be broken down further than the atomic level by chemical means.\nWhat are protons?\nSubatomic particles that carry a positive charge and have a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit (AMU).\nWhat is the atomic number (Z)?\nThe number of protons found in an atom of that element.\nWhat are neutrons?\nSubatomic particles that carry no charge and have a slightly larger mass than protons.\nWhat are isotopes?\nElements with the same atomic number, but different numbers of neutrons.\nWhat is the mass number of an atom?\nThe total number of protons and neutrons.\nWhat are electrons?\nSubatomic particles that carry a single negative charge and are 1/1,837 th the mass of a proton.\nWhat are valence electrons?\nThe electrons farthest from the nucleus.\nWhat role does distance from the nucleus play with valence electrons?\nThe further away from the nucleus the valence electrons are, the weaker the attractive force of the positively charged nucles and the more likely the valence electrons are to be influenced by other atoms.\nWhat role do valence electrons play in chemical reactions?\nThe activity of the valence electrons determine the reactivity of a chemical.\nWhat are the general characteristics of a neutral atom?\nThe number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.\nWhat is an ion?\nAn atom with a positive or negative charge due to a difference in the number of electrons from the number of protons.\nWhat is the standard for determining atomic mass?\nThe carbon-12 atom, defined as exactly 12.000 AMU.\nWhat is the atomic weight?\nThe weight in grams of one mole of a given element.\nWhat is a mole?\n6.022 x 10^23 of something.\nWhat is Avogadro's number?\n6.022 x 10^23\nWhat is quantum theory?\nThe theory that states that energy emitted from matter as electromagnetic radiation comes in discrete bundles.\nWhat are quanta?\nThe discrete bundles of electromagnetic radiation emitted from matter.\nWhat equation gives energy value of a quantum of energy?\nPlanck's equation:\nE = hv\nwhere h is Planck's constant\nE is energy and\nv is frequency\nWhat accounts for the majority of the volume of the atom?\nEmpty space.\nHow does the Bohr model of the atom equate angular momentum to quantum theory?\nThe Bohr model states that the angular momentum of an electron can only occur in quantized (discrete) amounts.\nWhat is the equation for angular momentum of an electron?\nAngular Momentum = nh/2(pi)\nwhere n is the quantum number\nh is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10^-34 J/s.\nWhat is the relationship between quantum number and angular momentum in the Bohr model?\nThe angular momentum can only change in discrete amounts, based on the quantum number, which can only be a positive integer.\nWhat is equation is derived from the relationship between quantum energy and angular momentum?\nE = -RH/n^2\nwhere E is energy\nRH is the Rydberg constant (2.18 x 10^-18 J/electron\nWhy is there a negative sign in the E = -RH/n^2 equation?\nValue of zero energy was assigned to the situation when the electron was completely separated from the proton. Therefore, the electron in any of its quantized states in the atom would have a negative energy because of its attraction to the proton.\nWhat does quantized mean?\nThe energy of an electron can only exist in certain fixed amounts.\nWhat generalizations can be made from the Bohr model of the atom?\n1. The energy of the atom is directly related to its orbital radius. (The smaller the radius, the lower the energy state).\n2. Explains atomic emission spectra.\nWhat is the ground state energy level?\nThe lowest energy state of an electron, where the quantum number equals 1.\nWhat happens when excited electrons return to their ground state energy level?\nThey emit energy in the form of photons.\nWhat equation is used to determine the amount of energy released when electrons return to their ground state energy level?\nE = hc/lamda\nwhere E is energy\nh is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10^-34 J*s)\nc is the speed of light (3.00 x 10^8 m/s)\nlamda is the wavelength of the photon emitted\nWhat is a line spectrum?\nSpectrum of light when electrons emit a photon at distinct wavelengths.\nWhat is the atomic emission spectrum?\nThe spectrum of light emitted electrons of different atoms of elements, which uniquely identifies the element?\nWhy are atomic emission spectra unique to the element?\n1. Because different electrons in an atom will be excited to different energy levels.\n2. and because each atom has a different configuration of electrons.\nWhat is the Balmer series?\nThe group of hydrogen emission lines corresponding to transitions from n>2 to n=2, has 4 wavelengths in the visible region.\nWhat is the Lyman series?\nThe group of hydrogen emission lines corresponding to transitions from n>1 to n=1, they are higher energy transitions and occur in the UV region.\nWhat relationship exists between the change in quantum number and the energy of an emitted photon?\nThe energy associated with the difference between the initial quantum number and the final quantum number is equal to the energy of the emitted photon.\nWhat is the equation for the relationship between photon emission and change in quantum number?\nE = hc/lamda = -RH[1/(ni^2)-1/(nf^2)]\nHow does the Bohr model explain atomic absorption?\nSince the amount of energy needed to promote an electron to the next energy level is discrete, energy will be absorbed at specific wavelengths.\nWhere does the Bohr model fail to explain atomic behavior?\nWhen there is more than one electron in an atom.\nWhy does the Bohr model fail when there is more than one electron?\nBecause it doesn't account for the repulsion between electrons in orbit.\nWhat is the most important difference between the modern quantum mechanical model and the Bohr model?\nThe assumption that electrons travel in a circular orbit around the nucleus is no longer considered valid.\nWhat does an orbital represent?\nThe probability of finding an electron within a given region.\nWhat is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?\nIt is impossible to determine with perfect accuracy the momentum and position of an electron simultaneously.\nWhat are the four quantum numbers?\nn, l, m sub l, m sub s.\nWhat is the Pauli exclusion principle?\nNo two electrons in a given element can have the same set of four quantum numbers.\nWhat is the energy state?\nThe position and energy of an electron as described by the four quantum numbers.\nWhat is the principle quantum number (n)?\nThe quantum number used in the Bohr model, and can be any positive integer.\nWhat is the relationship between principle quantum number and orbital size.\nThere's a direct relationship between them. The larger the principle quantum number, the larger the orbital.\nWhat is the relationship between the energy difference between shells and their distance from the nucleus?\nThe farther away from the nucleus, the less energy needed to promote the electron to the next energy level (e.g. the amount of energy from n=3 to n=4 is much less than n=2 to n=3.)\nWhat is the azimuthal (angular momentum) quantum number (l)?\nThe quantum number that refers to subshells (sublevels) that occur within each principal energy level.\nWhat is the relationship between principle quantum number and azimuthal quantum number?\nThe azimuthal quantum number can be any number between zero and one less than the principal quantum number. The principle quantum number limits the azimuthal quantum number.\nWhat l-values correspond to the s, p, d, and f subshells, respectively?\nWhat is the equation for maximum number of electrons that can occupy a subshell\n4l + 2\nWhat exceptions occur when electrons fill the different subshells?\nThe energies of the different subshells can overlap, because of increased distance from the nucleus. (e.g. 4s has lower energy level than 3d because its closer to the nucleus)\nWhat is the magnetic quantum number?\nThe quantum number that specifies the particular orbital within a subhshell where an electron is highly likely to be found at a given point in time.\nWhat are the possible values for m sub l?\nAll integers from -l to +l including 0.\nWhat formula can be used to determine the total number of m sub l values for a particular l value?\nWhat is the formula for the number of m sub l values from an n value?\nWhat is the spin quantum number?\nThe number that denotes its intrinsic angular momentum.\nWhat are the values for the m sub s?\n+ 1/2; -1/2\nWhat are the rules for the value of m sub s for two electrons in the same orbital?\nTwo electrons in the same orbital cannot have the same m sub s value.\nWhat are parallel spins?\nTwo electrons in different orbitals with the same m sub s value.\nWhat is the n + l rule?\nThe lower the values of the first and second quantum numbers, the lower the energy of the subshell. If two subshells possess the same (n + l) value, the subshell with the lower n value will fill furst.\nWhat is the order in which the subshells fill?\nWhat is Hund's rule?\nStates that within a given subshell, orbital s are filled such that there are a maximum number of half-filled orbitals with parallel spins.\nWhat are paramagnetic materials?\nMaterials whose atoms have unpaired electrons in orbitals; they are attractd to a magnetic field.\nWhat are diamagnetic materials?\nMaterials whose atoms are paired up in their orbitals; they are slightly repelled by a magnetic field.
+__label__positive HIV infects subset of T cells leading to depletion, Gladstone researchers find\n\nThe battalion of CD4+ T cells, which fight HIV and other pathogens, needs new\nrecruits to replace the cells that fall. Researchers at the Gladstone Institute\nof Virology and Immunology and co-authors have found that these recruits,\ncalled naive T cells, are susceptible to the bullets of HIV infection even\nbefore they step onto the battlefield.\n\nThe study, published in the October 17 issue of the journal Immunity, is among\nthe first to show that HIV can indeed infect naive T cells and brings some\nresolution to what was the subject of great debate among HIV researchers. The\nfinding helps to explain how T-cell numbers diminish to levels that leave the\nbody susceptible to opportunistic infections characteristic of AIDS.\n\n\u201cThe collapse of the CD4+ T-cell system is the cardinal feature of AIDS, so\nunderstanding which subsets of T cells can be infected is important in\nproviding a clear picture of how HIV reduces the number of T cells,\u201d said\nsenior co-author Mark A. Goldsmith, MD, PhD, associate investigator at\nGladstone and UCSF associate professor of medicine.\n\nCD4+ T cells are divided into two basic classes-naive cells and memory cells.\nOnce exposed to a pathogen, naive cells become memory cells, which signal other\nimmune system cells to mount an attack on the offending pathogen. Conventional\nwisdom was that HIV infected memory T cells nearly exclusively.\n\nSuch thinking resulted from studies that used T cells isolated from blood,\nGoldsmith said. But only 2 percent of all immune system cells are circulating\nin the blood at once, so these cells may not be sufficiently representative.\nAlso, culturing these cells requires the use of artificial stimulants, changing\nthe way they react to the environment.\n\nGoldsmith and lead author Daniel A. Eckstein, a UCSF Biomedical Sciences\nProgram graduate student at Gladstone, instead focused on the cells found in\nlymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils, where most\nimmune system cells are located. Because cells in these tissues can be cultured\nwithout artificial stimulants, their behavior closely mirrors that found in the\n\nBefore this study, other researchers had claimed to have isolated HIV-infected\nnaive cells from infected individuals. Some HIV researchers, however, suspected\nthat these cells were merely infected memory cells that had reverted back to a\nnaive character. The current study clears away those suspicions and shows that\nnaive cells themselves can indeed be infected.\n\nIn one experiment, the researchers infected naive cells with HIV. In addition,\nthey added BrdU, a substance that shows up in cells that have divided.\nGenerally, naive cells don\u2019t divide. Memory cells do. About 14 percent of the\nnaive cells were infected, while only 2 percent were labeled with BrdU. This\nshows that the vast majority of the cells that were infected had not divided.\nThe infected cells were naive cells and not dividing memory cells.\n\nThe discovery could change the way physicians think of the way HIV infection\nleads to AIDS. Infected naive cells are a source of HIV, helping it to spread\nthroughout the body. These infected naive cells also die and then are no longer\navailable to replenish the immune system.\n\nWithout these CD4+ T cells, the virus \u201celiminates the ability of the immune\nsystem to respond to the opportunistic infections characteristic of AIDS,\u201d said\nEckstein, who is also a medical student in UCSF School of Medicine\u2019s Medical\nScientist Training Program.\n\nThe specific HIV strain that the researchers employed is classified as an \u201cX4\u201d\nvirus; such strains are found in 50 percent to 90 percent of patients during\nthe later stages of infection. Eckstein said that the study underscores the\nimportance of developing a drug to antagonize a specific protein involved in X4\nHIV infection.\n\nGladstone researchers also involved in the study include Michael L. Penn, PhD,\nformer graduate student in the UCSF Biomedical Sciences Program and medical\nstudent in the Medical Scientist Training Program in the UCSF School of\nMedicine; Jason F. Kreisberg, BS, graduate student in the UCSF Biomedical\nSciences Program; research scientist Michael P. Sherman, MD, PhD, UCSF\nassistant clinical professor of medicine; and research associate Peggy S. Chin,\n\nCo-authors from the UCLA department of microbiology, immunology and molecular\ngenetics include graduate student Dierdre D. Scripture-Adams, BS, and Jerome A.\nZack, PhD, professor of hematology and oncology in the UCLA department of\nmedicine. Also co-authors were Yael D. Korin, PhD, UCLA postdoctoral fellow in\nthe department of medicine, and Mario Roederer, PhD, chief of the\nimmunotechnology section of the Vaccine Research Center at the National\nInstitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of\n\nUCSF Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, the Medical Scientist Training\nProgram at UCSF, the California Universitywide AIDS Research Program, the\nNational Science Foundation, the UCSF-California AIDS Research Center, and the\nJ. David Gladstone Institutes.\n\nThe Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology is one of three research\ninstitutes that comprise the J. David Gladstone Institutes, a private\nbiomedical research institution affiliated with the University of California,\nlong-standing personal interest in medical education and research.
+__label__positive Exam1 Study Guide - Chapter 1 1. What is the impact of...\n\n\nView Full Document Right Arrow Icon\nChapter 1 1. What is the impact of applying organizational knowledge on a company\u2019s profitability? They have three times the level of financial success that companies have where these practices are absent. \u201cBest place to work\u201d awards have significantly higher financial long0term stock market performance. (p6) 2. Define values and ethics. 3. What constitutes globalization? People actively participate in the other countries and cultures. (p20) 4. What is structural capital? 5. Are counterproductive work behaviors voluntary? Yes. (p18) 6. Is absenteeism lower in companies with generous sick leave? No. Absenteeism is higher in organizations with generous sick leave because this benefit limits the negative financial impact of taking time away from work. (p19) 7. Is experimentation a form of knowledge acquisition? Yes. It occurs when information is brought into the organization from the external environment. This can include hiring people, acquiring companies, and scanning the environment for the latest trends. It also includes the process of creative insight \u2013 experimenting and discovering new ideas. (p11) 8. What is CSR? 9. What constitutes a clearly defined career path? A \u201cVP of Marketing\u201d (p6) 10. Do all organizations have a collective sense of purpose? Yes, but it isn\u2019t always well defined or agreed on. (p5) 11. Is everyone a manager? Yes. (p6) 12. What are high performance work practices? 13. Who are stakeholders? 14. How do baby boomers and Generation X generations differ regarding workplace values? 15. How would you describe the interdependency of an organization People interact with each other in an organized way. They accomplish goals by sharing materials, information, or expertise with co-workers. (p4) a. Does it have to have buildings and equipment to be an organization? No. Many organizations exist without either physical walls or government documentation to confer their legal status. (p4) 16. What is organizational citizenship? 17. Provide three examples of organizational stakeholders. Employees, shareholders, suppliers, labor unions, government, communities, consumer and environmental groups, etc (p13) 18. What is the triple bottom line? Economy, society, environment. Firms aim to survive and be profitable in the marketplace (economic), but they also intend to maintain or improve conditions for society (social) as well as the physical environment. Part of CSR (p16) 19. What are the characteristics of an open system? 20.\nBackground image of page 1\n\n\nView Full DocumentRight Arrow Icon\nImage of page 2\n\nPage1 / 4\n\n\n\nView Full Document Right Arrow Icon\nAsk a homework question - tutors are online
+__label__positive Anatomy Chapter 4 Test - Wise\n\nthetkaeo's version from 2015-11-09 09:44\n\nSection 1\n\nQuestion Answer\nProvides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers; found in tendonsDense Fibrous Connective Tissue\nActs as a storage depot for fatAdipose Connective Tissue\nComposes the dermis of the skinDense Fibrous Connective Tissue\nForms the bony skeletonOsseous Tissue\nComposes the basement membrane and packages organs; includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell typesAreolar Connective Tissue\nForms the embryonic skeleton and the surfaces of bones at the joints; reinforces the tracheaHyaline Cartilage\nProvides insulation for the bodyAdipose Connective Tissue\nStructurally amorphous matrix, heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smoothHyaline Cartilage\nContains cells arranged concentrically around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium saltsOsseous Tissue\nForms the stroma or internal \u201cskeleton\u201d of lymph nodes. the spleen, and other lymphoid organsReticular Connective Tissue\n\nSection 2\n\nQuestion Answer\nThe nonspecific response of the body to injury is called _____.Inflammation\nIntact capillaries near an injury dilate, leaking plasma, blood cells, and _____, which cause the blood to clot. The clot at the surface dries to form a scab.Clotting Proteins\nDuring the first phase of tissue repair, capillary buds invade the clot, forming a delicate pink tissue called _____ tissue.Granulation\nWhen damage is not too severe, the surface epithelium migrates beneath the dry scab and across the surface of the granulation tissue. This repair process is called _____.Regeneration\nIf tissue damage is very severe, tissue repair is more likely to occur by _____ or scarring.Fibrosis\nDuring fibrosis, fibroblasts in the granulation tissue lay down _____ fibers, which form a strong, compact, but in\ufb02exible massCollagen\nThe repair of cardiac muscle and nervous tissue occurs mainly by _____Fibrosis\n\nSection 3\n\nQuestion Answer\nForms mucous, serous. and epidermal membranesEpithelium\nAllows for organ movements within the bodyMuscle\nTransmits electrochemical impulsesNervous\nSupports body organsConnective\nCells of this tissue may absorb and/ or secrete substancesEpithelium\nBasis of the major controlling system of the bodyNervous\nThe cells of this tissue shorten to exert forceMuscle\nForms hormonesEpithelium\nPackages and protects body organsConnective\nCharacterized by having large amouns of nonliving matrixConnective\nAllows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrowMuscle\nMost widely distributed tissue in the bodyConnective\nForms the brain and spinal cordNervous\n\nSection 4\n\nQuestion Answer\nLines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermisStratified Squamous\nForms the lining of the stomach and small intestineSimple Columnar\nBest suited for areas subjected to frictionStratified Squamous\nLines much of the respiratory tractPseudostratified Columnar\nPropels substances (e.g., mucus) across its surfacePseudostratified Columnar\nFound in the bladder lining; peculiar cells that slide over one anotherTransitional\nForms thin serous membranes: a single layer of \ufb02attened cellsSimple Squamous\n\nSection 5\n\nQuestion Answer\nWhat is Histology?the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.\ncovers surfaces; lines insides of organs or body cavitiesEpithelial Tissue\nprotects, binds together, and supports organsConnective Tissue\nfacilitates movement of skeleton or organ wallsMuscle Tissue\ncontrols activities or processes informationNervous Tissue\nWhere is epithelial tissue found?epidermis of skin inner lining of the digestive tract inner lining of the urinary bladder\nWhere is connective tissue found?dermis of skin ligaments and tendons blood fat in body nose and articular cartilage in some joints\nWhere is muscle tissue found?muscles attached to bones muscle layer in digestive tract muscle layer in heart\nWhere is nervous tissue found?brain and spinal cord\nWhat are the four types of tissues?Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous\nis made of two materials: ground substance - proteins and polysaccharides, fiber - reticular, collagen and elasticConnective Tissue Matrix\nWhat are the four types of connective tissue?connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood\nWhat are the two types of connective tissue proper?loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue\nWhat are the three loose connective tissues?areolar, adipose, reticular\nWhat are the three dense connective tissues?dense regular, dense irregular and elastic\nWhat are the three types of cartilage?hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage\nWhere is simple squamous epithelium found?air sac in lungs (alveoli); lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessels (endothelium); serious membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)\nWhere is simple cuboidal epithelium found?thyroid gland follicles, kidney tubules, ducts and secretory regions of most glands; surface of ovary\nWhere is non-cilliated simple columnar epithelium found?lining of most gi tracts; lining of stomach does not contain goblet cells\nWhere is ciliated columnar epithelium found?lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract\nWhere is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus\nWhere is keratinized squamous epithelium found?epidermis of skin\nWhere is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?relatively rare; found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra\nWhere is stratified columnar epithelium found?Rare; found in large ducts of some exocrine glands and in some regions of the male urethra\nWhere is Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. Nonciliated form is relatively rare; lined epididymis and part of make urethra\nWhere is transitional epithelium found?lining of urinary bladded, inner layer of ureters, and part of urethra\nWhere is loose connective tissue found?surrounding vessels; in spleen and liver; in subcutaneous layer\nWhere is areolar ( loose) connective tissue found?surrounding nerves, vessels; forming subcutaneous later\nWhere is adipose connective tissue found?subcutaneous layer; surrounding kidney and selected other organs\nWhere is reticular connective tissue found?stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow\nWhere is dense connective tissue found?fibrous capsules; tendons, ligaments and dermis\nWhere is dense regular connective tissue found?tendons and ligaments\nWhere is dense irregular connective tissue found?fascia; around muscles and organs; dermis; periosteum covering bone; organ capsules\nWhere is elastic connective tissue found?walls of elastic arteries; trachea; bronchial tubes; true vocal cords; suspensory ligaments of penis and lungs\nWhere is hyaline cartilage found?most of fetal skeleton; covers articular ends of long bones; costal cartilage; larynx; trachea; nose\nWhere is fibrocartilage found?intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints\nWhere is elastic cartilage found?external ear; epiglottis of the larynx\nWhere is bone found?bones of the body\nWhere is blood found?primarily within blood vessels, and the heart; leukocytes are also located in lymphatic organs and can migrate to infected or inflamed tissues in the body\nWhere is skeletal muscle tissue found?attached to bones or sometimes to skin; also in the involuntary sphincters-lips, urethra, anus\nWhere is cardiac muscle tissue found?heart wall (myocardium)\nWhere is smooth muscle tissue found?walls of hollow internal organs, such as vessels, airways, stomach, bladder, uterus\nWhere is nervous tissue found?brain, spinal cord, and nerves\n\nSection 6\n\nQuestion Answer\nSteps of Tissue RepairInflammation, Organization, Regeneration and Repair\nGerm layers from top to bottomEctoderm, Mesoderm, Endodern\nTypes of membranesMucous, serous, and cutaneous (skin)\n\nRecent badges
+__label__positive You are on page 1of 2\n\n\n1. Pneumocystis pneumoniae in AIDS: A) may have an extra pulmonary presentation\n\nB) is always associated with X-ray changes C) is caused by a bacterium D) elevated serum\nantibodies to P. carinii helpful diagnostically E) is best treated with intravenous pentamidine\n\n2.Regarding tetanus: A) failure to culture Clostridium tetani from the wound would make the\ndiagnosis doubtful B) infection confers lifelong immunity C) there is a characteristic EEG\nD) Clostridium-specific intravenous immunoglobulin is of no benefit once spasm has started\nE) cephalic tetanus causes severe dysphagia\n\n3. Recurrent genital herpes infection: A) is significantly helped by topical acyclovir B) tends to\n\ndiminish over time C) is due to herpes simplex virus 1 in the majority of cases D) is precipitated by\nmenstruation E) is not transmitted once the lesions are painless\n\n4. Cutaneous anthrax: A) causes a black eschar which overlies pus B) lesions are usually painful and\ntender C) lesions are associated with marked oedema D) has a mortality of 20% despite antibiotics\nE) is very likely to occur in people exposed to anthrax spores\n\n5. Complications of measles include: A) common occurrence of severe corneal ulceration\n\nB) cancrum oris C) higher incidence of acute appendicitis D) post-measles encephalopathy one\nmonth later E) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis occurs years after an attack of measles\n\n6. Chikenpox is associated with the following:- A) pnemonitis B) pancreatitis\n\nC) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis D) erythema marginatum E) cerebellar encephalopathy\n\n7. Cavitating pneumonia is characteristically caused by- A) histoplasmosis\n\nB) micropolysporum faenii C) legionella pneumonia D) mycoplasma pneumonia E) klebsiella spp.\n\n8. Falciparum malaria: A) acute infection is not associated with splenomegaly B) is associated with\nperiodic fever in a minority of cases C) has an incubation period of 8-15 days D) may present as a\ngastroenteritis E) may be treated with primaquine\n\n9. Corynebacterium diphtheriae A) may cause skin infection B) is most unlikely to cause infection\nin an individual with a positive Schick test C) mitis strain is generally more virulent than the intermedius\nstrain D) infection is often complicated by myocardial fibrosis after recovery from severe infection\nE) toxin is better absorbed through the nasal than the pharyngeal mucosa\n\n10. In amoebic dysentry: A) symptoms may resemble those of duodenal ulcer B) periods of\nalternating diarrhoea and constipation suggest an underlying carcinoma C) the motions have a\ncharacteristic sweet smell D) hepatic amoebiasis is a rare complication E) metronidazole is the\ntreatment of first choice\n\n11. The following are early features of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: A) Oliguria\n\nB) low C3 complement levels C) Convulsions D) focal glomerular lesions E) dyspnoea\n\n12. The following are features of Legionnaire's disease: A) it has a mortality of 15-20% in all cases\nB) it has an attack rate of approximately 5% C) it is caused by a gram negative bacillus\nD) fatal cases usually have renal failure E) patients who recover may have long term lung damage\nfrom the disease\n13. Insect borne diseases include: A) trypanosomiasis B) lymphogranuloma venereum\nC) Dengue fever D) onchocerciasis E) schistosomiasis\n\n14. In the CNS infected with the HIV: A) toxoplasma may give rise to focal neurological signs\nB) HIV may be isolated from brain tissue C) pyrazinamide is effective sole treatment\nD) Cyrptococcus neoformans most commonly cause cryptococcoma E) progressive multifocal\nleucoencephalopathy is a direct result of HIV virus\n\n15. The following typically cause multiple, painful genital ulcers: A) Circinate balanitis\nB) Herpes simplex C) Chancroid D) Primary syphilis E) Granuloma inguinale\n\n16. The follwing are true of rabies virus infection: A) it can be carried by foxes for several weeks\nB) it can be harmless to small animals C) it is found only in the brain at autopsy D) fatal infections\nalways make dogs mad E) it can have an incubation period longer than 6 months\n\n17. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV +ve individuals A) presents with bloody diarrhoea\n\nB) can produce upto 10 litres of liquid faeces per day C) is the commonest cause of diarrhoea in\nthese patients D) is effectively eradicated by spiramycin in the majority of cases\nE) can produce sclerosing cholangitis with inflammation and ulceration of intra and extra\nhepatic bile ducts\n\n18. Giardia lamblia infection: A) may be asymptomatic B) is usually waterborne\n\nC) is eradicated by mebendazole D) causes steatorrhoea E) diagnosed by stool culture\n\n19.The following are characteristic of tuberculoid leprosy: A) hypo-pigmented areas of skin\n\nB) skin smears yielding mycobacterium leprae C) thickened peripheral nerves\nD) symmetrical 'glove + stocking' anaesthesia E) a chronic ulcer on the sole of the foot\n\n20. Some of the features of infectious mononucleosis are: A) Vesicular rash on the neck and body\nB) Haemorrhagic spots on the palate C) Increased levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase)\nD) Arthritis E) Aseptic meningitis\n\n21. The following statements are true of typhoid fever: A) the initial clinical presentation may be\nmistaken for a psychiatric disorder B) spastic paraparesis is a recognised complication\nC) neutrophil leucocytosis is usually a feature during the first week of illness D) can treated\nsuccessfully with cefotaxime E) heart failure is a recognised complication\n\n22.Regarding HIV: A)Destroyed by Aldehyde B)Destroyed by Chlorhexidine C) ELISA test detect\n\nantigen D) CD4 cell count low within 7 days E) Zidovudine is an effective drug\n\n23.In kala Azar A) Sandfly is the vector and promastigote is the infected form. B)Culture is not\npossible in artificial laboratory media C) kedrowsky\u2019s bacilli is used for CFT D) Oppourtunistic\ninfections lead to fatality E) PKDL is not diagnosed serologically\n\n24. HIV reservoir in the body: A) Peripheral Blood B)Kidny C) Spleen D)Tonsil E)Lymph node.\n\n25.Rgarding infecive form of microbes:\n\nA) E. Histolytica\u2026\u2026..Mature Cyst\nB) Female mosquito infected with \u2026\u2026Sporozoite\nE)Strongyloides\u2026\u2026\u2026Filariaform larva.
+__label__positive Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum\n\nAsk Dr. Math\n\nCollege Archive\n\n\nThis page:\n\u00a0\u00a0modern algebra\u00a0checkmark\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Dr. Math\n\nSee also the\nInternet Library:\n\u00a0\u00a0modern algebra\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0linear algebra\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0modern algebra\n\nDiscrete Math\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0conic sections/\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0coordinate plane\n\nLogic/Set Theory\nNumber Theory\n\n\nBrowse College Modern Algebra\n\nStars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing.\n\nIntersection of Normal Subgroups [03/18/1999]\nHints for proving that the intersection of two normal subgroups is a normal subgroup.\n\nInverse of an Inverse [01/20/2002]\nIn a group, prove that (a^-1)^-1 = a for all a.\n\nInverse Quaternions [12/01/1999]\nHow do you calculate inverse quaternions? 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+__label__positive Language Acquisition\n\nLinguist Kenneth Wexler on human capacity for language, verb raising in French, and Noam Chomsky\u2019s Universal Grammar\n\nfaq | July 20, 2016\n\nLanguage is fascinating. It has a particular distinction among scientific topics; like other aspects of being human, it seems so available to us. We all know what language is, at least unconsciously, and we all use it. What we need to figure out in detail is this unconscious system that we are actually using to produce and understand our sentences and meanings. And for language acquisition, how does it develop? If the central property of biology is development, as is often stated, than at least one central property of language is its development. Language acquisition lies at the heart of the study of the human mind and the study of what we are as humans.\n\nExplanation of the Concept\n\nSimply put, language acquisition studies how new-born babies, who do not talk and do not understand, develop to the stage where they can understand and speak in extremely complicated ways. In order to explain this fact, we really have to understand that language acquisition is very much a biological process. So what language acquisition really means is, given that you have certain kind of biological capacity to learn language, how that capacity develops and how the properties of particular languages are learned. We think that all human beings have brains that are tuned to the content of language, and no other species has anything like human language.\n\nMain Problems\n\nThere are two parts to language acquisition. First is the expression of the biological capacity of human language, which all human beings have, in the same way that we have a biologically given capacity to see. Vision does not just involve the eyes; it involves much deeper apparatus. In order to see, to have object recognition, to understand scenes, all sorts of computations have to occur in the brain. That capacity to see is shared with a lot of other animals, almost all mammals, for example. We also have a capacity to pump blood (by our heart). The modern study of language acquisition regards the capacity for language in a similar sense. All sorts of computations have to occur in the brain in order to use language. Unlike vision, though, other species do not share language. Such species-specific capacities are also well-known in biology. Bats, unlike us, have sonar for navigation. Very few animals have sonar. It is a biologically given capacity. Baby bats do not have to discover sonar, it is a part of their brain. That is how we have language. We express our human potential in language.\n\nThe other part of the problem is that, for reasons that we do not understand (a mystery, really, subject to a large amount of speculation), there is more than one language. There are Russian, English, Swahili, and so on. There are thousands of possible human languages. These human languages all meet the biological concept of human language. So given that human beings really have this capacity, at the same time there are some differences between languages. These differences have to be learned. There is an environmental learning process which involves learning the particular customs of your own language. This learning process is strongly guided by the universal properties of the biological capacity of language.\n\nStages of Acquisition\n\nHow do we go from the newborn, who does not seem to have any of this, to a child 7 years later, who has most of it? One way to think about the problem is to consider sentences \u2013 what their structure is, what their meaning is, and how these properties get expressed over time. We know that very young children have quite a few capacities for language. But children do not begin producing sentences instantly. Normally when we think about what kids do when they first start talking, they say one word at a time. A newborn usually does not say anything; children do not begin actually speaking until they are about one year old \u2013 in some range between about 9 and 15 months old. They might say \u2018mama\u2019 or \u2018juice\u2019, for example.\n\nThey do not begin putting words together in their speech until about 18 months old, sometimes younger. Then they begin to have sentence-like patterns. The words have structure that seems to convey meaning in the way that sentences do. A child might say something like \u2018want juice\u2019, or \u2018want milk\u2019, or \u2018daddy home\u2019. Children can usually understand a little bit more than they can produce \u2013 comprehension precedes speech a little bit. But we have good evidence that children at 18 months old and even younger know all sorts of things about syntax, about the form of sentences.\n\nMethodology and a Case Study\n\nMethodology is a big part of the field. How do you get evidence from quite young children who would have difficulty following instructions, for example children younger than 2 years of age?\n\nWe study many different languages \u2013 e.g. English, German, Russian, French. What the field of language acquisition mostly wants to do is to study those properties of acquisition that seem to relate to important questions and we get the data from wherever we can get it. We can ask a specific question in some language, but that question might not be so easy to study in another language. For practical reasons, in some languages it is much easier to get data. If no scientists (linguists, psycholinguists) speak a language, it is often much harder to get data, so they are much less studied. You pick a language just like linguists do when they study adult language \u2013 you pick it on the basis of interesting questions.\n\nHere is an example about how we study children who are around 1.5-2 years old. These are children who are often in the \u2018two-word stage\u2019 (the one when they put two words together). It used to be thought that at this age kids did not know anything about tense, about how to put endings on verbs, etc. But they actually do.\n\nTense is the property of language (of its syntax) that is interpreted as the time of the reported action. \u2018Past\u2019 tense refers to actions that happened before \u2018now\u2019 [the time of speaking] and \u2018present\u2019 tense refers to actions that are happening now (or, in some languages, the future). Let us say the children are learning French. In French (see Fig. 1) if you want to have a sentence in the present, \u2018John is speaking\u2019, you say, \u2018Jean parle\u2019. To make the sentence negative we say, \u2018Jean ne parle pas\u2019, \u2018John is not speaking\u2019\u2019. We put a \u2018ne\u2019 in front of the verb and a \u2018pas\u2019 after. (Often the \u2018ne\u2019 is omitted, and almost always by very young children, so we\u2019ll only mention \u2018pas\u2019 from now on). If you use a verb with an infinitive (without any tense), it is \u2018parler\u2019 \u2013 \u2018parler fran\u00e7ais\u2019 \u2013 \u2018to speak French\u2019. If you want to make the sentence negative \u2013 \u2018to not speak French\u2019 \u2013 you say \u2018pas parler fran\u00e7ais\u2019. \u2018Pas\u2019 comes in front of the untensed verb. This is just a very small piece of French syntax, but it is going to play a role in what we learn about children. If the verb is tensed \u2013 it precedes \u2018pas\u2019, if the verb is untensed \u2013 it follows \u2018pas\u2019. This fact is explained by linguists by thinking that when the verb is tensed, it must move from a position after \u2018pas\u2019 to a position before \u2018pas\u2019. This movement is called \u2018raising.\u2019 Can a child of 18-24 months of age actually know about raising?\n\nNegation in French\nFig. 1\n\nWe use a classic method when one studies very young children. We take a child talking to his mother or father and record her speech with a tape-recorder (or a video-recorder, though before the1970s people just wrote things down). You record the natural speech of the child perhaps once a week for an hour for a period of time (a few months or a few years). What you wind up with is lots of data made up of the utterances of a child and a parent talking. In this case, we are interested in what the child says whenever she produces both a verb and \u2018pas\u2019. You now construct a two by two table \u2013 whether the verb is tensed/untensed and whether it precedes/follows \u2018pas\u2019. What these studies find is that whenever the verb is tensed, it always precedes \u2018pas\u2019 with a handful of exceptions in several hundred utterances. Furthermore, whenever the verb is untensed (is an infinitive, like \u2018parler\u2019), the verb almost always follows \u2018pas\u2019 (again, only a few exceptions). The child\u2019s productions are almost one hundred percent perfect; the exceptions look like some kind of measurement error. The tense of the verb always tells you whether or not \u2018pas\u2019 will precede or follow it. As young as we can measure (that is, from the beginning of the two word stage), children have almost perfect placement of \u2018pas\u2019 with respect to the tense of the verb. Furthermore, this small example has been replicated many times for different pieces of the syntax of simple sentences.\n\nScientists were quite surprised by this \u2013 how early the child masters a language particular process. This is one of many fundamental results of the modern study of language acquisition. Children\u2019s biological capacity allows for not only the expression of meaning in many different ways based on this capacity, but also of the learning of these quite subtle language-particular properties (such as whether the tensed verb raises or not). Previously scientists had thought that, this type of learning was error-ridden and prolonged, based on the struggles of an uninformed child.\n\nTwo Views on Language Acquisition\n\nAnother question is based on the fact that the biological framework for language comes from genetics. Genetics establishes in human beings the kind of brain that allows us to have what we call \u2018human language\u2019, what linguists call Universal Grammar. This is the brain\u2019s internal computational system of language, just as we have a visual system or some other kind of system. Is this all there when the child is born?\n\nLinguist Noam Chomsky on the syntactic principle of language, the linguistic capacity of humans, and the laws of physics behind snowflakes\nThe biolinguistic view (the one I work in) answers \u2018no\u2019. This view takes it for granted that language is a part of biology. What I personally believe is that it takes a certain amount of time for the properties of this system to develop; it probably takes several years. Some of this system is there at birth, some at a year and a year and a half, some of this only comes at four or five and there seem to be some properties that only develop around age seven. This property is sometimes called \u2018maturation\u2019, or \u2018biological development\u2019, or the \u2018genetic expression of language over time\u2019. It is just like many other biological systems, for example like the growth of teeth. The second set of teeth takes a certain amount of time to form. This time is not taken up by \u2018learning\u2019 to have a second set of teeth, but rather by biological development guided by genetics. The ability for language grows over time. And the way I think of it is that the youngest kids have a system which is a little restricted, it can express a little less when they are younger than when they get older.\n\nThere are probably a few people, mostly psychologists, who do not study the details of language. They have a kind of traditional view \u2013 traditional for American psychology \u2013 which is that children do not have anything special in them with regard to language or even cognition. There is no particular biological aspect of the brain that helps them to learn language. There are still some people who believe this, what is called an empiricist view. The view of these psychologists is that the kids can learn language simply by using their general learning abilities. Such a view is not very naturalistic. It does not ally itself with biology and genetics. It is also a very old view. It was popular in the heyday of American empiricism of the 1950s, and some scholars still adhere to it, although there are large numbers of empirical arguments against it.\n\nHistory of the Field: Philosophical Precedents\n\nThe expression of the biolinguistic theory goes back hundreds of years in Europe to some extent to the rationalist philosophers, like Leibniz and Kant, quite a few French philosophers, and in particular to what was called \u2018Port Royal Grammarians\u2019, who expressed this view several hundred years ago. That is where the term \u2018Universal Grammar\u2019 comes from: they thought that there is a particular universal design to natural language. And Chomsky brought his view back into the field, but he also moved it into the biological framework.\n\nThe other view, the one I called \u2018empiricist\u2019, also has a historical precedent \u2013 in empiricist philosophers. If we pick the most famous, they came from England and Scotland: David Hume, John Locke, George Berkeley \u2013 the empiricist philosophers who talked about learning from experience. They talked about how you learn particular things, for example, by the \u2018law of contiguity\u2019. If two ideas were next to each other (like when you saw two things together), then you associated them, for example \u2018the sun rising\u2019 and \u2018morning\u2019. So they had a kind of learning theory. Current psychologists are mostly (if not nearly always) empiricists, and they have this philosophical precedent.\n\nFuture Questions\n\nThere are very particular questions that people work on at any particular time. There are models and some theories. Even among the people who share the same general view, there are different properties worked on. I have only given the tiniest example of the kinds of questions that developmental psycholinguists and linguists work on. There is a rich world of phenomena and models, and exploration of the field would require a much longer article.\n\nPsychologist Ellen Bialystok on simultaneous learning of different writing systems, cognitive reserve, and multilingualism\nOne puzzling question is, with all this language variation, what is the actual computational mechanism that allows the child to learn the parameters that distinguish languages, for example whether the verb raises or not? It is a computational, a mathematical, a theoretical question, and we do not really have a good answer to it. It turns out that the \u2018learning\u2019 aspect of language is one of the most challenging, though not the most fundamental, question. What actually allows for the learning of the language particular aspects of grammar? We know that using the linguistic system, the universal genetically guided system is part of the answer. What is the more detailed mechanism \u2013 that is one open question.\n\nAnother big question is at what stage and age various aspects of grammar and semantics develop. How does the genetic system work? Why are some properties delayed and others aren\u2019t? And here we begin to do work that interacts with genetics.\n\nWe also want to know how a system breaks down. There is productive and insightful work on language impairments, such as Specific Language Impairment (SLI, where a child has a problem with language but no other cognitive impairment), language in autism, language in Williams syndrome, language in Down syndrome. These are all different patterns, and we want to know how linguistic development breaks down in each of these impairments, how that is related to different aspects of grammar, semantics and pragmatics. Think of it as a problem of development biology. Why do some things come late and what makes them come late? Why is the breakdown different in particular impairments?\n\nEdited by Polina Sandler\n\nProfessor Emeritus of Psychology and Linguistics in the Departments of Brain and Cognitive Science and Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT; co-founder of the MIT Language Acquisition Lab; Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\nDid you like it? 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+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nshow password\n\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know (0)\nKnow (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\nComp Review: Single\n\nComp. Review: Single\n\nHerbsActions & Effects\nWhat are the properties of Release the Exterior Herbs? warm, cool, acrid\nWhat are Ma Huang's actions? releases the exterior induces sweating, facilitates Lu Qi (cough, wheezing), promotes urination & reduces edema, warms to expel cold pathogens\nWhat is Gui Zhi? cinnamon\nWhat are Gui Zhi's actions? releases exterior, assists yang, unblocks channels for wind-cold, unblocks Yang Qi in chest, warms the channels, releases muscle layer; used for deficiency & sweating with no improvement in condition\nWhat is Zi Su Ye? perilla leaf\nWhich 2 herbs may be used together to treat seafood poisoning? Sheng Jiang & Zi Su Ye\nWhat are Zi Su Ye's actions? releases the exterior & expels cold, promotes movement of Qi in the chest, calms fetus for morning sickness, seafood poisoning\nWhat are Jing Jie's properties? slightly warm/neutral\nWhat are Jing Jie's actions? vents rash, releases the exterior, alleviates itching\nWhen charred, what does Jing Jie do? stops bleeding\nWhat \"temperature\" is Fang Feng? neutral\nWhat are Fang Feng's actions? expels WIND-DAMP, wind-cold or wind-heat, alleviates pain, stops spasms, (relieves itching)\nWhich relieves wind-itching better, Jing Jie or Fang Feng? Jing Jie\nWhat are Qiang Huo's actions? Releases exterior, guides Qi to upper body taiyang and and GV, for damp bi & joint excess\nCompare Qiang Huo with Du Huo. Du Huo guides to (and treats wind damp in) the lower body. Qiang Huo guides to the upper body anf treats Taiyang/occipital headaches.\nWhat does Gao Ben treat? vertex headaches caused by wind-cold-damp\nWhat are Bai Zhi's actions & effects? 1. Expels wind & alleviates pain, 2. expels wind invading the yang brightness/YANGMING channel, 3.OPENS NASAL PASSAGES/SINUS CONGESTION, 4. reduces swelling & expels pus, 5. alleviates DAMP-cold in the lower warmer & controls discharge (vaginal)\nWhat type of headache does Bai Zhi treat? yangming\nWhat \"temperature\" is Bai Zhi? warm\nWhat are Xi Xin's properties? acrid, warm-hot, toxic to Lv & Kd\nWhat is an appropriate daily dose of Xi Xin? 1.5 g/day\nWhat are Xi Xin's actions? expels cold, relieves pain, warms the Lungs, transforms thin mucous, treats Jueyin HAs, toothache\nWhat type of HA does Xi Xin treat? Jueyin (frontal/orbital/eye)\nName 10 warm, acrid, release-the-exterior herbs. 1. ma huang, 2.gui zhi, 3. zi su ye, 4. jing jie, 5. fang feng, 6. qiang huo, 7. gao ben, 8. bai zhi, 9. xi xin, 10. sheng jiang\nName 10 COOL, acrid release-the exterior herbs. 1. Bo He, 2. Niu Bang Zi, 3. Chan Tui, 4. Sang Ye, 5. Ju Hua, 6. Mang Jing Zi, 7. Dan Dou Chi, 8. Ge Gen, 9. Chai Hu, 10. Sheng Ma\nWhat are Bo He's properties? acrid, aromatic, cool\nWhich channels does Bo He enter? Lu & Lv\nWhat are Bo He's actions? 1.clears wind-heat with fever, cough, HA, red eyes, sore throat 2. courses constrained Lv Qi, 3.vents measles/rash\nWhat are Niu Bang Zi's 4 main actions? disperses wind-heat, benefits the throat, helps vent rashes, clears internal heat toxins\nWhat are Chan Tui's actions & effects? disperses wind & clears heat\nWhat is Chan Tui? cicada moltings\nWhat are Sang Ye's actions? clears wind-heat from the Lu w/ cough & fever, calms the Lv & clears the eyes, treats Lu dryness with cough, dry mouth, thick-yellow mucus\nWhat channels does Sang Ye enter? Lv & Lu\nWhat is Ju Hua? chrysanthemum\nCompare the actions of yellow, white and wild chrysanthemum. yellow - clears heat; white - Lv Yang; wild - carbuncles, antibacterial, swelling\nWhat are the actions of Ju Hua? clears eyes(red, swollen, dry), calms Lv & clears wind-heat\nWhat are the actions of Man Jing Zi? disperse wind and clears heat\nMan Jing Zi primarily treats pain in which two areas? head & eyes: HA & eye pain\nWhat is Dan Dou Chi? prepared soybean\nWhat does Dan Dou Chi treat (sx)? IRRITABILITY, restlessness, insomnia, chest after a febrile disorder\nWhat are Dan Dou Chi's actions? Release the exterior for hot or cold\nWhat are Ge Gen's actions? 1.releases the muscles, 2. vents rash & measles, 3. raises Sp yang, 4. acts as an envoy to the Du Mai to treat upper back & neck tightness, 5. stops diarrhea, 6. HTN\nWhat is the action of Ge Gen + Sheng Ma vents measles\nWhat are cool, acrid, release-the-exterior herbs that may be used to raise Sp yang? Ge Gen, Sheng Ma, Chai Hu\nWhat are Chai Hu's actions? clears heat in the muscle layer, spreads Lv Qi, tx Shaoyang disorder (reduces fever), raises Sp yang (hemorrhoids, prolapse, diarrhea)\nWhat are Sheng Ma's actions? raises (Sp) yang, vents measles (w/ ge gen), clears heat & relieves toxicity\nList 7 Clear Heat herbs. 1. Shi Gao, 2. Zhi Mu, 3. Zhi Zi, 4.Dan Zhu Ye, 5. Xia Ku Cao, 6. Lu Gen, 7. Jue Ming Zi\nWhat is a common name for Shi Gao? \"ice man\"\nWhat are Shi Gao's properties? sweet, acrid, very cold\nWhich channels does Shi Gao enter? Lu & St\nWhat are Shi Gao's actions? clear heat & drain fire (esp Lu heat & blazing St fire)\nWhat are Shi Gao's indications? High fever, 4 \"bigs\"\nShi Gao is commonly used to balance which warm herb? Ma Huang\nWhat are Zhi Mu's actions? clears the 4-bigs,enriches yin, generates fluids, tx yin def with empty heat (with huang bai)\nWhat are Zhi Zi's actions? clears heat, eliminates irritability, drains damp-heat (Lv & GB -- jaundice), cools blood & stops bleeding, reduces swelling\nZhi Zi may be used topically to treat what conditions? swollen joints, muscles, trauma\nWhat 3 herbs may be combined to treat jaundice? zhi zi, yin chen hao, da huang\nWhat are Dan Zhu Ye's actions & indications? clears heat, eliminates irritability, clears heat in the Ht & St channels to tx UTIs, promotes urination\nWhat are Xia Ku Cao's actions? clears Lv fire, brightens the eyes, dissipates nodules/swollen glands, treats hypertension\nWhat are Lu Gen's actions? clears heat (esp Lu & St), generates fluids (acts like an IV), promotes urination\nWhat are Jue Ming Zi's actions? clears Lv, benefits eyes, moistens intestines\nWhich herb is now used to prevent arteriosclerosis and to lower blood pressure and serum cholesterol? Jue Ming Zi\nList 7 Cool the Blood herbs. 1. Sheng Di Huang, 2. Xuan Shen, 3. Mu Dan Pi, 4. Zi Cao, 5. Di Gu Pi, 6. Bai Wei, 7. Yin Chai Hu\nWhat are Sheng Di Huang's properties? sweet, bitter, cold\nWhich channels does Sheng Di Huang enter? Ht, Kd, Lv\nWhat are Sheng Di Huang's actions? clear heat, cool blood, nourish yin, generate fluids\nWhat are Xuan Shen's actions? softens hardness, dissipates nodules (esp. neck), clears excess heat & empty heat, tx yin deficient sore throat, moistens dryness\nCompare Sheng Di Huang & Xuan Shen. Both clear heat, cool blood, nourish yin. Xuan Shen also drains fire & relieves toxicity, esp for swollen red eyes, sore throat, dissipates (phlegm fire) nodules(in the throat)\nWhat are Mu Dan Pi's actions? clears heat from excess/deficiency, invigorates blood & dispels blood stasis (amenorrhea, painful period) without injuring blood or yin\nWhat are Zi Cao's actions & indications? clears heat & cools blood, vents rashes, topically treats skin lesions, burns, vaginal; moistens intestines & unblocks bowels\nWhat Di Gu Pi's actions? drains fire from yin deficiency, nosebleeds, clears Lu heat (cough), eliminates both excess/deficiency heat, steaming bone disorder with sweating\nWhich herb is used to treat toothache from Kd Yin deficiency? Di Gu Pi\nDi Gu Pi is commonly combined with which herb? Mu Dan Pi\nWhat are Bai Wei's actions? clears heat & cools blood, treats yin deficient fevers, postpartum fevers, (recovery from febrile disorders; promotes urination, relieves toxicity)\nWhat does Yin Chai Hu do? clears heat from deficiency, reduces childhood nutritional impairment due to accumulation of heat\nWhat are the properties of Clear Heat & Dry Dampness herbs? bitter & cold\nList 6 herbs that Clear Heat & Dry Dampness. 1. Huang Qin, 2. Huang Lian, 3. Huang Bai, 4. Long Dan Cao, 5. Ku Shen, 6. Hu Huang Lian\nWhat are Huang Qin's actions? 1. clears heat, 2. dries dampness, 3. stops bleeding and quiets fetus, 4. drains UW fire & toxicity (high fever, irritability, thirst), 5. major herb for damp-heat in St & LI (diarrhea)\nWhich of the 3-yellow herbs is commonly charred to give it the ability to stop bleeding? Huang Qin\nIn which two channels does Huang Qin dry dampness? St & LI\nWhich less expensive herb may be substituted for Huang Lian? Hu Huang Lian\nWhich of the 3-yellows addresses lack of communication between which Ht & Kd? Huang Lian\nWhat are Huang Lian's actions? acts on MW, clears Ht fire, drains St fire, clears heat topically, Kd/Ht not communicating\nWhat are Huang Bai's actions? drains damp-heat from the LW, drains Kd fire (empty heat), treats leucorrhea, foul diarrhea\nWhich of the 3-yellows most strongly clears Ht fire? Kd fire? Ht fire -- Huang Lian; Kd fire -- Huang Bai\nWhat does Long Dan Cao do? drains damp-heat from the Lv & GB channels, drains excess Lv fire ; tx LW damp-heat/UTIs, similar to 4 yellows, tx jaundice, eyes, ears\nWhat are Ku Shen's actions? clears heat, dries damp, disperse wind, kills parasites, stops itching\nWhat are some of Ku Shen's indications? scabies, lice, skin disorders/sores, dysentery\nHow is Ku Shen used topically? to treat genital itching & discharge\nWhat are Hu Huang Lian's actions? clears excess & deficiency heat, cools blood, dries damp, drains damp-heat (dysentery, steaming bone)\nWhat type of HA does Qiang Huo treat? occipital/taiyang\nName 2 herbs that guide to the Du Mai. Qiang Huo and Ge Gen\nWhat are Sheng Jiang's actions? 1. releases the exterior & expels cold, 2. warms the middle for vomiting, 3. warms the Lu and stops cough\nWhat do cool, acrid, release-the-exterior herbs treat? Wind-Heat; Sx\nWhat symptoms does Chan Tui treat? loss of voice, superficial visual obstructions, spasms, night terrors, itching due to wind\nWhat sl warm herb may be used with Sheng Ma, Chai Hu, and/or Ge Gen to raise the Sp Yang? Huang Qi\nWhat are the symptopms associated with exterior heat? fever, chills, HA, thirst, moderate sweating, floating, rapid pulse\nWhat are the symptoms associated with interior heat? fever, NO chills, dry mouth, thirst, arritability, dark, scanty urine, yellow TC, constipation/diarrhea, abdominal distention\nHerbs that Clear Heat treat what type of heat? interior\nClear Heat herbs have what temperature? cold\nWhat are the symptoms treated by herbs that clear heat? dry throat, red face, dry stools, dark & scanty urine, yellow TC, rapid pulse, 5 palm heat\nWhat are the temperatures, tastes of Herbs that Cool the Blood? cold, bitter or sweet, salty\nHerbs that Cool the Blood clear heat at what 2 levels? Blood & Nutritive\nWhat symptoms are treated by herbs that Cool the Blood? scarlet tongue, irritability, restlessness\nBlood level heat damages what? injures yin & exhausts fluids\nName 2 Clear Heat herbs that treat both excess & deficient heat. Mu Dan Pi & Di Gu Pi\nWhat is a major herb for clearing damp-heat in the St & LI? Huang Qin\nClear Heat, Relieve Toxicity herbs primarily treat what? fever, hot swellings\nWhat is Jin Yin Hua? honeysuckle\nWhat are Jin Yin Hua's actions? disperses heat, clears toxicity, cools blood, stops bleeding; clears early-stage W-H and damp-heat in LW\nWhat are Lian Qiao's actions? cools heat, esp in Ht & UW, resolves toxicity, disperses clumps\nWhat does Da Qing Ye do? prevents common colds, cold sores, clears Qi & Blood levels\nWhat are Ban Lan Gen's primary actions? cools blood, benefits THROAT, anti-microbial\nWhat are Pu Gong Ying's actions? tx breast & intestinal abscesses, promotes lactation, facilitates urination, clears Lv & eyes for redness, swelling\nWhat is Ye Ju Hua? Wild chrysanthemum\nWhat does Ye Ju Hua treat? carbuncles/sores, wind-fire red eyes\nWhat does Bai Jiang Cao treat? INTESTINAL ABSCESSES/APPENDICITIS; invigorates blood for heat induced blood stasis, stops growth of CA\nWhat are 2 herbs that tx intestinal abscess? Pu Gong Ying, Bai Jiang Cao\nWhat does Bai Tou Weng treat? damp-heat in LI (dysentery)\nWhat is Bai Tou Weng? Pulsatilla\nWhat is Ma Chi Xian? Portulacca\nWhat does Ma Chi Xian treat? damp-heat, bacterial dysentery, clears heat, resolves toxicity, eases LI\nWhat does Yu Xing Cao treat? LUNG ABSCESS; clears heat toxins\nName three herbs that treat dysentery. Bai Tou Weng, Ma Chi Xian, Ya Dan Zi\nWhich herb treats plantar warts? Ya Dan Zi\nWhat does Ma Bo treat? Throat disorders due to wind-heat, fire toxins; used with Shan Dou Gen\nWhat does Ya Dan Zi treat? dysenteric disorders, warts (plantar & vaginal)\nWhat does Shan Dou Gen treat? swollen, painful throat, Lu CA\nWhat does She Gan treat? throat swellings; transforms phlegm in throat, Lu; pain & swelling due to fire excess or phlegm-heat\nWhat is She Gan? Iris\nWhat is the primary action of Clear Summerheat herbs? clear heat from deficiency\nWhat is He Ye? Lotus leaf\nWhat are He Ye's actions? raises Sp Yang, drains summerheat; tx diarrhea from summerheat\nWhat is Xi Gua? Watermelon\nWhat are Xi Gua's actions? generates fluids, promotes urination, releases heat from St channel\nIn what formula is Xi Gua found? Bai Hu Tang/ Natural White Tiger Decoction\nWhich 4 Clear Heat/Toxicity Herbs treat the throat? Ban Lan Gen, Shan Dou Gen, She Gan, Ma Bo\nWhich herb is used as a tea in summer to prevent or clear summerheat, esp when there is thirst? Lu Dou\nWhich summerheat herb is used to treat obesity? Lu Dou\nLu Dou is an antidote to what two items? Fu Zi and fava beans\nWhat does Bai Bian Dou treat? diarrhea & vomiting due to summerheat; strengthens Sp\nWhich 2 Summerheat herbs treat diarrhea? He Ye & Bai Bian Dou\nWhat are the 3 categories of Downward Draining Herbs? purgatives, moist laxatives, harsh expellants\nHow does Heat accumulation cause constipation? Heat depletes St/LI fluids; can present with high fever\nHow does Cold accumulation cause constipation? Cold interferes with the normal expulsion of stool; usually seen with systemic cold sx.\nName 2 purgative herbs. Da Huang, Mang Xiao\nWhat are Da Huang's actions? 1. guides heat downward, purges clumped heat in the LI, 3. cools the blood, 4. removes blood stasis 5. purges accumulations to tx constipation\nWhich of the downward draining herbs can be charred to stop bleeding? Da Huang\nWhat are Mang Xiao's actions? moistens dryness, softens hardness, (topically, promotes lactation; overuse stops lactation)\nName 2 Moist Laxative herbs. Huo Ma Ren & Yu Li Ren\nWhich of the Downward Draining Herbs can mildly tonify Yin? Huo Ma Ren\nWhich is stronger for treating constipation: Yu Li Ren or Huo Ma Ren? Yu Li Ren\nWhat are Huo Ma Ren's actions? 1. enriches yin fluids, 2. moistens dryness & unblocks dry constipation, 3. mildly tonifies yin; tx elderly yin deficient constipation\nWhich moist laxative herb is indicated for excess conditions? Yu Li Ren\nMoist laxative herbs treat constipation due to what causes? Blood, Yin or Qi deficiency\nHarsh Expellant herbs treat constipation due to what causes? stagnation of fluids in the thoracic or abdominal cavities\nwhat are the actions of harsh expellant herbs? drives out excess water; treats interior excess patterns\nWhat is a caution that must be considered when using harsh expellant herbs They can injure Yin.\nName 2 Harsh Expellant herbs. Qian Nui Zi & Gan Sui\nWhat does Qian Niu Zi treat? expels intestinal parasites, dispels intestinal accumulations; expels roundworms and tapeworms; unblocks and drains via urine & stool\nWhat does Gan Sui treat? Excess edema; induces severe watery diarrhea & promotes urination\nWith what is Gan Sui incompatible? Gan Cao\nWhich of the downward draining herbs is a violent cathartic? Gan Sui\nWhat is dampness? fluid accumulation in the body (thin mucous, edema, pathogenic water)\nWhat are the properties of Drain Dampness herbs? sweet & bland\nDrain Dampness herbs primarily enter which channels? Bl, Sp, Kd\nWhat are the signs of damp-heat? fever, burning sensations, dark or yellow secretions\nWhat are the main actions of Drain Dampness herbs? promote water metabolism, leach out dampness (diuretics)\nName 9 Drain Dampness herbs. 1. Fu Ling, 2. Zhu Ling, 3. Che Qian Zi, 4. Hua Shi, 5. Dong Kui Zi, 6. Yi Yi Ren, 7. Jin Qian Cao, 8. Ze Xie, 9. Yin Chen Hao\nWhat are 4 actions of Fu Ling? 1. tonifies Sp, 2. eliminates dampness, 3. promotes urination, 4. Calms the Ht\nWhat are 2 contraindications for Drain Dampness Herbs? Yin deficiency & depleted fluids\nCompare Fu Ling & Zhu Ling. Zhu Ling is a stronger diuretic. Zhu Ling has no tonifying effects.\nWhat does Che Qian Zi treat? 1.Damp-heat in the LW, promotes urination(tx leukorrhea, solidifies stool), 2. Clears Lu heat & expel phlegm to stop cough, 3. Clears red eyes from Lv heat\nWhat are Dong Kui Zi's actions? 1. unblocks hot, stone LIN, 2. benefits breast for insufficient LACTATION, 3. promotes urination 4. unblocks intestines & moves bowels\nName 3 actions of Yi Yi Ren. 1. promoes urination, strengthens Sp, clears heat\nWhat are Jin Qian Cao's actions? 1. Expels stones (Kd, Bl, GB), 2. drains damp, 3. clears heat, 4. eliminates jaundice\nWhich 3 herbs are called the \"golden herbs\"? Why? Jin Qian Cao, Hai Jin Sha, Ji Nei Jin; Jin=Gold\nWhat is Ze Xie's primary action? drains Kd fire (by promoting urination)\nYin Chen Hao's primary function is what? #1 herb to tx jaundice (tx Lv/GB damp-heat or cold)\nWhat are the 3 draining herbs in Liu Wei di Huang Wan? Fu Ling, Mu Dan Pi, Ze Xie\nWhat are the 3 tonifying herbs in Liu Wei di Huang Wan? (blank)\nWhat is the #1 herb to tx jaundice? Yin Chen Hao\nWhat is the primary herb to expel stones? Jin Qian Cao\nWhat is the nature of herbs that Dispel Wind-Dampness? aromatic, warm, drying\nDispel Wind Damp herbs treat what areas of the body? muscles, sinews, joints, bones; bi\nWhat are some cautions in the use of Dispel W_D herbs? Caution in patients w/ Blood or Yin deficiency\nName 5 herbs that dispel Wind-Dampness. Du Huo, Qin Jiao, Wei Ling Xian, Sang Zhi, Cang Er Zi\nWhat are 2 actions of Du Huo? guides to the lower body; alleviates Bi syndrome in low back & legs\nWhat are the properties of Qin Jiao? bitter, acrid, sl. cold\nWhat does Qin Jiao treat? HOT BI; acute or chronic, hot or cold Bi; alos, wind Bi aches & pains, relaxes sinews\nWhat is the taste of Wei Ling Xian? salty\nWhat is Wei Ling Xian? Clematis root\nWhat herb is best for softening fish bones lodged in the throat? Wei Ling Xian\nWhat herb is unique in its ability to treat hot Bi? Qin Jiao\nWhat does Wei Ling Xian do? softens fish bones, unblocks LW, releases exterior, promotes movement of Qi\nWhat does Sang Zhi do? dispels wind, unblocks channels in the UPPER EXTREMITIES to treat pain, numbness, itching\nWhat is Cang Er Zi's primary action? unblock nasal passages\nWhat are 2 other herbs frequently used with Cang Er Zi? BAI ZHI & xin yi hua\nWhat are some causes of phlegm that lead to cough? 1. Sp deficiency, 2. pathogenic heat, 3. Kd deficiency, 4. Lv Qi constraint, 5. Lungs are the receptacle for phlegm\nTransform Phlegm-Heat herbs treat what 2 kinds of phlegm?` phlegm heat & dry phlegm\nWhat are some conditions treated by transform phlegm herbs? epilepsy, goiter, scrofularia\nName 7 herbs that Transform Phlegm-Heat. 1. Qian Hu, 2. Gua Luo Ren, 3. Tian Hua Fen, 4. Zhu Ru, 5. Chaun Bei Mu, 6. Zhi Bei Mu, 7. Kun Bu\nWhat are the actions of Qian Hu DIRECT QI DOWNWARD; assists dissemination of Lu Qi, directs fire down, tx COUGH\nWhat are the actions of Chuan Bei Mu? clears heat, transforms phlegm, tx cough with fire due to YIN DEFICIENCY\nWhat are the actions of Zhi Bei Mu? clears heat, transforms phlegm for Lu heat patterns with productive cough\nCompare Chuan Bei Mu & Zhi Bei Mu. Chuan Bei Mu tx Yin def. heat; Zhi Bei Mu treats patterns with more heat.\nWhat is Gua Luo Ren? trichosanthis seeds\nWhat are Gua Luo Ren's actions? 1. moistens Lu & LI, 2. cools & transforms phlegm; tx cough w/ chest pain & thick mucous\nName 3 herbs that are used together to tx Lu abscess. Gua Luo Ren, Yu Xing Cao, Jie Geng\nWhat are the actions of Tian Hua Fen? 1. drains Lu heat, 2. generates fluids, 3. expels pus, 4. tx Yin deficient wasting & thirsting disorder\nWhat is Zhu Ru? bamboo shavings\nWhat are Zhu Ru's actions? 1. stops vomiting & directs rebellious St qi down, 2. clears Lu & St heat, 3. tx morning sickness\nName 4 transform Phlegm-Cold herbs. 1. Ban Xia, 2. Tian Nan Xing, 3. Bai Jie Zi, 4. Jie Geng\nWhat does Ban Xia do? 1. drains rebellious qi down (Er Chen Tang), 2. dries damp, 3. transforms phlegm-cold, 4. IMPERIAL HERB TO TREAT PHLEGM-DAMP DUE TO SP DEF.\nWhat are Ban Xia's contraindications? 1. bleeding, 2. cough due to yin deficiency, 3. depleted fluids\nWhich is drier & stronger, Ban Xia or Tian Nan Xing? Tian Nan Xing\nWhat does Tian Nan Xing treat? Dispels Wind to tx spasms, epilepsy, vertigo, facial paralysis; PRIMARY HERB TO TX WIND-PHLEGM\nWhat are Bai Jie Zi's actions? warms Lu, regulates qi, expels phlegm\nWhat sx are treated by Bai Jie Zi? coughing, wheezing, numb limbs caused by phlegm obstructing Qi flow\nBai Jie Zi can be used internally & externally to tx what? externally -joint pain, limb numbness; internally - asthma\nWhat are Jie Geng's actions? 1. opens & disperses Lu Qi, 2. expels phlegm, 3. stops cough, 4. benefits the throat, 5. guides to Lungs, 6. tx Lu abscess\nWhat are Kun Bu's actions? clears heat, transforms phlegm, promotes urination, tx neck nodules, scrofularia\nWhich 2 herbs are often used together to tx phlegm in the upper body? Kun Bu & Hai Zao\nName 4 Relieve Cough & Wheezing herbs. Xing Ren, Su Zi, Bai Bu, Sang Bai Pi\nWhat are Xing Ren's 2 major actions? 1. moisten intestines & unblock the bowels, 2. stop cough & wheezing for W-C attaking the Lu\nSu Zi treats what kind of wheezing? exhalation is worse than inhalation (therefore Lu not Kd def)\nWhat are Su Zi's 2 main actions? 1. directs Qi down to stop cough & wheezing, 2. moistens intestines & unblocks bowels\nWhat are Bai Bu's 2 main actions? 1. moistens Lu, stops cough, 2. expels parasites & kills lice\nWhat are Sang Bai Pi's 3 major actions? 1. drains heat from the Lu to stop cough & wheezing (w/ copiuos sputum), 2. promotes urination to reduce facial edema, 3. HTN\nWhat is the nature of Aromatic Transform Damp Herbs? acrid, warm, aromatic, dry\nWhat pattern & sx are are tx by Aromatic Transform Damp Herbs? Stagnation in the MW -- distention in abdomen, nausea, vomiting, spitting up sour fluids, loss of appetite\nWhat cautions must be taken into accoutn when using Aromatic Transform Damp herbs? They can exhaust Qi & injure Yin.\nName 4 Aromatic Transform Phlegm herbs. Huo Xiang, Huo Po, Cang Zhu, Sha Ren\nWhat does Huo Xiang treat? nausea & vomiting caused by damp\nWhat is Hou Po? magnolia bark\nWhat are Huo Po's actions? Moves qi, relieves stagnation to tx vomiting & diarrhea, distention & fullness cuased by EXCESS\nWhat is Cang Zhu? black atractylodes\nWhat are Cang Zhu's actions? strongly dries damp & strengthens Sp; induces sweating & dispels W-D; clears LW damp-heat pouring down(foul smelling vaginal discharge)\nCompare Bai Zhi & Cang Zhu. Cang Zhu is much drier\nIn what formula is Cang Zhu used to tx foul smelling vaginal discharge? Er Miao San\nWhat is Sha Ren? Cardamom\nWhat are Sha Ren's actions? promotes movement of qi, calms fetus, prevents tonifying herbs from causing stagnation\nName 3 herbs used to prevent tonifying herbs from causing stagnation. Chen Pi (Lu), Sha Ren (digestion), Mu Xiang (LW)\nWhat is the nature of Regulate Qi herbs? aromatic or warm, acrid, dispersing or drying\nWhat channels do Regulate Qi herbs enter? Lv & St\nWhat do Regulate Qi herbs do? 1. Regulate Qi & Strenthen Sp, 2. Spread constrained Lv Qi, 3. dissipate nodules & direct rebellious Qi down\nName 9 Regulate Qi herbs. Chen Pi, Qing Pi, Zhi Shi, Zhi Ke, Xiang Fu, Mu Xiang, Wu Yao, Chen Xiang, Chuan Lian Zi\nWhat are Chen Pi's actions? 1. prevents stagnation caused by the cloying nature of tonifying herbs, 2. moves Qi (for Sp/St stagnant Qi)\nChen Pi is often used with what herb to dry damp-phlegm? Ban Xia\nWhat are Qing Pi's actions? 1. directs downward, 2. breaks stagnant Qi & dissipates clumps, 3. harmonizes St, 4. treats pain in the chest/breast problems due to stagnation; 5. dires damp, transforms phlegm\nWhat are Zhi Shi's actions? 1. breaks up stagnant Qi, 2. transforms phlegm & focal distention for abdominal/epigastric pain; acts STRONGLY & QUICKLY\nCompare Zhi Ke to Zhi Shi. Zhi Ke is milder, tx digestive problems, direct qi down to unblock the bowels & tx focal distention\nWhat does Xiang Fu treat, primarily? GYN disorders -- spreads & regulates Lv Qi/menstruation, alleviates pain, promotes the flow of Qi\nWhat are 4 main actions of Mu Xiang? 1. helps prevent cloying, 2. alleviates pain in St/Sp, 3. eliminates food stagnation, 4. regulates Qi in LI\nWhat is Wu Yao? linera\nWhat are Wu Yao's actions? alleviates pain, warms Kd to tx freq urination, disperses cold works in all 3 warmers\nWhat does Chen Xiang treat? 1. alleviates pain in epigastrum/abdomen, 2. directs qi down for wheezing, vomiting, belching, 3. helps Kd grasp Qi to tx asthma, wheezing with inhalation problems\nWhat are Chaun Lian Zi's actions? moves Qi, stops pain, dires damp, regulates Qi, esp w/ Lv/St disharmony\nWhat are some sx that Chuan Lian Zi treats? hernia, kills parasites (roundworms, tapeworms\nWhat is Chen Xiang? aloeswood\nName 3 herbs that relieve food stagnation. Shan Zha, Mai Ya, Lai Fu Zi\nWhat type of food stagnation does Shan Zha treat? meat or greasy food\nWhat are Shan Zha's properties? sour & sweet\nWhen used raw, what does Shan Zha treat? HTN & cholesterol\nWhat type of food stagantion does Mai Ya treat? starchy food\nWhen used raw or stir fried, what does Mai Ya do? inhibits lactation\nWhat are Lai Fu Zi's actions? 1. transforms phlegm, reduces food stagnation, 3. promotes flow of Qi in Lu, Sp, LI, 4. eliminates accumulations, 5. counteracts ginseng overdose\nWhat are the 3 general Blood pathologies? bleeding, blood stasis, blood deficiency\nWhat are the 3 categories of herbs to regulate blood? Stop bleeding, regulate blood, tonify blood\nWhat are 3 reasons for bleeding? 1. Sp fails to hold the blood; leaks out of vessels, 2. excess yang pushes blood out (fire or asc yang); reckless bleeding of hot blood due to yin def.; 3. Blood stasis obstructing normal passageways of blood -- blood follows Qi\nWhat pathology causes bleeding in the upper body? lower body? upper body -- ascendant Yang; lower body -- sinking Sp Qi\nCreated by: sralph
+__label__positive Busy. Please wait.\n\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nshow password\n\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\n\nRemove ads\nDon't know (0)\nKnow (0)\nremaining cards (0)\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\n\nAlexis Science Review\n\nCarbon _____________ through the carbon cycle. flows\nWhat is a carnivore? Meat eating animal\nWhat is a herbivore? plant eating animal\nwhat is bacteria? smallest organisms on earth\nWhat is nitrogen used for? Cycles of matter\nWhat happens to the amount of energy when you move from the bottom of an energy pyramid to the top? It decreases\nHow population spacing classified? How the organisms are arranged in a given area\nGive examples of fossil fuel: Coal, oil, and natural gas\nGive examples of renewable resources: Sun, wind, water, and geothermic energy\nGive examples of non-renewable resources: Coal, oil, and natural gas (fossil fuel)\nWhat are some examples that produces electricity without polluting: Solar power\nWhat is the energy source that causes the least amount of damage: Wind\nWhat is the largest source of usable water? One percent (1%); groundwater under the earths surface\nWhat is groundwater? Water found under the earths surface\nWhat is surface water? Water found in rivers, lakes, oceans, and reservoirs.\nWhere do people usually build cities? Near large bodies of water\nForests absorb_____________ to prevent global warming. CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)\nWhat is a soft, brown coal called? Lignite\nWhat is a type of geothermic energy source? Geysers\nWhat is fuel used in a nuclear power plant? Uranium\nWhat is a drawback to using nuclear fuel? It produces the greatest amount of waste\nWhat is splitting the nuclei of certain elements? fusion\nWhat converts energy from the Sun into energy? Solar cells\nAtoms are normally neutral electronically neutral because? The protons which have a positive charge (+) and the electrons have a negative charge (-) cancel each other out\nWhen will objects attract one another? When they have an opposite charge\nGive some examples of conductor? Metal, copper\nWhen does an electrical field get stronger? When they get closer to the charge\nWhy is copper used in household wiring? It is a good conductor\nWhen the resistance in a electrical circuit increases, the current flowing in the circuit will do what? Increases\nWhat is the equation for power? Power = (Current) x (Voltage)\nResistance is measures in what? Ohm's\nWhat is a circuit breaker used for? To limit the amount of current in the wire.\nWhat unit does electrical companies sell energy? Kilowatts\nFossil fuel are the ancient decaying remains if ________ ? plants and animals\n____________ is produced by splitting nuclei of certain elements. Nuclear energy\nThe introduction of harmful waste products, chemicals, and substances into the environment is called? Pollution\nPollution that comes from many different sources is called _____________ pollution. non-point source\nWhat kind of power would a large dam generate? hydroelectric\n____________ is heat energy from Earth Geothermic energy\nWhat gases released by burning oil and coal mix with water in the air form, they form__________? Acid rain\nA(n) __________ is a mineral resources found in large enough quality to be mined at a profit. Ore\nResources that cannot be replaced by natural processes in 100 years or less are called _______? nonrenewable\n___________ is the energy from the Sun. Solar energy\nWhat is the water called that soaks into the ground and collects in small spaces between bits of rock and soil? groundwater\nWhich is the following renewable energy resource cause the greatest waste hazard? nuclear\n_____________ is the careful use of resources with the goal of reduces damage to the enviroment Conservation\nHow many years do scientist estimate we have left of our valuable reserves of oil? 30-40 years\nOnce oil and natural gas have been formed, they will begin to ________ through the sourounding rock and pore water. move upward\nAccourding to your textbook, the best solution for air pollution is_____________? better air cleaning methods\nPlants and animals that die today need ___________ years to become fossil fuels millions\nDisadvantages to using solar energy include__________? dependence on weather\nDisadvantages to using wind energy include__________? limited to certain regions\nWhat is the difference between trees and forests as renewable or nonrenewable resources? Trees are renewable, but forests are not.\nWhy is land a renewable resource? It can be used over and over again\nHow much of earths total water supply is usable to humans? Only 1%\nWhat is the study of interactions among organisms and their environments? ecology\nThis is the non living parts of the environment abiotic factor\nliving or once living organisms that live in the environment biotic factor\nall the members of one species that live together popullation\ngroups of populations that interact with eachother in a given area community\nmade uo of biotic community and the abiotic factors that affect it ecosystem\nthe part of Earth that supports life biosphere\nthe number of individuals in a population that occupy a definite area popullation density\nany biotic or abiotic factor that limits the numbers of individuals a popullation limited factor\nany close interaction between two or more different species symbiosis\nthe role or job, of an organism in the ecosystem niche\na place where an organism lives habitat\nis a model, a simple way of showing how energy, in the from of food, passes from one organism to another food chain\na series of overlapping food chains that exist in the ecosystem food web\ninvoles the processes evaporation, condinsation, and precipitation water cycle\nis an energy resource formed from the decayed remains of ancient plants and other organisms fossil fuel\nharmful waste products chemicals,and substances found in the enviroment pollution\nis producted when gases released, by burning oil and coal mix with, water, in the air to form acidic rain or snow acid rain\nresources that cannot be replaced by natural processes in less than about 100 years nonrenewable\nenergy resources that can be recycled or replaced by natural processes in less than about 100 years renewable\nenergy from the sun that is nonpolluting solar energy\nproduction of electricity using water hydroelectric power\nthe heat from the magma and hot rock that surrounds it geothermal energy\nproduced by splitting the nuclei of certain elements nuclear energy\nwater that soaks into the ground and collects in small spaces groundwater\nsome pollution comes from a single, identifiable source point source\na source of pollution that can't be traced back to an location nonpoint source pollution\nteh careful use of resources with the goal of reducing damage to the enviroment conservation\nmineral resource that canbe mined at a profit ore\na positively or negatively charged atoms ion\nthis imbalance of static charge on a object static charge\nall charged objects that exert this on each other electric force\nelectric charges exert a force on each other at a distance electric field\na material in which electrons cannot move insulator\nmaterials that are conductors contain electrons that can move more easily conductor\na rapid movement of excess charge from one place to another electric discharge\nthis source of electric energy comes from this, which is the flow of electric charge electric current\nelectric charges will flow continuosly only through a closed conducting loop circuit\nof a batterie is a measure of how much electric potential energy each electron can gain voltage\nthe measure of how different it is for electrons to flow through a material resistance\na circuit that has only one path for electrons to follow series circuit\na circuit that has more than one path for the electric current to follow parallel ciruit\nthe rate at which an appliance converts electric energy to another form of energy electric power\nCreated by: marcrobertdillon
+__label__positive USMLE-like pharmacology quiz. Part 1: general principles\n\nThe following are multiple choice questions in a style similar to those included in the USMLE step 1. The main topic here is basic principles of pharmacology. This quiz has been uploaded to Scribd by medical student James Lamberg. The answers can be found in link at the end of this post.\n\nNote: the words underlined don\u2019t mean right answer but link to another page.\n\n1 \u2013 Introduction to Pharmacology: Basic Principles\n1) Which of the following is NOT part of the etymology of the word pharmacology?\na) Medicine\nb) Drug\nc) Herb\nd) Poison\ne) Study\n\n2.1) Which of the following describes an agonist?\na) Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its\nchemical action\nb) A specific regulatory molecule in the biologic system where a drug interacts\nc) A drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates cellular activity\nd) A drug that binds to a receptor and inhibits or opposes cellular activity\ne) A drug directed at parasites infecting the patient\n2.2) Xenobiotics are considered:\na) Endogenous\nb) Exogenous\nc) Inorganic poisons\nd) Toxins\ne) Ligands\n2.3) Which of the following would be a toxin (poison of biological origin)?\na) Pb\nb) As\nc) Hg\nd) Atropine\n2.4) The vast majority of drugs have molecular weights (MW) between 100 and 1,000.\nLarge drugs, such as alteplase (t-PA), must be administered:\na) Into the compartment where they have their effect\nb) Orally so they do not absorb too quickly\nc) Rectally to prevent irritation to the stomach lining and vessels\nd) Via the intraosseous (IO) route\ne) Titrated with buffering agents to prevents cell lysis\n2.5) Which of the following occurs with drugs that are extremely small, such as Lithium?\na) Receptor mediated endocytosis\nb) Minor drug movement within the body\nc) Vasodilation when injected intravenously (IV)\nd) Specific receptor binding\ne) Nonspecific binding\n2.6) Drugs fit receptors using the lock and key model. Covalent bonds are the ____ and\nthe ____ specific.\na) Strongest; Most\nb) Strongest; Least\nc) Weakest; Most\nd) Weakest; Least\n\n2.7) Warfarin (Coumadin) is given as a racemic mixture with the S enantiomer being four\ntimes more active than the R enantiomer. If the mixture of Warfarin given is 50% S and\n50% R, what is the potency compared with a 100% R enantiomer solution?\na) 4 * R + 1 * S = 1\nb) 4 * R + 1 * S = 1.5\nc) 4 * R + 1 * S = 2\nd) 4 * R + 1 * S = 2.5\ne) 4 * R + 1 * S = 4\n2.8) What determines the degree of movement of a drug between body compartments?\na) Partition constant\nb) Degree of ionization\nc) pH\nd) Size\ne) All of the above\n3.1) Which of the following is NOT a protein target for drug binding?\na) Side of action (transport)\nb) Enzymes\nc) Carrier molecules\nd) Receptors\ne) Ion channels\n3.2) Which of the following is an example of a drug acting directly through receptors?\na) Protamine binds stoichiometrically to heparin anticoagulants\nb) Adrenergic beta blockers for thyroid hormone-induced tachycardia\nc) Epinephrine for increasing heart rate and blood pressure\nd) Cancer chemotherapeutic agents\ne) Mannitol for subarachnoid hemmorhage\n4.1) What is added with drug subclassification, such as an antitubercular drug versus an\nantibacterial drug?\na) Cost\nb) Size\nc) Ionization\nd) Precision\ne) Speed\n4.2) What type of drug is propranolol (Inderal)?\na) Anticonvulsive\nb) Antihypertensive\nc) Antinauseant\nd) Antihistamine\ne) Antipyretic\n5.1) Which of the following is considered the brand name?\na) Propranolol\nb) Inderal\nc) Adrenergic \u00df-blocker\nd) \u201coff label\u201d use\ne) Blocks \u00df-receptors in heart myocardium\n5.2) Which of the following is considered the class?\n\na) Propranolol\nb) Inderal\nc) Adrenergic \u00df-blocker\nd) \u201coff label\u201d use\ne) Blocks \u00df-receptors in heart myocardium\n5.3) Which of the following cases would be contraindicated for propranolol (Inderal)?\na) Hypertension\nb) Essential tremor\nc) Angina\nd) Tachycardia\ne) Asthma\n5.4) Which of the following adverse effects (side-effects) is NOT commonly seen with\ncholinergic antagonists?\na) Blurred vision\nb) Confusion\nc) Miosis\nd) Constipation\ne) Urinary retention\n6.1) The drug chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) is risky for which of the following?\na) Neonates\nb) Geriatric patients\nc) Adult males\nd) Obese patients\ne) Congestive heart failure patients\n6.2) How does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) change after the age of 40?\na) Increase 1% each year\nb) Increases 2% each year\nc) Decreases 1% each year\nd) Decreases 2% each year\ne) Does not depend on age\n6.3) A decrease in renal and liver function, as seen in the elderly, would prolong drug\nhalf-life, ____ plasma protein binding, and ____ volume of distribution.\na) Increase; Increase\nb) Decrease; Decrease\nc) Increase; Decrease\nd) Decrease; Increase\n6.4) When prescribing isoniazid (Rimifon), pharmacogenetics must be considered as\n>90% of Asians and certain other groups are ____ acetylators, and thus have a ____\nblood concentration of a given dose and a decreased risk of toxicity.\na) Slow; Increased\nb) Slow; Decreased\nc) Fast; Increased\nd) Fast; Decrease\n6.5) Which of the following are the two modifying factors that contribute to why women\nhave higher blood peak concentrations of alcohol than men when consuming equivalent\n\na) Lower blood volume & increased hormones\nb) Lower fat content & more gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)\nc) Higher fat content & more gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)\nd) Lower fat content & less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)\ne) Higher fat content & less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)\n\nComplete PDF file with answers\n\nMore USMLE pharmacology questions\n\nTechnorati : , ,\n\nIllustrated Psychopharmacology Lectures in Your Inbox\n\n  \u2022 Concise and illustrated presentations.\u00a0\n  \u2022 Practical tips for mental health professionals.\n\n\n\n
+__label__positive Induction Motor | Operation, Types, Application\n\nInduction Motor\n\nInduction machines are also called asynchronous machines i.e., the machines which never run at a synchronous speed. Whenever we say induction machine we mean to say induction motor. Induction motors may be single-phase or three-phase.\n\nThe single-phase induction motors are usually built in small size (up to 3 H.P). The three-phase induction motors are the most commonly used a.c. motors in the industry because they have simple and rugged construction, low cost, high efficiency, reasonably good power factor, self-starting torque, and low maintenance. Almost more than 90% of the mechanical power used in industry is provided by three-phase induction motors.\n\nAlthough, 3-phase induction motors are invariably applied in the industry for bulk power conversion from electrical to mechanical. But for small power conversion, 1-phase induction motors are mostly used. These motors perform a variety of services in the home, office, business concerns, factories, etc. Almost in all the domestic appliances such as refrigerators, fans, washing machines, hair driers, mixers, etc., only 1-phase induction motors are applied.\n\nDC Motor \u2013 Definition, Working Principle, Types\n\nPrinciple of Operation\n\nThe principle of operation of the induction motor is based on generating a rotating constant magnetic field. Within a 3 phase motor, this is achieved by orientating the three coils 120 physical degrees apart in space, and imposing 3 phase voltages on the windings also separated in time by 120 electrical degrees. As will be shown later, this results in a constant amplitude magnetic flux rotating at the frequency of the supply for a two-pole motor.\n\nThis rotating magnetic field interacts with a set of conductors arranged on the rotor, and is short-circuited at the ends with two rings. These are shown in Figure, and as it looks like a squirrel cage, it gives the motor its name (Squirrel cage induction motor, SCIM). This interaction between the magnetic fields and the conductor induces a current in the bars. This induction action is what gives the motor its name, and makes it similar to the transformer action, in the fact that a voltage is induced into the rotor (sometimes called secondary) by current flowing in the stator (sometimes called the primary). A current flows in the conductors of the rotor, through the short-circuiting rings at the end. This current in turn produces a magnetic field. It is the Interaction between the rotor magnetic field and the squirrel cage bars that induces the torque and causes rotation.\n\nBut in induction motor, we give only one supply, so it is really interesting to know how It works. It is very simple, from the name itself we can understand that there is an induction process that occurred. Actually, when we are giving the supply to the stator winding, the flux will generate in the coil due to the flow of current in the coil. Now the rotor winding is arranged in such a way that it becomes short-circuited in the rotor itself. The flux from the stator will cut the coil in the rotor and since the rotor coils are short-circuited, according to Faraday\u2019s law of electromagnetic induction, the current will start flowing in the coil of the rotor.\n\nWhen the current will flow, another r flux will get generated in the rotor. Now there will be two fluxes, one is stator flux and another is torque flux and the rotor flux will be lagging to the stator flux. Due to this, the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic flux. So the speed of the rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the speed can be controlled by varying the input supply. This is the working principle of an induction motor of either type.\n\nTypes Induction Motor\n\nSingle Phase Induction Motor\n\n  1. Split phase motor\n  2. Capacitor start motor\n  3. Capacitor start capacitor run motor\n  4. Shaded pole motor\u00a0\u00a0\n\nThree Phase Induction Motor\n\n  1. Squirrel cage motor\n  2. Slip ring motor\u00a0\n\nA Single-phase induction motor is not self-starting and a three-phase induction motor is self-starting. So what is self-starting? When the machine starts running automatically without any external force to the machine, then it is called self-starting. For example, we see that when we press the key the fan starts to rotate automatically, so it is self-starting. Point to be noted that fan used in home appliances is single phase induction motor but it is self-starting. How? We will discuss how.\n\nIn a three-phase system, there are three single-phase lines with a 120\u00b0 phase difference. So the rotating magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make the rotor move. If we consider three phases a, b, and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor will move towards the phase a winding, in the next moment phase b will get magnetized and it will attract the rotor and then phase c. So the rotor will continue to rotate.\n\nConstruction of 3-Phase Induction Motors\n\nThe three-phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by three-phase induction motors because of their simple and rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, absence of a commutator, and good speed regulation. In a three-phase induction motor, the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through induction. The induction motor is also called the asynchronous motor as it runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.\n\nLike any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator :\n\n1. Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of the induction motor. A stator winding is placed in the stator of the induction motor and the three-phase supply is given to it.\n\n2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of an induction motor. The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft.\n\nConstruction of 3-Phase Induction Motor\nConstruction of 3-Phase Induction Motors\n\nThe rotor of the three-phase induction motor is further classified as:\n\n  1. Squirrel cage rotor\n  2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor\u00a0\n\nDepending upon the type of rotor construction used the three-phase induction motor are classified as:\n\n  1. Squirrel cage induction motor\n  2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor\n\nThe other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor, are:\n\n  1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.\n  2. Bearing for supporting the rotating shaft.\n  3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of that during its rotation. In order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.\n  4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.\n  5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually from 0.4 mm to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.\n\nThe stator of Three Phase Induction Motor\n\nThe stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of three main parts:\n\n  1. Stator frame\n  2. Stator core\n  3. Stator winding or field winding\u00a0\n\nA detailed discussion of these main parts is given below.\n\nStator Frame\n\nIt is the outermost part of the three-phase induction motor. Its main function is to support the stator core and the field winding. It acts as a covering and provides protection and mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the induction motor. The frame is either made up of die-cast or fabricated steel. The frame of the three-phase induction motor should be very strong and rigid as the air gap length of the three-phase induction motor is very small, otherwise, the rotor will not remain concentric with the stator, which will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.\n\n\u00a0Stator Core\n\nThe main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated. These laminated types of structure are made up of stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping is stamped together to form a stator core, which is then housed in a stator frame. The stamping is generally made up of silicon steel, Which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss occurring in the motor.\n\nStator Winding or Field Winding\n\nThe slots on the periphery of the stator core of the three-phase induction motor carry three-phase windings. This three-phase winding is supplied by a three-phase ac supply. The three phases of the Winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which type of starting method is used. The squirrel cage motor is mostly started by stator star delta stater and hence the stator of squirrel cage motor is delta connected. The slip ring three-phase induction motor is started by inserting resistances so, the stator winding of the slip ring induction motor can be either in star or delta. The winding wound on the stator of a three-phase induction motor is also called field winding and when this winding is excited by a three-phase ac supply it produces a rotating magnetic field.\n\nTypes of Rotor\n\nSquirrel Cage Rotor:\n\nThe rotor of the squirrel cage three-phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape and has slots on its periphery. The slots are not made parallel to is e other but are a bit skewed (skewing is not shown in the figure below of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working f motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminium, brass or copper \u2013 bars. These aluminium, brass, or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor.\n\nSquirrel Cage Rotor\nSquirrel Cage Rotor\n\nThe rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end rings. In order to provide mechanical strength, these rotor conductors are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling a cage and hence got its name as \u201csquirrel cage induction motor\u201d. The squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor resistance is very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently shorted.\n\nThe absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of squirrel cage three-phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence widely used three-phase induction motor. These motors have the advantage of adapting any number of pole pairs. The below diagram shows the squirrel cage induction rotor having aluminum bars short-circuited by aluminum end rings.\n\nAdvantages of squirrel cage induction rotor:\n\n  1. Its construction is very simple and rugged.\n  2. As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.\n\n\nSquirrel cage rotor is used in lathes, drilling machines, fans, blower printing machines, etc\n\nSlip ring or wound rotor:\n\nIn this type of three phase induction motor, the rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of stator but it has less number of slots and has less turns per phase than a heavier conductor. The rotor also carries star or delta winding similar to that of the stator winding. The rotor consists of a number of slots and rotor winding is placed inside these slots. The three end terminals are connected together to form a star connection. As its name indicates three phases slip ring induction motor consists of slip rings connected on the same shaft as that of the rotor. The three ends of three-phase windings are permanently connected to these slip rings.\n\nSlip ring or wound rotor\nSlip ring or wound rotor\n\nThe external resistance can be easily connected through brushes and slip rings and hence used for speed control and improving the starting torque of the three-phase induction motor. The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor winding. These brushes are further connected to three-phase star-connected resistances. At starting, the resistance is connected to the rotor circuit and is gradually cut out as the rotor picks up its speed. When the motor is running the slip ring is shorted by connecting a metal collar, which connects all slip rings together and the brushes are also removed. This reduces the wear and tear of the brushes. Due to the presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor construction becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less used as compared to squirrel cage induction motor.\n\nAdvantages of slip ring rotor:\n\n  1. It has high starting torque and low starting current.\n  2. Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.\n\n\nSlip ring induction motors are used where high starting torque is required i.e., in hoists, cranes, elevators, etc.\n\nRelated Post
+__label__positive I\u2019m late, I\u2019m late for a very important\u2026. Dastardly Trivia!!!\n\n1. What are the colors of the flag of Ireland?\n\na. blue, green, orange\nb. green, white, orange\n\n2. What gift do you get when you kiss the Blarney Stone?\n\na. The gift of gab (eloquence)\nb. the gift of gold\n\n3. What does Mac in an Irish surname?\n\na. Son of\nb. related to
+__label__positive Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nBeside *10^n, is there a faster way to add thousands of zeros to end of a number?\n\n\n\nIn[230]:= First[Timing[prime*10^100000000]]\n\nOut[230]= 3.625\n\nIn[25]:= First[\n   Join[IntegerDigits[prime], ConstantArray[0, 100000000]]]]]\n\nOut[25]= 7.547\n\n\nAccording to Mr.Wizard answer:\n\nIn[46]:= First[Timing[2213*1*^200000000]]\n\nOut[46]= 0.015 (* The real timing on the clock is 5 seconds *)\n\nIn[45]:= First[Timing[2213*10^200000000]]\n\nOut[45]= 5.11\n\nIn[3]:= First[Timing[ToExpression[\"2213*1*^200000000\"]]]\n\nOut[3]= 5.078\n\nBut the strange thing is that by using special 1*^ notation, the reported timing is almost zero while by clock it takes roughly the same time of 10^n. Maybe Timing function doesn't take Mathematica built-in notations into account.!!\n\nUpdated 2\n\nYet The fastest method to beat native *^10 adding zero method is by shifting, even though the improvement is very tiny.\n\nIn[16]:= First[Timing[1223*10^100000000]]\n\nOut[16]= 2.625\n\nIn[17]:= First[Timing[BitShiftLeft[1223*5^100000000, 100000000]]]\n\nOut[17]= 2.547\nshare|improve this question\nCan you provide the problem example where performance suffers from slow expanding of number by zeroes at its end? \u2013\u00a0 Piotr Semenov Nov 24 '12 at 12:35\nIn the Karatsuba multiplication where number = A*10^n + B and numbernumber = AA*10^2n + 2AB*10^n + BB. n can be very large. \u2013\u00a0 Mohsen Afshin Nov 24 '12 at 13:02\nI think there is no way to improve this thing in Mathematica: 1) obviously, translation to/from list representation of integers makes your code slower. 2) using Compile also will give no effect because you use very big numbers those cannot be fitted by machine numbers. Mathematica is well suited for symbolic computations and prototyping of numerical algorithms but not for great numerical performance. \u2013\u00a0 Piotr Semenov Nov 24 '12 at 13:51\n@Piotr Semenov What improved speeds can you obtain, in any other language, when multiplying numbers in the 10^8 digit size range? \u2013\u00a0 Daniel Lichtblau Nov 24 '12 at 21:31\n@Daniel Lichtblau I mean the absolute time that program takes to run. For example, I am not ok with 1.5 hours that Mathematica spends doing some stuff. So in this case I prefer writing fast C++ code that takes several seconds of time to do the same stuff. So I claimed that you have to choose more suitable environment to have great performance. Mathematica's usage is limited for applications those are to be as fast as possible. \u2013\u00a0 Piotr Semenov Nov 25 '12 at 11:04\n\n2 Answers 2\n\nup vote 8 down vote accepted\n\nMy original answer is incorrect -- it is preserved as a record of my own hubris. :^)\n\nSimply, as Rojo points out, the calculation is still being done with 1*^1000, it's just being done at a different time. One may see this by manually observing the time taken for evaluation on an idle machine, or by setting this option which will print the total time taken to evaluate a Cell of code:\n\nSetOptions[$FrontEnd, EvaluationCompletionAction -> \"ShowTiming\"]\n\nThe syntax n*^x is still useful when making definitions as it evaluates before the definition is made. For example, a function defined f1 = # * 1*^100000000 & will be faster in use than f2 = # * 10^100000000 & because the huge coefficient is only calculated once, but it is still calculated.\n\nLogically, since Mathematica still runs on a binary system, a mantissa of two does not have the overhead that a decimal one has:\n\n(* Time: 2.18 seconds *)\n\n(* Time: 0.00 seconds *)\n\nThere is a simple solution to this problem and it relies on a specific input form (*^):\n\nprime = Prime @ 813580;\n\n\n\n\n\nCrucially, 1*^1000 is directly interpreted by Mathematica as the number 101000 while 10^1000 actually calculates this number.\n\nThis turns out to be anything but \"simple\" as I cannot think of a clean way to insert exponents programmatically into the input syntax n*^exp in a manner than retains its benefit.\n\nHardly nice, but at least as a proof of concept one could bodge this together with $PreRead:\n\n$PreRead = # /. \n    RowBox[{\"zeros\", \"[\", exp_, \"]\"}] :> \n     \"1*^\" <> ToString@ToExpression@exp &;\n\nprime = Prime @ 813580;\ne = 100000000;\n\nprime*zeros[e]; // AbsoluteTiming // First\n\n\nprime*zeros[e] === prime*1*^100000000\n\n\nshare|improve this answer\nYour solution does the magic but how can I use it with variables like First[AbsoluteTiming[prime*1*^ e]]. It gives error \u2013\u00a0 Mohsen Afshin Nov 24 '12 at 14:15\nthanks for your reply but using ToExpression causes Mathametica to calculate the result again. Timing become 2.453 again \u2013\u00a0 Mohsen Afshin Nov 24 '12 at 14:24\n@MohsenAfshin I'm not surprised; it is a very limited replacement rule as written. You'll also not be able to use zeros @ x or x // zeros. As I said this will need to be made more robust if it is to actually be used. I'm still bothered that I can't find a better way so I keep looking, rather than improving this, but if I come up empty in a day or two I'll rewrite this to be at least passably practical. \u2013\u00a0 Mr.Wizard Nov 24 '12 at 23:21\nI think the problem is that 1*^200000 also has to \"do the calculation\". It't just that it's done in the parsing stage before any timing function can get to report it. So, there's nothing advantagous in principle about trying to do the math while parsing, and as soon as you move the parsing inside a timing function (by using ToExpression) you get a reality report \u2013\u00a0 Rojo Nov 25 '12 at 20:24\n@Rojo FACEPALM -- Oh dear, I'm afraid you're right. Talk about embarrassing, but as always I learn from these things. Now, what do I do with this post? \u2013\u00a0 Mr.Wizard Nov 25 '12 at 23:54\n\nYou could try timing this method:\n\nFromDigits[Join[{123}, ConstantArray[0, 20]]]\n\n12 300 000 000 000 000 000 000\n\nshare|improve this answer\nIntegerDigits[123] is an extra that can be easily removed. One can perform just by FromDigits[{123}~Join~ConstantArray[0,20]]. But I think this code is slower than just 123 * 10^n due to translation to/from list representation of integer. \u2013\u00a0 Piotr Semenov Nov 24 '12 at 13:38\nIt doubles processing time \u2013\u00a0 Mohsen Afshin Nov 24 '12 at 13:40\nThe time consuming phase is FromDigits not the joining phase. \u2013\u00a0 Mohsen Afshin Nov 24 '12 at 13:46\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__positive Plants absorb light from the sun and convert the light into chemical energy which drives the reaction that produces sugar and oxygen (commonly referred to as photosynthesis). The reaction is:\n\n6CO2 + 6H2O \u2192 C6H12O6 + 6O2\n\nA plant must absorb 48 moles of photons with a wavelength of 430 nm for every mole of sugar that it produces.\n\nPart A) If a plant absorbs 36.5 moles of photons with a wavelength of 430. nm, how much energy in kJ has it absorbed?\n\nPart B) How many moles of sugar could be produced from the 36.5 moles of photons that plant absorbed?\n\nPart C) Although a plant must absorb 48.0 moles of 430. nm photons to produce a mole of sugar, the actual energy of required by the reaction (\u0394Hrxn) is 2800. kJ/mole. Compare this energy with the total photon energy the plant needed to absorb to produce 0.760 mole of sugar. What percent of the energy of the 36.5 moles of photons was used to make the 0.760 mole of sugar? This is the efficiency of the photosynthesis reaction.\n\n\nDetailed answers to tough\nhomework problems
+__label__positive Integer 1\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Integer\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Java Data Type Q&A\n\n1.\u00a0How to multiply 10 to an \"Integer\" object in Java?\n\nHow do I multiply 10 to an Integer object and get back the Integer object? I am looking for the neatest way of doing this. I would probably do it this way: Get int ...\n\n2.\u00a0Are Integers in Java little endian or big endian?\n\nI ask because I am sending a byte stream from a C process to Java. On the C side the 32 bit integer has the LSB is the first byte and ...\n\n3.\u00a0Left padding integers with zeros in Java\n\nHow do you left pad an int with zeros in java when converting to a string? I'm basically looking to pad out integers up to 9999 with the leading zeros. E.g. 1 = ...\n\n4.\u00a0How can I tell if a Java integer is null?\n\nGreetings, I'm trying to validate whether my integer is null. If it is, I need to prompt the user to enter a value. My background is Perl, so my first ...\n\n5.\u00a0Java: dividing 2 ints makes an int?\n\nIn another Bruce Eckels exercise in calculating velocity, v = s / t where s and t are integers. How do I make it so the division cranks out a ...\n\n6.\u00a0In Java, why is the call foo() not ambigious given 2 varags methods foo(int... ints) and foo(Object... objects)?\n\nIf I declare just the 2 varargs methods as follows:\n\npublic void foo(String... strings) {\n    System.out.println(\"Foo with Strings\");\npublic void foo(int... ints) {\n    System.out.println(\"Foo with ints\");\nand then ...\n\n7.\u00a009 is not recognized where as 9 is recognized\n\nI am using quartz for schedulling. TriggerUtils.getDateOf(0,40,18,09,06); it accept 5 parameter. (seconds, minutes, hours, daysOfMonth, month). When i pass fourth parameter as \"09\". Eclipse give me error \"The literal Octal 09 (digit 9) ...\n\n8.\u00a0Pattern to create class instances by integer id?\n\nI am reading a Stream, which provides an identifier (a simple int). Depending on the int different data follows, which i need to turn into objects. So far i created classes ...\n\n9.\u00a0Problems with createImage(int width, int height)\n\nI have the following code, which is run every 10ms as part of a game:\n\nprivate void gameRender()\n    if(dbImage == null)\n\n10.\u00a0java int comparation\n\nHow does Java know/evaluate the comparison of two int values; for example:\n\nint a=5;\nint b=10;\nHow does it evaluates whether a > b or a == b or a < b Please give an elaborate ...\n\n11.\u00a0Integer Linear Programming Java: Multiple Open Source and Commercial tools are available. Which one to use?\n\nI need to use Integer Linear Programming API/Tool for my application. Though my application is in Java but I don\u2019t mind calling an EXE (Tool) from Java providing input using file ...\n\n12.\u00a0How to enforce an integer limit in an argument hint in Java\n\nI'm new to Java after working for a few years in PHP and I'm trying to get an idea of some of the best practices and norms when working with Java. I'm ...\n\n13.\u00a0Integer counter - What to do when Max-Value?\n\nHow do you solve the max value problem when using an integer counter, that looks like\n\ncounter = counter + 1;\nWhen this reaches the max value, how do you know this happened? ...\n\n14.\u00a0Integer as primitve type\n\nWhy there is primitive type for integer(int) even though we have an object for integer as Integer.? but the same is not with string type. There is no such primitive type for ...\n\n15.\u00a0Java object Equality\n\nThe two cards c1 and c4 seem to be equal...but they are not why. I want them to be equal so that only one of them is allowed in the Set. ...\n\n16.\u00a0Can an int be null in Java?\n\nCan an int be null in Java? For example:\n\nint data = check(Node root);\n\nif ( data == null ) {\n // do something\n} else {\n // do something\nMy goal is to write a ...\n\n17.\u00a0A textbox class only accept integers in Java\n\nI just want to do a textbox class only accepts integers.. I have done something, but ? think it's not enough. Can anyone help me, please? Thanks...\n\nimport java.awt.TextField\npublic class textbox extends TextField{\n\n18.\u00a0What Java method takes an int and returns +1 or -1?\n\nWhat Java method takes an int and returns +1 or -1? The criteria for this is whether or not the int is positive or negative. I looked through the documentation but ...\n\n19.\u00a0Method return type\n\nIn my company, a system is designed to have 3 layers. Layer1 is responsible for business logic handling. Layer3 is calling back end systems. Layer2 sits between the two layers so ...\n\n20.\u00a0GMP Vs java BIG INTEGERS,,,\n\nWhich tool is the best one for accesing large bit numbers for testing Crypto systems..either GMP library or JAVA big integers..?? in terms of speed, memory, functions, flexibility towards crptosystems(mathematical functions like ...\n\n21.\u00a0JNI how to access Java Object (Integer)\n\nI have a JNI method to access java method which returns an Integer object. I do not want to return the primitive int type because this code will be modified to ...\n\n22.\u00a0Problem in inferring instances that have integer cardinality constraint\n\nI have created an RDF/OWL file using Protege 4.1 alpha. I also created a defined class in Protege called CheapPhone. This class has a restriction which is shown below :\n\n(hasPrice some ...\n\n23.\u00a0Integers caching in Java\n\nPossible Duplicate:\nWeird Java Boxing\nHi guys, Recently I saw a presentation where was the following sample of Java code:\nInteger a = 1000, b = 1000;  ...\n\n24.\u00a0Integer Type && Null in java\n\nI have a class such as :\n\nclass node \n    Integer id ; \n    double lon;\n    double lat ; \n\n25.\u00a0problem with integers\n\ncan anybody look at this code and tell me why the exception happens?\n\npublic static void main(String[] args)\n    int total =100;\n    int discount_Ammount = 20 ...\n\n26.\u00a0Java : Best way to pass int by reference\n\nI have a parsing function that parses an encoded length from a byte buffer, it returns the parsed length as an int, and takes an index into the buffer as an ...\n\n27.\u00a0How can I pass an Integer class correctly by reference?\n\nI am hoping that someone can clarify what is happening here for me. I dug around in the integer class for a bit but because integer is overriding the + ...\n\n28.\u00a0int does not override Integer in Java\n\nI had a function in Java with method signature\n\npublic void myMethod (int someInt, String someString) \nin my abstract class and I had over-ridden it with method\npublic void myMethod (Integer ...\n\n29.\u00a0Basic question on Java's int\n\nWhy does the below code prints 2147483647, the actual value being 2147483648?\n\n    i = (int)Math.pow(2,31) ;\nI understand that the max positive value that ...\n\n30.\u00a0Getting a function to return two integers\n\nI am writing a function and I want it two return two integers as results. However, I cannot get it to do this. Could someone help me? Here is my best ...\n\n31.\u00a0Java Int & ASCII Question\n\nString source = \"WEDGEZ\"\nchar letter = source.charAt(i);\nif (source.charAt(i) >=65 && source.charAt(i) <=90 )\n  letterMix =(char)(('D' + (letter - 'D' + shift) % 26));\nOk what I'm trying to do ...\n\n32.\u00a0How to check whether a int is not null or empty?\n\nI really dont know this is possible or not. But I am strucking in a place where i want to check a int value is null or not, to call different methods. Is ...\n\n33.\u00a0Uninitialized int vs Integer\n\nI was just studying up on my Java in preparation for an exam and I ran into a sort of problem with uninitialized int/Integer values.\n\nclass A\n\n34.\u00a0Function that swaps two integers\n\nPossible Duplicate:\nHow to write a basic swap function in Java\nHi. I don't know java at all, and in the near future have no wish ...\n\n35.\u00a0extending java Integer cahce\n\nWhy YOU should use Integer.valueOf(int) In particular, why you should use Integer.valueOf(int) instead of new Integer(int): CACHING. But in JDK 5+, you should really use valueOf because Integer now caches Integer objects ...\n\n36.\u00a0More about rotateLeft method in java\n\nplease tell me examples of [rotateLeft][1] method of Integer class in java [1]:, int)\n\n37.\u00a0Passing Integer to int and vice versa\n\nJust wondered why is it possible to pass Integer as argument where method parameter is of int type and vice versa?\n\npublic class Salmon {\n\n public static Integer foo(Integer a, int b){\n\n38.\u00a0Can't check if int is null\n\nI'm trying to use a dictionary. Whenever I want to check if an element is present in the dictionary, I do this:\n\nint value = results.get(\"aKeyThatMayOrMayNotBePresent\");\n\nif (value != null)\n  // ...\nBut ...\n\n39.\u00a0How to handle \u201cint i != \"\"\u201d or \u201cint i != null\u201d statements in Java?\n\nAs we know int is a primitive data type and cannot be null. In my program i want to do a condition check like int i != \"\" but it says ...\n\n40.\u00a0binarySearch method issue, not accepting int paramater\n\nI am using the Java 2 Platform to practice different algorithms. I am getting two errors and I think the first one is that I am passing the integer \"5\" ...\n\n41.\u00a0Is this Java program legitimate? /newbie\n\ni'm doing some exercises in my Java book. I'm very new to programming. Therefore, notice (in the code) that i'm still on Chapter one. Now I already did everything, I just ...\n\n42.\u00a0cannot find symbol-method add (java.lang.integer)..whats the problem actually?\n\npublic class ArrayList\n    // instance variables - replace the example below with your own\n    public void processinput (String s)\n\n43.\u00a0Display three non-negative integers in increasing order\n\nPrompt the user to type in three non-negative integers. Display the integers in an increasing order.\n\nimport java.util.Scanner;\n\n    int number1,number2,number3;\n         Scanner ...\n\n44.\u00a0common divisiors of two integers\n\nin java, I want an efficient program to find all common divisors betwen two integers... for e.g. if there are two integers:- 30(2*3*5) and 45(5*3*3) Program should retrun 3, 5 which are common divisors between 30 ...\n\n45.\u00a0Enumerations vs int flags?\n\nJust wanted some opinions on the matter. I have always used int flags, and was just curious on possible performance of ease of use if I were to use enumerations? Thanks in ...\n\n46.\u00a0Pointer to an Integer in Java\n\nSo the problem is: I have a code like this\n\nint a,b;\n    case 1:\n    case 2:\n\n47.\u00a0Does the \"switch\" statement in Java only work with integers?\n\nPossible Duplicate:\nSwitch Statement With Strings in Java?\nDoes the \"switch\" statement in Java only work with integers ? Can't I write something like this instead ? switch(string) ...\n\n48.\u00a0Cannot find symbol method drawImage(SlidingBlockModel, int, int, int, int, )\n\nI'm trying to make a sliding block game. In this class I've used the drawImage method to display the blocks of the \"puzzle\", using the drawImage method of the Graphics object ...\n\n49.\u00a0Java - Change int to ascii\n\nIs there a way for java to convert int's to ascii symbols?\n\n50.\u00a0Java integer list\n\nI am trying to make java go trough a list of numbers. It chooses the first one, gives this as output, waits/sleeps like 2000 milliseconds and then give the next one as ...\n\n51.\u00a0How to add a group of integers\n\nCan some one tell me how to do this and explain it to me: Write a program that reads a text file that contains groups of integers that start with the ...\n\n52.\u00a0(Java) Is Integer Immutable\n\nI know this is probably very stupid, but a lot of places claim that the Integer class in Java is immutable, yet the following code:\n\nInteger a=3;\nInteger b=3;\nExecutes without any trouble giving ...\n\n53.\u00a0Fastest method to calculate difference between two ARGB ints in Java?\n\nGiven an int from a DataBuffer which has ARGB data packed in it with the masks A = 0xFF000000 R = 0xFF0000 G = 0xFF00 B = 0xFF I'm doing the following but wonder if there ...\n\n54.\u00a0java integer handling\n\nWhen I run this program, it outputs -43.\n\npublic class Main {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        int a=053;\n\n55.\u00a0java vs c integer\n\nPossible Duplicate:\n++i + ++i + ++i in Java vs C\nUsing Java:\npublic class Main {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n56.\u00a0integer handaling in java\n\nPossible Duplicate:\njava vs c integer\npublic class Main {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n57.\u00a0Integer construction variations\n\nHey all, I ran into an interesting occurrence and am looking for an explanation. In Java 1.6:\n\nInteger a = new Integer(5);\nInteger b = new Integer(5);\n\nSystem.out.println(a == b);\n\nInteger c = 5;\nInteger d = ...\n\n58.\u00a0C like while in java with integer?\n\nis it possible in java to have a C like syntax for this:\n\n            int counter = 10;\n\n59.\u00a0Best way to change an integer field in a compiled 1.6 Java class with no source\n\nA class file that was compiled with java 1.6 settings has two fields which I need to set to higher values.\n\nprivate Integer days = 7;\nprivate Integer running = 30;\nunfortunately, I don't ...\n\n60.\u00a0Java - Managing specific int[][]\n\nLet's say I want to store three sets of 2D arrays that load up on int[][] board. An example set:\n\n{ 67, 67, 118, 118, 118, 118, 118, 118, 118, 118, 118, 118, ...\n\n61.\u00a0How to handle not being able to store time in an int?\n\nIn some languages, time is stored as the number of seconds from the epoch and stored in an int (Correct me if I am wrong). So we will eventually hit a ...\n\n62.\u00a0Help to transform int to bool conditions\n\nI have realized some logic using integers\n\nimport java.util.concurrent.locks.*;\n\npublic class MassageSalon implements Salon{\n\n    //I want to transform this into bool\n    private int customerOnCouch = 0;\n\n63.\u00a0Multiplication of two int's gets negativ\n\nI'm currently coding a little download manager and I get a funny output when I try to calculate the download-progress in percent. This is what i use to calculate it:\n\nint progress ...\n\n64.\u00a0How to push integer on Stack in BCEL\n\nI am facing a problem in context of pushing a integer on stack in BCEL. I have a method _square of someClass i.e. \"mathClass\"\n\n    ilist = new InstructionList();\n\n65.\u00a0Integer and int duality?\n\nCan someone explain me this\n\nwhen I used\nthen 1st element got removed\n list.remove(new Integer(\"1\"));\nthen 2nd element got removed. so, can you explain behavior ...\n\n66.\u00a0How to left pad integers with a formatter with dots?\n\nI know we can left-pad integers with a formatter like this:\n\nString.format(\"%7d\", 234);   // \"    234\"\nString.format(\"%07d\", 234);  // \"0000234\"\nString.format(\"%015d\", 234); // \"0000000000000234\"\nBut, how to replace the ...\n\n67.\u00a0Why int[] a = new int[1] instead of just int a?\n\nIs there some hidden meaning in this code which I don't see in java? How can it be useful?\n\nint[] a = new int[1];\nthan just\nint a;\nbecause from my point of view it's ...\n\n68.\u00a0Binding a Java Integer to JavaScriptEngine doesn't work\n\nTo see how binding Java objects to symbols in a dynamic language works, I wrote the following spike test, binding a java.lang.Integer to the symbol i to be changed ...\n\n69.\u00a0Having null safe checks using org.apache.commons.ObjectUtil class for custom objects\n\nIve been searching for a robust way to compare my objects, I came across the ObjectUtils , and had the immidiate doubt that would it be able to compare it efficiently ...\n\n70.\u00a0Hard to read integers in java? Is there any reason behind it?\n\nI have to read integers more frequently in Java. So how i should do? What function i have to use? C/C++ too have buffering concepts but they has a single statement. But ...\n\n71.\u00a0java Integer reference\n\nI've got a question.\n\npublic class Jaba {\n\n    public static void main(String args[]) {\n        Integer i = new Integer(0);    ...\n\n72.\u00a0f(int x) { return x == 0 ? 0 : 1; } in Java without conditionals\n\nI want to implement f(int x) { return x == 0 ? 0 : 1; } in Java. In C, I'd just \"return !!x;\", but ! doesn't work like that in Java. ...\n\n73.\u00a0Java method returning List and a integer\n\nI have a method which reads a file and returns the contents of the text file in a list of String array. Find the implementation of the method and how I ...\n\n74.\u00a0n Choose k using an integer type of n and k in java\n\nI have been given a task that requires to use n and k to work out the n Choose k problem. The condition I have is I can not use other data ...\n\n75.\u00a0Difference between System.exit(int code) and Runtime.getRuntime().exit(int code)\n\nI'm working on the Java batch program that should exit with different codes based on various conditions. The program will be triggered and monitored by CA7 scheduler which will use exit ...\n\n76.\u00a0JDK Issue with Integer Comparision\n\nIn jdk 1.6.0_24 comparison of two Integer Objects with same int value is failing? Issue :\n\nInteger x = 2;\nInteger y = 2;\n\nIf(x != y){\n //Control should not come here, but ...\n\n77.\u00a0Java Int to Represent an Class\n\nI need to get an variable from one of the 100+ Classes I have. the Class from which I get the variable is determined by an Integer. I didn't find a ...\n\n78.\u00a0Simple calculator program in Java. No. of integers read and Average\n\nI have a task that requires me to print out the following quantities: I need to write a java program that can calculate: 1. the number of integers read in 2. the average value\u2014which ...\n\n79.\u00a0How does Robot's getPixelColor(int x, int y) method work?\n\nHow exactly does the method getPixelColor(int x,int y) from the Robot class work? I tried this code fragment:\n\n     Robot robos = ...\n\n80.\u00a0int with leading 0's behave strangely\n\nPossible Duplicate:\nInteger with leading zeroes\nCan someone please tell me what is going on here? When I initialize an int with leading zeroes the program ...\n\n81.\u00a0using new(Integer) versus an int\n\nIn my Java class, the professor uses something like:\n\nintegerBox.add(new Integer(10));\nIs this the same as just doing:\n? I've googled a bit but can't find out one way or the other, and the prof ...\n\n82.\u00a0Java int equality inconsistency?\n\nThis is driving me insane because it completely violates my attempts to de-buggify it:\n\nint k = keyCode; //keyCode being a variable declared by a keyPress\n//in the Processing library\n//k and keyCode are ...\n\n83.\u00a0how to delimit integers in java?\n\nI have a integer value coming from command line. Its like 12345 or 2343455435 without any delimit characters. How can I get individual pieces of that integer, say like for 12345 ...\n\n84.\u00a0How can it be determined if one integer is divisble by another?\n\nSo for this problem the question asks\n\na number x is divisible by y if the remainder after the division is zero. Write a program that tests whether one ...\n\n85.\u00a0Java - Select object by int\n\nHow do I select an object by the an int inside it? Here is code:\n\nString FolderName = result.getString (\"name\");\nString FolderId = result.getString (\"category_id\");\nString ParentId = result.getString (\"parent_id\");\nint intFolderId = Integer.parseInt(FolderId);\nint intParentId = ...\n\n86.\u00a0Stack returning Objects instead of Integers\n\nI'm trying to implement a program that involves an array of stacks. Each stack takes in Integer objects, but the problem is when I try to get an Integer object from ...\n\n87.\u00a0Java ternary allows you to return an int or null. How is this correct?\n\nPossible Duplicate:\nConversion from null to int possible?\nI found that the following expression compiles in java.\nint i = false ? 3 : null;\nWhen the ...\n\n88.\u00a0Reading integers from a line\n\nI'm trying to read two integers on the same line.\n\nScanner a=new Scanner(;\nNow, if I input\n3 4\n3 4\nx = 3 and y = 3. I ...\n\n89.\u00a0Can JSON Object Attribute Names Be Integers?\n\nI am just getting started with some Jackson JSON data here. This section is giving me trouble.\n\n    \"1\":\"32.1093904, 66.7065216\", \n    \"2\":\"33.1236854, 67.8128443\", \n\n90.\u00a0If ... is not an int {\n\nI am trying to get the program to recognize if an int is not entered . I have seen everything from:\n\n   if  (v % 1) \n\n91.\u00a0Java: returning two ints from a method call\n\nI do this a lot in my code that works with lots of 2 dimensional coordinates:\n\nint[] getSize() {\n    int[] res = {gridRows, gridColumns};\n    return res;\nI ...\n\n92.\u00a0Integer manipulation in Java\n\nI have an assignment to be done in college, a piece asks for the instructions below to be done. Please don't give away the answer, simply leading me in the right ...\n\n93.\u00a0Resolving \"The method must return a result of type int\" in Java\n\nI'm very new to Java. Eclipse is giving me the error\n\nThe method must return a result of type int\nfor the following code:\npublic class firstprog {\n    public ...\n\n94.\u00a0Int Nullpointerexception Java\n\nI have the below code running and it is throwing a nullpointerexception on the if statement line.\n\nint answered;\nanswered = 0;\n        if(answered == '0'){\n\n95.\u00a0Returning an int[] from java to C using JNI\n\nI have a C program that invokes a java program but I have a problem: my java program returns an int [], how can I use JNI to get the result ...\n\n96.\u00a0Integer class object\n\nI'd a code snippet:\n\npublic class Test{\n    public static void main(String args[]){\n        Integer a = 100;\n\n97.\u00a0Big Integer - What is this code doing?\n\nI understand this questions is strange, not my usual style. I am currently doing a project using a chord implementation in peersim. The code below shows a big integer and some ...\n\n98.\u00a0How do I express NaN for integer types in Java?\n\nI have a method returning long and there are cases where a valid result can not be computed. Double has the NaN constant, which is not expressable in long. I can think ...\n\n99.\u00a0Transfer of Integer!\n\nHello guys......I have a problem with my code, its more like I am stuck to continue further if I cannot find a way or an alternative. The problem is I have ...\n\n100.\u00a0need program that finds smallest of several prompted integers\n\nI need to write a java application that finds the smallest of several integers. I need it to prompt the user for the number of integers that will be input, then ...
+__label__positive You are here: NTLawHbk \u00bb\u00a0NTLawHandbook \u00bb\u00a0Remedies\n\n\nContributed by ShelleyEder and current to 1 May 2016\n\nIn a successful court action for defamation there are three possible common law remedies available:\n  \u2022 damages\n  \u2022 exemplary damages\n  \u2022 injunctions\n\n\nDefamation is compensable per se, meaning once the plaintiff has established that a defamation has occurred, they do not have to prove they have suffered damage as a result - the court will assume this. A successful plaintiff may also be able to claim an amount for economic loss (including loss of earnings or business profit), if such a loss can be demonstrated.\n\nThere are no clear guidelines for calculating damages. It is possible for a person to successfully prove a defamation has occurred, but still not receive a substantial amount of damages. Things that the court will consider in an award of damages will include the nature of the publication, its scope, the circumstances of the publication as well as the conduct of both the plaintiff and defendant in the proceedings.\n\nThe defendant may seek to mitigate (reduce) damages by demonstrating that the plaintiff has a bad reputation. The evidence of bad reputation must relate to the part of the plaintiff's reputation that has been harmed by the defamation. For example, if the defamatory material insinuates that the plaintiff is promiscuous, the defendant can't use evidence of dishonesty to demonstrate a bad reputation.\n\nIt should be noted that damages for non-economic loss are limited by the Defamation Act. The most recent maximum amount of damages can be found in the Government Gazette:\n\nAggravated damages\n\nA court may award aggravated damages if the court is satisfied that the circumstances are such that aggravated damages are justified [Defamation Act s32(2)].\n\nGenerally, the state of mind or malice of the defendant at the time they created the defamatory matter is not relevant to awarding damages [Defamation Act s33]. However, aggravated damages can be awarded when the damage to the plaintiff is made worse by the unjustifiable, improper or insincere conduct of the defendant: McCarey v Associated Newspapers Ltd (No2) [1965] 2 QB 86.\n\nThe two factors that most commonly demonstrate a defendant's aggravation toward the plaintiff are:\n  \u2022 the defendant's failure or refusal to retract or apologise\n  \u2022 the defendant's improper use of the defence of justification; that is, the defendant insists the material is true but cannot establish grounds on which that belief is based.\nIf the plaintiff suffers additional harm because of such conduct, aggravated damages may be awarded.\n\nExemplary/punitive damages\n\nExemplary damages are an additional common law award of damages designed to punish the defendant's conduct, not to compensate the defamed person. They are not allowed to be awarded in the NT [Defamation Act s34].\n\n\nAn injunction is an enforceable court order preventing a specific act of defamation, such as stopping the publication of a particular article in a newspaper or the televising of a particular story. When deciding whether to grant an injunction the court must perform a balancing act, between right to freedom of speech and the protection of an individual's reputation from unwarranted attack.\n\nInjunctions prohibiting the publication of allegedly defamatory speech are not readily granted. Courts are often reluctant to restrain discussion of matters of public interest or concern. The mere refusal of an injunction does not restrict the plaintiff's right to claim compensation for any defamation that occurs.\n\nIdeas, requests, problems regarding AustLII Communities? Send feedback\nThis website is using cookies. More info. That's Fine
+__label__positive Search a number\n146137 = 317461\n\n146137 has 4 divisors (see below), whose sum is \u03c3 = 146916. Its totient is \u03c6 = 145360.\n\nThe previous prime is 146117. The next prime is 146141. The reversal of 146137 is 731641.\n\nAdding to 146137 its product of digits (504), we get a palindrome (146641).\n\nAdding to 146137 its reverse (731641), we get a palindrome (877778).\n\nIt can be divided in two parts, 146 and 137, that multiplied together give a palindrome (20002).\n\n\nIt can be written as a sum of positive squares in 2 ways, for example, as 24336 + 121801 = 156^2 + 349^2 .\n\nIt is a cyclic number.\n\nIt is not a de Polignac number, because 146137 - 27 = 146009 is a prime.\n\n\nIt is a Duffinian number.\n\nIt is not an unprimeable number, because it can be changed into a prime (146117) by changing a digit.\n\nIt is a polite number, since it can be written in 3 ways as a sum of consecutive naturals, for example, 87 + ... + 547.\n\nIt is an arithmetic number, because the mean of its divisors is an integer number (36729).\n\n146137 is a Friedman number, since it can be written as 461*317, using all its digits and the basic arithmetic operations.\n\nIt is a vampire number, since it can be written as 317461 (with its own digits).\n\n2146137 is an apocalyptic number.\n\nIt is an amenable number.\n\n146137 is a deficient number, since it is larger than the sum of its proper divisors (779).\n\n146137 is an equidigital number, since it uses as much as digits as its factorization.\n\n146137 is an evil number, because the sum of its binary digits is even.\n\nThe sum of its prime factors is 778.\n\nThe product of its digits is 504, while the sum is 22.\n\nThe square root of 146137 is about 382.2786941487. The cubic root of 146137 is about 52.6728392772.\n\nThe spelling of 146137 in words is \"one hundred forty-six thousand, one hundred thirty-seven\".\n\nDivisors: 1 317 461 146137
+__label__positive Particles of light\n\nHideShow resource information\n  \u2022 Created by: Ami_Bull\n  \u2022 Created on: 07-03-16 13:18\nHow do photovoltaic cells work?\nThe electrons in the material absorb photons and they're released\n1 of 39\nName two things that use light sensitive cells\nCDs and barcode scanners\n2 of 39\nWhat is a CCD device?\nA grid of thousands off photodiodes that absorb photons from light and emit electrons\n3 of 39\nWhere are CCDs found?\nDigital cameras, astronomical telescopes and digital X-ray machines\n4 of 39\nWhat does CCD stand for?\nCharged coupled devices\n5 of 39\nWhat properties of light does the wave theory explain?\nReflection, refraction and diffraction\n6 of 39\nHow can the photoelectric effect be demonstrated?\nA clean sheet of zinc is placed on a negatively charged gold leaf electroscope. UV light is directed on the leaf and the electroscope discharges. However if the leaf is positively charged it remains charged\n7 of 39\nWhat does the photoelectri effect demonstration prove?\nThat the UV light kocks electrons off the metal surface and are released as photoelectrons\n8 of 39\nWhat is thermionic emission?\nWhen a strong light source is directed at a heated metal wire the electrons gain enough energy for them to escape the attractiv forces of the wire\n9 of 39\nUsing wave theory what shoul happen if you shon a bright white light on a metal\nAfter a small delay the light would heat the metal and release electrons\n10 of 39\nDefine quantum of light\nA small indivisble package of energy\n11 of 39\nE-energy of a photon(J) h-plancks constant(Js) f-frequency of light(Hz)\n12 of 39\nWhat did planck suggest?\nThat one photon reacts with one electron and the photons energy is absorbed by the eletron\n13 of 39\nDefine threshold frequency\nThe minimum frequeny of light required to cause the photoelectric effect\n14 of 39\nDefin intensity\nthe rate of enrgy transfer per unit area\n15 of 39\nDefine photoelectron\nand electon emitted during the photoelectric effect\n16 of 39\nIf the frequqency is below the threshold frquency what happens?\nNo photoelectrons are emitted\n17 of 39\nWhat materials can visible lights remove photoelectrons from?\nalkali metals, alcium, barium\n18 of 39\nWhat happens if you increasae the intensity of light?\nMore photoelectrons are emitted(as long as the threshold frequency is met)\n19 of 39\nWhat is the potential well?\nA model to help us understand why electrons require energy to remove them from a metal. An electron has its least potential enrgy in the potential well\n20 of 39\nWhat kind of force is in the potential well\nElectrostatic attraction\n21 of 39\nWhat does the depth of the well represent\nThe minimum energy required for electrons to escape a metal\n22 of 39\nWhat requires least energy? Releasing electrons from the surface of the metal or deep in the metal?\n23 of 39\nDefine threshold energy\nThe minimum amount of energy required to cause the photoelectric effect\n24 of 39\nAs light intesity increases what happens to the photoelectrons?\nMore are emiited but the energy of each one stays the same\n25 of 39\nWhat is the maximum kinetic energy?\nThe difference between the threshold energy and the photons energy\n26 of 39\nDefine work function\nThe minimum energy needed to release a photoelectron from a material. This is equal to the threshold frequency\n27 of 39\nhf=\u03d5 + 1/2mv \u00b2\nh-plancks constant(Js) f-frequency of radiation(Hz) \u03d5-work function of a material(J) m-mass v-maximum velocity\n28 of 39\nWhat does hf equal?\nEnergy of a photon\n29 of 39\nWhat does 1/2mv\u00b2 equal?\nMaximum kinetic enrgy of a photon\n30 of 39\nDefine semiconductor\na material with a conductivity between a metal and an insulator\n31 of 39\nWhat is the name given to materials with a low work function?\n32 of 39\nWhat material can visible light and infrared light cause photoelectrons to be emitted?\n33 of 39\nWhere are semiconductors found?\nCCD devices in digital cameras and in photovoltaic cells\n34 of 39\nWhat happens when light strikes a photoelectric cell?\nPhotoelectrons are emitted for some wavelengths of light. They are then detected by a photosensitive ammeter\n35 of 39\nDefine stopping potential\nWhen the electrode is negative which so they electrons do not reach it, the current is zero\n36 of 39\nWhen is diffraction greatest?\nWhen the wavelength of the wave is roughly equal to the size of the gap it passes through\n37 of 39\n\u03bb-wavelength(m) h-plancks constant(Js) m-mass of particle(kg) v-velcoity of particle(ms-1)\n38 of 39\nDefine wave-particle duality\nthe idea that matter/radiatiom can be described best by using either particle/wave models\n39 of 39\n\nOther cards in this set\n\nCard 2\n\n\nName two things that use light sensitive cells\n\n\nCDs and barcode scanners\n\nCard 3\n\n\nWhat is a CCD device?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 3\n\nCard 4\n\n\nWhere are CCDs found?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 4\n\nCard 5\n\n\nWhat does CCD stand for?\n\n\nPreview of the front of card 5\nView more cards\n\n\nNo comments have yet been made\n\nSimilar Physics resources:\n\nSee all Physics resources \u00bbSee all Particle physics resources \u00bb
+__label__negative Reference address : https://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/plato-tyranny-slavery.asp\n\nELPENOR - Home of the Greek Word\n\nThree Millennia of Greek Literature\n\nPlato Bilingual Anthology : TYRANNY AND SLAVERY\n\nfrom Politeia, * 577c--580a, translated by B. Jowett\n\nGreek Fonts / Plato Complete works / Plato Concept\n\nEGINNING with the State, I replied, would you say that a city which is governed by a tyrant is free or enslaved? No city, he said, can be more completely enslaved. And yet, as you see, there are freemen as well as masters in such a State? Yes, he said, I see that there are --a few; but the people, speaking generally, and the best of them, are miserably degraded and enslaved. Then if the man is like the State, I said, must not the same rule prevail? his soul is full of meanness and vulgarity --the best elements in him are enslaved; and there is a small ruling part, which is also the worst and maddest. Inevitably. And would you say that the soul of such an one is the soul of a freeman, or of a slave? He has the soul of a slave, in my opinion. And the State which is enslaved under a tyrant is utterly incapable of acting voluntarily? Utterly incapable. And also the soul which is under a tyrant (I am speaking of the soul taken as a whole) is least capable of doing what she desires; there is a gadfly which goads her, and she is full of trouble and remorse? Certainly. And is the city which is under a tyrant rich or poor? Poor.\n\n\u03a4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\n\n\u03a0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u0375 \u1f26\u03bd \u03b4\u0384 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7d\u0375 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f79\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0375 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1f73\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03b4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2\u037e \u1f69\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f37\u1f79\u03bd \u03c4\u0384\u0375 \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u0375 \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03c1\u1fb7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u1f49\u03c1\u1ff6\u0375 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\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u037e \u03a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd.\n\nNext Page\n\nThree Millennia of Greek Literature\n\nGreek Literature - Ancient, Medieval, Modern\n\nLearned Freeware\n\n
+__label__negative May 20 , 2022 | 2:55 am PST\nCurrent reservoir level\n\nProject Overview\n\nWhat has yet to be done?\n\nAs outlined in the agreement, a number of studies and analyses will be completed to determine the nature and extent of contamination, investigate potential risks to human health and the environment, and decide how to best manage any risk that is deemed unacceptable.\n\nThe expanded studies are intended to answer three basic questions:\n\n\n  \u2022 Can I eat the fish?\n  \u2022 Can I play on the beaches?\n  \u2022 Can I swim in the water?\n\nWho is Teck American and why are they involved?\n\nWhat is the purpose of these expanded studies?\n\nWhere is the Upper Columbia River Study site?\n\nWhat has happened so far?
+__label__negative << Chapter < Page Chapter >> Page >\nThe Theory module within the Sparse Signal Reconstruction in the Presence of Noise collection.\n\n\n\nIn theory, we should never have to 'recover' a signal \u2013 it should merely pass from one location to another, undisturbed. However, all real-world signals pass through the infamous \u201cchannel\u201d \u2013 a path between the transmitter and the receiver that includes a variety of hazards, including attenuation , phase shift , and, perhaps most insidiously, noise . Nonetheless, we depend upon precise signal transmission daily \u2013 in our watches, computer networks, and advanced defense systems. Therefore, the field of signal processing concerns itself not only with the deployment of a signal, but also with its recovery in the most efficient and most accurate manner.\n\nTypes of noise\n\nNoise takes many forms. The various 'colors' of noise are used to refer to the different power spectral density curves that types of noise exhibit. For example, the power density of pink noise falls off at 10dB per decade. The power density spectrum of pink noise is flat in logarithmic space. The most common type of noise, however, is white noise . White noise exhibits a flat power density spectrum in linear space. In many physical process (and in this report), we deal primarily with Additive White Gaussian Noise \u2013 abbreviated AWGN . As a reminder, the Gaussian distribution has the following PDF (Probability Density Function):\n\n\u03bc is the mean; \u03c3 2 \u2265 0 is the variance.\n\nSparse signals\n\nAn additional constraint we imposed upon our input signals was that they were required to be sparse . A signal that is sparse in a given basis can be reconstructed using a small number of the basis vectors in that basis. In the standard basis for R n , for example, the signal (1,0,0,0,...,0) would be as sparse as possible \u2013 it requires only the basis vector e 1 for reconstruction (in fact, e 1 is the signal!). By assuming that the original signals are sparse, we are able to employ novel recovery methods and minimize computation time.\n\nTypical reconstruction approaches\n\nWe have a number of choices for the recovery of sparse signals. As a first idea, we could \u201c optimally select \u201d the samples we use for our calculations from the signal. However, this is a complicated and not always fruitful process.\n\nAnother approach is Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) . OMP essentially involves projecting a length-n signal into the space determined by the span of a k-component \u201cnearly orthonormal\u201d basis (a random array of 1/sqrt(n) and (-1)/sqrt(n) values). Such a projection is termed a Random Fourier Projection . Entries in the projection that do not reach a certain threshold are assigned a value of zero. This computation is iterated and the result obtained is an approximation of the original sparse signal. Unfortunately, OMP itself can be fairly complicated, as the optimal basis is often a wavelet basis. Wavelets are frequency \u201cpackets\u201d - that is, localized in both time and frequency; in contrast, the Fourier transform is only localized in frequency.\n\nSignal reconstruction: our method\n\nThe fundamental principle for our method of signal analysis is determining where the signal is not, rather than finding where it is. This information is stored in a mask that, when multiplied with the running average of the signal, will provide the current approximation of the signal. This mask is built up by determining whether a given value in the signal is above a threshold, which is determined by the standard deviation of the noise; if so, the value is most likely a signal element. This process is repeated until the signal expected is approximately equal to a signal stored in a library on the device. While this operation is naturally more noticeable at each iteration with sparse signals, even for non-sparse signals the only limiting factor is the minimum value of the signal. For reasons of application, the primary limiting factor is the number of samples required to recover the signal. This is because the raw mathematical operations take fractions of a second to a few seconds to execute (which is more than enough for conventional applications). The signal itself may be transmitted for a very short period; the requisite number of samples must be garnered before transmission halts. Further, given an arbitrary amount of computation time, our algorithm can reconstruct a sparse signal contaminated with any level of AWGN \u2013 there is no mathematical limit on the recovery process. This is an impressive and surprising feat.\n\nQuestions & Answers\n\nAkash Reply\nDo somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?\ns. Reply\nwhat is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls\nDevang Reply\nare you nano engineer ?\nwhat is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?\nAbhijith Reply\nis Bucky paper clear?\ns. Reply\nDo you know which machine is used to that process?\nhow to fabricate graphene ink ?\nfor screen printed electrodes ?\nWhat is lattice structure?\ns. Reply\nof graphene you mean?\nor in general\nin general\nGraphene has a hexagonal structure\nwhat is biological synthesis of nanoparticles\nSanket Reply\nwhat's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?\nDamian Reply\ntypes of nano material\nabeetha Reply\nmany many of nanotubes\nwhat is the k.e before it land\nwhat is the function of carbon nanotubes?\nI'm interested in nanotube\nwhat is nanomaterials\u200b and their applications of sensors.\nRamkumar Reply\nwhat is nano technology\nSravani Reply\nwhat is system testing?\npreparation of nanomaterial\nVictor Reply\nHimanshu Reply\ngood afternoon madam\nwhat is system testing\nwhat is the application of nanotechnology?\nsilver nanoparticles could handle the job?\nnot now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials\nI'm interested in Nanotube\ncan nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world\nPrasenjit Reply\nSmarajit Reply\nPrivacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a\nGot questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!\nQuizOver.com Reply\n\nGet the best Algebra and trigonometry course in your pocket!\n\nSource:\u00a0 OpenStax, Sparse signal recovery in the presence of noise. OpenStax CNX. Dec 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11144/1.1\n\nNotification Switch\n\nWould you like to follow the 'Sparse signal recovery in the presence of noise' conversation and receive update notifications?
+__label__negative Scan Clerk\n\nWhat Does A Scan Clerk Do?\n\nA scan clerk retrieves all documentation from doctors and nurses, organizes it, then scans it into a computer so it is easy accessible to physicians.\n\nHow Do I Become A Scan Clerk?\n\nA high school diploma or equivalent is required to work in this position. Completing a two-year college program in office administration or a related field might make an applicant more competitive.\n\nWhat is the Average Salary For A Scan Clerk?\n\nHigh \u2013 34,000\nMedian \u2013 24,000\nLow \u2013 19,000\n\nWhat Courses Should I Take To Become A Scan Clerk?\n\n  \u2022 English\u00a0\u2013 As much as possible!\n  \u2022 Communication\n\nWhat Is The Work Environment For A Scan Clerk?\n\nKelly, the scan clerk in the video, works in a hospital setting. Similar positions may be found in other types of organizations.\n\nWhat Is The Future Outlook For A Scan Clerk?\n\n\n\n  \u2022 Explore Careers, Labour Market Information, Government of Canada\n  \u2022 Payscale\n\nWhat Degree Should I Consider If I Want To Be A Scan Clerk?
+__label__negative Richard Hickman considers effective teaching across the curriculum, examining the notion that successful teachers of art and design are amongst the best teachers of any subject with much to offer outside their discipline in terms of pedagogy. The case study approach focuses on adolescent learning, although much of what is considered is applicable to all ages and phases of education, to consider the following questions:What are the characteristics of successful art teaching?How do individual life experiences inform art teachers' teaching?How in turn might others benefit from their pedagogical practices?Using self-portraiture, autoethnography and autobiography, Hickman draws together the varied experiences of a group of art teachers to explore a range of issues, including identity, learning environment and the nature of the teacher/learner relationship, which\n\nRezensionen ( 0 )\nNoch keine Rezensionen vorhanden.\nSie k\u00f6nnen die Er\u00f6rterung er\u00f6ffnen.\nZitate (0)\nSie k\u00f6nnen als Erste ein Zitat ver\u00f6ffentlichen.
+__label__negative JUS 635 Discussion Question with Answers Topic 1 to 8\n\n\nCategory: JUS 635 Tag: jus 635\n\n\nJUS 635 Topic 1 Discussion 1:\u00a0Not every case subject to review by a court is a case involving constitutional law. Why? How can a court determine when a case involves constitutional law? How can a legal researcher make that determination? Provide an example of the type of case that may involve a constitutional law issue.\n\nJUS635 Topic 1 Discussion 2:\u00a0What are the relationships between different sources of law? How do we make a determination of when different sources of law may \u201csupersede\u201d one another? How can a legal researcher make such determinations? Which jurisdiction will actually try a case?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 2 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is a statute? How is a statute \u2026..? For what purposes might a statute be \u2026? When would a statute be invalid? Give an example of when a statute would be invalid.\n\nJUS635 Topic 2 Discussion 2:\u00a0What is the concept of legislative history? How can legislative history assist a legal researcher? What have been or are the limitations of legislative history research with regard to statutory interpretation?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 3 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is case law? How is a case law created? For what purposes is case law created? When and how does case law become overturned?\n\nJUS635 Topic 3 Discussion 2:\u00a0Case law can be either mandatory (binding) authority or persuasive authority. How can a legal researcher determine whether a case is considered mandatory or persuasive authority? When might an attorney decide that persuasive authority is the appropriate argument to introduce in court?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 4 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is Lexis-Nexis? What are some of the features of Lexis-Nexis? How can Lexis-Nexis assist the legal researcher?\n\nJUS635 Topic 4 Discussion 2:\u00a0What are some of the problems with utilizing an online legal research site like Lexis-Nexis? How can a legal researcher overcome some of these obstacles?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 5 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is a memorandum of law? For what different types of purposes might a memorandum of law be \u2026\u2026?\n\nJUS635 Topic 5 Discussion 2:\u00a0How can legal research be applied to assist a legal researcher in creating a memorandum of law? Why is legal research critical to the creation of a proper memorandum of law? What are some of the pitfalls a legal researcher should avoid when preparing a memorandum of law?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 6 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is the difference between an opinion letter and a demand letter? Do those differences demand more or less research on behalf of a legal researcher in order to create an opinion or demand letter?\n\nJUS635 Topic 6 Discussion 2What are the proper elements of a demand letter? What types of research may be necessary in order to create an appropriate demand letter? What happens if the research uncovers information that may be damaging to a client\u2019s position?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 7 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is discovery? What are the limits of discovery and when can the legal researcher know that they have found sufficient information to terminate further research?\n\nJUS635 Topic 7 Discussion 2:\u00a0Electronic discovery has introduced new challenges for the discovery of information. What are some methodologies that a good legal researcher should utilize in order to conduct electronic discovery?\n\nJUS 635 Topic 8 Discussion 1:\u00a0What is a secondary source of law? When might a secondary source of law become important to the work of a legal researcher? How does a legal researcher make a determination to go to secondary sources of law?\n\nJUS635 Topic 8 Discussion 2What are the Restatement(s) of Law? Why might they be helpful to a legal researcher? Why might citing the restatement of law be helpful when writing an appellate brief?jus 635 discussion
+__label__negative A 1.69 uF capacitor that is initially uncharged is connected in series with a 7.94k(omega) resistor and an emf source with 67.0V and negligible internal resistance. The circuit is completed at t = 0.\n\nAt the time 9.30\ufffd10?3 seconds, what is the rate at which electrical energy is being dissipated in the resistor?\n\nWant an answer?\n\nGet this answer with Chegg Study
+__label__negative Submitted By williamlee0218\nWords: 1293\nPages: 6\n\n\n\u2014\u2014Smoking and Tax\n\nIn the past decades, an increasing number of countries have published a ban on smoking in public places. Someone agree this government policy of ban smoking which will help the nonsmokers and children keep away from the second hand smoke. However, some cigarette industries don\u2019t accept it. In this essay, I will explain the cigarette and tax relation with some economics words. And connecting with Hazlitt\u2019s book of \u2018Economics in One Lesson\u2019 to give the suggestion and recommendation.\n\nEconomics in one lesson\nIn Hazlitt\u2019s book of \u2018Economics in One Lesson\u2019, it has discussed the effects of governmental efforts to fix the price of commodities above or below the levels to which free market would otherwise have carried them. In a perfect free market, market price is the equilibrium price which when total demands equal to total supply. Many people, however, believe these fallacies because of man\u2019s nature to see only the \u201cimmediate effects of a given policy, or its effects only on a special group (Henry Hazlitt, 2009).\u201d Those people neglect the long-term effects and the implications on other groups by an economic policy. Classical economists only focused on long-term consequences and not the immediate damage incurred by certain groups.\n\nCigarette and Tax\nIn the theory of Economic, it assumes that consumers know what the best choice for them. Economists suppose that the most efficient way to allocating society's scarce resources is to allow individuals to make their own consumption choices (such as whether or not to purchase a particular product) within a free, competitive market (Scollo, MM & Winstanley, MH, 2012). According to this economic assumption, if smokers totally and freely addicted tobacco with full information of the health consequences and drugs potential, and if they also accept all the consequences of their choices, then the market is efficient, and there is no justification for government intervention (Jha P[et al], 2000).\nFigure 1 shows consumer and producer surplus when a market reaches the equilibrium, which are point of the supply curve cross the demand curve. Recall that consumer surplus equals the area above the price and the under the demand curve and producer surplus equals the area below the price and above the supply curve. In the cigarette industry, this is the best situation for the smokers and producers. As the equilibrium, the benefit for both sides are maximum, which the producers produce more with high benefits and the smokers will satisfy with their requirement no matter mental and physical.\n\nFigure 1\nHowever, the producer just see the present benefits and forget the long consequences just like the 2nd hand smoke will cause the air pollution for the public environment and break the health system to the nonsmokers and children, also will hurt smoker themselves. Consequently, it will cause the negative externality for the social economy.\nAn externalities arises when a person engages in an activity that influences the wellbeing of a bystander but the person neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect (Joshua Gans [et al], 2012). For each unit of cigarette smoked, a certain amount of smoke enters the atmosphere. Because this second hand smoke creates a health risk for those who breathe the air, such as non-smokers and children, it is a negative externality. Because of the externalities, the cost of society of producing cigarette is larger than the cost to cigarette producers. Figure 2 shows the social cost of producing cigarette.\n\nFigure 2\nWhen the government introduce the tax on
+__label__negative Troubleshooting Freezing/Getting Stuck/Getting Kicked Off\n\nIf you are running into any issues with the program freezing, with students getting stuck in the program, or students getting an error while using the program, gathering the following information will help us start troubleshooting the issue:\n\nProduct: (Language & Literacy, Espa\u00f1ol, Math, Math Facts, STAAR Readiness, or Blueprint)\n\nUsername of student(s) affected:\n\nTime the issues first started:\n\nDoes the issue appear to be unique to a specific student, device, or activity?\n\nWhat is the student doing right before the issue occurs?\n\nWhat steps can be taken to reproduce the issue?\n\nWhat type of device is the student using, and are they logging in through a browser or through an installed app?\n\nIs any error message thrown?\n\nDo you have any screenshots of the frozen page?
+__label__negative Frequently asked questions\n\nI am currently attending another college and will transfer to TJC. What do I need to do regarding my financial aid?\n
+__label__negative Civil Services\n\nThe Civil Services of India runs the entire administration of the country. The elected ministers of India lay down the policies required to properly run the administrative machinery, which is then carried out by the civil servants in various central government agencies.In the eyes of a common man District Collector is the government. Civil Services are as old as our civilization. Civilizations sustain due to the timely and effective provisions of civil services. Most probably, Civil Services as a career started with the monetization of the economic system or earlier when the barter system was in existence\n\nCivil servants are selected through the Civil Services Examination (CSE), the toughest nationwide competitive examination in India with a success rate of 0.1-0.3 percent\u2013 the least in the entire world.\n\n\nExam Pattern\n\nThe Civil Services Examination is considered to be the most difficult competitive examination in India. On average, 900,000 to 1,000,000 candidates apply every year and the number of candidates appearing to sit the preliminary examination is approximately 500,000.\u00a0The examination consists of the following three stages:\n\n  \u2022 Stage I: Preliminary examination \u2013 A qualifying test advertised in Feb-March and held in June-July each year. Results are published in mid-August.\n  \u2022 Stage II: Main examination \u2013 Held in October every year.\n  \u2022 Stage III: Personality Test (interview) \u2013 held in March each year. Final results are usually announced in May .\n\nThe training program for the selected candidates usually commences the following September.
+__label__negative Home > E. Pathology by systems > Nervous system > Peripheral nerves > Schwann cells\n\nSchwann cells\n\nWednesday 25 June 2003\n\nThere are two kinds of Schwann cells, myelinating and nonmyelinating.\n\nWhile myelinating Schwann cells cover large diameter (>1 micrometer) peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons with myelin, nonmyelinating Schwann cells encapsulate small diameter PNS axons with their cytoplasmic processes.\n\nThis conglomeration of nonmyelinating Schwann cells and axons is called a Remak bundle.\n\nWhile nonmyelinating Schwann cells are the origin of neurofibromas, the mutations that make them susceptible to this transformation occur in Schwann cell precursors during early nerve development.\n\n\nMutated nonmyelinating Schwann cells do not form normal Remak bundles. Instead, they fail to properly surround and segregate target axons.\n\nIt is unknown at this time why, if both types of Schwann cells exhibit bilallelic inactivation of the NF1 gene, only the nonmyelinating variety give rise to neurofibromas.\n\nOnce a nonmyelinating Schwann cell has suffered inactivation of its NF1 genes, through genetic mutation and DNA damage caused by environmental factors, it begins to proliferate rapidly.\n\nThis condition is called hyperplasia, which is cell growth beyond what is normally seen. However, despite increased numbers of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, there is no neurofibroma yet.\n\nIn order for the neurofibroma to develop, cells that are heterozygous for the NF1 gene must be recruited to the site.\n\nIt has been hypothesized that the proliferating nonmyelinating Schwann cells secrete chemoattractants such as the KIT ligand, and angiogenic factors such as the heparin-binding growth factor midkine.\n\nThese chemicals promote the migration of different kinds of cells that are heterozygous for the NF1 gene into the hyperplastic lesions created by the nonmyelinating Schwann cells.\n\nThese cell types include fibroblasts, perineurial cells, endothelial cells, and mast cells.\n\nThe mast cells then secrete mitogens or survival factors that alter the developing tumor microenvironment and result in neurofibroma formation.\n\nDermal and plexiform neurofibromas do differ in later development stages, but the details are unclear at this point.\n\nOnce a plexiform neurofibroma has formed, there is a chance that it will undergo transformation into a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST).\n\nThe formation of malignant cancers from neurofibromas is associated with the loss of expression of the CDKN2A or TP53 gene in non-myelinating Schwann cells that also exhibit biallelic inactivation of the NF1 gene.\n\n\nSchwann cells are the neoplastic element in neurofibromas.
+__label__negative This is TikiWiki CMS/Groupware v1.9.11 -Sirius- \u00a9 2002\u20132008 by the Tiki community Sat 23 of Sep, 2017 [18:08 UTC]\nLast actions\n\nFAQs help\n\nAvailable FAQs\n\ntitle description visits questions\nHow to join SID? 17481 1 (0)\nWhat are the roots of SID? 15322 1 (0)\nWhere do I find EU Charter of Fundamental Rights? 22275 1 (0)\nWhat is the meaning of the Framework agreement under the Social Dialogue? The rules of engagement between the European Commission and its trade unions are defined in the document called the Framework Agreement. 19206 1 (0)\n: Is SID a trade union only for the EU Officials? No. SID is for all employees of EU institutions regardless of their categories. 13500 1 (0)\nWhat is the meaning of RAAA? RAAA stands for (R\u00e9gime Applicable aux Autres Agents des Communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes) or in English: (Conditions of employment of other servants of the European Communities). 18677 0 (0)\nWhere is SID located? : SID is in Luxembourg. The president's office is at: c/o SID president, BECH B2/327, European Commission, Kirchberg, Luxembourg email: 16328 1 (0)\nWhat does SID mean? SID stands for \"Solidarity, Independence, Democracy\" (SID) which is an independent Trade Union for all employees of EU Institutions. 31541 1 (0)\n\nPage: 1/1\nCurrent events\nRSS Wiki RSS Maps rss Calendars\nPowered by Tikiwiki CMS/Groupware | Installed by SimpleScripts
+__label__negative Partition (law)\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJump to: navigation, search\n\n\nThere are three kinds of partition which can be awarded by court: partition in kind, partition by allotment, and partition by sale. A partition in kind is a division of the property itself among the co-owners. Partition in kind is a default method of property partition.[1] In a partition by allotment, which is not available in all jurisdictions, the court awards full ownership of the land to a single owner or subset of owners, and orders them to pay the person or persons divested of ownership for the interest awarded. Partition by sale constitutes a forced sale of the land, followed by division of the profits thus realized among the tenants. Generally, the court is supposed to order a partition sale only if the land cannot be physically divided, although this determination often rests on whether the economic value of the divided pieces is less in the aggregate than the value of the parcel as a single piece. See Delfino v. Vealencis, 436 A.2d 27 (Conn. 1980).\n\nA provision in a deed completely prohibiting partition will not be given effect, but courts will enforce a provision that temporarily restricts partition, as long as the restriction is reasonable.\n\nStatutory variations[edit]\n\nOntario, Canada Code[edit]\n\nThe Ontario Partition Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. P.4, states:\n\n\"3. (1) Any person interested in land in Ontario, or the guardian of a minor entitled to the immediate possession of an estate therein, may bring an action or make an application for the partition of such land or for the sale thereof under the directions of the court if such sale is considered by the court to be more advantageous to the parties interested. R.S.O. 1990, c. P.4, s. 3 (1).\"\n\nFlorida Code[edit]\n\nFlorida provides for partition actions by statute, which basically provides that any co-owner of real estate may seek partition.[2] In Florida, there are basically no defenses to a partition action, other than if the parties have agreed not to partition the real estate.[3]\n\nPennsylvania Code[edit]\n\n\u2014 Property divided under Rule 1560(a) shall be awarded to the parties according to their respective interests.\n\n\u2014 A master who is appointed by the court shall make such examinations and hold such hearings as may be necessary, giving reasonable notice thereof. The master may employ appraisers and, with the authorization of the court, such other experts as are necessary to enable the master to perform his or her duties.[4]\n\n\u2014 The court shall permit the shares of any two or more co-tenants to remain undivided between them if they so elect by writing filed within such time as the court or master shall direct.\n\n\u2014 Parties defendant owning a majority in value of the property may object in writing to any sale, requesting that the property be awarded to them at its valuation fixed by the court and that their interests in the same remain undivided. Upon such request the entire property shall be awarded to the parties objecting to sale, as tenants in common, subject to payment to the parties desiring partition and sale of the amounts of their respective interests based upon the valuation. The amounts due the parties shall be charged as liens upon the property, to be paid in such manner and time as the court shall direct.\n\nPartition Example: In D\u2019Arcy v. Buckley, 71 Bucks Co. L. Rep. 167 (1997), two persons purchased property as joint tenants with right of survivorship. The Plaintiff contributed five times more than the Defendant toward the purchase price. In a partition action, the Plaintiff sought credit for the full amount of his superior contributions. The Court held that, in the absence of fraud, the working of the deed operated to convey a one-half interest to each of the two joint tenants. The decision relies the authorities of Masgai v. Masgai, 460 Pa. 453, 333 A.2d 861 (1975) and DeLoatch v. Murphy, 369 Pa. Super. 255, 535 A.2d 146 (1987). The Plaintiff argued, to no avail, that he did not intend to make a lifetime gift to defendant.\n\nCalifornia Code[edit]\n\nPartition in kind is favored, Cal. Civ. Proc. Code \u00a7872.810,[5] but partition by sale is allowed if a partition by sale maximizes the market value of the subject property(s).\n\nIn many cases, a two-step process may be required: 1) a trial,[6] during which oral and documentary evidence is heard, and either affirms or denies the right of the moving party to effect a partition of the subject property(s), and, if affirmed, results in an interlocutory judgment (sometimes called a \"first interlocutory judgment\"), and 2) particularly in a contested partition, an evidentiary hearing (also a trial), usually after the property(s) have been appraised by experts, and during which trial additional oral and documentary evidence is heard, the property(s) are ordered divided and awarded proportionally where possible, including cash compensation where proportional division is impractical or impossible (sometimes called a \"second interlocutory judgment\"). The division usually requires the employment of experts such as engineers and surveyors, and the preparation of special reports (which include conveyance deeds and easement deeds). As a final act, the court, in a hearing (not a trial), will accept the special reports and order that these be executed by a title company, which will also effectuate \"recordation\" of the conveyance and easement deeds (any cash compensation due any of the parties will also be effectuated within the escrow).\n\nPartition Procedure[edit]\n\nA party seeking a partition must file a partition lawsuit. State codes generally favor physical division (partition in-kind) of the affected property(s) over sale (partition by sale as a unit), particularly if a tenant would be displaced from his or her primary residence by a sale. If in-kind partition is feasible, the property(s) will be divided proportionally. Where small differences in such division are unavoidable, cash compensation for the difference(s) will be awarded to maintain proportionality. If the property(s) cannot be divided and allocated to give each tenant a portion without spoiling the whole, the court will order a sale. A special master (referee) is commonly appointed by the court to execute the partition process. The referee is responsible only to the court, and the referee is limited only by the court's instructions, and applicable state codes. For an in-kind partition, the referee will cause deeds to the adjusted property(s) to be prepared. Where easements are required for access, the referee will employ professionals (engineers, surveyors and other experts) as required to describe the easement(s). The conveyance deeds for the adjusted property(s) and the easement deed(s) will be recorded simultaneously. Often, \"referee's deeds\" (deeds signed by the referee, in the owner's stead) may be employed.\n\nTenants in Common Partitions vs. Tenants with Rights of Survivorship Partitions[edit]\n\nTenants in Common (TIC) deeds may or may not be taken in equal shares, but a Joint Tenants with Rights of Survivorship (JTWROS) deed must always be taken in equal shares unless specifically and clearly indicated otherwise in the deed language. Therefore, a partition action for those two types of deeds will vary.\n\nWhen a JTWROS property is partitioned, the proceeds must be divided equally among tenants without regard to contribution to purchase price since a JTWROS deed is always taken in equal shares. So with a JTWROS, contributions to purchase price is not an issue during partition. Otherwise, the premise of a JTWROS deed would be invalid and its purpose would be defeated. On the other hand, when a TIC property is partitioned, courts may be at liberty to consider unequal contributions to purchase price and adjust the tenants' distributions accordingly.\n\nIn either partition situation, tenants may request credits for unequal contributions to expenses incurred after taking deed to the property. Such credits may cover utility and maintenance expenses, and are allocated according to shares. Credits for improvements to the property may be granted if the improvements actually increased the value of the property.\n\n\n  1. ^ Partition Action 101. Partition Action\n  2. ^ Florida Partition Statute\n  3. ^ Partition Can Be the Solution for Florida Heirs\n  4. ^ The Pennsylvania Code\n  5. ^\n  6. ^ As partition actions are \"equitable\" in nature, only court trials are employed; i.e., jury trials are not permitted.
+__label__negative IBPS Exam 2012-IBPS PO-IBPS Clerk\n\nComplete Package for IBPS Exams 2012\n\nComplete SBI Clerk Exam 27th May, 2012 Question Paper Evening Session\n\nIn our previous post, we have published the Fully Solved SBI Clerk Exam 2012 GA Question Paper of Morning Session and now feel delighted to inform you that we have got the Complete General Awareness Question Paper of Evening Session that were asked in the Evening Session of the SBI Exam on 27th May, 2012.\n\nStudents who are going to appear for the exam on 3rd June, 2012 must go through these questions and prepare according to the pattern and nature of questions asked in the exam on 27th May, 2012.\n\n1). Which actress has recently won the National Award for the Best Actress ?\n\n2). Who among the following persons mentioned below is a Singer and an awardee of Padam Shree Award ?\n\n3). In 2011, the 3rd BRICS summit was held at ?\n\n4) G-8 Meeting was recently held at which place ?\n\n5). The recently elected Railway Minister Mukul Roy is from which political party ?\n\n6). One Question is asked on NABARD ?\n\n7). Loans given to Self-help groups (SHG) is called ?\n\n8). Who is the present Chief Election Commissioner of India ?\n\n9). What does \"C\" represent in \"ECB\" ?\n\n10). Who among the following is a Chief Minister of an India State ?\n\n11) Which among the following books in written by Vikram Seth ?\n\n12) Who among the following is the External Affairs Minster of India ?\n\n13) Who among the following represent India in the recently held India-Russia meet ?\n\n14) What is the Current Bank rate as fixed by RBI ?\n\n15) World population day is celebrated every year on ?\n\n16) Which among the following terms in not associated with the game of Cricket ?\n\n17) Which among the following terms in not associated with banking sector\n\n18) Who won the Australian Open 2012 ?\n\n19) What is maximum term of members of Rajya Sabha ?\n\n20) What is the measurement unit of \"Work\" ?\n\n21) Which among the following schemes is launched by Government of India to upgrade Rural Infrastructure ?\n\n22) Which among the following bank's is also called as \" Bankers Bank\" ?\n\n23) Who among the following is the Prime Minter of Bangladesh ?\n\n24) Victoria Azarenka of Belarus is associated with which game ?\n\n25) Which among the following cups/ Trophies is associated with the game of Tennis ?\n\n26) 17th SAARC summit was recently held at ?\n\n27) One Question is asked on Railway Budget 2012-The Question is related to hike price hike of railway Classes\n\n28) Who among the following is the present US Secretary of State ?\n\n29) Which among the following countries is not an OPEC member ?\n\n30) Who among the following won the Pulitzer prize 2012 ?\n\n31) Which among the following awards is presented for excellence in the field of Literature ?\n\n32) Which agency regulates micro Finance in India ?\n\n33) As per CENSUS 2011, what is the current Literacy Rate of India ?\n\n34) CRIS is an Railway Information of which country ?\n\n35) Who will be next Army Chief of India ?\n\n36) Why was European Union Evolved ?\n\n37) In order to qualify for 2012 Olympics, Indian Hockey Team had recently defeated which team?\n\n38) In case, the expenditure is greater than Income the difference is called as ?\n\n39) India had recently sold the Nuclear Reactors to which country ?\n\n\nAfter Going through this Question Paper, Students Read this Article\n\n\u00a015 Expected Questions for SBI Clerk Exam on 3rd June, 2012\n\nBooks for IBPS PO Exam 2012\n\nIBPS Clerk Exam 2012\n\nGet ALL the IBPS Exam 2012 Updates in your In Box\n\nEnter your email address:\n\nDon't forget to activate the Email subscription from your Inbox\n\n\nPost a Comment\n\nYou can contact me at: ibpsportal@gmail.com\n\nWeb Analytics
+__label__negative Subscribe hereRSS of via RSS or via email Help\n\n\nYour best IELTS study partner\n\nIELTS test in Iran \u2013 July 2012 (Academic Module)\n\nA test-taker from Iran (thanks S!) shared what he remembered about the recent exam topics:\n\nWriting test IELTS test in Iran\n\nWriting task 1 (a report)\n\nWe were given a table showing facilities offered at the university in the UK and the percentage of students happy with them.\n\nWriting task 2 (an essay)\n\nMoney should be spent on creating new public buildings such as museums or conference halls rather than repairing existing ones. To what extent do you agree or disagree?\n\nSpeaking test\n\n\n\u2013 What do you do?\n\u2013 Why did you select this job?\n\u2013 What would you like to do in the future?\n\u2013 What were your favorite toys as a child?\n\u2013 Did you prefer playing with your friends or on your own?\n\u2013 What can you learn from toys?\n\nCue Card\n\nDescribe an old person that you like. Please say\n\n\u2013 Who is he/she?\n\u2013 Explain why is he/she interesting to you?\n\n\n\u2013 What is the normal age for being considered old in your country?\n\u2013 What is the normal age for retirement?\n\u2013 Why don\u2019t old people respect young people?\n\u2013 Do old people just think they don\u2019t get respect or do young people genuinely disrespect them?\n\n\n\n  \u2022 Top 25 IELTS Blogs Winner Award\n  \u2022 Best Australian Blogs 2014 Competition - People's Choice Winner\n\n\nOnline course\n\nPractice tests\n\nSite Search\n\nNew Services\n\nLatest Posts:
+__label__negative Latest: >\n\nSearch This Blog\n\nRRB Staff Nurse Sample questions\n\n1. Fallopian Tube is lined by\u00a0\n1. Columnar Epithelium\n2. Stratified Epithelium\n3. Ciliated Epithelium\n4. Germinal Epithelium\n\n2. It appears that a patient is about to throw a flower pot acress the room. A nurse calls Mr. Smith, put the flower pot down. She could call What are you doing, tell me immediately? For which of the following reasons is the first remark most valuable in this situation?\u00a0\n1. she says Mr. Smiths name so that he knows she is speaking to him\n2. she is clear and concise about what she wants him to do\n3. she is clear, concise and states his name\n4. a command is always responded to more quickly than a question\n\n3. For proper emotional development which of the following be avoided\u00a0\n1. unhealthy criticism\n2. unfavourable comparison\n3. overdomination on childs personality\n4. all of the above\n\n4. Surgery done to remove lesons that are likely to develop into cancer is known as\u00a0\n1. diagnostic\n2. palliative\n3. prophylactic\n4. reconstructive\n\n5. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person is very angry? \u00a0\n1. a drop in temperature and pulse\n2. a drop in pulse and blood pressure\n3. a rise in pulse and blood pressure\n4. none of the above\n\n6. The most common symptom of pulmonary embolism is :\u00a0\n1. fever\n2. chest pain\n3. hemoptysis\n4. dyspnea\n\n7. The brunt of illness in Schizophrenia, is on\u00a0\n1. cognition\n2. affect\n3. conation\n4. consciousness\n\n8. Which of the following is the best answer to the questions are emotions innate or learn?\u00a0\n1. learning is important in modifying emotions but some forms appear to be innate\n2. emotions are entirely innate and develop through maturation\n3. emotions are entirely gained by experience\n4. emotions are not learnt but are probably innate, their expression is learnt by experience experience.\n\n9. Choose the culture that does not consider eye contact impolite when speaking with another. \u00a0\n1. Americans\n2. Indo - Chinese\n3. Asians\n4. Native Americans\n\n10. A patient has certain rights concerning data collection, such as the right to know:\u00a0\n1. that selected information will be held confidential\n2. why information is sought\n3. how information will be used\n4. all of the above\n\n11. Tetrahydrocannabinol is a psychomimetic compound, found in\u00a0\n1. Pethidine\n2. Marihuana\n3. LSD\n4. Heroin\n\n12. Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?\u00a0\n1. the study and understanding of normal mental functions and behavior\n2. the study and understanding of abnormal mental functions and behavior\n3. mental processes and physiological studies\n4. the science of the physiological studies of the central nervous system\n\n13.What is true about neurotic depression?\u00a0\n1. Best treatment is ECT\n2. Usually is bipolar\n3. There is no insight\n4. Usually associated with anxiety\n\n14. The shift in health care delivery from acute care to community based care is primarily the result of :\u00a0\n1. tighter insurance regulations\n2. alternate health care delivery systems\n3. changes in federal legislation\n4. the interfacing of all three conditions\n\n15. Acquired a plastic anemia usually manifests with all except?\u00a0\n1. Purpura\n2. Oral ulcers\n3. Hepatosplenomegaly\n4. Fatigue\n\n16. All of the following are features of attention deficit disorder, except\u00a0\n1. Hyper activity\n2. Poor attention span\n3. Impulsivity\n4. Highself-esteem\n\n17.All of the following drugs have anti\u00addepressant effect, except:\u00a0\n1. Trifluoperazine\n2. Levomepromazine\n3. MAO inhibitors\n4. Amitriptyline\n\n18. The most worrisome adverse effect of epidural opiosds is \u00a0\n1. asytole\n2. bradypnea\n3. hypertension\n4. tachycardia\n\n19.Areas where two or more sutures meet are\u00a0\n1. sutures\n2. fontanelles\n3. vaul\n4. segregated\n\n20. An institution is an organised system of social relationships which embodies certain common values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of the society. This definition of institution has been given by \u00a0\n1. H. P. Fairchild\n2. P. B. Harton\n3. O. L. Sille\n4. None of the above\n\n21. An analysis of Suzannes diet shows that it does not contain adequate protein. Her daily protein intake, for a body weight of 13416, should be about \u00a0\n1. 50 g.\n2. 60 g.\n3. 40 g.\n4. 30 g.\n\n22. The lower border of the symphysis pubis, the lower border of the sacrum ischial spines and sacro spines ligament are the landmarks of\u00a0\n1. brim\n2. cavity\n3. outlet\n4. inlet\n\n23. In marasmus there is\u00a0\n1. Protein malnutrition\n2. Caloriemalnutrition\n3. Both (A) and (B)\n4. None of these\n\n24. Regression can be most accurately described as :\u00a0\n1. banishment of unacceptable wishes or ideas from conscious awareness\n2. turning of interests inwards to total pre \u00ad occupation with self\n3. unconscious efforts to erase a previous painful experience\n4. resumptin of behavior typical of an earlier level of development\n\n25. How levels of vitamin E in premature baby is associated with\u00a0\n1. Haemolytic anaemia\n2. Intraventricular haemorrhage\n3. Hyperbnirubinemia\n4. All of the above\n\n26. Abreaction is\u00a0\n1. Release of emotion, when buried material is brought to surface X is described\n2. Reaction to sudden life stress, as a survival instinct\n3. Same as free association\n4. Also called catharsis\n\n27. Anticoagulation with heparin attempts to maintain the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) at\u2026\u2026times normal\u00a0\n1. 1.5 to 2.0\n2. 1.0 to 1.3\n3. 2.0 to 2.5\n4. 2.0 to 3.0\n\n28. Which of the following is the best way of handling a conversation in which the client suddenly becomes silent having been talking happily for five minutes?\u00a0\n1. terminate the conversation\n2. sit quitely focusing attention on the client\n3. explain that if she does not talk it is difficult to help her\n4. ask her why she is not talking\n\n29. Fetal circulation functions fully by\u00a0\n1. 12th week\n2. 28th week\n3. 8th week\n4. 6th week\n\n30. Which of the following is not an essential feature of family?\u00a0\n1. a permanent association\n2. oldest association\n3. vocational association\n4. cultural association\n\n31. Iron is better absorbed in\u00a0\n1. Ferrous form\n2. Ferric form\n3. No change\n4. None of these\n\n32. Which of the following statements about nationality is not correct? \u00a0\n1. nationality is a spiritual sentiment\n2. nationality is a population held together by certainties as for example, language and literature, ideas, customs and traditions\n3. nationality is a form of corporate sentiment of peculiar intensity, instimacy and diginity related to a definite home country\n4. nationality is a body of persons ruled by a definite government\n\n33.Differential diagnosis of bed-wetting in childhood includes all, except:\u00a0\n1. Obstructive uropathy\n2. Epilepsy\n3. Diabetes mellitus\n4. Infantile Austism\n\n34. While distinguishing class from ,caste one of the sociologists has said, When a class is some what strictly hereditary we may call it a caste. He is\u00a0\n1. Ogburn\n2. Nimkof\n3. Cooley\n4. Macluer\n\n35. To supplement a diet with foods high in potassium, the nurse should recommend the addition of\u00a0\n1. milk and yogurt\n2. nuts and legumes\n3. green leafy vegetables\n4. fruits such as bananas and apricots\n\n36. During assessment the nurse notes symptoms positively correlated with ARDS that include:\u00a0\n1. contraction of the, accessory muscles of respiration.\n2. dysrhythmias and hypotension\n3. tachypnea and tachycardia\n4. all of the above\n\n37. Which is a nacissistic defense mechanism?\u00a0\n1. Denial\n2. Sublimation\n3. Altrusim\n4. Regression\n\n38. Which of the following metabolite can help in selection of correct antidepressant medication?\n1. Dopamine\n2. VMA\n3. 5-HT\n\n39. Copper containing enzymes include all except.\u00a0\n1. Ferroxidase\n2. Superoxide dismutase\n3. Cytochrome oxidase\n4. Carbonic an hydrase\n\n\n  1. plz send latest question papers of rrb staff nurse to\n\n  2. do one favour for all publish more ques. from last year pAPER OF STAFF NURSE RRB\n\n  3. Please send last 5yrs question paper and answer sheet of RRB entrance for the post of staff mail is\n\n  4. like this we want more\n\n  5. would u please send latest questions to please....\n\n  6. please send last 5 years questions to help me...\n\n  7. please send more 5 year quest paper ofrrb on\n\n  8. can u please send last 5 years RRB staff nurse solved question papers\n\n    1. Hi Divya LS,\n      I would like to share perfect place to get previous & model question & answer papers of railway rrb staff nurse exam book\n\n
+__label__negative A man standing on very slick ice fires a rifle horizontally. The mass of the man together with the rifle is 70kg , and the mass of the bullet is 10g . If the bullet leaves the muzzle at a speed of 500m/s , what is the final speed of the man?\n\n\nGet this answer with Chegg Study
+__label__negative Baltimore Catechism No. 4 (of 4) eBook\n\n\n113.\u00a0 What is a catechism? 114.\u00a0 What does our Catechism contain? 115.\u00a0 Why should we learn the Catechism? 116.\u00a0 What do we mean by the \u201cend of man\u201d? 117.\u00a0 For what end was man created? 118.\u00a0 In what respect are all men equal? 119.\u00a0 What is \u201cwoman\u201d? 120.\u00a0 In the first question, what does \u201cworld\u201d mean? 121.\u00a0 What is a creature? 122.\u00a0 Is every invisible thing a spirit? 123.\u00a0 Of what use is reason to us? 124.\u00a0 What makes man different from all other animals? 125.\u00a0 Have any brute animals reason? 126.\u00a0 How do you know brute animals have not reason? 127.\u00a0 Can we learn all truths by our reason alone? 128.\u00a0 What is revelation? 129.\u00a0 What is \u201cfree will\u201d in man? 130.\u00a0 Have brute animals \u201cfree will\u201d? 131.\u00a0 Why is it necessary for us to know God? 132.\u00a0 What does \u201cworship\u201d mean? 133.\u00a0 How do we know when we love God above all? 134.\u00a0 Does the Apostles\u2019 Creed contain all the truths we must believe? 135.\u00a0 Name some truths not mentioned in it. 136.\u00a0 Is a tree a creature?\n\nLesson 2\n\n137.\u00a0 What is a spirit? 138.\u00a0 What does \u201cinfinite\u201d mean? 139.\u00a0 Why does God watch over us? 140.\u00a0 Why is it necessary for God to watch over us? 141.\u00a0 Why must God be \u201cjust\u201d as well as \u201cmerciful\u201d?\n\nLesson 3\n\n142.\u00a0 What does \u201csupreme\u201d mean? 143.\u00a0 When are two persons said to be equal? 144.\u00a0 From whom does authority come? 145.\u00a0 Is there any difference in the ages of God the Father and God the\n146.\u00a0 Do first, second, and third in the Blessed Trinity mean that one\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0person was before the other?\n147.\u00a0 Why must we believe mysteries? 148.\u00a0 Must we understand everything we believe?\n\nLesson 4\n\n149.\u00a0 How may the things God created be classed? 150.\u00a0 Why did God create angels? 151.\u00a0 If angels have no bodies, how can they appear? 152.\u00a0 Are the angels all equal in dignity? 153.\u00a0 How many classes of angels are there? 154.\u00a0 What did the Archangel Michael do? 155.\u00a0 What did the Archangel Gabriel do? 156.\u00a0 Who gave the angels their names? 157.\u00a0 What are the duties of the angels? 158.\u00a0 What does our angel guardian do for us? 159.\u00a0 How do you know that the angels offer our prayers and good works to\n160.\u00a0 Give a short history of Tobias. 161.\u00a0 What do we mean by \u201cJacob\u2019s ladder\u201d? 162.\u00a0 Are there other guardian angels besides the guardian angels of\n163.\u00a0 Name some persons to whom angels appeared. 164.\u00a0 Were angels ever sent to punish men? 165.\u00a0 If God watches over us, why should angels guard us? 166.\u00a0 What was the devil\u2019s name before he was cast out of Heaven? 167.\u00a0 Why was he cast out? 168.\u00a0 Is the Blessed Virgin only a creature?\u00a0 Why?\n\nLesson 5\n\nProject Gutenberg\nFollow Us on Facebook
+__label__negative IELTS or TOEFL \u2013 what to choose?Today there are two recognized exams, which determine the level of English proficiency \u2013 it\u2019s IELTS and TOEFL. If you want to select the most suitable test for yourself, you need to learn more about each of them.\n\nFor example, the main difference between these tests is that TOEFL evaluates American dialect of English and IELTS \u2013 British dialect. And even though the differences between the dialects are not significant, some phonetic and grammatical aspects can be difficult even for those who have good language skills.\n\nEach of the tests consists of four sections: Reading helps to assess reading skills, Listening checks the ability to perceive information, Speaking assesses the ability to speak, and Writing - writing skills.\n\nIn the test there\u2019s no rigorous evaluation of the grammatical rules. English grammar is assessed in your responses during Speaking and Writing sections.\n\nNevertheless, between TOEFL and IELTS there are a lot of differences. For example, you pass TOEFL in electronic version, while IELTS is taken on paper. Speaking section of TOEFL test is recorded on the microphone.\n\nIELTS Speaking involves personal contact with the examiner. But the text for reading in TOEFL may seem more in relation to what is displayed on the computer monitor. Thus, IELTS is more appropriate for conservative candidates who prefer to write with a pen on paper.\n\nIn TOEFL Listening you\u2019re offered to listen the texts, to make necessary notes, and only after this you will receive a list of the questions which have to be answered. In a similar section in IELTS you can immediately see a list of the questions. This will allow the applicant to capture the necessary information to record those parts where there are the answers to these questions.\n\nAlso the tests have different system of evaluation: in IELTS the arithmetic mean of the total number of points obtained in all four test sections. Thus, the count range is 0 to 9 in steps of 0.5 points. A evaluation in TOEFL is a sum of the points which are scored for all sections of the test; the maximum score that you can get is the 120.\n\nPascale Laurent, Exam Manager at the British Council in Brussels, Belgium discusses the differences between the IELTS test and the TOEFL test:\n\nNow you have enough information about the difference between the exams and you can choose the most appropriate test for yourself: IELTS or TOEFL.
+__label__negative Federal open market committee, Financial Management\n\nFederal Open Market Committee\n\nThe principle document making body of the Federal Reserve, the FOMC consists of 7 governors of the Federal Reserve System and 12 Federal Reserve District Bank presidents, where only 5 of the 12 members are voting members and the right to vote is rotated.\n\nPosted Date: 10/17/2012 3:42:06 AM | Location : United States\n\nRelated Discussions:- Federal open market committee, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Federal open market committee, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Federal open market committee Discussions\n\nWrite discussion on Federal open market committee\nYour posts are moderated\nRelated Questions\nWhat is GATT, and what is its goal? GATT is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade it is a agreement that seeks to decrease trade barriers among participant nations.\n\nTreasury bonds are the bonds issued with maturities greater than 10 years. However, these are commonly issued with a maturity of 30 years. Like T-notes, these bon\n\nQuestion: Part A: Justify and criticize the usual assumption made in Financial Management literature that the objective of a firm is to maximize the wealth of its sharehol\n\nthe procedures, techniques or strategies that could or should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of harm > actions that could be taken to eliminate the hazard or reduce the r\n\nQ. Explain Financial Management in brief? In the management of business firms, there are various well known functional areas such as Production Management, Materials Management\n\nInventory is sometimes thought of as a necessary evil.\u00a0 Explain. Inventory ties up funds and these types of funds are not earning an explicit return.\u00a0 A few inventory is often es\n\nEvaluation of change in credit policy Current average collection period = 30 + 10 = 40 days Current accounts receivable = 6m \u00d7 40/ 365 = $657534 The Average collection pe\n\n\n
+__label__negative What is an answer?Defendant's response to allegations made by the plaintiff in the latter's complaint. When the answer is filed, the case is said to be ''at issue.''\nWhat is civil procedure?Method and means of enforcing civil law.\nWhat is a consent decree?Court-sanctioned agreement settling a legal dispute and entered into by the consent of the parties.\nWhat is contempt of court?Failure or refusal to obey a court order. May be punished by a fine or imprisonment.\n\nWhat is a counterclaim?Claim made by a defendant in a civil lawsuit that, in effect, sues the plaintiff.\nWhat is a default judgment?Judgment awarded to the plaintiff because the defendant has failed to answer the complaint.\nWhat is a deposition?Process of obtaining a witness's sworn testimony out of court.\nWhat is discovery?Pretrial procedure in which parties to a lawsuit ask for and receive information - such as testimony, records, or other evidence - from each other.\n\nWhat is a dismissal?Order disposing of a case without a trial.\nDispositive? Settling a matter finally and definitively.\nWhat is an ex parte hearing?Judicial hearing with only one party present.\nWhat is fact pleading?English system of civil procedures that required a high degree of specificity in the facts stated in the complaint. Used in one or two states.\n\nWhat is garnishment?Process whereby money owed to one person as a result of a court judgment may be withheld from the wages of another person (who is known as the ''garnishee'').\nWhat is an in camera review?A review that occurs ''in chambers''; in civil litigation, a judge may conduct an in camera review of documents to determine whether the are, in fact, privileged.\nWhat is an interrogatory?Form of discovery in which written questions about a lawsuit are submitted to one party by the other party.\nWhat is a motion?Application made by one of the litigants requesting the judge to make a decision.\n\nWhat is no-fault divorce?Divorce in which neither party must allege or prove fault (adultery, cruelty, and so on) to dissolve the marriage; the grounds are generally incompatibility or failure of the marriage.\nWhat is notice pleading?Type of civil procedure adopted in the 1938 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that permits pleadings to be less technical than those required under fact pleading.\nWhat are pleadings?Process of making formal written statements of each side of a case.\nWhat is preponderance of the evidence?In civil law, the standard of proof required to prevail at trial. For a plaintiff to win, he or she must show that the greater weight, or preponderance of the evidence, supports his or her version of the facts.\n\nWhat is privileged information?In evidence, communications that may be kept confidential or private.\nDefine quash.To void or annul.\nWhat is service (in civil case)?Process of formally delivering the complaint or a subpoena to the defendant or a witness in a civil suit.\nWhat is a settlement?Agreement about the disposition of a law-suit reached by the parties involved.\n\nWhat is a subpoena?Order from a court directing a person to appear before the court and to give testimony about a cause of action pending before it.\nWhat is a subpoena duces tecum?Order from a court directing a person to appear before the court with specified documents that the court deems relevant in a matter pending before it.\nWhat is a summary decision?Decision in a case that does not give it full consideration.\nWhat is a summary judgment?Decision by a judge to rule in favor of one party because the opposing party failed to meet a standard of proof.\n\nWhat is a summons?Court order directing the defendant to appear in court at a specified time and place, either in person or by filing a written answer to the plaintiff
+__label__negative Skip Ribbon Commands\nSkip to main content\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\nSemester and Academic Year Study Abroad FAQ\n\n\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe Basics\n\nWhat is the role of the Center for International Studies?\n\nWhen can I study abroad?\n\nAre there any majors that won\u2019t allow me to study abroad?\n\nWhere can I study abroad?\n\n\nWhat is a study abroad program provider and what do they do?\n\nDo I need a passport to study abroad?\n\nDo I need a visa to study abroad?\n\nWill my cell phone work abroad?\n\nWhat is my status at PC when I study abroad?\n\nCan't I just take a leave of absence and get transfer credit when I come back from studying abroad?\n\nHow can I meet with a study abroad advisor?\n\n\nWhat is the application process?\n\nWhen do I apply for PC approval to study abroad?\n\nCan I submit an application for PC approval if I do not currently meet the GPA requirement?\n\nHow many programs may I select?\n\nWhat if I change my mind about where I want to go?\n\nDoes applying for study abroad commit me to participating?\n\nWhat is the application fee?\n\nWhen do I apply for acceptance into my program?\n\nHow do I request my PC transcript?\n\nTo whom should I send the home school nomination or approval form that is part of my program application?\n\n\nWhat does study abroad cost?\n\nDo I need to pay the program deposit?\n\nDoes my financial aid go with me?\n\nWhat about tuition exchange students?\u200b\n\nAre there any scholarship options for study abroad?\n\nHow expensive is it to live in my host country?\n\nHow will I access my money while abroad?\n\n\nWhat types of courses can I take when I study abroad?\n\nHow do I choose my study abroad courses? When will I know if my courses will count at PC?\n\nWhat if I can\u2019t obtain a syllabus before I arrive abroad or I choose a new course that is not approved yet?\n\nHow many classes will I take on my program?\n\nWill I receive credit for the courses I take abroad?\n\nWhat happens if I take a repeat class?\n\nWill my study abroad grades be factored into my GPA?\n\nWhat is the Pass/Fail policy?\n\nCan I purchase my textbooks abroad? What about school supplies?\n\nHow do I register for my PC courses while I am abroad?\n\nHow long does it take for my study abroad courses to be posted to Cyberfriar?\n\n\nI will be spending one semester abroad. What are my PC housing options during the semester I will be on campus?\n\nWhere will I live when I study abroad?\n\nWill living with a host family restrict my freedom?\n\nAre meals included in my housing?\n\nHow will I do laundry?\n\nDo I need to bring cooking supplies, linens, and towels?\n\nWill I have internet access?\n\nHealth and Safety\n\nWhat if I get sick while I am abroad?\n\nWill I be safe
+__label__negative Bendwood Elementary \u2013 SPIRAL Program FAQs\n\nBendwood Elementary SPIRAL Program \u2013 FAQs\n\nWhat is SPIRAL?\nSBISD\u2019s SPIRAL (Spring Branch Program for Improving Reasoning and Accelerating Learning) classes are held at Bendwood Elementary.\n\nWho attends SPIRAL?\nGT-identified, third, fourth, and fifth grade students travel to Bendwood Campus one day each week for SPIRAL classes.\n\nWhat day will my child attend SPIRAL?\nEvery campus has been assigned a new day of the week for the 2016-17 school year. To find out what day your campus will attend Bendwood for the 2016-17 school year, please contact your home campus principal.\n\nHow will my child get to Bendwood Elementary?\nSBISD provides bus transportation to/from the home campus to Bendwood Elementary.\n\nWhat the SPIRAL program hours at Bendwood Elementary?\nHours are 8:30am-2:00pm.\n\nWhere is Bendwood Elementary located?\n12750 Kimberley Lane, Houston, TX 77024\n\nHow many SPIRAL teachers are at Bendwood Elementary?\nBendwood Elementary will have 8 SPIRAL teachers in the 2016-17 school year.\n\nWhat is the SPIRAL curriculum?\nEach teacher creates their own curriculum.\n\nWhat do SPIRAL classes look like?\nClasses are self-contained. Classes are also multi-grade \u2013 students from the three grades are spread throughout the 8 classes.\n\nWhen will we be notified of SPIRAL class assignments?\nParents will be notified of class assignment at the beginning of the 2016-17 school year. Students are assigned classes.\n\nCan my child buy lunch at Bendwood Elementary?\nLunch is provided for FREE due to federal guidelines. The menu selection follows the SBISD early childhood or preschool menu.\n\nHow is Bendwood Elementary funded?\nSBISD provides limited funding to Bendwood Elementary. Curriculum and supplies are largely provided from funds raised by the Bendwood Elementary PTA.
+__label__negative length : the number of character for the word\nword : the text\nsentence : that sentence that word can be used, the word is changed to pinyin to show the word's location\nenglish ; the meaning of that sentence\nHSK ; the level that the word belong to\n\nlength: 6\nword: \u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\nsentence: \u5979\u5728\u897f\u90e8\uff08\u5982Jia1li4fu2ni2ya4zhou1\uff09\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u4f4f\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u4e86.\nenglish: She's lived in the West (eg California) for ten years now.\nHSK: 344946
+__label__negative Here are our courses\n\n\n\"Most frequently requested item is 'DISCIPLINE'.\"\n\"It is a very complex concept, so let's make it clear.\"\n\"What can be another word for it?\"\n\"It can be learning, training, and practice because word originate from disciple\nwhich means a follower or student\"\n\"Question is learning, training, and practicing for what?\"\n\"ALL the different life skills just as confidence, focus, respect, how to control own\nfeeling, etc.\"\n\"Question will be; which life skill do you want? Let's be specific!\"\n\"Please, let us have a chance to have a free class, I CAN HELP YOU TO GET\nRESULT in a day or a week. try it\"\n\"Remember? We are in the teaching business of BODY, MIND, and SPIRIT\"\n\nFocus\u00a0solution for ADD/ADHD'\n\n\"ADD/ADHD stands for 'attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder' which refers\nproblem of paying attention or focus.\"\n\"It is the learned faculty just like any other skills.\"\n\"Question is do we know how to train anyone's focus?\"\n\"Answer is no and yes. No, because we don't know how to in general society yet.\nYes because Martial Arts have been helped many people because it is the very best vehicle which is Oriental Secret.\"\n\"You can get results within a week, let me share a couple of the testimonial.\"\n\n\n\u201cWho wants to be more confident\"\n\"Everyone! Is everyone have enough of it? Not really! Why not?\"\n\"Simple! We don't know how to.\"\n\"It is a human resource which is unlimited not like a natural resource which is\nlimited. Another words we can have much as we want it if we know what, why, and how to gain confidence.\"\n\"Let me help you! Start with the definition of what it is.\"\n\"Confidence consists of 3 elements. Time, event, and entity.\"\n\"Time has category as tense which is past, present, and future.\"\n\"Confidence always dealing with future never past nor present such as 'I can be a black belt.' Not now but in the future.\"\n\"The second item is an event such as becoming a black belt as of any achievement you will get throughout your life.\"\n\"Third item is a sovereign entity which can be one individual or group of people such as community, organization, and state.\"\n\"Here is the conclusion of what is confidence - CERTAINTY OF FUTURE EVENT\n\"Everything is possible for him who believes. - Mark 9:23b\"\n\"Please sign up for our confidence course.\"\n\nLearning Skills\n\n\"What is learning?\"\n\"Knowledge is a human-developed way of survival method, unlike an animal.\"\n\"Animal survival method is things inherited by gene, however humans inherited unlimited potential without knowledge. No one can inherit parents' knowledge, everyone must learn throughout their life to survive and their success.\"\n\"Therefore, 'How well can I learn?' will be a vital question to answer.\"\n\"Even this critical matter, we do not have an answer on 'How to learn?', yet!\"\n\"Here is the point that you should consider.\"\n\"Did your child(ren) or yourself learned 'how to learn' first before going to school? Why not?\"\n\"Learning process is much more complex than driving a car. If then, you and your child(ren) start driving without the driver license first? How dangerous can it be and ineffective!\"\n\"Yet, almost everyone goes to school without learning skill first. How amazing is this?\"\n\"Let me help you and your child(ren) in this matter.\"\n\nMeaning Of Life\n\n\"Meaning of life is unique to everyone such as every individual is unique.\"\n\"If then, how can we define the meaning of life for general purpose? Can we?\"\n\"My answer is 'YES'\"\n\"It is 'ANSWER nicely and ANSWERS on time.'\"\n\"How is it so?\"\n\"Please refer 'Principle of life #1' post - Total independence with total dependence. A simple way to say, no one can eat, drink, sick, and breathing for me, yet every life needs air, water, and food. But, no life can supply it by self, it is total dependency.\"\n\"Same way, everything happened in this world no one has any control what so ever not even single thing.\"\n\"Only option we have a response or answer on what happens in everyday life.\n\"Let's ask what is another word for meaning? It can be a purpose, reason, and so on.\"\n\"But spiritual term will be calling - the only option we have will be answering to the CALLING!\"\n\"Each one of us must find what is my CALLING will be! That is your choice which most unique.\"\n\n\n\"Do you know that root word of happiness comes from 'happen.'\"\n\"Of course, good things happen to you, you are happy, not good things happen to you, you are not happy.\"\n\"Then, what is the point?\"\n\"We need to ask an important question, 'What is a prerequisite condition of to happen?'\"\n\"You may say a lot of work or labor. But, to me, it is 'LIFE', first - Aha! No life, nothing happen. With life, all the things can happen with my choice. But, no one made their life, it is given only temporal life in this world.\"\n\"Goal is can I get spiritual life which will be eternal life.\"\n\"That is why I did Taekwondo all my life because it is a way of life which training BODY, MIND, and SPIRIT together. I don't know none other vehicles will do good as Martial Arts.\"\n\nLife Skills\n\nYou may ask 'How to do a difficult task like that? It hasn't done yet as in the 21st century. It is true that a very difficult task, but we can't give up this challenge, because it is a matter of happy and fruitful life or not of the entire human race. However, my answer is 'Homo-Faber which means man the maker, especially 'TOOL MAKER. Think about this way 'How many knives do you have in your kitchen as the tool?' You may not know exact numbers, because for different purposes you may have a few butter knives, steak knives, utility knife, chef's knife, paring knife and etc. That is a knife alone, how many other tools do you have in your kitchen? You can't count it!\"\nWe as humans use the many tools to get tasks done in daily life. If you use the proper tools you will get the job done or frustrate and fail. Just like this, we need to know how to make the proper tool for ENGINEERING HUMAN POTENTIAL.\nThis task I have been doing all of life. Because I am a Martial Artist and Grand Master Instructor. That is why I become the first Human EngineerR in the world.\n\n\n\"What is thinking?\"\n\"Very tough question to answer.\"\nLet's ask two questions: 'Can you think?' vs 'Can you think well?'\"\n\"Answer for first question will be 'Yes' because it is an innate ability to every human being.\"\n\"Answer for the second question could be 'No, I can be better' because it is learned faculty like any other skills we need to acquire.\"\n\"Thinking is a mixture of several levels of mental activity.\" \"That is why we don't understand clearly yet and not able to teach how to think well to our child(ren).\"\n\"The purpose of thinking is clear of mind in front of infinite objects to make the right choice. Because life is making choice - please refer 'Answer nicely and answer on time.' in Meaning of Life.\"\n\"Question is, 'Would you like to teach thinking skill to your child(ren)?\"\n\"Let's us help you on this topic.\"\n\n\nHow important is attitude?\nVery important, some people may say, 'It is everything'.\nWhy is it important? Because it determines style of life for each person which based on value system. We as teacher and parents must understand it's concept clearly because it is the base of character building.\nHere is a few questions about attitude;\nQ1. How many different attitudes are there? Uncountable.\nQ2. Can we possess all the attitudes? Of course not.\nQ3. Option left to us will be 'We must pick and choose which attitude do we want.' Did you ever make a list of wanting attitude(character)? I never heard anyone make that list.\nQ4. Without that list how can we teach 'Attitude or character building' to our child(ren) or students? Still we can teach, but not well! Only option left will be\n'Monkey see, monkey do'.\nQ5. Is this way do you want to teach? I hope your answer will be 'Absolutely not'.\nThe challenge is, we don't even have adequate names for different attitudes. What is the solution?\nMy answer is \"We must possess the discerning spirit of human character and able to describe subtle differences. The fact is that language gives birth to civilization.\nIf you have any issues with your child(ren), please take an free introductory class
+__label__negative Do you think that the mechanism provided by the Constitutional (99th) ...\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Dec 9, 2016\n\nDo you think that the mechanism provided by the Constitutional (99th) Amendment Act is restrictive of judicial independence\n\nNational Judicial Appointments Commission Act and Constitutional (99th) Amendment Act were recently\u00a0\u00a0 nullified by the apex court. The new NJAC limits the primacy of the judiciary and increases the government's power in appointments of judges to the higher judiciary. The NJAC is to be comprised of the chief justice of India and two senior-most Supreme Court judges, the union law minister and two \"eminent people,\" one of whom would be drawn from the scheduled castes, tribes, minorities and other backward classes or women.\n\nSome have argued that the NJAC violates judicial independence by creating a system in which the Collegium would no longer have primacy as the judiciary would not have majority in the NJAC. Also, NJAC would override the convention that Chief Justices are selected on the basis of seniority. Furthermore, NJAC grants Parliament the power to alter judicial selection criteria and procedures, which is a violation of judicial independence, separation of powers, and the rule of law. Further, NJAC allows the Union Law Minister, a major litigant before the court, to play a role in appointments and finally. NJAC violates separation of powers under Article 50.\n\nVotaries, however argue that it is a broad based system. It has built in checks and balances. Rules of appointment are rigorously to be laid down. Collegium system did not do well.
+__label__negative Information for 2018 Global Read Aloud\u00a0#GRA18\n\nTime is ticking and the kick off to the 2018 Global Read Aloud is nearing.\u00a0 I hope this collection of information is helpful!\n\nFor a comprehensive FAQ post, go here\n\nThe dates are October 1st \u2013 November 9th, 2018 \u2013 you can fall behind, just don\u2019t read ahead.\n\nThe books selected are:\n\n\nJulie Flett and Monique Gray Smith\n\n\n\n\nWeek 2:\u00a0 Wild Berries by Julie Flett\n\n\n\n\nWeek 6:\u00a0 Your choice!\n\n\n\n\n\nLove, Hate and Other Filters by Samira Ahmed\n\nThe weekly schedule is:\n\nA Boy Called Bat:\nWeek 1:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 1 \u2013 4\n\nWeek 2:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 5 -8\n\nWeek 3:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 9 \u2013 12\n\nWeek 4:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 13 \u2013 16\n\nWeek 5:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 17 \u2013 21\n\nWeek 6:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 22 \u2013 End\n\n\nAmal Unbound:\n\nWeek 1: Chapters 1 \u2013 8\n\nWeek 2: Chapters 9 \u2013 16\n\nWeek 3: Chapters 17 \u2013 24\n\nWeek 4:\u00a0Chapters 25 \u2013 32\n\nWeek 5:\u00a0Chapters 33 \u2013 40\n\nWeek 6:\u00a0Chapters 41 \u2013 End\n\n\n\nWeek 1:\u00a0 Pages 1 \u2013 55\n\nWeek 2:\u00a0 Pages 56 \u2013 92\n\nWeek 3:\u00a0 Pages 93 \u2013 146\n\nWeek 4: Pages 147 \u2013 196\n\nWeek 5:\u00a0 Pages 197 \u2013 252\n\nWeek 6:\u00a0 253 \u2013 End\n\n\nLove, Hate, and Other Filters\n\nWeek 1:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 1 \u2013 4\n\nWeek 2:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 5 \u2013 8\n\nWeek 3:\u00a0\u00a0Chapters 9 \u2013 12\n\nWeek 4:\u00a0Chapters 13 \u2013 16\n\nWeek 5:\u00a0Chapters 17 \u2013 20\n\nWeek 6:\u00a0Chapters 21 \u2013 End\n\nFacebook groups to connect with other educators:\n\nMain GRA Facebook group\n\nPicture Book Study Group\n\nEarly Reader Book Group\n\nUpper Elementary/ Middle-Grade Book\u00a0Group\n\nMiddle School Book Group\n\nYA Book Group\n\nTwitter hashtags for the year:\n\nPicture book author study \u2013 #GRAJFMGS\n\nA Boy Called Bat \u2013 #GRABat18\n\nAmal Unbound \u2013 #GRAAmal\n\nRefugee \u2013 #GRARefugee\n\nLove, Hate, and Other Filters \u2013 #GRALove\n\nGlobal Read Aloud Merchandise:\n\nT-shirts and other merchandise supporting the project\u00a0can be found here\n\nResource Sharing \u2013 add your ideas\n\nTo see the spreadsheet and add your own free resources, go here\n\nAuthor Websites:\n\nJulie Flett \u2013\n\nMonique Gray Smith \u2013\n\nElana K. Arnold \u2013\n\nAisha Saeed \u2013\n\nAlan Gratz \u2013\n\nSamira Ahmed \u2013\n\n6 thoughts on \u201cInformation for 2018 Global Read Aloud\u00a0#GRA18\n\n  1. Michelle Mangan says:\n\n    What should we do about the Week 4 picture book, A Day with Yayah, being out of stock? I ordered 10 copies on September 12th through Amazon, but there is still no estimate of when it will be back in stock.\n\n  2. Cynthia Proffitt says:\n\n    I just want to thank you for the wonderful book Refugee. My fifth-grade students are still talking about the book, and they connect it to every piece of literature we read. It will leave a lasting impact on every student in my class.\n    Cindi Proffitt\n\nLeave a Reply\n\n\nYou are commenting using your account. Log\u00a0Out\u00a0/\u00a0 Change\u00a0)\n\nGoogle photo\n\n\nTwitter picture\n\n\nFacebook photo\n\n\nConnecting to %s
+__label__negative Your Occlusion Questions Answered by Dr Michael Melkers \u2013 PDP015\n\nNot only did I finally get Michael Melkers to finally come on my Podcast\u2026.I also managed to get him over in November 2020 for his signature 2 day occlusion program!\n\nThe event was rearranged from May 2020 to November 2020 due to Covid-19 \u2013 therefore new tickets will be added. Check out Occlusion2020.com for tickets.\n\nI present my first ever Video Podcast below \u2013 but as always, the audio version is available by direct download above, or from iTunes, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify etc.\n\nThis episode\u2019s Protrusive Dental Pearl is shared by one of the talented Dental Technicians I use, Hit Parmar \u2013 how can we give our patients the experience of what a splint might feel like, as if to test tolerance and compliance? \u201cHow will I know I will not gag or be able to wear one in my sleep?\u201d \u2013 a common and valid concern. Listen to the audio podcast to find out how you can manage this and test the waters! (within the first few minutes of the introduction to the episode)\n\nIn this fun and informative episode, we discuss:\n\n\u2013 What is the point of using a Facebow and Articulator? (you may be surprised by his answer..!)\n\n\u2013 Are we really designing Occlusal schemes for optimum function (spoiler \u2013 we\u2019re not!)\n\n\u2013 Why is our understanding of Occlusion\u2026\u2019sub-optimal\u2019 once graduating?\n\n\u2013 Which is the best Occlusion camp? Dawson? Pankey? Kois? LVI?\n\n\u2013 Which is the \u2018best splint\u2019?\n\n\u2013 We discuss his upcoming 2-day Occlusion in Everyday Practice program in Heathrow 27th and 28th November 2020\n\nDo join us in November for occlusion and lamb chops at Occlusion2020.com\n\nYou will never find a better value Occlusion or even Michael Melkers course ever again!\n\nHosted by\nJaz Gulati\n\nMore from this show\n\nEpisode 16
+__label__negative Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n59 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nWhat are some uses for regular (human recombinant) insulin?\nFast Onset:\n- Emergencies (ketoacidosis)\n- Changing insulin needs (surgery)\n- Prandial needs\nWhat is Insulin lispro?\nRapid-acting insulin slightly modified from regular insulin\nWhat is an advantage of using Insulin lispro?\nYou can give it 15 minutes before a meal or immediately (vs. 30-45 minutes), so it's more convinient\nWhat is Insulin aspart/glulisine?\nRapid-acting insulins that can be used in CSII pumps\nWhy would you never give intermediate acting insulins IV?\nBecause they are in a precipitated state\nWhat is Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH)?\nAn intermediate acting insulin that is complexed with protamine (slows release)\nWhat is Insulin Glargine?\nA long acting insulin that precipitates at physiological pH\nWhat is the indication of insulin glargine in pregnancy (first, think, \"what is glargine?\")\nNot recommended\nWhat is Insulin Detemir?\nA long acting insulin\nWhat is the advantage of Detemir over NPH or glargine?\nLess variable serum concentrations.\nHow is insulin detemir formulated to carry out its stable serum concentration?\nIt is lipophilic, so it binds albumen\nWhy would one mix insulins?\nType I diabetics must use short and long acting insulins?\nWhat is the Goal for fasting blood glucose in insulin therapy? 2 hr postprandial?\n<126 mg/dL\n<200 mg/dL\nWhat is the goal for HbA1c in insulin therapy?\nWhat is metformin?\nA biguanide\nWhat is metformin's MOA?\nSuppression of hepatic glucose production via activation of AMPK (AMP-dependent Protein Kinase)\n-Enhances peripheral glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity\n-Oxidation of fatty acids (decreased triglycerides)\nWhat is metformin's duration of action?\nShort (half life=2 hr). Must be taken 2-3x daily.\nWhat are some major contraindications of metformin?\n- Renal or hepatic failure (threat of lactic acidosis)\n-Lactic acidosis\n- Cardiac Failure/MI\nWhat are some SEs of metformin?\nLactic Acidosis (CI'd in Renal Failure)\nMegaloblastic Anemia\nWhat is Rosiglitazone?\nA thiazolidinedione\nWhat is Pioglitazone?\nA thiazolidinedione\nWhat is the black box warning with Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone\nWhat is the MOA of thiazolidinediones?\nPPAR-y agonist. Activation of insulin responsive carbohydrates/lipid metabolic genes\nWhat is one huge benefit of thiazolidinediones?\nDoes not compromise renal function\nWhat are some of the side effects of thiazolidinediones?\nWt Gain\nCV Toxicity\nWhat is the indication of thiazolidinediones in pregnancy?\nWhat is tolbutamide?\nA 1st generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Tolazamide?\nA 1st generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Acetohexamide?\nA 1st generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Chlorpropamide?\nA 1st generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Glyburide?\nA 2nd generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Glipizide?\nA 2nd generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Gliclazide?\nA 2nd generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is Glimepiride?\nA 2nd generation sulfonylurea\nWhat is the difference between 1st and 2nd generation sulfonylureas?\n- 2nd generations are 100-200x more potent\n- 1st gens easily displaced from albumin\nIn what circumstances would you prescribe a sulfonylurea?\n-When lifestyle changes/metfromin fails in TII DM\n-Individual preference\nYou have a patient who is not responding to metformin the way he once did. What would you prescribe?\nWhat is the MOA of sulfonylureas?\nInhibition of B-cell ATP sensitive K+ channels\nWhat is the most common SE of sulfonylurea?\nWhat are some important contraindications with sulfonylureas?\n-hepatic/renal disease\nWhat is Repaglinide?\nA Meglitinide\nWhat is Nateglinide?\nA Meglitinide\nWhat is the MOA of meglitinides (Repaglinide, Nateglinide)?\nSame as sulfonylurea?\nWhat is the method of elimination of meglitinides?\nHepatic (90%), renal (10%)\nWhat would you prescribe to a patient who has built tolerance to metformin and has a sulfonylurea allergy?\nWhat is Acarbose?\na-glucosidase inhibitor\nWhat is Miglitol?\na-glucosidase inhibitor\nWhat is the MOA of a-glucosidase inhibitors (miglitol, acarbose)?\nInhibits the enzyme on the intestinal brush border, decreasing the absorption of starches and complex sugars\nYou have an elderly patient with a postprandial hyperglycemia at risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. What would you prescribe?\na-Glucosidase inhibitor\nWhat are some of the SEs of a-glucosidase inhibitors?\nMalabsorption, fllatulence, bloating, diarrhea...improve with time\nWhat is exenatide?\nIt is an incretin which is a glucagon-like peptide\nWhat is the MOA of exenatide?\nAmplifies insulin, decreases glucagon secretion\nWhat is exenatide used for?\nType II DM...expensive SC injections\nWhat are the side effects of exenatide?\nNausea and hypoglycemia (sulfonylurea combo)\nWhat is sitagliptin?\nDDP IV inhibitor\nWhat are some SEs of sitaglipitin?\nNasopharyngitis, URIs\nWhat is pramlintide?\nIslet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) analog\nWhat is the MOA of pramlinitide?\nDelays gastric emptying, inhibits glucagon secretion, suppressing appetite\nWhat is glucagon used for?\n-counters insulin OD\n-Endocrine Dx\n-B-blocker poisoning\n-Radiology of the bowel
+__label__negative Home > E-book list > Case Study Analysis & QCA\n\nGarson, G. D. (2016). Case Study Analysis & QCA. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishers.\n\nRegister to obtain a password: click here.\nStatistical Associates Publishers home page.\nAbout the author\nTable of Contents\nISBN: 978-1-62638-044-8\n\nASIN number (e-book counterpart to ISBN): ASIN: B007UWXBH0.\n\n\n\nAn illustrated graduate-level introduction to case study research, including qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), also known as configurational analysis, and covering information metrics methodology.\n\n\n1.\tIt is useful for causal explanation, leading to theory development.\n2.\tQCA supports theory testing by determining if expected patterns conform to \ngeneralizations based on observed cases. QCA also supports policy decision-making by \nuncovering both necessary and sufficient conditions needed for a desired outcome.\n3.\tIt handles various types of causality, including asymmetric causality and multi-\nconjunctural causality (where the causal effect reflects a combination  of  multiple \ncauses -  a  \"causal  package\" -  rather  than  a  single  cause). \n4.\tWhere correlational approaches tend to dismiss low-correlated causal variables, the \nset-theoretic asymmetrical approach of QCA can identify strong set theoretic relationships \ninvolving limited subsets of case.  Where correlative \nstudies may yield null findings, it is possible QCA may identify strong patterns involving \nthe same variable and even situations where presence of the variable is important in one \ncausal pattern while absence of the variable is important in a second causal pattern.\n5.\tQCA incorporates counterfactual reasoning. The complex, parsimonious, and \nintermediate solutions of QCA in effect engage in \"thought experiments\" which treat \n\"remainders\" (logical causal patterns with no observed cases) differently, either excluding \nthem (complex solution), including those which simplify the solution (parsimonious \nsolution), or include those which simplify the solution and which are consistent with \nresearcher-specified causal assumptions (intermediate solution). \n6.\tQCA promotes recognition of equifinality (multiple causal paths leading to the same \noutcome). QCA is thus particularly salient when the researcher has reason to think that \nmore than one causal path may lead to an outcome of interest and that the effect of any \ngiven condition may only come to light when that condition is associated with certain other \n7.\tQCA involves causal asymmetry and often will show that the causal conditions \nassociated with presence of the outcome are different from the causal conditions associated \nwith the absence of the outcome. Multiple causal \nconfigurations may be associated with either high or with low membership in a given outcome \nstate. Understanding multiple asymmetrical causal relationships often is more helpful to \nboth theory building an policy analysis that are quantitative \"percent of variance \nexplained\" solutions.\n8.\tAs a corollary, models in QCA need not assume unidirectional causality or be \nrecursive as is required for most models using standard quantitative modeling techniques. \n9.\tFor ordinal and interval data in fuzzy set QCA, data are calibrated rather than \nusing the usual raw data usual in quantitative social science. Calibration \nincorporates external standards and external knowledge about cutting points for inclusion \nand non-inclusion of cases in membership in an attribute, and about cross-over (tipping) \npoints for likelihood of membership or non-membership. Unlike uniform \nmethods of measurement in correlational analysis, calibration in QCA may be different for \ndifferent cases as appropriate based on external knowledge).\n10.\t Where correlational methods may dismiss a causal variable if its additive net \neffect is small when previously-entered variables are controlled, QCA takes a more holistic\napproach which shows how combinations of causal variables work in sets.\n11.\tGeneralization is possible whether the number of cases is small, medium, or large.\n12.\t QCA lends itself to set-theoretic graphical analysis, in which Venn-type diagrams \nare extended to include causal arrows representing \"necessary\" and \"sufficient\" causal \n13.\tQCA affords one useful basis of analysis in triangulation and multi-method \napproaches, which are often thought to be more valid than monomethod research designs.\n14.\t QCA can be used to supplement quantitative research, as by identifying variables \nto include in a quantitative model or by spotlighting mediating variables.\n\n\nBelow is the unformatted table of contents.\n\nExample datasets\t6\nOverview\t6\nKey Concepts and Terms\t7\nTypes of case studies\t7\nResearch designs for case study research\t9\nThe grounded exploratory design\t9\nCounterfactual comparison design\t10\nExperimental single case research design (SCRD)\t11\nCross-sectional comparison design\t11\nLongitudinal comparison design\t12\nDynamic comparison design\t12\nCase selection strategies\t13\nData collection\t16\nData collection methods\t16\nLinear or iterative?\t18\n\"Thick description\"\t18\nConstant comparison\t22\nCase quality control\t23\nPattern matching\t24\nOverview\t24\nCongruence testing\t25\nExplanation-building\t25\nTerminating data collection\t25\nProcess tracing\t27\nOverview\t27\nControlled observation\t27\nTime series analysis\t28\nCritical incident technique (CIT)\t28\nMeta-analysis\t29\nOverview\t29\nImplementation considerations\t31\nQuantitative meta-analysis of cases\t33\nExample: DOE (2010)\t35\nConfigurational (QCA) analysis\t37\nOverview\t37\nTypes of QCA\t42\nCoverage vs. consistency\t42\nDealing with inconsistency and contradictions\t46\nQCA: Limits, criticisms, and assumptions\t47\nfsQCA software\t49\nCrisp set QCA\t50\nCrisp set QCA example 1\t50\nCrisp set QCA example 2\t67\nCrisp set QCA example 3\t88\nLongitudinal pattern matching\t91\nResearch design considerations\t91\nFuzzy-set QCA\t96\nOverview\t96\nFuzzy set QCA example 1\t97\nFuzzy set QCA example 2\t109\nInternal structural heterogeneity index (ISHI\t110\nQualitative and Multi-Method Research periodical\t112\nInformation metrics / structured-focused comparison\t113\nData\t113\nOverview\t113\nEntropy, conditional entropy, and uncertainty\t114\nInformation metrics example\t115\nStatistical packages for the uncertainty coefficient\t122\nInformation metrics complements QCA\t128\nAssumptions of case studies methods\t131\nFrequently Asked Questions\t131\nWhat are common standards for case studies based dissertations?\t131\nIs Institutional Review Board/Use of Human Subjects approval necessary for case study research?\t133\nIs case study research a social science substitute for scientific experimentation?\t133\nAren't case studies unscientific because of researcher bias?\t133\nAren't case studies unscientific because findings cannot be generalized?\t135\nIs a \"case history\" the same as a \"case study\"?\t135\nAre all case studies forms of case study research?\t135\nIs a joint or team approach to case study research preferred over single-investigator research?\t136\nWhat is a \"consortium benchmarking\" case study?\t136\nHow is case study research related to complexity science?\t137\nWhat is nVivo?\t137\nWhat is xSight?\t138\nWhat is Leximancer?\t138\nWhat type of sampling is required in QCA?\t138\nHow many predictor variables can QCA handle?\t139\nHow does calibration work in fsQCA?\t140\nWhat are \"remainders\" in QCA?\t143\nHow does the QCA algorithm simplify the truth table?\t144\nHow is QCA related to cluster analysis?\t146\nHow are hierarchical data handled in QCA?\t147\nWhat support exists for QCA?\t148\nWhat QCA software is available?\t149\nBibliography\t151\nAcknowledgments\t162\nPage count: 164
+__label__negative Information (As per CBSE requirement)\n1. Name of the School with address: Mount Litera Zee School, Tangi\nIn front of OMFED Plant\nPo-Chandeswar, Dist-Khordha, Tangi\nOdisha, India\n\u00a0 (i) E-Mail\n\u00a0 (ii) Phone Nos. 9776633933\n\u00a0 (iii) Fax No.\n2. Year of establishment of school 2014\n\u00a0 (i) NOC No. 11486/2017\n\u00a0 (ii) NOC issuing date 16-Nov-2017\n4. Is the school recognised, if Yes by which authority Yes , DEO, KHORDHA\n5. Status of affiliation with CBSE Board Provisional\n\u00a0 (i) Affiliation No. 1530254\n\u00a0 (ii) Affiliation with the CBSE board since 2017\n\u00a0 (iii) Extension of affiliation upto 2020\n6. Name of the Trust/Society/Company Registered under Section 25 of the Company Act, 1956. SRI LOKANATH EDUCATIONAL & CHARTITABLE TRUST\n\u00a0 Period upto which Registration of Trust/Society is valid 41/2007\n8. Name of the Manager / Principal MRS. PRIJI BABU AR\n\u00a0 Name of the President\n\u00a0 Name of the Correspondent. MR. BHISMA NARAYAN MOHAPATRA\n9. Area of the school campus \u00a0\n\u00a0 (i) In Acres 5.592\n\u00a0 (ii) In Sq. mtrs. 22630.02\n\u00a0 (iii) Built up area (sq. mtrs.) 3217.696\n\u00a0 (iv) Area of playground in sq. mtrs. 19412.324\n\u00a0 (v) Other facilities \u00a0\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (i) Swimming Pool no\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (ii) Indoor Games yes\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (iii) Dance Rooms yes\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (iv) Gymnasium no\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (v) Music Rooms yes\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (vi) Hostels no\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (vii) Health and Medical Chekup yes\n10. Details of fee structure\n11. Transport facility \u00a0\n\u00a0 (i) Own buses 0\n\u00a0 (ii) Buses hired on contract basis 0\n\u00a0 (iii) Details of transport charges \u00a0\n14. Mode of payment of salary \u00a0\n\u00a0 Name of the Bank through which salary is drawing ALLAHABAD BANK\n\u00a0 Mode of Payment Remittance Through Single Clearance Cheque\n15. Library facilities \u00a0\n\u00a0 (i) Size of the library in sq. feet 551\n\u00a0 (ii) No. of Periodicals 5\n\u00a0 (iii) No. of Dailies 2\n\u00a0 (iv) No. of Reference books class-wise 2750\n\u00a0 (v) Others 0\n16. Name of the Grievance/redressal officer with E-mail, Ph. No., Fax No. MR. PARTHA SARATHI PRADHAN\n17. Members of Sexual Harassment Committee\n1 Priji Babu AR\n2 Subash Behera\n21. Admission Period From 01-Jan-2018 To 01-Sep-2018
+__label__negative Suicide prevention\n\nby Konrad Michel\n\nAttempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP) \u2013\nAn Interview with Konrad Michel\n\nDr Michel, you have worked in the field of suicidology for over 20 years \u2013 what do you think are the gaps in our knowledge about helping people who attempt suicide?\n\nSome 30 years ago Ronald Maris, an American suicidologist, wrote: \u201cSuicide cannot be prevented until it is properly conceptualized.\u201d In spite of a vast number of studies focusing on factors associated with suicide risk we are still lacking a satisfactory concept that could explain why people become suicidal \u2013 but the good message is that we are definitely moving forward. While the medical model is still an important aspect of clinical suicide prevention (in other words, the adequate treatment of mental disorder reduces suicidality), there is now increasing evidence that cognitive and behavioral therapies can reduce the risk of patients reattempting suicide. The important question is: Can we \u201ccure\u201d suicidality or is the best we can do is to teach people how to better cope with the next suicidal crisis? Personally, I clearly subscribe to the latter idea, particularly for patients who have made a suicide attempt.\n\nWhat are the challenges in offering services for people who have attempted suicide?\n\nThere are many. First, there are the vast numbers of individuals attempting suicide once or many times in their lives. Then, associated with this, is the lack of health care resources to deal with these patients, and, thirdly, the poor patient compliance with follow-up treatments. The question is how can we keep these patients in treatment, especially when we consider that people with a history of attempted suicide have a manifold increased risk of suicide and repeated suicide attempts over decades, probably for the rest of their lives.\n\n\nYou and your colleagues have recently published a report on the results of a RCT examining the efficacy of the Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP) [1]. What is truly novel about this new intervention?\n\nASSIP includes various therapeutic elements that are novel. The therapy process starts with a narrative interview, in which the patient is put into the driver\u2019s seat regarding the story behind the suicidal crisis \u2013 the patient is the expert who knows the story, not the therapist. This means that the patient has to explain to the therapist how he or she came to the point where there seemed to exist no other solution other than putting an end to the life. Patients have an impressive narrative competence, something which is usually not acknowledged in a typical clinical interview. Also, we cannot stress enough that every suicidal crisis has a very personal story. Only when there is a shared understanding between patient and therapist will a true therapeutic alliance ensue \u2013 and that is the main hallmark of ASSIP. Another novel element is the video-playback session where patient and therapist watch the patient\u2019s narrative together. A written text handed to the patient conveys a model of suicidal behavior based on the concept of the suicidal mode \u2013 an out-of-the-ordinary state of mind in which we are no longer able to decide and act in a rational way. Regarding the outreach element \u2013 the regular letters sent to the patients \u2013 it seems that, rather surprisingly, so far nobody else has combined a psychological intervention with regular letters personally signed by the ASSIP therapist. This way we try to maintain the therapeutic relationship over 2 years through the letters, reminding patients of the safety strategies developed in the therapy sessions.\n\nAnd what do the results of the RCT reveal?\n\nThe reduction of repeat attempts in the treatment arm of the RCT (80% reduced risk of reattempts over 24 months) is amazing \u2013 even more so when we take into consideration that, with 3\u20134 sessions, ASSIP is an ultra-short (and low cost) therapy. Another aspect is that the ASSIP group had very few drop-outs, and most patients told us that the clear structure of the therapy and the collaborative working relationship were very important for them. A finding that surprised us is that ASSIP study participants spent significantly fewer days in hospital during follow-up, and still did so much better than the control group in terms of reattempts.\n\nHow do you see a method such as ASSIP being realistically integrated into daily practice?\n\nAn advantage of ASSIP is that the therapy (and the manual) is short and well structured. We believe that for experienced therapists ASSIP is relatively easy to learn. Ideally, ASSIP is administered as an add-on intervention, and it is advisable that the ASSIP therapist is not involved in the day-to-day clinical management of the patient. We expect that many psychiatric services will be interested in introducing ASSIP, but, obviously, we are currently very interested in research settings that will replicate our RCT.\n\nGiven that attempted suicide is a worldwide problem, how culturally independent is ASSIP as a method?\n\nThis is something we shall have to find out. I expect that in most Western countries the basic therapeutic approach of ASSIP (a narrative interview, and openness to talk about experiences of pain and shame) will function just as it does in Switzerland. In other cultures, however, where patients are not used to disclosing very personal matters in an interview with a health professional, it may be difficult to use ASSIP. I shall be very interested to hear from the experiences with ASSIP in Arab or Asian countries. It may well be that an adapted version of ASSIP will have to be developed. LB\n\n  1. Gysin-Maillart, A., Schwab, S., Soravia, L., Megert, M., & Michel, K. (2016). A novel brief therapy for patients who attempt suicide: A 24-months follow-up randomized controlled study of the Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP). PLOS Medicine, 13(3), e1001968.\n\n\n  \u2022 Psychotherapy
+__label__negative 27 Jan 21\n\nThis is a tiger.\nIt is a tiger.\nThat is a tiger.\nThese are tigers.\nThose are tigers.\n\nTum RO kyon rahi hun main to chhat per gai hui thi.\nWhy are you crying just I went to the terrace.\n\nKya tum dar gaye the\nWere you scared?\n\nKya tum mujhe dhund rahe the?\nWere you finding me?\n\nAgar main kabhi kahi gai hui hongi to tum darna mat . Main jaldi hi laut aaungi. Tab tak tum ghar per hi khelte rahana.\n\nIf I ever go somewhere then don't be afraid. I will be back soon. Till then you keep playing inside the room.\nIs it correct ma'am.\n\nReplies to this post
+__label__negative Recent Posts\n\nRecent Posts Widget\n\nGA Questions Asked For IBPS PO RRB IV on 5th September 2015\n\nSubject : Questions and Answers For IBOS RRB PO - IV and Exam Analysis.\n\nMorning Shift:\u00a0\n\nEnglish Section/Hindi Section: English section was of easy difficulty level. Hindi Section was of Easy to Moderate difficulty level.\n\nReading Comprehension (Economics) \u2013 10 questions\nCloze Test (Story based) \u2013 10 questions(Easy)\nSpotting Error & Sentence Improvement \u2013 10 Questions\nFill in the Blanks (Two Blanks) \u2013 5 Questions\nSynonym/Antonym \u2013 5 Questions\nParajumbles \u2013 5 Questions(Easy)\nThe overall good attempt in this section is 28-30\n\nReasoning Section: Reasoning section was of moderate level.\u00a0\n\nSeating Arrangement (Circular) \u2013 5 Questions\nLinear Arrangement(floor-wise) \u2013 5 Questions \u2013 Difficult\nSyllogism \u2013 5 Questions\nPuzzle \u2013 5 Questions\nCoding \u2013 Decoding \u2013 5 Questions\nInequalities \u2013 5 Questions\nData Sufficiency\nBlood Relation \u2013 3 questions\nLogical Reasoning\nOverall Good Attempt in this section was 25-27\n\nNumerical Ability: The Numerical Ability Section was of moderate to high difficulty level.\u00a0\n\nData Interpretation (3 Set 1 graph, 1 table, 1 Pie Chart) \u2013 15 Questions) \u2013\u00a0 Lengthy & Difficult\nEquations - 5 Questions.\nSingle Marks - 15 Questions.\nNumber Series\u00a0 \u2013 5 Questions\u00a0 \u2013 Moderate.\n\nComputers Sections: computers was easier than all sections Just prepare general Questions and Internet topics, MS Office, Shortcuts,\n\nGeneral Awareness IBPS RRB PO - IV on 5th September Morning Shift:\nWhat is Egypt capital-\u00a0 Cairo\nWhat is Thailand currency- Baht\nWhere is PNB headquarter- New Delhi\nWho is NDB President -\u00a0 K.V. Kamath\nRamanujan award given to- Amalendu Krishna\nRenault Brand Ambassador- Ranbir Kapoor\nWho is the chief minister of Jharkhand - Raghubar Das\nThe International Atomic Energy Agency's headquarters locates at - Vienna, Austria\nWorld Vegetarian Day is observed annually on - October 1\nWhat is S in RTGS?- Settlement\nKisan Vikas Patra amount? - It is Available in denominations of Rs 1,000, 5000, 10,000 and Rs 50,000.\nNew Member of European Union - Croatia\nNew Governor of Sikkim - Sriniwas Patil\nPV sindhu related to - Badminton\nCommittee for NABARD - Shivaraman\nWhich company installed white label ATM first in country? - Tata\nKathakali is folk dance of -? Kerala\nLargest producer of Rice in world? - China\nCommercial paper is issued by - Corporate\nSaarc head office- Nepal\nTurning point author \u2013 APJ Abdul Kalam\nBlue revolution is related which \u2013 fish\nBrad Haddin related to?- Cricket\nState with largest area? Rajasthan\nTomato Festival location? Spain\nDICGC related to ? Banking\nDhanchayt video launch by? HDFC bank\nCERN member first Asian country ? Pakistan\nWorld information technology summit 2018- Hyderabad\nRRB sponser bank contribution - 35%\nChina contribution in NDB - 41%\nSmart humsafar - SBI\nRBI regulate - Money Market .\n\nEvening Shift:\u00a0\n\nGeneral Awareness IBPS RRB PO - IV on 5th September Evenning Shift:\u00a0\nGaddafi National stadium is located in: Lahore\nInternational Non violence day on: 2 Oct\nBhutan currency is: Ngultrum\nRicky ponting is related to: Cricket\nILO headquarter is situated at: Geneva\nIndia's rating in world football's Fifa ranking - 155th\nSuez Canal is connecting- Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea.\nPhilippines President- Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III\nManas National Park is located in: Assam\nGugamal National Park is located: Maharashtra\nLongest river in Asia: Yangtze River\nSimhadri Super Thermal Power Plant is located in: Andhra Pradesh\nMost expensive city in India- Mumbai\nUnion Minister of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Sanitation & Drinking Water: Chaudhary Birender Singh\n7th BRICS Summit was hekd in: Ufa,Russia\nWhat is the maximum amount of pension in Atal Pension Yojana?- Rs. 5000.\n\n\nPost a Comment
+__label__negative | Share\n\nThe Question:\n\nHow do I determine what the wind chill factor is?\n\nThe Answer:\n\nIf you love math, here is your answer:\n\nWhere T = Air Temperature (\u00b0F), and V = Wind Speed (mph): Wind Chill (\u00b0F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T \u2013 35.75(V0.16) + 0.4275T(V0.16)\n\nIf you still don't understand, don't worry. All you have to know is that wind chill is a measure of how much heat your body loses when you factor in the temperature and wind speed.\n\nThe wind chill factor was invented by two Antarctic explorers in the late 1940s. They experimented with how fast water freezes in certain wind speeds and temperatures, and then compared that to the rate that the body loses heat.\n\nHere is a link to a table that will help you determine what the wind chill is outside right now. All you need to know is the temperature (in \u00b0F) and the wind speed. Wind Chill Index\n\n\u2014The Editors\n\n24 X 7\n\nPrivate Tutor\n\nClick Here for Details\n24 x 7 Tutor Availability\nUnlimited Online Tutoring\n1-on-1 Tutoring
+__label__negative FLRU 2520 Russia Today\n\nZita Dabars. The Russian Way. Study Guide\n\n5. Attractig Someone's Attention\n  1. What are the Russian terms for addressing people?\n  2. What are the terms for attracting the attention of a salelsperson?\n6. Babushka\n  1. What does babushka refer to?\n  2. What is her role in the family?\n  3. What is her social role?\n7. Ballet and the Russian Theater\n  1. What's the name of the theater in Moscow where you can see ballet?\n  2. Can you name one Russian ballet?\n  3. How do Russians exoress pleasure about a performance?\n  4. How do they express displeasure?\n9. Bribery and Blat, \"Pull\"\n  1. What is the proverb that describes the Russian attitude toward bribing?\n  2. When are some typical instances when one is expected to offer a bribe to get something done?\n  3. What is the meaning of \"blat\"?\n  4. List some examples when Russian's use \"blat\"\n  5. What's the difference between bribery and blat?\n11. Celebations and Holidays\n  1. What is the most significant Russian church holiday?\n  2. What are some typical Easter foods?\n  3. How specifically is Easter celebrated in the church\n  4. How do Russian greet each other on Easter Day? And what is the reply?\n  5. When is Russian Orthodox Christmas?\n  6. Who is the Russian equivalent of Santa Claus? Who accompanies him at Christmas parties?\n15. Compliments\n  1. What is the Russian word for complementing someone?\n  2. How do Russians and Americans react differently when complimented?\n16. Crafts\n  1. What is the city of Palekh famous for?\n  2. What is a matryoshka?\n18. Dating, Marriage, and Divorce\n  1. When do Russians normally start dating?\n  2. What is the English meaning of the Russian word for dating?\n  3. Where would they normally go on a date?\n  4. What is \"the street of strolling\"?\n  5. At what age do Russians normally marry?\n  6. Where did Russians get married before the 1990s?\n  7. Where does the couple normally go immediately after the wedding ceremony?\n  8. When the guests shout \"gorko\", what is the couple supposed to do?\n  9. What are some of the main reasons for the high rate of divorce among Russians?\n20. Education and Upbringing\n  1. When does school start in Russia?\n  2. Until what age is school compulsory in Russia?\n  3. What are some recent changes in secondary education in Russia?\n  4. How do Russian children feel about cheating?\n  5. When do Russian students choose a profession?\n  6. How many years does it take to graduate from a university or institute?\n21. Family\n  1. Why do Russians tend to prefer to live in extended families and in close proximity to other family members?\n  2. What are he Russian terms for family members?\n26. Gestures\n  1. How do Americans and Russians compare in their use of gestures?\n  2. What gesture do Russians use to suggest \"let's have a drink\"?\n27. Gifts\n  1. What's likely to happen if you complement a Russian on sime item?\n  2. Other than on birthdays, when do Russians like to give gifts?\n  3. On what occassions do they give most generous presents?\n  4. As a foreigner visiting a Russian family, what are some appropriate presents you should bring to your hosts?\n  5. When do Russian open gifts? Why?\n  6. How are Russians likely to react when given a gift?\n28. Greetings, Salutations, and Leavetakings\n  1. How do you greet someone in Russian?\n  2. How do you greet someone with a particular time of the day?\n  3. How do Russians greet each other differently from Americans?\n  4. What is the most frequent way to say \"farewell\"?\n  5. How do Russians leave a social gathering differently from Americans?\n34. The Intelligentsia\n  1. To what group of people did the word intelligentsia refer in the nineteenth century?\n  2. What did the Bolsheviks think of them?\n  3. What did Stalin think of them?\n  4. What kinds of priviledges did they receive?\n  5. What was the status of the intelligentsia after the demise of the Soviet Union?\n42. Uncultured\n  1. What are some specific examples of what Russians consider unacceptable behavior that might not be considered as such in America?\n43. Patronymics\n  1. How do Russians address each other formally?\n  2. How does a Russian form a patronymic for a man and for a woman?\n45. People's Names and Name Days\n  1. According to the census of 2000, what are some typical popular Russian male and female first names?\n  2. How can you usually tell the gender of a person by the first name?\n  3. How do some devout Russian Orthodox select a name for a child?\n  4. What is person's \"name day\"?\n46. Physical Distance and Contact\n  1. What are the views of Russians and Americans regarding physical distance when speaking with someone?\n  2. What are some other examples of physical contact among Russians?\n  3. How do Russians greet an acquaintance that they have not seen for a while?\n  4. What does a Russian mean when he/she says that the building you are looking for is only a \"5 minute walk from here\"?\n47. Politics and Parties\n  1. When did the rule of the Russian Communist party end?\n  2. What is Gorbachev's contribution to the Russian political system?\n  3. What role did the \"Popular Fronts\" play?\n  4. When did the first contested elections in the Soviet Union take place?\n  5. When was the Soviet Union officially desolved?\n  6. What are the three main groups of political parties in Russia?\n  7. What is the political and economic ideology of the current communists?\n  8. What is the political and economic ideology of the nationalists?\n  9. What is the ideology of the democratically oriented parties?\n  10. Describe the reorganization of the upper house of parliament, the Federation Council, that Putin's Unity Party instituted. What was the main purpose of the reorganization?\n  11. What do Russian's think of Putin? Why do some like him? Why don't some like him?\n49. Punctuality\n  1. How do Russians view punctuality differently from us?\n  2. What about deadlines?\n  3. If a Russian invited you to dinner at 6, when should you actually show up and NOT show up?\n50. Religion\n  1. Historically, what has been the relationship between the Russian church and the state?\n  2. How did the role of the church change in the 1990s?\n  3. In what religions did Russian search for new sources of moral and spiritual guidance?\n  4. What's Billy Graham's contribution to the spread of religion in Russia?\n  5. What is the view of the Russian Orthodox church to the work of missionaries in Russia?\n  6. What are the rough percentages of Russian Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim, Protestant, and Jewish believers in Russia?\n51. The Russian Language\n  1. To which family of languages does Russian belong?\n  2. Who were Sts. Cyril and Methodius\n  3. Memorize the pronunciation of the Russian letters.\n  4. What is the approximate number of speakers of Russian?\n  5. What's the reason that Russian is also spoken in some areas of Alaska?\n52. Russian Nationality and Citizenship\n  1. How is nationality determined in Russia?\n  2. Nationality and discrimination.\n  3. Nationality and nationalism.\n53. The Russian Soul\n  1. Mysteriousness of the Russian soul.\n  2. Contradictions of the Russian soul.\n  3. How is Dmitri Karamazov in Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov illustrative of the Russian soul?\n  4. How has Russia's geography contributed to the develpment of the Russian character?\n  5. Love for wide open spaces.\n  6. Dependence on each other.\n  7. Russian generocity and kindness.\n  8. The use of dimiminutives as a linguistic expression of Russian kindness.\n63. Superstitions\n  1. What should you do before leaving for a trip?\n  2. What are some superstitions associated with a new baby?\n  3. What might happen if salt is spilled on the table?\n  4. What might happen if a bird flies into a room?\n  5. What mighthappen if your left palm itches?\n  6. What might happen if you drop a spoon or a fork?\n66. Television and Radio\n  1. How many dominant television stations are there in Russia?\n  2. What are some game and their American equivalents that you can see on Russian television?\n  3. From where do Russians import their soap operas?\n  4. What's the best radio station in Moscow?
+__label__negative Stata The Stata listserver\n\nRe: st: GINI Inequality Index Question\n\nFrom \u00a0 Roger Newson <>\nSubject \u00a0 Re: st: GINI Inequality Index Question\nDate \u00a0 Sun, 20 Nov 2005 16:33:51 +0000\n\nA possible solution might be the -somersd- package, which can be downloaded from SSC and which can calculate confidence intervals for Gini coefficients (which are a special case of Somers' D). The package includes a manual -somersd.pdf-, which contains an example of the use of -somersd- to calculate Gini coefficients with frequency weights.\n\nI hope this helps.\n\n\nAt 14:50 18/11/2005, Di Han wrote:\n\nregion population income(total) income source1 income source2\nBeijing 1072 2000 1500 500\n\nThanks very much!!\nDi Han\n* For searches and help try:\n\nRoger Newson\nLecturer in Medical Statistics\nDepartment of Public Health Sciences\nDivision of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology\nKing's College London\n\n5th Floor, Capital House\n42 Weston Street\nLondon SE1 3QD\nUnited Kingdom\n\nTel: 020 7848 6648 International +44 20 7848 6648\nFax: 020 7848 6620 International +44 20 7848 6620\n  or 020 7848 6605 International +44 20 7848 6605\n\nOpinions expressed are those of the author, not the institution.\n\n*   For searches and help try:\n
+__label__negative On the website www.yourhormones.com it is written:\n\n\"If there is insufficient thyroid hormone available for the brain, this will be detected by the hypothalamus and thyrotropin-releasing hormone will be released into the blood supplying the pituitary gland.\"\n\nWhat allows the hypothalamus to detect a lack of thyroid hormones? Are there chemoreceptors in the bloodstream that send afferent signals to hypothalamus when the concentration of thyroid hormones is low (similarly to how chemoreceptors inform the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata in the brain stem when there is a lack of oxygen and/or excess of carbon dioxide)?\n\n\nThe thyroid hormone, thyroxin has a multitude of effects in various cells of the body. It is a lipophilic hormone and acts via nuclear receptors, i.e. the receptors for the hormone are not on the cell surface but inside it. This hormone-receptor complex then travels into the nucleus to attend to transcriptional changes.\n\nenter image description here\n\nThe picture above is for steroid hormones but is almost similar for thyroxin too.\n\nInside the cell, the effect of the hormone depends on which cell it is in. For thyroxin - in heart muscles, it increases cardiac contractility, in fat cells, increases fat catabolism, and in the very same way, in the hypothalamus, its function is to reduce the production of TRH. And the control of this production is at the level of gene transcription.\n\nHence there is a lovely feedback loop that is formed. Increased thyroxin would lead to reduced TRH production and vice versa. So the hypothalamus responds to the thyroxin hormone by regulating the production of TRH. There is nothing special that the thyroxin is doing here. It just has different effects in different cells and in this particular cell (the neurons of the hypothalamus), the effect happens to be its own feedback loop regulation (via TRH).\n\nThe effect of thyroxin is through its receptor that is an intracellular protein and is more or less the same in all cells.\n\nChemoreceptors are a different ballgame. They sense changes in pH, pO2, and other biochemical parameters through their direct effect on neurons and their firing. Although their functioning is not particularly clear, they interfere with channel conductivities in particular neurons. There is no receptor and transcriptional changes as in thyroxin.\n\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ By saying that chemoreceptors \"interfere with channel conductivities\", do you mean that they, for instance, increase the conductivity of afferent neuron axons that signal the cardiovascular center to modulate breathing when oxonium ion or CO2 concentration is high? $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0K. Claesson May 20 '18 at 17:56\n  \u2022 $\\begingroup$ Yes something of that sort. A direct biophysical change perhaps... If that's the right term.. I don't know $\\endgroup$ \u2013\u00a0Polisetty May 20 '18 at 17:59\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__negative The Heidi Chronicles Multiple Choice Test Questions\n\nBuy The Heidi Chronicles Lesson Plans\n\nPrologue to Act 1\n\n1. In what year does the prologue take place?\n(a) 1965.\n(b) 1989.\n(c) 1972.\n(d) 1990.\n\n2. What does Heidi teach?\n(a) Women's issues.\n(b) Art history.\n(c) World civilization.\n(d) British literature.\n\n3. In this prologue, what is Heidi's topic addressing?\n(a) Shakespeare.\n(b) The Middle Ages.\n(c) Great women of art.\n(d) Great literature of the 20th century.\n\n4. Which of the following painters are specifically mentioned by Heidi in her class?\n(a) Picasso.\n(b) Thomas Hart Benton.\n(c) Grandma Moses.\n(d) Sofonisba Anguissola.\n\n5. Who does Heidi consider the greatest artist of the 17th century?\n(a) Grandma Moses.\n(b) Sofonishba Anguissola.\n(c) Clara Peters.\n(d) Lily Martin Spencer.\n\n6. What population is specifically NOT mentioned in any of Heidi's art history textbooks?\n(a) Pioneer artists.\n(b) Male artists before the 15th century.\n(c) Women artists.\n(d) Artists of the Renaissance.\n\n7. In what city is Heidi during the Prologue?\n(a) Rome.\n(b) New York.\n(c) Chicago.\n(d) London.\n\n8. Which one of the following artists does Heidi criticize?\n(a) Lily Martin Spencer.\n(b) Clara Peters.\n(c) Zona Rosa.\n(d) Daniel Pollera.\n\n(read all 180 Multiple Choice Questions and Answers)\n\nThis section contains 4,888 words\n(approx. 17 pages at 300 words per page)\nBuy The Heidi Chronicles Lesson Plans\nThe Heidi Chronicles from BookRags. (c)2018 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.\nFollow Us on Facebook
+__label__negative NotesFAQContact Us\nSearch Tips\nERIC Number: ED195002\nRecord Type: RIE\nPublication Date: 1978-May\nPages: 157\nAbstractor: N/A\nReference Count: 0\nEducational Administration Programs in Canadian Universities.\nMiklos, Erwin; Nixon, Mary\nThis research project collected, compiled, analyzed, and disseminated information about educational administration programs offered by Canadian universities. Among the specific questions addressed were the following: (1) What programs are offered by various universities? (2) What are some of the characteristics of the context in which those programs are offered? (3) What procedures are used in recruitment, selection, and admission of students? (4) What are the purposes of those programs in terms of the positions for which they are intended as preparation and the skills that they attempt to develop? (5) What is the content and structure of programs at the master's and doctoral levels? (6) What instructional methods and approaches are used? (7) What facilities and services are available, and how adequate are they judged to be by staff and students? (8) What placement activities do departments undertake, and where are students placed? (9) What changes in programs have been introduced recently and what changes are being considered? Seven questionnaires with certain common elements were designed for the specific sample groups--department chairpersons; master's, Ed.D., and Ph.D. coordinators; and master's, Ed.D., and Ph.D. students. Sample questionnaires are appended. (Author/IRT)\nEducation Level: N/A\nAudience: N/A\nLanguage: English\nSponsor: N/A\nIdentifiers: Canada\nNote: For a related document see EA 012 998.
+__label__negative Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nTest 1 Questions (Chapters 1-3)\n\nEconomics promotes which of the following as the way to make the best decision?\n\nContinue an enjoyable activity up to the point where its marginal benefit equals its marginal cost.\n\nWhat is an economic model?\n\nIt is a simplified version of some aspect of economic life used to analyze an economic issue.\n\nTabitha shares a flea market booth with her sister. Her share of the rent is $150 per month. She is considering moving to her own, larger booth which she will not have to share with anyone. The larger booth rents for $450 per month. Recently, you ran into Tabitha in the grocery store and she tells you that she has rented the larger booth. Tabitha is as rational as any other person. As an economics major, you rightly conclude that (fill in blank)\n\nTabitha figures that the additional benefit of having her own booth (as opposed to sharing) is at least $300.\n\n5000 t-shirts made a week with a profit of $10,000. \"Although the last 400 shirts we produced and sold increased our revenue by $4000 and our costs by $4800, overal profit is $10,000.\" Had the firm not produced and sold the last 400 shirts, would its profit be higher or lower, and if so by how much?\n\nIts profits would be $800 lower.\n\nWho, in a modern mixed economy, decides what goods and services will be produced with the scarce resources available in that economy?\n\nConsumers, producers, and the government\n\nSociety faces a trade-off in all of the following situations except (fill in blank)\n\nwhen some previously unemployed workers find jobs.\n\nHow does a market system prevent people from getting as many goods and services as they wish?\n\nThe market system allocates goods and services to those who are able to pay for those products and therefore income is a limiting factor.\n\nWhich of the following is a positive economic statement?\n\nIf the government mandates the production and sell of electric automobiles, it will lead to more electric vehicles being driven.\n\nWhich of the following is a normative economic statement?\n\nMunicipal park planners should incorporate pet needs into their designs.\n\nWhich of the following is a macroeconomics question?\n\nWhat determines the inflation rate?\n\nHuman capital refers to (fill in blank)\n\nthe accumulated skills and training workers have.\n\nHow can influence of a third variable be shown on a two-dimensional graph?\n\nBy allowing the position of the relationship line or curve to shift on the graph\n\nIf a straight line passes through the point x=12 and y=4 and also through the point x=4 and y=8, the slope of this line is (fill in blank)\n\nnegative one half (rise over run)\n\nThe principle of (fill in blank) is that economic cost of using a factor of production is the alternative use of that factor that is given up.\n\nopportunity cost\n\n(fill in blank) shows that if all resources are fully and efficiently utilized, more of one good can be produced only by producing less of another good.\n\nThe production possibilities frontier model\n\nManagers must decide on the monthly production quantities of their X6 and X5 models. In making this decision, the managers (fill in blank)\n\nface a trade off, because producing more of one model means producing less of the other.\n\nWithout an increase in the supplies of factors of production, how can a nation achieve economic growth?\n\nThrough technological advancement which enables more output with the same quantity of resources.\n\nAn outward shift of a nation's production possibilities can occur due to (fill in blank)\n\nan increase in the labor force\n\nA production possibilities with a bowed outward shape indicates (fill in blank)\n\nincreasing opportunity costs as more and more of one good is produced\n\nWhich is not a flow in the circular flow model?\n\nThe flow of profit and the flow of revenue is not in the model.\nThe following are part of the model: The flow of goods and services and the flow of resources to produce goods and services. The flow of income earned by households and the flow of expenditures incurred by households. Also the flow of revenue received by producers and the flow of payments to resource owners.\n\nAdam Smith's (fill in blank) refers to the process by which individuals acting in their own self-interest bring about a market outcome that benefits society as a whole.\n\ninvisible hand\n\nIf, in response to a decrease in the price of coffee, the quantity demanded of coffee increases, economists would describe this as (fill in blank)\n\nan increase in quantity demanded.\n\nA change in which variable will change the market demand for a product?\n\nExpected future prices\n\nThe substitution effect of a price change refers to (fill in blank)\n\nthe change in quantity demanded that results from a change in price making a good more or less expensive relative to other goods that are substitutes. (movement along the demand curve due to a change in relative prices)\n\nThe income effect of a price change refers to (fill in blank)\n\nthe movement along the demand curve due to a change in purchasing power brought about by the price change.\n\nIf a decrease in income leads to a decrease in the demand for a good, then the good is (fill in blank)\n\na normal good\n\nIf the price of propane-fueled gas grills was to decrease, then (fill in blank)\n\nthe demand for propane would increase.\n\nSuppose that when the price of hamburgers increases, the Jones family increases their purchases of hot dogs. To the Jones family (fill in blank)\n\nhamburgers and hot dogs are substitutes.\n\nAccording to a recent study, \"Stricter college alcohol policies, such as raising the price of alcohol, or banning alcohol on campus, decreases the number of students who use marijuana.\" On the basis of this information, how would you describe alcohol and marijuana?\n\nThe two goods are complements in consumption.\n\nSeveral studies have shown promising links between green tea consumption and cancer prevention. How does this affect the market for green tea?\n\nThe green tea demand curve shifts to the right because of a change in tastes in favor of green tea.\n\nIn June, silver buyers expect that the price of silver will fall in July. What happens in the silver market in June, holding everything else holds constant?\n\nThe demand curve shifts to the left.\n(The quantity demanded increases or decreases if there is movement along the curve)\n\nLast month, Cowboy Boots Inc supplied 600 pairs of boots at $200 per pair. This month, the company supplied the same quantity at $180 per pair. Based on this evidence, Cowboy Boots Inc has experienced (fill in blank)\n\nan increase in supply.\n\nFarmers can plant either corn or soybeans in their fields. Which of the following would cause the supply of soybeans to increase?\n\nA decrease in the price of corn which if the substitution.\n\nAn increase in the price of soybean seeds is a rightward shift. An increase in the price of soybeans is a movement along the curve.\n\nIn May, market analysts predict that the price of copper will rise in June. What happens in the copper market in May, holding everything else constant?\n\nThe supply curve shifts to the left.\n\nThe popularity of digital cameras has enticed large discount stores like Wal-Mart and Costco to offer digital photo printing services. How does this affect the digital photo printing market?\n\nThe supply curve for digital photo printing services shifts to the right.\n\nAssume there is a shortage in the market for vehicle tires. Which of the following statements correctly describes this situation?\n\nSome consumers will be unable to obtain vehicle tires at the market price and will have an incentive to offer to buy the product at a higher price.\n\nHurricane Katrina damaged a large portion of oil refining and pipeline capacity in the Gulf coast states. In the market for gasoline,\n\nthe supply curve shifted to the left resulting in an increase in the equilibrium price.\n\nWhich of the following would cause an increase in the equilibrium price and decrease in the equilibrium quantity of wheat?\n\na decrease in supply\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording
+__label__negative Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\n1) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.\n\nA) loop of Henle\n\nUrine passes through the ________.\n\nB) pelvis of the kidney\nto ureter\nto bladder\nto urethra\n\nA Bowman\u02b9s capsule does not contain ________.\n\nB) a vasa recta\n\nAn increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to ________.\n\nan increase in the production of ADH\n\nThe urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.\n\nA) transitional\n\nThe kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.\n\nby a decrease in the blood pressure\n\nBlood vessels of the renal columns are called ________.\n\nC) interlobar\n\nThe ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.\n\nB) arcuate\n\nThe glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.\n\nC) is drained by an efferent arteriole\n\nThe descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.\n\nD) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla\n\nSelect the correct statement about the ureters.\n\nC) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.\n\nThe fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because ________.\n\nB) it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position\n\nThe renal corpuscle is made up of ________.\n\nA) Bowman\u02b9s capsule and glomerulus\n\nThe juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.\n\nD) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure\n\nThe chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.\n\nC) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)\n\nWhich of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?\n\nA) They are trilayered\n(mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).\n\n19) The first major branch of the renal artery is ________.\n\nC) segmental\n\nWhich of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?\n\nA) The stretching of the bladder wall serves as the trigger.\n\nThe filtration membrane includes all except ________.\n\nC) renal fascia\n\nThe mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.\n\nB) osmosis\n\nMost electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules ________.\n\nC) is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments\n\nThe macula densa cells respond to ________.\n\nD) changes in solute content of the filtrate\n\nWhich of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?\n\nD) creatinine\n\nThe fluid in the glomerular (Bowman\u02b9s) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.\n\nD) plasma protein\n\nAlcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.\n\nD) inhibits the release of ADH\n\nThe function of angiotensin II is to ________.\n\nA) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure\n\nA disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.\n\nB) diabetes insipidus\n\nAn important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.\n\nB) 1.001-1.035\n\nPlace the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.\n\n1. major calyx\n2. minor calyx\n3. nephron\n4. urethra\n5. ureter\n6. collecting duct\n\nD) 3,6,2,1,5,4\n\nSelect the correct statement about the nephrons.\n\nA) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.\n\nWhat would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?\n\nB) Net filtration would decrease.\n\nWhich of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?\n\nC) podocyte cells\n\nTubular reabsorption ________.\n\nB) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient\n\nWhich statement is true about urine?\n\nC) Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid.\n\nReabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.\n\nD) secondary active transport\n\nWhile the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is ________.\n\nC) 1%, or 1.8 L\n\nFetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.\n\nC) the placenta allows the mother\u02b9s urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood\n\nWhich of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?\n\nD) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.\n\nThe factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is ________.\n\nB) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure\n\nIf the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid ________.\n\nC) will appear in the urine\n\nIf one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?\n\nC) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.\n\nExcretion of dilute urine requires ________.\n\nB) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water\n\nAs the renal artery approaches the kidney, it branches to supply the renal tissue. Place the following in correct sequence starting from the renal artery.\n1. segmental\n2. cortical radiate\n3. arcuate\n4. interlobar\n\nA) 1,4,3,2\n\nIn the ascending limb of the loop of Henle ________.\n\nD) the thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption\n\nSelect the correct statement about urinary system development.\n\nA) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.\n\nThe disruption in homeostasis known as pyelitis is ________.\n\nC) an infection of the renal pelvis and calyces\n\nWhich statement is correct?\n\nA) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.\n\nThe capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle is called the ________.\n\nAnswer: vasa recta\n\nAbnormally low output of urine is called ________.\n\nAnswer: anuria\n\nUrine crystals in the renal pelvis are called ________.\n\nAnswer: renal calculi\n\nThe need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called ________.\n\nAnswer: nocturia\n\nThe area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.\n\nAnswer: trigone\n\nThe ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.\n\nAnswer: myogenic\n\nThe renal clearance rate equation is RC = ________.\n\nAnswer: UV/P\n\nThe presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.\n\nAnswer: pyuria\n\nSodium-linked water flow across a membrane is called ________ water reabsorption.\n\nAnswer: obligatory\n\nExplain the path of the blood vessels in the kidney.\n\nThe renal artery divides into smaller\nsegmental arteries, which in turn branch into lobar arteries.\nLobararteries branch and enter the columns as interlobar, then turn and follow the\ncortex-medulla boundary as arcuate arteries. Cortical radiate arteries travel up into the cortex and branch into afferent arterioles, which enter the Bowman\u02b9s capsule as glomerular capillaries and exit as efferent arterioles branching further into peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta. These capillaries return via the\ncortical radiate, arcuate, interlobar, lobar, segmental, and renal veins.\n\nExplain how filtration works in the glomerular capillaries.\n\nThe glomerular capillaries are fenestrated, allowing fairly large molecules to pass through. The substances must pass through the basement membrane, where they are further selected for size by the\nfiltration slits of the podocytes.\n\nList 3 substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities.\n\nAbnormal urinary constituents include the following (the clinical term for each is listed in parentheses):\nglucose (glycosuria),\nproteins (proteinuria or albuminuria),\nketone bodies (ketonuria),\nhemoglobin (hemoglobinuria),\nbile pigments (bilirubinuria),\nerythrocytes (hematuria),\nand leukocytes (pyuria).\n\nExplain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance.\n\nAldosterone targets the distal tubule and collecting duct and enhances sodium-ion reabsorption so that very little leaves the body in urine.\nAldosterone also causes increased water reabsorption because, as sodium is reabsorbed, water follows it back into the blood.\n\nList and describe 3 pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure.\n\nGlomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes across the filtration membrane.\nThe higher the glomerular hydrostatic pressure, the MORE filtrate is pushed across the membrane.\nColloid osmotic pressure of plasma proteins in the glomerular blood, and capsular hydrostatic pressure exerted by fluids in the glomerular capsule, drive fluids back into the glomerular capillaries.\n\nThe net filtration pressure equals glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood plus capsular hydrostatic pressure.\n\nIn addition to the renin-angiotensin mechanism, the renal cells produce other chemicals. Name five, and briefly give the main function of each\n\nAnswer: Renal cells also produce chemicals, some of which act locally as signaling molecules. These chemicals include prostaglandins (vasodilators and vasoconstrictors), which probably regulate GFR; nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium;\nadenosine, which constricts renal vasculature; and\nendothelin, a vasoconstrictor that inhibits renin release.\n\nwhere does the Filtration and monitoring of blood plasma take place and what does it form?\n\nhappens in kidneys; forms urine\n\nhow is the composition of urine and blood plasma different?\n\nplasma has protein, urine contains wastes and ions\n\nwhat are the next two places urine goes upon leaving the kidneys\n\nureters (muscular tubes) and urinary bladder (for temporary storage)\n\nis the neural reflex of urination autonomic or somatic?\n\n\nwhat are the functions of the urinary system?\n\n1. responsible for water/electrolyte balance, excretion of toxic compounds,\n2. reabsorption of important nutrients,\n3. stimulation of rbc,\n4. conversion of vitamin d to active form,\n5. production of urine\n\nwhat is the fat filled region inside hilum?\n\nrenal sinus\n\nwhat is the fibrous tissue that encases kidney?\n\nrenal capsule\n\nwhat part of the renal pyramid is toward the cortex?\n\n\nwhat happens in filtration?\n\nblood pressure forces substance out of blood into kidneys\n\nwhat happens in reabsorbtion?\n\nthe filtrate flows through a series of tubules and 99% is returned to the blood\n\nwhat happens in secretion?\n\nas the filtrate passes through the tubules, additional substances pass into it from the blood.\n\nwhere is the bladder located?\n\nmen-anterior to rectum.\n\nwomen-anterior to the vagina and anteroinferior to the uterus\n\nwhat is the detrusor muscle?\n\nthe 3 layers of smooth muscle that makes of the bladder wall\n\nThe large passageway into which the major calyces empty is the?\n\nrenal pelvis\n\nProximal convoluted tubule.\n\nSite at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.\n\n\nSite of filtrate formation.\n\nPeritubular capillaries.\n\nBlood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.\n\nCollecting duct.\n\nSite that drains the distal convoluted tubule.\n\nIf the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.\n\n\nIn the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.\n\n\nWater reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nThe entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nUrine is 95% water by volume.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nGlomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.\n\nAnswer: FALSE\n\nIn the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nThe collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.\n\nAnswer: FALSE\n\nThe urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nTubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nAtrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.\n\nAnswer: TRUE\n\nDysuria is:\n\npainful urination.\n\nThe \"tube\" that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world is the ____________ and the \"tube\" that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the _____________.\n\nurethra; ureter\n\nThe urinary bladder is made up of ________ smooth muscle layers and may contain _______ milliliters of __________ when moderately full.\n\n\nHow many sphincters are found in the urethra?\n\n\nA very dilute urine with a low specific gravity in the urine indicates:\n\ndiabetes insipidus.\n\nBlood leaving an afferent arteriole would enter which of the following?\n\n\nndicate the correct order in which the filtrate flows through the following structures of the nephron.\n\nGlomerular capsule\n-loop of Henle\n\nPodocytes are:\n\ncells of the inner layer of the glomerular capsule.\n\nStarting at the apex of a medullary pyramid, which is the correct sequence of structures through which urine flows to reach the exterior of the body?\n\n-renal pelvis\n-urinary bladder\n\nThe filtrate forced through the capillary walls in the kidneys enters which of the following structures first?\n\nGlomerular capsule.\n\nThe bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively known as the ____, and its mucosa consists of ____.\n\ndetrusor muscle; transitional epithelium\n\nThe regulation of blood pH, by the elimination of excess acids or alkaline substances from the body, is accomplished by the:\n\nrenal mechanism.\n\nWhat enzyme produced by the kidneys helps to regulate blood pressure?\n\n\nWhich of the following is normally present in the filtrate forced from the glomerular capillaries but does not normally appear in the urine?\n\n\nWhich of the following is NOT located in the renal medulla?\n\nGlomerular capsule.\n\nWhich of the following substances is NOT normally present in the filtrate?\n\n\nWhich of the following substances enters the renal tubule by both filtration and secretion?\n\n\nWhich of the following substances is not normally found in urine, and thus, if present, suggests a problem?\n\nRed blood cells.\n\nWhich of the following terms refers to an inflammation of the urinary bladder?\n\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? 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+__label__negative Allan Kardec\n\nBack to the menu\n21. Like God, has matter existed for all eternity, or was it created at some fxed point in time?\n\u201cOnly God knows. However, one fact that reason should point out is that God, the ultimate paradigm of love and charity, is never inactive, no matter how far back in time you may imagine the beginning of God\u2019s action started. Can you deduce that God is ever idle, even for a single moment?\u201d\n\n22. Matter is generally defned as being \u201cthat which makes an impression on our senses,\u201d or \u201cthat which is impenetrable.\u201d Are these defnitions accurate?\n\u201cFrom your point of view they are accurate because you can only provide a defnition according to what you know. Matter exists in states that are unfamiliar to you. It may be, for instance, so ethereal and subtle that it makes no impression on your senses. It is still matter, even though it would not be such for you.\u201d\n\na) What defnition can you give of matter?\n\u201cMatter is the link that bonds the spirit. It is the instrument that serves it and at the same time it carries out its action.\u201d From this point of view, one could say that matter is the agent or intermediary through and upon which the spirit acts.\n\n23. What is the spirit?\n\u201cThe intelligent principle of the universe.\u201d\n\na) What is the essential nature of the spirit?\n\u201cYour language is incapable of properly defning the spirit. It is nothing to you because it is not a tangible thing, but for us it is something. Remember this, nothing is nothingness, and nothingness does not exist.\u201d\n\n24. Is spirit synonymous with intelligence?\n\u201cIntelligence is an essential attribute of the spirit. In your world they are used interchangeably as a common principle, so much so that for you they are the same thing.\u201d\n\n25. Is the spirit independent of matter, or is it only a property, as colors are a property of light and sound is a property of air? \u201cThey are distinct from one another, but the union of the spirit and matter is vital to give intelligent activity to matter.\u201d\n\n\n26. Can a spirit be conceptualized without matter, and vice versa?\n\u201cOf course, by thought.\u201d\n\n27. Therefore, are there two general elements of the universe: matter and the spirit?\n\u201cYes, and God, the Creator of all things is above them. These three elements are the principle of all that exists \u2013 the universal trinity. However, the universal fuid must be added to the material elements, it acts as the intermediary between spirit and matter, as the body is too crude for the spirit to be able to act directly on it. Although this fuid may be classifed as part of the material element from another perspective, it is distinguished by certain special properties. If it were simply classifed as matter, there would be no reason why the spirit could not also be classifed as matter. It is something placed between the spirit and matter. It is fuid, just as matter is material, and through countless combinations under the action of the spirit, it can produce an infnite variety of things of which you only know a very small portion. Without this universal, primitive or elementary fuid, the agent employed by the spirit, matter would permanently remain divided, and would never acquire the properties given to it by gravity.\u201d\n\na) Is this fuid what we call electricity?\n\u201cWe have said that it is open to countless blends or arrangements. What you call electric fuid, magnetic fuid, and so on, are modifcations of the universal fuid, which is only matter of a more perfect and subtle nature. It may be regarded as being independent.\u201d\n\n28. Since the spirit itself is something, would it be more accurate and less confusing to call these two general elements inert matter and intelligent matter? \u201cWords are of little importance to us. You must formulate your expressions so that you may understand one another. Your disputes almost always arise from the lack of a common agreement over the use of words, because your language is incapable of describing that which transcends your senses.\u201d\n\nOne obvious fact governs all our hypotheses. Matter in and of itself is not intelligent. Therefore, we see an intelligent principle independent of matter. The origin and connection of these two elements are unknown to us. As to whether they have a common source, or the necessary points of contact, whether intelligence has an independent existence, or is only a property or an effect, or even whether it is an emanation of the Divinity, we have no answers for these questions. They appear to be distinct to us, and we therefore consider them to be two crucial elements of the universe. We see a supreme intelligence above all this that governs all things and is distinguished from them by essential attributes. This supreme intelligence is what we call God.\n\nRelated articles\n\nShow related items
+__label__negative Solution-Which hominin has the smallest absolute brain size\n\nBiological Anthropology\n\n1. The layer of gray matter that covers the surface of the brain is called the:\na. olfactory bulb.\nb. cerebrum.\nc. cerebral cortex.\nd. cerebellum.\n\n2. How can a forensic anthropologist tell if damage to a bone constitutes a premortem or perimortem injury?\na. If there is no evidence of healing, then the damage constitutes a perimortem injury.\nb. If there is no evidence of disease in that area of the bone, then the damage constitutes a perimortem injury.\nc. If there is no evidence of repetitive injury, then the damage constitutes a premortem injury.\nd. If there is evidence that the injury occurred after death, then the damage constitutes a perimortem injury.\n3. Researchers interested in evolutionary ecology often conduct studies of traditional hunter-gatherer and small agricultural societies because such societies are __________.\na. easier to study than larger societies\nb. more common\nc. similar to the original human societies\nd. the easiest to study using quantitative methods\n\n4. Which type of scientist is most likely to be consulted by police when recent skeletal remains are discovered?\na. an archaeologist\nb. a forensic anthropologist\nc. a biomedical anthropologist\nd. a molecular anthropologist\n\n5. Natural selection can be summarized by which statement?\na. All species are fixed.\nb. Organisms transform and pass these transformations on to their offspring.\nc. A divine creator creates all species according to an unknowable plan.\nd. Within a population, some variations are favored by environmental conditions and others are not.\n\n6. A forensic anthropologist is trying to determine the sex of a victim based on skeletal remains. Which part of the body should this forensic anthropologist examine first?\na. the teeth or the ribs\nb. the pelvis or the skull\nc. the long bones in the arm\nd. the hands or the feet\n\n7. What is the secular trend in growth?\na. the trend for fewer and fewer birth defects to occur in industrialized nations\nb. the trend for women to enter menopause at an earlier age in industrialized nations\nc. the trend for children to grow larger and more rapidly in industrialized nations\nd. the trend for men to enter senescence at a later age in industrialized nations\n\n8. Primatologist Robin Dunbar posits that language may have evolved to replace __________ in large hominin societies.\na. conflict\nb. sex\nc. throwing\nd. grooming\n\n9. Which of the following is an element of the scientific method?\na. experimentation\nb. observation\nc. hypothesis\nd. all of these\n\n10. Cross-cultural universals include __________.\na. language\nb. a system of kinship\nc. the organization of society along sex and gender lines\nd. all of these\n\n11. Encephalization quotient is a measure of __________.\na. brain weight\nb. brain size in inches\nc. the ratio of actual brain size to the expected size\nd. the weight of the brain divided by the brain\u2019s size in inches\n\n12. Culture can be defined as the sum total of _____________ of a group of people.\na. learned traditions\nb. genetically inherited behaviors\nc. universal taboos\nd. biological traits\n\n13. The three main principles of evolutionary psychology include the idea that __________.\na. human behavior is produced by a mind that is a flexible, general purpose device\nb. behaviors cannot be understood as adaptations\nc. culture is more important than biology when trying to understand human behavior\nd. human behavior evolved in the context of relatively small groups\n\n14. An organism\u2019s (Darwinian) fitness can be best measured by observing its __________.\na. strength\nb. size\nc. number of offspring\nd. color\n\n15. Edward O. Wilson defined sociobiology as the science of __________.\na. the biological basis of social behavior\nb. the effects of culture on biology\nc. the effects of society on culture and biology\nd. the sociological basis of biological evolution\n\n16. As our immune systems evolve to become more effective at battling diseases, parasites and pathogens are:\na. dying off rapidly without human hosts.\nb. going dormant, waiting for the aging process to weaken our immune systems.\nc. becoming nearly harmless to humans.\nd. evolving to overcome our defenses.\n\n17. An anthropologist is observing a contemporary population of hunter-gatherers to determine which ecological factors affect the reproductive success of the community\u2019s members. This anthropologist is using ________ to understand human behavior.\na. human evolutionary ecology\nb. evolutionary psychology\nc. paleontological reconstructions\nd. linguistic theory\n\n18. Biological anthropologists employ a unifying set of biological principles to discuss how our species came to be the way it is today. This set of principles is known as\na. culture\nb. forensics\nc. ethnography\nd. evolution\n\n19. The \u201ctypical\u201d human brain has a volume of __________.\na. 500cc\nb. 380cc\nc. 1500cc\nd. 1350cc\n\n20. Which of the following best defines anthropology?\na. the study of non-human primates, their anatomy, and their evolution.\nb. the study of ancient humans\nc. a study of humanity focusing on its biological and genetic aspects\nd. the study of humankind in all its forms\n\n21. Which species has the highest encephalization quotient (EQ) among primates?\na. gorillas\nb. chimpanzees\nc. gibbons\nd. humans\n\n22. Ultimately, our complex social behavior\n(in humans) can be attributed to __________.\na. tool use\nb. language\nc. bipedalism\nd. the fact that we are mammals\n\n23. Which anthropologist below best illustrates the practices of biomedical anthropology?\na. An anthropologist is examining the emergence of written language within a culture.\nb. An anthropologist is examining the rate of disease within a population.\nc. An anthropologist is examining stone tools to determine their age.\nd. An anthropologist is examining fossilized remains in order to determine the stages of human evolution.\n\n24. Which statement below best describes the evolution of the human brain?\na. The human brain has reorganized over time but has maintained the same absolute size.\nb. The human brain has expanded over time but has maintained the same organization.\nc. The human brain has expanded and reorganized over time.\nd. The human brain has expanded but has decreased in encephalization over time.\n\n25. Which hominin has the smallest absolute brain size?\na. modern Homo sapiens\nb. Homo erectus\nc. Australopithecus\nd. Neandertals\n\nOrder a similar paper and get 15% discount. Use the coupon code GILB\n\nDr. Padma Myers\nDr. Padma Myers\n98% Success Rate\nRead More\nStern Frea\nStern Frea\n98% Success Rate\nRead More\nDr. Ishid Elsa\nDr. Ishid Elsa\n98% Success Rate\nRead More\nDr. Paul P. Klug\nDr. Paul P. Klug\n99% Success Rate\nRead More\n\nHow Our Essay Writing Service Works\n\nTell Us Your Requirements\n\n\nMake your payment\n\n\nThe Writing Process\n\n\nDownload your paper\n\n\nRecent Questions\n\nStay In Touch!\n
+__label__negative Social Emotional\n\nRABBI MENDEL ZIRKIND As a teenager, do my parents need to approve of my Mashpia?\nRABBI REUVEN WOLF What lesson can we take from the big tech tumult?\nRABBI MENDEL ZIRKIND Should I drop my therapist and find the answers in Tanya?\nRabbi Adam Stein How do I make \u201cTracht Gut Vet Zein Gut\u201d practical?\nCoach Rabbi Zalmy Raksin What is the purpose of pain in this world?\nCoach Rabbi Zalmy Raksin My friend came out to me as being gay, can I still be friends according to Torah? * TEENS EDITION *\nRabbi Adam Stein How can I live worry free?\nRabbi Mendy Wolf Am I a failed Lubavitcher if I don\u2019t go on Shlichus?\nRABBI MENDEL ZIRKIND How do I overcome my challenge with masturbation? * TEENS EDITION *\nRabbi Mendy Wolf I want to be myself, why should I behave like my parents and teachers expect me to?!\nRabbi Yossi Paltiel How is a Cheshbon Hanefesh done, and how often should I do one?\nRABBI MENDEL ZIRKIND How do I identify if I am Yiras Shamayim or OCD?
+__label__negative \n\nBISE Larkana Board Roll No Slips 2017\n\n9th, 10th, 11th, SSC, 12th, HSSC, FSC, Matric, FA, Inter, Intermediate, SSC Part 1, SSC Part 2, Inter Part 1, Inter part 2, 1st year, 2nd year Updated on: 22-08-2017\n\nBoard of Intermediate and Secondary Education Larkana receives matric and intermediate classes admission forms from the candidates few months before beginning of matric and inter annual exams 2017. When BISE Larkana prepares Larkana Board Matric / Intermediate roll number slips after completion of process of admission forms. BISE Larkana SSC / HSSC roll number slips are released in February and March respectively to the students ensuring timely participation in the Larkana Board Matric / Inter annual exams 2017. BISE Larkana FA / FSc and Matric roll number slips are provided to the regular students to their respective schools / colleges and to the private students on their home addresses. The duplicate roll number slips are issued to the students, who do not receive Larkana Board 9th / 10th and 11th / 12th classes roll number slips in time to appear in the Larkana Board matric / intermediate annual exams.\n\nLarkana Board matric roll number slips 2017 are prepared in February and these BISE Larkana SSC roll number slips are issued to the students. The matric class students can get their Larkana Board 9th roll number slips / BISE Larkana 10th class roll number slips for their identification in the exams centers. Matric class students bring BISE Larkana matric roll number slips in the exams centers. Larkana Board 10th roll number slips / BISE Larkana 9th roll number slips bear name of exams centers. The candidates can check their concerned exams centers on Larkana Board SSC roll number slips. BISE Larkana Board issues BISE Larkana SSC roll number slips to the students before the commencement of the annual exams 2017.\n\nBISE Larkana FA/FSc roll number slips 2017 are prepared and issue to the students during March 2017. Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Larkana releases Larkana Board Inter roll number slips to the regular students through their educational institutes. BISE Larkana private students can get their BISE Larkana HSSC roll number slips on their mailing addresses. The students ensure receipt of their BISE Larkana Intermediate roll number slips before start of the annual exams. Larkana Board Inter roll number slips are provided to the students with the name of the exams centers and advise students to appear in the same exams centers to appear in Larkana Board HSSC annual exams 2017.\n\nAdd a Comment\nComments will be shown after admin approval.\nName *\nEmail *\nMobile *\nCity *\nYour Comment *\nQuestion: What is capital of Pakistan?\n\n(Answer can be from islamabad | lahore)\nSpam comments will not be approved at all.\nChal mera marksheet de\nKarachi2017-08-16 08:10:47\nAmjad Ali Korai\nSir Result kab ayega my seat number 55566\nGuddu2017-08-10 13:32:12\nAhmed Mian\nsir 1st year ka result kab aai ga\nShikarpur2017-08-09 14:34:19\nGhulam Ali Bhat\nSir i want my resuilt my seat number is 108180\nJacobabad2017-08-09 12:10:02\nMuhammad Younis\n9th class result 2017 larkana board\nKandhkot2017-08-03 06:43:55\nMuhammad Younis\nsir humari 9th class ki result kab \u00e0ayge larkana board please bataye sir\nKandhkot2017-08-03 06:39:40\nImran Ali\nSir mera result seqt nmb hai 74879\nLarkana2017-08-02 14:05:11\n..exclusive problem i got...!! when i txt to know.. my..result...i got 0 mark's..0.grade what is that mean..? SS-c2 class... now can you put your contact information here i can..ask you..on call.. what is that means... ..i am really depressed..of in it+idk..what gota go larkana....? if you don't do anything at least put your number here...Thnaks from..jcd\nJacobabad2017-08-02 12:29:50\nShoaib Mahar\nSir i want my matrik class result plzzz sir send me my result of matrik class i have to take admission please sir send me fast my result....\nShikarpur2017-08-02 07:56:23\nWaris Junaid\nplzzzzzzz matrik result aya hai\nShikarpur2017-07-31 06:20:53\nssc part 2 result?Kab aanounce hoga??\nShikarpur2017-07-27 10:49:08\nhssc part 2 result ??\nLarkana2017-07-19 20:14:42\nMuhammad Qadeer\nI want to see my first year result\nJacobabad2017-07-16 13:04:40\nRoll no:58809 sir I want see my 9th class result please\nDadu2017-07-04 15:09:06\nSir this is my roll no:58809 sir I want see my result 9th\nDadu2017-07-04 14:55:43\nFayaz Ali\nSir I want see my result 10th class roll no 18501\nKandhkot2017-07-03 08:42:28\nWajahat Ali\nRoll num 123493 plz Sir I want see my result\nDadu2017-06-28 17:36:34\nSir I Am student of cadet college larkana'sir I have lost my firstyear marks photocopy and now sir I want to see my first year marks of every subject 2016 so plz send my on my account my seat no is 4239\nHyderabad2017-06-11 08:53:32\nAamir Khan\nSir want see my result of 10 class roll number is 89477 please\nLarkana2017-06-10 11:40:11\nFayaz Ali\nSir ! I want see my result of 9th class roll no 22142 is it plz Show me.\nLarkana2017-04-19 16:44:57\nAriz Nazir\nariz nazir ..1st year ki roll no slip tu btaen\nRajanpur2017-04-14 19:19:29\nHina Jatoi\nmera roll no 59252 mera result btain ninth ka\nLarkana2017-04-13 06:42:07\nMohmmad Aslam\nshow me exam date 1syear\nLarkana2017-04-10 09:18:04\nGulzar Ali\nMy slip and my roll number of ninth class\nLarkana2017-03-03 05:58:57\nPlzz send roll number of my daughter 9th class govt high school mirpur buriro. Cnic: father: 4310515389089\nHyderabad2017-03-02 08:30:06\nSir mujhe yeh puchna hai k matric k paper kab se start hain\nLarkana2017-02-14 09:12:47\nTahir Hussain\nSir plaese I have give me 1st Year Mar sheet plese 1st Year mar sheet dena\nSukkur2017-02-13 09:57:09\nSir, result plzzz of 2016 9th class roll No 1640\nLarkana2017-02-06 04:36:39\nIzhar Ali\nShow me reault of larkana board 9th class 16271 thiss\nPakpattan2016-11-26 11:55:01\nWaqar Hussain\nAssalam Alaikum Sir! mujhe firstyear class roll no:- 13330 ki result bata dein plzzz.\nLarkana2016-11-24 05:59:55\nAamir Kalhoro\nplease meri result btao mera roll=31712 h so please help me\nLarkana2016-11-02 07:13:40\nKhalid Hussain\nMeta result baton please main me SMS p check Kia but it can't sent from my mobile seat no is 36794\nLarkana2016-10-31 06:58:25\nZaheer Ahmad\nzaheer Ahmad s/o nazeer Ahmad rol no 28317 larkana bo ard 11th class ki result meherbani ker k bata den\nLarkana2016-10-30 07:32:17\nSheeraz Ali Kho\nPlz result bata de 11 ke\nLarkana2016-10-17 07:45:46\nWhen 1st year result will announce\nShikarpur2016-10-13 17:18:22\nAyaz Ali\nma ra roll no ha 40586 ha 1st year ka ap plz Batia\nLarkana2016-10-05 16:31:19\nAbbas Ali\n9th ka result kb aye ga my seat no.39567\nJacobabad2016-10-03 19:44:04\nSaeed Ahmed\nHow to check 9th class result? Plzz tell me Bise larkana\nShikarpur2016-09-30 08:43:00\nAbdul Jabbar\nSir sms galt name deta he meta results batao Ssc i 2016 seat number 51281\nKandhkot2016-09-28 12:25:04\nZ.A Mengal\nGet Me Informed About Result Of 9th Exams Immediately Please as soon as possible.\nLarkana2016-09-25 05:48:31\nDear sir,plz mention the result of 9th class 2016,this is Our room number 44311.\nJacobabad2016-09-24 07:02:44\nAmir Ali\nSir bsc 2 ka result kab ae ga 2015 ka Plz sir.\nLarkana2016-09-20 09:19:38\nAthar Hussain C\nsir 9th ki result kase cheek karo konsi website ha\nLarkana2016-09-17 07:52:00\nHow to check 9th results of bise larkana\nJacobabad2016-09-12 11:09:27\nNaveed Ali\nhow results of 9th class will be shown?\nLarkana2016-09-11 14:20:16\nPardeep Sukheja\nhow can we check hsc part 2 Result..\nShikarpur2016-09-06 17:48:37\nGhulam Mustafa\nPlzzz tell me my 9th class result of 2015 seat number 17622\nLarkana2016-09-06 09:16:49\nResults of 2016 sscpart1 kub announced kiya jaye ga please tell me\nKarachi2016-09-06 02:32:34\nMuhammad Shaqat\nSir g mera seat number ya ha 36845 sir g muja A garde anal ha plz help me Allah almaity class 9th\nShikarpur2016-09-03 21:26:17\nGhulam Ali\nsalam sir my 2nd year result kab aae gi my roll no is 104897\nLarkana2016-09-02 18:23:07\nFida Hussian\nSir pls tell me when comes 9th result my seat no is 7909\nLarkana2016-08-30 17:31:00\nFida Hussain\nSir when comes 9th exam result\nLarkana2016-08-30 17:24:37\nAmir Khan\nhello sir enter ka result kab aye ga sir tell me fast plz\nShikarpur2016-08-27 03:09:06\nAli Gul Katto\nI want my 9th class slip\nJacobabad2016-08-13 18:27:52\nVikash Kumar\nWhen Class 9th Result will Anounce??\nKashmore2016-08-11 16:19:21\nNeed ssc part 2 resylu\nLarkana2016-08-08 12:48:41\n37744 sir us seat number ke kaya marks hi\nLarkana2016-08-03 13:05:05\nBashir Ahmed Ka\nSir Mery Larkana board ka matric board ka pacca certificate gum ho gaya h ab kesy milega duplicate\nJacobabad2016-08-02 07:35:53\ni want my seat number\nLarkana2016-08-01 05:03:46\nWaQar Chachar\nWhen does larkana borad result of 10th class show\nKandhkot2016-07-30 05:24:36\nZaheer Abbas\nWhen the bise Larkano issued the Roll No. Slips???\nRajanpur2016-04-25 12:11:25\nAzadar Hussain\n1st year ki slips kab milengi\nDadu2016-04-10 05:14:08\nAbrar Hussain S\nlarkana board ki Matric ki slip kb mle gy\nKashmore2016-02-19 16:05:39\nAltaf Hussain B\nsir/madam I am requesting to About Exames, Which date will Exams of ssc p 2 be conducted ?\nShikarpur2016-02-18 18:23:43\nFawad Ahmed\ni want my seat number\nLarkana2015-12-27 18:09:47\nNoman Ali\nBsc ki slips kb ayen gi jnb?\nGhotki2015-12-22 06:16:45\nlarkana board sy ma apni duplicate markssheet nikalwana chahta hun matic ki, can any one tell me the procedure n requirments for that? i have just matric board certifiate?\nKarachi2015-12-19 08:00:18\nMithal Shah\nsir mujhe apne slip picture dekhne he\nJacobabad2015-12-05 18:46:28\nBsc part 1 ki roll no slip kab ae gi.plz jaldi btao\nJacobabad2015-11-26 05:00:45\nKhan Beg\n11th class result kab aae ga bise larkana board ka\nKashmore2015-11-24 12:25:05\nsir larkana bord hssc part 1 ka result kab aaya ga\nKarachi2015-11-24 11:19:50\nNoman Ali\nmy marks Too low, but why, i want reason, i wrote complete my paper but my marks are too low why , i hate larkana board, you are all currupt teachers and larkana board's manager is currupt.\nLarkana2015-11-16 07:46:07\nAzhar Ali\nSir 9th class ke result kb aaye gai\nLarkana2015-11-15 14:44:41\nImran Ali\nAsalam O Alaikum friends.. Larkana board ninth class result has been announced t0day...\nKandhkot2015-11-14 16:12:40\nRiaz Hussain\nPlz Ninth class seat No:7277 Larkana Board ka result bataen\nLarkana2015-11-14 15:45:21\nI share my result on my mobile. Number\nKarachi2015-10-15 20:46:08\nsir please ninth result bataen thanks\nKandhkot2015-10-15 08:42:30\nYousif Laghari\nmere pyaare bhaio or unki behno mje ye bta sakte ho k 9th class ki result kese check hoti hy net pe\nKarachi2015-10-13 10:40:44\nWaqar Khan Khos\nMein Waqar khan khosa mera sawal ye hai ke 9th ka result kab aaega larkana borad ka\nKandhkot2015-10-09 00:13:17\nWhen does larkana board result of 9th class show??\nGuddu2015-09-28 11:35:46\nWaseem Raja\nLarkana board ki website kiyu band ki howi hai yar sharam ki bat hai apne students ki sari facilites khatam ki ja rahi hai wo b pesy ki khatir hamare logo m zara b eman nahi hai pesy ki lalch m aa k sms alerts p result btaya jata hai..... afsosos hai dosto\nKarachi2015-09-18 07:13:46\nresult for 12 class 113483\nShikarpur2015-08-31 16:29:41\nMtric kae result tu ae hae check kase kare .biselrk kae wabsite bae nh khul rahe hae yae kae masla hae????\nKandhkot2015-08-05 21:13:59\nRaja Rauf\nFor Result of ssc part 2\nHyderabad2015-08-04 09:27:52\nMairaj Abro\nsir aslam mu alkum 9th class ka result kab aye ga 2015\nShikarpur2015-07-31 18:43:31\nMairaj Abro\nsir aslam mu alkum 9th class ka result kab aye ga 2015\nShikarpur2015-07-31 18:42:08\nGhulam Mohiuddi\nFirst Year Result Kaise Check Karein Larkan Board Se Plz Koi Btaye Mujhe?\nLarkana2015-07-31 15:32:16\nGhulam Mohiuddi\nSir First Year Ka Result Aya K Nahi , Kab Ayega? Koi Dost Mujhe Yahan Result Check Krne Ka Tareeka Btaye. Main Larkana Board Se Hun.\nLarkana2015-07-31 15:26:32\nAli Khan\nlarkana board inter 2015 ka result kab aye ga.\nAbbottabad2015-07-23 14:37:38\nShakeel Ahmed\nSir 10th class ka result kab nikly gy larkana board Ssc part 1 ka please sir help me?\nLarkana2015-07-08 10:07:32\nInamullah Khoso\nKandhkot2015-04-03 11:08:18\nF.Year exams kb start hnge?\nKashmore2015-03-30 10:12:04\n\n5th & 8th Class Boards\nLatest User Comments\nTell me anyone date of dae result 2017. ...\nZeeshan abrar August 22, 2017\nAoA Sir kindly I want to know from which particula ...\nSyed Ansar Ali August 22, 2017\nSir g. Mujhe har information late milti hey kyon ...\nHafeez Ullah August 22, 2017\ni need past papers of M.A IR part 1+2 both as soon ...\nAyesha August 22, 2017\nMy roll number slip is issue the I am checking the ...\nAbrar August 22, 2017\nI did not received original dmc I completed Ptc in ...\nShahid Ali khan August 22, 2017\n2nd year ka rzlt kab araha ha? ...\nKulsoom kiani August 22, 2017\nIn which date the result of kpbte will be declar ...\nSaifulislam Mia August 22, 2017\nWhat is the date of 2nd Year result ...\nMohammad Hassan August 22, 2017\nA.o.A Mera name Muhammad Bilal hy Bc561921 hy plz ...\nMuhammad Bilal August 22, 2017
+__label__negative 61 851\nAssignments Done\nSuccessfully Done\nIn May 2018\n\nAnswer to Question #2572 in Trigonometry for Ryan Green\n\nQuestion #2572\nThe length of a ramp is 150cm. Use trigonometry to show that when the angle, a (Located where the diagonal edge of the triangle meets the base), is 10 Degrees the height of the ramp, h, is 26.0cm, to one decimal place.\nExpert's answer\nThe height of a ramp is given by the formula:\nh = 150 * sin 10 = 26.047\n\nNeed a fast expert's response?\n\nSubmit order\n\nand get a quick answer at the best price\n\nfor any assignment or question with DETAILED EXPLANATIONS!\n\n\nNo comments. Be first!\n\nLeave a comment\n\nAsk Your question\n\nPrivacy policy Terms and Conditions
+__label__negative Admission will be based on:\n\n(a) Evidence of educational attainment based on externally validated examinations. A minimum of 3 Grade B and 5 Grade C GCSE passes (or 11 points \u2013 A* = 4 points; A = 3 points; B = 2 points; C= 1 point) are required. English Board 9-1 equivalences will be accepted. It is preferable to have GCSE grades A*, A or B (or English Board equivalences) in those subjects to be taken at Advanced Level;\n\n(b) The availability of places in chosen subjects or courses;\n\n(c) The availability of places in Year 13;\n\n(d) The overall enrolment number of the College.\n\n\nIn the event of there being more applicants than places, applicants will be ranked according to their total points score in GCSE, worked out on the basis of A* = 4 points; A = 3 points; B = 2 points; C= 1 point. Short Course GCSE grades will be awarded half the above points. Places will be offered in descending order subject to the above criteria.\n\n\nAll pupils resident in Northern Ireland at the time of their proposed admission to the school will be selected for admission before any child not so resident.\n\n\nCriteria for allocating the final place where point scores are tied are as follows:\n\n1. Child of the family already enrolled at the School OR eldest child of the family eligible to apply for admission to the School;\n\n2. Initial letter of surname (as entered on birth certificate) in the order set out below:\n\nH W Q P S O Y M T D C A R I G J X L Z F N V E B K U;\n\n\n3. In the event of surnames beginning with the same initial letter, the subsequent letters of the surname will be used in alphabetical order. In the event of two identical surnames, the alphabetical order of the letters of the forenames (as entered on birth certificate) will be used;\n\n\n4. If applicants are still tied, then priority will be determined amongst them by a method of computerised random selection leaving a clear audit trail.\n\n\nAll applications for places must include full details of results obtained at GCSE and be received by the school office staff by 1.00 pm on Thursday 22 August 2019.\n\n\nThe Department of Education may, on request, increase the number of pupils that the school can admit to its Year 13. Places that become available in this way shall be allocated only to pupils who meet the basic eligibility criteria for sixth form study and shall be allocated in the order determined by the criteria to be applied in the order set down below:\n\n\n1. Pupils who have most recently completed Year 12 in Lurgan College;\n\n2. Pupils from other schools where admission to an extra place at Lurgan College has been agreed by the Department of Education*.\n\n\n*Parents should note how the Department of Education will, in response to a school\u2019s request, increase the school\u2019s enrolment number in order to allow an extra post -16 pupil to enrol. DE will first check whether there is another school or schools of a type suitable for that pupil within an hour\u2019s journey of where the pupil lives. If there is, DE will then check whether this other school or schools may provide all of the post-16 courses that the pupil wishes to pursue. If these checks find that no other suitable school may provide all of the post-16 courses that the pupil wishes to pursue - then DE will agree a school\u2019s request for an extra place.\n\n\nWhat is a school of a type that is suitable for a pupil?\n\nTo determine this, DE first considers all schools to be one of 4 types: (i) denominational (ii) non-denominational (iii) Integrated and (iv) Irish-Medium. A school requesting an extra place for a post-16 pupil will belong to one of these 4 types and DE will consider any other school from this same type as suitable for the pupil. DE will also consider as suitable for the pupil any school of the same type as that attended by the child in Year 12.
+__label__negative Poe's Short Stories\n\ntell tale heart\n\n\n\nAsked by\nLast updated by jill d #170087\nAnswers 1\nAdd Yours\n\nThe narrator is checking to see that the old man is in fact dead..... and noting that the old man's eye, which frightened him so, would no longer trouble (bother) him.\n\n\nTell Tale Heart
+__label__negative No, the Church is not infallible because the Pope is infallible. It\u2019s the other way around.\n\nOne of the more upsetting results of this Synodal chaos is the division it is creating between believing and sincere Catholics. Sadly, one of the more dire results of the last 50 years of non-catechesis has been a grave defect in the knowledge of most of the faithful on the limits and nature of papal infallibility.\n\nToday I received the following note from a friend:\n\u201cI am now arguing with my pro-life friends about the petition. They see any lack of papal obedience as shocking and scandalous. Grrrrrrr. Have you written about it? What can I send them to show how wrong they are.\u201d\n\nI recommended that she google the terms \u201cpapolatry,\u201d that is gaining wide use recently, and the newer and perhaps somewhat more technical term \u201chypermontanism\u201d. I added, \u201cUltramontanism = Good. Hypermontanism = Bad.\u201d\n\nIn the interests of our charitable duty to instruct the ignorant, WUWTS offers the following brief explanation of the traditional understanding of papal infallibility, from a bona fide member of the clergy. \u2026HJMW\n\nCrash Course in the Church\u2019s Infallibility.\n\nThe Church is not infallible because the Pope is infallible.\n\nIt is the other way around.\n\nThe pope is infallible because the Church is infallible.\n\nJesus the Divine Teacher continues to teach in this world the \u201cmessage of truth\u201d, which he originally gave to the Apostles and through them to the world. This is the Deposit of Faith and Morals. It contains primarily supernatural knowledge about God and how to get to Heaven to see and rejoice in the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit forever. This revealed treasure also contains a crystal-clear reaffirmation of the Natural Law of right and wrong, \u201cthe observance of which is also necessary for eternal salvation\u201d(Humane vitae). If I turn my back on God the Creator I can\u2019t get to Heaven.\n\nIn her constant and very firm teaching the Church is protected by Christ. She will not betray Him or His teaching. She is infallible.\n\nThe Pope has the keys. He can even command us what to think. Or rather, he can bindingly declare what Christ has taught, and therefore what God has said, and requires that we believe. But Christ will NOT let His Church be bound into error. So\u2026\n\nWhen the Successor of Peter, teaching on a matter of Faith and Morals, AS Successor of Peter , binds the universal Church to believe or to absolutely and \u201cdefinitively \u201d hold a particular truth, he shares in the infallibility of the Church.\n\nWe are only required to believe that the Pope is infallible when all the above conditions are fulfilled. We are very safe in following the teaching of Pope Saint Pius X, in his Catechismo maggiore, that the pope is infallible \u201conly\u201d (soltanto) under those conditions.\n\nFrom the \u201cCatechismo magiore\u201d of Pope Saint Pius X:\n\n199. Quando \u00e8 il Papa infallibile?Il Papa \u00e8 infallibile allora soltanto che nella sua qualit\u00e0 di Pastore e Maestro du tutti i cristiani, in virt\u00f9 della suprema sua apostolica autorit\u00e0, definisce una dottrina intorno alla fede o ai custumi da ternersi da tutta la Chiesa.\n\n\u201csoltanto\u201d = \u201conly,\u201d as in, \u201cat no other time or in no other way\u201d.\n\nThis means it is impossible for the pope to *bindingly* contradict the constant and very firm teaching of the Church.\n\nBut by ambiguity, implication, association, action, or in other ways, the pope can sow doubt. As unfortunately we have been seeing these days.\n\nend of article.
+__label__negative Prolactinoma - What is a prolactinoma?\n\nFont Size:\n\nThe pituitary is a tiny gland situated at the base of the brain behind the nose and below the optic nerves.\n\nThe pituitary makes hormones which control the thyroid, ovaries, testes and adrenal glands. Another hormone made by the pituitary is PROLACTIN which stimulates the production of breast milk during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Prolactin secretion is controlled by a compound called dopamine which is made in the brain. In women, normal prolactin levels are typically less than 25 ng/ml and in men, less than 17 ng/ml. When prolactin levels are elevated in the blood, the condition is referred to as HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.\n\nHyper- meaning \u2018increased\u2019; Prolactin referring to the hormone;-emia meaning \u2018in the blood\u2019\n\nBlood prolactin levels are normally elevated during pregnancy and breast feeding and may also be increased with some medications, kidney failure, and chest trauma.\n\nA prolactinoma is an abnormal growth, or tumor, on the pituitary gland . The tumor causes the pituitary to produce too much prolactin leading to hyperprolactinemia. A prolactinoma is almost always benign, meaning it is not a cancer. About 1 in 10,000 people will develop a prolactinoma for which a clear cause is not known. Prolactinomas occur in both sexes, but are more common in women. The tumors are seldom seen in children and are rarely passed from parents to their children. Prolactinomas are usually small and rarely grow, but some (as discussed below) can become very large.\n\nPituitary Adenoma\n\nFigure 1. Depiction of a pituitary adenoma (dark brown) next to normal pituitary tissue (light brown). The normal pituitary is compressed by the tumor. (reprinted with permission, from Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, Larsen PR (eds): Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 11th Edition, Chapter 8, Anterior Pituitary, Melmed S and Kleinberg DL authors, Philadelphia, Penn: WB Saunders; 2008.)
+__label__negative Alpha decay\n\nFigure 1. A model of alpha decay, showing the ejection of an alpha particle from a nucleus.[1]\n\nAlpha decay is a nuclear decay process where an unstable nucleus transmutes and ejects a particle composed of two protons and two neutrons.[2] This ejected particle is known as an alpha particle and is simply a helium nucleus. Alpha particles have a relatively large mass and a positive charge, resulting in a very short penetration range. Because of this, alpha decay is rarely used in external medical radiation therapy.[3]\n\nAlpha decay was originally distinguished from other forms of radiation by Ernest Rutherford by observing the deflection of the radiation through a magnetic field. Alpha decay deflects in the way you would expect a positive particle to since alpha particles have a charge.[4]\n\nThe general equation representing alpha decay is:\n\n\n  \u2022 is the parent nucleus\n  \u2022 is the daughter nucleus\n  \u2022 is the released alpha particle\n\n\nAlthough not very penetrating, the ingestion of a substance that undergoes alpha decay is harmful as the ejected alpha particles can damage internal tissues very easily despite its short range. This damage is a result of contact with membranes and living cells.[3] Figure 2 shows a diagram that illustrates the different levels of penetration for different types of radiation.\n\nFigure 2. Different penetration levels of different products of decay, with gamma being one of the most highly penetrating and alpha being one of the least penetrating.[5][6]\n\nOverall, the health effects of alpha particles vary with how the exposure takes place. If the alpha emitter is inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed into the blood stream there can be lasting biological damage. This damage increases a persons risk of cancer. Alpha radiation is known to cause lung cancer in humans if the alpha emitter is inhaled. The inhalation of radon, an alpha emitter, is one of the biggest sources of alpha decay related illness in humans.[7]\n\nApplications and Importance\n\nRadioactive elements that undergo alpha decay are used in smoke detectors. Americium is one frequently used element as it is a major alpha particle source. Inside the smoke detertor alpha particles are released. This in turn ionizes the air inside the detector. Smoke in the detector absorbs this alpha radiation, so if smoke is present the ionization is altered and the alarm is triggered.[8]\n\nAs well, alpha particles are used in a process known as Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectroscopy (APXS). This process is used to determine the elemental composition of rocks and soil. NASA used this method in its missions to Mars, including the Pathfinder missions, to determine what elements existed Martian rocks.[9]\n\nAlpha particles do also have some use in the medical field. A new cancer treatment known as targeted alpha therapy or TAT uses alpha decay to kill cancer cells. Lead-212 is ingested and travels to the site of the tumor, then giving off alpha radiation which kills all the cells in the area.[9]\n\n\nThe University of Colorado has graciously allowed us to use the following PhET simulation. This simulation illustrates how radioactive nuclei decay through alpha decay, and shows the half-life of these atoms.\n\nAlpha Decay\nClick to Run\n\n\n  1. Wikimedia Commons. (July 22, 2015). Alpha Decay [Online]. Available:\n  2. Jefferson Lab. (July 22, 2015). Alpha Decay [Online]. Available:\n  3. 3.0 3.1 HyperPhysics. (July 22, 2015). Alpha Radioactivity [Online]. Available:\n  4. StudyPhysics. (July 22, 2015). Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay [Online]. Available:\n  5. Chubu Electric Power. (May 26, 2015). Characteristics of radiation and radioactivity [Online]. Available:\n  6. Created internally by a member of the Energy Educaation team.\n  7. US EPA. (July 22, 2015). Alpha Particles [Online]. Available:\n  8. BBC Bitesized. (July 22, 2015). Uses of Radiation [Online]. Available:\n  9. 9.0 9.1 ChemTeacher. (July 22, 2015). Alpha Decay [Online]. Available:\n\nAuthors and Editors\n\nJordan Hanania, Kailyn Stenhouse, Jason Donev
+__label__negative Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nI just finished reading this research about antimatter induced fusion and thermonuclear reactions. And one conclusion I could make is that very little mass of antimatter (in range of micrograms) is needed to initiate a fusion reaction in lithium-deuteride fuel.\n\nAlso, in page 14 in this PDF file, there is a theoretical design of a 1-kiloton antimatter induced fusion bomb.\n\nNow, I actually have 2 questions. Firstly, 100 grams of lithium-deuteride is used in this theoretical 1 kt design. But according to this, 100 grams of lithium-deuteride should yield 6.4 kilotons not only 1 kiloton, so is there any explanation of this ?\n\nSecondly, since I seem to find only low yield designs of antimatter induced/catalyzed fusion bombs, a doubt about the feasibility of larger yield came to my mind. So, if a single kiloton fusion reaction is feasible with a certain amount of antimatter, then should we consider fusing more fuel with even more antimatter feasible too ?\n\nNote : I completely understand the difficulty of making, handling and storing antimatter, and I am not saying this thing is going to be made any time soon. I am just curious about the physics part behind it.\n\nshare|improve this question\nAlso how can pure deuterium fusion happen ? shouldn't be there tritium to fuse with the deuterium to make He ? \u2013\u00a0 Abanob Ebrahim Aug 24 '13 at 16:57\nJust guessing here, but could it be that part of the difference between those 6.4kt and that 1kt is that a conventional fusion weapon has an influx of neutrons from the primary, boosting the reaction? Or that it is because the secondary gets compressed via a Teller-Ulam device rather than being torn apart from an internal matter-antimatter explosion? \u2013\u00a0 Hennes Aug 24 '13 at 21:21\n@Hennes, The first guess might be correct. But not the second since in the hypothetical bomb, explosive lenses are used to compress the fuel and collapse it into the antihydrogen pellet. I noticed something else, this research says pellets of Li-DT is used, which I don't really understand what this is. is it lithium, deuterium and tritium ? \u2013\u00a0 Abanob Ebrahim Aug 24 '13 at 21:45\nYes. Lithium, Deuterium and Tritium. Lithium is used in traditional fusion devices to generate tritium. (H3 is expensive. H3 has a 12.3 year half life and H3 decays into He-3, which likes to absorb neutrons). For these reasons H3 is best made fresh. This can be done by bombarding lithium with neutrons. Li-6 seems to be the preferred choice for this. Li-6 + neutron -> H3 + He-4 + 4.78 MeV. The H3 can then undergo fusion with other H3 atoms). Li-7 can be used in the same way if you have higher energy neutrons and it releases an extra neutron. \u2013\u00a0 Hennes Aug 24 '13 at 22:02\n@Hennes, that's great, thanks for the info. But IIRC, Tritium is considered very rare and only a few kilograms of it is made each year, so it shouldn't be considered available I think, so Li-DT is just nonsense. If I am not mistaken, Li-6 can produce Tritium by being bombarded by a neutron with any energy, so I was thinking if we could compensate the neutrons from the fission reaction by an external neutron source to produce \"fresh\" Tritium. The D-T reaction also produces an extra neutron, so it should look like a fission chain reaction. What do you think ? \u2013\u00a0 Abanob Ebrahim Aug 24 '13 at 22:08\n\n1 Answer 1\n\nAside: What's with this obsession with multimegaton explosions? End aside.\n\nThere are no inherent limits on the size of fusion explosion. Moreover, with the use of staged weapon design, antimatter amount needed to initiate the arbitrary powerful explosion would essentially remain the same.\n\nOrdinary fusion explosion (Teller-Ulam design) is initiated by the x-rays released by fission primary that compress the secondary fusion fuel that is simultaneously heated with fissile sparkplug.\n\nIf we try to eliminate the fission, while already having the antimatter initiated small scale fusion device, the obvious way would be to use this device as primary to compress and heat the secondary fusion fuel dose.\n\nNote, that since we also want to eliminate uranium sparkplug we need to provide mechanisms to not only compress but also heat the deuterium-tritium of the secondary. And the energy needed for such heating needed to be extracted from the primary explosion. This means that the hohlraum needs to be somewhat redesigned.\n\nThis secondary explosion could then be used to initiate the explosion of the third fusion stage.\n\nIn Tsar bomba ~1 megaton fission primary is enough to initiate 56 megaton fusion secondary. So using the value 50 for increase in yield between stages and using as primary the device mentioned in the question we can estimate the following yield for three stages: primary ~ 1 kiloton yield, secondary ~ 50 kiloton yield, tertiary ~ 2.5 megaton.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__negative Pashto lessons (Pashto\u00a0learning)\n\nHello everyone!\n\nHere is a series of new Pashto lessons:\u00a0http://www.hadihairan.com/2011/06/learn-pashto-introduction.html\n\n\n28 Responses to Pashto lessons (Pashto\u00a0learning)\n\n  1. greg says:\n\n    I want to learn but where do I start? Your lede says learn pashto language, however, looking at the paragraph alone one can mistakenly construe that this is a site to start learning pashto. But there is no area of your site to learn it. Help!\n\n  2. megan says:\n\n    hello ,\n\n    any one who is interested to make 210K a year by translating Pashto to English . if you refer anyone you will make 6,000.00 please contact me at 703-772-2960\n\n  3. shakerullah akhoundzada says:\n\n    ramazaan kareem umbaraka sha da tol pukhtoonkhawa au afghania.\n    salam alaikum\n\n  4. kashi says:\n\n    how do i say i am very sorry i pashto i shouldnt hav sed this \u2026\n\n  5. paty says:\n\n    hello, could anyone traslate \u201cker kitta, ma az dooorogh kadni guftoom az barey paty, taki dost dokther e tu bawar kana, famidi\u201din english words please. it is very important for me,,, thanks!!!!\n\n  6. any 1 can tell me which is the best site to learn pashto language i want to learn this language i love this language its so sweet\n\n  7. sarriahkhan says:\n\n    i want to learn pashto\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026bcoz i love it\n\n  8. asad khan says:\n\n    i also want to learn pashto how is it possible?\n\n  9. saifullah says:\n\n    \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0648 \u0689\u06cc\u0631 \u069a\u0647 \u06ab\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0686\u064a \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u064a\n\n  10. md.salim says:\n\n\n  11. film gratuit,films gratuits,film streaming, series, film online\u2026\n\n    [\u2026]Pashto lessons (Pashto learning) \u00ab Learn Pashto Language[\u2026]\u2026\n\n  12. Mehar Faiqa says:\n\n    i want to learn pashto\n\n  13. i want to learn pashto\u2026.\n\n  14. Kiran says:\n\n    I lve pasto lang\u2026 plx plx if anybody cn teach me\u2026 im a fsc studnt.. jst 17y old.. basically im punjabi.. but i want to learn n speak pashto frequently\u2026 plx if anybody intrsted.. i shall b vry thankful to u.. or let me knw any site 4rm where i can learn it..\n\n  15. Samia sajjad says:\n\n    I want to learn pashto\n\n  16. malik says:\n\n    i want to learn pashto any body help me\n\n  17. Fajar Gee says:\n\n    i am fond of speaking in pashto..\n\n  18. Hira says:\n\n    Ao kana rora pls tell me what does it mean\n\n  19. sheraz chishti says:\n\n    can u learn me pashtoo please ???\n\n  20. sheraz chishti says:\n\n    my skype i.d name is ?\n    plz add me\n\nLeave a Reply\n\n\nWordPress.com Logo\n\n\nGoogle+ photo\n\n\nTwitter picture\n\n\nFacebook photo\n\n\nConnecting to %s\n\n%d bloggers like this:
+__label__negative Thick forests found in wet areas of the world are called rainforests. Most people are familiar with hot, tropical rainforests filled with trees that stay green year-round. But there are other kinds of rainforests, too. Temperate rainforests grow in cooler parts of the world, such as the northwestern United States and southern Australia. Monsoon rainforests have a dry season and trees that shed their leaves each year. They grow in Southeast Asia. Montane rainforests, or cloud forests, grow in mountainous regions. The rest of this article will focus on tropical rainforests because they are important to the health of the entire planet.\n\n\nTropical rainforests can be divided into several sections. At the top of the forest is a thick layer called the canopy. It is formed by the spreading branches and thick leaves of tall trees. The canopy blocks much of the sunlight from the area below. The canopy can be between 100 and 170 feet (30 and 50 meters) above the ground. A few very tall trees stick up above the rest of the canopy. They are called emergent trees. Many animals and insects live among the treetops of the canopy.\n\nThe section below the canopy is called the understory. It contains small trees, shrubs, and plants. Many of these are saplings (young trees). Their stems reach up toward the light. However, these smaller trees generally do not receive enough sunlight to grow into adult trees.\n\nOn the forest floor, it is usually dark because the canopy blocks so much of the sunlight. For this reason, only plants that can tolerate shade grow there. So little sunlight reaches the ground that the forest floor may be only lightly covered by ground vegetation. There may be open spaces between the tree trunks. If one of the trees that creates the canopy dies or falls, however, a gap may open in the canopy, allowing sunlight to reach farther down into the forest. In such cases the ground vegetation may become thick and dense.\n\nThe constant rain washes away many of the nutrients in the soil. To make up for that loss, bacteria, fungi, and insects on the forest floor help to break down dead plants and animals. This process creates a thin, rich top layer of soil that provides nutrients to the roots of the plants and trees. Because this layer of soil is thin, most of the trees have shallow root systems.\n\nTropical rainforests are known for the diversity of their plants and animals. It has been estimated that more than half of the world\u2019s plant and animal species live in tropical rainforests. Scientists believe that many of these species have not yet been discovered.\n\n\nThe trees found in tropical rainforests stay green all year, though they do shed their leaves sometimes. Palms are among the most common trees.\n\nBelow the thick canopy, other plants have to compete with each other to get enough light. As a result, many plants use other plants to reach toward the sunlight. For example, woody plants called lianas attach to the stems of other plants and climb from the ground to the canopy. Epiphytes, or air plants, are also abundant in the rainforest. These plants are not attached to the ground. They live on other plants and get water and minerals from rain and also from debris that collects on the supporting plants. Mosses, ferns, and orchids can often be found attached to larger plants.\n\n\nEach area of the rainforest has thousands of species, or types, of animals. Many plant-eating animals live in the canopy\u2014for example, monkeys, flying squirrels, and sharp-clawed woodpeckers. At the lower levels of the forest are animals that run, flutter, hop, and climb in the undergrowth. On the rainforest floor are such animals as chimpanzees, gorillas, elephants, pigs, deer, and leopards.\n\nMany animals in the rainforest have unusual characteristics. For example, sloths hang upside down, resting for hours at a time. The bright colors of the tiny poison dart frog warn other animals that it is poisonous and should not be eaten. Other common animals throughout the forests include ants, beetles, snakes, and bats. There are also many brightly colored birds such as toucans, parrots, and macaws.\n\nA tropical rainforest is a delicate network of relationships between plants and animals. Many plants, for instance, rely on animals to spread their pollen from flower to flower. At the same time, animals may depend on plants for their food and shelter. In addition, millions of people live in the forests. For them the forests are sources of food, shelter, and other materials.\n\nEven people who live far away from tropical rainforests are affected by the forests. Many rainforest plants are used as medicines to help treat diseases such as cancer. Scientists believe there are many more plants there that will help treat or even cure serious diseases. In addition, products such as fruits, nuts, rubber, rattan, and wood come from rainforests.\n\nTropical rainforests also help to control the water supply of the areas where they grow. They do this by absorbing the constant rain and then releasing it slowly back into the atmosphere. Some of the water is released steadily into area rivers. Many people rely on the rivers for their water supply and to irrigate their crops. Some of the water is released back into the air through evaporation. This keeps the air moist and leads to more rain. This important process is called the water cycle.\n\nFinally, like all green plants, rainforest plants absorb carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere and produce oxygen. They do this through the process of photosynthesis. Because the number of plants in the rainforests is so huge, the forests produce much of the world\u2019s oxygen, which all animals need to live. For this reason, tropical rainforests have been called the \u201clungs of the planet.\u201d\n\nTropical rainforests grow in many poor countries. Some poor countries sell the wood and other resources of rainforests to make much-needed money. This often means that entire sections of the forest are destroyed. Rainforests are also cut down or burned away so that the land can be used for other purposes, such as cattle grazing and farming. The rainforests that are destroyed for these reasons are rarely replaced.\n\nThe loss of rainforests endangers many plants and animals that live nowhere else in the world. Over time, some of these plants and animals may become extinct if their rainforest habitat is destroyed.\n\nWhen rainforests are cleared, the water cycle is disrupted as well. Rainwater washes away quickly instead of being stored in the plants and returned slowly to the atmosphere. Eventually, rain falls less often, and the region may experience drought.\n\nThe destruction of rainforests also affects the environment of the rest of the world. When forests are burned, massive amounts of carbon dioxide escape into the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide contributes to a problem known as global warming.\n\nTranslate this page\n\n
+__label__negative Top Ad unit 728 \u00d7 90\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0General Awareness\n(with Special Reference to Banking Industry)\n\n1. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As per modernization, 75 \u2018Pilatus PC-7 Mk-II\u2019 basic trainer aircraft have been inducted in the Indian Air Force recently. These aircraft have been procured from which of the following countries?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) France \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Italy \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Israel \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Switzerland \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following has been elected the new President of Iran?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Ali Larijani \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Trital Parsi c) Hassan Rouhani \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Yasmin Alem \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\ne) None of these\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Consider the following statements with respect to Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC), which was set up to rewrite and harmonise financial sector legislations, rules and regulations:\nA) The Finance Minister announced the formation of the FSLRC during his Budget Speech of 2011-12.\nB) The RBI Governor D Subbarao has strongly criticised the FSLRC's recommendations for statutory status to the Financial Stability Development Council (FSDC) and entrusting it with the responsibility of financial stability.\nC) The FSLRC is chaired by the former Judge of the Supreme Court of India Justice BN Srikrishna. It consists of nine other members and a Secretary. Which of the above statements is/are correct?\n4. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?\na) Goswaini Committee \u2014 Industrial sickness and corporate restructuring.\nb) S Padmanabhan committee \u2014 Banking supervision\nc) KS Shere committee \u2014 Electronic Funds Transfer\nd) SS Tarapore committee \u2014 Reforms in small savings\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n5. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What per cent of the total assets is required to be deployed in infrastructure loans by an infrastructure finance company?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a)25\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b)50\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c)75\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d)100\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n6. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following has won the Tal Memorial Chess tournament held in Moscow recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Sergey Karjaikin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Viswanathan Anand\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Boris Gelfand\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Vladimir Kramnik\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n7. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 India and which of the following countries have agreed to hold their first-ever bilateral naval exercise in 2015 and make it a regular feature in corning years?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Japan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Singapore\u00a0\u00a0 c) Australia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) US\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The process in which a company, instead of fixing the price of a new share, invites bids and allows the market to fix the price of the share, is called\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Open Offer\u00a0 b) Offer For Sale \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Book-building\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Price search\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the term used for the temporary loans that are allowed by the RBI to the govt from time to time to bridge the gap between expenditure and receipts?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Dated Securities\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Gilt-edged securities\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Ways and means advances\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Treasury bills\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n10. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Consider the following statements with respect to multi- brand retail in India and govt's recent stand in this regard and choose the correct statement(s):\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) The govt had allowed 51 per cent FDI in multi-brand retail in 2012.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) The interested firms need to invest USD 100 inn equally divided into front-end and back-end.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Franchisee route will not be allowed and infrastructure (front and back) should be built right from scratch.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) All the above\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n11. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Name the athlete who has set a new national record in 3000-metre steeplechase for women in the 53rd National Athletics Championships recently. With this win she has booked her berth in the Moscow World Championship to be played in August this year.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) OP Jaisha\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Preeja Sreedharan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Sudha Singh\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Asha Roy\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n12. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following has been appointed the Chairman of Indian Banks' Association (IBA) recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) KR Kamath\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Aditya Pun\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Pratip Chaudhuri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Chanda Kochar\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) Sudha Sharma\n13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following IT initiatives of the Govt of India has been given the '21st Century Achievement Award 2013' by the International Data Group under the category 'Economic Development' recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) DBT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) CERT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) UIDAI\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) SARAL Programme\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n14. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The rate of interest being offered by the commercial banks on certificate of deposit is restricted to which of the following?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) 8 per cent\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) 10 per cent\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Equal to bank rate\u00a0\u00a0 d) There is no restriction.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n15. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The first Gas Based Power Project in India awarded with the Clean Development Mechanism by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) was recently inaugurated by the President of India in which of the following states?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Rajasthan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Himachal Pradesh \u00a0 c) Tripura\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Assam\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n16. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Italy has become the fifth country to ratify Istanbul Convention. This convention is aimed at which of the following?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Combating violence against women\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Combating violence against children\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Combating violence against animals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Combating violence against elderly people\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n17. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When the RBI intends to inject liquidity in the economy of the country, this is done through which of the following mechanisms?\na) By adjusting Repo\u00a0\u00a0 b) By increasing SLR\u00a0 c) Liquidity Adjustment Facility\nd) By changing bank rate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n18. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following statements is/are correct with respect to 'take-out financing' undertaken by banks?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A) The RBI's permission is mandatory for such financing.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B) This is generally a type of long-term financing (usually) on a piece of real property.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C) These loans require that interest and principal be paid in a single balloon payment at maturity.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) Only (B) and (C)\n19. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The letter E' comes for which of the following terms in the acronym for an international banking rating system 'CAMELS Rating System'?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) equity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Earnings\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) External\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Exchange\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n20. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following has authored the book titled Shoes of the Dead?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Nilanj an Banerjee\u00a0 b) Kota Neelima\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) John Green\u00a0 d) Kunal Mukherjee\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n21. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following appoints the Chairman and the Managing Director of nationalised banks?\na) The governor of the Reserve Bank of India\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) The Central Government\nc) Board of directors of the bank\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Indian Banks' Association (IBA)\ne) None of these\n22. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following is mandatory for a company to issue commercial paper?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A) A net worth of Rs.4 crore\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B) A sanctioned working capital limit\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C) Loan amount in standard category\u00a0\n23. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A banking system under which the banks are to raise low-cost funds and invest such funds in low-risk assets such as govt securities, is termed as\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Universal banking\u00a0\u00a0 b) Narrow banking\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Rural banking\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Islamic banking\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n24. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The defending women's singles champion of Thailand Grand Prix Gold badminton tournament, Saina Nehwal, bowed out of the competition after being defeated in quarterfinals in the hands of\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Tine Baun\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Ratchanok Intanon \u00a0 c) Juan Gu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Wang Yihan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n25. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following won the women's singles title of the French Open tennis tournament recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Maria Sharapova\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Serena Williams\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Victoria Azarenka\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Agnieszka Radwanska\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n26.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following is helping the banking system in sharing the information about the credit history of households?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) CRISIL\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Credit Information Bureau India Limited\nc) Banking Codes and Standard Board of India\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) All the .above\ne) None of these\n27. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Consider the following with respect to stock exchanges:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A) Providing liquidity to the existing securities/shares\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B) Providing funds for the corporate sector\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C) Providing funds for the financial intermediaries Which of the above is the main function of a stock exchange?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Only (A)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Only (B)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Only (C)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Only (A) and (B)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) Only (B) and (C)\n28. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Name the badminton player who became the first Indian to win a Grand Prix Gold men's singles title outside the country by winning the Thailand Open recently.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Srikanth Kidambi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Nandagopal Kidambi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Ajay Jairam\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Parupalli Kashyap\u00a0 e) None of these\n29. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is India's position among 161\u00a0 countries in the recently released seventh edition of the Global Peace Index (GPI) prepared by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a)141\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b)145\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) 155\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) 157\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n30. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following states has announced to raise a new special forces battalion, KATS, to deny left extremists and religious fundamentalist outfits the use of the State's remote terrains?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Kerala\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Karnataka\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Jammu and Kashmir\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Madhya Pradesh e) None of these\n31. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As per the latest news in financial newspapers, 'impact investment' is picking pace in India. What exactly is impact investment?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) The investments that directly impact the citizens of a country\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) The investments aimed at financial returns and having nothing to do with social welfare\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) The investments aimed at financial returns that come along with social benefits\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) The investments made in conflict-ridden countries to gain control over the weak regimes.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n32.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The term \u2018golden handshake\u2019 is associated with which of the following?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Merger and acquisition \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Free trade agreement\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Voluntary retirement benefits \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Share market \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n33.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following countries has launched its latest manned space mission named Shenzhou-10 carrying three astronauts on board?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) North Korea \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) China \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Singapore \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Japan\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n34.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The only port in India that is a public company, Ennore port, is situated in which of the following states?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Tamil Nadu \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Andhra Pradesh \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Gujarat \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Maharashtra\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n35.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gary Kenneth Toomey has been appointed the CEO of which of the following Indian airlines recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Indigo \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Air Asia India \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Go Air \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Jet Airways \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n36.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The term \u2018Rolling Settlement\u2019 is associated with which of the following?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Settlement of pending dues by borrowers with banks\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Payment of govt securities \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Trading at stock exchanges\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Pre-payment of loans with the banks \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n37.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following currencies is termed as \u2018greenback\u2019 in the world?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Chinese Yuna \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Japanese Yen \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) US Dollar \u00a0 d) UK Pound\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n38.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asymmetric Cryptosystem is used for which of the following purposes?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Software programs \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Digital signatures c) Modifying names \u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Sending emails \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n39.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The term \u2018Reti opening\u2019 is associated with which of the following games?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Cricket \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Chess \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Golf \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Basebal \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n40.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The book titled Righteous Republic has been written by who among the following?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Kuldeep Mathur \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Ananya Vajpeyi \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Narendra Jadhav\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Ashwini Deshpande \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n41.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Export-Import Bank of India has recently provided a USD 300-million line of credit to the government of which of the following countries for a railway link?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Eritria \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Ethiopia \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Mozambique \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Kenya \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n42.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Government of which of the following countries has announced the immediate closure of the public television and radio broadcaster of the country recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Egypt \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Spain \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Greece \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Turkey \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n43. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which of the following leading tyre manufactures of India has announced the take over of US-based Cooper Tire for Rs.14,500 crore?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Apollo tyres \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) MRF Tyres \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) JK Tyres \u00a0\u00a0 d) CEAT \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n44.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The India Air Force (IAF) has received which of the following heavy-lift aircraft which will provide it the world\u2019s most advanced humanitarian and strategic capabilities once the fleet become operational?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) C-212 Aviocar \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Airbus A400M \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) C-17 Globemaster III\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) C-5 Galaxy \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n45.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The government has set a target of 80 per cent literacy rate to be achieved by ____ with special emphasis on female education.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) 2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) 2015\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) 2017\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) 2020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n46.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The govt has successfully offloaded 9.33 per cent stake of the trading giant MMTC through For Sale (OFS) route recently. What is the full form of MMCT?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Metals Manufacturing and Trading Corporation\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Minerals Manufacturing and Trading Corporation\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Minerals and Metals Trading Company d) Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n47.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following is not a deputy governor of the RBI at present?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Urjit R Patel \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) HR Khan \u00a0\u00a0 c) Anand Sinha \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Arvind Mayaram \u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) KC Chakrabarty\n48.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following won the Canadian Grand Prix Formula One championship held in Montreal recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Sebastian Vettel \u00a0\u00a0 b) Lewis Hamilton \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Fernando Alonso \u00a0\u00a0 d) Mark Webber\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n49.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In which of the following states, a Centrally sponsored rural livelihood scheme \u2018Umeed\u2019 has been launched recently? The scheme is aimed at helping self-help groups of women in rural areas of the state.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Uttar Pradesh \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) Bihar \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) Jammu and Kashmir \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Himachal Pradesh \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n50.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who among the following has been appointed the new Chairman of Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) recently?\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a) Usha Sangwan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b) SK Roy \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c) VK Sharma\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d) Sushobhan Sarkar\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 e) None of these\n\n\n1.D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10.D\n\n11.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 13.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14.D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 16.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 17.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 18.E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 19.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20.B\n\n21.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22.E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 23.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 24.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 26.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 27.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 28.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 29.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30.A\n\n31.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 33.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 34.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35.D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 36.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 37.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 38.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 39.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 40.B\n\n41.B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 42.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 43.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 44.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 45.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 46.D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 47.D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 48.A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 49.C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 50.B\nBANKING RELATED GENERAL AWARENESS -- two of august 2013 Reviewed by sambasivan srinivasan on 7:19:00 PM Rating: 5\n\nNo comments:\n\nAll Rights Reserved by Bank Exams \u00a9 2009\nTechnology PartnerNiralcube\n\nContact Form\n\n\nEmail *\n\nMessage *\n\nPowered by Blogger.
+__label__negative IELTS test in India \u2013 September 2015 (Academic Module)\n\nThanks to D who took the IELTS test in India we can share the following recent topics and questions:\n\nListening testIELTS test in India\n\nSection 1. About a desert race.\n\nSection 2. About an annual summer rally event.\n\nSection 3. Don\u2019t remember.\n\nSection 4. About different marketing techniques.\n\nReading test\n\nDon\u2019t remember.\n\nWriting test\n\nWriting task 1 (a report)\n\nWe were given a bar graph showing people\u2019s opinions on a range of different books and non-printed materials. We had to write a summary and comparison for it.\n\nWriting task 2 (an essay)\n\nThere are animal species that are close to extinction. Some say that only animals that are beneficial to people should be protected. Do you agree or disagree? Give your own opinion.\n\nSpeaking test\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Can I see your ID?\n\u2013 Where are you from?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 What subject are you studying?\n\u2013 Do you like reading books?\n\u2013 What type of books do you read?\n\u2013 Are you reading a book presently?\n\u2013 Would you like to write a book in the future?\n\nCue Card\n\nTalk about the most enjoyable stage of your life that you had so far. Please say\n\n\u2013 What and when was it?\n\u2013 Where were you at that time?\n\u2013 Why did you enjoy it so much?\n\n\n\u2013 What are different celebrations you have at different life stages?\n\u2013 Do you think we should have more public holidays?\n\u2013 What do you do on public holidays?\n\u2013 Do you think that the age of becoming an adult should be changed? Why is that?\n\nShare this to help your friends do better in IELTS!\n\n\n\n  \u2022 Top 25 IELTS Blogs Winner Award\n  \u2022 Best Australian Blogs 2014 Competition - People's Choice Winner\n\n\nOnline course\n\nPractice tests\n\nSite Search\n\nNew Services\n\nLatest Posts:
+__label__negative Home Education Articles\n\nIf you\u2019re just starting to consider home education, or have recently taken your children out of school to educate them at home, you probably have all kinds of questions about what to do, how to help your children to learn, whether to use a formal curriculum, how to organise meals around home education, whether you\u2019ll ever again get any time to yourself\u2026These home education articles address these issues and more, from my perspective having \u2018been there, done that!\u2019.\n\nI don\u2019t have all the answers, by any means. \u00a0My style of home education may not work for your family situation, and your children may have totally different learning styles and interests from mine. \u00a0But these articles should at least give you a starting point. \u00a0They\u2019re written primarly for British home educators, but are relevant to anyone, wherever you live.\n\nPros and cons of home education \u2013 Some of the advantages and potential disadvantages\n\nIs home education time-consuming? \u2013 Do children need to work for hours daily?\n\nNot anti-school but pro-choice in education \u2013 Are home educators anti schools?\n\nScience and the home educated teen \u2013 If you never understood high school science\u2026\n\nLearning styles \u2013 Are your children visual, verbal, aural or kinaesthetic learners?\n\nMultiple Intelligences \u2013 The seven intelligences recognised by many experts\n\nA day in the life\u2026 \u2013 Is there a typical day for a home educating family?\n\nCooking for home educators \u2013 How do you organise meals while home educating?\n\nNutritious eating for home educators \u2013 what is healthy food anyway?\n\nUnschoolers using curriculum? \u2013 A child-led approach may involve formal courses.\n\nThe curriculum minefield \u2013 A few pointers for home educators using curricula\n\nEducating eclectically \u2013 How your children can enjoy learning through variety\n\nWhat is education anyway? \u2013 The difference between school and education.\n\nIs it legal? Is it lonely? \u2013 A few frequently asked questions about home education\n\nWill home education limit a child\u2019s achievement? \u2013 Will your child \u2018lose out\u2019?\n\nHow is your child motivated? \u2013 Is external motivation helpful in a child\u2019s learning?\n\nDe-schooling \u2013 Your child is out of school \u2013 now take school out of the child!\n\nPeer socialisation or peer pressure? \u2013 Is peer socialising in school\u00a0a good thing?\n\nThe dreaded \u2018S\u2019 word (part 1) \u2013 Do home educated children cope with the world?\n\nThe dreaded \u2018S\u2019 word (part 2) \u2013 How do we help our children with social skills?\n\nStarting a support group \u2013 What if there\u2019s no local home education support group?
+__label__negative The Sankofa Reading Program\n\nThe SANKOFA Reading Program\n\u201cA Promise for the Future\u201d\n\nA Tutoring Program of the Network for the Development of Children of African Descent\n\nWhat is Sankofa?\nSankofa is an Adinkra symbol of the Akan people of West Africa. It symbolizes the importance of African people going back to our roots in order to move forward. Sankofa is represented by a mythical bird that flies forward while looking back with an egg (symbolizing the future) in its mouth.\n\nWhat is the Sankofa Reading Program?\nThe Sankofa Reading Program is an after-school tutoring program that helps students build reading confidence and cultural identity resulting in better academic performance.\n\nWe teach students to master reading skills and strategies that can be applied to any text, any time, for any purpose over a lifetime.\n\n\n\u2013 Culturally-Based Program with Proven Results\n\n\u2013 Research-Based Instructional Design\n\n\u2013 Aligned with MN State Academic Standards\n\n\u2013 Pre and Post Reading Assessments\n\u2013 Individual Learning Plans\n\u2013 Small Group and Individual Instruction\n\u2013 Free Books Given to Each Student\n\u2013 Highly Qualified Tutors\n\nMultiple locations throughout the metropolitan area\n\nWhat Parents of SANKOFA Students Are Saying\u2026\n\n\u201cMy daughter loves books now. She tries very hard to read all books, she sometimes challenges me.\u201d \u2013 Norma\n\n\u201cMy children\u2019s confidence in reading has improved. I noticed an improvement also in school and their independent reading.\u201d\u2013 Billie\n\n\u201cBoth of my children are more confident. They take turns reading aloud. They both use louder and stronger voices no whenreading to a group.\u201d \u2013 Ayisha\n\n\u201cHe is now eager to learn more and he wants to be able to read the Bible.\u201d \u2013 Hassan\n\n\u201cI noticed that all four of my children were confident about reading larger words.\u201d \u2013 Thandi\n\n\u201cHe no longer puts up a wall when it comes to reading.\u201d \u2013 Alice\n\n\u201cMy son loves to read now\u2026he can comprehend as well. His knowledge has been transformed into his everyday learning at school and he\u2019s making great improvements.\u201d \u2013 Brain\n\n\u201cMy child\u2019s behavior has changed to be more in control. He is more confident in school and more willing to speak and ask questions.\u201d \u2013 Gina\n\n\u201cMy daughter is reading even more that she use to read. My son has improved a lot, sounding out words.\u201d \u2013 Ibado\n\n\u201cMy son is sounding out words he used to skip.\u201d \u2013 Marshelle\n\n\u201cHis reading has improved so much his teachers at school have noticed.\u201d \u2013 Kizzy\n\n\nCall Jamie Carter or Sam Ramos, Program Coordinators\n651-209-3355 or 612-588-2244
+__label__negative Showing results for\u00a0\nShow\u00a0\u00a0only\u00a0 | Search instead for\u00a0\nDid you mean:\u00a0\nCommunity Member\n\nAs an instructor, can I view discussions in separate sections so the student responses are not all in the same feed?\n\nI am teaching a course that has multiple sections. Is there a way to have a \"feed\" of discussion responses that is individual to each class? I'd like to be able to separate out the discussions by section so that I can reference other students...and know that the students I reference are actually IN the section I'm posting in Smiley Happy\u00a0I want to be able to \"participate\" in the discussions and view as the students in the course view (they can't see other sections' comments). #discussion\u00a0#section\u00a0\n\n0 Kudos\n0 Replies
+__label__negative Trusted HPAT prep.\n\nHPAT test tactics and preparation part 5: Counting Problems in HPAT\n\nCounting problems in HPAT: an essential summary. Your HPAT questions explained by the\u00a0team at MedEntry\u00a0as part of our new section\u00a0HPAT test tactics and preparation. \u00a0 \u00a0 They may seem simple on paper, but counting problems contained within the HPAT exam can often cause much confusion among students. If you can\u00a0understand\u00a0the basic\u00a0principles\u00a0of counting problems and\u00a0recognize\u00a0when to apply them, you will be able to master many of the typical counting problem question types presented in the HPAT exam. \u00a0 When counting elements that are in overlapping sets, the total number will equal the number in one group plus the number in the other...\nRead More\n\nHPAT test tactics and preparation part 3: HPAT questions involving percentages\n\ncomprehensive UMAT advice from the team at\u00a0MedEntry HPAT preparation. \u00a0 What you need to know about percentage % questions before starting your HPAT preparation:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Problems involving percent are common on the HPAT. The word\u00a0percent\u00a0means \"divided by one hundred.\" When you see the word \"percent,\" or the symbol %, remember it means 1/100. For example, 25 Percent \u00a0 25 x 1/100 = 1/4 To convert a decimal into a percent, move the decimal point two places to the right. For example, 0.25 = 25% \u00a0 0.023 = 2.3% \u00a0 1.3 = 130% Conversely, to convert a percent into a decimal,...\nRead More\n\nHPAT Practice Question Section 1\n\nYou are treating a 60kg patient for a laceration, which you will need to suture under local anaesthetic. Given that the maximum safe dose of lignocaine is 3mg/kg, what is the maximum volume of a lignocaine 1% weight per volume (w/v) solution that can be administered safely? A.\u00a0\u00a0 180\u00b5L B.\u00a0\u00a0 6mL C.\u00a0\u00a0 1.8mL D.\u00a0\u00a0 18mL \u00a0 More HPAT practice questions and resources are available. \u00a0 Solution: mL = milli litres ; \u00b5L = micro litres 1 litre = 1000 mL = 1 kg = 1000 g 1% weight per volume (w/v) solution means 1 litre has 0.01 kg of lignocaine Or...\nRead More\n\nReceive the latest HPAT news and tips in your inbox\n\nSign up for the MedEntry Newsletter
+__label__negative \n\nFAQ: Special Education\n\nWhat should a parent or teacher do if they have questions about a child\u2019s performance in school?\nWhat happens after the referral is made?\nHow does the school system determine if a child has a disability?\nHow is eligibility for special education determined?\nWhat is an Individualized Education Plan?\nHow often is the IEP reviewed?\nWhen is a parent\u2019s consent required?\nHow can I find out more information about the special education process?\nWhat are a parent\u2019s rights under the IDEA?\nHow long does this process take?\nWhat disabilities are covered under the IDEA?\nTell me more about the evaluation process\nWhat can I do if my child has challenging behaviors?\nWhat can I do if I disagree with the evaluation?\nWhat is the parent\u2019s role in the IEP process?\nWho is on the IEP team?\nWhat questions can I expect the evaluators to ask about my child\u2019s performance in school?\nWhat should be included in the IEP?\nWhat services might be included in the IEP?\nHow can my child be included in school?\nDo I have to agree to what\u2019s in the IEP?\nWhat do I need to know about my rights in the IEP process?
+__label__negative Meet the Microbes\nMicrobeworld Radio\nincrease font-size decrease font-size bookmark print page\n\nWhat is a Microbe?\n\nWhat is a Microbe?Microbes are single-cell organisms so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a needle.\n\nThey are the oldest form of life on earth. Microbe fossils date back more than 3.5 billion years to a time when the Earth was covered with oceans that regularly reached the boiling point, hundreds of millions of years before dinosaurs roamed the earth.\n\nWithout microbes, we couldn\u2019t eat or breathe.\n\nWithout us, they\u2019d probably be just fine.\n\nUnderstanding microbes is vital to understanding the past and the future of ourselves and our planet.\n\nMicrobes <my-crobes> are everywhere. There are more of them on a person's hand than there are people on the entire planet!\n\nMicrobes are in the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the food we eat\u2014they're even inside us!\n\nWe couldn't digest food without them\u2014animals couldn't, either. Without microbes, plants couldn't grow, garbage wouldn't decay and there would be a lot less oxygen to breathe.\n\n\nOur Challenge: How are we going to solve the case of what a microbe is when they're so small they're invisible to us?\n\nMicrobe is a term for tiny creatures that individually are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Microbes include bacteria (back-tear-ee-uh), archaea (are-key-uh), fungi (fun-jeye) and protists (pro-tists). You've probably heard of bacteria and fungi before. Archaea are bacteria-like creatures that have some traits not found in any true bacteria. Protists include primitive algae (al-gee), amoebas (ah-me-buhs), slime molds and protozoa (pro-toe-zoh-uh). We can also include viruses (vye-rus-is) as a major type of microbe, though there is a debate as to whether viruses can be considered living creatures or not.\n\nTo solve the case of what a microbe is, we have to use tools such as high-power microscopes. Let's zoom in on some microbes and see what a few of these strange creatures look like.\n\nPicture of a virus\n\n\nPicture of a bacterium\n\n\nPicture of a kind of algae\n\n\nPicture of a protozoan\n\n\nAs you can see, microbes come in many varieties. They may live as individuals or cluster together in communities.\n\nSo how small are microbes?\n\nvirus equals baseballWell, let's say we could enlarge an average virus, the smallest of all microbes, to the size of a baseball.\n\nbacterium equals moundAn average bacterium would then be the size of the pitcher's mound.\n\ncell equals ballparkAnd just one of the millions of cells that make up your body would be the size of the ballpark!\n\nContinue reading the other parts of this section of the site to find out more about the different types of microbes and what they do.\n\nIllustrations \u00a9 1999 Eric S. MacDicken
+__label__negative [Lead2pass Official] 100% Pass Lead2pass 210-260 New Questions Free Version (241-260)\n\n\n100% Free Download! 100% Pass Guaranteed!\n\nWhether you are a student attempting to pass 210-260 exam to be eligible for a post-graduate job, or a working professional hoping to improve your work credentials and earn that dream promotion Lead2pass is here to help. We have 210-260 exam dumps and brain dumps, so passing 210-260 exam is not an easy feat.\n\n\nWhich privileged level is \u2026 by default? for user exec mode\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\n\nAnswer: B\nUser EXEC mode commands are privilege level 1\nPrivileged EXEC mode and configuration mode commands are privilege level 15.\n\nWhen is \u201cDeny all\u201d policy an exception in Zone Based Firewall\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 traffic traverses 2 interfaces in same zone\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 traffic sources from router via self zone\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 traffic terminates on router via self zone\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 traffic traverses 2 interfaces in different zones\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 traffic terminates on router via self zone\n\nAnswer: A\n+ There is a default zone, called the self zone, which is a logical zone. For any packets directed to the router directly (the destination IP represents the packet is for the router), the router automatically considers that traffic to be entering the self zone. In addition, any traffic initiated by the router is considered as leaving the self zone.\nBy default, any traffic to or from the self zone is allowed, but you can change this policy.\n+ For the rest of the administrator-created zones, no traffic is allowed between interfaces in different zones.\n+ For interfaces that are members of the same zone, all traffic is permitted by default.\n\nCisco Resilient Configuration Feature:\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Required additional space to store IOS image file\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Remote storage required to save IOS image\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Can be disabled \u2026remote session\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Automatically detects image or config.version missmatch\n\nAnswer: D\nThe following factors were considered in the design of Cisco IOS Resilient Configuration:\n+ The configuration file in the primary bootset is a copy of the running configuration that was in the router when the feature was first enabled.\n+ The feature secures the smallest working set of files to preserve persistent storage space. No extra space is required to secure the primary Cisco IOS image file.\n+ The feature automatically detects image or configuration version mismatch .\n+ Only local storage is used for securing files, eliminating scalability maintenance challenges from storing multiple images and configurations on TFTP servers.\n+ The feature can be disabled only through a console session http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/sec_usr_cfg/configuration/15-mt/sec-usr-cfg-15-mt-book/sec-resil-config.html\n\nWhat are the two characteristics of IPS?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Can drop traffic\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does not add delay to traffic\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It is cabled directly inline\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Can`t drop packets on its own\n\nAnswer: AC\n+ Position in the network flow: Directly inline with the flow of network traffic and every packet goes through the sensor on its way through the network.\n+ Mode: Inline mode\n+ The IPS can drop the packet on its own because it is inline. The IPS can also request assistance from another device to block future packets just as the IDS does.\n\nWhat can cause the state table of a stateful firewall to update? (choose two)\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when connection is created\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 connection timer expired within state table\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when packet is evaluated against the inbound access list and is \u2026\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 outbound packets forwarded to inbound interface\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when rate limiting is applied\n\nAnswer: AB\nStateful inspection monitors incoming and outgoing packets over time, as well as the state of the connection, and stores the data in dynamic state tables. This cumulative data is evaluated, so that filtering decisions would not only be based on administrator-defined rules, but also on context that has been built by previous connections as well as previous packets belonging to the same connection.\nEntries are created only for TCP connections or UDP streams that satisfy a defined security policy.\nIn order to prevent the state table from filling up, sessions will time out if no traffic has passed for a certain period. These stale connections are removed from the state table.\n\nWhat IPSec mode is used to encrypt traffic between client and server vpn endpoints?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tunnel\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trunk\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aggregated\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quick\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transport\n\nAnswer: E\n+ IPsec supports two encryption modes: Transport mode and Tunnel mode. Transport mode encrypts only the data portion (payload) of each packet and leaves the packet header untouched. Transport mode is applicable to either gateway or host implementations, and provides protection for upper layer protocols as well as selected IP header fields.\nhttp://www.firewall.cx/networking-topics/protocols/870-ipsec-modes.html http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/net_mgmt/vpn_solutions_center/2-0/ip_security/provisioning/guide/ IPsecPG1.html\nGeneric Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is often deployed with IPsec for several reasons, including the following:\n+ IPsec Direct Encapsulation supports unicast IP only. If network layer protocols other than IP are to be supported, an IP encapsulation method must be chosen so that those protocols can be transported in IP packets.\n+ IPmc is not supported with IPsec Direct Encapsulation. IPsec was created to be a security protocol between two and only two devices, so a service such as multicast is problematic. An IPsec peer encrypts a packet so that only one other IPsec peer can successfully perform the de-encryption. IPmc is not compatible with this mode of operation.\n\nWhich command is used to verify VPN connection is operational (or something like that) ?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 crypto ipsec sa\n\nAnswer: A\nwhich means packets are encrypted and decrypted by the IPsec peer.\n\nWhat is the command to authenticate an NTP time source? (something in those lines)\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #ntp authentication-key 1 md5 141411050D 7\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #ntp authenticate\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #ntp trusted-key 1\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #ntp trusted-key 1\n\nAnswer: B\nThe command \u201cntp authenticate\u201d authenticates the time source.\nThe command \u201cntp authentication-key\u201d is the authentication key for trusted time sources.\nSee the following from a live router:\nR1(config)# ntp ?\n\u00a0 access-group\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Control NTP access\n\u00a0 allow\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Allow processing of packets\n\u00a0 authenticate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Authenticate time sources\n\u00a0 authentication-key\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Authentication key for trusted time sources\n\nHow can you allow bidirational traffic? (something in those lines)\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 static NAT\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dynamic NAT\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dynamic PAT\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 multi-NAT\n\nAnswer: A\nBidirectional initiation\u2013Static NAT allows connections to be initiated bidirectionally, meaning both to the host and from the host.\n\nWhich option is the default value for the Diffie\u2013Hellman group when configuring a site-to-site VPN on an ASA device?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Group 1\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Group 2\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Group 7\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Group 5\n\nAnswer: B\n\nWhat two devices are components of the BYOD architecture framework? (Choose two)\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Identity Service Engine\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cisco 3845 Router\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wireless Access Points\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nexus 7010 Switch\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prime Infrastructure\n\nAnswer: AE\n\nWhere does the Datacenter operate?\n\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Distribution\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Access\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Core\n\nAnswer: A\n\nWhich option is the cloud based security service from Cisco that provides URL filtering web browsing content security, and roaming user protection?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cloud web security\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cloud web Protection\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cloud web Service\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cloud advanced malware protection\n\nAnswer: A\n\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ESA\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CWS\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 WSA\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ASA\n\nAnswer: A\n\nWhat is the actual IOS privilege level of User Exec mode?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\n\nAnswer: A\nBy default, the Cisco IOS software command-line interface (CLI) has two levels of access to commands: user EXEC mode (level 1) and privileged EXEC mode (level 15). However, you can configure additional levels of access to commands, called privilege levels, to meet the needs of your users while protecting the system from unauthorized access. Up to 16 privilege levels can be configured, from level 0, which is the most restricted level, to level 15, which is the least restricted level.\n\nWhat two actions would the zone base firewall when looking at the traffic?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 drop\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 inspect\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 forward\n\nAnswer: AB\n\nWhat you called a person who hacks the system with script but instead of writing own script, the person uses existing script?\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 script kiddy\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 white hat hacker\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 phreaker\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hacktivist\n\nAnswer: A\n\nRegarding PVLAN diagram question:\n\nSwitch was in VLAN 300\nIsolated Host 1 on VLAN 301\nHost 2 and Host 4 on VLAN 303 or something (Community PVLAN)\n\nServer is connected to Switch.\nAll host connects to switch.\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Host 2 (Host is part of community PVLAN).\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Other devices on VLAN XXX (VLAN were isolated host is connected, in my case it was Host 1).\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Server\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Host 4 (Host is part of community PVLAN)\n\nAnswer: C\nHost 3 is not part of anyh PVLAN. It is also connected to switch.\nSo, Host 3 was not an option otherwise it could also be an answer.\n\nNat (inside,outside) dynamic interface\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 static PAT\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 static NAT\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dynamic PAT\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dynamic NAT\n\nAnswer: C\nConfiguring Dynamic NAT\nnat (inside,outside) dynamic my-range-obj\nConfiguring Dynamic PAT (Hide)\nnat (inside,outside) dynamic interface\n\nWhich two characteristics of an application layer firewall are true? (Choose two)\n\nA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 provides reverse proxy services\nB.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is immune to URL manupulation\nC.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 provides protection for multiple applications\nD.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 provide statefull firewall security\nE.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 has low processor usage\n\nAnswer: AC\n\nYour focus should be getting the best dumps to prepare for 210-260 exam. That is where Lead2pass comes in. We have collected an extensive library of exam dumps from Cisco certification.\n\n\n\n\nLead2pass Testking Pass4sure Actualtests Others\nReal Questions\nError Correction\nPrintable PDF\nPremium VCE\nVCE Simulator\nOne Time Purchase\nInstant Download\nUnlimited Install\n100% Pass Guarantee\n100% Money Back
+__label__negative Home \u00bb Articles \u00bb NG2. What does sentence structure signify?\n\nNG2. What does sentence structure signify?\n\nThis is the first substantive piece for LanguidSlog.\u00a0 It\u2019s quite short and should be easy for the reader.\u00a0 Books on syntax typically jump straight into tree diagrams or nested brackets to represent sentence structure.\u00a0 The graphical conventions are not difficult.\u00a0 But the purpose of those representations isn\u2019t self-evident.\u00a0 Let\u2019s look at some issues.\n\nSentence structureStructure and meaning\n\nLinguists discern structure in sentences.\u00a0 They then show that differences in sentence structure correlate with differences in meaning perceived by native speakers of that language.\u00a0 They therefore assume that the meaning of a sentence is given by its structure.\u00a0 The phonological string (the sounds or the signs) is merely how the meaning/structure is encoded for efficient transmission from speaker to hearer.\n\nSome might quibble with the following model but most theories imply sentence processing is a sequence of steps like this:\n\nmeaning intended by speaker\n\n=A=> structure\n\n=B=> phonological output\n\n===> phonological input\n\n=C=> structure\n\n=D=> meaning comprehended by hearer\n\nThe cognitive state initially producing the sentence triggers a process of construction (step A); and the cognitive state finally produced by the sentence results from a process of deconstruction (step D).\n\nOthers theories could imply that the initial and final cognitive states are the structure itself operating directly in the mental architecture (A and D do not occur).\n\nNone of these possibilities has ever been explained clearly enough for me.\u00a0 That\u2019s unhelpful but forgivable because \u2018meaning\u2019 is inaccessible.\u00a0 Conjecture about it can only be expressed by reverting to language and that is rarely convincing.\n\nNo such vagueness applies to steps B or C.\u00a0 Actually the scholarly literature pays more attention to C because authors usually start with a paradigm sentence and thence develop a structure to suit.\u00a0 And for a computational linguist bravely trying to build a parser based on grammar, identifying relations within the phonological string is the primary aim.\u00a0 This blog will therefore also concentrate on step C and assume any theory falsified in those terms must fail whatever it might claim for A, B or D.\n\nStructure and depiction\n\nStructure might be used merely to depict a sentence, with no assumption that it actually participates in the production or comprehension of that sentence.\u00a0 That is not to say trees and nests are strictly for the birds.\u00a0 Structures are useful \u2013 perhaps essential \u2013 to enable syntacticians and students to discuss sentences.\n\nBut a theory denying anything like steps A to D could not claim to be explanatory without some other means of showing how, for a sentence, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.\u00a0 This blog will eventually reveal such a theory.\n\nNext time\n\nMy scepticism needs a firm basis.\u00a0 We must therefore give due consideration to the possibility that structure does play a part in comprehension.\u00a0 The next two pieces will discuss what would need to be stored from an incoming sentence in step C.\n\nMr Nice-Guy\n\n\n  1. MW says:\n\n    Finally some common sense in the world of linguistics. I\u2019ve read a lot of stuff over at languagelog.com that just doesn\u2019t seem to address the fundamental issues in a remotely plausible way. Look forward to your next chapter Mr Nice Guy\u2026!\n\n  2. SH says:\n\n    \u201cThat is not to say trees and nests are strictly for the birds\u201d made me laugh rather more than it should have. Odd looks from others in the cafe.\n    It seems to me that there\u2019s plenty of syntactic theory out there that focuses on how speakers/writers encode their meaning, rather than how listeners/readers decode it. The main focus of a lot of theoretical syntax is \u201cof all the ways language could be put together, it seems peculiarly limited. Why is that?\u201d\n    The meaning of a sentence may not be entirely given by its structure, but its structure is certainly restricted. It\u2019s possible that this isn\u2019t of interest to you, of course.\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      Thanks, SH.\n\n      You can look at the relationship between the phonological string and the structure drawn by a linguist from either viewpoint. Why do I allege that more emphasis is given to comprehension than to production? Perhaps merely because in the books the sentence usually precedes the tree. Also I studied production via Levelt (1989) \u2013 not really a syntax book.\n\n      I agree about the \u2018main focus\u2019 of syntacticians. They have done a good job in documenting the peculiar limitations. The reason behind these limitations is the way language is constrained. This blog will pursue the idea that the constraints are more severe than is often assumed.\n\n      My \u2018given by its structure\u2019 referred to the unconscious processing in the hearer\u2019s head in normal language use. Of course, the structure written down by a linguist will \u2018give\u2019 the meaning of a sentence \u2013 because the linguist already comprehends it.\n      Your \u2018not\u2026entirely\u2019 is intriguing. Sure, the total cognitive effect on the hearer includes things from prosody, body language, mutual knowledge etc. Those things tend to be covered by other sub-disciplines, but did you mean something more mysterious in syntax?\n\n      \u2022 SH says:\n\n        Nothing so promising, I\u2019m afraid. I was just referring to lexical choice, morphology, pragmatics, that sort of thing. Syntax is a lovely neat system on its own, but doesn\u2019t operate in a vacuum (more\u2019s the pity).\n\n  3. MS says:\n\n    You can either regard tree structures as representing the actual meaning of the sentence, where the tree represents the structure of a formula in some logical language in the same way that parentheses do in arithmetic. Or you can regard the tree as representing the way the words are put together to build that meaning.\n\n    These two interpretations are closely related, but they are different: there may be more than one way of putting the same meaning together.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      Thank you. That\u2019s a good point except that \u2018represents\u2019 is not clear to me. I go on to claim that structure cannot participate in human sentence processing although obviously it has pedagogic value. Do please continue reading the blog and point out flaws in the argumentation.\n\n      Is \u2018structure\u2019 paradoxical? Language allows an infinite number of sentences. If meaning is given by structure (plus lexical stuff), wouldn\u2019t the brain need to hold an infinite number of structures? That can\u2019t be right so perhaps structure is constructed from/deconstructed to atoms of meaning. But that would imply (for comprehension) parsing of the sentence to form the structure and parsing of the structure to deliver the \u2018atoms\u2019. Wouldn\u2019t a better hypothesis be words straight to atoms?\n\n  4. MS says:\n\n    Re \u2018\u201crepresents\u201d is not clear to me\u2019 \u2026 No-one has ever provided a convincing explanation of how children can learn any language they are exposed to other than in terms of access to structure. That structure doesn\u2019t have to be uniquely linguistic and it is not impossible that there is another way. But the burden of proof is on you.\n\n    Re \u2018Is \u201cstructure\u201d paradoxical?\u2019 \u2026 The paradox is resolved by the idea of grammar. A grammar is a very simple object mathematically that has exactly the property of capturing infinite sets of expressions with finite means. For example, ordinary arithmetic forms a language with an infinite number of expressions. But it can be described by and interpreted using a tiny grammar.\n\n    The idea of grammar is quite separate from its use in pedagogy.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      Thanks again. Your input is most encouraging.\n\n      Re \u2018No-one has ever provided a convincing explanation\u2019 \u2026 Yes, I like your broadening of \u2018structure\u2019. But in the blog the reader\u2019s default assumption should be that structure means a PSG tree.\n\n      Structure in that narrow sense is what I attack in subsequent posts. The burden of proof is indeed on me.\n\n      Re \u2018The paradox is resolved by the idea of grammar\u2019 \u2026 That\u2019s fine as long as \u2018idea of grammar\u2019 is tenable. In calling grammar an object, do you mean that it is somehow held in mental storage, distinguishable from the data it processes? That can\u2019t be the case unless storage is addressable. Language and its processing must be autonomous, using one primitive function that also drives other mental activity. One aim of the blog is to show how that could be possible. I hope you will keep reading it \u2013 and writing!\n\n  5. MS says:\n\n    Re \u2018In calling grammar an object\u2019 \u2026 I\u2019m not sure that is what I meant by calling grammar an object, but I certainly believe it is held in memory, distinct from the data it processes. That is how it is possible to process an infinite variety of senses with finite storage.\n\n    Re \u2018unless storage is addressable\u2019 \u2026 Not sure what you are getting at, but addressable storage sounds fine to me.\n\n    Re \u2018processing must be autonomous\u2019 \u2026 Again not sure what you are getting at (\u2018autonomous\u2019 seems to be incompatible with \u2018function that also drives other mental activity\u2019). But the general idea of language sharing properties with other mental faculties has always been attractive in evolutionary terms.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      Thanks yet again for your hugely valuable comments!\n\n      Re \u2018grammar an object\u2019 and \u2018addressable storage\u2019 \u2026 Good. We agree that, if program and data are separate, addressability is needed. How else could data be manipulated and how could logic have branching and looping? To me it\u2019s axiomatic and not limited to any particular architecture \u2013 von Neumann or whatever.\n\n      So the crux is whether mental architecture actually has storage that is addressable. If there were addressability I would expect to find something about it via Google. But there\u2019s no trace.\n\n      Re \u2018autonomous\u2019 \u2026 Yes, I didn\u2019t express that well. I was trying to say that all mental processing works in the same way. Homo sapiens needed no qualitative change for encoding/decoding language, just more capacity to hold the necessary data. Isn\u2019t that more plausible in evolutionary terms?\n\n      The aim of the blog is show how human language processing can work with no addressability, no separation of program and data, no ghost-in-the- machine. I won\u2019t get everything right but will show it\u2019s feasible.\n\n      I\u2019ll not be popular. Most linguistic theories imply more complex processing \u2013 \u2018movement\u2019 for example. Such a theory can be descriptively adequate but not explanatory without addressability.\n\n  6. MS says:\n\n    Re \u2018addressability\u2019 \u2026 \u2018Addressable\u2019 is a very general notion. Vision is an example of a system in which there is a conceptual separation between infinitely varied scenes and a finite mechanism which isn\u2019t von Neumann. You might say it is \u2018content addressable\u2019. Associative memory would be another example.\n\n    Re \u2018no qualitative change for encoding/decoding language\u2019 \u2026 Well maybe not no change, but a very small change, maybe just a bringing together of previously disparate elements.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      At the start of this correspondence I didn\u2019t know whether you were pro or con. But your several inputs have certainly been very helpful. We\u2019re now at the heart of the matter. I hope you can continue commenting \u2013 even if you can\u2019t support my iconoclasm.\n\n      Re \u2018\u201dAddressable\u201d is a very general notion\u2019 \u2026 Agreed. Indeed content-addressability is implied in the blog (from LS7 on) by my glib assumption of a concept for each \u2018phonological word\u2019 encountered in comprehending a sentence. Activation from relevant acoustic elements must converge on such concepts, the rest being dissipated. I then show how, together with a particular organisation of lexical material, that\u2019s enough for the meaning to be delivered. The mechanisms are simple.\n\n      A theory of sentence processing is too complex if an intermediate result is put to one side, processing continues on something else to produce another intermediate result, and then the two results are brought together somehow. That requires a separate program. Both the storing/retrieving of intermediate results and branching/looping within the program itself require addressable storage \u2013 as in RAM (random access memory). CAM can\u2019t do that.\n\n      In the first few posts in LanguidSlog I show that the \u2018intermediate result\u2019 problem occurs whenever you try to build a structure \u2013 even one representing a sentence as simple as \u2018John kissed Lucy\u2019.\n\n      Theories I\u2019ve looked at all have this problem \u2013 even the work of researchers looking at content-addressability. For example, I quite like Alcocer and Phillips (2012) but they get distracted by c-command which might better be ignored as an epiphenomenon.\n\n  7. MS says:\n\n    Well, I\u2019m all for incrementality in NLP, because that seems to be an empirical fact. Whether you can do anything in sentence processing without structure building is another question. Frankly, I\u2019m skeptical. C-command is a natural property of applicative structures.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      Re \u2018Frankly, I\u2019m skeptical\u2019 \u2026 Which blinding light will effect a Damascene Conversion? I\u2019ve already tried addressable storage on you. Instead let\u2019s go for the presumed connection between structure and meaning in human language processing. And let\u2019s use \u2018tree\u2019 to avoid slippery definitions of \u2018structure\u2019.\n\n      If a tree is built from an incoming sentence it might be used in either of two ways. One, the tree itself, including the lexical items hanging from it, gives the meaning directly. Two, the tree must be further processed to arrive at the meaning.\n\n      One is untenable because an infinite number of trees and their meanings would have to be stored by the language user.\n\n      Two is implausible. Why go through two stages of processing when one is enough? Have the psycholinguists come up with any evidence of an intermediate state?\n\n      Syntacticians like trees. Trees can be shown to correlate with meaning. But you never see a syntactician draw a tree for a sentence whose meaning they don\u2019t already know. Trees are derived from meaning, not vice versa. They are artefacts.\n\n      Your epistles are greatly appreciated. Keep them coming!\n\n  8. MS says:\n\n    Re \u2018Let\u2019s use \u201ctree\u201d\u2019 \u2026 Well, OK, but I prefer \u2018structure\u2019 because meaning representations might not be trees. (They might be directed acyclic graphs.) But I\u2019m happy to talk about trees.\n\n    Re \u2018One is untenable\u2019 \u2026 No, that is just wrong. That is what grammars are for. They support the analysis of infinite treesets with finite resource. See my earlier remarks about the (tiny) grammar for the infinite language of arithmetic expressions.\n\n    Re \u2018Two is implausible\u2019 \u2026 I agree that #2 is implausible, but #1 is fine.\n\n    Re \u2018Syntacticians like trees\u2019 \u2026 That is sort of true about linguists. They reify syntax in ways they shouldn\u2019t, when they are really talking about intuitions concerning meaning. One level of representation related to meaning is enough.\n\n    But you still have to *have* meaning representations.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      Despite the \u2018just wrong\u2019, I think we\u2019re converging!\n\n      In human language comprehension, words are processed to deliver meaning. My #1 and #2 models both assume a complete sentence is parsed and a tree (or whatever) is built. I said that #1 gives the meaning directly. If there were \u2018analysis of infinite treesets\u2026\u2019 then we would be talking about model #2.\n\n      Neither model is credible. The third way is to abandon any idea that a complete sentence is processed before meaning is delivered. (Disfluent speech also supports this.) Instead we should look at how incremental processing could identify a succession of sub-assemblies, each delivering part of the meaning of the sentence. I\u2019ve gone for the smallest sub-assemblies: dependencies as in dependency grammar.\n\n      Would a DG \u2018tree\u2019 meet your requirement for meaning representation?\n\n      Thanks again.\n\n  9. MS says:\n\n    Re \u2018Would a DG \u2018tree\u2019 meet (my) requirement for meaning representation?\u2019 \u2026 Sure. DGs usually mainly concern predicate-argument relations, and that isn\u2019t the whole of meaning representation, but they are fine as MR as far as they go.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      The ideas seem to have survived your cross-examination. But the jury is the linguistics establishment. What will be their verdict? Many will feel threatened by a whole-sentence structure becoming merely a descriptive artefact, not actually part of human sentence processing.\n\n      My case is based on four points. Structure cannot be built without addressable, RAM-like storage. Structure as the end-point of processing is impossible, and as an intermediate point implausible. Lexical organisation must account for the many-to-many relationship between phonological words and meanings. Disfluency pervades all spoken language and how its meaning is conveyed must be central to any explanatory theory.\n\n      Doesn\u2019t this deserves better dissemination?\n\n  10. MS says:\n\n    I think it will be hard to get the linguists to listen. The computational linguists will be more receptive, but they have already thought of a lot of this.\n    In either case, you will have to show that these ideas *work*, in the sense of actually solving some problem at a practical scale.\n\n    For the linguists, that would involve for example, showing that you can handle the full range of phenomena exhibited by relativization (unboundedness, multiple dependencies, across the board extraction from conjunction, adjunct islands, etc.) For the computationalist, this would be showing that whatever you can do you can do over large training and test datasets.\n\n\n    \u2022 Mr Nice-Guy says:\n\n      I agree about the linguists. The best tactics would be to build a rule-based computational model that works so well that the rules are indisputable. How the linguists react is then inconsequential.\n\n      While I\u2019m comfortable with the prospect of designing the model, data capture would be a large and tedious business way beyond my own resources.\n\n      The do-or-die tactics I\u2019ve adopted instead are therefore to attack the linguists directly. Progress would help enlist support for the computational work \u2013 I hope. The attack is on the methodology of theoretical linguistics which, as I show in the blog (and summarise in my last email), is fatally flawed. The alternative \u2018grammar\u2019 I put forward is merely intended to show that a solution without those flaws is feasible, but I make no claim that it\u2019s complete or definitive.
+__label__negative Enterprise in the curriculum\n\nWhat exactly do we mean by enterprise? Why is it important?\n\nEnterprise is a mind set and a skillset. Commercial acumen, initiative, solutions-focused attitude, accountability, independence \u2013 these are all characteristics of the spirit of enterprise.\u00a0 \u00a0\n\nWhy does it matter?\n\nIt matters because that\u2019s what employers want from their workforce.\n\nEmployers value these skills as well as knowledge, which is why we build them in to our culture and our curriculum. Enterprise and employability are at the heart of our teaching, learning and assessment.\n\nThis is how we do it:\n\n5One\u00a0\u2013 a redesigned curriculum model for vocational programmes where enterprise activities are embedded into teaching and learning \u00a0 \u00a0\nLearning companies \u2013 college companies run by students \u00a0\nGazelle status \u2013 membership of the Gazelle Group of Colleges, a nationwide group of further education colleges who put enterprise at the forefront of education and training \u00a0 \u00a0\nSweetFE \u2013 our community interest company which creates and promotes enterprise opportunities across the College\u00a0\n\nFollow the links above and find out more.
+__label__negative ASP.NET, C#, SQL Server, AJAX Interview Questions my experience\n\nASP.NET, C#, SQL Server, AJAX Interview Questions\n\nIf you aware of this interview questions for ASP.NET with C#. you can clear interview up to 50%\u00a0guarantee. If you know any answers please fill in the comments section.\u00a0\n\n  1. What is mean by\u00a0transaction\u00a0in SQL Server?\n  2. How to Change Identity column value of the SqlServer Table\n  3. What are Max number of columns allows per table in SQL Server?\n  4. Difference between Primary key and unique key?\n  5. What is difference between having and Where clause?\n  6. What is SQL Server paging?\n  7. A table can have indexes. So, what are possibilities are there for tables?\n  8. Query for column values by comma separated in Sql Server?\n  9. Write a query for second highest salary using SQL Server?\n  10. What are inner joins, Outer joins and self joins?\n  11. Types of Cursors?\n  12. write a function for converting integer into into time?\n  13. Using select statement how to insert data into other table?\n  14. What are isolation levels while using transactions?\n  15. What is the maximum number of indices per table in SQL SERVER?\n  16. Is SQL Server functions Pre-compiled statements?\n  17. What are the main disadvantages of the index in SQL Server?\n  18. SQL Query: Select duplicate records using group by and having clause\n  19. What are DML, DCL, TCL and DDL statements in SQL Server? Explain briefly with an example?\n  20. What are difference between stored procedure and functions?\n  21. What is profiles in SQL Server?\n  22. Sql stored procedures performance tuning tips and tricks?\n  23. What is Cascading referential integrity constraint?\n  24. SQL Query performance tips and tricks?\n  25. What is difference between primary key and candidate key?\n  26. How many types of indexes are there in SQL Server?\n  27. difference between #tempTable,##tempTable,@tableName?\n  28. Types of Joins in SQL Server? What are link between Common Table Expression and SQL Server?\n  29. Types of views in SQL Server?\n  30. What is sub query? How many types of sub queries are there in SQL Server?\n  31. how many kinds of views..\n  32. query to find previous interset row...\n  33. how many @ variable types in sql server.\n  34. Types of SQL Server joins with examples?\n  35. What are Cursors?Advantages and\u00a0disadvantages of Cursors?\n  36. What are the differences between drop, delete and truncate statements in SQL Server?\n  37. Where did you use Cursors in your project?\n  38. What are different types of temp tables in the SQL Server?\n  39. What are the difference between global and local temporary tables in SQL Server?\n  40. Can we give referential integrity or foreign key constraint on temporary tables?\n  41. How to delete temporary tables in sql server?\n  42. In which database temporary tables will store in sql server?\n  43. What is index? How many types of indexes are there in SQL SERVER?\n  44. What is difference between clustered index and non clustered index in sql server?\n  45. Views and its limitations (Is it really useful for a project?)\n  46. Stored procedures and its test priority.\n  47. Write small query on Group by having syntax?\n  48. triggers and cursors in your application?\n  49. can we call stored procedure with in stored procedure?\n  50. What is concurrency? What are problems in database concurrency?\n  51. What is\u00a0optimistic and pessimistic concurrency?\n  52. What is mean by Cascading referential integrity constraint?\n  53. What are locks in sql server? How many types of locks are there in SQL Server?\n  54. What are SQL Server Isolation levels?\n  55. Stored procedures are pre-compiled, then where precompiled data will store?\n  56. What is mean by table scan in sql server?\n  57. If we do table scan, is there any performance issue?\n  58. What is use of an index on the column, if we use in the GROUP BY clause?\n  59. How to find how many\u00a0indices\u00a0are there for the table using system stored procedure\n  60. What are benefits we will get when we use index in SQL Server?\n  61. What is Query optimizer? what is the purpose of this?\n  62. What is the main purpose of an index, when we maintains unique column in table?\n  63. when we have are creating unique clustered index on the primary key column? give me some example?\n  64. What is composite index? advantages?\n  65. What is Covering query in SQL Server?\n  66. What is b-tree?\n  67. What is difference between sql server 2005 and sql server 2008 in terms of developer prospective?\n  68. How is clustered index and non clustered index will maintain values in the b-tree?\n  69. What is difference between @ and @@ variables in the t-sql?\n\n  1. What is \u00a0.NET Framework?\n  2. What is Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)?\n  3. What is Common Language Runtime in .net framework?\n  4. What are .net Threads?\n  5. Write one example on threads?\n  6. The .NET Class Library\n  7. What is Managed Code?\n  8. What is Common Language Specification (CLS)?\n  9. What is Common Type System (CTS)?\n  10. What is .net Namespace?\n  11. What is Portable Executable(PE) File Format?\n  12. What is Just in Time Compiler (JIT)?\n  13. What is .Net Framework Metadata?\n  14. What is .Net Framework Assembly?\n  15. What are properties of Assembly?\n  16. What is .NET strong name?\n  17. How many types of Assemblies are there?\n  18. What is private assembly and Shared Assembly?\n  19. What is .Net Satellite Assembly?\n  20. What is code access security?\n  21. What is mean by Assembly Manifest in .net framework?\n  22. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC)?\n  23. What is Garbage Collection?\n  24. What is Application domain?\n  25. How memory management work in .NET framework?\n\n  1. Explain about your project?\n  2. Can we open web.config file through URL?\n  3. Can we host ASP.NET web service out side IIS?\n  4. What is view state and its disadvantages?\n  5. ASP.NET page life cycle concept extension in 3.5?\n  6. How did you handle exception in your project?\n  7. What is global.asax file?\n  8. What is bubble event?\n  9. What is AutoEventWireup?\n  10. Can we use two web.config files in project? If Possible How?\n  11. How many kind of section are there web.config? Explain few of them?\n  12. What is caching? types of caching and examples?\n  13. What is iDisposable?\n  14. What is enum?write one small example?\n  15. Where did you use caching in your project?\n  16. How HTTP handler work in ASP.NET?\n  17. Design Patterns - singleton and Abstract factory?\n  18. MVP architecture\n  19. MVC architecture\n  20. Difference between MVP and MVC Architecture?\n  21. 3 tier architecture and difference between tier and layer?\n  22. What is UML structure of your project?\n  23. How to implement theme in project?\n  24. Request Response in ASP.NET?\n  25. How to upload large file in using ASP.NET file uploader.\n  26. Can we pass dataset through query string?\n  27. what is base class for\n  28. are we need to give connection to sqlcommand?\n  29. what are shared methods?\n  30. How u did payment integration In your application.\u00a0\n  31. What is session?What kind of session you have used in your application?Why you have choose this session mechanism?\n  32. What is Lamda expression?\n  33. How many server side form validation controls? What are they?\n  34. Difference between server side validation and client side validation? Which is reliable and which is fast?\n  35. What is LINQ? explain one example?\n  36. how to convert object to xml(obj.convertToXml(obj)--need to check)\n  37. Difference between value types and reference types...\n  38. What is difference between ref and out keywords?\n  39. Extension methods preparation in like (.tostring())\n  40. What is custom membership?\n  41. https mechanism?\n  42. SOAP header for method level security?\n  43. What is difference between get and post method in form processing?\n  44. Difference between user controls and custom controls.\n  45. LINQ Example with list?\n  46. Late binding. (in linq)?\n  47. httpHandlers and httpmodules?\n  48. difference between cache and session in the server side? where these are exactly storing?\n  49. did u create any framework?\n  50. What is delegate? How many types of delegates are there? Where did u use delegates in your application.\n  51. What is custom membership?\n  52. What is generic class? write code for list<int> lst=new list<int>() with manual coding.\u00a0\n  53. what is memory management of CLR? Tel me about garbage collector methods>?iDispose and iHandler like that.\u00a0\n  54. how many types of memory types are there in the programming.\u00a0\n  55. You know any other technologies rather than this technologies?\n  56. session management techniques?\n  57. difference between value types and reference types?\n  58. What is boxing and unboxing?\n  59. why we should not use these boxing and unboxing?\n  60. why should not use direct garbage Collector mechanisms?\n  61. how to dispose objects explicitly in the\n  62. what is useful of \"using\" keyword?\n  63. What are c# 2.0 features?\n  64. What are c# 3.0 features?\n  65. What are c# 4.0 features?\n  66. What is difference between list and linkedlist?\n  67. What is difference between arraylist and linkedlist?\n  68. what is difference between arraylist and dictionary?\n  69. What is difference between dictionary and Hash Table?\n  70. What kind of operation will done in wcf operator overloading and web services\u00a0operator\u00a0overloading?\n\n  1. web services and WCF ... basic questions\n  2. what is contract? how many contracts are there in wcf?\n  3. how did u perform client certification using WCF.\n  4. What is WCF architecture? What is ABC?\n  5. Explain Bindings in WCF with examples?\n\n  1. write some sample code for jQuery? where did u implement all jQuery examples in your application.\u00a0\n\n  1. OOPS methodologies with all explanations?\n  2. Write a program to count the object instantiation?\n  3. Interfaces, abstract methods and its disadvantages?\n  4. Different types of classes in OOPS?\n  5. run-time polymorphism with all examples as well code modification?\n  6. can i create constructor with parameterized without default constructor?\n  7. Difference between Static and normal constructor in\n  8. what are indexers in C#.NET OOPS\u00a0\n  9. abstract classes and interfaces?\n  10. What is partial class?\n  11. Polymorphism-- over load and over rides.\n  12. abstract class vs interfaces.\n  13. how to compare two objects like obj1=obj2 or obj1.equals(obj2)\n  14. access specifiers\n  15. over ride\n  16. shared methods..\n  17. generic classes\n  18. delegates\n  19. in over ride concept how to call the derived class\n  20. method with factory objects.\n  21. sealed keyword\n  22. we have 3 methods in one class. how to hide one method \u00a0in the derived class or normal class or creating object for class also.\n  23. Aggregation and Association\n  1. What is AJAX Architecture?\n  2. What are Methods and properties are there in ASP.NET AJAX?\n  3. Where did u use AJAX in your application?\n  4. How ajax will call to the server? what is that architecture picture and mechanism?\n  5. which method is the important method in the Ajax for connecting server?\n  1. How can we print the web page parts using CSS?\n  2. Did you use CSS Hacks in your application.\n\nShare this post :\n\nFeatured post\n\nJQuery Tutorial 1- Introduction to JQuery\n\nIf you have any queries or suggestions, please feel free to ask in comments section.\n\nSupport : Ranga Rajesh Kumar\nCopyright \u00a9 2012. ASP.NET Examples - All Rights Reserved\nSite Designed by Ranga Rajesh Kumar
+__label__negative June 28, 2016\nSample Questions for Examining the Judgment Debtor\n\nBe sure to listen to the answers: they may help you to think of other questions to ask.\n\n  1. What is your home address?\n  2. What is your home telephone number?\n  3. Are you married? If so, what is. your spouse's first name, maiden name and last name?\n  4. Do you live in a rented apartment? A private home? A Condo? or a mobile home? What is the address?\n  5. If you live in a private home, condo or mobile home, is it owned by you?\n  7. Is it paid by check? Is your rent up to date?\n  8. Do you have any boarders or sub-tenants? If so, what are their names and how much do they pay you each month?\n  9. What is your occupation?\n  10. What is your social security number?\n  11. Are you presently employed? If so, by whom?\n  12. At what address?\n  13. What is your work telephone number?\n  14. What is the name of your supervisor?\n  15. What is your gross salary? What is your net salary?\n  16. Do you receive commissions? When are you paid?\n  17. How much is owing to you now?\n  18. Do you have any part-time employment? If so, please explain.\n  19. Is your spouse employed or in business?-If so, what is his/her salary?\n  20. Do you own any stock or any interest in the business where you are employed? If so, please explain.\n  21. Do you or your spouse have any Bank, Checking or Savings accounts? If so, what is the name of the bank & branch and what are the account numbers and present balances?\n  22. Do you or your spouse have a driver's license? What are the driver license numbers? For what State?\n  23. How did you get here today?\n  24. What is the year and make of your car? Do you own it?\n  25. Do you have any property, personal effects, cash or other assets that you have not yet mentioned? If so, explain.\n\nMore on How to . . . \u00bb\n\n\u00a9 2016 Superior Court of San Mateo County
+__label__negative My Intentions\n\nChoosing a Montessori Education\nFor Your Child is a\nMonumental Decision.\u00a0\n\nI'm here to share information and offer insights. I think you'll be inspired.\n\nSome questions\u00a0 that you can expect to explore here are:\n\nWhat is Montessori Education?\n\nHow is it different from conventional education?\n\nWhat are the benefits of a ME?\n\nIs ME for all children?\n\nWho was Maria Montessori?\n\nHow does ME promote peace?\n\nLet this be a place to explore and ponder the power, beauty, and wisdom of Maria Montessori's vision for human potential and world peace.\n\n\nWhat is the Secret of Childhood?\n\nMaria Montessori's vision and practical application \u00a0for educating children and creating a more peace-filled world is nothing less than extraordinary. I like to explain the extraordinary through a \u00a0series of simple questions:\n\nWhat is the goal of Montessori Education?\n\nThe goal of ME is to unveil and nurture the potential of the child.\nClick here for quotes on the potential of the child.\u00a0\n\nWhat is the process that leads to the goal of unveiling human potential in early childhood?\nIt is the process of normal human development.\nClick here for quotes on normal development.\u00a0\n\nNormal? What does that mean?\nIt simply means that the child is allowed to develop without restrictions and oppressive elements such as adult interference and dominance.\u00a0\n\nWhat is the fundamental principle that allows normal development to occur in a young child?\nLiberty. The child must be free to engage in the process of self-construction, which is the task of childhood.\nClick here for quotes on liberty and freedom.\u00a0\n\nSelf-construction? What does that mean?\nThere is purpose and meaning at every stage of life. Childhood is not a holding period until one reaches adulthood. It is the stage during which the child actively creates the adult she will eventually become.\nClick here for quotes on self-construction.\u00a0\n\nBack to liberty? If the children are all free, isn't that chaos? How can learning take place in chaos?\nIt is not chaos at all. The child is free to follow the inner directives that subconsciously guide her learning \u00a0and development.\n\n\nMaria Montessori\n\n\nThe Secret of Childhood\n\n\nYou Can, Too\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\n\u00a0Montessori Education\n\nUnveiling\u00a0 the Potential of the Child\nTo Transform Humanity\n\n\n\nWelcome to the Website of Cathleen Haskins
+__label__negative Selasa, 18 Oktober 2011\n\nBidang Kajian Penelitian Bisnis\n\nBisnis adalah multi disipliner. Disana ada berperan ilmu ekonomi, manajemen, akuntansi, teknik, lingkungan, psikologi dsb.\u00a0 Banyak pakar yang telah mendefinisikan topik tentang riset bisnis antara lain:\n\nAspek utama\nFinansial dan akuntansi\n\u00e8 Peramalan kecenderungan bunga bank\n\u00e8 Kajian merger dan akuisisi\n\u00e8 Kajian resiko dan keuntungan\n\u00e8 Analisis portofolio\n\u00e8 Penentuan nilai\u00a0 modal\n\u00e8 Penentuan BEP\n\u00e8 Analisis biaya\n\u00e8 Optimasi biaya produksi\nManajemen dan perilaku organisasi\n\u00e8 Manajemen mutu terpadu\n\u00e8 Kepuasan kerja\n\u00e8 Gaya kepemimpinan\n\u00e8 Produktifitas\n\u00e8 Ergonomik\n\u00e8 Efektifitas organisasi\n\u00e8 Kajian struktur organisasi\n\u00e8 Iklim organisasi\n\u00e8 Komunikasi organisasi\n\u00e8 Time and motion study\n\u00e8 Potensi pasar\n\u00e8 Analisis pangsa pasar\n\u00e8 Analisis segmentasi pasar\n\u00e8 Efektivitas pemasaran\n\u00e8 Peramalan penjualan\n\u00e8 Kajian saluran distribusi\n\u00e8 Pengujian efektivitas produk baru\n\u00e8 Brand mapping\n\u00e8 Efektifitas periklanan\n\u00e8 Perilaku pembelian\n\u00e8 Kepuasan pelanggan\n\nSecara lebih rinci, pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar riset bisnis khususnya dalam bidang pemasaran diantaranya adalah:\n\nMarket segmentation studies\n\u00a7 Who are my customers ?\n\u00a7 What is the size of their population ?\n\u00a7 Who many percentage in female ?\n\u00a7 What are their age, races, income, educational level ?\n\u00a7 What are their occupation, skills, interests and hobbies ?\n\u00a7 Haw many children do they have ?\n\u00a7 Do they have pets ?\n\u00a7 Where do they live and work ?\nPurchasing power and buying habits\n\u00a7 How many rupiahs amount spent on purchases or products or services similar to mine ?\n\u00a7 What is their current usage of my services ?\n\u00a7 When do they purchase ?\n\u00a7 Where do they shop ?\n\u00a7 Why they decide to buy ? how often do they buy ?\n\u00a7 How much do they buy at a time ?\n\u00a7 Do they rent or own their home ?\n\u00a7 What type of cars do their drive ?\n\u00a7 How often do they eat out ?\n\u00a7 How do they typically spend their disposable income ?\n\u00a7 What methods of payment do they use ?\n\u00a7 How strong is their credits ?\nPsychological aspects of the markets\n\u00a7 What reaction of the market to my programs or services ?\n\u00a7 How does the market compare my company to others bussiness ?\n\u00a7 What qualities and characteristic do my customer seem important ?\n\u00a7 What are the deciding factor in making a purchase ?\n\u00a7 Do their only want the best for their family ?\n\u00a7 Are they looking for convience and time saving devices ?\n\u00a7 Are they concerned with wow they are perceived by others ?\n\u00a7 Do their demand incentives customer service ?\n\u00a7 Are they only concerned with the lowest price ?\n\u00a7 What medias are they exposed ?\n\u00a7 What confuses my customers and prospects ?\nMarket place competition\n\u00a7 Who are my primary competitors of the market ?\n\u00a7 How do they compete with me ?\n\u00a7 What are their strenghts and weakness ?\n\u00a7 Are profitable opportunities base upon their weakness?\n\u00a7 What are their market niche ?\n\u00a7 What are makes my bussiness unique from the others ?\n\u00a7 How do my competitors position them selves ?\n\u00a7 Who their communicates their services to the markets ?\n\u00a7 Who are their customers ?\n\u00a7 How are their percieved by the market ?\n\u00a7 Who are the industry leaders ?\n\u00a7 What is their sales volume ?\n\u00a7 Where are they located ?\n\u00a7 Are they profitable ?\nEnvironmental factors\n\u00a7 What are the current and future population trends ?\n\u00a7 What are the current and future socio-economic, political trends ?\n\u00a7 What effect do economic-political policies have on the my target market ?\n\u00a7 What are the growth expectations for my market ?\n\u00a7 What out side factor influence the industry performance ?\n\u00a7 What are the trend of this market and for the economy ?\n\u00a7 Is the industry growing at the plateau or declining ?\n\n2 komentar:
+__label__negative Slow English\n\nPodcasts about Australia for intermediate learners of English\n\nPodcast 89 \u2013 The Health of Australians\n\n\n\nPodcast Number 89 \u2013 The Health of Australians\n\n\nI have always considered myself lucky to be living in Australia. One of the reasons we can enjoy a great lifestyle is the great support services which Australians receive.\u00a0 In particular, we have a pretty good health system.\u00a0 I have talked about that in podcast number 13.\u00a0 On balance, I think Australians have every chance to be healthy and to stay healthy. In this podcast, I would like to talk a bit more about the health of the Australian population.\n\nImage by qimono (Arek Socha \u2022 Stockholm/Sweden) ( )\n\nI guess one of the most important outcomes of being healthy is that you live a long life.\u00a0 This is measured by your life expectancy.\u00a0 In Australia, a boy born between 2010 and 2014 can expect to live 80.3 years.\u00a0 Likewise, a girl born between those years can expect to live 84.4 years. \u00a0This compares very well with other countries in the world.\u00a0 In fact, there are only six other countries besides Australia where both men and women have a life expectancy of more than 80 years.\u00a0 These are Japan, Switzerland, Iceland, Italy, Sweden and Israel.\n\nIt\u2019s amazing how life expectancy has changed in Australia over the last 120 years.\u00a0 For example, in Australia in 1890, the average man lived around 47 years and the average woman 50.8 years.\u00a0 The difference between then and now is remarkable.\u00a0 There are many factors which have helped bring this about, the most important of which is the quality of our health care.\u00a0 \u00a0For example, there are many, many diseases which today can be prevented using vaccinations.\u00a0 In Australia, 93% of all children have received a full range of vaccinations by the time they are 4 years old.\u00a0 This includes vaccinations for chickenpox, diphtheria, haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, polio, measles, meningococcal C, mumps, pneumococcal, rotavirus, rubella, tetanus and whooping cough.\n\n\nAll these diseases are obviously unpleasant and can also be very dangerous.\u00a0 The fact that 93% of children under age 5 are fully vaccinated means that these diseases are quite rare in Australia.\u00a0 Of course that means fewer children get sick and as a result our children are generally healthier and grow to be adults.\u00a0 There are also further vaccinations which children receive before they reach 15 years of age.\u00a0 \u00a0Personally, I am a great believer in vaccinations.\u00a0 Our government is too. There is even a government policy that, if children don\u2019t get their vaccinations at the right time, then parents are not able to receive certain child care benefits from the government. \u00a0\u00a0Furthermore, in my state of Victoria, children cannot attend day care, kindergarten or family day care centres unless they have had or are having their vaccinations.\u00a0 The policy is called \u2018No jab, no play\u2019.\u00a0 For further information, you should go to\n\nBut it\u2019s not just the impact of vaccinations.\u00a0 Once upon a time, many medical problems which are easily cured today, would have been fatal.\u00a0 For example, at the start of the 1900s in Australia, most Australians died from infections such as tuberculosis, diarrhoea and septicaemia (or poisoning of the blood).\u00a0 Today, antibiotics and other drugs can overcome these diseases.\u00a0 They are no longer the threat they used to be.\n\nNow, in Australia, the biggest cause of death is coronary heart disease.\u00a0 This disease causes the arteries in the heart to become narrower.\u00a0 If they become blocked, this is the usual cause of a heart attack.\u00a0 In 2013, there were almost 19,000 deaths in Australia from coronary heart disease.\u00a0 The fact is, Australians often eat too much of the wrong foods and this contributes to coronary heart disease.\u00a0 For example, only 5% of Australians eat the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables.\u00a0 We have these foods readily available in Australia, and at cheap prices, so there really is no excuse.\u00a0 When I was a child, there used to be a saying \u2013 \u2018An apple a day keeps the doctor away\u2019.\u00a0 I think that saying was made up by the apple growers, but nonetheless, it still makes sense.\u00a0 We should eat more fruit and vegetables.\n\nAnother contributor to coronary heart disease is lack of exercise.\u00a0 In Australia, around 55% of people aged 18 to 64 undertake some kind of regular exercise.\u00a0 That means around 45% of us are not active enough.\u00a0 Our climate suits an active outdoor lifestyle, so again there is no excuse.\u00a0 Related to our lack of exercise is the fact that around 35% of Australians are overweight and a further 28% are obese.\u00a0 This problem is getting worse too.\u00a0 In 1995, there were 56% of Australians who were overweight or obese, which compares to the latest figure of 63%.\u00a0\u00a0 Of most concern is the increasing number children in this group.\u00a0 In 2015, around 1 in 4 children aged 5 to 17 were overweight or obese.\u00a0 That\u2019s terrible when you think about it.\n\nBut there are some good news stories.\u00a0 For example, only 13% of Australians are now regular smokers.\u00a0 That is way down from 23% in 1991 and is one of the great success stories for Australia\u2019s health system.\u00a0 Only 18% of Australians over-use alcohol (that is, more than 2 standard drinks per day).\u00a0 This figure is down 2% from 3 years earlier, so that is a good trend which I hope continues.\n\nWhile these are good news stories, Australian\u2019s use of illicit drugs such as ecstacy, cannabis, cocaine and methamphetamine (also called \u2018ice\u2019) is a great worry.\u00a0 In 2013, around 12% of Australians over 14 years of age had used illicit drugs in the past 12 months.\u00a0 This compares to around 5% worldwide, so this is a worrying trend for Australians. This is a topic of great interest and concern in Australia and I hope that our government can put more programs in place to counter this in the future.\n\nAs I get older, I try to keep healthy by watching my weight, eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise, which for me means taking an 8 kilometre walk several times a week. \u00a0I am a non-smoker and only occasionally drink alcohol. \u00a0I can\u2019t complain about my health, although I realise that as you get older, the body starts to wear out and you are more likely to get certain diseases. That is all the more reason to enjoy every day that you have, count your blessings and live life to the full.\n\n\n\nPodcast 89 Quiz - Did you understand the podcast?\n\nYou may take the quiz as many times as you like.\n\n\n\nactive = when you do exercise\n\namazing = something that is really, really good\n\nantibiotics = a special medicine which cures infection\n\napple growers = people who grow apples\n\narteries = the tubes that carry blood in your body\n\nattend = to go to\n\naverage man = a typical man, one who is like many, many other men\n\nbenefits = welfare payments from the government, to help you live\n\nblocked = when something stops a liquid going through a pipe\n\ncompares = when you decide if something is better or worse than something else\n\nconcern = a worry\n\nconsidered = to have thought something\n\ncontributes = one of the causes\n\ncount your blessings = remember all the good things you have\n\ncounter = against\n\ncured = when a sick person gets well again\n\ndangerous = when you can get hurt, sick or die\n\nday care = a place where children are looked after while their parents work\n\ndiseases = sicknesses\n\nexcuse = when you say why you can\u2019t do something\n\nexercise = when you make your body work.\u00a0 For example, running, walking, playing sport\n\nexpect = when you think something will happen in the future\n\nexpectancy = something that you think will happen in the future\n\nfactors = things\n\nfatal = when someone dies\n\nfigure = a number\n\nfull range = all\n\nillicit drugs = drugs which are illegal, against the law\n\nimpact =\u00a0 effect\n\ninfections = a disease or sickness in the body\n\njab = when you\u00a0push something sharp at someone (like a needle, or a stick)\n\nlifestyle = the way you live your life\n\nmedical problems = sickness, disease or injury\n\nnarrower = thinner\n\nnonetheless = despite this, even though\n\nobese = when you are very fat\n\nobviously = when it can easily be seen or understood\n\noccasionally =\u00a0 sometimes\n\noutcomes = results\n\noverweight = when you are fat\n\npersonally = for one person, for yourself\n\npolicy = a way of doing something.\u00a0 Governments have policies\n\npopulation = the total number of people in a place or country\n\nprevented = stopped\n\nprogram = a group of activities\n\nquality = how good something is.\u00a0 For example, high quality is very good.\n\nrare = when something doesn\u2019t happen very often\n\nreceive = to get\n\nrecommended = when an expert tells you something, gives advice\n\nrelated to = when one thing is connected to something else\n\nremarkable = unusual\n\nsense = something that seems like a good idea, that seems right\n\nsupport services = the things that are done for you to make your life better\n\nthreat = when something is dangerous\n\ntrend = when a change keeps happening\n\ntuberculosis, diarrhoea = types of sicknesses\n\nunpleasant = not nice\n\nvaccinations = a special medicine which stops a person getting sick\n\n\n\n--Download Podcast 89 - The Health of Australians as PDF --\n\n\n  1. I like Rob\u2019s slow English program. I learned a lot from his articles. Great job!\n\n    \u2022 Hi Ding Bai,\n\n      Many thanks for your comment. I appreciate your feedback.\n\n      Have a great day.\n\n  2. Rob, you\u2019re amazing. Please don\u2019t stop writing.\n\n  3. Thank you. I like Rob\u2019s slow English program, your way is very comfortable for me. I can hear you well and understand plus learning as well.\n\n    \u2022 Hi Eda,\n      Many thanks for your comment. I\u2019m glad that you like my podcast. Have fun learning English.\n      Have a great day.\n\nLeave a Reply\n\nRequired fields are marked *.\n\n%d bloggers like this:
+__label__negative 1.1.1 Can you confirm an Arnold-Chiari Type I / Idiopathic Syringomyelia / Idiopathic Scoliosis diagnosis?\n\n1.1.2 I have Arnold-Chiari Type I Syndrome \u2013 why do I need MRIs of the thoracic and lumbar spine and a Scoliogram?\n\n1.1.3 What is the meaning of the word \u201cidiopathic\u201d?\n\n1.1.4 I have hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari Syndrome Type I \u2013 can I travel by plane? Can you treat my hydrocephalus?\n\n1.1.5 What are the \u201cNeuro-Cranio-vertebral Syndrome\u201d and the \u201cFilum Disease\u201d?\n\n1.1.6 My Scoliosis curve is more than 40\u00ba-50\u00ba \u2013 will the surgery halt its progression?\n\n1.1.7 As my Scoliosis curve is more than 50\u00ba, orthopaedists and traumatologists indicated a spine fixation. Why and when (before or after) would I have to undergo the sectioning of the Filum Terminale (SFT)?\n\n1.1.8 If I have Scoliosis, why do I need to have a magnetic resonance done?\n\n1.1.9 Are these diagnoses rare in children?\n\n1.1.10 Can the diagnosis of disc herniations and protrusions be related to the Filum Disease?\n\n\n\n\n1.2.1 What should I do when a specialist indicates the application of a surgical treatment?\n\n1.2.2 When is the application of the Filum System\u00ae surgical protocol recommended in the Filum Disease?\n\n1.2.3 Are there cases of asymptomatic patients with an anatomical expression of the condition (through MRIs and X-rays)?\n\n1.2.4 Why are some neurosurgeons advising to wait before applying a surgical treatment?\n\n1.2.5 Are there cases where it is recommended to wait before applying the Filum System\u00ae?\n\n1.2.6 How do the Filum System\u00ae, decompression and syringostomy surgeries affect the Filum Disease?\n\n1.2.7 I have Arnold-Chiari Syndrome Type I with/without Syringomyelia: your specialists indicate the Sectioning of the Filum Terminale, while another neurosurgeon recommends a Craniectomy. Do you have cases of a Craniectomy applied after the Sectioning of the Filum Terminale?\n\n1.2.8 What does the post-operative course depend on?\n\n1.2.9 Which surgery is applied for disc herniations and protrusions, according to the Filum System\u00ae method?\n\n\n\n1.3.1 How is the Sectioning of the Filum Terminale surgery performed with your technique?\n\n1.3.2 Where is the scar going to be located? Will it be very visible?\n\n1.3.3 What risks and complications can this surgery involve?\n\n1.3.4 After sectioning the filum terminale, will my spinal cord be moving around inside?\n\n1.3.5 Does the filum terminale have a function? Is anything going to happen if it is sectioned?\n\n1.3.6 Does the patient\u2019s age affect the Sectioning of the Filum Terminale treatment according to your Filum System\u00ae?\n\n1.3.7 At what age do you start to operate? Did you perform the Sectioning of the Filum Terminale in children?\n\n1.3.8 Did teenagers undergo surgery with your technique?\n\n1.3.9 Did elderly patients undergo the Sectioning of the Filum Terminale? Up to what age do you apply this treatment?\n\n1.3.10 Can it be an inconvenience if the surgery date coincides within the menstrual period?\n\n1.3.11 Can the filum get tethered again?\n\n1.3.12 Why does the \u00ae symbol appear next to the Filum System\u00ae method\u2019s name?\n\n1.3.13 There is a doctor in my country that says that he/she is performing the same surgery as Dr. Royo \u2013 can I trust him/her?\n\n\n\n1.4.1 In Arnold-Chiari Syndrome type I, can the descended cerebellar tonsils ascend after the SFT?\n\n1.4.2 Will the symptoms disappear after sectioning the filum?\n\n1.4.3 I underwent a suboccipital craniectomy surgery (with classical or minimally invasive technique) \u2013 will this affect my post-Sectioning of the filum terminale outcome?\n\n1.4.4 Are the syringomyelic cavities going to disappear after the SFT?\n\n1.4.5 Is the progression of scoliosis going to stop after the SFT?\n\n1.4.6 In the case of scoliosis, is it possible that the spine will straighten up after the sectioning of the filum terminale?\n\n\n\n1.5.1 After the surgery, what do I have to prepare for (recovery, medication, rehabilitation, follow ups)?\n\n1.5.2 I am not from Barcelona and I have already returned home after the SFT. If I notice blood or pus in the surgical wound, can you help me? Who should I contact?\n\n1.5.3 If I undergo surgery, how long will it take before I can return to my usual activities?\n\n1.5.4 I experienced a significant improvement after the SFT, but now I feel I am getting worse again. What is happening?\n\n1.5.5 After the SFT, the doctor recommended physical therapy. For how long should I do it?\n\n1.5.6 I have been to physiotherapy centres and they said that, since I underwent surgery abroad, they will not take charge of my case. What can I do?\n\n1.5.7 What will the post-SFT long-term clinical evolution be like?\n\n\n\n1.6.1 How is the sectioning of the filum terminale performed at the Institut Chiari & Siringomielia & Escoliosis de Barcelona?\n\n1.6.2 Does the Filum System\u00ae method always apply the same procedure of the sectioning of the filum terminale? Or does it include other possibilities?\n\n1.6.3 What is the difference between your technique for the sectioning of the filum terminale and those offered by other surgeons in my country?\n\n1.6.4 Why should I choose the Institut Chiari de Barcelona to undergo surgery?\n\n1.6.5 Why shouldn\u2019t I consult other surgeons who perform the sectioning of the filum terminale in my country?\n\nContact us\n\n\n\n\nOpening hours\n\nMonday to Thursday: 9-18h (UTC +1)\n\nFriday: 9-15h (UTC +1)\n\nSaturday and Sunday closed\n\n[email\u00a0protected]\n\nCare 24 hours\n\nin the form of our website\n\n+34 932 800 836\n\n+34 932 066 406\n\nLegal advice\n\nLegal regulations\n\nLegal notice\n\n\nP\u00ba Manuel Girona, n\u00ba 32\n\nBarcelona, Espa\u00f1a, CP 08034
+__label__negative Press \"Enter\" to skip to content\n\nWill an electromagnet repel a permanent magnet?\n\nWill an electromagnet repel a permanent magnet?\n\nMagnetech opposite pole electromagnets (magnetic pole on each end) can repel a permanent magnet with pole on each end. Because there is a magnetic field cancellation, adjust the air gap between the electromagnet and permanent magnet so that one of them cannot overcome the other.\n\nWill the solenoid attract or repel the magnet?\n\nA solenoid is a coil of wire in a corkscrew shape wrapped around a piston, often made of iron. Like all magnets, the magnetic field of an activated solenoid has positive and negative poles that will attract or repel material sensitive to magnets.\n\nWhat is the formula of magnetic field in a solenoid?\n\nB = 8.505 \u00d7 10\u22124 N/Amps m The magnetic field generated by the solenoid is 8.505 \u00d7 10\u22124 N/Amps m.\n\nHow do you find the flux of a solenoid?\n\nNo, the book is correct, the magnetic flux (the amount of magnetism) going through the solenoid is the magnetic field strength B multiplied by the area of the solenoid A=\u03c0R2. The magnetic flux linkage is the amount of magnetism multiplied by the number of turns of the coil.\n\nWhat is a solenoid Byjus?\n\nLet us consider a solenoid, such that its length is large as compared to its radius. The magnetic field thus generated is equivalent to that generated by a circular loop and the total magnetic field generated by the solenoid can be given as the vector sum of force generated by each such turn.\n\nHow do you repel an electromagnet?\n\nYou can make electromagnets that repel with some small batteries, wire and iron nails. Wrap the wire around the nail and cut it with the wire cutters. Leave several inches of wire sticking out of either end. Bend the ends of the wire and hook them around the contacts on the battery.\n\nWhy are electromagnets so strong?\n\nStrength of an Electromagnet The combined magnetic force of the magnetized wire coil and iron bar makes an electromagnet very strong. In fact, electromagnets are the strongest magnets made. An electromagnet is stronger if there are more turns in the coil of wire or there is more current flowing through it.\n\nCan electromagnets push and pull?\n\nAn electromagnet will normally \u201cpull\u201d towards any nearby magnetic material, but you can get it to \u201cpush\u201d or repel a permanent magnet if the two have the same magnetic pole polarity.\n\nWhat is a push pull electromagnet?\n\nPush-Pull Operation: While physically maintaining both electromagnet and cap on same axis, the cap pulls (attracts) the electromagnet when DC power is off. The electromagnet pushes (repels) the cap when DC power is on. When DC power is momentarily on, the electromagnet exerts a repulsive force on the cap.\n\nWhich brand of magnetic lashes are the best?\n\nThe Verdict\n\n  \u2022 Ardell Magnetic Liner & Wispies Lash Kit.\n  \u2022 ProMagnetic Magnetic Eyeliner & Faux Mink Volume Lash System.\n  \u2022 Magnetic Eyeliner & Lure Lash Kit.\n  \u2022 False Magnetic Eyelashes.\n  \u2022 Magnetic Eyelashes with Eyeliner Kit.\n  \u2022 Magnetic Eyelash Kit.\n  \u2022 ProMagnetic Magnetic Eyeliner & Faux Mink Accent Lash System.
+__label__negative IELTS speaking exam test in Ho Chi Minh City Veitnam\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Can I see your ID?\n\u2013 Where are you from?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 Let\u2019s talk about your job.\n\u2013 What is your job profile?\n\u2013 Is it really hard to work nowadays?\n\u2013 How do you spend time after work?\n\u2013 Do you play any musical instrument?\n\u2013 What do you think about the role of music today?\n\u2013 Do you like to make lots of friends or do you have only one best friend?\n\u2013 How do you spend time with your friends?\n\u2013 Do you think you will make a lot of new friends in the future?\n\nCue Card\n\nTalk about a neighbor that you like and admire. Please say\n\n\u2013 Who is he/she?\n\u2013 When did you first meet him/her?\n\u2013 How does he/she inspire you?\n\n\n\u2013 Is interaction with other neighbors important to us?\n\u2013 What is the role and importance of local community?\n\u2013 What do you think about national identity?\n\u2013 Do you really take pride in it?\n\u2013 In what way?\n\nComments are closed.\n
+__label__negative Bookmark and Share\n\nThe Change LLC\n\nChange is the only constant; it is our perpetual companion. How do changes in genes and the environment drive biological evolution? How does history mark the passage of human change? What role does mathematics play in the notion of change? How do we create communication technologies, and how do these technologies change us?\n\nEvent Photos\n\nusd change llc photos
+__label__negative Site Map\n\nNational electronic Library of Infection\n\nBugs & Drugs on the Web\nNeLI Antimicrobial Resistance Website\n\nLearn about Resistance\nAntimicrobial Resistance & Common Illnesses Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance Other Resources\n\nCurrent Location: Home > Site Map\n\nHow hospital bug can evade attack\n\n\n\nMore resources...\n\nTip of the Month\n\nFinish your course of antibiotics\nMore Tips...\n\n\nGive us your feedback about this website\n\nSite Map\n\nClick on a blue triangle to expand a section\n\nLearn about Antmicrobial Resistance\nWhat are bacteria?\nWhat do bacteria look like?\nWhere do bacteria live?\nWhat do bacteria do?\nHow can bacteria make me ill?\nFungi & Protozoa\nWhat are fungi?\nHow can fungi make me ill?\nWhat are protozoa?\nHow can protozoa make me ill?\nWhat makes us ill?\nDo all germs make me ill?\nHow do I know which germ is making me ill?\nHow can I prevent myself from getting ill?\nOur Immune System\nHow does my body protect itself against infection?\nWhat happens if the microbes get through the first defences?\nWhat is the adaptive immune response\nWhy do I only get some illnesses once?\nSo why do I get some illnesses more than once?\nSo why may I need to take antimicrobials?\nWhat are antimicrobials?\nWhat are antibiotics?\nHow do antibiotics work?\nWhat are antivirals?\nWhat are antifungals and antiprotozoals?\nAntimicrobial Resistance\nAntimicrobial Resistance & Common Illnesses\nDo antibiotics help cure acne?\nChild Health\nHow can I help my child stay free from illness?\nColds & Flu\nDo antibiotics help cure flu?\nHow do flu vaccines work?\nWill antibiotics help get rid of my cold?\nWhat remedies will help my cold or flu?\nCoughs and Chest Infections\nIf I have a cough do I need to take antibiotics?\nWhat if I do get pneumonia?\nIf antibiotics aren't going to help my cough then what will?\nIf I have bronchitis do I need to take antibiotics?\nDo antibiotics help cure cystitis?\nDo antibiotics help to cure earache?\nSo should antibiotics be routinely prescribed for AOM?\nSo how else can I relieve earache?\nWhy is antimicrobial resistance a problem for HIV carriers?\nHospital Acquired Infections\nWhat is MRSA?\nCan I catch MRSA from someone else?\nHow is MRSA treated?\nSore Throat\nDo antibiotics help cure a sore throat?\nTraveller's Diarrhoea\nWhat causes traveller's diarrhoea?\nHow can I prevent traveller's diarrhoea?\nPreventing Antimicrobial Resistance\nWhat are antibacterials?\nDo antibacterials contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance?\nWhat about bioterrorism and antimicrobial resistance?\nFood & Farming\nWhy are antimicrobials used in farm animals?\nWhy are antimicrobials used in crop production?\nHow do vaccines work?\nIs vaccination important?\nHow can vaccines help tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance?\nNews & Other Resources\nTip of the Month\nAbout the site\nResearch Info\nScience Museum\nNottingham City Hospital\nOxford Medical School\nContact Us\n\nCreated by CeRC. Page last updated 14/10/2019. To contact us click here.\n\nFree DHTML scripts provided by\nDynamic Drive\n\nCity University City UniversityNational Electronic Library for Health (NeLH)\n\nNational Library for Health (NLH)
+__label__negative Atlassian Bamboo Interview Questions\n\n  \u2022 (5.0)\n  \u2022 \u00a0 | \u00a0 2654 Ratings\n\nIf you're looking for Atlassian Bamboo Interview Questions for Experienced or Freshers, you are at right place. There are lot of opportunities from many reputed companies in the world. According to research Atlassian Bamboo has a market share of about 1.0%. So, You still have opportunity to move ahead in your career in Atlassian Bamboo Engineering. Mindmajix offers Advanced Atlassian Bamboo\u00a0Interview Questions 2018 that helps you in cracking your interview & acquire dream career as Atlassian Bamboo Engineer.\n\nAre you interested in taking up for Atlassian Bamboo Training Online? Enroll for Free Demo on\u00a0Atlassian Bamboo Training!\n\n\nQ:\u00a0What exactly do you know about release planning?\nIt is basically a common approach in Bamboo. It must be done at least once a week. There are certain features that make it simply the best approach. Rough estimations are generally done when it comes to the starting backlog. Everything is calculated in points and everything in the release planning in Bamboo is best on same.\u00a0\n\nQ: Tell anything you know about the success factors of Atlassian Bamboo\nIt is basically an easy task to implement the tools but making the best use of this approach can be a very daunting time depending on a few factors. Something that matter the most is how frequently is you commit the code. It must be done at least once a week.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0How will you treat a failure in Atlassian Bamboo?\nBasically, the chances for this are very less. However, in case it happens, the very first thing to consider is nothing by running the default error detector in the Atlassian Bamboo. It is an accurate approach and most of the time it simply indicates what is wrong in it. Next thing to pay attention to if there is a specific node that is creating the blockage at the network and annoying the traffic.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Mention some steps that you know about the Atlassian Bamboo.\nThe very first thing is the compilation which is often followed by the unit test. Actually, a Unit test is important as many times it affects the network performance without giving any indication. Even if the traffic is high, this approach must be considered on priority. Next step is Code Quality Gates that simply let the users send their data from different channels. Integration tests and the chain tests are the other prime factors that must be paid attention to.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Is it possible to cut down the time taken by Atlassian Bamboo build and get immediate feedback? If so? Tell how?\nWell, one of the best things to consider here is splitting the long-running tests in a built that are generally separate. Immediate feedback can be assured without worrying about anything.\n\nQ:\u00a0What is the significance of Atlassian Bamboo?\nIt is good in finding and dealing the complex issues that often declare their presence. The fact is defects are corrected at a very fast speed immediately when they are located. In addition to this, Bamboo is a powerful approach that cut down a lot of time to market. As the applications are always tested, they can simply be moved to next level without any issues.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0What do you know about the implementation of Atlassian Bamboo\nDoing this is not a big deal. Diverse apparatuses for supporting this approach are Jenkins and Hudson Jenkins is the most famous one presently considered by a lot of users all over the world. They furnish combination with different form control frameworks and construct devices. There are factors that need to be taken care of especially in the initial stage.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Have you ever gone against the rules of a confidential agreement?\u00a0\nNo, I haven\u2019t been a part of such an issue. I understand how confidentiality matters for any business. I can understand that to tackle factors such as competition there is a strong need for this and thus I haven\u2019t been a part of any such incident.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0What are the benefits of using Bamboo approach?\nThere are certain benefits depending upon the task one is performing. The very first one is getting regular updates on failed and successful builds that are quite common in an organization. It is also helpful when it comes to automating and testing the applications code statues. If something one is handling needs a lot of statistical analysis, one of the best things is it has reporting tools for this purpose. Also, it can deal with different types of artifacts.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Name the two directories which are present in the Atlassian Bamboo\nThey are home directory and installation directory.\n\nQ:\u00a0What do you mean by continuous Integration?\nPresently, developing teams often work on different segments on similar web applications to boost efficiency, reliability and to cut down the errors. The integration tests are exactly what they need to be performed and for this, integration of all the modules is necessary. An automated process is considered for such an approach that basically that verify all the code. This simply lets everything tested in a serial manner and that is why we called it Continuous Integration.\n\nQ:\u00a0Mention the features with which the Atlassian Bamboo is equipped with\nBuild failures are caught automatically and thus helps in saving time, wastage of efforts as well as money. For a code commit modifies, there is an automatic notification that is acknowledged about the reports. It is possible to integrate it with LDAP mail-server. It is also possible to automate various processes that are associated with the project.\n\nQ:\u00a0How a backup is created in the Bamboo and how the files are copied to it?\nDoing this is easy and important too. By default, Bamboo makes use of home directory for saving all the data including the settings, user information and so on. You need to simply copy this directory for creating a backup. A clone of same can simply be created and its location can be kept anywhere. Data can be set to be copied in the clone directory after a specific time period or continuously.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Name some SCM tools which are supported by Atlassian Bamboo\nThese are subversion, Git, RTC, Clearcase, Subversion, CVS, Accurev, and Mercurial. There are other SCM tools but they are user-friendly and are easy to use.\n\nQ:\u00a0What are the basic requirements for using Atlassian Bamboo\nThe source code repository is one of the prime needs. Without it, there are certain challenges that can be there and affect the efficiency of work up to a great extent.\n\nQ:\u00a0How can task handling be made easier in Bamboo?\nWell, the very first thing that can be done is taking the support of plug-ins. The Atlassian Bamboo supports a large number of plug-in that can make several tasks simpler. In the development environment, the bug handling can be considered which assures smooth operation for the next levels to come.\u00a0 It is possible to integrate this approach with maven which helps in cutting down a lot of important tasks. It can also be integrated with LDAP server to let the developers keep an eye on everything.\n\nQ:\u00a0How can you avoid project failure or breaking in the Atlassian Bamboo environment?\nThere are certain factors that if considered in a proper manner can simply help in cutting down the problems associated. The first thing that needs to be done for this is the proper installation of Bamboo. It is also important to pay attention to all the units\u2019 tests without which there are problems that don\u2019t go easily. If a closed eye is kept on all the code changes, this task can be made simpler. Synchronization with repository also cut down the chances of failure or breaks.\n\nQ:\u00a0Can data be moved from one server to another in case of multiple server approach? What are the challenges that are associated?\nYes, it\u2019s possible to do this. The biggest challenge can be data security. Although not a big issue, security often compromised during such a case. Next factor is a lot of efficiency of the server is acquired in this process which sometimes makes it slower.\n\nCheck Out Atlassian Bamboo Tutorials\n\nQ:\u00a0Name the two important components that Atlassian Bamboo is integrated with?\nThey are Build Tools such as Maven and second is the Version Controlled System. Both these tools are equally powerful and can simply let you add efficiency in some of the key tasks that are associated with the server. They are good enough to deal with both structured as well as unstructured data.\n\nQ:\u00a0What will happen if any changes got missed in the Bamboo?\nBroken build is often observed when this happens. For this, one can simply check the console output. From there, you can see the changes if not accepted or approved can be seen easily. The local workplace can be updated to avoid the issue and this can solve the problem.\n\nQ:\u00a0What do you mean by a plan in Bamboo?\nA plan in Bamboo is basically something that provides complete information on the configuration for the tasks being performed in a serial or in a random manner. It deals with the information that is related to Plan Variables, Source code repository, Build Triggers, authorized users who can change or view the plan. At the beginning, a plan has only one stage. However, it is possible to create multiple stages simply by considering a grouping approach. Different jobs can be grouped together and can be made run in a sequence. It is also possible to share build artifacts simply with one another.\n\nQ:\u00a0How multiple jobs can be created from a single job in Bamboo?\nIt is basically a simple approach. For this, the list of tasks can be divided into simpler and well-defined jobs. It is necessary to make sure that every task or job must be accomplished before next job is considered. This is necessary because many times it has been observed that a stage or a job depends on some or one previous jobs. If the same is not completed, there are errors in the next and you need to waste the time locating them. The problem in one job means problems in all others due to same reason and i.e. their dependency on others.\n\nQ:\u00a0Tell what you know about the task in Bamboo? Give examples too.\nWork is basically divided into smaller tasks and every agent has a specific responsibility. This responsibility of one agent is considered as the Task. It is necessary to process tasks in a serial manner. The common examples of tasks are application deployment and building a piece of code.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Compare Bamboo with Jenkins\nBoth are quite similar to each other. However, Bamboo has some additional pros associated with it and the biggest one is it has a built-in workflow for Git, as well as for the deployment projects. It is also possible to integrate it with Jira, HipChat, as well as with Confluence. However, Bamboo is not an open-source technology just like Jenkins. In case problems related to code declare their presence, fixing them could be time-consuming. Bamboo can simply import data from Jenkins.\n\nQ:\u00a0Name some software projects with which you can integrate the Bamboo?\nThere are several repositories with which the Bamboo can be connected and it\u2019s all because of the built-in functionality that is has. A few of them are apache, Mercurial, Bitbucket, Git, Perforce\n\nQ:\u00a0What are the tools supported by Bamboo?\nBamboo supports some of the very important tools as it has build tasks for Make, ant, MSBuild, as well as Maven. This is also the reason that why a user can simply perform the task in different languages without worrying about anything.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0Name any two testing tools that Bamboo is compatible with?\n\u00a0Junit and PHPUnit.\u00a0\n\nQ:\u00a0In a workflow, why it is necessary to divide the application in a hierarchical order?\nIt has several reasons. The very first thing is hierarchical order gives a complete information on all the sub-tasks that are associated. In addition to this, all the previous jobs and stages can be focused clearly. It is a well-known fact that the jobs and stages are depended on their previous sections while performing several tasks on Bamboo. So if the developers don\u2019t have clear information regarding the previous sub-tasks, there can be a lot of errors. Thus it\u2019s good to consider them in a hierarchical order.\n\nQ:\u00a0What are the benefits of running automated tests in Bamboo?\nIt will make finding and correctcting the errors fast and help users saving their valuable time.\n\nQ: Does Bamboo available as a cloud service too?\nYes, it is available.\n\n\nExplore Atlassian Bamboo Sample Resumes! Download & Edit, Get Noticed by Top Employers!Download Now!\n\n\nPopular Courses in 2018\n
+__label__negative 2017-18 6th Form Student Destinations\n\nApprenticeship Nursery\nBrighton Sports Journalism\nCanterbury Christchurch \u2013\u00a0 Accounting and Finance\nCanterbury Christchurch \u2013\u00a0 Law\nCanterbury Christchurch\u00a0 \u2013 Primary Education QTS\nCanterbury Christchurch \u2013 Games design\nCanterbury Christchurch \u2013 Human Biology\nCanterbury Christchurch \u2013 Psychology\nCanterbury Christchurch \u2013 Social Work\nCardiff Met \u2013 Art\nGap Year\u00a0\nGreenwich \u2013 Business and Economics\nGreenwich \u2013 Business Entrepreneurship\nLeeds University \u2013 Computer Science\nLiverpool University \u2013\u00a0 Politics and Criminology\nMid Kent\nMid Kent College \u2013 Art\nNottingham Trent \u2013\u00a0 Law\nReading University \u2013\u00a0 History\nSt Mary\u2019s Twickenham \u2013 Tourism Management\nUniversity of Bradford \u2013 Public Health\nUniversity of Brighton \u2013 Criminology\nUniversity of Kent \u2013\u00a0 Digital Arts\nUniversity of Kent \u2013\u00a0 Law\nUniversity of Kent \u2013 Computer Science\nUniversity of Kent \u2013 Criminal Justice and Criminology\nUniversity of Kent \u2013 Criminology and Sociology\nUniversity of Kent \u2013 Sociology\nUniversity of Salford \u2013 Graphic Design\nUniversity of Surrey \u2013 Biomedical Science\nUniversity of West England \u2013 Law\nUniversity of Westminster \u2013\u00a0 Criminology\nUniversity of Surrey \u2013 Electronic Engineering with Computer Systems\u00a0\n\n\n2016-17 6th Form Student Destinations\n\nWe are proud of how well our 6th Form students achieved this year. You can see below where they have moved onto after their time at St John Fisher Catholic School.\n\n98% of students went on to continue in education or training or moved on to employment at the end of 16-19 study.\n\n100% of students on 16-19 courses completed their studies.\n\nYear 13 Destinations\nInitials Destination Course\nA W Ryan Air Cabin Crew Apprentice Ryan Air Cabin Crew Apprentice\nA A University of Birmingham Law with Criminology\nA S Employment \u00a0\nA\u00a0 D University of Wolverhampton Social Care and Health Studies\nA E Sheffield Hallam University Business and ICT\nA A Nottingham Uni Philosophy\nA J University of the Arts London Sports Journalism\nB K University of Hertfordshire Criminal Justice and Criminology\nB L University of Kent Mathematics with a foundation year\nD M Employment \u00a0\nF R De Montfort University International Business\nG T University of Kent Psychology with Forensic Psychology\nH C Canterbury Christchurch University Nursing (Child)\nH N University of Hertfordshire Criminal Justice and Criminology\nH A Medway School of Pharmacy Pharmacy\nH J\u00a0 University of East London Sports Coaching\nI D University of Greenwich Forensic Science\nJ A University of Kent Biomedical Science with a Sandwich year\nK F Canterbury Christ Church University Event Management\nK N University of Kent Accounting and Finance\nK A University of Kent Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation\nL O University of Creative Arts Film Production\nL L University of Westminster Business Management (Economics)\nM M University of Kent Biology with a Sandwich Year\nM D Employment \u00a0\nM R Employment\u00a0 \u00a0\nM K University of Creative Arts Animation (4 Years)\nN C University of East Anglia Nursing (Adult)\nO P Queen Mary University of London History and Politics\nO N De Montfort University Social Work\nO L University of Wolverhampton Medical Science\nO S University of Hull\u00a0 Computer Science\nO D Brunel University London Business and Management\nS C University of East Anglia Nursing (Adult)\nS M University of Essex Modern History and Politics (Including Year Abroad)\nS O Falmouth University IT\nS E University of Greenwich Construction Management\nS R University of Kent Computer Science with a year in Industry\nS M Falmouth University Marine and Natural History Photography\nT K Employment \u00a0\nT J University of Brighton Computer Science\nV S De Montfort University Criminology with Psychology\nV B Employment \u00a0\nW R Southampton Solent University Football Studies\nW R Canterbury Christchurch University Nursing (Adult)
+__label__negative Complainant FAQ\n\nComplainant FAQ\n\nWhat is the difference between the trial for guilt and trial for sanction?\n\nAlthough each trial follows the same format, the trial for guilt focuses strictly on whether or not the alleged events occurred, and if so, whether these events are in violation of the specific standards that have been charged.\u00a0 For this reason, all witnesses and evidence are presented with regard to the specifics of the incident: (who, what, where, when). The trial for sanction, on the other hand, is intended to discuss any mitigating factors and motives that led the accused to violate the standards in question.\u00a0 During the trial for sanction the counselors may discuss past disciplinary records, character patterns, extra-curricular involvement, psychological distress, or any other extenuating circumstances.\u00a0 The trial for sanction also provides the accused with an opportunity to express what they have learned from the incident.\u00a0 The purpose of the trial for sanction is to arrive at an appropriate sanction aligned with the goals of the UJC.\n\nWhat happens during questioning?\n\nDuring the trial proceedings the Complainant, Accused, and any witnesses may be called to testify.\u00a0 You will be asked questions first by your own counselor.\u00a0 Opposing counselors have the ability to cross-examine witness, so expect questions from the opposing counselor too.\u00a0 The judges on the trial panel may also ask you questions if they feel the need for any clarification.\u00a0 The goal of the UJC is to find the truth and to formulate the appropriate response, so all of the questions that you are asked are asked in this light and are not meant to be intimidating or hostile in any way.\u00a0 It is important to remember that the tenets of the Honor System apply during UJC proceedings and you are expected to answer questions honorably.\n\nWho are the judges?\n\nThe trial panel is made up of 5 judges, one of which is the trial chair who will conduct the proceeding and is a member of the UJC\u2019s Executive Committee.\u00a0 These judges come from the 25 UJC representatives that are elected by the student body; there are two from each school and three from the College of Arts and Sciences.\u00a0 With the exception of the trial chair, the judges are unaware of any of the details of your case before the trial begins. You have the right at the beginning of the trial to object to any member of the trial panel that you feel may not be completely fair and unbiased during your case.\n\nWhat is the goal of the University Judiciary Committee?\n\nTo maintain and promote a community of respect, safety, and freedom.\n\nCan I have an open trial?\n\nIt is the accused student\u2019s option to have an open trial or not.\u00a0 The complainant has no say whatsoever.\n\nWhat is the UJC\u2019s confidentiality policy?\n\nEverything must be kept entirely confidential, only the accused may publicly release information pertaining to the case (the complainant may not release information).\u00a0 Violation of this policy is a violation of the Standards of Conduct.\n\nWhat sanction will the accused student receive?\n\nThere are neither codified nor established sanctions for specific offenses and the trial panel has unlimited leeway in crafting a sanction.\u00a0 The trial panel considers the circumstances of the incident, the Accused student\u2019s past record, and other evidence presented during the proceedings to craft a sanction that is uniquely appropriate for each student in each situation.\n\nWhat should I wear to trial?\n\nBusiness casual is the minimum expectation for a trial appearance.\n\nWho may represent me?\n\nAny student in the University Community may represent you in trial, or you may choose to represent yourself.\u00a0 A UJC counselor is assigned to every case, however, and they have been extensively trained and are well informed regarding UJC protocol.\u00a0 You may not have a professional lawyer represent you in a case.\n\nMay I appeal the decision of the trial panel?\n\nThe right to appeal is a right that only the accused student may exercise.\u00a0 Complainants may not appeal the decision of the trial panel.\n\nWhat is a Hearing Panel?\n\nDuring any stage of the investigation of a case before the UJC or the First Year Judiciary Committee, a case may be heard informally before a hearing panel. Either party may request a hearing panel.\n\n  1. A hearing panel is composed of the Chairperson of the Committee or one of the Vice Chairs and two other judges from the committee. The panel bases its decision solely on the Investigator\u2019s report. Neither party addresses the trial panel in person.\n  2. Requirements for a case to be heard before a hearing panel are as follows: The accused must admit guilt and must be a first-time offender. The offense must be minor. Both parties must agree to have the case moved to the hearing panel.\n  3. Despite the fact that a particular case appears to meet the criteria for a Hearing Panel set forth above, the hearing panel chair may deny any request for a hearing panel in his or her sole reasonable discretion.\n  4. If at any time during the hearing, the hearing panel chair decides that a trial is needed to clarify facts, ensure fairness, or for any reason s/he deems appropriate, then a trial will be arranged.\n  5. All committee by-laws concerning appeals and reviews by the vice-president for student affairs apply to the hearing panel.\n\nHow do I drop charges?\n\nCases\u00a0may be dropped by completing the\u00a0Drop Case Form. Charges can be amended using the\u00a0Amend Charges Form. Both are fillable PDFs.
+__label__negative Current Affairs 2015-2016 for Competitive Exams \u2013 Part9\n\n\n161. \u201cReuters\u201d is the famous news agency of _______.\nAnswer- UK\n\n162 Dandiya Ras is the famous dance related to which Indian state?\nAnswer- Gujarat\n\n163. Vikku Vinayakram is related to _______.\nAnswer- Ghatam\n\n164. Which is the highest award that was given during war time?\nAnswer- Param Veer Chakr\n\n165. What is the Premium amount for Jeevan Jyoty Yojana?\nAnswer- Rs. 330/-\n\n166. Who is the Current Head of SAARC?\nAnswer- Arjun Bahadur Thapa\n\n167. Famous Meenachi Amman Temple was located at_______.\nAnswer- Tamil Nadu\n\n168. Who is the Chairperson of NITI AYOG?\nAnswer- Mr. Narendra Modi\n\n169. Who is the present ICC Chairperson?\nAnswer- Shrinivasan\n\n170. Pu Lal Thanhawla is the Chief Minister of ________.\nAnswer: Mizoram\n\n171. Whatapp has been acquired by_______\nAnswer: Facebook\n\n172. Who is the President of IOC?\nAnswer: Thomas Bach\n\n173. In which year, the last census of India has been calculated?\nAnswer: 2011\n\n174. Who is the author of \u201cThe Da Vinci Code\u201d?\nAnswer: Dan Brown\n\n175. Who has been recently appointed as the Brand Ambassador of \u2018Visit Britain\u2019?\nAnswer: Saif Ali Khan\n\n176. Which of the following is the India\u2019s biggest employer?\nAnswer: Indian Railways (1.4 million employees)\n\n177. Pandit Vishwa Mohan is the famous ______ player.\nAnswer: Veena (Slide Guitar)\n\n178. Which of the following Movie has won the Oscar Award 2015?\nAnswer: Picture Birdman\n\n179. Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas is observed on______\nAnswer: 9th January\n\n180. NREGA stands for_____\nAnswer: National Rural Employment Guarantee Act\n\nSubscribe Here (or)\n\nLeave a Reply\n\n\n\u00d7 four = 24\n\nPopup Dialog Box Powered By :\n  \u2022 RSS\n  \u2022 Facebook\n  \u2022 Google+\n  \u2022 Twitter
+__label__negative [R] Specifying an lme model\n\nRoss Darnell r.darnell at uq.edu.au\nTue Jul 15 07:14:50 CEST 2003\n\nI would like some advice on how if possible, to test the following\n\n I have subjects each measured several times. The subjects are sampled\n from 3 subpopulations (groups). The question is \"Is the \n between-subject variance the same for the three groups?\"\n\nThe \"null\" model is \n\nlme0 <- lme(y~group,random=~1|subject)\n\nI did think that the model that defined a specific between-subject\nvariance for each group was\n\nupdate(lme0,.~., weights=varIdent(form=~1|group))\n\nbut I am not sure.\n\nI would appreciate any help.\n\nRoss Darnell\n\nMore information about the R-help mailing list
+__label__negative \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n78 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\nCreate a New Session\nControl N\nDeactivate a track\nCommand + Control + Click the track type icon\nUniverse Window\nCommand + 7 (numeric)\nIn the workspace browser, how would you move forward or backwards in the volumes field?\nTab to go forwards\n\nShift tab to go back\nTask Manager\nCommand ' (Apostrophe)\nHow would you duplicate a track\nOption + Shift + D\nLink Timeline and Edit Selection\nShift /\nTo jump into the transport windows Start field?\nOption /\nHow would you jump into the Edit windows start field?\nHow would you select everything left of the cursor, all the way to the start of the session?\nShift + Return\nSelect everything right of the cursor, all the way to the end of the session?\nOption + Shift + Return\nWhen \"link track and edit selection\" is enabled, how would you extend your edit selection across multiple, non-contiguous tracks?\nOption + Shift + click\nHow would you nudge an entire edit selection, the start of and edit selection, and the end of an edit selection?\nEntire: Shift +/-\n\nStart: Option + Shift +/-\n\nEnd: Command + Shift +/-\nQuick key for the shift command?\nOption + H\nTo Pre-roll audition up to a selection start point...\nOption + Left Arrow\nTo Pre-roll audition up to a selection end point...\nOption + Right Arrow\nTo Post-roll audition after a selection start point....\nCommand + Left Arrow\nTo Post-roll after a selection end point...\nCommand + Right Arrow\nTo pre and post roll a selection on either side of the selection start....\nCommand + Option + Left Arrow\nTo pre or post roll audition on either side on a selection end point...\nCommand + Option + Right Arrow\nEnable/disable pre/post roll.\nCommand + K\nMemory locations window?\nCommand + 5 (numeric)\nFill edit window with current selection.\nOption + F\nTo use the selector as a scrubber, hold what? To use fine scrub, hold what?\n\n(Fine) Command + Control\nPull up Strip Silence.\nCommand + U\nTo scroll through the tabs in the Preferences window, hit what?\nCommand Left/Right\nPull up the Time operations window\nOption 1 (numeric)\nHow do you create a sync point?\nCommand , (comma)\nHow do you snap a regions start to the playhead?\nControl + Click\nHow do you snap a regions end to the play head?\nCommand + Control + Click\nHow do you enable the commands focus \"a...z\" function?\nOption + Command + 1\nHow would you trim a regions Start or End boundaries?\nStart : Option +/-\n\nEnd : Command +/-\nHow do you nudge by next value forward and backwards?\nControl /\n\nControl + M\nHow would you go about nudging a regions contents?\nControl +/- While time grabber tool is active\nHow would you enable automation on a single parameter?\nPower Claw + Click\nHow would you toggle between the automation views in the edit window?\nPower claw left/right arrows\nPull up the automation window\nCommand + 4 (numeric)\nQuick key to save plug-in settings?\nCommand + Shift + S\nQuick key to paste plug-in settings?\nCommand + Shift + V\nClear all clip indicators?\nOption + C\nTo apply delay compensation to automatically bypassed tracks, or better said, to set Delay Compensation to continuously prevent audio tracks from being suspended from delay compensation during input, do what? What color will it turn?\nCommand + Control + Click on the Track Compensation Indicator. It will turn blue?\nTo bypass an auxiliary inputs track compensation, do what? What color will it turn?\nCommand + Control + Click on the Track Compensation Indicator. It will appear greyed out.\nWhat does TDM stand for?\nTime Division Multiplexing\nMain componants for PT HD?\nComputer w/ PCI Slots\nHard Drive (Allocated for audio)\nInterface (196, 92)\nHow would you assign multipul outputs from any send?\nHold control when going through the drop down menu for the second time.\nUnder what menu and what three main options would you find in the hardware setup\nSetup -> Hardware Setup\n\nReferance Level, Input Trims, Soft clips\nWhere is the hardware buffer?\nUnder Setup->Playback Engine\nWhat should the ratio between of DSP chips and Voices be?\nHighest number of Voices with the least amount of DSP chips to meet your needs.\nDAE, what does it stand for, what is it like?\nDigidesign Audio Engine\n\nIts like RAM\nIn the I/O setup, a path can be white, light grey, dark grey, and medium grey. What do the colors indicate?\nWhite: The channel is available for a path\n\nLight Grey: The I/O is overlapping with other paths.\n\nDark Grey: The channel is unavailable for sub-paths.\n\nMedium grey: Indicates extra space beyond recognized audio interfaces.\nWhat are the five main Playback Engine options?\nHardware buffer, RTAS processing, CPU usage limit, number of voices and assignments, sample rate.\nHow would you toggle through renaming the Input names in the I/O set up?\nThe tab key\nProTools HD 2 Accel can use up to how many voices?\nWhere would you find the option to enable \"Mute free assigns voice?\"\nUnder Options -> Mute free assigns voice\nWhere would you find Disk Allocation and whats the quick key?\nSetup -> Diask Allocation\n\nCommand + 2 (numeric)\nWhat new scrolling option is available for protools HD ONLY, and what makes it so damn special?\nCenter Playhead: When using this mode, the playhead is completely independent of the Timeline selection. If the timeline selection changes, the playhead will not update its location when playback begins.\nWhen implementing color coding, where are the track colors visible?\nIn the mix window, the edit window, the tracks list, and the groups list.\nWhat are the 4 DigiBase Browsers?\nWorkspace browser, volume browser, project browser, and Catalogs browser.\nTrue or False. The task manager will allow you to monitor, change priority of, pause, and resume tasks all while your still recording and editing.\nFalse, you cannot change the priority of the tasks.\nTimeline and Session LED's indicate what? Can one be on without the other?\nThey indicate if any files are missing from the session or timeline, they will also turn on if any files are still being relinked/processed. They always turn on/off together because if a file is missing from the session, its obviously not in the timeline, and visa verse.\nWhat does Dynamic Transport allow?\nIt decouples the playback head from the timeline and edit selections, much like the Center Playhead scrolling option.\nWhat is calculator mode?\nAllows you to add or subtract time to the start or end of a selection via the +/- keys once you've slashed into the correct fields.\nHow many tracks can you scrub in one scrub (at once)?\nTwo adjacent mono or stereo tracks (mono-mono, stereo-mono, stereo-stereo).\nWhat modifier key do you press to add an existing selection to another track?\nWhen does nudge not work?\nWhen working in Shuffle mode.\nHow would you change the settings for the Time Compression/Expansion tool?\nWhats the difference between Strip and Extract in Strip Silence?\nStrip keeps everything above the threshold and Extract keeps everything below it.\nHow would you enable real-time audio fades?\nTrue or False. Using the Time Operations function, you can Change meter, change time, insert time, cut time, and change song start?\nFalse. You can't change time fool\nTrue or False? You can use the Region Alignment commands on only one region at a time?\nProTools HD automation modes.\nWhat does the automation Trim mode do?\nUpdates previously written automation\nWhat are the Automation Manual Write and Write on Stop options?\nWrite to Selection Start\nWrite to Entirety of Selection\nWrite to Selection End\nWrite to Previous Breakpoint (punch point)\nWrite to Next Breakpoint\nWhat are the two Snapshot Automation options. Where are they and whats the quick key?\nYou can Write to Current (Command /) or Write to All Enabled. Both are found under the Edit menu.\nWhat are the quick keys to Write a new breakpoint to the next automation value? and to Write a new breakpoint to the previous automation value?\nOption + Shift + create breakpoint\n\nCommand + Option + Shift + create breakpoint\nTo suspend automation playback and recording for a track, do what?\nSelect OFF from the Automation Mode Selector.\nTo suspend a individual automation parameter on a track, do what?\nCommand + Click the Track Automation View Selector\nThree places you can enable Automation Safe?\nOutput window, Send assignment, Plug-in
+__label__negative 1) Who is the target market for each of the following cars? What do you think motivates them to purchase these cars? A)Toyota Prius B)Toyota Prado The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric car which is one of the first of its kind to be mass produced and marketed. The unique feature of the Prius is its Hybrid Synergy Drive which makes use of both the traditional petrol driven engine and an electric motor.This electric motor allows the Prius to switch off its petrol engine when stationary; and recharge the electric motor using the kinetic energy produced when braking.\n\nThis not only conserves a lot of energy and petrol, and also allows for a smoother drive in the city areas which tend to have greater road congestion.Toyota\u2019s largest target market would be educated working adults in developed urbanised countries especially in the West where there is a subculture of environmental concerns and issues which are relatively more active compared with the rest of the world. Thus the educated working class in these countries would be attracted to the Prius\u2019 energy and fuel savings, and automatic battery recharging which would not only be a lot more environmentally friendly, but would ensure a more smoothly-powered ride to work in a congested city morning.Furthermore, the affordability of the Prius as compared to other Toyota vehicles coupled with even greater cost savings on fuel \u2013 cuts fuel consumption by 40% - is an added incentive for these environmentally conscious consumers as they might worry that specially designed green technology might be expensive One of the factors that could motivate these consumers to purchase the Prius is lifestyle. These consumers would be largely influenced by social needs which would in turn shape their own beliefs and attitudes.With the constant reminders of depleting energy resources and global warming in society today, people\u2019s attitudes are changing as they become more willing to adopt new approaches to conserve energy \u2013 an environmentally friendly car for the purpose of travelling.\n\nFurthermore, as the target market\u2019s lifestyle patterns would be to get to work efficiently and economically, they would want a car that is affordable. Hence these are the factors motivating them to purchase the Toyota Prius.1b) The Toyota Prado is one of Toyota\u2019s newest SUVs with a four wheel drive and a powerful engine that aims to give its driver an edge above the usual car.\u00a0The main strengths of the Prado aside from its power is the spaciousness inside and also the stability of the vehicle.\n\nThe main target market of the Prado would be the sports and outdoors inclined consumers. These buyers will be looking for a car that has enough space and gadgets to transport large sports equipment like bicycles, scuba-gear, surfing\u2026 among others. Lifestyle is an influential factor in the buyer\u2019s choice of car. An upper/middle working class executive might choose the Prius for its sleekness and elegance, whereas a buyer who spends much of his time in the outdoors would choose the Prado.\n\nThe 4 wheel drive that is powered by a strong engine is a significant advantage for buyers who frequently travel on rough terrain. Also the enhanced control and traction that the Prado provides would allow for a smoother ride for the buyer on such ground. Another factor that could motivate these buyers is their own personalities or self-concepts. While some buyers might not be that involved in the outdoors or be so sports-inclined, they might want to portray a more rugged and masculine side of themselves.An example would be in Singapore where there is hardly any road conditions that require the all-terrain drive of a 4 wheel drive vehicle; however, SUVs are a common sight.\n\nThese could be the manifestations of a psychological need of some buyers who feel a connection with the \u2018tough\u2019 and sporty image that a Prado would give. In conclusion, I can see how Toyota has successfully chosen its target markets and analysed their motivations to help them develop different types of cars to cater to each market. This would allow them to appeal to a greater share of the consumer pie, and hence might allow them to gain greater market share.
+__label__negative IBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers\n\nIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers, IBPS Common Interview Questions.\n\nIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers:\n\n1) Tell me something about Yourself?\nIBPS PO Common Interview Experience Image2) What is the difference between GDP & GNP ?\n3) What is Boyle\u2019s Law?\n4) What is law of Motion?\n5) What is your hobby??\n6) Tell me about your strengths & weakness?\n7) They give me a paper to find hexadecimal of 45?\n8) Are you a team player?\n9) Why you want join banks?\n10) Can you tell me the statistics about the growth in banks?\n11) What is the difference between credit card and debit card??\n12) How can an illiterate person use card if he doesn\u2019t know how to use it and enter the pin?\n13) Is there any ATM without a PIN?\n14) What about the people in rural areas who are illiterate and how will they be able to use cards and all.?\n15) What is liquidity?\n16) Who is the regulator of banks?\n17) Functions of RBI?\n18) Do you have bank a/c?\n19) In which bank?\n20) Which type of account ?\n21) How much of interest they are giving to you?\nBank-interview-questions-ibps-common-Interview22) What type of Demand Loans are introduced by Andhra bank?\n23) Do you know about SHG? EXPLAIN IT.\n24) What is financial inclusion ?\n25) Who introduced financial inclusion ?\n26) How many type of accounts ?\n27) What is priority sector?\n28) In education loan, Is there need of any collateral security ?\n29) What is limit for education loan?\n30) What is Demat account ?\n31) Who does open Demat account and can a bank it\n32) You have done MCA in 2011\u2026after that what you have done and why banking ?\n33) What is RDBMS?\n34) Name some RDBMS Software ?\n35) Is Oracle 9i the latest version of oracle?\n36) What is normalization ?\n37) Which N-form most use in normalization ?\n38) What is Bitcoin ?\n39) Who is telecommunication minister at centre?\n40) Can you tell us about the latest views of Supreme Court about Adhar Card ?\n41) What is a bank??\n42) As a bank employee what should we want to do for bank??\n43) How your field useful to bank??\n44) What is the problems at present public facing in the Public sector banks??\n45) What is your score??\n46) Will you serve in the bank upto the end??\n47) Who is the chairman of SBI??\n48) What is the full form of ATM??\n49) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0941\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n50) \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0940.\u091f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0917\u0947 ?\n51) \u0924\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 ?\n52) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n53) \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n54) \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f ?\n55) \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n56) \u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913?\n57) SBI \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 ?\n58) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091c\u0930\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?\n59) \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913 ?\n60) RTI \u0914\u0930 RTE \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 ?\n61) You have completed MCA now why you have chosen banking sector ?\n62) What is WWW?\n63) What is CRR and SLR\n64) What is Augusta Westland deal ?\n65) Who is the health minister of Delhi ?\n66) who is chief election commissioner of India ?\n67) What is your opinion about Arvind Kejriwal ?\n68) Do you think Arvind Kejriwal can change the face of Indian politics.\n69) Current Repo rate,bank rate,Reverse repo rate ?\n70) What have you done in your graduation?\n71) Tell me about your father\u2019s profession\n72) Who regulates insurance sector?\n73) Where is it\u2019s headquarter?\n74) Who regulates share market?\n75) Where is its HQ & who is chairman?\n76) What is difference between Primary & Secondary market?\n77) What is IPO?\n78) What is Follow up IPO? If IPO has already issued then what is the need of it?\n79) What is RBI?\n80) does it regulate cooperative banks also?\n81) Do u have any bank account?\n82) Who is head of SBI?\n83) Have you heard about CSR?\n84) Tell me 2 companies which are following CSR?\n85) Tell me 2 names of public & pvt banks who\u2019s head is a woman\n86) Earlier you said that RBI controls monetary policy, when govt. passes the budget then what is the need of monetary policy?\n87) What is reverse repo rate?\n88) Current reverse repo rate is?\n89) When RBI borrows from other banks, then money in market increases or decreases?\n90) What is LT, ST, MT\n91) After that Infrastructure Sector me kuan si financing hoti hai ST,LT\n92) Who is the CJI of India.\n93) Who is the CVC\n94) Who is the CIO\n95) Who is the Chief election Officer.\n96) What is the function of Financial Management.\n97) What is BEP..\n98) who control the working of banks & how\n99) What is current Bank Rate\n100) What are basic A/c Principals..\n101) Liability & assets side of Banks\n102) What is Sarfaesi act\n103) What is NPA\n104) What is the serious problem that the economy is facing\n105) What is cad\n106) How can u suit yourself in a bank\n107) Where u have worked?\n108) After MBA, why you want to join Bank, and how u are useful to us?\n109) Difference between Sales and Marketing?\n110) Types of customers?\n111) Difference between World Bank and IMF?\n112) Difference between money Market and Capital market?\n113) Last question regarding Bhartiya Mahila Bank?\n114) Which year you completed your B.com?\n115) favorite sub which i told account then they ask why loan and investment come in balance sheet?\n116) when i told them but said why it is shown under investment head then i said sorry i don\u2019t remember .\n117) What is fund flow ..\n118) What is your favorite chapter in account?\n119) What is opportunity cost. Absolute cost ..\n120) If you take loan from bank which side in balance sheet com ..\n121) What you know about banking?\n122) How rupees value getting depreciated?\n123) What are the measures to control depreciation .\n124) What types of crops in your region they grow commonly?\n125) What are your hobbies?\n126) What are todays headlines?\n127) Do you support AAP?\n128) Tell me what is CRR and how RBI uses this as a tool for various purposes?\n129) Name the Governor and deputy governor of RBI?\n130) What is black money?\n131) What is Monely laundering?\n132) What is KYC?\n133) What are the documents required for KYC?\n134) What is the objective of KYC Norms?\n135 ) About Aadhar & DBT Linkage\n136) Any twp qualities that should be there in a officer?\n137) Do you think you posses any of these qualities?\n138) Who regulates NABARD ?\n139) Whats is IPO?\n140) Whats the process of IPO?\n141) Private company can listed in market or not?\n142) What is Certificate of Incorporation and certificate of Commencement?\n143) Is both certificate necessary for both private and public sector companies?\n144) Who issue the certificates? \u2013 Replied ROC under MCA.\n145)Whats is ROC and MCA?\n146) Who sign the certificate?\n147) Why Indian Banks are not in top 20 in world?\n148) What is Book Value?\n149) Tell me specialty of Varanasi. (As the candidate was from Varanasi. The Original Question Should be, What is the specialty of your city?)\n150) What is inflation?\n151) What is CAR?\n\nSpecial Thanks to Satish Joshi (Asst. Manager) for collecting and compiling these questions and Siddarth Tiwari (Senior Manager) for sharing it wish us. Both of them works at UCO Bank.\n\n7 thoughts on \u201cIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers\n\n  1. how can an illiterate person use the ATM or card for money withdrawing?\n\n  2. I had my interview for PO III on 7th Jan and they asked me from where do RBI get money to finance State and Central Government ,, I count answer properly can anybody explain about it ?\n\n\n  3. in the form of CRR & SLR RBi help central govt to get funds..\n\n  4. Ruchir Maheshwari says:\n\n    rbi can get money by printing notes\u2026.if necessary\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative \n    Watch this space...\n\nRecent content by dunno04\n\n  1. dunno04\n\n    Post your 2006 UAI here!\n\n    Lol SAM is so right SAM: 94.45 UAI: 94.45 OMG...the same!!! =D\n  2. dunno04\n\n    Post your 2006 HSC results here!\n\n    chem: 86 eng ESL: 85 physics: 86 Sdd: 81 maths (2U): 94 Maths (3U): 46/50 UAI: 94.45 I'm Pretty HAppy =D\n  3. dunno04\n\n    how is sdd ?\n\n    itz mostly independent work Teacher can not teach SDD all you need is to learn is yourself =D\n  4. dunno04\n\n    End of HSC Chemistry-glad or sad?\n\n    yeah... mixed feelings i guess... But mostly glad\n  5. dunno04\n\n    Hsc Harder This Year\n\n    Not that chem is ur only subject... Or is it?\n  6. dunno04\n\n    Hard Or Easy?\n\n    well... i guess But the fact i got 7 days to study, and finish 12 past year catholic and independent paper...i feel confident, where most question are similar haha =D\n  7. dunno04\n\n    How did you find the difficulty?\n\n    easy That's it ANd i've finished it!\n  8. dunno04\n\n    Hsc Harder This Year\n\n    Re: Hsc Easier This Year harder? I dun feel that i reckon the catholic and independent paper is hard\n  9. dunno04\n\n    End of HSC Chemistry-glad or sad?\n\n    y sad... Life goes on! Be happy man. Now we have finished HSC!!\n  10. dunno04\n\n    How Early Did You Finish\n\n    I have 30min extra!! yay!\n  11. dunno04\n\n    EDTA question.\n\n    The solution is too concentrated therefore it is not that accurate\n  12. dunno04\n\n    Mc Q14: Aas\n\n    It C Remove the second value from the average. Because the difference is too much Therefore itz C\n  13. dunno04\n\n    Hard Or Easy?\n\n    Lol Easy! Finish HSC yay\n  14. dunno04\n\n    Chemistry - general thoughts on the exam\n\n    It is easy. I got 30min to check Thank god!! Now..NO more test!!\n  15. dunno04\n\n    Is Chemistry your last exam? (merged)\n\n    Lol.. it feels Great to finish!!! xD
+__label__negative Speaker FAQ's\n\nCareer Success Conference\n\nWhat is the CSC?\n\nThe Career Success Conference (CSC) is a networking event designed to allow business and industry leaders to share their experiences and wisdom with today\u2019s students. More specifically, the conference is designed to help students build the personal and professional capacities necessary for career success. \u00a0Our theme this year is Hindsight is 20/20.\n\nFor more information about the conference visit our website.\n\n\nWhere is the CSC held?\n\nThe Career Success Conference is held on the campus of The University of Texas at Tyler.\n\nWho is the Career Success Conference audience?\n\nThe audience for the Career Success Conference includes students from more than 80 undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degree programs.\n\nWhat is the conference schedule?\n\n\nRegistration/Check-in 8:30am \u2013 2:00pm Soules College of Business\nNetworking Breakfast 9:00am \u2013 10:15am Soules College of Business\nSession 1 10:45am \u2013 12:00pm Multiple Campus Locations\nNetworking Lunch 12:15pm \u2013 1:15pm Herrington Patriot Center Gym\nSession 2 1:30pm \u2013 2:45pm Multiple Campus Locations\nCareer Fair/Reception 3:00pm \u2013 6:00pm Herrington Patriot Center Gym\n\n*Schedule is subject to change.\n\nWhat is the session format?\n\nThe duration of each conference session is 1 hour and 15 minutes. Concurrent breakout sessions will be taking place during these times. Breakout sessions will have 2-4 speakers.\u00a0\u00a0Speakers will be paired with others from like industries or with similar presentation topics.\u00a0\u00a0Each speaker should plan on speaking/presenting for approximately 15-20 minutes.\u00a0\u00a0The breakout session length allows for a brief introduction by the session moderator, the presentation and a question and answer period. Speakers are asked to present during at least 2 conference sessions.\n\nWhat amenities are available to conference speakers?\n\nValet parking\u00a0\u2013 Valet parking is provided from 7:30 am \u2013 9:00 pm at the Cowan Center main entrance.\n\nShuttle Service\u00a0\u2013 Golf carts will be available to all conference speakers to transport them from session to session and throughout campus.\n\nSpeaker Lounge\u00a0\u2013 Locations: University Center Ballroom and Soules College of Business Dean\u2019s Suite\n\nAvailable:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 10:15 AM-11:30 AM\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1:15 PM-2:30 PM\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2:45 PM-5:30 PM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nMeals Provided: Breakfast, Lunch and Evening Reception\n\nSpeaker Timeline\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Speaker Confirmation Deadline \u2013 June 30, 2020 \u2013 Speakers will confirm their participation in the Career Success Conference by uploading their personal information, bio, company logo, and headshot via the link below.\n\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Presentation Deadline \u2013 June 30, 2020 \u2013 Speakers will upload their conference presentations via the link below.\n\n\nc.\u00a0 \u00a0 It is recommended that all speakers use the PowerPoint template provided here.\n\n\nWhat is the focus of my presentation?\n\nSpeakers are asked to share their story of career success.\u00a0 Speakers may also want to share personal successes that may have contributed to advancing their careers.\n\nExamples of past presentation titles:\n\nHow to Find Your First Job and Rock It!\nHealthy Habits for Career Advancement: Ten Steps to Professional and Personal Development\nLand Your Dream Job & Love It Forever\nIntegrity: A Diamond in the Rough\nCommon Knowledge: It\u2019s Not So Common After All\nAdaptability: The \u201cX\u201d Factor\nBecome a Millionaire Regardless of Your Major or Career Path\nCareer Curveball Changes\nBranding YOU\nBusiness of Baseball, How Major League Baseball prepared me for the Business World\nThe Race to Succeed \u2013 Your Career is a Marathon, not a Sprint\n\nWhat if my presentation includes handouts?\n\nDue to the large number of student attendees, speakers would need to provide their own handouts.\u00a0 Number of handouts required can be supplied upon request closer to the day of the event.\u00a0 You can contact the Office of Career Success for that information 903.565.5862.\n\nWhat is the presenter responsible for?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transportation to and from venue\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Accommodations (reduced accommodation rates available)\u00a0See link below for more information.\n\n\nIs there a conference app?\n\nYes. You can download the conference app \u2018UT Tyler Career Success\u2019 in the App Store or Google Play.\n\nAre there Conference sponsorship opportunities?\n\nIf you or your organization/company would like to sponsor the 2020 Career Success Conference, there are a number of opportunities available.\u00a0 You can find more information at https://www.uttyler.edu/advancement/csc-sponsors.php\n\nWhat is the deadline to secure a Conference sponsorship? June 1, 2020\n\nWho do I contact if I have questions about the Career Success Conference?\n\nConference Questions:\u00a0careersuccessconference@uttyler.edu\n\nPhone: 903.565.5862
+__label__negative From ArchWiki\nRevision as of 20:10, 23 July 2005 by Dlanor (talk | contribs) (Resources:)\nJump to: navigation, search\n\n\nPostfix How To: Standalone mail server with webmail only.\n\nby CacTus\n\nWhat is postfix?\n\nWell, I think the postfix website gives a good enough definition for our purposes.\n\ninside is completely different.\"\n\n\nThe goal of this how to is to setup postfix for virtual mailbox delivery only. There will be no delivery to user accounts on the box (/etc/passwd). Further, access will only be available via a web mail frontend (squirrelmail), no direct pop3 or imap access will be granted. It should be fairly easy to allow those additional features given the information below, but it is not within the scope of this document.\n\nRequired packages:\n\n  \u2022 postfix (compiled for mysql support)\n  \u2022 courier-imap\n  \u2022 squirrelmail\n  \u2022 mysql\n  \u2022 apache\n  \u2022 ssl\n\n\nPostfix Installation\n\nStep 1: Install Postfix\n\n[[root@computer]]$ pacman -Sy postfix\n\n\nMake sure that the following shows up in /etc/passwd\n\n\nMake sure that the following shows up in /etc/group\n\n\nNote: Postfix can be made to run in a chroot. This document does not currently cover this. Might be added later.\n\nPostfix Configuration\n\nStep 1: Ensure DNS setup\n\nFor mail delivery on the internet, your dns must be correct. An MX record should point to the mail host. It should be noted that some mail servers will not deliver mail to you if your MX record points to a CNAME. For best results, always point an MX record to an A record definition. More info about DNS and records, is beyond the scope of this document.\n\nStep 2: /etc/postfix/\n\nI don't pretend to fully understand this file yet. More info on this to come. I am studying. wink\n\nStep 3: /etc/postfix/\n\nStep 3.1 myhostname\n\n\nmyhostname =\n\n\nStep 3.2 mydomain\n\n\nmydomain =\n\nStep 3.3 myorigin\n\n\nmyorigin = $mydomain\n\nStep 3.4 mydestination\n\n\nmydestination = localhost\n\nStep 3.5 mynetworks and mynetwork_style\n\n\nmynetwork_style = host\n\nStep 3.6 relaydomains\n\n\nrelaydomains = $mydestination\n\nStep 3.7 home_mailbox\n\nThis setting controls how mail is stored for the users. Set this to \\\"Maildir/\\\", as courier IMAP requires Maildir style mail storage. This is a good thing. Maildir format mailboxes remove the possible race conditions that can occur with old style mbox formats. No more need to deal with file locking. The '/' at the end is REQUIRED.\n\nhome_mailbox = Maildir/\n\nStep 3.8 virtual_mail\n\n\nvirtual''mailbox''domains = virtualdomain.tld\nvirtual''alias''maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual''alias, mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql''\nvirtual''mailbox''domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql''virtual''\nvirtual''mailbox''maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql''virtual''\nvirtual''mailbox''base = /home/vmailer\nvirtual''uid''maps = static:5003\nvirtual''gid''maps = static:5003\nvirtual''minimum''uid = 5003\nvirtual''mailbox''limit = 51200000\n\nvirtualmailboxdomains is a list of the domains that you want to receive mail for. This CANNOT be the same thing that is listed in mydestination. That is why we left mydestination to be localhost only. virtualmailboxmaps will contain the info about the virtual users and their mailbox locations. We are using a hash file to store the more permanent maps, and these will override the forwards in the mysql database.\n\nvirtualmailboxbase is the base dir where the virtual mailboxes will be stored. The gid and uid maps are the real system user account that the virtual mail will be owned by. This is for storage purposes. Since we will be using a web interface, and don't want people accessing this by any other means, we will be creating this account later with no login access. Virtualmailboxlimit controls the size of the mailbox. I don't know how well this works yet. I have set the size above to about 50MB.\n\nStep 4. /etc/postfix/aliases\n\n\nroot: cactus\n\n\npostalias /etc/postfix/aliases\n\nStep 5. /etc/postfix/virtual_alias\n\nCreate /etc/postfix/virtual_alias with the following contents\n\nMAILER-DAEMON:  postmaster\npostmaster:     root\n\n# General redirections for pseudo accounts\nbin:            root\ndaemon:         root\nnamed:          root\nnobody:         root\nuucp:           root\nwww:            root\nftp-bugs:       root\npostfix:        root\n\n# Put your local aliases here.\n\n# Well-known aliases\nmanager:        root\ndumper:         root\noperator:       root\nabuse:          postmaster\n\n# trap decode to catch security attacks\ndecode:         root\n\nroot:           cactus@virtualdomain.tld\n\nThen run the postalias command on it.\n\npostalias /etc/postfix/virtual_alias\n\nStep 6.\n\n\nuser = postfixuser\npassword = XXXXXXXXXX\nhosts = localhost\ndbname = postfix\ntable = domains\nselect_field = 'virtual'\nwhere_field = domain\n\nStep 7.\n\n\nuser = postfixuser\npassword = XXXXXXXXXX\nhosts = localhost\ndbname = postfix\ntable = users\nwhere_field = email\n\nStep 8.\n\n\nuser = postfixuser\npassword = XXXXXXXXXX\nhosts = localhost\ndbname = postfix\ntable = forwardings\nselect_field = destination\nwhere_field = source\n\nStep 9. postfix check\n\n\nStep 10. /etc/rc.conf\n\n\n\nStep 11. newuser\n\nWe need to create the user for storing the virtual mail. Create a vmialuser as follows:\n\ngroupadd -g 5003 vmail\nmkdir /home/vmailer\nchown vmailuser.vmail /home/vmailer\nchmod -R 750 /home/vmailer\npasswd vmailer\n\n\nMysql configuration\n\nStep 1. Create a mysql table\n\nCreate mysql table called \\\"postfix\\\", or something similar.\n\nStep 2. Create a mysql user\n\n\nStep 3. Setup table structure.\n\nImport the following table structure.\n\nCREATE TABLE `domains` (\n  PRIMARY KEY  (`domain`),\n  UNIQUE KEY `domain` (`domain`)\n) ENGINE<code>MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET</code>latin1;\n\nCREATE TABLE `forwardings` (\n  `destination` text NOT NULL,\n  PRIMARY KEY  (`source`)\n\nCREATE TABLE `users` (\n  UNIQUE KEY `email` (`email`)\n\nStep 4. Add a domain.\n\nINSERT INTO `domains` VALUES ('virtualdomain.tld');\n\nStep 5. Add a user.\n\nINSERT INTO `users` VALUES ('cactus@virtualdomain.tld', 'secret', '20971520', 'virtualdomain.tld');\n\nThe above creates the user and sets a password as secret. Unfortunately, I have unable to get imap to use a hashed or crypted password here.\n\nTest Postfix\n\nStep 1: Start postfix\n\n/etc/rc.d/postfix start\n\nStep 1: Test postfix\n\n\ntelnet servername 25\nmail from:<>\nrcpt to:<cactus@virtualdomain.tld>\nThis is a test email.\n\nnow type the following:\n\nfind /home/vmailuser\n\nyou should see something like the following:\n\n\n\nCourier IMAP Installation\n\nStep 1: Install Courier IMAP\n\npacman -Sy courier-imap courier-imap-mysql\n\nConfigure Courier IMAP\n\nStep 1: /etc/courier-imap/imapd\n\n\n\nStep 2: /etc/courier-imap/authdaemonrc\n\n\nStep 3: /etc/courier-imap/authmysqlrc\n\nMYSQL_SERVER            localhost\nMYSQL_USERNAME          dbuser\nMYSQL_PASSWORD          secretpass!\nMYSQL_SOCKET            /tmp/mysql.sock\nMYSQL_DATABASE          dbname\nMYSQL''USER''TABLE        users\nMYSQL''CLEAR''PWFIELD     password\nMYSQL''UID''FIELD         '5003'\nMYSQL''GID''FIELD         '5003'\nMYSQL''LOGIN''FIELD       email\nMYSQL''HOME''FIELD        \\\"/home/vmailer\\\"\nMYSQL''MAILDIR''FIELD     concat(domain,'/',email,'/')\nMYSQL''QUOTA''FIELD       quota\n\nStep 6: /etc/conf.d/courier-imap\n\nFirst start the courier-imap daemon then stop it right away. I don't know exactly what this does (if, but I have attempted the following step without having fulfilled that precondition and it borked on me. shrug A quick\n\n/etc/rc.d/courier-imap start\n/etc/rc.d/courier-imap stop\n\n\n#CI_DAEMONS=\\\"imapd pop3d imapd-ssl pop3d-ssl\\\"\n\nStep 7: Add courier-imap to rc.conf\n\nDAEMONS=(syslog-ng hotplug\u00a0!pcmcia iptables network netfs crond sshd mysqld postfix courier-imap httpd)\n\n\nStep 8: Fam and portmap\n\nCourier-imap for arch comes compiled with FAM. This means portmap is also required. If portmap is not already installed:\n\npacman -Sy portmap\n\nThen add the following to /etc/hosts.allow\n\nportmap:localhost 127.0.\n\nNow edit /etc/fam/fam.conf\n\nlocal_only = true\nidle_timeout = 0\n\nMake sure the two above values are set.\n\nNow add portmap and fam to the daemons list in /etc/rc.conf\n\nDAEMONS=(syslog-ng hotplug\u00a0!pcmcia iptables network netfs crond sshd mysqld postfix portmap fam\ncourier-imap httpd)\n\nMake sure that portmap starts after network, but before fam, and fam starts before courier. Now start them.\n\n/etc/rc.d/portmap start\n/etc/rc.d/fam start\n\nStep 9: Start courier imap\n\n/etc/rc.d/courier-imap start\n\ncheck /var/log/mail.log for any errors.\n\nStep 10: Test courier..\n\nLets see if courier is working:\n\ntelnet localhost imap\nConnected to localhost.localdomain.\nEscape character is '^]'.\n\nA LOGIN \\\"cactus@virtualdomain.tld\\\" \\\"password\\\"\n\nB SELECT \\\"Inbox\\\"\n* OK [[UIDVALIDITY 1026858715]] Ok\n\n* BYE Courier-IMAP server shutting down\nZ OK LOGOUT completed\nConnection closed by foreign host.\n\nSquirrelmail Installation\n\nStep 1: Install Squirrelmail\n\nYou can either download it from the squirrelmail website, or you can use the one packaged in the repos.\n\npacman -Sy squirrelmail\n\nConfigure Squirrelmail\n\nStep 1: Create secure http site (https)\n\n\nStep 1.1: Edit /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.conf\n\nAdd appropriate information. Here is an example section:\n\n<VirtualHost ''default'':443>\n#  General setup for the virtual host\nDocumentRoot \\\"/home/httpd/site.virtual/virtualdomain.tld/html\\\"\nServerName virtualdomain.tld:443\nServerAdmin noemailonthisbox@localhost\n<Directory \\\"/home/httpd/site.virtual/virtualdomain.tld/html\\\">\n    Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks\n    AllowOverride Options Indexes AuthConfig\n    Order allow,deny\n    Allow from all\n\nStep 1.2: Create the directory structure\n\nNow, create the directory you specified in the ssl.conf file.\n\n\nStep 1.3: Generate a certificate\n\nFollow the instructions in the /etc/httpd/conf/mod_ssl.txt file.\n\nStep 1.4: Restart apache and test\n\n\nStep 2: Put squirrelmail in the directory you created\n\n\nStep 3: Run squirrelmail config utility\n\ncd 'squirrelmaildir'/config\n\n\n\nStep 4: Test the squirrelmail setup\n\n\n\n\nYou can find postfix compiled with mysql support located Here\n\nWikiMigration--dlanor 16:10, 23 Jul 2005 (EDT)
+__label__negative By Kate Charlesworth\n\nWhat is time? How did it start, and the place will it finish? Is time shuttle attainable? How does the universe extend, and the place do black holes come from? Junior bird and Alexis, the Quantum Cat, learn those and different remarkable strategies, explaining the substance of Stephen Hawking's A short background of Time in phrases that \"even a poultry can understand.\" This funny photograph novel\u2013style exploration of cosmology and quantum physics\u00a0will amuse and enlighten curious people of all ages.\nAuthor John Gribbin obtained his PhD in astrophysics from the collage of Cambridge and has written greater than a hundred and twenty renowned technology books, lots of them technological know-how fiction. He swears on Einstein's socks that each observe during this book\u00a0\u2014 brilliant because it turns out \u2014 is right. Artist Kate Charlesworth's broad and various profession in representation incorporates a comic strip strip for New Scientist, \"Life, the Universe and (Almost) Everything.\"\n\nShow description\n\nPreview of The Cartoon History of Time PDF\n\nBest Physics books\n\n\nISBN: 0072291524\nAuthor: Thomas Moore\nPages: 308 in PDF\nPublisher: McGraw-Hill schooling; 2 edition\nDate: June four, 2002\n\nSIX principles THAT formed PHYSICS is the twenty first Century's substitute to conventional, encyclopedic textbooks. Thomas Moore designed SIX rules to educate scholars: --to observe uncomplicated actual rules to real looking events --to resolve sensible difficulties --to get to the bottom of contradictions among their preconceptions and the legislation of physics --to set up the guidelines of physics into an built-in hierarchy\n\nLight and Video Microscopy\n\nThe aim of this ebook is to supply the main accomplished, easy-to-use, and informative advisor on gentle microscopy. gentle and Video Microscopy will organize the reader for the actual interpretation of a picture and figuring out of the residing mobilephone. With the presentation of geometrical optics, it is going to support the reader in figuring out snapshot formation and light-weight stream in the microscope.\n\nQuantum Mechanics: An Empiricist View (Clarendon Paperbacks)\n\nAfter introducing the empiricist standpoint in philosophy of technology, and the techniques and strategies of the semantic method of clinical theories, van Fraassen discusses quantum concept in 3 levels. He first examines the query of no matter if and the way empirical phenomena require a non-classical conception, and what kind of concept they require.\n\nA Student's Guide to Einstein's Major Papers\n\nOur figuring out of the actual universe underwent a revolution within the early 20th century - evolving from the classical physics of Newton, Galileo, and Maxwell to the fashionable physics of relativity and quantum mechanics. The dominant determine during this progressive swap was once Albert Einstein. in one 12 months, 1905, Einstein produced leap forward works in 3 parts of physics: at the dimension and the consequences of atoms; at the quantization of the electromagnetic box; and at the distinct concept of relativity.\n\nAdditional resources for The Cartoon History of Time\n\nShow sample text content\n\nLove this bit. . . you will have used the solar. . . cruelty to dumb animals! Har har har! What approximately it? ? it approximately what or move bald. . . Sigh. . . I instructed you now not jump the web. . . anyone isn\u2019t utilizing. . . Gravity! four We\u2019re going to need to figure out a unique procedure for birthdays. . . Yeah- part an hour,& the projector\u2019s nonetheless no longer been mounted. . . \u2018Life is- simply awaiting your projector to be mounted. . . \u2019 How can my own movie be displaying itself all even as? glance! facts! that point wasn\u2019t there earlier than! . . . & I\u2019ve obvious this one sooner than. . . the easiest facts is fit to be eaten facts. . . five might I disregard? look ahead to it! take into consideration how we glibly say \u2018reverse the movement of each atom simul- taneously. . . \u2019 We do? to appreciate, we have to comprehend precisely the place each atom is. . . . . . & precisely the place, & hoe quick, it\u2019s going- it\u2019s place & momentum. . . yet Quantum physics says this is often most unlikely! 6 Er Ja! Get on it. . . Gulp. . . good, that\u2019s precise for my within leg. . . actual yet beside the point! & that is going for Quantum degree- ment! Impossible?! It\u2019s opposed to the legislation of nature! not anything is robust adequate! To opposite movement, we'd first need to understand the location & momen- tum of every particle- -& this isn't accepted! Even a field of fuel- the proper instance of thermo- dynamics at paintings seriously is not reversible! Even the collision among 2 unmarried atoms isn't really completely reversible- this can be a basic of nature! -ALEXIS? Um.. erm. . . correct! UNCERTAINITY! \u2018Irreversibility\u2019, says prigogine triumphantly, \u2018 is both real on all degrees or none. It can't energe as though by means of a miracle, via going from one point to a different. . . \u2019 7 Why is it darkish at evening? as the solar shines at the different aspect of the Earth. . . What concerning the stars, then? Why is the Universe huge, dark,empty & chilly? -with just a couple of lighting twinkling within the gloom? Sh bloody darkish glance- I suggest if the universe is countless, & choked with stars. . . . . . then \u2013 each element at the sky will be lined by means of a celebrity. . . hi there! I\u2019m getting cosmic micro- wave again- flooring! I can\u2019t see the wooden for the shortcoming of timber. . . That doesn\u2019t paintings simply because an unlimited variety of very faint stars nonetheless makes the entire sky brilliant. . . Infinity is especially tremendous. . . Halley was once very silly. . . eight i think a piece faint. . . this can be the tender of factor I lie conscious & fear approximately. . . . . . should you do the calculation safely, it seems that if the universe is limitless& unchanging, then the entire sky could be as vivid because the sunlight. . . . . . essentially simply because everyline of sight ends at the floor of the superstar. . . good, why isn\u2019t it? the major notice is \u2018un- altering\u2019 glance simply inform me whatever comforting. . . convinced If there have been no stars in lifestyles sooner than, say, 50000 years in the past. . . convinced . . . then no mild from any zone of the universe greater than 50000 mild years away. . . . . . may have reached us but! That\u2019s it?! Newton pointed out it in his opticks. . . inebriated, eh? released in 1704 on the time, the church taught that the universe were created in 4004 BC. . . What approximately fossils, then? Sod off! a few of us have gotta hunt! a few idea there has been a couple of production \u2013 God acquired it correct with one.\n\nDownload PDF sample\n\nRated 4.76 of 5 \u2013 based on 46 votes
+__label__negative Chapter 17\nis \ufb02 accid. During sexual excitation, the small arteries dilate,\nblood \ufb02 ow increases, the three vascular compartments become\nengorged with blood at high pressure, and the penis becomes\nrigid (\n). The vascular dilation is initiated by neural\ninput to the small arteries of the penis. As the vascular com-\npartments expand, the veins emptying them are passively com-\npressed, furthur increasing the local pressure, thus contributing\nto the engorgement while blood \ufb02 ow remains elevated. This\nentire process occurs rapidly with complete erection sometimes\ntaking only 5 to 10 s.\nWhat are the neural inputs to the small arteries of the\npenis? At rest, the dominant input is from sympathetic neu-\nrons that release norepinephrine, which causes the arterial\nsmooth muscle to contract. During erection this sympathetic\ninput is inhibited. Much more important is the activation of\nnonadrenergic, noncholinergic autonomic neurons to the\narteries (\nFigure 17\u201310\n). These neurons and associated endo-\nthelial cells release\nnitric oxide,\nwhich relaxes the arterial\nsmooth muscle.\nWhich receptors and afferent pathways initiate these\nre\ufb02 exes? The primary stimulus comes from mechano-receptors\nin the genital region, particularly in the head of the penis. The\nafferent \ufb01 bers carrying the impulses synapse in the lower spi-\nnal cord on interneurons that control the efferent out\ufb02 ow.\nIt must be stressed, however, that higher brain centers,\nvia descending pathways, may also exert profound stimulatory\nor inhibitory effects upon the autonomic neurons to the small\narteries of the penis. Thus, mechanical stimuli from areas\nother than the penis, as well as thoughts, emotions, sights,\nand odors, can induce erection in the complete absence of\npenile stimulation (or prevent erection even though stimula-\ntion is present).\nErectile dysfunction\n(also termed impotence) is the\nconsistent inability to achieve or sustain an erection of suf\ufb01 -\ncient rigidity for sexual intercourse, and is a common problem.\nAlthough it can be mild to moderate in degree, complete erec-\ntile dysfunction is present in as many as 10 percent of adult\nAmerican males between the ages of 40 and 70. During this\nperiod of life, its rate almost doubles. The organic causes are\nmultiple and include damage to or malfunction of the efferent\nnerves or descending pathways, endocrine disorders, various\ntherapeutic and \u201crecreational\u201d drugs (e.g., alcohol), and certain\ndiseases, particularly diabetes mellitus. Erectile dysfunction\ncan also be due to psychological factors (such as depression),\nwhich are mediated by the brain and the descending pathways.\nThere are now a group of orally active\ntype 5\nincluding sildena\ufb01 l (\n), var-\ndena\ufb01 l (\n), and tadala\ufb01 l (\n) that greatly improve\nthe ability of many men with erectile dysfunction to achieve\nand maintain an erection. The most important event leading\nto erection is the dilation of penile arteries by nitric oxide,\nreleased from autonomic neurons. Nitric oxide stimulates the\nenzyme guanylyl cyclase, which catalyzes the formation of\ncyclic GMP, as described in Chapter 5. This second messen-\nger then continues the signal transduction pathway leading to\nthe relaxation of the arterial smooth muscle. The sequence of\nevents is terminated by an enzyme-dependent breakdown of\ncGMP. PDE5 inhibitors block the action of this enzyme and\nthereby permit a higher concentration of cGMP to exist.\nThe discharge of semen from the penis, called\nprimarily a spinal re\ufb02\nex mediated by afferent pathways from\npenile mechanoreceptors. When the level of stimulation is high\nenough, a patterned sequence of discharge of the efferent\nneurons ensues. This sequence can be divided into two\nphases: (1) the smooth muscles of the epididymis, vas defer-\nens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, and seminal vesicles contract as a\nresult of sympathetic nerve stimulation, emptying the sperm and\nglandular secretions into the urethra (\n); and (2) the\nsemen, with an average volume of 3 ml and containing 300 mil-\nlion sperm, is then expelled from the urethra by a series of rapid\ncontractions of the urethral smooth muscle as well as the skeletal\nmuscle at the base of the penis. During ejaculation, the sphincter\nat the base of the urinary bladder is closed so that sperm cannot\nenter the bladder, nor can urine be expelled from it. Note that\nerection involves inhibition of sympathetic nerves (to the small\narteries of the penis), while ejaculation involves stimulation of\nsympathetic nerves (to the smooth muscles of the duct system).\nThe rhythmical muscular contractions that occur during\nejaculation are associated with intense pleasure and many sys-\ntemic physiological changes, collectively termed an\nMarked skeletal muscle contractions occur throughout the body,\nand there is a transient increase in heart rate and blood pressure.\nOnce ejaculation has occurred, there is a latent period\nduring which a second erection is not possible. The latent\nperiod is quite variable but may last from minutes to hours.\nAs is true of erectile dysfunction,\npremature ejacula-\nor failure to ejaculate can be the result of in\ufb02 uence by\nhigher brain centers.\nNeurons to penis\nActivity of neurons that release nitric oxide\nActivity of sympathetic neurons\nCompression of veins\nDescending CNS\npathways triggered by\nthoughts, emotions, and\nsensory inputs such as\nsight and smell\nInput from penis\nDilation of arteries\nFigure 17\u201310\nRe\ufb02 ex pathways for erection. Nitric oxide, a vasodilator, is the most\nimportant neurotransmitter to the arteries in this re\ufb02 ex.\nprevious page 638 Vander's Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function read online next page 640 Vander's Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function read online Home Toggle text on/off
+__label__negative Skip Ribbon Commands\nSkip to main content\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\nSemester and Academic Year Study Abroad FAQ\n\n\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe Basics\n\nWhat is the role of the Center for International Studies?\n\nWhen can I study abroad?\n\nAre there any majors that won\u2019t allow me to study abroad?\n\nWhere can I study abroad?\n\n\nWhat is a study abroad program provider and what do they do?\n\nDo I need a passport to study abroad?\n\nDo I need a visa to study abroad?\n\nWill my cell phone work abroad?\n\nWhat is my status at PC when I study abroad?\n\nCan't I just take a leave of absence and get transfer credit when I come back from studying abroad?\n\nHow can I meet with a study abroad advisor?\n\n\nWhat is the application process?\n\nWhen do I apply for PC approval to study abroad?\n\nCan I submit an application for PC approval if I do not currently meet the GPA requirement?\n\nHow many programs may I select?\n\nWhat if I change my mind about where I want to go?\n\nDoes applying for study abroad commit me to participating?\n\nWhat is the application fee?\n\nWhen do I apply for acceptance into my program?\n\nHow do I request my PC transcript?\n\nTo whom should I send the home school nomination or approval form that is part of my program application?\n\n\nWhat does study abroad cost?\n\nDo I need to pay the program deposit?\n\nDoes my financial aid go with me?\n\nWhat about tuition exchange students?\u200b\n\nAre there any scholarship options for study abroad?\n\nHow expensive is it to live in my host country?\n\nHow will I access my money while abroad?\n\n\nWhat types of courses can I take when I study abroad?\n\nHow do I choose my study abroad courses? When will I know if my courses will count at PC?\n\nWhat if I can\u2019t obtain a syllabus before I arrive abroad or I choose a new course that is not approved yet?\n\nHow many classes will I take on my program?\n\nWill I receive credit for the courses I take abroad?\n\nWhat happens if I take a repeat class?\n\nWill my study abroad grades be factored into my GPA?\n\nWhat is the Pass/Fail policy?\n\nCan I purchase my textbooks abroad? What about school supplies?\n\nHow do I register for my PC courses while I am abroad?\n\nHow long does it take for my study abroad courses to be posted to Cyberfriar?\n\n\nI will be spending one semester abroad. What are my PC housing options during the semester I will be on campus?\n\nWhere will I live when I study abroad?\n\nWill living with a host family restrict my freedom?\n\nAre meals included in my housing?\n\nHow will I do laundry?\n\nDo I need to bring cooking supplies, linens, and towels?\n\nWill I have internet access?\n\nHealth and Safety\n\nWhat if I get sick while I am abroad?\n\nWill I be safe
+__label__negative Harry Evans \"ELECTING A PRESIDENT - the elite versus the public *\"\n\nPapers on Parliament No. 26\nAugust 1995\n\nPrev | Contents | Next\n\nThe apparent gulf between the opinion-leading elite and the general public on the question of selecting a new head of state now bulks large in the controversy about Australia dispensing with the monarchy. The elite orthodoxy is that an appointed president is necessary to avoid great damage to the system of government, and that an elected president would be disastrous for that system. How can the majority of the public be so stupid that they apparently do not see this self-evident truth (self-evident because so many important people find it so)?\n\nPerhaps in this circumstance the question should be asked whether it is the populace who are so obtuse, or whether there are matters to which the elite are stubbornly blind. Such a situation would not be unprecedented. On a sober consideration of the matter, there are good grounds for concluding that the orthodoxy of the important people is irrational while the apparent instinctive reaction of the majority of the public is well founded.\n\nThe elite view may be summarised as follows: the powers of the appointed Governor-General are constitutionally very great but are restrained by conventions attaching to the Crown; in the absence of the Crown and with an elected president, constitutional restraints on those powers would have to be provided. In other words, an appointed president may possess the powers, but an elected president should not.\n\nThis thesis is actually a reversal of the constitutional principle arising from, and demonstrated by, western constitutional history. That principle is that extensive powers require election, and appointed bodies can have only limited powers. The House of Lords had its powers taken away because of its hereditary and appointed character; the United States Senate was changed from an appointed to an elected House because it possesses great constitutional powers; the French presidency under the 1958 constitution was soon changed from an appointed to an elected office. If the current powers of the Governor-General are to be retained, this would strongly suggest that a president must be elected; if a president is to be appointed this would point to restricted powers for the office. The majority of the public probably instinctively understand this, and the more the opinion-formers dwell on the great powers of the office, the more the public are likely to insist on election.\n\nThe elite view is that an appointed president best approximates the existing system of an appointed Governor-General, and an elected president would involve a significant change to the system, particularly by giving a president an independent public mandate. Again, this orthodoxy reverses the actual constitutional situation. It is assumed that the Governor-General in practice is hired and fired by the Prime Minister, but no Prime Minister has yet sacked a Governor-General. The latter theoretically represents the Crown, and in practice it could be politically more difficult to fire a Governor-General than to fire an appointed president. The Crown is constituted independently of the Parliament; the monarch\u2019s tenure of office is not dependent on the Houses. He or she has a separate line of political credit, as it were, with the public. Therefore an elected president, with an independent mandate, would most closely approximate the existing constitutional arrangement.\n\nThe general public may have an instinctive understanding of this principle also, because they perceive, quite correctly, that the Governor-General is a kind of umpire in the political process in which the politicians are the players. An umpire should not be appointed by the players, but should be independent of them and accountable to the wider society.\n\nThe importance of the head of state\u2019s role as an umpire, and the necessity of independence from the politicians, can be supported by reference to many past cases involving vice-regal representatives. A recent Australian example is provided by the situation arising as a result of the Tasmanian state election of 1989. The government of Mr Gray did not retain its majority in the House of Assembly, which expressed lack of confidence in him, but no other party won a majority. Mr Gray advised the Governor, Sir Phillip Bennett, to grant another dissolution and general election. The Leader of the Opposition, Mr Field, wanted the Governor to appoint him as Premier to form a Labor government with Green support. The Governor did not do what either major party required. He insisted that Mr Field provide clear evidence of his ability to form a government. When this was forthcoming, in the shape of a coalition agreement between the Labor and Green parties, the Governor refused to grant a dissolution to Mr Gray and required that he resign as Premier to allow the appointment of Mr Field. Neither political leader was pleased with the actions of the Governor, Mr Gray because he lost office and Mr Field because his premiership was burdened by the written coalition agreement with the Greens. The Governor was no doubt fortified in his interpretation and application of the principles of responsible government by his status as the representative of the Crown and by the conventions attaching to that status. Whether a president appointed by, and removable by, the major political parties, an umpire selected by the players, would be similarly fortified by that method of selection is questionable.\n\nThe orthodoxy maintains, however, that an election for a president is bound to produce a party politician, who would be unsuited for an umpire\u2019s role. There are two unfounded assumptions in this claim. There is no certainty that the electorate would vote for major party politicians in a presidential election with the same resignation as they vote in parliamentary elections. They may well take the opportunity to return a non-politician. The parties may be clever enough to nominate non-party candidates to take advantage of this inclination. Both of these phenomena have occurred in other countries with elected presidents. Even if a party politician is elected, however, it cannot be assumed that he or she will behave in the same way as party members in a parliament. A distinct, one-person office is different from a parliamentary team situation. Elected presidents in other countries have a way of asserting their independence of their parties. In any case, a party politician may perform an umpire's role better than a harmless nonentity agreed upon by the major parliamentary parties; former players, not selected by the players, may make the best umpires.\n\nAn orthodox argument frequently heard is that a president must not be in a position to challenge the prime minister', which a president with an electoral mandate may do. Presumably this means that a president should not exercise the powers of the office other than in accordance with prime ministerial advice. The conventions of responsible govemment attaching to the Crown and the office of Governor-General, however, require that in some circumstances the powers of the office be exercised contrary to that advice. The duty of a Govemor-General is to ensure that a government is constituted which has the support of the lower house or a reasonable prospect of obtaining that support. This duty may involve rejecting the advice of the Prime Minister. The Tasmanian case provides one instance of this. So u-hat must be meant by this argurnent is that a president must observe the conventions. There is no reason to suppose that an elected president would be more likely to depart from the conventions than an appointed president. The reverse could equally be assumed. In either case a president could not long maintain in office a govemment which did not have the support of the lower house.\n\nThe more sophisticated version of this argument is to the effect that an elected president may change the system of govemrnent by exercising in person some of the executive powers, while maintaining a government with a party majority in the lower house. The effect of this, it is said, would be to give rise to a hybrid presidential/parliamentary system such as exists in France.\n\nAs with the point about the powers of the office, the repetition of this argument may be counterproductive so far as changing public opinion is concemed. One reason for the public perception of the question may be that there is an instinctive understanding of the fundamental flaw in the current system of govemment: the excessive concentration of power in the hands of the Prime Minister. Through intense party discipline, the Prime Minister controls absolutely the House of Representatives. One of the institutions which is supposed to be a control on government is thereby eliminated. Only the federal elements of the system, the Senate when not under government party control, state governments of different party complexions, and the High Court interpreting the Constitution when litigation is brought before it, impose some control on the otherwise absolute monarch, the Prime Minister. Occupants of the office who have treated institutions as mere instruments of their royal will and attacked any which stand in their way have served only to draw attention to the undue concentration of power. The electorate, most of whom do not vote directly for the Prime Minister, may be forgiven for thinking that some breaking down of that concentration of power could be desirable, even if it does change the system of government.\n\nThere is an implication in the elite orthodoxy that the combination of a parliamentary or cabinet system of government, under which the party or coalition with a majority in the lower house forms the government, with a directly elected president would be a bizarre innovation found only in some obscure corners of the world. An examination of the various relevant systems reveals a different picture.\n\nThere are twelve democratic and constitutional republics which have been stable under their current constitutions for twenty-five years or more. They are: Austria, Botswana, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Switzerland and the United States of America. Excluded from the list is Singapore, on the basis that in 1993 it radically altered its constitution by changing to an elected president; the direction of the change, however, is significant. The two countries with non-parliamentary systems may also be excluded: the United States, where executive power is reserved for the president, and Switzerland with its unique collegiate executive and rotation of the office of head of state. This leaves ten republics with parliamentary/ cabinet systems, six of which have directly elected presidents: Austria, Botswana, Finland, France, Iceland, and Ireland. It is usual to classify Finland and France as having hybrid presidential/parliarnentary systems, but they undoubtedly have in essence parliamentary/cabinet systems, in that a president cannot maintain in office a government which does not have the support of the legislature, as President Mitterrand was constrained to accept. It is more accurate to classify all of the six as belonging to a parliamentary/cabinet group and as exhibiting a range of provisions relating to presidential powers. Contrary to statements frequently made, none of the six constitutions comprehensively codifies the powers of the president; it would be impossible to do so. Some contain more provisions than others concerning the relationship between the presidents and the legislatures and the formation of governments. Elected presidents are to be found at both ends of the spectrum of presidential powers, the ends being occupied perhaps by France and Ireland.\n\nThe state of the republics of the world, therefore, offers little support for the orthodox view.\n\nFinally, most people, not being intellectuals, are able to detect the massive contradiction at the heart of the elite orthodoxy: the monarchy must go partly because it is undemocratic, but the people must not be allowed to choose the replacement, because they would stupidly make the wrong choice. There is a decided air of Venetian oligarchy about schemes for an appointed president, which does not go well with the historical political culture of Australia a century after the Constitution was adopted by popular vote.\n\nIt has been well said that the opinion-formers should not rule out the option of an elected president because that may be what the people want, and a change to a republic may be rejected without it. To that should be added the equally significant point that the apparent majority view of the people is also perfectly rational and supportable by evidence.\n\n\n*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Published in The House Magazine, 5 July 1995.\n\nPrev | Contents | Next\n\nBack to top\n\nFacebook LinkedIn Twitter Add | Email Print\nBack to top
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+__label__negative 1. should explain the illness. 2. The commonest\n\nPublished by admin on\n\n1. Which of the following is not seen in mania? A. Delusion of grandeur B. Elation C. Pressure of speech D. Disorientation Criteria for manic episode: Persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week.\n\nDuring this period 3 or more/ 4 or more (if mood is irritable) of the following is to be present significantly: 1. Grandiosity 2. Decreased need for sleep 3. Pressure need for sleep 4.\n\nPressure to keep talking 5. Flight of ideas 6. Distractibility 7.\n\nWe Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically\nFor You For Only $13.90/page!\n\norder now\n\nIncrease in goal directed activity 8. Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities measured important in socio-occupational functioning no organic basis should explain the illness. 2. The commonest psychiatric disorder is: A. Dementia B Schizophrenia C. Paranoia D.\n\nDepression 3. Endogenous depression is characterized by all of the fol\u00adlowing, except: A. Paranoid feeling B. Third person hallucination C. Guilt psychosis D. Loss of self-esteem 4. The neurotransmitters involved in depression are: A.\n\nGABA and dopamine B. Serotonin and norepinephrine C. Dopamine and serotonin D. GABA and norepinephrine Of the biogenic amines, norepinephrine and serotonin are the 2 neurotransmitters most implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. 5. The drug of choice for depression in an old person is: A. Fluoxetine B. Buspirone C.\n\nAmitryptilline D. Imipramine 6. Delusions of nihilism and early morning insomnia are seen in: A. Major depression B.\n\nSchizophrenia C. Mania D. Personality disorder 7. The most common age group for depression is: A. Middle-aged men B. Middle-aged females C.\n\nYoung girls D. Children Life time prevalence is 15 percent, as high as 25 percent for women 8. A period of normalcy is seen between two psychotic epi\u00adsodes in: A. Schizophrenia B. Manic depressive psychosis C. Alcoholism D.\n\nDepression 9. A 20-year-old man has presented with increase alcohol consumption and sexual indulgence, irritability, lack of sleep, and not feeling fatigued even in prolonged peri\u00adods of activity. All these changes are present for past 3 weeks. The most likely diagnosis is: A. Alcohol dependence B. Schizophrenia C.\n\nMania D. impulse control disorder Increased libido, irritable mood, decreased need for sleep, excessive psychomotor activity characterize manic episode in this case. 10. Ms. B, a 27-year-old nurse had extracurricular interest in trekking and painting.\n\nShe broke up relationship with her boy friend. Two months later she lost interest in her hob\u00adbies and was convinced that she would not be able to work pain. She thought life was not worth living and has consumed 60 tablets of phenobarbitone to end her life. She is most likely suffering from: A. Adjustment disorder B. Conversion disorder C. Depressive disorder D.\n\nPost-traumatic stress disorder Loss of interest Feeling of worthlessness Death wishes Poor functioning one is suggestive of a depressive episode. 11. Major depression is most commonly associated with: A. Poverty B.\n\nMajor accident C. Prolonged physical illness D. Death of loved person 12.\n\nA person initially presenting with an episode of mania is classified as: A. Unipolar B. Bipolar C. Affective disorder D. Personality disorder Bipolar I disorder: Single manic episode and a specific type of recurrent episode. Bipolar II disorder: It is characterized by depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes during the course of the disorder. Unipolar disorder: Depressive episode only.\n\n13. Mania is a: A. Obsessive disorder B. Mood disorder C. Neurotic disorder D.\n\nPsychological disorder Mood is a sustained and province emotional response which colors the whole psychic life. According to ICD ten mood disorders are classified as: 1. manic episode, 2. Depressive episode, 3. bipolar mood (affective) disorder, 4. Recurrent depressive disorders, 5.\n\nPersistent mood disorder (including cyclothymia and dysthymia), 6. Other mood disorders (including mixed affective episode and recurrent brief depressive disorder). 14.\n\nMania is associated with the following, except: A. Euphoria B. Good humour C. Physical overactivity D. Thought disorders 15. Which of the following is not seen in mania? A. Delusions of grandeur B.\n\nElation C. Pressure of speech D. Disorientation Disorientation occurs in delirium. 16. Atypical depression is characterized by all of the follow\u00ading, except: A. Increased libido B. Weight gain C. Ravenous appetite D.\n\nHypersonic Weight gain, appetite Hypersonic \u2013 reverse vegetative, features. 17. Dysthymia is: A.\n\nChronic mild depression B. Personality disorder C. Bipolar depression D.\n\nChronic severe depression Duration criteria for dysthymia \u2013 2 years This category does not require the presence of stress as a precipitation factor. Average age of onset is late third decade more common in females. 18. Depression is a. an: A.\n\nAffective disorder B. Organic disorder C. Mood disorder D. Dissociate disorder Affective disorder form is a misnomer In ICD \u2013 ten mood disorder classification: 1) Manic episode 2) depressive episode 3) Bipolar mood 4) recurrent depressive disorder 5) persistent mood disorders 6) other mood disorders. 19. Profound mood disturbance is seen with: A. Schizophrenia B.\n\nPsychosomatic illness C. Depression and mania D. Affective disorders Depression and mania are mood disorders where a pervasive and profound mood disturbance is mandatory to make a diagnosis.\n\n20. Somatic symptoms of depression include all, except: A. Feelings of guilt B. Reduced interest C.\n\nInsomnia D. Weight change Somatic symptoms (syndrome \u2013 melancholic symptoms, vegetative symptoms): Early morning awakening Diurnal variation Significant decrease in appetite or weight Pervasive loss of interest and loss of reactivity. 21. Which one of the following disturbances is the basic de\u00adfect seen in mania? A. Elation B. Ideas of reference C.\n\nCoining of new jokes D. Delusions of grandiosity 22. Depression is not caused by: A. Metronome B. Methyldopa C. Reserpine D. Oral contraceptives Drugs which can cause depression are: reserpine, clonidine, methyldopa, OC pills, Propranolol, anti cancer drugs. 23.\n\nThe following are feelings of cyclothymic personality ex\u00adcept: A. Mood swings B. Excessive planning C. Spending sprees D. Mood incongruent delusions Persistent instability of mood between mild depression and mild elation is seen in cyclothymiacs.\n\n24. Mania depressive psychosis is associated with: A. Jules Falter B. Sigmund Freud C. Emil Kraeplin D.\n\nKL Kahlbaum He also described dementia praecox. According to Kraeplin MDP has an episodic course and good prognosis. 25.\n\nWhich drug is not useful in acute mania? A. Diazepam B. Clonazepam C.\n\nECT D. Chlordane Drugs used in acute manic episode \u2013 mood stabilizers: antipsychotic and Clonazepam. 26. Acute mania with mood disturbance is: A. Feature of the following B.\n\nBorderline disorder C. Cyclothymiacs disorder D. Paranoid disorder Duration criteria for cyclothymia \u2013 2 years It is classified as a persistent mood disorder. 27. Mood disorder is seen in: A. Hysterical state B. Borderline personality state C.\n\nParanoid state D. Schizoid state Affective instability is commonly seen in borderline personality disorders. 28. Drug that is known to produce manic like syndrome in\u00adclude all expect: A. Amphetamine B. Corticosteroids C. Tricyclic antidepressant D.\n\nReserpine Reserpine induces depression Whereas amphetamine causes schizophrenics \u2013 like pictures Corticosteroids and TCA\u2019s can induce mania. 25 D 26 C 27 B 28 D 29. Features of depression include all, except: A. Depressed mood B.\n\nLoss of appetite C. Hyperactivity D. Suicidal ideas Depressed mood is the first among them, loss of appetite and suicidal ideas are associated symptoms, hyperactivity is unusual (it may occur in elderly). 30.\n\nWhich of the following is least likely to cause serious depression as a side effect of long-term use? A. Reserpine B. Propranolol C. INH D. None of the above 31. Which of the following drugs is used for maintenance of MDP? A. Chlorpromazine B.\n\nCarbamazepine C. Haloperidol D. Amphetamine Carbamazepine is a mood stabilizer used for maintenance therapy of MDP.\n\n32. All the following drugs are used in prophylaxis of MDP, except: A. Sodium Valproate B. Carbamazepine C. Lithium D.\n\nHaloperidol Drugs used in bipolar MDP prophylaxis are lithium, carbamazepine, sodium valproate, oxcarbamazepine and lamotrigine. 33. The family members of a 56-year-old man reports that he has become increasingly irritable, sleepless, has started spending large amounts of money, and shows increased sexual behavior. The most probable cause could be: A. Mania B. Psychosexual developmental disorder C.\n\nImpulse control disorder D. Obsessive-compulsive neurosis Irritable mood, reduced sleep, overspending, and distributed are features of mania 34. A 36-year-old female presents with no interest in any\u00adthing, a nihilistic attitude, and a sad appearance with suicidal ideas and plans. The most appropriate man\u00adagement is: A. Antidepressants B. Behavior therapy C.\n\nECT D. Aminophyline The patient is having severe depression and suicidal risk. In this case the first choice of management is ECT. 35. A 55-year-old lady presented with decreased sleep and appetite and thoughts of spiritualism. She donates money and property and talks about God.\n\nHer husband died few days back and she has increased psychomotor activity. She is most likely suffering from: A. PTSD B. Mania episodes C. Brief reaction D. Depression 36. The most common cause of mood congruent delusion is: A.\n\nObsessive-compulsive neurosis B. Schizophrenia C. Dementia D.\n\nMania Mood congruence refers to occurrence of psychiatry symptoms in keeping with mood state. 37. Pseudodementia is commonly seen in: A. Hysteria B.\n\nDepression C. Mania D. Anxiety neurosis Frequent Complaints about memory loss Patient gives \u201cDon\u2019t know\u201d answers for most of questions. Answer1.D 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.A 21.A 22.A 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C 31.B 32.D 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.B\n\nCategories: Management\n\n\nI'm Iren!\n\n\nCheck it out
+__label__negative Health Library Explorer\n\nHow Much Do You Know About Fibromyalgia?\n\nFibromyalgia affects about 5 million Americans. Women of childbearing age are most likely to have fibromyalgia, but it can affect men, children, and older women, as well. Test your knowledge of fibromyalgia by taking this quiz.\n\n1. What is fibromyalgia?\n2. What are some of the symptoms?\n3. How does fibromyalgia affect people?\n4. What causes the condition?\n5. Sleep problems are an important part of fibromyalgia. What happens?\n6. Other conditions can mimic fibromyalgia. Which of these must healthcare providers rule out to diagnose it?\n7. Which of these is most likely to help if you have fibromyalgia?\nOnline Medical Reviewer: Horowitz, Diane, MD\nOnline Medical Reviewer: Sather, Rita, RN\nOnline Medical Reviewer: Turley, Raymond Kent, MSN, RN\nDate Last Reviewed: 8/1/2020
+__label__negative Education In Pakistan\n\nPapers, Notes, Books & Help For Students\n\n\nTag: past papers Spring Fall 2011\n\nVU CS101- Introduction to Computing FINALTERM solved unsolved past papers Spring Fall 2011\n\nVU CS101- Introduction To Computing FINALTERM Solved Unsolved Past Papers Spring Fall 2011\n\nCS101FINAL TERM Papers Spring Fall 2011\n\nMost of the MCQS were from past papers. there was total 52 qs, in which 40 are mcqs and 12 long questions.\nQ1, what is spreadsheet, what job it does. 2marks\nQ2.sementic error. 2marks\nQ3 embed java scripot code in webpage? 2mrks\nQ4 Problems in old mode of presentation? 2mrks\nQ5definitions of PIE charts ,line charts n bar charts?. 3\nQ6 how many ways business monitor their employees? 3\nQ7PRimary key and whaqt is querry in data base? 3\nQ8 java screipt ka tha yaad ny Sad\nQ9 Right responsibilities of ARCHITECT angd also its profile? 5marks\nQ10 what are arguments, explain wth the example? 5,m\nQ11 whst are Robotice and their sub components?\nQ12right structure of SPread sheet?\nwho invented web and why?\njava script codes for value 10 greater less or equal\nArchitect responsibilities\nhow TCP and IP works in internet transmission\nevent driven programs?\nEvent handling in line ?\nkey weakness of web?\nwhat problems occur before multimedia presentation?\nways of monitoring employees in business??\nlogic and time bomb?\nQ What is Function?\n\nQ What is goal seek in Excel?\n\nQ HTML code for adding gif and jpeg images\n\nQ Using Java script in HTML add a button and text box, also display the text entered by clicking the button.\n\nQ Describe local and Global Variables\n\nQ Name any three mobile computer\n\nQ Describe responsibilities and Profile of of Team Lead\n\nQ What types of objects are in Java Script? (name any two)\n\nQ Name the phases of DoS\n\nQ Why do u think DoS is a cyber crime? what kind of crimes it can do?\u00a0\n\nCs101 final latest paper (16.7.2011)\nTotal question 52\nMcqs =40\nShort =4 (2)\nMid= 4 (3)\nLong=4 (5)\nQ:1 what is the error of the following javascript statement ?\nStudent = new array (10) (2 marks)\nQ:2 what is the use of UNDO in word processor ? (2 marks)\nQ:3 creat the following table using HTML.\nMagnitude Production (ton) Country\nRice wheat\nmedium 280 320 Pakistan\nhigh 63 740 India\nQ:4 write HTML and JAVA SCRIPT code that displays a textbox and button on a webpage, when user enters text in the textbox and click the button it displays that text in the message box . (5 marks)\nQ:5 why the number of temporary workers are on the rise ? Discus main reasons?\n(5 marks)\nQ:6 how can you describe the pros of natural language processing ? (3 marks)\nQ:7 how can we define a pixel ? (3 marks)\nQ: 8 what is the out put of the following java script code?\nStr= virtual university of Pakistan\nDocument.write (str.substring (5, str.lenght))\nQ: 9 what are the other virus like program? Discus any two. (5 marks)\nQ:10 what is the behaviour of the website without form ? (3 marks)\u00a0\n\n1 What is spread sheet. 2\n2 Approaches of Word Processor. 2\n3 Name DoS Attach Phases. 2\n4 How you define a Pixel. 3\n5 What is Cache, why it is used? 3\n6 What Kind of new Jobs are creating because of Computers? 3\n7 Difference between onLoad or onUnload. 3\n8 Why we use string function on javascript. 5\n9 Properties, Method and event handler on image objects. 5\n10 Briefly describe Document viewer and Print document. 5\u00a0\n\nQ.41 For what purpose FTP is used in networks. (2)\nQ.42 What is the error in the following JavaScript Statement? (2)\nStudent=new array(10);\nQ.43 Why PASCAL was designed & what is the problem with PASCAL ?(2)\nQ.44 What is data Normalization, also define its Goal ? (2)\nQ.45 What called the brain of computer, briefly explain ? (3)\nQ.46 What protocol we used for sending data gram notification? How it tests response of a destination? (3)\nQ.47 What are Trojan Horses? (3)\nQ.48 Is it possible to include images in web page using HTMAL & JavaScript? Write the procedure? (3)\nQ.49 Write HTML & JavaScript codes that displays a text box & button on a web page, When user enters text in text box and click the button it displays the text in the text box? (5)\nQ.50 Build the following page using HTML ? (5)\nQ.51 If s=\u201dAll is Well that end Well\u201d then write JavaScript code to split & show the given string by using \u2018e\u2019 as delimiter? (5)\nQ.52 Suppose we are developing a bigger project and a task given to you is develop the hierarchy of the people that will involve in the project, Draw hierarchy? (5)\n\nWhat is an intelligent system? (2 marks)\nWhat is spread sheet? Write two jobs of spread sheet? (3 marks)\nWhat are the arguments of a function? Explain with an example? (5 marks)\nWhat are Trojan horses? (3 marks)\nWhat are semantic errors? (2 marks)\nIf you are going to work on a big project then make a heuristic chart for this? (5 marks)\nWrite the names of the errors that are found during developing a program? (2 marks)\nWrite the properties of u useful web? (5 marks)\nWhat do you mean by FTP? (2 marks)\u00a0\n\n1) what is computer screen\n\n2)what is structured vector graphic?\n\n3)why local variable is preferred over global variable?\n\n4)what is preferred organization structure for the organization?\n\n5)write the name of DOS attack\u2019 phases?\n\n6)what is output?give three example?\n\n7)write 5 advantages of multimedia presentation?\n\n8)who is the 1st presentation on spreadsheet on personal computer?\n\n9)define primary key and queries?\n\n\n\nEducation In Pakistan \u00a9 2016
+__label__negative Loading Test...\n\nTest: The Christmas Quiz\n\nCategory: Holiday\n\nDescription: Just in time for the Holidays, a Christmas Trivia Test\n\nWho is the most famous reindeer of all?\n\nRudolph Blitzen Prancer Donner\n\nWhat was the name of the prospector who eventually tames the Abomindable snowman in \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer?\"\n\nYukon Cornelius Clarice Hermey Frosty\n\nUnder which type of plant would you expect to be kissed?\n\nHolly Ivy Poinsettia Mistletoe\n\nWhich of the following was not brought by the three wise men?\n\nGold Frankincense Myrrh Holly\n\nChristmas eve is the day after Christmas.\n\nTrue False\n\nWhich of the following names are not one of Santa's reindeer?\n\nComet Dasher Blitzen Vixen Clementine\n\nWhat gift is introduced on the twelfth day of Christmas?\n\nDrummers Drumming Pipers Piping Lords A-leaping Ladies Dancing\n\nThe word \"Christmas\" is a contraction of \"Christ's mass\".\n\nTrue False\n\nWhat was Scrooge's first name?\n\nHarry Ebenezer Wolfram Barney\n\nWhat is the most popular tree-topper?\n\nStar Spires Angel Wreath\n\n\nChristmas Trivia Questions And Answers Christmas Facts True Or False Christmas Facts Quiz True Or False Christmas Trivia Christmas Test True False Christmas True Or False True Or False Christmas Quiz Christmas Quizzes Sometests True False Christmas Trivia Christmas Trivia True Or False Christmas Quiz Facts True Or False Christmas Facts Christmas Tests Christmas Quiz Questions True Or False Christmas Questions Christmasquizes Christmas Quiz Christmas Trivia Questions And Answers 2008 Silly Christmas Trivia X Mas Facts Christmas Trivia Facts Christmas Quizes Christmas Trivia True False Christmas Quizzes Christmas Trivia Questions Chrismas Quiz XMAS QUIZ True False Christmas Trivia Quiz Silly Christmas Quiz True Or False Chritmas Questions Christmas Quiz Trivia Christmas True Or False Questions For Kids\n\n\nTrivia Questions And Answers\n\n\nTrue Or False Quiz\n\n\nQuizzes Sometests Tests Christmasquizes\n\n\nSilly X Mas Quizes\n\n\nXMAS QUIZ Chritmas For
+__label__negative Adobe Flash Basics\n\nKeywords on Flash basic skills. Eg. timeline and symbols.\nWhat T is a strip of frames in a line?. What F is small box on the timeline?. What K marks the start and end of an animation sequence?. What B is something you can click on?. What G is symbol that doesn't change?. What A is a word to describe what Flash produces?. What I is another word for a picture?. What T is comes after motion and shape?. What M is a type of tween?. What S is a type of tween?. What A is where you can add script to say a button?. What P is where you can change the look of an object?. What S is the actionscript command put on a frame to halt the animation?. What R comes after on in the actions for a button?. What M is a type of symbol that moves?. What A is a tool you use to select an item?. What L is where you keep the files for your animation?. What F describes what the flash timeline is like?. What L is what you use to separate items on the stage?. What S do you convert to to make a group of objects behave as one?.\nClick here for more free teaching resources
+__label__negative November 19, 2020 \u2013 quarterly test results (going forward, biannual tests)\n\nMy quarterly blood test results are in, and they continue to be great.\u00a0\n\nMy blood sugar remains normal, without medication. It even dropped some more. My cholesterol is fantastic, blood pressure is great, and I continue to (very very very slowly) lose weight.\n\nThe doctor said I shouldn\u2019t worry about losing any more weight. Also, from now on instead of quarterly blood tests he said I only need biannual blood tests.\u00a0\n\nThe rest of this post are details, if people are interested in numbers and more!\n\nWhat I eat and don\u2019t eat\n\nI follow WFPB (whole food plant based) eating: mostly vegan, no oil, very limited nuts, and limited sugar and salt. No intermittent fasting, no keto, lots of carbs including potatoes and fruits. I stick to low calorie density foods to help with weight loss. For example potatoes are surprisingly low calorie and bread is very high calorie.\u00a0\n\nFor lots more details on the things I eat and the people in the field I follow take a look at my post from last November:\u00a0November 28, 2019 \u2013 quarterly test results | Doug Reports\n\nBasically I eat lots of veggies, including starches, and have fruit every day. In other words, I eat lots of carbs. Carbs do not impact negatively on blood sugar or weight.\u00a0\n\nLogging with MyFitnessPal\n\nI log my food and exercise calories in MyFitnessPal, and keep within 1500 net calories per day (food calories minus exercise calories).\u00a0\n\nToday is my MyFitnessPal Streak Day 3,105. Daily logging in MFP has been a great sanity check and prevented me from having a complete rebound when I fell off the wagon in the past.\u00a0\n\nMy weight has fluctuated the past month between 72 kg and 73 kg. At 72 kg = 158.7 lb my total weight loss is 57 kg = 125.7 lb. This means I have lost 44% of my original weight, and am at a normal BMI of 23.8. I\u2019m at the lowest weight I\u2019ve been in my entire adult life.\u00a0My weight loss has slowed to a crawl, but losing slowly is better than a rebound. I\u2019d sort of like to get into the 60s just for the fun of it. But at this rate it could take 6 months or more.\n\nAs I mentioned last time, my stomach still sticks out a bit (less than last time), and in Japan my shirt size is LL (maybe M or L in the U.S.). So I will continue healthy eating and doing as much exercise as I can.\u00a0 I\u2019ll continue eating this way for life. It\u2019s healthy, and I enjoy what I eat. There is no feeling of deprivation at all.\n\nMore on the \u201cE\u201d Word\n\n\nI have also been taking my puppy, Pao, who will be one year old in a week, for walks along the river, so that helps.\u00a0He\u2019s gotten quite large. Last December his weight was 1.3 kg = 2.8 lb and I could weigh him on my food scale. Now he\u2019s 23.65 kg = 52 lb! So the Doug/Pao ratio is currently 3.04. His weight is steady. More on that next week when I announce the winner of the \u201cPao One Year Weight Contest.\u201d\n\nExcept for sit-ups I haven\u2019t added any exercise to the walks.\u00a0 I really do want to start more upper body exercises, but keep putting it off.\u00a0 Or maybe do swimming. There is a public sports center near here. I even walk over there with Pao on dog walks. I\u2019m not sure what they are doing during the pandemic though.\n\nBlood test results\n\nHere are the latest and previous results. Normal ranges are in parentheses.\u00a0\n\nTotal cholesterol (120-219)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 123; Aug 20 \u2013 108; May 21 \u2013 124; Feb 20 \u2013 120\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 118; Aug 29 \u2013 116; Jun 8 \u2013 136; Mar 19 \u2013 133\n\nHolding steady in the low-but-normal range. Low is supposed to be heart healthy.\u00a0\n\nHDL good cholesterol (35-80)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 53; Aug 20 \u2013 39; May 21 \u2013 43; Feb 20 \u2013 40\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 46; Aug 29 \u2013 40; Jun 8 \u2013 34; Mar 19 \u2013 38\n\nNormal range.\u00a0\n\nLDL bad cholesterol (70-139)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 47; Aug 20 \u2013 46; May 21 \u2013 56; Feb 20 \u2013 54\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 55; Aug 29 \u2013 56; Jun 8 \u2013 73; Mar 19 \u2013 72\n\nThis remains very low.\u00a0 Almost the lowest for me ever. And lower than normal range.\u00a0 But, again, that\u2019s supposed to be great for your heart.\u00a0\n\nTriglycerides (30-150)\u00a0\u00a0\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 56; Aug 20 \u2013 69; May 21 \u2013 93; Feb 20 \u2013 107\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 62; Aug 29 \u2013 79; Jun 8 \u2013 129; Mar 19 \u2013 114\n\nThis went down even more \u2013 my lowest ever \u2013 but well within normal range.\u00a0\n\nBlood Sugar\u00a0HbA1c (4.7-6.2)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 5.5; Aug 20 \u2013 5.6; May 21 \u2013 5.8; Feb 20 \u2013 6.1\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 5.9; Aug 29 \u2013 6.1; Jun 8 \u2013 5.5; Mar 19 \u2013 5.9\n\n2018: Dec 20 \u2013 6.5; Sep \u2013 8.2; June \u2013 10.8\n\nThis dropped some more again. The doctor said I have my blood sugar under control and there was nothing more to do about it.\u00a0Remember, he finally decided to drop all blood sugar medication last November.\n\nThis value does not fluctuate much over the short term. It\u2019s a 2-3 month average. It\u2019s a great improvement over time (it had been dangerously high), and has been in the normal range since March, 2019.\u00a0\n\nIn fact he said all my blood values were fine and I just should concentrate on being active and moving about.\u00a0\n\nMy blood pressure was a great 108/60.\u00a0\n\nThe nutritionist was also very pleased, as long as I promised her I was eating tofu and using soy milk to get enough protein.\u00a0Honestly though, there is protein in everything I eat. I don\u2019t know why people worry about vegans not getting enough protein. Anyway, I mention soy and she\u2019s happy. She will check in on my exercise next time.\n\nAnd onward\u2026\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative What Happens When an Account is Frozen?\n\nWhat Happens When an Account is Frozen?\n\nWhen an account is frozen, the user can sometimes be subject to long waits and undergo scrutiny regarding account activity until a resolution is made. Generally speaking, a bank or financial institution will not freeze an account unless it has reasonable evidence to suggest that the account is no longer valid, violates account rules and regulations or is a vehicle for fraudulent or illegal activity. If your account is frozen, several processes are happening to make sure the account is not in violation of account rules and should be turned back over you, the account holder.\n\n1 Significance\n\nAn investment, banking or other account is considered active when there are no holds or restrictions that limit activity or prevent use of the account. If an account is frozen, due to non-payment, illegal activity, misuse of services, insufficient funds, or fraudulent activity, the user is denied access to all or specified functions. In some cases, this may include, for example, requesting an electronic transfer for an investment account that is frozen. Some limited functions include viewing previous statements, contacting customer support, bringing the account to a positive balance (if this action is required) and managing basic aspects of the account such as changes in address or profile information.\n\n2 Function\n\nThe function of freezing an account is to impede or restrict a user from continuing the suspected illegal or inappropriate action until a query or investigation can be made or further action can be taken, such as suspending the account. If the user believes the account has been improperly frozen, he can request a third-party investigation or arbitration review. Provided this recourse is approved, substantive evidence is required to support a claim of improper conduct against the account management team, financial institution or web company responsible for the account.\n\n3 Prevention/Solution\n\nIf an account is frozen, all funds and investment accounts will be frozen, or denied activity, until a resolution is made or the investigation establishes and proves guilt, on the part of the account holder. At that time, all assets may be turned over to the financial institution or further restricted or ordered back into the possession of the user by a court judge or arbitration review board.\n\n4 Effects\n\nA court may freeze a banking account during a divorce, police investigation or after a legal settlement to ensure monies within the account are not withdrawn or hidden before payment can be made. If a court freezes an account, the banking institution, investment group or retirement plan administrator, for example, must restrict the account until notified otherwise. These restrictions will be performed per the instructions ordered by the court.\n\n5 Misconceptions\n\nAccounts like PayPal and other deposit-based online accounts are subject to similar restrictive measures, if PayPal, or the issuing card company, believes the account or card is being used improperly or in violation of the rules set forth when the card was issued. If PayPal freezes an account, it can remain frozen for up to 90 days.\n
+__label__negative FAQs on product requirements and services of TMK Retail Service & Consulting GmbH\n\nWhat, in total, belongs to a product?\n\nWho is responsible for the product?\n\nWhat is governed by the Product Safety Act (ProdSG)?\n\nWhat is a risk analysis and why do I need it?\n\nWhat must I do to implement the ProdSG (Product Safety Act) if I cannot find a suitable standard?\n\nWhat are product standards and how can I obtain them?\n\nWhat safety instructions do I have to indicate on the product, its packaging or in the operating instructions?\n\nWhat are the consequences of incorrect product labelling or marking?\n\nWhat is a marketability test?\n\nIs a product sample required for the marketability test?\n\nWhat documents are necessary for a marketability test?
+__label__negative Up: Polyhedra History Articles\n\nThe Platonic Solids\n\nWhat are they?\n\nThe five Platonic Solids have been known to us for thousands of years. These five special polyhedra are the tetrahedron, the cube, the octahedron, the icosahedron, and the dodecahedron. You might be surprised to find out that they are the only convex, regular polyhedra (if you want to read the definitions of those words, see the vocabulary page).\n\nWhat do they look like?\n\nYou can see pictures of all five Platonic solids.\n\nWhy are they called that?\n\n\n\n\nFind out how the Platonic Solids are made.\nWhat is the Euler Number of a polyhedron? You will find that the Archimedean Solids are related to the Platonic solids in interesting ways.
+__label__negative From Daya Bay\n\nJump to: navigation, search\n\nOffline Documentation\nThis article is part\nof the Offline Documentation\nOther pages...\n\nOffline Category\nHow Tos\nGetting Started\nSoftware Installation\n\nSee also...\n\nGeneral Help on this Wiki\n\nFAQ = Frequently Asked/Answered Questions\n\n\nFAQ about FAQ\n\n  1. FAQ:What is the difference between FAQ and How Tos?\n  2. FAQ:How to I add a question to the FAQ to get answered?\n  3. FAQ:How do I answer a question in this FAQ?\n  4. FAQ:How do I know when this FAQ list or a specific FAQ has been updated?\n\n\n  1. FAQ:How do I install NuWa on my machine?\n  2. FAQ:I don't want to install NuWa. How do I login to the IHEP, LBL or BNL cluster?\n  3. FAQ:What version of NuWa should I install?\n  4. FAQ:How do I load the installed software?\n  5. FAQ:Where's the mini-dry run Raw Data?\n  6. FAQ:Where's MDC Raw Data?\n  7. FAQ:Is there a preferred development environment or operating system?\n  8. FAQ:How do I build a single, specific external package?\n  9. FAQ:How to add and configure a new MDC subdirectory?\n  10. FAQ:How to Write / Modify a CMT Package with the Existing NuWa Installation?\n\nJob Configuration\n\n  1. FAQ:What is CMT?\n  2. FAQ:Can I pass command-line options to an algorithm?\n  3. FAQ:What is up with HostID?\n\nRunning Jobs\n\n  1. FAQ:How do I use\n  2. FAQ:Where is an example analysis script?\n  3. FAQ:How do I make my own analysis script?\n  4. FAQ:How to turn off long particle listing?\n\n\n  1. FAQ:Where are the procedures to perform database operations?\n\nAccessing Data\n\n  1. FAQ:How do I know what are the available data objects?\n  2. FAQ:What is the transient event store?\n  3. FAQ:What is the archive event store and how do I access it?\n  4. FAQ:How do I get trigger information?\n  5. FAQ:How do I interpret trigger information?\n  6. FAQ:How do I get ADC and TDC information?\n  7. FAQ:What is the ADC pedestal, and how do I access it?\n  8. FAQ:Why do I see an extra TDC/ADC hit after large PMT pulses?\n  9. FAQ:How do I get calibrated data?\n  10. FAQ:How do I get the position of each PMT?\n  11. FAQ:How do I get the PMT connected to each FEE board/channel?\n  12. FAQ:How do I get the board and connector information from a CalibReadoutPmtChannel object?\n  13. FAQ:From Python or C++, how do I know the current execution cycle?\n  14. FAQ:What are the 'AllStreams' raw data files?\n  15. FAQ:How do I get SPE peaks for all PMTs?\n  16. FAQ:How do I access raw data using something other than nuwa?\n  17. FAQ:How do I specify which data (address in TES) are being stored in NuWa output ROOT file?\n  18. FAQ:How do I access SimHeaders when using Sim15 output? Sometimes they are missing!\n  19. FAQ:What is the difference between a run number and an execution cycle?\n  20. FAQ:How do I access and use unobservable statistics, like qEx?\n  21. FAQ:How do I access and use the particleHistory, in particular, pdgID of parents?\n  22. FAQ:How do I access and pull out data in the AES?\n  23. FAQ:What is the difference between pedestal, pre-ADC and baseline?\n  24. FAQ:What do the fields in a data file mean?\n  25. FAQ:How do I use the Catalog to access and analyze data?\n  26. FAQ:How do I dump AES info?\n\nGeometry and Detector Description\n\n  1. FAQ:Are the global coordinates in NuWa documented anywere?\n  2. FAQ:How do I find if a point is in a particular volume? or material?\n  3. FAQ:What is a Detector Element?\n  4. FAQ:What is the detector path for certain detector element?\n  5. FAQ:Where are detector material properties defined?\n\nUnit Testing / Nose Tests\n\nMisc or uncategorized questions\n\n  1. FAQ:How do I use gdb with nuwa?\n  2. FAQ:How much memory is nuwa using?\n  3. FAQ:How do I get the requested number of events (specified by -n) in my python script?\n  4. FAQ:Where do I find a list of mini dry run runs?\n  5. FAQ:Is the information about a data run, i.e. indended LED pulse rate, ACU#, etc. accessible in NuWa?\n  6. FAQ:What is the difference between initialize() and configure() in a python script?\n  7. FAQ:How to change/simplify the path in which histograms are stored within ROOT files?\n  8. FAQ:How to use DybPythonAlg decorators?\n  9. FAQ:How to write a Header Object to TES\n  10. FAQ:When will the manual be complete?\n  11. FAQ:What is the proper name of the power plants?\n\nOlder FAQ: namespace\n\nThere are some older FAQ topics that contain multiple FAQs per page:\n\nOffline Software Documentation: [Offline Categories] [FAQ] [Offline Faq Category]\nPersonal tools
+__label__negative Low Impact Development\n\nnothing nothing\nIntroductionLocation:SelectedLand Use ChangeBasic LIDLot Level LIDResultsVideo Links\n\nLocation of Land Use Change\n\nUsers must input the state and county where the land change will occur. This information is used to select the climate data specific to that area.\n\nIn what state is the proposed land use taking place?\n\nIn what county?\n\nL-THIA Home Previous Next
+__label__negative Skip to main content\nSign In\n\nWelcome to the University of Colorado\u2019s Department of Family Medicine.\n\nFamily Medicine Banner Image\n\nFAQs for 4th Year Students\n\nInforma\u200btion for Applying to FM Residencies\n\nDo I need to do a Family Medicine Sub-I?\nDo I need a Department (of Family Medicine) Letter?\nHow many reference letters do I need?\nWhat are programs looking for?\u200b\nI only scored slightly above average on my USMLE exams, what are my chances in a Match?\nWhat other rotations should I take?\nWhen should I schedule my Sub-Is?\nWhen should I schedule my Step 2, early so that a better score will make it to ERAS early?\nHow many programs should I apply to?\nHow many programs should I rank?\nHow\u00a0do I find out about programs? Which are the most competitive?\nCan I contact programs after (or before) I interview? (or have a second look)\nCan I\u00a0tell the residency\u00a0that I will rank them highly?\nCan I find out about who from CU have matched into that program?\nDo programs provide travel reimbursement?\nHow do I get housing when traveling for an interview?\nWho should I not annoy?\nWhat NOT to ask in\u00a0an interview?\nWhat is the area\u00a0of emphasis of each program?\n\n    1. You can get an idea of their from residents, their website, the AAFP website and others but always ask if there is something that they feel is extraordinary that may not be evident or may be really new.
+__label__negative Mock Exam.all.txt\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user lilsuds on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Ethical standards are\n  2. The use of arm gestures, facial expressions, and turning ones head are all examples of\n    Nonverbal communication\n  3. The type of law that applies to most malpractice suits is\n    Civil law\n  4. The study of disease is called\n  5. Normal, acceptable behavior in our society is known as\n  6. In order to terminate a contract with the patient, the physician should\n    Notify the patient in writing\n  7. The Americans with Disabilities Act is concerned with\n    Providing opportunities for physically challenged persons\n  8. Libel is defamation through\n    Written statements that tend to damage an individuals reputation\n  9. To show empathy, the medical assistant could\n    Acknowledge the patients feelings\n  10. The government agency responsible for the physical protection of employees in the workplace is\n    The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)\n  11. Which of the following patients would not require a legal consent to surgery?\n    An emancipated minor\n  12. A voluntary form of credentialing is\n    Registration, Certification\n  13. The four Ds necessary to prove negligence in a malpractice case include\n    Duty, derelict, direct cause, damages\n  14. Primary Care Associates has been approached by a surgical group proposing that its members be allowed to act as consultants for the practices patients who may need surgery. In return, the surgical group would compensate the practice for the referrals. From the following choices, select the answer that correctly describes this business proposition.\n    Fee splitting, unethical\n  15. A physicians license can be revoked or suspended for\n    Conviction of a crime, Unprofessional activity, Physical or mental incapacitation, Senility\n  16. Which of the following is an example of a closed question?\n    Are you an only child?\n  17. Many doctors offices subscribe to answering services. These services\n    Answer calls when the office is closed\n  18. In dealing with patients with limited understanding, the medical assistant should\n    Give detailed explanations slowlyand explain as you go along\n  19. Effective telephone communication includes\n    Being courteous and displaying a positive attitude and personality\n  20. The branch of civil law that compensates individuals for injury is called\n    Tort law\n  21. A damage award given to a patient to cover all medical bills, extended hospital stays, rehabilitation services, and prescriptions is known as\n    Compensatory damages\n  22. Which of the following is not one of the eight stages of psychosocial development as identified by Erik Erikson?\n    Initiative versus despair\n  23. The concept that influences scientific research involving patients whose conditions are so serious that doing nothing is likely to be as dangerous as the treatment or procedure being studied is\n  24. The doctrine of respondeat superior means\n    Let the master answer\n  25. Patients are more likely to respond and cooperate with the medical team if they\n    Become responsible for decisions affecting their health\n  26. The use of silence\n    Can be used whenever the medical assistant feels threatened\n  27. The most basic of Maslows hierarchy of needs is\n    Physiological needs (food and water)\n  28. When dealing with questions from a pediatric patient, the medical assistant should\n    Give short, honest answers\n  29. A persons failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner is called\n  30. The patient agrees to a procedure or treatment with reasonable knowledge of and the capacity to understand the procedure or treatment. The patient can be said to have given\n    Informed consent\n  31. The abbreviation for immediately is\n  32. For which of the following symptoms can the medical assistant offer advice over the telephone?\n    m.a. can not give advice over the phone\n  33. The doctor-patient relationship is legally considered\n    A contract\n  34. Performing only those procedures that a medical assistant is trained to do and allowed to do by law is said to be\n    Working within the scope of practice\n  35. Basic telephone techniques include\n    Controlling the speed, enunciation, volume, and pronunciation of the voice at all times\n  36. A contract is a(n)\n    Mutual agreement, based on sufficient consideration, to do or not to do certain things\n  37. The physician has certain contractual obligations to the patient, which include\n    The physician will not abandon the patient, The physician will allow sufficient time for the patient to retain the services of another physician, should the need arise, The physician will possess and exercise the degree of skill and care similar to the degree of skill and care of other physicians in a similar type of practice\n  38. To practice good communication techniques, the medical assistant will\n    Be effective at sending and receiving messages\n  39. The performance of an act that is wrongful and unlawful is called\n  40. The authorization to withdraw artificial life support that is made in advance is called\n    An advance directive\n  41. Tell me how the medication is working is an example of\n    An open-ended question\n  42. The theorist who identified the stages of grief as it relates to dying is\n    Elizabeth Kebler-Ross\n  43. Adopting the feelings of others best describes\n  44. When one state accepts another states license, this is known as\n  45. According to the AMA Code of Ethics, all of the following are permitted by ethical standards except\n  46. Once a medical facility has received notice that a patient has initiated a lawsuit, the patient usually signs a statement releasing the facility and the doctor from the requirements of\n  47. Among Maslows hierarchy of needs, the need for self-fulfillment best describes\n    Self-actualization need\n  48. Which of the following contributes to a persons personality?\n    Environment, Heredity, Life experience, Age\n  49. A call-back to convey information to a patient should\n    Always be documented in the medical record\n  50. Assuming the sick role may bring all of the following except\n  51. When the medical assistant does not understand what the patient has said, which of the following would be appropriate to clarify the communication?\n    Im sorry, I did not understand what you just said. Could you please repeat it?\n  52. Disclosing unpleasant information to a patient is best supported by the ethical concept of\n  53. The process of relaying information from the health care provider to the patient is known as\n    Therapeutic communication\n  54. A minor offense that usually results in only a fine is a(n)\n  55. Directing communication toward important topics is known as\n  56. What is Licensure?\n    Is a mandatory credential to practice medicine, Can be revoked or suspended, Is the strongest form of administrative regulation\n  57. The prescription term indicating as desired is\n    ad lib\n  58. When interacting with an adolescent, which of the following points should the medical assistant remember?\n    Answer the patients questions openly and honestly\n  59. The function of law includes all of the following except\n    To profit\n  60. Which of the following may require notification of the appropriate agencies?\n    Scarlet fever\n  61. When a collected amount is entered on the daily ledger, the fee that the collection agency charged should be\n    Entered as an office expense\n  62. Usually, the basis under which specialists are reimbursed is\n  63. While performing a venipuncture, the medical assistant experiences a needle stick. The policy for this type of injury would be found in the Office Procedures Manual section called\n    OSHA Guidelines\n  64. Spreadsheets are another example of applications software. Spreadsheets are\n    Data arranged in a matrix\n  65. Fixed scheduling\n    Allots specific time periods to patients\n  66. Documents stored in the medical record\n    Are stored in reverse chronological order (most recent first)\n  67. The second unit in alphabetic filing is the patients\n    First name\n  68. Encounter form and superbill are other names for the\n    Charge slip\n  69. One type of manual accounting system that is used in offices is a peg board system. This system is also known as a\n    Write-it-once system\n  70. Medicare Part A covers\n    Services in an extended care facility\n  71. The system used by the Department of Health and Human Services for the coding of procedures that are covered by federal insurance is the\n  72. A patient has filed bankruptcy under Chapter XIII. Under such a bankruptcy, the medical office\n    Will receive payments from the trustee in charge of the patients bankruptcy\n  73. Setting up a matrix in the appointment book means that the medical assistant\n    Blocks out the time when the physician is out of the office and cannot see patients in the office\n  74. A person who is not an established patient walks into the doctors office asking to be seen. The medical assistant should\n    Determine that the patient is not in an emergency condition and then offer the person the first available appointment\n  75. All medical records, including computer data back-up disks, should be\n    Kept in a fire-resistant file cabinet\n  76. Another name for money that is owed to the practice is\n  77. Mary Alice Jones, a foster child, is a Medicaid patient. She has a procedure performed by the doctor for which the doctor charges $100.00. The state that Mary Alice lives in allows $80.00 for the procedure. The physician is paid\n  78. Money owed is known as\n  79. Which of the following names is alphabetized first?\n    Saint-Charles, Angela\n  80. A business envelope\n    Is 10 inches long\n  81. The federal health program for the elderly and disabled is known as\n  82. Checks that are received by the medical facility should be endorsed with a\n    Restrictive endorsement\n  83. All insurance must be paid for. This payment is called the\n  84. The amount of money that must be paid each year for services before the insurance company begins to pick up the payments is known as the\n  85. Jane and Tim Barton both work and participate in the health insurance plans offered by their separate employers. They have small children. The medical facility determines whether Janes or Tims insurance is the primary plan by establishing\n    Whose birthday comes first in the year\n  86. Part of organizing the day means to review what is going to happen that day. This includes all of the following except\n    Paying the bills for the office\n  87. If a claim is rejected by the insurance company,\n    The reason for the rejection will be on a remittance advice form, The claim should be resubmitted immediately, correcting what was on the remittance advice form, The patient should not be notified\n  88. A filing system that maintains patient anonymity is\n  89. The program that provides benefits for the dependent spouses and children of veterans who suffered total, permanent service disabilities or who died as a result of those service-connected disabilities is\n  90. Elaboration on a code because a procedure was extensive or unusual requires the use of a\n    Two-digit modifier\n  91. A very large check has to be written out for a piece of expensive equipment. The company selling the equipment to the practice wants to make sure that the check will clear the bank. The company can be assured of this by having the office issue\n    A check and having it certified\n  92. For the most part, all classification systems are updated every year. CPT updates are available from\n    The American Medical Association\n  93. If a patients last name has a prefix such as Van, the prefix is considered\n    To be part of the last name\n  94. All of the following should be considered in evaluating an employee except\n    Comments and observations made by other staff members\n  95. The first disease classification system was compiled by the\n    American Medical Association\n  96. An insurance plan that will pay a percentage of the charge for each service is called a(n)\n    Indemnity plan\n  97. The most frequent reason for an insurance claim to be rejected is that\n    The procedures are not linked to the diagnosis\n  98. Proofreading a document involves\n    Reading the document, Checking the document for accuracy, Checking for clarity of the message being sent, Indicating corrections to be made\n  99. After a hospitalization, copies of which the following records are usually sent to the primary care physicians office?\n    Discharge summary and operative reports\n  100. In instances where there may be confusion about patient names, the procedure to use is\n  101. For documentation using the SOAP format, information in the P section would include\n    Plans for the patients treatment\n  102. The Health Insurance Association of America has sought to have all medical claims filed on a common form. The form that is the most accepted for office visits is\n  103. Payments made to providers under Medicare Part B are based on\n    A resource-based relative value system (RBRVS)\n  104. A managed care plan that includes a deductible is a(n)\n    Preferred provider organization plan\n  105. The first three digits of the ICD code are helpful in\n    \u2022 Locating the general area in which the code can be found\n    \u2022 The documents in problem-oriented medical records are\n    \u2022 Organized according to the patients particular problems\n  106. An effective tool that a medical office can use as a guiding principle of maintaining high standards is a(n)\n    Office policy manual\n  107. The insurance program developed to cover the children of the working poor is called\n  108. The plan that pays the primary doctor monthly, quarterly, semiannual, or annual payments in return for providing all care to the patient, including visits to specialists, is\n  109. Medicare claims are processed by\n    Insurance companies that contract with the federal government\n  110. In order to give more specificity to the cause of a problem, the modifiers E and M are used. The letter E is used to identify\n    The cause of a wound\n  111. Most medical facilities collect co-payments or balances due from patients\n    At each visit\n  112. In order to properly utilize and inventory supplies, it is necessary to\n    Keep supplies with the expiration date closest to the current date to the front\n  113. The purpose of the medical record is to\n    Provide statistical information, Provide patients with continuity of care, Provide legal documentation of all patient care\n  114. Under Medicare Part B, which of the following goods/services would be covered?\n    Medications administered in the medical office\n  115. If a patient has a secondary diagnosis or a complication, it is necessary to\n    Code the underlying disease first\n  116. Correspondence directed to a specific individual in a company has the designation listed on the envelope\n    Directly above the address\n  117. Maintaining the office and its equipment and supplies involves managing the relationship between\n    The office administrator and the contractors or vendors\n  118. Payments under Medicare are made to hospitals based on the\n    Primary diagnosis\n  119. Computers are used daily in the medical office. However, at the end of each day it is a good office practice to\n    Back up each days work on a disk or magnetic tape\n  120. Which of the following patients should be seen by the doctor as soon as possible?\n    The patient who has been stung by a bee and is experiencing difficulty breathing\n  121. Which of the following would be filed first?\n    Jones, E. W.\n  122. Usually, the first evaluation of a new employee is done after\n    The probation period\n  123. A policy and procedure manual should include all of the following except\n    Diagnoses that the doctors deal with\n  124. In the alphabetic system, each name is broken down into\n  125. Which of the following is not part of the patient medical record?\n    Financial records pertaining to the patient\n  126. A letter that must reach its destination within 24 hours should be sent by\n    Express mail\n  127. A patient may request that he or she be allowed to make monthly payments instead of putting the account into collection. In this case, the medical assistant should\n    Draw up a written credit agreement with the patient, stating the minimum amount due each month\n  128. The code that is usually sufficient for most CPT coverage is a\n    Five-digit code\n  129. If there is a question about the amount of money that has been drawn on a check, the legal amount is determined by\n    The written amount\n  130. The classification of inactive for a medical record is determined by\n    Office policy\n  131. Before a piece of correspondence can be filed, it must first be\n    Initialed by the physician\n  132. Open office hours\n    Give patients more flexibility, Can result in lengthy waits for some patients\n  133. Computers can be used in the office for a variety of functions. These include\n    Scheduling appointments, Billing, Insurance form completion, Correspondence\n  134. A 16-year-old goes to the doctor for a pregnancy test. The office may\n    Ask the patient to pay at the time of the visit\n  135. Jennifer, a foster child, is a Medicaid patient. She has a procedure performed by the doctor for which he charges $100.00. The physicians office can bill Jennifers foster parents\n  136. Originally, ICD coding was used\n    To track disease processes, In medical research, To evaluate hospital service utilization, To classify the cause of death\n  137. A letter that weighs 13 ounces should be sent by\n    First class mail\n  138. Using the alphabetic system of filing, The Harris Office Supply Company would be filed under\n  139. When sorting the mail for the physician, the mail should be arranged\n    In order of importance\n  140. In keying the second page of a document, all of the following apply except\n    Keep a minimum of one line on the bottom of the page and one line at the top of the next page when dividing a paragraph\n  141. Which of the following would require a CPT code?\n    Mastectomy, Appendectomy, Hysterectomy, Rhinoplasty\n  142. The largest unit used for storage of electronic information is the\n  143. The type of computer printer that produces the sharpest image is the\n  144. Manual scheduling of appointments utilizes\n    Spiral-bound appointment books\n  145. Which of the following is being created when a transcriber presets the format for the transcription?\n    The template\n  146. The letter style in which the first line of each new paragraph is indented five spaces is\n  147. For coding a diagnosis, the first place to go is\n    Volume II of the ICD-9-CM\n  148. The procedure that protects against the loss of computer data is known as\n    Backing up\n  149. The correct format for the salutation to a physician named David Roberts is\n    Dear Dr. Roberts\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMock Exam.all.txt\n2012-11-26 04:12:26\n\n150 Mock Exam\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__negative Promoting growth and development\n\nedwinesosa's version from 2015-06-16 15:43\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nWhat are the sources of financeforeign aid + debt relief + microfinance + NGOs + FDI + IMF/World Bank\n4 types of aidBi Lateral + multilateral + tied + untied\nStrategies for Growth and Developmentpromoting sectors of the economy + importance of human capital + free trade + fair trade + free markets\nAdvantages of foreign aidSavings gap + fill the foreign exchange gap\nevaluate foreign aidnot used for intended purpose (corruption) + if tied aid may purchase goods innapropriate for countries development + can lead to dependency +distorts price signals and disrupt local markets + time lag\nadvantages of debt reliefattract FDI + plug savings and foreign exchange gap + conditions for cancelation may encourage good governance + benefits to MEDCs if LEDCs prosper\nnegatives of debt reliefencourage irresponsible borrowing + saved money may not be spent well + bad for MEDCs\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nadvantages of microfinancefunds direct to the poor + used to generate income + savings gap so harrod domar style growth + simple not compound interest\nnegatives of microfinanceno formal credit bureaus so clients may be lending from a variety of lenders + coercive collection methods leading to high number of suicides eg India + repayment rate (weekly) very high\nadvantages of NGOsavoids issue of government corruption + targetted help, not restrained by bureaucracy + small scale and adapted to local needs\nnegatives of NGOsunable to do large scale projects like infrastructure + Hilary Clinton foundation - money not used effectively + funding is unpredictable eg economic climate\nadvantages of MNCsform of external finance and therefore plug savings gap + boost to current account and financial account and foreign exchange + jobs + knowledge and technical transfer + provision of infrastructure + stability during economic crisis + encourage good governance eg free trade and low income tax\nnegatives of MNCslow wages + repatriate profits + tax avoidance\nconditions of IMF and world bank support (structural adjustment policies) Stabalisation to reduce fiscal and current account deficits and stable inflation (macroeconomic stability)- higher interest rates +reduction in exchange rate + fiscal constraints; Structure, supply side - trade liberalisation for comparative advantage gains + privatisation + capital market liberalisation to allow funds to flow in and out and promote FDI\nWorld bank rolepromote long term growth and development and lend at less than commercial rate\nIMF goalfocuses on short term support in crises\nnegatives of international institutionsdominated by rich countries so emphasis on free trade benefits them + blanket policies + undermine state authority\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nevaluate focus on promoting human capitalreturns on primary education are the higher returns + brain drain\nadvantages of industrialisationhigher value added products + higher abnormal profits + higher productivity as marginal product of agricultural workers is 0 + more output and employment + wages living standards + attract FDI which plugs savings gap + less riskand more diversified ( not just primary products) + higher terms of trade + foreign currency gap + comparative advantage as cheap labour eg china\nnegatives of industrialisationpolution + neglect agriculture + surplus labour in urban areas (unemployment, poverty shanty towns ) + export dependent + world competition\nadvantages of labour intensive industrialisation strategiesless unemployment + less inequality + they have abundant cheap labour so their comparative advantage lies here\nadvantages of tourismdiversify economy + investment in infrastructure and attract MNCs + current account + tax\nevaluate tourismvolatile earnings + foreign ownership of assets eg hotels so repatriate profits + seasonal + effect of world recession externalities\n\n\nQuestion Answer\nstages of rostow modeltraditional soceity - preconditions for take off - take off - drive to maturity - age of mass consumption\nharrod domar model(cycle) Savings - investment- capital accumulation - economic growth\nexternal investment harrod domarFDI , microfinance\nwhy promote agriculturefeed the people, comparative advantage rising demand in india so prices up and inelastic PED\nlewis model primary sectorlow labour productivity; low marginal revenue product; surplus labour\nlewis model secondary sectorwages 30% higher; high labour productivity; high marginal revenue product of labour; abnormal profits for factory owners; high investment from profits; rising output and employment
+__label__negative \n\n\nTest Registration | Test Administration | Special Needs\n\nClick on a question below to view the answer.\n\nTest Registration\n\nCan I apply for the CEN exam online?\n\nHow do I apply to take the CEN exam at a testing location outside the United States?\n\nWhen can I schedule my exam appointment?\n\nWhen will I receive my exam eligibility e-mail?\n\n\n\nIs it necessary to schedule an exam appointment?\n\n\n\nI have submitted and paid for my examination. How soon do I need to schedule and sit for the exam?\n\nCan I reschedule my examination?\n\nWhat happens if I missed my scheduled examination?\n\nHow many times can I take the exam?\n\nCan I join ENA when I apply for the CEN exam?\n\nWhen and why did the CEN exam Application fee and CEN Recertification fees change?\n\n\nTest Administration\n\nWhen was the first administration of the upgraded CEN exam?\n\nHow and where is the exam administered?\n\nWhere is the test site nearest to my location?\n\nWhat is the cost of the exam?\n\nHow much time is allowed to complete the exam?\n\nWhen will I receive my results?\n\nWhat if I did not pass the exam?\n\nCan I take the computerized exam at home?\n\n\nCan I earn college credit by achieving my CEN credential?\n\n\n\n\nSpecial Accommodations\n\n\nAccreditation Board for Specialty Nursing Certification\n\n\nAir & Surface Transport Nurses Association
+__label__negative Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nThese days, the standard way to present differential calculus is by introducing the Cauchy-Weierstrass definition of the limit. One then defines the derivative as a limit, proves results like the Leibniz and chain rules, and uses this machinery to differentiate some simple functions such as polynomials. The purpose of my question is to see what creative alternatives people can describe to this approach. The nature of the question is that there is not going to be a single best answer. I have several methods that I've collected which I'll put in as answers to my own question.\n\nIt's not reasonable to expect answers to include an entire introductory textbook treatment of differentiation, nor would anyone want to read answers that were that lengthy. A sketch is fine. Lack of rigor is fine. Well known notation and terminology can be assumed. It would be nice to develop things to the point where one can differentiate a polynomial, since that would help to illustrate how your method works and demonstrate that it's usable. For this purpose, it suffices to prove that if $n>0$ is an integer, the derivative of $x^n$ equals $0$ at $0$ and equals $n$ at $1$; the result at other nonzero values of $x$ follows by scaling. Doing this for $n=2$ is fine if the generalization to $n>2$ is obvious.\n\nshare|improve this question\nHighly relevant MO discussion. \u2013\u00a0 Asaf Karagila Oct 6 '12 at 0:20\nI am not sure what is happening here. I can understand asking a question for the sake of giving an answer. But giving two? It looks more like a blogpost material than a post on MSE. \u2013\u00a0 Asaf Karagila Oct 6 '12 at 0:30\nrelevant: mathoverflow.net/questions/44774/\u2026 \u2013\u00a0 Ben Crowell Oct 6 '12 at 15:43\n\n7 Answers 7\n\nGiven a function $x(t)$, consider any point $P=(a,x(a))$ on its graph. Let the function $\\ell(t)$ be a line passing through $P$. We say that $\\ell$ cuts through $x$ at $P$ if there exists some real number $d>0$ such that the graph of $\\ell$ is on one side of the graph of $x$ for all $a-d < t < a$, and is on the other side for all $a < t < a+d$.\n\nDefinition (Marsden):\nA line $\\ell$ through $P$ is said to be the line tangent to $x$ at $P$ if all lines through $P$ with slopes less than that of $\\ell$ cut through $x$ in one direction, while all lines with slopes greater than $P$'s cut through it in the opposite direction.\n\nThe derivative of a function is the slope of its tangent line at a given point.\n\nTheorem (Livshits):\nThe derivative of $t^k$ is $kt^{k-1}$, for $k=1, 2, 3, \\ldots$\n\nIt suffices to prove that the derivative equals $k$ when evaluated at $t=0$ and $1$. The result at $t=0$ holds for even $n$ by symmetry, and for odd $n$ by application of the definition.\n\nIt remains to prove the result at $t=1$. The proposed tangent line at $(1,1)$ has the equation $\\ell(t)=k(t-1)+1$, so what we need to prove is that the polynomial $t^k-[k(t-1)+1]$ is greater than or equal to zero throughout some region around $t=1$. We will prove that it is $\\ge 0$ for $t \\ge 0$.\n\nSuppose that $\\ell$ crosses $t^k$ at the point $(t,t^k)$. Then the slope of $\\ell(t)$ is $k$, so we must have \\begin{equation*} \\frac{t^k-1}{t-1} = k. \\end{equation*} The left-hand side is given by $Q(t)=\\sum_{j=0}^{k-1}t^j$. Where do we get $Q(t)=k$? Clearly we have a solution for $t=1$, since there are $k$ terms, each equal to $1$. For $t>1$, all the terms except the constant one are greater than $1$, so there can't be any solution. For $0 \\le t < 1$, all the terms except the constant one are positive and less than $1$, so again there can't be any solution. This completes the proof.\n\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nHere's a characterization of derivatives of polynomials in algebra rather than calculus, which might be\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0um\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0tangentially\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0relevant.\n\nA linear mapping from polynomials in $x$ to polynomials in $x$ is determined by the images of $1,x,x^2,x^3,\\ldots$. If such a mapping takes $x^n$ to a scalar multiple of $x^{n-1}$, then it is shift-equivariant only if it takes $x^n$ to $nx^{n-1}$.\n\nLater note: It is suggested in the comments below that some people don't know what \"shift-equivariant\" means. If $g(x)=f(x-c)$, then $g$ is a shift of $f$. Suppose $Tf$ is the image of $f$ under a linear mapping of the kind contemplated here. If $(Tf)(x-c)=(Tg)(x)$ for all $f$ and all scalars $c$, with $g$ as above, then $T$ is shift-equivariant. Differentiation is shift-equivariant; some linear mappings are not (e.g. multiplication by $x$).\n\nshare|improve this answer\nI'm tempted to give +1 for the pun delivery. \u2013\u00a0 Hurkyl Oct 6 '12 at 3:11\nNice and simple. For those who, like me, didn't know the definition of shift-equivariant, here it is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_operator There remains the logical possibility that differentiation of a monomial would give a polynomial with two or more terms. But this is certainly a nice way to pin down the factor of $n$. \u2013\u00a0 Ben Crowell Oct 6 '12 at 15:38\nI disposed of that \"logical possibility\" (which is actually realized in some examples!) quite easily: by hypothesis (as you'll see if you look carefully at what I wrote above). \u2013\u00a0 Michael Hardy Oct 6 '12 at 17:41\nYes, I understand that. I'm saying that when applying this to calculus on the reals, it would be nice to have some way of proving that rather than taking it as a hypothesis. \u2013\u00a0 Ben Crowell Oct 6 '12 at 18:15\n\nWhen I taught Number Theory I needed to speak of the derivative for a polynomial (over $\\mathbb Z$ and $\\mathbb Z/p \\mathbb Z$). Instead of taking the derivative from $\\mathbb R$ and restrict it to $\\mathbb Z$, I used the following approach, which works for polynomials only (but it would work in any polynomial ring).\n\nLet $P(X)$ be a polynomial, and $a$ a point. Then by the division Theorem we have\n\n$$P(X)=(X-a)Q(X) +R \\,.$$\n\nwhere $R$ is a constant. We define\n\n$$P'(a):= Q(a) (*)\\,.$$\n\nIt is important though to point that $Q(X) \\neq P'(X)$ in general, since at different points we get different $Q's$.\n\nThe following Lemma is an immediate consequence of $(*)$:\n\n\n1) $(P_1 \\pm P_2)' =P_1'+P_2'$,\n\n2) $(aP)'=aP'$\n\n3) $(a)'=0$\n\n4) $(X^n)'=n X^{n-1}$.\n\nThus, one gets the general formula for the derivative of a polynomial.\n\nThe product rule can also be proven relatively easy, and then one can actually prove that\n\n$$P(X)=P(a) + P'(a)(X-a)+ \\frac{P''(a)}{2!}(x-a)^2+...+ \\frac{P^{(n)}(a)}{n!}(x-a)^n \\,,$$\n\nwhere $n$ is the degree of the polynomial.\n\nIt also follows from here that $a$ is a multiple root of $P(X)$ with multiplicity $k$ if and only if $P(a)=P'(a)=...=P^{(k-1)}(a)=0$ and $P^{(k)}(a) \\neq 0$.\n\nThis is a purely algebraic approach, it works nicely for polynomials in any rings, and can probably be easily extended to rational functions, but not much more generally.\n\nNote that $R=P(a)$, thus for all $x \\neq a$ we have $Q(X)=\\frac{P(X)-P(a)}{x-a}$, thus this definition is equivalent to the standard definition in $\\mathbb R$.\n\nAlso, note that $P''(a) \\neq Q'(a)$ in $(*)$. Actually, from the product rule one gets $P''(a) =P'(a)+Q'(a)$.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nThe Taylor expansion beyond the first derivative does not work in all rings: the factorials $2!,\\dots,n!$ need to be invertible in the ring. You'd especially have problems over ${\\mathbf Z}/(p)$ if $n \\geq p$. \u2013\u00a0 KCd Jun 30 '13 at 13:48\n\nThe following is meant to be an axiomatization of differential calculus of a single variable. To avoid complications, let's say that $f$, $g$, $f'$, and $g'$ are smooth functions from $\\mathbb{R}$ to $\\mathbb{R}$ (\"smooth\" being defined by the usual Cauchy-Weierstrass definition of the derivative, not by these axioms, i.e., I don't want to worry about nondifferentiable points right now). In all of these, assume the obvious quantifiers such as $\\forall f \\forall g$.\n\nAxiom Z: $\\exists f : f'\\ne 0$\n\nAxiom A: $(f+g)'=f'+g'$\n\nAxiom C: $(g \\circ f)'=(g'\\circ f)f'$\n\nA bunch of the following is my presentation of reasoning given in a post by Tom Goodwillie: http://mathoverflow.net/questions/108773/independence-of-leibniz-rule-and-locality-from-other-properties-of-the-derivative/108804#108804 This whole answer is a shortened and cleaned up presentation of what was worked out in that MO question.\n\n\n(1) The derivative of the identity function $I$ is 1. -- Applying axiom C to $I=I\\circ I=I\\circ I\\circ I$ shows that $I'$ is equal to either 0 or 1 everywhere. Since continuity is assumed, $I'$ has the same value everywhere. By Z and C, that value can't be 0.\n\n(2) The derivative of a constant function is 0. -- From A and (1) we can show that the derivative of $-I$ is $-1$. Composition of the constant function with $-I$ then shows that the derivative of the constant is 0, evaluated at 0.\n\n(3) The derivative of $cx$, where $c$ is a constant, is $c$. -- By pre- or post-composing with a translation, we see that the derivative must be a constant $h(c)$. The function $h$ is a homomorphism of the reals with $h(1)=1$, so $h=c$.\n\n(4) The derivative of $cf$, where $c$ is a constant, is $cf'$. -- This follows from (3) and C.\n\n(5) The derivative of an even function at 0 is 0. -- Axiom C.\n\n(6) The derivative of $s(x)=x^2$ is $2x$. -- Let $u(x)=s(x+1)-s(x)=2x+1$. Then $u'=2$. By (5), $s'(0)=0$. Therefore $s'(1)=2$. Precomposition with a scaling function then establishes the result for all $x$.\n\n(7) For any functions $f$ and $g$, $(fg)'=f'g+g'f$. -- Write $2fg=(f+g)^2-f^2-g^2$ and apply (6).\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nStart with polynomials only. Given a polynomial $p(x) = \\sum_{i=0}^n a_ix^i$ and a point $x_0$, assure yourself that there is another polynomial $\\tilde{p}(x) = \\sum_{i=0}^n b_ix^i$ such that $$ p(x) = \\tilde{p}(x-x_0). $$\n\nNow observe what happens if you evaluate $\\tilde{p}(x-x_0)$ for an $x$ that lies close to $x_0$. $(x-x_0)^i$ will then decay very rapidly, so $\\tilde{p}(x-x_0)$ won't differ very much from $b_0 + b_1(x-x_0)$. In other words, $b_0 + b_1(x-x_0)$ is a good approximation of $p$ as long as we don't stray too far from $x_0$. Now, we just have to actually find $b_0$ and $b_1$.\n\n$b_0$ is obviously just $p(x_0)$, so what remains is to find $b_1$, i.e. the coefficient of $x$ in $p(x+x_0)$. Once you realize that that expanding $(x+c)^k$ produces $k$ times the term $xc$ and that no other term contains exactly one $x$, it is clear that $$ b_1 = a_1 + a_22x_0 + a_33x_0^2 + a_44x_0^3 + \\ldots $$\n\nThe first-order approximation of $p$ around $x_0$ is thus $p(x_0) + x\\sum_{i=1}^n a_iix_0^{i-1}$ which makes it obvious that the slope of $p(x)$ around $x_0$ is $$ p'(x) = \\sum_{i=1}^n a_iix_0^{i-1} $$\n\nThe key ingrediate (and the replacement for explicit limits) is the idea that for small values $\\epsilon$, $\\epsilon^2$ and higher power are sufficiently close to zero to be ignored.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nThis is not really a different approach, it's only rewriting the Cauchy-Weierstrass definition.\n\nLets say $~f: \\mathbb R \\rightarrow \\mathbb R$ is a smooth function and take $t_0 \\in \\mathbb R$. Then the slope $m$ of $f$ at the point $t_0$, or more precisely the tangent line $T(t)$ of $f$ at $t_0$, is uniquely characterized by the property that $|f(t) - T(t)| = o( |t-t_0|)$.\n\nNow assume $F(t)$ is a parametrization of the graph of $f(t)$, for instance $F(t)= (t,f(t))\\in \\mathbb R^2$, or if we want to be more general let $F(t)$ be an arbitrary smooth curve in $\\mathbb R^2$. Let $(I,G)$ denote the pair given by an interval $I\\subseteq \\mathbb R$ with $t_0\\in I$ and $G: I\\rightarrow \\mathbb R^2$ a smooth curve with $G(t_0)= F(t_0)$. Then one can show that $F$ and $G$ are tangental if and only if $||G(t)- F(t)|| = o(|t-t_0|)$ or if and only if $||G(t)- F(t)|| = o(||G(t)-G(t_0)||$ or if and only if $(F(t) - F(t_0)) \\sim (G(t)-G(t_0))$, where asymptotic equvalence in general normed spaces is actually defined by using the small O notation. This then describes an equivalence relation on pairs like $(I,G)$. The $o$ notation can be used to define derivatives and differentiability in quite general spaces. What I like about this description is that it goes hand in hand with the mental image that I have of the function $F$ nesteling up agains its tangent line at the point $t_0$ and also that it captures the idea of being just a smidge faster than linearly, which seems to be a recurring concept in analysis (especially when it comes to summability and integrability, so why not emphasize it in differentiability).\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nIf I understood the question correctly, I find odd no one has yet posted regarding Non-standard analysis. Of course I didn't create this, but I like the idea a lot better than using that $\\varepsilon$-$\\delta$ unintuitive definition. There is an awesome book about it. Following it, consider the hyperreals, with all nice properties like the extension and transfer principles.\n\nThe derivative is the instant variation of a function. Given that the function is continuous, its derivative can be approximated by some real $\\Delta x$, which will give a better approximation the smaller it is. Also, take $y=f(x)$.\n\n$$ f'(x)\\approx\\frac{\\Delta y}{\\Delta x}= \\frac{f(x+\\Delta x)-f(x)}{(x+\\Delta x)-x} $$\n\nNow if $\\Delta x$ is infinitely small, smaller than all positive reals, but not zero, the real part resulting will be exactly the derivative of the function. This real part, \"zooming out of infinitesimals\", is given by the standard function ($\\text{st}:\\mathbb R^*\\to\\mathbb R$).\n\n$$ f'(x)=\\text{st}\\frac{\\Delta f(x)}{\\Delta x}=\\text{st}\\left(\\frac{f(x+\\Delta x)-f(x)}{\\Delta x}\\right) $$\n\nLet's take the derivative of the function $y=x^2-3x$.\n\n$$ \\begin{align} y+\\Delta y &= (x+\\Delta x)^2-3(x+\\Delta x)\\\\ \\Delta y&=(x+\\Delta x)^2-3(x+\\Delta x)-(x^2-3x)=\\\\ &=\\color{red}{x^2}+2x\\Delta x+\\Delta x ^2 \\color{red}{-3x}-3\\Delta x\\color{red}{-x^2+3x}=\\\\ &=2x\\Delta x -3\\Delta x+\\Delta x ^2\\\\ f'(x)=\\text{st}\\frac{\\Delta y}{\\Delta x}&= \\text{st}(2x -3+\\Delta x)=2x-3\\\\ \\end{align} $$\n\nThis $\\Delta y$ is not the variation of the derivative though. To illustrate this, I took the following from the book:\n\ndifferent degrees of infinitesimals\n\nIf we were to draw a tangent on a point using the derivative we got and infinitely amplify the section, it would be off by an even infinitely smaller bit. We'd need to amplify further to notice it. That variation on the tangent instead of the curve itself is called the differential of $y$, defined by:\n\n$$ dy=f'(x)\\ dx $$\n\nThis is useful to make the derivative a (hyper)real fraction. $dx=\\Delta x$, it is used to not break the conventional notation. So in this case\n\n$$ dy=(2x-3)dx\\neq(2x-3+dx)dx=\\Delta y,\\ \\ (\\epsilon=dx) $$\n\nAn advantage of this fraction definition of derivative is many rules become obvious. Say, the inverse function rule, for infinitesimals $dy\\neq0\\neq dx$:\n\n$$ \\forall a\\ \\forall b:\\{a;b\\}\\subset \\mathbb R^*\\setminus\\{0\\}, \\frac{a}{b}=\\frac{1}{b/a}\\\\ \\therefore\\frac{dx}{dy}=\\frac{1}{dx/dy} $$\n\nMany properties of derivatives are quite easier to prove using this form of Calculus (so I will not list them here, but every single one used in that book is also proved there). I hope this is the kind of answer you were looking for.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__negative Video: Evaluating Genetic Risk Factors for Breast and Ovarian Cancer\n\n\nAn estimated 25 to 30 percent of breast cancers are hereditary \u2013 which means that a family member passes along multiple genetic mutations that increase the risk of getting the disease, says cancer genetics expert Kenneth Offit of Memorial Sloan Kettering. However, only about one-third of hereditary breast cancers are associated with a BRCA mutation, suggesting that many other genes are involved. Researchers at Memorial Sloan Kettering are currently studying 30 other genetic mutations that may also increase the risk of breast cancer.\n\nIn some ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi Jews, the proportion of breast and ovarian cancers due to a BRCA mutation is significantly higher, says Dr. Offit. In addition, most women with ovarian cancer who have a strong family history of both breast and ovarian cancer have a BRCA mutation.
+__label__negative Climate Change Project\n\nTable of Contents\n\n\n\nConsent and Informed Consent\n\nLouisiana Law\n\nGuide - Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 701 So.2d 447 (La. 1997), rehearing denied (Nov 21, 1997)\n\nWhat is the patient's history with hernias?\n\nWhy does he want the hernia repaired with mesh?\n\nWhat did the consent form say about using mesh?\n\nDid the physician follow the agreement in the consent form?\n\nWhy not?\n\nHow much time elapsed between the surgery and the eventual hernia that is at issue in this lawsuit?\n\nIs the new hernia the same size and location as the old one?\n\nHas plaintiff had other hernia problems?\n\nWhat does this do for a causation argument?\n\nWhat is this lawsuit really about?\n\nShould it have been brought?\n\nHow did the trial judge limit the issues before the jury?\n\nWhat did the jury think of the claim?\n\nDid the appeals court uphold that it was wrong to make the promise and then not keep it?\n\nLook at the LA Statute, paragraph 31.\n\nWhat was wrong with the consent forms in the first case under this law, LaCaze?\n\nWas the consent defective?\n\nDid the plaintiff get any money?\n\n\nWhat did the defendant fail to tell the plaintiff in Pizzalotto?\n\nWhy did this matter to the plaintiff?\n\nIs this a special area of concern?\n\nWhat happened during surgery?\n\nWhat legal theory did the LA SC apply?\n\nHondroulis explored materiality.\n\nWhat did the defendant use as a model for the consent form?\n\nWhat happened to the patient that was not in the form?\n\nWhat did the trial court do?\n\nWhat was the two step test the court adopted for materiality?\n\nIs this the same as the test in Cobbs v Grant?\n\nHow does this change the reading of the statute?\n\nWhat did the court do with the SJ?\n\nHow does La. Rev. Stat. 40:1299.40 E(2)(a) affect the use of battery? (Paragraph 52)\n\nReturning to the present case\n\nWhy did defendant say he did not use the mesh?\n\nWhat does this tell use about his intent when he presented the consent form?\n\nWhy are we looking at the special concerns of this patient, rather than just the reasonable patient?\n\nDid the court find the defendant breached the duty of disclosure?\n\nWhat is the causation problem?\n\nWhat injury did the court find that the beach of duty caused?\n\nHow is this like a battery claim?\n\nWhy not just use a battery claim?\n\nWhat damages can be compensated?\n\nHow much did the court award?\n\nWhat does this tell future plaintiff's about the economics of their claims?\n\nAre you curious about the statute of limitations problem, if there was not causation?\n\n\nThe Law, Science & Public Health Law Site\nThe Best on the WWW Since 1995!\nCopyright as to non-public domain materials\nSee DR-KATE.COM for home hurricane and disaster preparation\n\nSee WWW.EPR-ART.COM for photography of southern Louisiana and Hurricane Katrina
+__label__negative Complainant FAQ\n\nComplainant FAQ\n\nWhat is the difference between the trial for guilt and trial for sanction?\n\nAlthough each trial follows the same format, the trial for guilt focuses strictly on whether or not the alleged events occurred, and if so, whether these events are in violation of the specific standards that have been charged.\u00a0 For this reason, all witnesses and evidence are presented with regard to the specifics of the incident: (who, what, where, when). The trial for sanction, on the other hand, is intended to discuss any mitigating factors and motives that led the accused to violate the standards in question.\u00a0 During the trial for sanction the counselors may discuss past disciplinary records, character patterns, extra-curricular involvement, psychological distress, or any other extenuating circumstances.\u00a0 The trial for sanction also provides the accused with an opportunity to express what they have learned from the incident.\u00a0 The purpose of the trial for sanction is to arrive at an appropriate sanction aligned with the goals of the UJC.\n\nWhat happens during questioning?\n\nDuring the trial proceedings the Complainant, Accused, and any witnesses may be called to testify.\u00a0 You will be asked questions first by your own counselor.\u00a0 Opposing counselors have the ability to cross-examine witness, so expect questions from the opposing counselor too.\u00a0 The judges on the trial panel may also ask you questions if they feel the need for any clarification.\u00a0 The goal of the UJC is to find the truth and to formulate the appropriate response, so all of the questions that you are asked are asked in this light and are not meant to be intimidating or hostile in any way.\u00a0 It is important to remember that the tenets of the Honor System apply during UJC proceedings and you are expected to answer questions honorably.\n\nWho are the judges?\n\nThe trial panel is made up of 5 judges, one of which is the trial chair who will conduct the proceeding and is a member of the UJC\u2019s Executive Committee.\u00a0 These judges come from the 25 UJC representatives that are elected by the student body; there are two from each school and three from the College of Arts and Sciences.\u00a0 With the exception of the trial chair, the judges are unaware of any of the details of your case before the trial begins. You have the right at the beginning of the trial to object to any member of the trial panel that you feel may not be completely fair and unbiased during your case.\n\nWhat is the goal of the University Judiciary Committee?\n\nTo maintain and promote a community of respect, safety, and freedom.\n\nCan I have an open trial?\n\nIt is the accused student\u2019s option to have an open trial or not.\u00a0 The complainant has no say whatsoever.\n\nWhat is the UJC\u2019s confidentiality policy?\n\nEverything must be kept entirely confidential, only the accused may publicly release information pertaining to the case (the complainant may not release information).\u00a0 Violation of this policy is a violation of the Standards of Conduct.\n\nWhat sanction will the accused student receive?\n\nThere are neither codified nor established sanctions for specific offenses and the trial panel has unlimited leeway in crafting a sanction.\u00a0 The trial panel considers the circumstances of the incident, the Accused student\u2019s past record, and other evidence presented during the proceedings to craft a sanction that is uniquely appropriate for each student in each situation.\n\nWhat should I wear to trial?\n\nBusiness casual is the minimum expectation for a trial appearance.\n\nWho may represent me?\n\nAny student in the University Community may represent you in trial, or you may choose to represent yourself.\u00a0 A UJC counselor is assigned to every case, however, and they have been extensively trained and are well informed regarding UJC protocol.\u00a0 You may not have a professional lawyer represent you in a case.\n\nMay I appeal the decision of the trial panel?\n\nThe right to appeal is a right that only the accused student may exercise.\u00a0 Complainants may not appeal the decision of the trial panel.\n\nWhat is a Hearing Panel?\n\nDuring any stage of the investigation of a case before the UJC or the First Year Judiciary Committee, a case may be heard informally before a hearing panel. Either party may request a hearing panel.\n\n  1. A hearing panel is composed of the Chairperson of the Committee or one of the Vice Chairs and two other judges from the committee. The panel bases its decision solely on the Investigator\u2019s report. Neither party addresses the trial panel in person.\n  2. Requirements for a case to be heard before a hearing panel are as follows: The accused must admit guilt and must be a first-time offender. The offense must be minor. Both parties must agree to have the case moved to the hearing panel.\n  3. Despite the fact that a particular case appears to meet the criteria for a Hearing Panel set forth above, the hearing panel chair may deny any request for a hearing panel in his or her sole reasonable discretion.\n  4. If at any time during the hearing, the hearing panel chair decides that a trial is needed to clarify facts, ensure fairness, or for any reason s/he deems appropriate, then a trial will be arranged.\n  5. All committee by-laws concerning appeals and reviews by the vice-president for student affairs apply to the hearing panel.\n\nHow do I drop charges?\n\nCases\u00a0may be dropped by completing the\u00a0Drop Case Form. Charges can be amended using the\u00a0Amend Charges Form. Both are fillable PDFs.
+__label__negative computer fundamental part 5\n\nThe Open-source alternative of Ms-Office is\n\nMSI stands for\n\nWhich of the following is possible veriety of ROM ?\n\nGiga hertz is measurment for speed , for which of the devices ?\n\nWhich of the following is the responsibility of Operating system ?\n\nThe basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in\n\nTrackball is a kind of mouse helps navigate the controls on the screen\n\nmpg is an extension for which kind of files ?\n\nInformation travels between components on the motherboard through\n\n\nWhich of the following are considered threats to Computers and information security ?
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions. If you know of anything else that should be addressed on this page please Contact Us.\n[+] Why should I register?\n[+] Why do you ask for two email addresses?\n[+] Does my browser to have to be set to accept cookies?\n[+] How do I log in?\n[+] Help! I'm having trouble logging in!\n[+] What is the title that appears beneath my Display Name in posts?\n[+] What are these titles about?\n[+] I forgot my password!\n[+] How do I change my password?\n[+] How do I add an image to my message?\n[+] Is there a limit to the size of an image I can have in my signature?\n[+] How do I create an attachment?\n[+] What are the rules of conduct for the forum?\n[+] How do I edit my profile?\n[+] How do I edit my display preferences?\n[+] Why is a post's subject so important?\n[+] How do I find posts that may already have the answer to the question I have?\n[+] What does the flashing envelope icon on the My Messages link in the Navigation Island indicate?\n[+] Can I send a Private Topic to more than one person?\n[+] I'm having problems getting the URL tags to work.\n[+] What if I make a mistake in my post?\n[+] What if I post in the wrong forum?\n[+] Can I use HTML in my posts?\n[+] What UBBCode can I use in my posts?\n[+] How do I put a poll in my post?\n[+] How do I change the number of posts displayed on a page?\n[+] What's the difference between Reply and Quick Reply?\n[+] What's the difference between Quote and Quick Quote?\n[+] How do I edit my profile?\n[+] How do I use Gallery Forums?\n[+] How do I create an attachment?\n[+] How do Watch Lists work?\n[+] How do I mail myself a Topic or Private Message?\n[+] How do I use RSS Feeds?\n[+] What do the different Username Colors mean?\n[+] What do the numbers in parenthesise next to the \"Post Numbers\" mean?\n\nRecent Posts\nTop Posters (Last 30 Days)\nNewest Members\nmypianorotebook, Amber_Bagz, 430725, SKaR, adagiok5\n2658 Registered Users\nForum Stats\n2658 Members\n46 Forums\n5771 Topics\n62996 Posts\n\nMax Online: 1422 @ 10/03/16 05:11 PM
+__label__negative General\u00a0 FAQs\n\nWhat is insurance?\n\nInsurance is a formal transfer of risk to an insurance company. It is the protection of assets against specific perils in exchange for regular premium payments proportionate to the likelihood of risk occurrence and the cost involved. Insurance enables the purchaser to get compensation if the insured risk occurs within the time span of the contract period.\n\nWhat is Index-based Insurance?\n\nLike any insurance product, the purpose of index-based insurance (IBI) is to compensate clients in the event of a loss. IBI is used to protect against shared rather than individual risk such as the risks associated with weather fluctuations, disease out breaks or price loss. Unlike traditional insurance which assesses loses on a case by case basis and makes payouts based on individual client\u2019s loss realizations, IBI offers policy holders a payout based on the external indicator which triggers a payment to all insured clients within a geographically defined space.\n\nHow does index-based insurance work?\n\nFor index insurance to work there must be a suitable indicator variable (the index) that is highly associated with the event being insured but is not prone to manipulation by either the insured or insurer. For example, if one is insuring against forage scarcity, then an indicator such as rainfall or forage availability may be suitable. The idea would be that rain failure during the rainy season, shortage of available forage, or a combination of the two would result in some level of livestock stress. Having sufficiently modelled this relationship, one could then write an insurance contract based on a rainfall or forage indicator to protect against various degrees of aggregate livestock losses. Users pay a regular insurance premium and receive payouts when an index (linked to poor agricultural production outcomes e.g. rainfall failure; or one linked to forage availability) crosses an agreed trigger point.\n\nWhat is the advantage of index-based insurance product?\n\nIBI makes a payment when a geographic area based indicator that is highly associated with the risk outcome being insured against (e.g. forage scarcity) is triggered. This differs from traditional insurance which requires that the insurer monitor the activities of their clients and verify the truth of their claims on a case by case basis. For relatively small clients in infrastructure deficient environments the costs of such monitoring are often overly prohibitive. With index-based insurance products, all one has to do is monitor the index. Traditional insurance also suffers from a problem commonly described as \u201cmoral hazard\u201d \u2013\u00a0 the tendency for an insured person to be more negligent of protecting their insurance against loss, since the insurance guarantees that he/she is paid in the event of loss.\u00a0 Traditional insurance also suffers from \u201cadverse selection\u201d problem where more risk-prone individuals will self-select into the contract.\u00a0 These two problems can make traditional insurance commercially unsustainable.\u00a0 On the other hand, IBI does not suffer from these two problem since the index is based on aggregated regional variables instead of individual risk-proneness and behaviors.\n\nWhat are the possible limitations of indexed based insurance product?\n\nA possible limitation of IBI is \u201cbasis risk\u201d \u2013 this refers to the imperfect correlation between an insuree\u2019s potential loss experience and the behaviour of the underlying index on which the insurance product payout is based. It is possible that individuals suffer losses specific to them but fail to receive a payout because the index does not trigger. On the other hand, lucky individuals may receive indemnity payments that surpass the value of their losses. While this problem cannot be completely eliminated, one can carefully design the IBI contract to minimize basis risk and therefore to maximize its value to the insured population.\n\nWhat is Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI)?\n\nIndex-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLT) is a product that is designed to protect against prolonged forage scarcity. IBLT triggers payment to pastoralists to help maintain their livestock in the face of severe forage scarcity\n\nWhat types of risks are covered under IBLI (the insurance being sold)? Does it give insurance coverage for livestock death from any causes?\n\nIBLI is insurance for drought only. It is a contractual agreement to pay policy holders proportional to the esevere forage scarcity experienced as a result drought. The availability of pasture is tracked from vegetation imagery by satellite. IBLI does not give insurance coverage for livestock asset lose due to other causes like predation, disease, raids etc.\n\nWho is eligible for Indexed Based Livestock Insurance?\n\nAny livestock keeper within the counties of Marsabit, Isiolo and Wajir, Mandera, Garissa in Northern Kenya and in the Borana region of Southern Ethiopia, who is willing and able to pay for insurance for their livestock.\n\nIf drought does not occur for the period I buy insurance, do I get back the premium I paid or if there is no drought for 2-3 years am I losing money?\n\nPremium paid to get risk protection is non-refundable. No, buying insurance is not losing money. If drought has not occurred\u00a0 one year, it may occur in another year.IBLI could be compared to hiring a guard to protect one\u2019s property all the time. Though you know property can be robbed, you do not know the exact time when robbers might come \u2013 and would wish that they never come. You have not lost the salary you paid to a guard from year to year to protect your property. Similarly, the premium you pay\u00a0 is not money lost as you have got protection against drought risk which could occur anytime.\n\nIs the premium I pay for IBLI saved for me like money put in bank?\n\nNo, IBLI is not a savings product, paying premium is completely different from saving money in bank. If you put money in bank you may withdraw some other time when you need. While by paying premium, you are purchasing the service of protection for your livestock asset against the occurrence of drought.\n\nHow long will my livestock be insured after I pay one-time premium?\n\nIBLI has an annual contract and the annual premium provides cover only for one year. In order to get continuous protection, you need to activate insurance contract annually by paying premium charged by the IBLI provider.\n\nWill I get paid if I lost my animals to disease, cattle rustling, or wild animals?\n\nNo. IBLI pays out only when the index, based on the availability of vegetation triggers. This index is drought related. Drought is the biggest risk facing pastoralists. In addition, unlike disease, cattle rustling and other risks, the risk from drought\u00a0 is a shared problem.\n\n\n\nKenya FAQs\n\nWhere can I purchase a policy cover for my livestock?\n\nFor Marsabit you can purchase a policy cover from an APA Insurance agent who will be designated at different towns both in lower and upper Marsabit. For Isiolo you can purchase a policy cover from agents of APA Insurance and Takaful Insurance of Africa in Isiolo town. For Wajir you can purchase a policy cover from the Takaful Insurance of Africa office in Wajir town and other neighboring towns. For Mandera and Garissa you can purchase IBLI from Takaful Insurance of Africa in Mandera and Garissa town respectively.\n\nWhat do I need to purchase a livestock cover for my livestock?\n\nYou will need a national identity card for purchasing the insurance from the IBLI/IBLT agent. The Agent will want to know insured\u2019s full names, id number, district and location of residence, and gender.\u00a0 They will also record fingerprints. But before you go to purchase the insurance you will need to have decided how many livestock you want to insure as this will determine how much you will need to carry to pay for the insurance.\n\nWhen can I purchase a policy cover for my livestock?\n\nIBLI policy cover will\u00a0 sold two times a year; from 1st August to 1st September and from 1st January to 28th February. The cover will run from beginning of October to the end of September and March to end of February the following year, depending on when the contract was purchased.\n\nWhy can\u2019t I purchase a livestock cover for my livestock whenever I want?\n\nYou cannot purchase a policy whenever you want because the insurance index that initiates a payout is dependent on the forage conditions around your geographic area. For this reason, you can only purchase the insurance before the onset of the long rains seasons and before the short rain season.\n\nWhat types of livestock can I insure?\n\nIBLI covers the four key livestock types: Camel, Cattle, Goats and Sheep.\u00a0 However, these four livestock types are standardized into a unit known as a Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) which is calculated as follows:\u00a0 1 Cattle = 1 TLU: 1 Camel = 1.4 TLU: 1 Goat or 1 Sheep = 0.1 TLU.\n\nIf I want to insure only part of my livestock, how will I choose which ones to insure?\n\nYou do not need to choose which livestock to insure because the insurance payout will not be based on whether specific animals die, but on the satellite readings on forage availability in the area. You only therefore need to indicate the number of livestock (TLU) that you want to insure.\n\nHow will the livestock to be insured be valued?\n\nTaking the average value of livestock in the area and the method of standardization translating livestock types into TLU, a constant value of TLU has been set for Indexed Based Livestock Insurance.\u00a0 This values has been set as follows:\n\n  \u2022 Marsabit \u2013 TLU = 14,000 KES\n  \u2022 Isiolo \u2013 TLU = 14,000 KES\n  \u2022 Wajir \u2013 TLU = 14,000 KES\n  \u2022 Mandera -TLU = 14,000 KES\n  \u2022 Garissa -TLU = 14,000 KES\n\nFor what period is the insurance valid?\n\nIndexed Based Livestock Insurance will have a coverage period of one year.\u00a0 Insurance purchased between January and February will be valid from March of that year to the end of February in the following year. If the insurance has been purchased between August and September, it will be valid from October of that year to the end of September in the following year. IBLI will have two possible payout periods, one during the long dry period in August and the other at the end of the short dry period in February.\u00a0 The state of the index at these times will be announced and where the index is beyond the strike point, the relevant insurance payments will be made.\n\nWhat is the strike level?\n\nThe index threshold below which payouts must be made is called the strike level. Supposing the forage conditions are ranked from 1- 100 with 1 being the worst and 100 the best. The strike level is then set such that if the forage conditions for the current contract season is ranked 20 and below, the contract will pay out. Therefore, the strike level is set at the 20th percentile. In other words, IBLT will compensate if the forage condition will fall below the worst 20 percentile of seasonal pasture levels in the contract area.\n\nHow is the payout determined and who determines this?\n\nThe payout\u00a0 will be determined by the level of forage scarcity indicated by the index.\u00a0 Where forage scarcity is below the trigger point, a payment will be made.\u00a0 The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) will record the progress of the index and announce its value during the potential payout periods at the end of July and the end of January.\u00a0 The insurance companies (APA Insurance and Takaful Insurance of Africa) will then pass the information to customers, and their representatives in government, NGOs and other such organizations.\n\nWhen and how will I know whether there will be a payout?\n\nIf the forage scarcity for the division where you insured your livestock is below the strike point, you will receive a payout. There is a website (https://livestockinsurance.wordpress.com) where you can get information when the trigger level has been attained. The chiefs will announce this information in the respective locations where the trigger level has been attained. There will also be communication through the local radio stations.\n\nHow will I know how much I will be paid?\n\nYour payment will be calculated by multiplying\u00a0 the value of TLU you insured by a response function and the strike level.\n\nWhat do I need to do to get my payout?\n\nYou will need to carry a national identify card and the receipt you receive the first time you buy insurance from the insurance company.\n\nIf there is no insurance payout, can I get back the premiums paid?\n\nNo, premiums are non refundable.\u00a0 Once the premium is paid, it cannot be returned even if there is no trigger to initiate a payout.\n\nIs it possible for me to suffer a livestock loss related to lack of pasture and not get a payout?\n\nYes, this is possible. This is because for there to be a payout, the forage scarcity needs to be less than the strike point for that area.\n\nFor example:\n\nIf the strike level for a division\u00a0 in Marsabit e.g. Maikona is 15th percentile, this means that if the forage scarcity is at the 15the percentile the people in Maikona will receive a payout. The same principle applies in divisions of Isiolo and Wajir as well.\n\nMy friend in Southern\u00a0 Wajir\u00a0 had insured the same number of livestock as i did yet he got a higher payment than I did; why is this?\n\nAs you know Wajir has 14 divisions. Each of the divisions have different premium rates. These premium rates are determined for each division based on the potential for possible droughts in each division. So if you come from Haddado in the South, the premium will be higher for Haddado as compared to Bute which is in the North. The reason being, the possibility of drought in Haddado is higher compared to Bute. Therefore, the forage availability data will be monitored per division. It is possible that the forage scarcity for Haddado in\u00a0 South Wajir will be different from Bute which is in North Wajir.\n\nAnother Example:\n\nAssume that Hussein from Maikona insured 10 TLU and Shabbir from North Horr in Marsabit also insured 10 TLU. Assume that the forage scarcity is at the 20th percentile for North Horr and 15th percentile for Maikona. If the trigger level is the 20th percentile, then Hussein will receive a minimum payout since in his division the forage scarcity is equal to the strike level .\n\nDoes Indexed Based Livestock Insurance encourage people to neglect their livestock?\n\nIt does not. This is because IBLI pays depending on the index which means that the people insured will receive a payout based on the forage scarcity and not their individual losses.\u00a0 Therefore they should continue putting effort into ensuring their livestock do not perish as they might even receive a payout regardless of the condition of their livestock.\n\nIs the payout in the form of livestock or cash? If it is cash, do I have to buy livestock with or shall I put it into some other uses?\n\nThe payout will be in the form of cash.\u00a0 There will be no forced requirement on how that cash will be used.\u00a0 You could put it into different use like savings, getting better feed for livestock, engaging in a small business or otherwise.\n\n\nEthiopia FAQs\n\nWho can buy IBLI ?\n\nAny person who owns at least one shoat (Sheep or goat) and whose livestock graze in one of the 8 woredas in Borana Zone under IBLI coverage can buy IBLI insurance.\n\nIf I insure pregnant cattle and it gives birth during active insurance contract period, will the new born calf be under insurance coverage?\n\nNo, your calf does not get insurance coverage, if you have paid premium only for one animal. Premium is to be paid for each head of livestock. But if you want you can buy a policy for the calf to be born by paying the amount of premium assigned for cattle.\n\nIs it possible to quit the insurance contract for a certain period and then activate it again some other time?\n\nInsurance purchase is voluntary and coverage period is usually for one year. This means that when you purchase insurance for a head of livestock, you pay a premium that gives you protection for the agreed value of that insured livestock per insurance terms given to you for one year. For your asset to remain under insurance protection for subsequent years, you are required to pay additional premium charges every year. If not, your contract agreement expires, and your livestock will not have insurance protection. If you want another insurance contract after your original contract for that year has expired for some time ( a year, two or so), you are free to buy the contract again any time.\n\nWhy does the insurance product you sale (IBLI) provide coverage for drought risk only not for predation or death due to diseases?\n\nThe provision of insurance services for drought is made possible by tracking forage scarcity through vegetation imagery by satellite. Tracking forage availability over a period of time, enables insurance companies to compensate policy holders without the need to go around to count livestock die-offs.\nFor individual compensation, one-by-one loss assessment is mandatory to verify predation or death due to disease,\u00a0 and loss due to raids,\u00a0 which is difficult.\u00a0 Furthermore, drought is the major cause of livestock losses for the Borana community and other pastoralists. Finally, insurance principles also dictates that the insurance product be sold for specific risk like drought not for combination of many risks like predation, diseases, theft and accidents at the same time.\n\nWhat Index does IBLI use?\n\nThe index of Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) product for Borana is derived from vegetation imagery, to measure the level and density of pasture available to livestock. The index is called cumulative deviation of forage availability. It simply measures the forage condition over defined time period and for geographical areas of interest starting from as low as 250m by 250m aggregating to village, kebele and woreda, etc.\n\nHow does NDVI measure forage availability?\n\nNDVI measures availability and density of pasture by tracking vegetation imagery over the rangeland to estimate the magnitude of livestock loss incase of a drought. Scarce pasture means livestock do not have feed and can gradually die if feed continues to deteriorate over time and geographical locations\n\nHow NDVI is used to calculate the index of IBLI?\n\nTo calculate the IBLI index:\nFirst the greenness of vegetation (pasture) of the current 16 day period is measured by the satellite\nThen this current 16 day period of pasture- performance is compared to what is usually the normal average for the same period of time in a year, over the past 30 years to know how much the current pasture has deviated. (since drought is a slow onset of disaster and when interpreted in a context of rangeland, it means a continuous deterioration of forage availability that finally leads to large die-offs of livestock).\nFinally, the 16 days deviation of pasture is cumulated over insurance coverage (from the 1st date of expected rain for a season to the last date of expected end of the dry season that follows) to construct the index that measures forage availability overt time.\n\nWhat is contract strike or trigger? How is it related to drought?\n\nContract strike or trigger means simply the level of pasture availability measure beyond which if it deteriorates, policy holders start getting a payout. It is set by using information based on 30 years historical data and considering the premium level pastoralists can afford. It is part of the contract agreement.\u00a0 Strike or trigger of the contract is related to drought as it is set based on 30 years historical data of pasture availability in such a way that seasonal pasture levels amounting to historical drought seasons in the past thirty years will fetch compensation for policy holders\n\nHow do we know whether there is a payout?\n\nThe index is tracked starting from the day the insurance contract is in effect to the end of a season\u00a0 every year (one season is from October 1 to February 28/29, and the other season from March 1 to September 30).\nThe index reading for the current season is announced to policy holders at the end of a season and if it is in the drought designated system, compared to the pre-agreed strike level index of below the 15 percentile , policy holders will receive\u00a0 a payout.\n\nCan satellite pictures differentiate forage from trees or bushes?\n\nThough the imagery does not tell directly whether the observed vegetation is bush or grass, it definitely indicates how the pasture in an area is performing compared what has been normal for that particular area, at that particular period of the year.\n\nYou say the satellite shows the degree of greenness of an area, but can it show, for instance, whether grass is available or not under trees or bushes?\n\nIt is not possible to identify a grass under a tree but it is possible to know the severity of drought by analyzing pasture performance over time and enabling pastoralists to get compensation when they are affected by severe drought\n\nIn some areas like Arero and Yabello mountain parts, trees like acacia are usually green in drought conditions, so how can satellite recognize drought in such cases where some species of trees remain green even in drought situations\n\nThe reason that the index compares the current satellite reading with the historical average is because even where the trees or bushy vegetation that are not eaten by livestock, the average level of green will still be less than what it usually is during times of drought. It is this difference that is recognized\n\nWhat is the cost (of premium) of getting insurance coverage for my livestock?\n\nPremium is the price of risk to be paid by the pastoralist who is buying IBLI, in order to get the settlement for the drought related livestock loss as per the contract terms. Since different livestock species have different values, the price of risk (premium) to be paid is proportional to that value.\n\nAre the premiums the same for all locations?\n\nNo, the premium amount varies among geographical coverage locations (woredas), since the probability of occurrence of drought varies from Woreda to Woreda. For instance, drought is more likely to occur in Moyale and Miyo than in Yabello which means that the likelihood of payouts is more frequent in Moyale and Miyo than Yabello. Hence the more susceptible a woreda to drought, the higher the premium it is to be charged to get protection.\n\nAre the premiums the same for different livestock species?\n\nDifferent livestock species i.e. cattle, camel and shoats are charged different amount of premiums. Premium is paid for a single species or head of livestock. One can insure any number of livestock by paying premium proportional to the number of livestock s/he wants to insure.\n\nHow do you determined the market prices that have been assigned to different livestock species (e.g. Cattle=Birr 5,000, Camel=Birr 15,000, and Shoats= Birr 700)\n\nThe current market prices for different livestock can be higher than the prices we use for the purpose of IBLI. The prices are determined based on the average market price of livestock\u00a0 from Haro Bake livestock market price over 5\u00a0 years. The price of\u00a0 a\u00a0 livestock species differs depending on the age, sex or body condition. But for IBLI, a fixed price,\u00a0 is needed as the premium to be paid now and potential settlement should be proportional to the value of the livestock asset to be covered by the insurance. However,\u00a0 if you feel the ox you want to insure can be valued for Birr 10, 000, it is your right to pay twice the premium paid for a cattle and get insurance coverage for two cattle.\n\nWhat are the conditions for a payout?\n\nIn order for policy holders to get a payout, the level of forage available to livestock in the index coverage woreda,\u00a0 should amount to a drought level that triggers compensation.\n\nHow and where do I ask for compensation?\n\nYou do not need to report anywhere to get compensation. Since the insurance is\u00a0 index based,\u00a0 and if the level of forage available amounts to a drought situation, Oromia Insurance Company (OIC) will announce the timing of payment through DAs and/or available medias like Radio Oromia. Payment will then be effected through agents appointed by OIC.\n\nHow much of settlement will I get for a livestock when there is a trigger?\n\nThe amount of settlement one gets depends on the level of forage shortage. The milder the forage shortage, the lesser the amount of compensation; and the more severe the forage shortage, the higher the amount of settlement.\n\nWhen are the potential payout periods?\n\nPotential payout periods are twice a year, just at the end of the two dry seasons of Borana.\u00a0 The amount of settlement for one of the two seasons, can range from half of the annual premium amount paid incase of a milder forage shortage condition to a half of the total value insured if there is a severe forage shortage equivalent to the worst drought that has occurred since the past 30 years.\n\nAt what times in the year can we expect compensation if insurance triggers payout?\n\nThe IBLI contract is an annual contract that rolls either from October 1 to September 30 or from March 1 to February 28/29 the following year with potential payouts twice a year: one in October, at the end of Long dry season (Bona Adolessa), and second in March at the end of Short dry season (Bona Hagaya).\n\nDo I get compensation if the index triggers, but there is no livestock death?\n\nYes, for you to get compensation, it is sufficient for the index to trigger. So even if your insured livestock are alive, you can receive a settlement.
+__label__negative Measurement: Avogadro Hypothesis\n\nMeasurement of large distances is simple. We use kilometres for terrestrial applications, light years for stellar applications and 1 parsec (3.26 light-years) for galactic applications. On the other end of the scale, we have small measures. We can understand millimetres and our naked eyes can see up to 0.1 mm but after that, it is very hard to visualize. We have only recently begun to explore the miniature world out there with the new technological development.\n\nAvogadro Hypothesis\n\nAn electron microscope is a microscope that illuminates the sample with a beam of accelerated electrons. This electron can be made to have a very short wavelength, almost 100,000 times shorter than the visible light, thus giving the electron microscope a better resolution than an optical microscope. This can be used to observe very small things such as atoms and molecules. A transmission electron microscope can achieve better than 50 Picometer (10-12) resolution and you should remember that atoms range from 30 \u2013 300 Pico meter. Here\u2019s a fun fact, the radius of an atom is more than 10000 times the radius of the nucleus and the atom is 99.999999% empty space\n\nBefore the technological advancements though, we only had a rough estimate of the size of the atom even after the Rutherford alpha particle scattering experiment gave us the size of the nucleus. Let\u2019s discuss some of these methods now.\n\nAvogadro Hypothesis\n\nThe actual volume occupied by the atom of a substance is always less than the volume of that substance because the packing of atoms is inefficient. Due to this, there are empty spaces between atoms resulting in an inflated volume. According to Avogadro, the actual volume occupied by the atoms in a certain mass of a substance is two-thirds the volume occupied by that mass of the substance. Using the Avogadro Hypothesis and a few other parameters we can make an educated guess about the size of atoms.\n\nLet\u2019s take a mole of a substance, say Carbon. A mole refers to the amount of the substance in grams equivalent to the atomic weight of the substance. So talking of carbon, one mole of carbon will contain 12 g of pure carbon-12 (12C). Fun fact: the definition of a mole as given by Avogadro uses carbon as the standard for mole.\n\nWe know that Volume is the ratio of mass by density. We can calculate the atomic volume of the whole mole.\n\nMolar Volume = Molar Mass (gm)/ Density (gm/cm3)\n\nA mole, by definition, has 6.02 x 1023 elementary particles. Using this we can obtain the atomic volume of the carbon atom.\n\nAtomic volume = Molar Mass (gm)/ [Density (gm/cm3) x Avogadro Number]\n\nCarbon Atomic Volume = 12 gm/ [(2 gm/cm3) x) 6.02 x 1023)]\n\nWe must also remember to introduce the two-thirds law by Avogadro.\n\nCarbon Atomic Volume = [2 x 12 gm]/ [3 x (2 gm/cm3) x) 6.02 x 1023)] = 6.6467 x 10-24 cm3\n\nCalculating the diameter, we get a value of\n\nCarbon Diameter = 0.116 nm\n\nThis is not correct. This value is a little too small. The typical atom diameter starts from 0.3 nm i.e. 30 pm and yet this was the first considerably accurate estimate ever made. This is what made the Avogadro hypothesis exciting.\n\nIf you found this article interesting, please subscribe to BYJU\u2019s to find many more. Join us and fall in love with learning.\n\nLeave a Comment\n
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+__label__negative Christine Swanton\n\nVirtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View, Oxford\n\nSwanton, Christine, Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View, Oxford, 2003, 328pp, $45.00 (hbk), ISBN 199253889.\n\nReviewed by George Harris, College of William and Mary\n\nIn Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View, Christine Swanton gives the following definition of virtue:\n\nA virtue is a good quality of character, more specifically a disposition to respond to, or acknowledge, items within its field or fields in an excellent or good enough way.\n\nShe then proposes that the various forms of virtue ethics should be understood as employing this definition in constructing different theoretical positions that satisfy at least two conditions: (I) they differ from non-virtue-ethical approaches such as consequentialism and deontology by giving a virtue-derivative account of right action and (ii) they are designed to answer the following set of questions:\n\n  1. What are the modes of moral response or acknowledgment comprising the profiles of the virtues?\n  2. What are the modes of moral response determinative of rightness?\n  3. What are the bases of moral responsiveness?\n  4. What is it to act from a state of virtue?\n  5. What characteristics make traits of character virtues?\n  6. What are the targets of virtues?\n  7. How does virtue enter into an account of rightness?\n  8. What are the limits of morality understood in a virtue-ethical way\u2013that is, what is the shape of the virtues, and how is that determined?\n  9. What epistemology should a virtue ethics possess?\n\nWritten for advanced specialists in moral theory, the book is framed within a technical vocabulary that requires concentrated effort to master before its contributions can be appreciated. Even those who are already familiar with a good bit of the virtue-ethics literature will have to orient the issues to her terminological framework. Also, patience is required because of the way the book unfolds. One way to present a view in relationship to the above list of questions and other views is first to describe the view independent of how it answers these questions and independent of how it responds to other views and then show how it answers the questions better than other approaches. Another way (taken by Swanton) is to construct the view along the way to answering these questions and in the process of showing how other views require adjustments to adequately answer the questions on the list. The latter approach can sometimes make it difficult to get a clear understanding of just what view we are supposed to be accepting. With this in mind, I will focus on constructing an overview of the kind of account Swanton would have us accept with minimal reference to the questions, to other thinkers, and to other literature and only then turn to a few critical remarks.\n\nSo what is the view? With the exception of some of its features that might be rejected without rejecting the heart of the framework, the view is something very near the following. The most fundamental normative moral concepts are the concept of virtue and the associated concept of character. Here the concept of good character-trait-profiles is central to understanding the kind of pluralistic virtue-ethics being recommended. Virtues have profiles containing a plurality of functions, a plurality of modes of moral acknowledgment, and a plurality of targets (objects of moral concern). A virtue\u2019s function-profile includes its integrative functions, its expressive functions, and its creative functions by way of its multiple modes of moral acknowledgment. In addition to the promotion of value, a virtue\u2019s acknowledgment-profile contains universal love and self-love, respect for persons and proper authority, and various modes of creativity. And a virtue\u2019s target-profile includes the many objects that can be integrated and expressed by various modes of moral acknowledgment. When we understand all this, we will understand why virtue and character have the fundamental status at the heart of a virtue-ethics approach to ethical theory.\n\nFirst, having the virtues is having set of good character traits that embed a complete and pluralistic set of good forms of moral acknowledgment: promotion of value, the bonding and attachments that go with universal love and self-love, the distancing that comes with respect for persons and respect for proper authority, and the various modes of creative expression. This aspect of virtue has the function of connecting us to the world and providing us with many objects of concern to be integrated into a good life.\n\nSecond, the plural modes of moral acknowledgment that are expressed in good character-trait-profiles require that good character-trait-profiles have integrative functions that bring unity to this plurality and expressive functions that allow the virtuous person to coherently express a life that honors all these modes of acknowledgment in an integrated way. This explains why moral concern is many and not one but nonetheless a substantially integrated whole. How integration is achieved will be addressed later, but now what is central is that the view we are being asked to accept is one in which no one mode of moral acknowledgment dominates all other forms of moral acknowledgment. Each operates as a constraint on the expression and integration of the others to achieve a coherent whole. This means that we should reject any monistic view that either acknowledges only one form of moral concern or gives lexical priority of place to a single form of moral concern across all moral contexts.\n\nThird, another part of the view that we are being asked to accept is that possessing the virtues raises the question of right action in a certain way and provides the grounds for answering it. Possessing the plural acknowledgment-profiles of good character traits gives us reasons to care about the targets of the virtues \u201cas the demands of the world\u201d and about how these demands can be reconciled and integrated in a coherent way in terms of action. Indeed, the issue of right action just is how to integrate, reconcile, and express the demands of the world as they press upon a person of good character. The positive view that we are being asked to accept then is the view that right action is action that satisfactorily meets the demands of the world, the demands of honoring the targets of the virtues as objects of plural modes of moral acknowledgment. Among other things, this means that we should reject views that reduce the demands of the world to the demands of what contributes to our flourishing.\n\nIt also raises a fourth issue of the relationship between the demands of flourishing and other demands of the world, the issue of the demandingness of morality. Because of the joint constraints of self-love and the limits of human nature, the demands of the world are modest rather than severe. Because of the legitimacy of self-love as a form of moral acknowledgment and because of the frailty of human nature, the other demands of the world (promotion of value, universal love, respect, and creativity) must make a healthy place for the expression of self-love. Not to do so is not only to ignore human frailty, it is to dishonor a form of moral acknowledgment and an important demand of the world. Similarly, to emphasize good health and flourishing in a way that does not express extensive concern for the other demands of the world is to elevate flourishing in a way that dishonors the other forms of moral acknowledgment and the other demands of the world. An action is wrong then when it is vicious, and it is vicious when it can be described as not properly responding to the demands of the world in the way that the person with good character would respond. Neither eudaimonistic, virtue-theoretic, nor non-virtue-theoretic approaches can account for these features of right action.\n\nFinally, to possess the virtues requires the capacity to integrate and reconcile a plurality of concerns and demands of the world. The achievement of this requires a moral epistemology that involves a context dependent procedure of carefully specifying the contexts in which conflicts arise. The model here is Henry Richardson\u2019s specificationism, the view that integrating a plurality of concerns does not require appeal to one covering value across contexts, as monistic theories assert. Rather, successful integration is often achieved by seeing how the conflicts are resolved by a proper understanding of the particular features of the contexts in which they arise. In Richardson\u2019s terms, if conflict among distinct ends persists, further specification of the ends and the contexts in which they arise can often reconcile them without recourse to a single overriding value. Possessing the virtues means possessing the virtues of practice, which include the virtues of inquiry and wisdom about how to specify ends in their various contexts. It also means being open to the views of others and the kind of searching dialogue required to properly respond to the demands of the world.\n\nAll this is rather big picture stuff abstracted from the great detail of Swanton\u2019s book. Many important issues she discusses have been omitted that require careful critical scrutiny. My concern in this part of the review, however, has been to provide a sketch of a big picture that will facilitate the reading of her important book.\n\nNow for some brief critical response to the structure of her project.\n\nMost appreciably, Swanton\u2019s pluralism is a welcome and important contribution to pluralism. Her account is complex and provocative, surely to be probed by the philosophical community. My own estimate is that the success of Swanton\u2019s project will not ultimately be judged by its response to the primary opponents she considers in her book (value monists and eudaimonists like Rosalind Hursthouse, Julia Annas, and Philippa Foot, who make flourishing the centerpiece of virtue ethics). She has made her own distinct contributions to the mounting critical response to those views, but the ultimate success of her project turns on how she responds to other pluralists who reject both monism and the flourishing conception of eudaimonistic virtue ethics.\n\nHere are two looming and related problems. The first is the form of her rejection of the flourishing conception of eudaimonism, and the second is a wider problem of what I will call the naturalist requirement. On the flourishing conception, right action flows unimpeded and without psychological conflict from the nature of the sufficiently mature virtuous agent. To experience psychological conflict over doing the right thing is to reveal that virtue has not been fully achieved and that one is not fully realizing one\u2019s nature. On the flourishing view, then, there is a naturalistic requirement on any account of virtue to show a causal connection between our nature, right action, and an unconflicted psychology. Swanton rightly rejects this view and consequently endorses a different version of the naturalistic requirement. On her view, the task of moral theory is not to show a connection between our nature, right action, and an unconflicted psychology but to determine what virtue requires of us constrained by facts about our nature. What she believes is that, though much of what morality requires of us can flow from an unconflicted psychology, there is important residue that cannot. Therefore, we should not expect the life of virtue to guarantee our flourishing and an unconflicted psychology, even with the attainment of mature virtue. The contrast with the flourishing conception of the naturalistic requirement is that the constraint conception weakens the causal account required by an adequate naturalism. It eliminates the requirement for a causal account of the connection between right action and an unconflicted psychology by reducing the demands of the causal account of the relationship between our nature and what morality demands of us: morality can only demand what our natures can supply.\n\nThe difficulty is that the constraint conception of the naturalistic requirement has its own problems and creates tensions within Swanton\u2019s own account. If the demands of the world are explained by appeal to our character and justification is ultimately founded on an action\u2019s honoring the demands of the world, then there must be a causal account of the relationship between our nature and right action. This means that the naturalistic requirement must be more than a mere constraint on moral theory. It requires that any proposed moral theory must provide a causal account of how right action flows from our nature. So the eudaimonists are not wrong to insist on this point. What they are wrong to insist on is that the causal account must show that right action flows from an unconflicted nature that results in human flourishing.\n\nThey are wrong not because morality (causally unconnected with human nature) sometimes requires one thing and human nature another but because the structure of moral theory must be understood as requiring a naturalistic inquiry into the conflicts that exist deep within our nature that upon reflection are not mere frailties but part of what we value most in ourselves and others. We do not achieve such an account either by requiring a causal account of how right action flows from an unconflicted psychology or by reducing the naturalistic requirement to a mere constraint on moral theory. Rather we enhance the naturalism requirement to demand a causal account of how right action flows from conflicted human nature in a way that unconflicted psychological flourishing cannot be guaranteed.\n\nThis has implications for how to interpret the role of eudaimonia in an adequate virtue ethics. Hursthouse, Foot, and Annas would have us place eudaimonia as flourishing at the heart of ethics. Swanton would have us understand eudaimonia as flourishing but reduce its role in moral theory. What this dichotomy overlooks is another possibility: to understand eudaimonia differently and place it at the center. It is this: to live well is not necessarily to flourish but to live a life that best expresses the important things in life in the way that they are as a matter of fact important to us. Whether such a life will be conflicted or not must be settled by an empirical, naturalistic inquiry about the deepest aspects of the nature of our psychology. Aristotle thought that if we lived well in the expressivist sense, then we would flourish in the psychological sense. Swanton is right to insist that we should not accept flourishing as an essential feature of the structure of virtue ethics. But she is wrong to think that we can weaken the naturalist requirement to a mere constraint.\n\nOnce character is put at the center of moral theory, its study must issue from reliable methods of inquiry. Those methods are largely empirical, and they must address two key issues: the natural process that gives us our natures and the actual results of that process. Aristotle was wrong about the process whereby we get our natures, and Darwin was right. We get our natures (our genotypic and phenotypic psychological traits) from the processes of evolution. Some traits have adaptive explanations; some do not. But all come from the vicissitudes of evolution. There is nothing about that process that guarantees that we will have a set of psychological traits that properly nurtured will be unconflicted. The process whereby we get our natures has a very limited interest in our happiness or our psychological flourishing. If reproduction is best achieved by psychopathic character traits, then the process whereby we get our natures is as open to that possibility as one that will make us contented cows. Any moral psychology associated with virtue ethics must recognize this fact and cannot rely on any articles of faith or postulates of practical reason about the ultimate reconciliation of morality and flourishing. To do so is to abandon the commitment to reliable methods of inquiry about what virtue ethics puts at the center of moral theory. But to suggest that naturalism only constrains what morality requires of us is to suggest that morality has some foundation outside our nature the demands of which must accommodate our frailties.\n\nOne final point. Swanton says that what makes a right act right is that it satisfies the demands of the world as she understands that concept. The point is that justification proceeds from the demands of the world. But if this is true, then the normative account of right action is not virtue-derivative in the sense that Swanton and some other virtue ethicists have asserted. I believe that virtue ethicists should give up the attempt to provide an account of justification that rests ultimately on virtue. What they should retain that would be sufficient to distinguish a plausible virtue ethics from other kinds of moral theory is the claim that the best explanation for why we see the demands of the world in the way that we do is to be found in our developed nature, in our character.
+__label__negative With the growing epidemic of Biblical illiteracy and the constant barrage of religious perspectives being thrown around in the world today it is difficult for the honest God seeker to find a source of solid, reliable theology. Most of Christians lack the knowledge, training, or confidence to study the Word of God in depth for themselves and as such look to others to help them grow along the way. Part of this loss is a shame. God desires to connect and relate to us each in a personal fashion. Our own shortcomings and insecurities should not prevent us from seeking to understand His Word for ourselves. At the same time, it is a daunting task. Not much in this world carries the weight and significance of the Word of God so when we set out to study it on our own, the task can be overwhelming.\n\nAs a pastor I have often observed the guilt Christians place upon themselves for not knowing everything their is to know about the Bible. Anytime a subject came up they were unfamiliar with instead of approaching it with curiosity and excitement they were often overwhelmed with shame. Religious tyrants placed that baggage on them for years and now, they don\u2019t know how to get rid of it. In 1 Corinthians 12 Paul talks about the body, that is the church, and how it is made up of many parts. It is not unusual for certain parts of that body to be honored above the rest. Preachers with any real skill are often honored to the near point of idolization by those who are not as gifted with words. The mouth, impressive as it may be, is just one part of the body. While it\u2019s role is perhaps more notable as it has little problem drawing all sorts of attention to itself, it is far from being one of the more essential parts of the meat suits we call bodies.\n\nPoint is, one part of the body should not be ashamed that it is not the other. If we were all mouths nothing would get done. If we were all ears, nothing would get said. The purpose of the body is to have different parts carrying out their roles for the good of the whole being. This is the design behind church. In order to help harmonize if you will the various parts of the body I have decided to add this little section on theology.\n\n\nSome of the things here will be issues that I am wrestling through. In no way is what you find here the absolute theology that must be accepted by every person every where. Many of these issues will be hugely and hotly debated inside and sometimes outside the church. What you will find is my perspective, an honest attempt to express what I see when I read the Scriptures and what I feel God telling me through His Word. As a man, I am more than capable of error. I can be wrong. So do not mistake my theological positions to be as concrete or inspired as God\u2019s Word.\n\nTwo Types of Theology\n\nCountries dont go to war over state borders. They go to war over national borders. There are various ways of making the same point but what we need to understand is that there are essentially two levels of theology.\n\nState borders: These are your in-house debate items. Some of them are far more important than others but ultimately these are issues that have an acceptable margin for error. Issues in the state borders category would include gifts (not their existence but the how they work and what they are for), worship style, millennial views, and countless others.\n\nNational borders: These are the theological issues we fight and die for. There are certain theological positions that one must hold to be a Christian. Rejection of these positions is effectively a rejection of the message of the Gospel. Not a lot of room for debate here. Issues in the national borders category include but are not limited to: the deity of Jesus, the literal death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, salvation through grace alone, and faith accepting that grace.
+__label__negative Home News UNESCO Inscribes India\u2019s Ancient Wisdom \u2018Yoga\u2019 As Global Heritage\n\nUNESCO Inscribes India\u2019s Ancient Wisdom \u2018Yoga\u2019 As Global Heritage\n\n\nYoga, India\u2019s one of the ancient practices has now been inscribed as an element in the UNESCO\u2019s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of humanity during the 11th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. During this session, India\u2019s proposal for inscribing Yoga as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was unanimously supported by all the 24 members of the Intergovernmental Committee.\n\n\nIndian ancient knowledge, wisdom and practices buzzing off globally and glowing with its proved importance for the humanity and now the world is coming forth to accept it understanding its invaluable and unique impact one the physical, mental, and spiritual of a person.\n\nThe delegation from India that attended the Intergovernmental Committee Meeting was lead by the permanent representative of India to UNESCO, Ms. Ruchira Kamboj and a Government of India representative, Shri M. L. Srivastava, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Culture.\n\n\u201cNever ever happened before! After #Yoga inscription, entire conference does Yogic breathing.\u201d are the words of Ruchira who felt the glorious impact of India\u2019s anciant wisdom charming the global mind.\n\nRuchiraKamboj announced this news via twitter immediately after the UNESCO unanimously and with 100% votes inscribed Yoga as one of the intangible global heritage.\n\n\u201c#Yoga just inscribed by UNESCO. Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. 24/24 Votes, Journey frm #Indian 2 #WorldHeritage completed\u201d wrote Ruchira on her twitter.\n\nAcknowledging that the Yoga is an intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the UNESCO note says that Yoga is based on unifying the mind with the body and soul to allow for greater mental, spiritual and physical wellbeing, the values of yoga form a major part of the community\u2019s ethos.\n\n\nThe UNESCO identifies Yoga as the philosophy behind the ancient Indian practice of yoga has influenced various aspects of how society in India functions, whether it be in relation to areas such as health and medicine or education and the arts.\n\nUNESCO 2016 List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding\nBisalh\u00e3es black pottery manufacturing process Portugal\nChapei Dang Veng Cambodia\nCossack\u2019s songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region Ukraine\nMa\u2019di bowl lyre music and dance Uganda\nRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\nAlmezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks Saudi\u00a0Arabia\nBeer culture in Belgium Belgium\nCarnival of Granville France\nCulture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers) Republic\u00a0of\u00a0Korea\nFalconry, a living human heritage United\u00a0Arab\u00a0Emirates\u00a0\u2013 Austria\u00a0\u2013 Belgium\u00a0\u2013 Czechia\u00a0\u2013 France\u00a0\u2013 Germany\u00a0\u2013 Hungary\u00a0\u2013 Italy\u00a0\u2013 Kazakhstan\u00a0\u2013 Republic\u00a0of\u00a0Korea\u00a0\u2013 Mongolia\u00a0\u2013 Morocco\u00a0\u2013 Pakistan\u00a0\u2013 Portugal\u00a0\u2013 Qatar\u00a0\u2013 Saudi\u00a0Arabia\u00a0\u2013 Spain\u00a0\u2013 Syrian\u00a0Arab\u00a0Republic\nFlatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka Azerbaijan\u00a0\u2013 Iran\u00a0(Islamic\u00a0Republic\u00a0of)\u00a0\u2013 Kazakhstan\u00a0\u2013 Kyrgyzstan\u00a0\u2013 Turkey\nGada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo Ethiopia\nIdea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives Germany\nKhidr Elias feast and its vows Iraq\nKuresi in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan\nLiving culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet Georgia\nMangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh Bangladesh\nMomoeria, New Year\u2019s celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece Greece\nMusic and dance of the merengue in the Dominican Republic Dominican\u00a0Republic\nNawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz Afghanistan\u00a0\u2013 Azerbaijan\u00a0\u2013 India\u00a0\u2013 Iran\u00a0(Islamic\u00a0Republic\u00a0of)\u00a0\u2013 Iraq\u00a0\u2013 Kazakhstan\u00a0\u2013 Kyrgyzstan\u00a0\u2013 Pakistan\u00a0\u2013 Tajikistan\u00a0\u2013 Turkey\u00a0\u2013 Turkmenistan\u00a0\u2013 Uzbekistan\nRumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated Cuba\nTahteeb, stick game Egypt\nThe Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun\u2019s annual motion China\nValencia Fallas festivity Spain\nYama, Hoko, Yatai, float festivals in Japan Japan\nYoga India\n\n\nPlease enter your comment!\nPlease enter your name here
+__label__negative Search results\n\n  1. sab13562\n\n    Maths Standard 2 Thoughts\n\n    Hey Everyone! What are your thoughts on the STD 2 exam? Imo, MC was ok, along with section 1, but section 2 was quite hard. I spoke to my adv friend, and realised that we shared a couple of questions with advanced. Also, made this thread since it hasn't been done yet.\n  2. sab13562\n\n    Good Luck\n\n    Just wanted to say good luck to all for the exams. We've been through a lot, and I hope you all get into the courses you are after.\n  3. sab13562\n\n    How hard is extension 1 maths if it's self taught?\n\n    Basically the title, I am interested in learning it, but the highest difficulty level maths I've done is year 10 advanced maths and I am currently doing standard 2.\n  4. sab13562\n\n\n    Hey There, Just wanted to ask, is usyd's maths MOOC equivalent to HSC advanced mathematics or HSC maths extension 1?\n  5. sab13562\n\n    How do changes in components in the balance of payment influence the value of Exchange Rate?\n\n    I know persistent cads can undermine investor confidence = capital flight = depreciation. Increased foreign investment = Kafa surplus, and appreciation as demand for AUD increases. BOGS surplus = appreciation as demand for AUD increases? What else can I mention?\n  6. sab13562\n\n    MC Question\n\n    The answer is D. I know that decreased competition means that prices will increase, however, why would they decide to reduce the quantity as well?\n  7. sab13562\n\n    Business Analytics, what is it exactly?\n\n    So I've seen a few commerce courses offering this major. What topics are taught in this major? Has anyone done it and if so, is it interesting? How is it career-wise?\n  8. sab13562\n\n    Multiple Choice; Please Help!\n\n    Hey Guys, I really need some help for eco multiple choice. I've memorised most of my content and for the past year I've been practicing heaps of multiple choice however I never really end up doing well. My most recent mark was 13/20, but for other exam sections my marks are good. Please help!\n  9. sab13562\n\n    Who's going to Macquarie Uni 2022\n\n    If anyone's going to Macquarie, which course are you doing? I'm thinking of bachelor of commerce. Would be nice to make some friends.
+__label__negative [High Quality CompTIA Dumps] CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI LX0-104 Dumps Exam Materials And Youtube Update\n\nHigh quality CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI LX0-104 dumps pdf files and vce youtube demo update free shared. Helpful newest CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI LX0-104 dumps exam questions ans answers free download from lead4pass. \u201cCompTIA Linux+ [Powered by LPI] 2\u201d is the name of CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI https://www.lead4pass.com/lx0-104.html exam dumps which covers all the knowledge points of the real CompTIA exam. Best useful CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI LX0-104 dumps pdf training materials and study guides update free try, pass CompTIA LX0-104 exam test easily.\n\nBest CompTIA LX0-104 dumps pdf materials free download: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_7qiYkH83VRa21lc3EwNU1fak0\n\nBest CompTIA LX0-103 dumps pdf materials free download: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_7qiYkH83VRYnN2Wk0wZXFjTTg\nLX0-104 dumps\nWhich of the following commands is used to rotate, compress, and mail system logs?\nA. rotatelog\nB. striplog\nC. syslogd \u2013rotate\nD. logrotate\nE. logger\nCorrect Answer: D\n\nWhat of the following statements is true regarding a display manager?\nCorrect Answer: D\n\nHow is a display manager started?\nCorrect Answer: B\n\nDepending on the host\\\u2019s configuration, which of the following files can be used to turn on and off network services running on a host? (Choose TWO correct answers.)\nA. /etc/profile\nB. /etc/services\nC. /etc/inetd.conf\nD. /etc/xinetd.conf\nE. /etc/host.conf\nCorrect Answer: CD\n\nA. xcd\nB. xcdepth\nC. xwininfo\nD. xcolordepth\nE. cat /etc/X11\nCorrect Answer: C\n\nWhat is not contained in the locale setting of the operating system?\u00a0LX0-104 dumps\nA. currency symbol\nB. language\nC. timezone\nD. thousands separator\nCorrect Answer: C\n\nWhy should a regular user edit his personal crontab by using the command crontab instead of just editing his crontab file manually?\nA. Because user specific crontab entries are stored in a common database and must be extracted before editing.\nB. Because crontab starts the cron daemon in case it is not running due to no other crontab entries existing.\nC. Because user specific crontab entries are stored in a special directory which is maintained by the cron daemon and not writable for regular users.\nD. Because crontab collects information about all users crontabs and recommends similar commands used by other users of the system.\nCorrect Answer: C\n\nA. lpd\nB. lpp\nC. lpq\nD. lpr\nCorrect Answer: D\n\nAfter issuing:\nfunction myfunction { echo $1 $2 ; }\nin Bash, which output does:\nmyfunction A B C\nA. A B\nB. A B C\nC. A C\nD. B C\nE. C B A\nCorrect Answer: A\n\nWhat is the purpose of the dig command?\nA. It can be used as a tool for querying DNS servers.\nB. It can be used for searching through indexed file content.\nC. It can be used to look for open ports on a system.\nD. It can be used to ping all known hosts on the current subnet.\nCorrect Answer: A\n\nA. Both IPv4 and IPv6 use ARP.\nB. Both IPv4 and IPv6 use Neighbor Discovery.\nC. IPv4 uses ARP while IPv6 uses Neighbor Discovery.\nD. IPv4 uses Neighbor Discovery while IPv6 uses ARP.\nCorrect Answer: C\n\nWhich of the following are commonly used Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) applications? LX0-104 dumps\u00a0(Choose THREE correct answers.)\nA. Postfix\nB. Procmail\nC. Sendmail\nD. Exim\nCorrect Answer: ACD\n\nA. tcpd\nB. inetd\nC. fingerd\nD. mountd\nE. xinetd\nCorrect Answer: A\n\nWhich of the following commands gets the GnuPG public key with the id 63B4835B from the keyserver example.com?\nA. gpg \u2013keyserver hkp://example.com \u2013recv-key 63B4835B\nB. gpg \u2013search-key hkp://[email\u00a0protected]\nC. gpg \u2013keyserver gpg://example.com \u2013get-key 63B4835B\nD. gpg \u2013keyserver hkp://example.com \u2013add-key 63B4835B\nE. gpg \u2013keyserver gpg://example.com \u2013key 63B4835B\nCorrect Answer: A\n\nTo prevent a specific user from scheduling tasks with at, what should the administrator do?\nA. Add the specific user to /etc/at.allow file.\nB. Add the specific user to [deny] section in the /etc/atd.conf file.\nC. Add the specific user to /etc/at.deny file.\nD. Add the specific user to nojobs group.\nE. Run the following: atd \u2013deny [user].\nCorrect Answer: C\n\nE. By a display name like:1.\nCorrect Answer: E\n\nHow many bits make up an IPv6 address?\u00a0LX0-104 dumps\nA. 32\nB. 48\nC. 64\nD. 128\nE. 256\nCorrect Answer: D\n\nWhich command will set the local machine\\\u2019s timezone to UTC?\nA. cat UTC andgt; /etc/timezone\nB. ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/UTC /etc/localtime\nC. date \u2013timezone=UTC\nD. mv /usr/timezone/UTC /etc\nCorrect Answer: B\n\nWhat is true regarding public and private SSH keys? (Choose TWO correct answers.)\nA. Several different public keys may be generated for the same private key.\nB. The private key must never be revealed to anyone.\nC. For each user account, there is exactly one key pair that can be used to log into that account.\nD. To maintain the private key\\\u2019s confidentiality, the SSH key pair must be created by its owner.\nE. To allow remote logins, the user\\\u2019s private key must be copied to the remote server.\nCorrect Answer: BD\n\nWhich of the following is true regarding the mail queue of a mail server? (Choose TWO correct answers.)\nA. The messages in the queue must be readable by all users as the queue may contain messages for several users.\nB. According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) the queue is located at /var/mail/spool.\nC. There is exactly one mail queue per user which holds all new messages for that user before they are moved to other folders by the user\\\u2019s mail client.\nD. The queue holds all messages that are processed by the mail server but have not yet been completely delivered.\nE. The content of the mail queue can be queried by the command mailq.\nCorrect Answer: DE\n\nA. xkb\nB. atkb\nCorrect Answer: C\n\nA. The list of users that belong to the group.\nB. The home directory of the group.\nC. The name of the group.\nD. The description of the group.\nE. The password of the group.\nCorrect Answer: ACE\n\nGiven the following routing table\nKernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface U 9 0 0 wlan0\nWhy does the command route add default gw fail?\nA. Because there is no route to\nB. Because only one route can exist at a time.\nC. Because there is already a default route.\nD. Because default routes can not be set manually.\nE. Because default routes must be set with ifconfig.\nCorrect Answer: A\n\nWhich of the following is observed and corrected by a NTP client?\u00a0LX0-104 dumps\nA. The skew in time between the system clock and the hardware clock.\nB. The skew in time between the system clock and the reference clock.\nC. Changes in the time zone of the current computer\\\u2019s location.\nD. Adjustments needed to support Daylight Saving Time.\nCorrect Answer: B\n\nWhich command makes the shell variable named VARIABLE visible to subshells?\nA. export $VARIABLE\nB. export VARIABLE\nCorrect Answer: B\n\nC. The system\\\u2019s host key is used to strongly encrypt all shadow passwords.\nD. Shadow passwords are always combined with a public key that has to match the user\\\u2019s private key.\nCorrect Answer: E\n\nWhich of the following is a correct entry in the /etc/hosts file?\nA. localhost localhost.localdomain\nB. localhost.localdomain localhost\nC. localhost localhost.localdomain\nD. localhost.localdomain localhost\nE. localhost.localdomain localhost\nCorrect Answer: D\n\nWhat output will the command seq 10 produce?\nD. The number 10 to standard output.\nCorrect Answer: B\n\nWhat is true regarding the file ~/.forward?\nCorrect Answer: D\n\nWhat is NTP?\nA. A more secure protocol replacement for FTP.\nB. A protocol for synchronizing time on computers.\nC. A routing aid for finding next hops on a network.\nD. A simple tunnelling protocol for computers behind firewalls.\nCorrect Answer: B\n\nLatest CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI LX0-104 dumps exam practice materials in PDF format free download from lead4pass. The best and most updated CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI https://www.lead4pass.com/lx0-104.html dumps pdf training resources which are the best for clearing LX0-104 exam test, and to get certified by CompTIA CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI, download one of the many PDF readers that are available for free.\n\nUseful latest CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI LX0-104 dumps vce youtube: https://youtu.be/rqAcvXNuwtE
+__label__negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa\n\nHow to treat or get rid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?\n\n\nPseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.[1] A species of considerable medical importance, P. aeruginosa is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses \u2013 hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes.\n\nN\u0117ra sub-kategorij\u0173.\n\nBalsas (neb\u016btinas) (nesi\u0173sti prane\u0161im\u0173) (neb\u016btinas)\nPra\u0161ome prisijungti.
+__label__negative Pot Luck 4 - General Knowledge Quiz\n\n\n  1. In which American state is Fort Knox?\n  2. What is the more usual name for the polygraph?\n  3. Who is singer Cleo Laine's husband?\n  4. What is the name for the organism on which a parasite lives and feeds?\n  5. Who was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity?\n  6. What is the only movable bone in the human skull?\n  7. In which country is the Kimberley gold field?\n  8. What will never make a silk purse?\n  9. Which world famous poet lived at Dove Cottage in Grasmere?\n  10. In the 1993 film, Mrs Doubtfire, who plays the title role?\n  11. On what type of business was the fortune of john F. Kennedy's family built?\n  12. Greenland has two official languages. One is Greenlandic; what is the other?\n  13. What is the distaff side of the family?\n  14. When is Lammas day?\u00a0\n  15. Which company launched the 'Walkman'?\n  16. What type of acid is in bee stings?\n  17. In the song, the House of the Rising Sun was in which city?\n  18. What sport would you be watching if the New York Knickerbockers were playing?\n  19. What word describes a doctor specializing in the medical problems of old age?\n  20. If you were making a wiener schnitzel, what meat would you buy?\n  21. 'The Mindbenders' were the backing group for which pop singer?\n  22. In the Bible, whom did God tell 'Escape to the mountain, lest though be consumed'?\n  23. Where was Princess Elizabeth when she learned that she had become Queen Elizabeth II?\n  24. Which country's flag shows a white cross on a red background?\n  25. If you birthstone is turquoise, which is your birth month?\n\n\n  1. Kentucky\n  2. Lie detector\n  3. John Dankworth\n  4. Host\n  5. Constantine\n  6. Mandible or jawbone\n  7. Western Australia\n  8. A sow's ear\n  9. Wordsworth\n  10. Robin Williams\n  11. Real estate\n  12. Danish\n  13. The female side\n  14. August 1st\n  15. Sony\n  16. Formic acid\n  17. New Orleans\n  18. Basketball\n  19. Geriatrician\u00a0\n  20. Veal\n  21. Wayne Fontana\n  22. Lot\n  23. Kenya\n  24. Switzerland\n  25. December
+__label__negative Encyclopedia > Population density\n\n\u00a0 Article Content\n\nPopulation density\n\nPopulation density can be used as a measurement of any tangible item. However it is most frequently applied to living organisms. Population density is usually expressed in terms of items or organisms per unit area.\n\nHow to define population density?\n\nNote that population density, according to this definition, depends on the scale of the sampling area used, and is hard to define as a real-valued continuous function over the area in question. If the items concerned are modelled as discrete points, the population density will jump up and down as the edge of the sampling area passes over individuals. Modelling the individuals as spatially extended objects has other problems, as the scale of the sampling area approaches the scale of an object (for example, a person's scale may be regarded as the size of the grounds of their dwelling place: for some people, this will be a large area).\n\nTo resolve some of these problems, population density may be regarded, like coastline distance, as a scale-dependent fractal quantity.\n\nBiological population densities\n\nPopulation density is a common biological measurement and is often used by conservationists as a more appropriate measure than absolute numbers. Low population densities may cause an extinction vortex[?], where low densities lead to further reduced fertility. This is referred to as the Allee effect[?], named after W. C. Allee[?], who first identified it. Examples of this may include;\n\n1. Increased problems with locating mates in areas of low density.\n2. Increased inbreeding in areas of low population density.\n3. Increased susceptibility to catastrophic events in low population densities.\n\nHowever it should be noted that different species will have different expected densities. For example r selected species[?] commonly have high population densities, while k selected species[?] may have lower population densities. Low population densities may be associated with specialised mate location adaptations such as specialised pollinators, as is found in the orchid family, (the Orchidaceae.)\n\nHuman population density\n\nFor human beings, population density is the number of persons per unit of land area. It is frequently measured in persons per square mile or persons per square kilometre which can be obtained simply by dividing the number of persons by the land area measured in square miles or in square kilometers.\n\nCommonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country or the entire world, see List of countries by population density. Cities with very high population densities include Macau, Monaco, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Gibraltar.\n\nCities with high population density are usually considered in the condition of overpopulation. Notice cities that are usually considered overpopulated are not the same as cities with high population density. Overpopulation is rather relative concept that is, Tokyo or NYC is usually considered overpopulated because other cities in their countries have less population and less population density.\n\n\n\u00a0 Search Encyclopedia\n\nSearch over one million articles, find something about almost anything!\n\u00a0 Featured Article\nAs Good As It Gets\n\n... Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Jack Nicholson) and Best Actress in a Leading Role (Helen Hunt). It was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Greg ...
+__label__negative Jain World\nSub-Categories of Antiquity of Jainism\nMeaning of Jainism\nTradition of Tirthankara\nHistoricity of the Jaina tradition\nJaina tradition and Buddhism\n\u00a0 Jaina tradition and Hinduism\n\u00a0 Jaina tradition & archaeological evidence\n\u00a0 Fundamental principles of Jainism\n\u00a0 Philosophy of Jainism\n\u00a0 Tattvas of Jainism\n\u00a0 Doctrines of Jainism\n\u00a0 Three-fold path of Salvation\n\u00a0 Prescription of Ethical Code\n\u00a0 Private distinctiveness of Jaina Ethics\n\u00a0 Importance assigned to five vratas\n\u00a0 Prominence given to Ahimsa\n\u00a0 Easy practicability of ethical code\n\u00a0 Commoness of ethical code\n\u00a0 Rise of sections in Jainism\n\u00a0 The Great Schism of Jainism\n\u00a0 The Digambara and Svetambara sects\n\u00a0 The Digambara sub-sects\n\u00a0 The Svetambara Sub-sects\n\u00a0 Jainism in East India\n\u00a0 Jainism in Northern India\n\u00a0 Jainism in Western India\n\u00a0 Jainism In South India\n\u00a0 Contribution of Jainism to Indian Culture\n\u00a0 Jainism and other religions\n\u00a0 Significance of Jainism\n\u00a0 Glossary of Jaina terms\n\n\nFrom some historic references it can be regarded that Rsabha-deva must be the founder of Jainism. In this connection Dr. Jacobi writes \" There is nothing to prove that Parsva was the founder of Jainism. Jaina tradition is unanimous in making Rsabha, the first Tirthankara, as its founder and there may be something historical in the tradition which makes him the first Tirthankara \". There is evidence to show that so far back as the first century B.C. there were people who were worshipping Rsabha-deva. It has been recorded that king Kharavela of Kalinga in his second invasion of Magadha in 161B.C. brought back treasures from Magadha and in these treasures there was the idol, known as Agrajina, of the first Jina (Rsabha-deva) which had been carried away from Kalinga three centuries earlier by king Nanda I. This means that in the 5th century B.C. Rsabha-deva was worshipped and his statue was highly valued by his followers. As we get in ancient inscriptions, authentic historical references to the statues of Rsabha-deva, it can be asserted that he must have been the founder of Jainism.\n\nOther archaeological evidences belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization of the Bronze Age in the India also lend support to the hoary antiquity of the Jaina tradition and suggest the prevalence of the practice of worship of Rsabha- deva, the 1st Tirthankara along with the worship of other deities. Many relics from the Indus Valley excavations suggest the prevalence of Jaina religion in that ancient period (3500 to 3000 B.C.)\n\n  1. It is observed that in the Indus Valley civilization there is a great preponderance of pottery figures of female deities over those of male deities and that the figures of male deities are shown naked. In this regard Dr. Earnest Mackey, the renowned Archaeologist intimately connected with the Indus Valley excavations, mentions that \" for some reason which it is difficult to understand, figures of male deities in pottery are distinctly rare. They are entirely nude, in contrast with the female figures, which invariably wear a little clothing; necklaces and bangles, may be worn, but this is by no means always the case \". This fact clearly reveals the traces of Jaina religion among the Indus Valley people as the worship of nude male deities is a very well established practice in Jaina religion.\n\n  2. For example, we find that the figures of six male deities in nude form, are engraved on one seal and that each figure is shown naked and standing erect in a contemplative mood with both hands keeping close to the body. Since this kayotsarga way (i.e. in standing posture) of practicing penance is peculiar only to the Jainas and the figures are of naked ascetics, it can be maintained the these figures represent the Jaina Tirthankaras.\n\n  3. Again, the figures of male deities in contemplative mood and in sitting posture engraved on the seals resemble the figures of Jaina Tirthankaras because in these the male deities are depicted as having one face only, while, the figures of male deities, supposed to be the prototypes of Lord Siva, are generally depicted as having three faces, three eyes and three horns.\n\n  4. Moreover, on some seals we find the figure of a bull engraved below the figure of a nude male deity practicing penance in the kayotsarga way, i.e. in a standing posture. These figures appear to be the representation of Rsabha-deva, the 1st Jaina Tirthankara, because of the facts that among the Jainas there is an established practice of depicting the lanchhana, i.e. the emblem of each Tirthankara below his idol and that the emblem of Rsabha-deva is a bull.\n\n  5. In addition, the sacred signs of swastika are found engraved on a number of seals. It is pertinent to note that the swastika signs engraved on seal No. 502, 503, 506 and 514 exactly resemble the established Jaina and Hindu practices of drawing swastika signs.\n\n  6. Furthermore, there are some motifs on the seals found in Mohen-jo-Daro and it is suggested that these motifs are identical with those found in the ancient Jaina art of Mathura.\n\nFrom these archeological evidences it can be stated that there was the prevalence of worship of Jaina Tirthankara Rsabha-deva along with the worship of the Hindu God who is considered to be the prototype of Lord Siva in the Indus Valley Civilization. This presence of Jaina tradition in the earliest period of Indian history is supported by many scholars like Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Gustav Roth, Prof. A. Chakravarti, Prof. Ram Prasad Chanda, T.N. Ramchandran, Champat Rai Jain, Kamta Prasad Jain and others. Dr. Zimmerman strongly supports this antiquity of Jaina tradition in the following terms. \"There is truth in the Jaina idea that their religion goes back to remote antiquity, the antiquity in question being that of the pre-Aryan\". (Vide Zimmerman : The Philosophies of India, p.60).
+__label__negative -What is the initial speed of the ball?\n\n0 pts ended\nA soccer ball is kicked with an initial horizontal velocity of 14 m/s and an initial vertical velocity of 20 m/s.\n\n-What is the initial speed of the ball?\n-What is the initial angle ? of the ball with respect to the ground?\n-What is the maximum height the ball goes above the ground?\n-How far from where it was kicked will the ball land?\n\nAnswers (1)\n\n  \u2022 pralavs\n    Rating:5 stars\n\n    View this solution... try Chegg Study\n\n\n    Upgrade now\nStep-by-step solutions to problems in 2,500 textbooks\nFast expert answers 24/7 Ask a question
+__label__negative NIACL Assistant Answer Key \u2013 17 & 18 Jan 2015 Cut Off Marks\n\n\nNIACL Assistant Answer Key 2015, NIACL Assistant Exam 2015 Answer Sheet, NIACL Assistant Cut Off marks 2015, NIACL Assistant Question Paper Analysis Morning & Evening Session\n\nThe \u201cNew India Assurance Company Limited\u201d (NIACL) conduct Assistant Total Number post 1536 on 17th, 18th and up coming 24th January 2015. NIACL issued Assistant recruitment in November months 2014. Now as per schedule NIACL successfully conduct Assistant Exam 2015 at various exam centers. This exam held in various Morning and Evening Schedule at various timing. Now after examination all candidates want to check official solved Answer Key. We advice to all candidates we are provided some important question with answer given bellow. Candidates must check NIACL Assistant Answer Key \u2013 Question Paper Analysis for all Dates Paper. Follow official website \u2013\n\nNIACL Assistant Answer Key 2015\n\nAs per Notification NIACL previously issued Assistant recruitment for eligible candidates. They issued 1536 Total Number recruitment for Assistant Posts. Thousand number of application form fill by candidates. They registered for examination Online & Off Line mode. Some application form rejected due to un filling. But those candidates finally registered for exam they looking in inter to download admit card. Before 7 to 14 day before examination held. Official website provided Admit Card for Roll No Wise. Candidates need to download admit card before last date because without call letter aspirant do not allow to entered in examination hall. Now exam held successfully at issued various exam centers. NIACL Assistant Question paper is Objective Types Paper. All Question are one marks each and carry 4 objective answer, Candidates need to given one correct answer. Question paper carry \u2013\n\n  \u2022 General Awareness\n  \u2022 Computer Awareness\n  \u2022 General Knowledge\n\nNow we provided some Question with Answer, candidates need to check and correct your self if you given wrong answer in exam time. Candidates need to check and download answer key because they estimated the marks and check many answer is wrong. Now follow Numerical No wise list we have provided to you.\n\n18th January 2015 Morning & Evening Session Answer Sheet \u2013\n\n  1. PIO \u2013 Person of India Origin\n  2. DICGC owned \u00a0by \u2013 RBI\n  3. NITI chairman \u2013 Narendra Modi\n  4. Indian Navy Day \u2013 4th December\n  5. Women\u2019s Day Celebrate as \u2013 Sarojini Naidu\n  6. Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme \u2013 PAHAL\n  7. CEO of NITI \u2013 Sindhushree Khullar\n  8. TOSHO \u2013 Stock Exchange\n  9. NATO summit will be \u2013 Warsaw\n  10. Minimum capital required for ATM \u2013 100 Crore\n  11. Female population in India \u2013 586.46 million\n  12. Ankita Raina \u2013 Tennis player\n  13. Vienna is capital \u2013 Austria\n  14. Winner in Abu Dabhi Tennis \u2013 Andy Murray\n  15. RBI increase Interest rates \u2013 To increase liquidity\n\n17th January 2015 Morning & Evening Session Answer Sheet 2015 \u2013\u00a0\n\n  1. Share of TATA sons in vistara \u2013 51%\n  2. Grammy Award is \u2013 Music\n  3. Ambassador of 2015 Cricket world cup \u2013 Sachin Tendulkar\n  4. NATO \u2013 North Atlantic Treaty Organization\n  5. To prevent money laundering \u2013 AML\n  6. Indian Science Conference \u2013 University of Mumbai\n  7. Common Wealth Games 2018 held \u2013 Gold Coast, Australia\n  8. National Education days \u2013 11th November\n  9. Germany Capital \u2013 Berlin\n  10. NITI stands for = National Institutes for Transforming India\n  11. A5 Angara rocket launched \u2013 Russia\n  12. ING Vyasa Bank merge with \u2013 Kotak Mahindra\u00a0\n  13. Currency of Portugese \u2013 Euro\n  14. CAR \u2013 A stand for \u2013 Adequacy\u00a0\n  15. WTO \u00a0headquarter is \u2013 Geneva, Switzerland Law\n  16. IRDA \u2013 statutary body\n  17. Rama setu \u2013 Palak Strait\n\nNIACL Assistant Cut Off 2015 Answer Sheet\n\nNow its time to check out NIACL Assistant Exam 2015 Answer Key with Question Paper Analysis for Morning & Evening Session. We provided direct link to check pdf file issued by official NIACL organization. NIACL issued solved answer key after 3 to 4 day of examination. Now we advice to all candidates visited regularly when official website issued Answer Sheet 2015 for NIACL Assistant Exam.\n\nOfficial website \u2013\n\nCheck latest Answer key \u2013 Click here\n\nFurther details like Cut Off marks with category wise issued also General, ST, OBC, SC and other category candidates. Selection of candidates is based on written exam held on January 2015 various dates. Written exam performance decided the Name OR Roll No of candidates selected for Assistant Exam. After that Final list of candidates given Personal Interview. Finally Merit list for Assistant issued by official website.\n\nNIACL \u2013 New Indian Assurance Company Limited\n\nExam Name \u2013 Assistant post\n\nTotal Number of Posts \u2013 1536 Posts\n\nExam date \u2013 17th, 18th & 24th January 2015\n\nWish You All The Best For NIACL Assistant Exam 2015 Answer Key\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative A site for medical students - Practical,Theory,Osce Notes\n\nHow to detect alzheimers dementia?\n\nThe Alzheimer dementia involve memory, language functions and visuospatial functions.\nThe cognitive changes seen in AD usually follow a characteristic pattern .\nUsually it first affect the memory then spreads to involve language and visuospatial functions.\n\nMemory problems\n\n  1. In approximately 20% of AD patients present with non memory complaints are the presenting features such as word-finding, organizational, or navigational difficulty.\n  2. Some times In the early stages of the disease, the memory impairment may go unrecognized.\n  3. The disease is defined as MCI, as it begins to affect day-to-day activities or falls below 1.5 standard deviations from normal on standardized memory tasks,\u00a0\n  4. Approximately 50% of MCI individuals usually \u00a0progress to AD within the next 5 years\n  5. Some patients with AD are unaware of these difficulties (it is called as anosognosia), while some people have considerable insight.\n  6. Change of environment may be bewildering.\n  7. In the middle stages of AD, the patient is not able to carry out routine \u00a0work, is easily lost and confused, and these people requires daily supervision\n  8. In these people it is interesting to note that social graces, routine behavior, and superficial conversation may be surprisingly intact.\nLanguage disturbances\n\n  1. The sequence of language impairment is as follows - first naming, then comprehension, and finally fluency.\n  2. Word finding difficulties and circumlocution arise.\nApraxia ,visuospatial deficits\n\n  1. As a result of visuospatial deficits there is difficulty with dressing, eating, solving simple puzzles, and copying geometric figures.\n  2. In the later stages of the AD disease, loss of judgment, reason, and cognitive abilities is seen.\n  3. Delusions are common in this disease\n  4. Loss of inhibitions and aggression may occur sometime and they alternate with passivity and withdrawal.\n  5. Sleep-wake patterns of these people are disrupted.\n  6. In end-stage AD, patients become rigid, mute, incontinent, and bedridden.\n  7. Myoclonic jerks are also observed in AD .\n  8. The cause of death may results from malnutrition, secondary infections, heart disease or pulmonary emboli.
+__label__negative Skip to Main Content\n\n\nLegislature and Rules\n\nOne of the questions we get asked is this: \"Why can't TRIO/SSS serve every student at Bowie State University?\" Of course, one of the answers to this question is that we have limited staff and resources. But the primary answer is that since SSS is funded with federal grant funds, the regulations that go along with those funds must be followed.\n\nThe grant regulations state that the SSS program must provide services to a limited number of students who are first-generation students, low-income students, and/or have a documented disability. A specified percentage of SSS students must be BOTH low-income and first-generation students. Other restrictions on SSS funds apply as well.\n\nIf the terms of the agreement or regulations under which the SSS grant is received were violated, the University could lose ALL of the funds.\n\nIf you are a TRIO Achiever, be sure to use the services that are available to you! Others may be on the waiting list who would like to be a part of the program, and we intend to serve as many students as possible.\n\nThe legislation and regulations that apply to the SSS program can be found on the\u00a0U.S. Department of Education's website.
+__label__negative Elearning courses Tag All blog entries tagged as Elearning courses http://elearning-india.com/Official-Elearning-Blog.html Fri, 21 Sep 2018 12:03:02 +0530 Joomla! 1.7 - Open Source Content Management en-gb e-Learning solutions for customized learning http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/e-learning-solutions-for-customized-learning.html http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/e-learning-solutions-for-customized-learning.html \u00a0\n\nTraining and Learning is an integral part of the corporate world and is a continuous process. But providing continuous training for specific learner requirements is often a challenge. For sudden and targeted learning needs, e-learning services are often the answer and customized e-learning solutions are effective. Customized courses are created for the training of a specific group and for a specific learning objective. It is need based and caters to the training in a specific topic or subject.\n\nCustomized e-courses are courses that organizations prefer to develop through external companies who provide e-learning services. This makes sense at many different levels.\n\n  \u2022 Many small or medium organizations, who are in their growing phase, cannot invest huge amounts into developing e-learning services.\n  \u2022 Another reason is the amount of red-tape that one encounters in accessing corporate learning platforms. Material that is to be uploaded also has to go through various screenings and approvals \u2013 which prove to be a great hindrance in providing trainings as per need\n\nMoving around such constrains within the organization can be tedious and time consuming. On the other hand, customized e-courses can be run on stand-alone basis and are a better solution.\n\nHowever when developing custom elearning courses, there are a few challenges which need to be addressed.\n\n  \u2022 If the training is web-based, it needs to be assured that every learner has internet access and available bandwidth to view all the functions within the e\u2013learning solution. If computers or internet access is not available, the logistics of bringing the learner group to the learning medium need to be worked out.\n  \u2022 It is best to think about the extent of tracking that needs to be done beforehand and find a solution for it. If it is that basic information like the number of learners completing the course, the tracking portal can be designed such. If more information like the time taken by individual learners or the number of logins by an individual learner needs to be tracked, the tracking mechanism can keep that in mind.\n  \u2022 A concern when designing a customized e-learning solution is that it should be user-friendly. It is prudent to assume that the learner has not encountered such a training course before and has to be initiated smoothly into the workings of it.\n\n\nakankshag@gc-solutions.net (Akanksha Garg) eLearning Developer Thu, 03 Apr 2014 15:51:45 +0530\n\n\n\nWhy Are Online MBA Programs Increasingly Popular?\u00a0\n\n\n\nWhat Do You Need To Enroll In Online Master's Programs?\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\nDo You Need To Take A GMAT?\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhy Not Get An Online MBA?\u00a0\n\n\n\nLms system \u2013 Grooming your resource http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/lms-system-grooming-your-resource.html http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/lms-system-grooming-your-resource.html Training of employees in an organisation holds huge significance in terms of productivity and output. Many organisations of the modern era lack adequate training material. Whereas some of them have training materials but they are not framed in a way that can generate interest in a learner for the study matter. E-learning courses provided by e-learning service providers provide sufficient training materials to organisations which can enhance the cognitive skills of an individual to a large extent.\n\nThese training modules of E-learning courses are highly interactive in nature which engage the learner into the subject and help him learn better and perceive it as fun. It is a widespread perception that attractive visuals do have huge impact in augmenting learning process. They get imprinted into one\u2019s sensory memory for a long time. Online learning service providers have used the same principle in designing their training modules. Online learning modules incorporate enticing graphics and theory coupled with thought provoking pictures which enhance the learning outcome of an individual to the fullest.\n\nThe lms System of the training modules of these e-learning service providers helps organisations to teach their employees the basic business communication skills. This includes soft skills, organizational culture, behavioural science, psychographic science and many more. It also entails leadership skills, essence of motivation, knowledge of key drivers which lead to motivation etc. LMS System which is short of learning management system teaches employees of an organisation the vitality of perception as a concept and as a tool to cultivate creative and intuitive thinking.\n\nThese e-learning courses talk about explicitly about the common errors which management commits while conducting tasks and operations. Owing to so many benefits provided by these e-learning courses they are increasingly being adopted by organisations in order to aggrandise the productivity and enhance the learning outcome in totality.\n\nakankshag@gc-solutions.net (Akanksha Garg) Online Learning Fri, 31 May 2013 12:27:29 +0530
+__label__negative It is our mission to provide a unique summer experience to our students where they are challenged daily with learning new music skills.\n\nWith daily private lessons, music theory, and an introduction to composition and improvisation at the keyboard \u2013 whether you have taken lessons before or not \u2013 the piano camps offer a great springboard into the school year. Any child, age 7 years and above, is eligible. The sampler camps are ideal for students who want to explore all the facets of music- try out lots of different instruments, learn about composers, and explore great works of classical music. Any child, age 5-12 years is eligible. All of the camps are capped at five students, making sure that each child receives instruction that is tailored to his/her individual needs, but also allowing for the camaraderie of group music-making!\n\nOur summer camps will once again be led by the fearlessly amazing Natasha Marsalli. Last year, the students adored Natasha, so we have created a week of camp just for them!In addition to the piano and usual sampler camp, we have included a Level II Sampler Camp for those who participated last year.\n\nSummer Sampler Camp Dates\nJune 9th \u2013 13th \u2013 Ages 5 \u2013 6\nJune 16th \u2013 20th \u2013 Ages 7 \u2013 9\nJune 23rd \u2013 27th \u2013 Ages 10 \u2013 12\nNO CAMP 4th of July Week\nJuly 7th \u2013 11th \u2013 Ages 5 \u2013 6\nJuly 14th \u2013 18th Ages 7 \u2013 9\nJuly 21st \u2013 25th Ages 10 \u2013 12\nJuly 28 \u2013 Aug 1st \u2013 Level II\n\nPiano Camp Dates\nJune 2nd \u2013 5th\n9am \u2013 Noon \u2013 Beginners SOLD OUT!\n1pm \u2013 4pm \u2013 Intermediate/Advanced SOLD OUT!\nJune 30th \u2013 July 3rd\n9am \u2013 Noon \u2013 Beginners SOLD OUT!\n1pm \u2013 4pm \u2013 Beginners/Intermediate\n\nRegistration: A non-refundable registration fee of $100 is required; the remaining tuition is due by the morning of the first day of camp. Fees cover all supplies and snacks. Your child\u2019s registration will only be accepted when your registration form is complete and you have attached your check or money order for the appropriate registration, or a credit card payment through the MLE website is received on the same day as the registration form. Registration forms will be accepted until the weekly camp is full.\n\nWe had students register for camp the very FIRST DAY of registration, and new registrants continue to roll in, so Be Sure to Sign Up Soon! There are 2 ways to obtain a registration form; links to the registration packets can be found \u00a0below:\n\n2014 Piano Camp Registration Packet\n\n2014 Sampler Camp Registration Packet\n\nOR give us a call and we will email the form(s) to you. If you\u00a0have any questions email\u00a0us at or call 850.219.3653.\n\n\nPop Star Prep School Summer Camp\n\nIn partnership with Nicole\u2019s Performing Arts Center, learn what it takes to be a pop star!\nFuture Pop Stars will take voice lessons,record their own song, and have a photo shoot\nto create a CD cover. They will also take dance lessons, learn the artistry of performing\non stage, and stage design. There will be a \u201cPop Star Premier\u201d at the end of the week\nfor parents (6pm Friday). This camp is designed for all singers and dancers alike. No\nexperience necessary to join the fun!\n\nElementary School July 7 \u2013 11\nMiddle School July 14 \u2013 18\nHigh School July 28 \u2013 August 1\n\nDrop off begins at 7:45am\n8:30am \u2013 5pm Monday \u2013 Thursday:\n8:30am \u2013 5pm Friday\n$175/week: $50 Deposit with remaining balance due 2 weeks before camp.\n\nTo register, visit, and for more\ninformation call 850.329.7106.
+__label__negative Header Ads\n\nAn analysis by a Hyderabad candidate -- exam on 16th morning\n\nThanks to Gajapati Karthik.-- Others please write like this in a detailed manner and send to samba.ssivan@gmail.com\n\nA good analysis by a candidate of exam on 16th morning:\n\nIBPS Clerk Online Exam Experience -\n\nExam Date and Time Slot : 16th Dec 2012 , 9am\nExam Centre \u2013 Tirumala engineering college,bogaram,hyd\nExam Pattern : 200 Questions for 200 Marks in 120 Minutes\n\nSection wise Analysis\n\n1) Logical Reasoning \u2013 40 Question (Easy)\nThis section contains Syllogism (5 marks), Circular Seating Arrangement (5 marks), Coding & Decoding (5), Comparison of Ranks (5), Data Sufficiency (5), Puzzles (3 & 3 & 5) and Miscellaneous (4- Direction, Arrangement in Words etc)\nNo question from Visual Reasoning, Input- Output\nOnly 1 Puzzle of 5 Marks looks time consuming, rest ALL questions seem easy\n\n2) Quantitative Aptitude \u2013 40 Questions (Easy)\n15 Questions on Calculation (Q no 26-40), 5 Easy Questions in Number Series, 20 Questions on %, Average, Ratio, Partnership, Time, Speed Distance, Time and Work, Profit and Loss, Simple and Compound Interest, Probability (1 Quest), Geometry (3-4 Quest)\nSurprise Element- 1 Ques on Probability, Some 1-2 Steps questions on Geometry\nSolve Calculation based questions first, 1-2-3 liner verbal question in each chapter said above\nNo Approximate Calculation this time.\n\n3) English Language (30+10) comprised of 2 Sections.(Easy)\nTry to clear cut-off from both the section, as it is not mentioned anywhere that these two sections are considered separately or not.\nOtherwise questions in English sections are again Easy. Passage constitute of 15 Marks with synonym and antonym from words in Passages. Para-jumbled Sentence ( 5 Questions), Sentences Correction (5 Question), Error Correction (5 Question)\nSeparate Section of 10 Questions for Cloze Test(Very Easy).\nSome of COMPS questions i remember 16/12 morning session\n1) what is meant divding the cell into 2 or more in excel\n2) in word doc the background will be\n3) the commands are available in (ans menu )\n4) which is utility s/w below\n5) an assembler is an\n6) to select a word in doc what u do\n7) which type of medium do u use to sequential backup\n8) which allows u search www\n9) question on search engine\n10) what will u use in need of caclculation (ans spreedshet)\n11)when u click the text or image u navigate to other page,whats it called (hyperlink\n12) keys that are used combination of other for special purpose are (ctrl+alt)\n13) in cobol what co stands 4\n14) DOS stands 4\n15) OCR stands 4\n1)split 2)not changed 3)menu 4)spred sheet 5) is language 6) dnt knw 7)dnt knw 8)ip address 10)excel spreed sheet 11)hyper link 12) modifier keys (i.e ctrl + alt) 13) common business 14)disk operating system 15)optical character reader\n1) God of small things Book Written by\n\n2) In Oct, 2012, RBI had deceased CRRby\n3) Why pay in slip is used in banks\n\n4) What is the New Version of Windows launched by Microsoft ?\n\n5) Who is the present Railway Minister of India\n\n6) Whose birth day is celebrated as National integration day in India?\n\n7) Who is the present Governor of RBI ?\n\n8) Which among the following is not a Union territory\n\n9) Which among the following is a Sports related term (ans LBW)\n10) Who got the Padma Vibhushan Award from Delhi?\n\n11) Who among the following is the Woman and Child Development Minister of India ?\n\n12) Who is the present Information and Broadcasting Minister of India ?\n\n13) Who is the present President of Afghanistan ?\n\n14) Which among the following awards is given to Authors ?\n15) Who is the Agriculture Minister of India ?\n16)in which bank account interest is not paid\n17) which org got japanise international cooperation agency presidency( ans delhi metro )\n18) which will not come under GST (ans income tax)\n19) the shares is controled by (ans sebi)\n20) demat account shares are in form ( may b ans digital form)\n21)final authority of issuing notes(currency) ( ans govt of india rit na )\n22) which rate is used to manage(something here i'm nt remebering) but options 1)msf 2)laf 3)crr 4)slr\n23)who is the final authority of military officer (may b ans defence minister rit na)\n\n24) another question on book\nGuys if u remember some more questions plz add\nQ1. BCCI Polly Umrigar award 2012? Answer: Virat Kohli Q2. United Nations day celebrated on Answer: October 24 Q3. \u2018God of Small things\u2019 written by Answer: Arundhati Roy Q4. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) decreased in October by Answer: 0.25% Q5. Why pay slip is used in banks? Answer: to deposit cash Q6. Latest version of Microsoft windows is Answer: Windows 8 Q7. Which among the following is not a Union Territory? Answer: Goa Q8. Whose birthday is celebrated as National Integration day in India? Answer: Indira Gandhi Q9. Present governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI)? Answer: D. Subbarao Q10. Which among the following is NOT a border state of Delhi? Answer: Rajasthan Q11. Who is the present Railway Minister? Answer: Pawan Kumar Bansal (Previously CP Joshi) Q12. Which among the following is a Sports related term? Answer: LBW (Cricket) Q13. Who got Padma Vibhushan Award from Delhi? Answer: Shri TV Rajeswar (Civil Service) Q14. Padmabhushan Award for art painting? Answer: Jatin Das Q15. Who is the present Broadcast and Information Minister of Govt of India? Answer: Manish Tewari (MoS- Independent Charges) Q16. Who is the president of Afghanistan, recently visited India? Answer: Hamid Karzai Q17. What is Open Market Operation of RBI? Answer: OMOs are the market operations conducted by the Reserve Bank of India by way of sale/ purchase of Government securities to/ from the market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis. When the RBI feels there is excess liquidity in the market, it resorts to sale of securities thereby sucking out the rupee liquidity. Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, the RBI will buy securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market. Q18. If value of foreign currency increases, the value of Rupee will Answer: Depreciate Q19. Who monitor and Securitize capital market in India? Answer: SEBI Q20. Who is the present Women and Child Development Minister? Answer: Krishna Tirath (MoS \u2013 Independent Charge) Q21. Minister of Home affairs? Answer: Sushil Kumar Shinde Q22. According to recent list published by Forbes, who is the richest Indian? Answer: Mukesh Ambani Q23. BRICS Summit 2012 held in Answer: New Delhi Q24: Which among the following is a SAARC country? Answer: Sri Lanka Q25. What percentage of people who are below poverty line in India? Answer: 32.7% (Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day. World Bank Data \u2013 2010) Q26. Which is Union Territory? Answer: Puducherry Q27. According to the Census 2011 Data, population of India is Answer: 1.2 billion Q28. Institute which provide assistance to small scale industries through finance corporation? Answer: SIDBI Q29. Amount which provide for students by banks is called as? Answer: Education Loan Q30. Which is the maximum amount denomination note circulated in India? Answer: 1000 Q31. Present Agricultural Minister of India? Answer: Sharad Pawar Q32. There was a question on Crossed Cheque. Answer: A crossed cheque is a cheque that can only be deposited directly into an account with a bank and cannot be immediately cashed by a bank over the counter. Q33. According to the latest data, which country tops the list of nations in GDP growth? (No1 Country in GDP Growth rate?) Answer: Qatar (According to CIA World Factbook) Q34. Largest milk producing country? Answer: India (According to National Dairy Development Board Claim) Q35. ASBA (Applications Supported by Blocked Amount) associated to? Answer: IPO Explanation: ASBA (Applications Supported by Blocked Amount) is a process developed by the SEBI for applying to IPO. Q36. Which of the following award is given for authors? Answer: Man Booker Prize, Saraswati Samman, Jnanpith Award, Bihari Puraskar and many more. Q37. Operations SEBI? Answer: Works as a regulator for the securities market in India. Q38. Which institute included in global employment management 2012?\n\nNo comments\n\nPowered by Blogger.
+__label__negative Geograph Knowledgebase / FAQ\n\nKeyword Search:\n\n\nWhat makes a good Geograph?\nCould you please tell me where clay pool lane is in camphill nuneaton as it is not showin this on ur maps thank you\nHow do I find the location for an image\n\nViewing Images\n\nCan I see the distribution of pictures within a gridsquare?\n\nPhoto Contributors\n\nWhat makes a good Geograph?\nHow do I find which squares need photographing?\nWhere do I find squares where points are available?\n\nPhoto Contributors :: Contributing\n\n\nPoints and Moderation\n\nDo you accept multiple images per square?\nWhat are TPoints, how do they work?\nWhy have I gained an extra point without uploading a picture?\n\nFinding way in the forum\n\nHow can I show a picture on the forum?\n\n\u00b7 21 of 150 questions shown. View All\n\n\nYou are not logged in login | register
+__label__negative Will European monetary union happen?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWho decides whether it starts and who joins? Which criteria are used?\u00a0\n\nWill any country actually manage the criteria?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nSo who will join?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow will these conversion rates be decided?\u00a0\n\nOnce the members have been chosen, what happens in 1999?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill there be any euro notes and coins around?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nSo how can you have a \"single\" currency then?\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nBut what if I want to change D-Mark notes into French francs at a different rate?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nAny risk of speculative attacks after the conversion rates are decided?\u00a0\n\nBenefits and Costs\u00a0\n\nWhat are the potential benefits of EMU?\u00a0\n\nWhat are the potential costs of EMU?\u00a0\n\n\nIf there is one currency, will there be one monetary policy?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWhere does the ECB come from?\u00a0\u00a0\nHow will the ECB operate?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill there be a parallel to the ECB at governmental level? A club of finance ministers, say?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow will the ECB make interest rate decisions?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nAren't they going to be arguments?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow will the ECB judge whether a rate rise is needed?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill the ECB be as tough as the Bundesbank in its fight against inflation?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill the ECB want a strong or weak euro?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nFiscal Policy and the ECB\u00a0\n\nWhich other factors will affect the currency - debt levels, say?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nIs there any bail-out risk?\u00a0\n\nHow will the fiscal stability pact work?\u00a0\n\nDo the fiscal criteria make sense?\u00a0\n\nBut what if one country goes off the rails completely? Will it be bailed out?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nEMU implications for Financial markets in Europe\u00a0\n\nWhat will happen to the old national central banks in Emu countries? Will they disappear?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nBut what will the central banks have left to do?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow will these money market operations be conducted?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill there be a single centralised money market?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWhat about other parts of the financial markets? Will they be in euros, too?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill the conversion to euros affect the way that Europe's financial centres operate?\u00a0\n\nWhich financial centres will win or lose from this?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill anybody be using euros outside the markets before 2002?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nEMU and Business\u00a0\n\nHow will EMU affect the business and corporate world in Europe?\u00a0\n\nCould companies actually stop using national currencies after 1999 then?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nCan companies be forced to use euros?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nBut what if one business partner wants to use euros - and the other does not?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nBut won't coping with two currency units be complicated for companies?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWhy are notes and coins not being introduced until 2002 then?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow will the new cash be introduced?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow much will all this cost?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWho gains from the switch?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nNon-members (UK,...)\u00a0\n\nWhat happens countries who do not join?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nIf countries join at different stages, won't that complicate matters?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill the ECB have links with non-Emu members?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nWill all non-Emu members be part of the ERM-2?\u00a0\u00a0\n\nHow will the ERM-2 work?
+__label__negative MB4-218 - Solomon 6.0 Project Management and Accounting\n\nGo back to Microsoft\n\nExample Questions\n\nThe difference between Post Date and Estimated Post Date in a Billing Schedule means that during Scheduled Billing Release? Posting an Expense Report will result in the following? In an Allocation Method Step, what is the difference between Calculate and Post and Subtotal and Post? What wildcard is available for Revenue Recognition General Ledger subaccount postings? How does the Pay Labor Interface post when interfaced to an External File? Revenue posting GL accounts used in the Revenue Recognition process can be defined at which levels? Which of the following values are set up in Code Files? In which of the following scenarios would it be appropriate to create a new Code Type? What is the most common usage of Password Maintenance? What does \"Recap\" in Invoice Format Maintenance refer to? Select all that applies for the purpose of the Transaction Date in Allocation Processor? What will result if the option to Require Use of Time Detail Screen is selected in Time & Expense Setup? What are the type of entries are made for Billing and Revenue Schedule released entries? Invoice Reversal & Duplication can duplicate an invoice from month to month. What other process can generate a fixed billing amount each month? What wildcards can be used in the debit and credit subaccount fields of each step in an Allocation Method? What are the rules for Billing Transaction Load? A schedule (Billing or Revenue) can have additional periodic line items added automatically by what periodical basis? What field for selection is the most common field to define in Flexible Report Column Maintenance? How does the Pay Labor Interface post when interfaced to Solomon Payroll? What approval routing options are possible when an Expense report status is changed from n Process?to ompleted? How is a Project pre-defined user ID Field activated? A project is set up with a Revenue Recognition type of Completed Contract. Assuming the project is 75% complete, the postings generated during the Revenue Recognition process will be: What is the primary function of the Default or System Task? The Revenue Recognition process is run in Final mode on May 25. On May 31, the Revenue Recognition process is run again before month end closing. If a project was 80% complete on May 25 and due to additional reclassification expenses posted to the project it is now 75% completed, what postings will be made by Revenue Recognition? Budgets are entered at what level of a project? Which of the following wildcards can be used in Billing Rules? Which of the following best describe how Project Charge Entry batches post when they are released? How many different rate tables can be assigned to a project? An Allocation Method can perform which of the following calculations? Which of the following is true about the way Revenue Recognition general ledger postings may be configured? Project Series requires what option for Multi-Company processing? Which of the following system-defined code types used in Timecards for Projects is required under all circumstances? How can an employee be deleted? A consulting firm has 15 employees, who record their time on a daily basis, with lengthy notes about what work was completed. These notes should print on customer invoices. What is the best option for time entry? How many different Allocation Methods can be assigned to a project? In which fields can wildcards be used in an Allocation Method? Billed-to-Date and Contract Value Account Categories are generally of which type? What is the Use Bill Amount checkbox in the Billing Rule used for? When is Invoice Review & Approval required? A salaried non-exempt employee works 50 hours in a week, 40 hours are regular hours and 10 hours are overtime. This employee's salary is $1,000 per week and $25 per hour. Assuming the employee worked on the same project all week, what is the cost to the project? What is the difference between the Daily and Weekly option for Labor Transactions and Invoice Comments? Which is true about Billing Transaction Load? Which status will invoices generated by the Automatic Invoice creation process have? If an Allocation Method Step is created to calculate billing rates and the billing rates are the same for all projects for a specific customer, the key(s) defined in the rate hierarchy would be? How is the invoice date in Invoice Print used? In the Week Maintenance screen, what is Salary Factor used to do? At what level(s) are Project Budgets and EACs created? What does the Section Type in Invoice Format Maintenance define? Assuming, option to Cost Labor on Entry radio button is selected, and when using the Timecard or Timesheet with Rate/Amount Entry screens, rates and labor cost amounts are displayed when the following entry type is used? How can an incorrect Timecard be corrected?
+__label__negative Home\u00a0\u00a0/\u00a0\u00a0Questions\u00a0\u00a0/\u00a0\u00a0Question\n\n50\u00a0\u00a0 50\nNov 05, 2010\n\nComposite Pattern and Bridge Pattern\n\nComposite Pattern is one of the most useful design patterns, but it can cause many design problems.\nApparently, the Bridge Pattern can solve one of the problems caused by Composite.\n\nDoes anyone know:\u00a0What is it?\u00a0How it was solved?\n\nThanks in advance.\n\n830\u00a0\u00a0 99.9\nDec 03, 2010\n\nDid you ever find an answer to your question?\n\nI would be curious to know what exactly the many design problems are with the Composite pattern.\nAs you mentioned, Composite is useful and widely used, and I am not sure what kind of\u00a0problem you are referring to.
+__label__negative Busy. Please wait.\n\nshow password\nForgot Password?\n\nDon't have an account? \u00a0Sign up\u00a0\n\nUsername is available taken\nshow password\n\n\n\nAlready a StudyStack user? Log In\n\nReset Password\nDon't know\nremaining cards\n\nPass complete!\n\n\"Know\" box contains:\nTime elapsed:\nrestart all cards\n\n\u00a0 Normal Size \u00a0 \u00a0 Small Size show me how\n\n\nTow Test for Towing Aircraft\n\nMinimum personal req'd for emergencies is: 3 (Tow Super, Uke Drive, Brake Rider)\nAircraft shall not be towed with in how many minutes of GSS shutdown? 20 minutes\nWhen bleed air ducts are removed or disconnected, do not what? Tow\nIf aircraft is to be towed with APU's running, what cannot be relied on as an emergency signal? Whistles\nAircraft may be towed with engines removed as long as: Cowlings are closed and within ground handling limits (CG Limits)\nAircraft should not be pivoted around the MLG boggie (__ to __ degrees towing angle) to prevent MLG scrubbing 80 to 85 degrees\nTow in straight line '(what' and 'what') completing a turn to relive stress from the MLG Before and After\nTowing speeds on turns are? 2 MPH\nTowing speeds on straightaways are 5 MPH\nTow as fast as the 'what' on the team? Slowest walker\nBoth APU accumulators must have at minimum of, what psi? 3,600 psi\nCG limits are located in what? 1B-1B-5-2\nNLG struts should be no less than how many 'what', but less than 'what'? No less than 5 inches, but no more than 15 inches?\nMLG struts should be no less than 'what'. but no more than 'what'? No more than 2.25 inches, but less than 13.50 inches\nTires must be checked and or serviced within how many hours of the tow or current Pre-Flight 72 hours\nEnsure all applicable access panels, doors, and hatches are closed IAW, with? 51JG-00-01 and 51-00-00\nTo prevent injury or death, do not what, until within 6 inches of tow vehicle approach pintle hook\nEnsure 'what' switch is set to OFF? ANTISKID\nEnsure EMERG brake control switch is set to 'what' position? EMERG position\nEnsure BATT switch is set to 'what' position? AUTO ON\nIf loaded with Towed Decoy System (TDS) tailwalker must stay how many ft from the right and left of the TDS launcher? 10ft\nOne wing walker at each wingtip while towing within how many ft of obstructions? 50ft\nOne person at tail when backing jet or when what clearance is critical? Vertical Stabilizer\nPrior to completion of towing, aircraft must be what? Stopped short and/or beyond to check for cuts and F.O.D\nPARKING BRAKE switch light shall not be held longer than how many seconds? 30 seconds\nAfter holding down the PARKING BRAKE switch light, how long is the req'd cool down? 5 minutes\nEnsure NLG is set to 'how much', degree of the center? 0.0 (+ or - 1)\nPrior to approaching aircraft, uke drivers will stop outside how many ft, of air craft until marshaller signals in? 50ft\nIf aircraft has fault brakes how many ft of clearance must be maintain between Aircraft and structures? 150 ft\nIF the aircraft has fault brakes, what AFOSH must be followed to know the clearance you must maintain with? AFOSH STD 91-100\nMinimum of how many brake applications with fully charged accumulators? 7\nTo find out the minimum of break applications you can do, with fully charged accumulators, where would you look at? 32GS-00-1 PG 9-69\nWhat shouldn't you do on the tow bar? Ride on it\nWhere shouldn't you walk between during a tow? Nose of aircraft and uke\nHow much pull force for ground wire from receptacle? 8-14 LBs\nWhere would you find the lbs of pull force needed to take out the ground wire from its receptacle? 00-25-172\nAircraft will not be towed closer than how many ft of an active runway? 100ft\nWhere would you find the tow clearance an aircraft should be from an active runway? AFOSH STD 91-100\nWhere must an Uke driver get clearance from, prior to entering an active taxiway or runway? Control Tower\nWhere would one find the means of finding who the Uke driver should call, prior to entering an active taxiway or runway? AFOSH STD 91-100\nAt night or during inclement weather, all ground members of the tow are req'd how any light wands? 2 light wands
+__label__negative In accounting, the fundamental equation that lies at the heart of the profession is the following: assets = liabilities + stockholder\u2019s equity. In other words, what you own is equal to what you owe and the worth of the company. These three separate areas can be found on a balance sheet, which acts as a snapshot of the company\u2019s total financial health at the specific point in time it is calculated.\n\nFor an individual, stockholder\u2019s equity is taken out of the equation. To calculate net worth, assets need to be calculated and then liabilities need to be deducted from that number. However, there are multiple subsections of each area that need to be accounted for. If you\u2019re interested in an accounting career, read on to discover five elements that need to be considered when calculating net worth.\n\n1. Net Worth Can Be Partially Calculated With Cash and Cash Equivalents\n\nProfessionals with accounting training know that the first way to go about calculating a person\u2019s net worth is to consider their cash and all cash equivalents that they have at their disposal. In this situation, a cash equivalent is something that could easily be converted to physical cash. These can be treasury bills, for example. When adding up the physical cash on hand\u2014in chequing and savings accounts, and all equivalents\u2014you can begin to approximate a person\u2019s total net worth.\n\n2. Consider the Market Value of Investments\n\nThe second element that needs to be taken into account to calculate a person\u2019s net worth is the market value of their investments. In other words, how much everything they\u2019ve invested would be worth today if they were to liquidate and convert them into cash. If you\u2019ve received an accounting diploma, you might know that this second element includes any mutual funds, bonds, annuities, or stock options in which the person in question has invested their money.\n\nrofessionals with an accounting diploma calculate net worth by determining the value of investments\n\n\n3. Gauge the Value of Personal Property\n\nThe third and final element on the asset side of the equation to determining net worth is property value. Property value can include anything from art and jewelry to boats, vehicles, and real estate properties. To determine their worth, the current value (what it would fetch on the market today) is used. This specific element is different than the previous two in part because of how long and difficult the process of liquidating it could be.\n\n4. Secured Liabilities Need to Be Considered When Calculating Net Worth\n\nProfessionals who have been to accounting schools or who have completed an accounting college program know that the first type of liability that needs to be calculated is the secured one. A secured liability is a payment set at pre-determined intervals. For example, secured liabilities can take the form of a mortgage or a lease on a car. The total value of these liabilities needs to be included in a calculation of net worth because if they are not liquidated, the person in question needs to keep paying them.\n\n5. If You Have an Accounting Diploma, You Might Know to Consider Unsecured Liabilities, Too\n\nThe second form of liability that helps determine the net worth of a person is the unsecured liability. As students who have studied accounting might know, an unsecured liability is one in which the person has flexibility in payment. These liabilities generally take the form of credit card debt, medical bills, personal loans, or student loans. This value needs to be deducted from the value of the assets, as the net worth can only be determined when all of these unsecured liabilities have been paid off.\n\nTo calculate net worth, unsecured liabilities like medical bills need to be taken into account\n\n\nCalculating these five different subsections of assets and liabilities is the simplest way to determine a person\u2019s net worth. It can be done by studying a balance sheet and looking at other financial statements.\n\nHave you been thinking about taking an accounting course?\n\nVisit the Academy of Learning Career College for more information or to speak with an advisor.
+__label__negative Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!\n\nFAQ \u2013 Bookstore Refund Policy\n\nWill the bookstore return the purchase price of a textbook?\n\nYes, but only until the end of the add/drop period.\n\nHow soon must I return a textbook for credit?\n\nBy the end of the add/drop period.\n\nWhat do I bring to the bookstore for a refund?\n\nThe purchased book, clean and unmarked, and the cash register receipt.\n\nThe Bookstore Manager will determine if a refund is in order. Refund checks will be issued after the add/drop period.\n\nWhat can I do with a misprinted or irregular textbook?\n\nReturn it to the Bookstore immediately for a replacement.\n\nWhat if I open and/or remove the plastic a book is sealed in?\n\nAny book that is sold to you sealed in plastic wrapping cannot be returned for a refund unless the plastic is sealed.\n\n\nBookstore related inquiries can be directed to Nancy Galati, Bookstore Manager:
+__label__negative 1 of 5\nWhy do Carol and Kennicott go to Minneapolis?\n\n2 of 5\n\n3 of 5\nWhat is the public reaction to the poorly performed farce?\n\n4 of 5\n\n5 of 5\nWhat is Carol's reaction after Kennicott's aunt and uncle move to Gopher Prairie?
+__label__negative Skip to main content\nSign In\n\nFrequently Asked Questions for Mentors\n\nWhat is an MSA (Mentored Scholarly Activity)?\nWhat are the thematic areas?\nWhat is the role of the Associate Director?\nWhat is the goal of the MSA?\nHow does a student choose a mentor?\nWhat are a mentor\u2019s responsibilities?\nWhat are the student\u2019s responsibilities and timeline?\nWhat is a mentor\u2019s time commitment?\nDoes the MSA provide any mentor training?\nHow Do I Become A Mentor?
+__label__negative How can we help you today?\n\n\nWhat does the color of the word signify?\n\nThe color of the word specifies the severity of the flagged term.\n\nYellow = Low severity\u00a0\n\nOrange = Medium severity\n\nRed = High severity\u00a0\n\nWe have pre-ranked the severity of the flagged term, and you may go in and assign your own ranking to the flagged terms that you\u2019ve added. \u00a0For now, you can delete a flagged term and re-add it if you\u2019d like to change the severity.\n\nWas this article helpful?\n0 out of 0 found this helpful\nHave more questions? Submit a request\n\n\nPowered by Zendesk
+__label__negative Prokaryote Colonies\n\nPlease see:\u00a0 \"Is \"Quorum Sensing\" Really Sensory?\" at the bottom of this page.\u00a0\n\nBacterial swarming: an example of prokaryotic differentiation and multicellular behavior\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nAbstract only.\u00a0 Full article not available online.\u00a0\nBacterial swarming involves the differentiation of vegetative cells into hyperflagellated swarm cells which undergo cycles of rapid and coordinated population migration across solid surfaces. Species capable of this simple form of developmental behaviour lie on the boundary between unicellular and multicellular organisms and provide processes for study which are not only of intrinsic interest but which are analogous to components of more complex eukaryotic systems\n\nQuorum sensing by peptide pheromones and two-component\nsignal-transduction systems in Gram-positive bacteria.\u00a0\u00a0\nCell-density-dependent gene expression appears to be widely spread in bacteria. This quorum-sensing phenomenon has been well established in Gram-negative bacteria, where N-acyl homoserine lactones are the diffusible communication molecules that modulate cell-density-dependent phenotypes.\u00a0\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Similarly, a variety of processes are known to be regulated in a cell-density- or growth-phase-dependent manner in Gram-positive bacteria. Examples of such quorum-sensing modes in Gram-positive bacteria are the development of genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, the virulence response in Staphylococcus aureus, and the production of antimicrobial peptides by several species of Gram-positive bacteria including lactic acid bacteria. Cell-density-dependent regulatory modes in these systems appear to follow a common theme, in which the signal molecule is a post-translationally processed peptide that is secreted by a dedicated ATP-binding-cassette exporter. This secreted peptide pheromone functions as the input signal for a specific sensor component of a two-component signal-transduction system. Moreover, genetic linkage of the common elements involved results in autoregulation of peptide-pheromone production.\"\u00a0\u00a0\nGram-positive / antimicrobial peptides & peptide-pheromone\u00a0\u00a0\nGram-negative / N-acyl homoserine lactones\n\nThinking about Bacterial Populations as Multicellular Organisms\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nAbstract only online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0\nIt has been a decade since multicellularity was proposed as a general bacterial trait. Intercellular communication and multicellular coordination are now known to be widespread among prokaryotes and to affect multiple phenotypes.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Many different classes of signaling molecules have been identified in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Bacteria have sophisticated signal transduction networks for integrating intercellular signals with other information to make decisions about gene expression and cellular differentiation. Coordinated multicellular behavior can be observed in a variety of situations, including development of E. coli and B. subtilis colonies, swarming by Proteus and Serratia, and spatially organized interspecific metabolic cooperation in anaerobic bioreactor granules.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bacteria benefit from multicellular cooperation by using cellular division of labor, accessing resources that cannot effectively be utilized by single cells, collectively defending against antagonists, and optimizing population survival by differentiating into distinct cell types.\n\nQuorum sensing in bacteria (PubMed)\u00a0\nOnly abstract available online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The detection of a minimal threshold stimulatory concentration of an autoinducer leads to an alteration in gene expression.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing communication circuits to regulate a diverse array of physiological activities. These processes include symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In general, Gram-negative bacteria use acylated homoserine lactones as autoinducers, and\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gram-positive bacteria use processed oligo-peptides to communicate. Recent advances in the field indicate that cell-cell communication via autoinducers occurs both within and between bacterial species. Furthermore, there is mounting data suggesting that bacterial autoinducers elicit specific responses from host organisms. Although the nature of the chemical signals, the signal relay mechanisms, and the target genes controlled by bacterial quorum sensing systems differ, in every case the ability to communicate with one another allows bacteria to coordinate the gene expression, and therefore the behavior, of the entire community. Presumably, this process bestows upon bacteria some of the qualities of higher organisms. The evolution of quorum sensing systems in bacteria could, therefore, have been one of the early steps in the development of multicellularity.\n\nDetection, purification and characterisation of quorum sensing signal molecules...\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Quorum sensing (also called autoinduction) is a term that describes an environmental sensing system that allows bacteria to monitor their own population density.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Autoinduction relies upon the interaction of a small diffusible signal molecule (the autoinducer) with a transcriptional activator protein to couple gene expression with cell population density. These signal molecules diffuse from bacterial cells and accumulate in the environment as a function of cell growth. Once a threshold concentration is reached, these signals serve as co-inducers to regulate the transcription of (a) set(s) of target genes.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In Gram-negative bacteria, most autoinducers belong to the family of N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs).\n\nGram negative / N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs)\n\nN-Acyl homoserine lactone (Wiki) \u00a0 \u00a0\nHere's what they look like.\u00a0 Click on the image to enlarge.\u00a0\nGeneral chemical structure of an N-acyl homoserine lactone\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Signaling molecules are produced within the cell and are released into the environment. The resulting concentration of signaling molecules in the environment is dependent upon population density. Once the population density has reached a particular threshold, gene expression can begin. This allows bacteria to coordinate group-based behavior.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N-AHL's produced by different bacteria differ in the length of the R-group side chain. Chain lengths vary from 4 to 18 carbon\u00a0 atoms and in the substitution of a carbonyl\u00a0 at the third carbon.\"\u00a0\n\nAutoproteolytic activation of the haloalkaliphilic archeon Natronococcus occultus extracellular serine protease \u00a0\u00a0\nAbstract only online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0\nThe haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronococcus occultus produces an extracellular serine protease in the stationary growth phase and upon starvation. Two proteins immunologically related to the extracellular protease were detected into the cells: P200 and P190. P200 was detected at early stages of growth and its relative amount decreased as the culture reached the stationary growth phase, concomitantly with the appearance of P190 and proteolytic activity, suggesting that P200 may be the precursor of the secreted protease and P190 the mature enzyme. Both proteins were also detected in the culture medium. Conversion of inactive P200 into active P190 was attained in cell-free culture medium from stationary phase but not from exponential phase. This process was prevented in the presence of PMSF and could be attained by addition of purified mature extracellular protease to P200. Altogether these results indicate that activation of Natronococcus occultus extracellular protease may be autoproteolytic and that factor/s present in stationary phase culture medium may be required for this process.\n\nCell-to-cell communication by autoinducing peptides in Gram-positive bacteria.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nOnly abstract available online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0\nWhile intercellular communication systems in Gram-negative bacteria are often based on homoserine lactones as signalling molecules, it has been shown that\u00a0\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 autoinducing peptides are involved in intercellular communication in Gram-positive bacteria. Many of these peptides are exported by dedicated systems, posttranslationally modified in various ways, and finally sensed by other cells via membrane-located receptors that are part of two-component regulatory systems. In this way the expression of a variety of functions including virulence, genetic competence and the production of antimicrobial compounds can be modulated in a co-ordinated and cell density- and growth phase-dependent manner. Occasionally the autoinducing peptide has a dual function, such as in the case of nisin that is both a signalling pheromone involved in quorum sensing and an antimicrobial peptide. Moreover, biochemical, genetic and genomic studies have shown that bacteria may contain multiple quorum sensing systems, underlining the importance of intercellular communication. Finally, in some cases different peptides may be recognised by the same receptor, while also hybrid receptors have been constructed that respond to new peptides or show novel responses.\"\u00a0\u00a0\nGram-positive / autoinducing peptides\u00a0\u00a0\nGram-negative / homoserine lactones\u00a0\n\nDetection of quorum sensing signals in the haloalkaliphilic archeon\nNatronococcus occultus\u00a0 (PubMed)\u00a0\nBacteria communicate at high cell density through quorum sensing, however, there are no reports about this mechanism in archaea. The archaeon Natronococcus occultus produces an extracellular protease at the end of growth. Early production of protease activity was observed when a low density culture was incubated with late exponential conditioned medium suggesting the presence of factor(s) inducing this activity. Conditioned medium and ethyl acetate extracts corresponding to the transition from exponential to stationary phase showed a positive signal in Agrobacterium biosensor. We report the detection of potential autoinducer molecules of the acylated homoserine lactone type in the archaeon N. occultus. These molecules may be responsible for the production/activation of extracellular protease.\narcheae / acylated homoserine lactone & extracellular protease\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Peptide signaling in Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria\u00a0\u00a0\n\nOnly abstract available online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0\nThere are two basic types of bacterial communication systems--those in which the signal is directed solely at other organisms and those in which the signal is sensed by the producing organism as well. The former are involved primarily in conjugation; the latter in adaptation to the environment.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gram-positive bacteria use small peptides for both types of signaling, whereas\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gram-negative bacteria use homoserine lactones. Since adaptation signals are autoinducers the response is population-density-dependent and has been referred to as \"quorum-sensing\". Gram-negative bacteria internalize the signals which act upon an intracellular receptor, whereas Gram-positive bacteria use them as ligands for the extracellular receptor of a two-component signaling module. In both cases, the signal activates a complex adaptation response involving many genes.\"\u00a0\u00a0\nGram-positive / small peptides\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nGram-negative / homoserine lactones\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Evolutionary History of Quorum-Sensing Systems in Bacteria\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nCommunication among bacterial cells through quorum-sensing (QS) systems is used to regulate ecologically and medically important traits, including virulence to hosts. QS is widespread in bacteria; it has been demonstrated experimentally in diverse phylogenetic groups, and homologs to the implicated genes have been discovered in a large proportion of sequenced bacterial genomes. The widespread distribution of the underlying gene families (LuxI/R and LuxS) raises the questions of how often QS genes have been transferred among bacterial lineages and the extent to which genes in the same QS system exchange partners or coevolve.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Phylogenetic analyses of the relevant gene families show that the genes annotated as LuxI/R inducer and receptor elements comprise two families with virtually no homology between them and with one family restricted to the gamma-Proteobacteria and the other more widely distributed. Within bacterial phyla, trees for the LuxS and the two LuxI/R families show broad agreement with the ribosomal RNA tree, suggesting that these systems have been continually present during the evolution of groups such as the Proteobacteria and the Firmicutes. However, lateral transfer can be inferred for some genes (e.g., from Firmicutes to some distantly related lineages for LuxS).\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In general, the inducer/receptor elements in the LuxI/R systems have evolved together with little exchange of partners, although loss or replacement of partners has occurred in several lineages of gamma-Proteobacteria, the group for which sampling is most intensive in current databases. For instance, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a transferred QS system has been incorporated into the pathway of a native one. Gene phylogenies for the main LuxI/R family in Pseudomonas species imply a complex history of lateral transfer, ancestral duplication, and gene loss within the genus.\"\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Full length article available online for free.\u00a0\n\nQuorum Sensing and Swarming Migration in Bacteria\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nBacterial cells can produce and sense signal molecules, allowing the whole population to initiate a concerted action once a critical concentration (corresponding to a particular population density) of the signal has been reached, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One of the possible quorum sensing-regulated phenotypes is swarming, a flagella-driven movement of differentiated swarmer cells (hyperflagellated, elongated, multinucleated) by which bacteria can spread as a biofilm over a surface. The glycolipid or lipopeptide biosurfactants thereby produced function as wetting agent by reducing the surface tension.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quorum sensing systems are almost always integrated into other regulatory circuits. This effectively expands the range of environmental signals that influence target gene expression beyond population density. In this review, we first discuss the regulation of AHL-mediated surface migration and the involvement of other low-molecular-mass signal molecules (such as the furanosyl borate diester AI-2) in biosurfactant production of different bacteria.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In addition, population density-dependent regulation of swarmer cell differentiation is reviewed.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Also, several examples of interspecies signalling are reported. Different signal molecules either produced by bacteria (such as other AHLs and diketopiperazines) or excreted by plants (such as furanones, plant signal mimics) might influence the quorum sensing-regulated swarming behaviour in bacteria different from the producer. On the other hand, specific bacteria can reduce the local available concentration of signal molecules produced by others. In the last part, the role and regulation of a surface-associated movement in biofilm formation is discussed. Here we also describe how quorum sensing may disperse existing biofilms and control the interaction between bacteria and higher organisms (such as the Rhizobium-bean symbiosis).\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free Final Text: \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 (This reference is huge.)\u00a0\u00a0\nMy initial comment: \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In my \"Is \"Quorum Sensing\" Really Sensory? hypothesis, I pointed out that lipophilic molecules can cross the cell membrane without the help of any receptor.\u00a0 So, whether or not the \"quorum sensing signal molecules\" listed below can cross the cell membrane depends on how lipophilic or polar they are.\u00a0\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Please see\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chemical polarity - Wikipedia\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nFigure 1 Different quorum sensing signal molecules mentioned in the text (adapted from [29]).\"\u00a0\u00a0\n\nAnalysis of ATPases of putative secretion operons in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Gram-negative bacteria use a wide variety of complex mechanisms to secrete proteins across their membranes or to assemble secreted proteins into surface structures. As most archaea only possess a cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a membrane-anchored S-layer, the organization of such complexes might be significantly different from that in Gram-negative bacteria. Five proteins of Sulfolobus solfataricus, SSO0120, SSO0572, SSO2316, SSO2387 and SSO2680, which are homologous to secretion ATPases of bacterial type II, type IV secretion systems and the type IV pili assembly machinery, were identified. The operon structures of these putative secretion systems encoding gene clusters and the expression patterns of the ATPases under different growth conditions were determined, and it was established that all five putative ATPases do show a divalent cation-dependent ATPase activity at high temperature. These results show that the archaeal secretion systems are related to the bacterial secretion systems and might be powered in a similar way.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Full-length Text:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\n\nHormone fatty acid modifications: gram negative bacteria and vertebrates demonstrate common structure and function\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Only abstract available online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0 \u00a0\n\"Bacteria are known to regulate diverse physiological processes through a mechanism called quorum sensing (QS). Prokaryotes communicate by extracellular signalling compounds, i.e. autoinducers (acyl homoserine lactone, AHL of Gram negative bacteria) or pheromones (post-translationally modified peptides of Gram positive bacteria), which activate genetic pathways when they reach a sufficient concentration (QS). A large number of Gram-negative quorum-sensing systems studied so far utilize N-acyl homoserine lactones as signal molecules. In vertebrates small synthetic molecules called growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. GH release is stimulated by hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and ghrelin (endogenous ligand of the GHS-receptor, GHS-R). Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide, in which the serine-3 (Ser3) is n-octanoylated,\nand this modification is essential for ghrelin's activity. Ghrelin is the first known case of a peptide hormone modified by a fatty acid. The major active form of ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide with octanoylated Ser3; one of the more represented bacterial autoinducers is the N-Octanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone (C8-HL) molecule. The authors hypothesize that Gram-negative bacteria and vertebrates have a functional similarity in the search of food and an important structural homology of AHL and ghrelin for the highly conserved Serine-acylated motive in both molecules. Our suggestions could help one to understand the convergent origin and the biologic meaning of the Serine-acylated group in these organisms, a biologic meaning very important due to the high conservation in two kingdoms which are so different.\"\u00a0 (Also referenced in\u00a0 Evolution of Hormones .)\u00a0\nGram positive / post-translationally modified peptides\u00a0 (or pheromones )\u00a0\nGram negative / acyl homoserine lactone, AHL (autoinducers\n\n\nQuorum sensing: the many languages of bacteria \u00a0\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \"In the conventional view of prokaryotic existence, bacteria live unicellularly, with responses to external stimuli limited to the detection of chemical and physical signals of environmental origin. This view of bacteriology is now recognized to be overly simplistic, because bacteria communicate with each other through small 'hormone-like' organic compounds referred to as autoinducers. These bacterial cell-to-cell signaling systems were initially described as mechanisms through which bacteria regulate gene expression via cell density and, therefore, they have been collectively termed quorum sensing. The functions controlled by quorum sensing are varied and reflect the needs of a particular species of bacteria to inhabit a given niche.\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Three major quorum-sensing circuits have been described: one used primarily by Gram-negative bacteria, one used primarily by Gram-positive bacteria, and one that has been proposed to be universal.\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free Final Text:\u00a0\u00a0\n\nChemosensory pathways, motility and development in Myxococcus xanthus \u00a0\u00a0\nThe complex life cycle of Myxococcus xanthus includes predation, swarming, fruiting-body formation and sporulation. The genome of M. xanthus is large and comprises an estimated 7,400 open reading frames, of which approximately 605 code for regulatory genes. These include eight clusters of chemotaxis-like genes that define eight chemosensory pathways, most of which have dedicated functions. Although many of these chemosensory pathways have a role in controlling motility, at least two of these pathways control gene expression during development.\"\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Full-length PDF:\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"M. xanthus grow by scavenging nutrients from decomposing soil and detritus, or by predation of other microorganisms.\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"When M. xanthus swarms cannot find sufficient nutrients or prey, they enter a developmental pathway that results in the formation of multicellular mounds, which develop into fruiting bodies.\"\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 My comment\nThis is contrary to my expectations.\u00a0 Other references seem to imply that the bacteria aggregate toward sources of food and disperse when the food runs out.\u00a0 It may be that the fruiting bodies develop at the transition from aggregating towards food to dispersing away from a food source which has been used up.\u00a0\n\nFlagellar Motility and Structure in the Hyperthermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\nFlagellation in archaea is widespread and is involved in swimming motility. Here, we demonstrate that the structural flagellin gene from the crenarchaeaon Sulfolobus solfataricus is highly expressed in stationary-phase-grown cells and under unfavorable nutritional conditions. A mutant in a flagellar auxiliary gene, flaJ, was found to be nonmotile. Electron microscopic imaging of the flagellum indicates that the filaments are composed of right-handed helices.\"\u00a0\u00a0\nFull length article available online.\u00a0\n\nNo homologs of bacterial quorum-sensing systems have been detected in archaea so far (10), although quorum sensing seems to exist as shown for the induction of an extracellular protease in Natronococcus occultus (30).\n\nConvergence of hormones and autoinducers at the host/pathogen interface\u00a0\n\nOnly abstract available online.\u00a0 I have PDF.\u00a0\nFrom the abstract:\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducers are fatty acid-based signaling molecules synthesized by several Gram-negative bacteria that are used to coordinate gene expression in a process termed \"quorum sensing\" (QS).\n\"\u00a0 \"... autoinducers, which exhibit structural and functional similarities to mammalian lipid-based hormones ...\"\u00a0 \"Here we will compare and contrast bacterial QS systems with eukaryotic endocrine systems ...\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the PDF:\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Recent evidence shows that autoinducers not only control gene expression in bacterial cells, but also alter gene expression in mammalian cells. These alterations include modulation of proinflammatory cytokines and induction of apoptosis. Some of these responses may have deleterious effects on the host\u2019s immune response, thereby leading to increased bacterial pathogenesis.\"\u00a0\n\"... autoinducers ... exhibit structural and functional similarities to mammalian lipid-based hormones ...\"\u00a0\n(This reference also given in\n\u00a0 Evolution of Hormones \u00a0 .)\u00a0\nGram-negative / Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducers\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 - fatty acid-based signaling molecules\n\nfunctional similarities to mammalian lipid-based hormones\n\nOligopeptide (Wiki) \u00a0\u00a0\nAn oligopeptide (oligo-, \"few\") consists of between 2 and 20 amino acids. (includes dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, pentapeptides, etc.)\n\nLiving on a surface: swarming and biofilm formation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nOnly the abstract is available online.\u00a0 I got the PDF through the library.\u00a0\nSwarming is the fastest known bacterial mode of surface translocation and enables the rapid colonization of a nutrient-rich environment and host tissues. This complex multicellular behavior requires the integration of chemical and physical signals, which leads to the physiological and morphological differentiation of the bacteria into swarmer cells. Here, we provide a review of recent advances in the study of the regulatory pathways that lead to swarming behavior of different model bacteria. It has now become clear that many of these pathways also affect the formation of biofilms, surface-attached bacterial colonies. Decision-making between rapidly colonizing a surface and biofilm formation is central to bacterial survival among competitors. In the second part of this article, we review recent developments in the understanding of the transition between motile and sessile lifestyles of bacteria.\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that live attached to surfaces. Biofilm formation has received much attention in the last decade, as it has become clear that virtually all types of bacteria can form biofilms and that this may be the preferred mode of bacterial existence in nature. Our current understanding of biofilm formation is based on numerous studies of myriad bacterial species. Here, we review a portion of this large body of work including the environmental signals and signaling pathways that regulate biofilm formation, the components of the biofilm matrix, and the mechanisms and regulation of biofilm dispersal.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PMC Full Free Text:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nMore than a signal: non-signaling properties of quorum sensing molecules\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nQuorum sensing in bacteria serves as an example of the adaptation of single-celled organisms to engage in cooperative group behaviors. This phenomenon is much more widespread than originally thought, with many different species 'speaking' through various secreted small molecules. Despite some variation in signaling molecules, the principles of quorum sensing are conserved across a wide range of organisms. Small molecules, secreted into the environment, are detected by neighbors who respond by altering gene expression and, as a consequence, behavior. However, it is not known whether these systems evolved specifically for this purpose, or even if their role is exclusive to information trafficking. Rather, clues exist that many quorum sensing molecules function as more than just signals. Here, we discuss non-signaling roles for quorum sensing molecules in such important processes as nutrient scavenging, ultrastructure modification and competition.\"\u00a0\u00a0\n\nA universal trend among proteomes indicates an oily last common ancestor.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nDespite progresses in ancestral protein sequence reconstruction, much needs to be unraveled about the nature of the putative last common ancestral proteome that served as the prototype of all extant lifeforms. Here, we present data that indicate a steady decline (oil escape) in proteome hydrophobicity over species evolvedness (node number) evident in 272 diverse proteomes, which indicates a highly hydrophobic (oily) last common ancestor (LCA).\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This trend, obtained from simple considerations (free from sequence reconstruction methods), was corroborated by regression studies within homologous and orthologous protein clusters as well as phylogenetic estimates of the ancestral oil content. While indicating an inherent irreversibility in molecular evolution, oil escape also serves as a rare and universal reaction-coordinate for evolution (reinforcing Darwin's principle of Common Descent), and may prove important in matters such as (i) explaining the emergence of intrinsically disordered proteins, (ii) developing composition- and speciation-based \"global\" molecular clocks, and (iii) improving the statistical methods for ancestral sequence reconstruction.\"\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free PMC Article\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What are the similarities and differences between: \u00a0\n\u00a0post-translationally modified peptides = pheromones\u00a0 (Gram positive bacteria)\u00a0\n\u00a0acyl homoserine lactone, AHL = autoinducers\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Gram negative bacteria)\u00a0 ?\u00a0\n\nSearching Google for \"pheromones\" identified 5,600 references:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pheromone - Wikipedia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nA pheromone (from Ancient Greek \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 phero \"to bear\" and hormone, from Ancient Greek \u1f41\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \"impetus\") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual.[1] There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.\u00a0\u00a0\nsome vertebrates and plants communicate by using pheromones.\"\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Truth About Pheromones\u00a0\u00a0\n\nSearching Google for \"autoinducers\" identified 51,500 references:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Autoinducer - Wikipedia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quorum sensing in bacteria. - PubMed\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nSearching Google for \"can communication occur between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?\" discovered 848,000 references:\n\n\u00a0 \u00a0 What is quorum sensing? - Diggle Lab - Sociomicrobiology and Infection\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\nIs \"Quorum Sensing\" Really Sensory?\nPerhaps that depends on how you define \"sense\" or \"sensory\".\u00a0\nIn spite of the fact that both surfaces of the cell membrane are hydrophylic, lipids seem to have access to the hydrophobic inner layer, and this allows them to migrate across the membrane without help from any sort of receptor.\u00a0 This suggests that the first molecules by which cells communicated with one another were lipids.\u00a0\nThe quorum sensing lipids may have originally evolved as metabolic energy storing molecules.\u00a0 Since they would have diffused across the membrane, they would have served the secondary function of lubricating the cells' motion.\u00a0 This lubrication would have resulted in the accumulation of cells into areas of higher concentration of lubricant which would have been secondary to areas with higher concentrations of food. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\nAs the concentration of these molecules built up outside the cell, the lipids still being produced inside the cell would have had more difficulty diffusing across the membrane because of the reduced concentration gradient.\u00a0 This build-up of the lipid quorum sensing molecules inside the cell could then have had an effect on the cells' metabolism without the necessity of an intervening receptor.
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+__label__negative << Chapter < Page Chapter >> Page >\n\n\nIn this chapter, you will learn about the short cuts to writing 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 . This is known as writing a number in exponential notation .\n\n\nExponential notation is a short way of writing the same number multiplied by itself many times. For example, instead of 5 \u00d7 5 \u00d7 5 , we write 5 3 to show that the number 5 is multiplied by itself 3 times and we say \u201c5 to the power of 3\u201d. Likewise 5 2 is 5 \u00d7 5 and 3 5 is 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 . We will now have a closer look at writing numbers using exponential notation.\n\nExponential Notation\n\nExponential notation means a number written like\n\na n\n\nwhere n is an integer and a can be any real number. a is called the base and n is called the exponent or index .\n\nThe n th power of a is defined as:\n\na n = a \u00d7 a \u00d7 \u00d7 a ( n times )\n\nwith a multiplied by itself n times.\n\nWe can also define what it means if we have a negative exponent - n . Then,\n\na - n = 1 a \u00d7 a \u00d7 \u00d7 a ( n times )\n\nIf n is an even integer, then a n will always be positive for any non-zero real number a . For example, although - 2 is negative, ( - 2 ) 2 = - 2 \u00d7 - 2 = 4 is positive and so is ( - 2 ) - 2 = 1 - 2 \u00d7 - 2 = 1 4 .\n\nKhan academy video on exponents - 1\n\nKhan academy video on exponents-2\n\nLaws of exponents\n\nThere are several laws we can use to make working with exponential numbers easier. Some of these laws might have been seen in earlier grades, but we will list all the laws here for easy reference and explain each law in detail, so that you can understand them and not only remember them.\n\na 0 = 1 a m \u00d7 a n = a m + n a - n = 1 a n a m \u00f7 a n = a m - n ( a b ) n = a n b n ( a m ) n = a m n\n\nExponential law 1: a 0 = 1\n\nOur definition of exponential notation shows that\n\na 0 = 1 , ( a 0 )\n\nFor example, x 0 = 1 and ( 1 000 000 ) 0 = 1 .\n\nApplication using exponential law 1: a 0 = 1 , ( a 0 )\n\n  1. 16 0\n  2. 16 a 0\n  3. ( 16 + a ) 0\n  4. ( - 16 ) 0\n  5. - 16 0\n\nExponential law 2: a m \u00d7 a n = a m + n\n\nKhan academy video on exponents - 3\n\nOur definition of exponential notation shows that\n\na m \u00d7 a n = 1 \u00d7 a \u00d7 ... \u00d7 a ( m times ) \u00d7 1 \u00d7 a \u00d7 ... \u00d7 a ( n times ) = 1 \u00d7 a \u00d7 ... \u00d7 a ( m + n times ) = a m + n\n\nFor example,\n\n2 7 \u00d7 2 3 = ( 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 ) \u00d7 ( 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 ) = 2 7 + 3 = 2 10\n\nInteresting fact\n\nThis simple law is the reason why exponentials were originally invented. In the days before calculators, all multiplication had to be done by hand with a pencil and a pad of paper. Multiplication takes a very long time to do and is very tedious. Adding numbers however, is very easy and quick to do. If you look at what this law is saying you will realise that it means that adding the exponents of two exponential numbers (of the same base) is the same as multiplying the two numbers together. This meant that for certain numbers, there was no need to actually multiply the numbers together in order to find out what their multiple was. This saved mathematicians a lot of time, which they could use to do something more productive.\n\nApplication using exponential law 2: a m \u00d7 a n = a m + n\n\n  1. x 2 \u00b7 x 5\n  2. 2 3 . 2 4 [Take note that the base (2) stays the same.]\n  3. 3 \u00d7 3 2 a \u00d7 3 2\n\nExponential law 3: a - n = 1 a n , a 0\n\nOur definition of exponential notation for a negative exponent shows that\n\na - n = 1 \u00f7 a \u00f7 ... \u00f7 a ( n times ) = 1 1 \u00d7 a \u00d7 \u00d7 a ( n times ) = 1 a n\n\nThis means that a minus sign in the exponent is just another way of showing that the whole exponential number is to be divided instead of multiplied.\n\nQuestions & Answers\n\nMaira Reply\nwhat are the products of Nano chemistry?\nMaira Reply\nPreparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery\nHafiz Reply\nApplication of nanotechnology in medicine\nwhat is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials\nJyoti Reply\nya I also want to know the raman spectra\nI only see partial conversation and what's the question here!\nCrow Reply\nwhat about nanotechnology for water purification\nRAW Reply\nyes that's correct\nI think\nnanocopper obvius\nwhat is the stm\nBrian Reply\nHow we are making nano material?\nwhat is a peer\nWhat is meant by 'nano scale'?\nWhat is STMs full form?\nscanning tunneling microscope\nhow nano science is used for hydrophobicity\nwhat is differents between GO and RGO?\nanalytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .\nwhat is Nano technology ?\nBob Reply\nwrite examples of Nano molecule?\nThe nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric\nIs there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?\nDamian Reply\nwhat king of growth are you checking .?\nStoney Reply\nwhy we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?\nAdin Reply\nwhat school?\nbiomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.\nSmarajit Reply\nPrivacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a\nGot questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!\nJobilize.com Reply\n\nGet the best Algebra and trigonometry course in your pocket!\n\nSource:\u00a0 OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: grade 10 maths [ncs]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 05, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11239/1.2\n\nNotification Switch\n\nWould you like to follow the 'Siyavula textbooks: grade 10 maths [ncs]' conversation and receive update notifications?
+__label__negative Frequently asked questions\n\nIn this section we are dealing with the most frequently asked questions. You can also refer to the manual which is available in English and German. If there are still any problems or questions remaining, please use the contact form.\n\nWhat is CentropeMAP?\n\nWhere is the Centrope region?\n\nWhy are some map layers covering only part of the Centrope region?\n\nWhy do some map layers have a different layout in other parts of the region?\n\nWhere can I report a broken map layer?\n\nIt seems the transparency buttons are not working.\n\nMay I display any layers together at the same time?\n\nHow can I save the current map view?\n\nWhere can I look up the meaning of a map layer?\n\nWhere can I see the scale of the current map view?\n\nWhere can I see the up-to-dateness of the map layers?\n\nWhy is some map content also displayed beyond the borders of the Centrope region?\n\nCan I add other web map services (WMS) to CentropeMAP?\n\nWhich geographic projection is assigned to the CentropeMAP layers?\n\nIs CentropeMAP INSPIRE-ready?\n\nCan I access data behind the map layers?\n\nCentropeSTATISTICS tells me it requires basic knowledge in statistics, mapping, and cartography. I don\u2019t have this knowledge, may I nevertheless proceed?\n\nMay I use the data from CentropeMAP and CentropeSTATISTICS elsewhere?\n\nHow much are data from CentropeSTATISTICS?\n\nCan I send my own datasets to you?\n\nWhat happens if I select a year where data are not available for all parts of the Centrope region?\n\nHow can I save a chart?\n\nHow can I use topographic or thematic maps in other applications?\n\nHow can I use CentropeSTATISTICS charts in other applications?\n\nI clicked on \u201cCreate Map\u201d, but apparently nothing happened.\n\nThe numbers in the chart overlap.\n\nThe municipality names in the chart overlap.\n\nThe chart title exceeds the chart width.\n\nWhy is there no possibility to create a map from population numbers?\n\nWhy is there no free combination of attributes in pie chart creation?\n\nWhere can I report a CentropeSTATISTICS database error?\n\nWhere can I look up the meaning of the table columns?\n\nWhy are there some columns without a \u201cMap\u201d button\u201d?\n\nWhy are there some columns without a \u201cChart\u201d or \u201cPie chart\u201d button?\n\nHow can I select the years for chart creation?\n\nWhy do I get a bar chart although I wanted to create a pie chart?
+__label__negative [skip to content]\n\nAudio-visual policy\n\nDisclosure date: 9 December 2011\n\nReference: FOI2011/104\n\n\nCould you please supply me with the following information:\n\n1) A copy of the university\u2019s audio-visual policy on:\na) the recording of lectures\nb) the recording of seminars, workshops or tutorials\nc) the recording of guest speakers/lecturers etc\nd) any exemptions to these\n\n2) Any guidance, consent forms and advice sheets that supports this policy\n\n3) Any supporting documentation on the challenges that new media technologies pose to these policies\n\n\n1) These matters are covered by the School\u2019s Intellectual Property Policy (specifically section 9) which can be found at http://www.soas.ac.uk/infocomp/copyright/ippolicy/file51523.pdf on the SOAS website. Recording of guest speakers is not specifically covered by this policy.\n\n2) No guidance is currently provided by SOAS in this area, though it is planned. In the meantime, SOAS refers to the guidance provided by JISC Legal at http://www.jisclegal.ac.uk/ManageContent/ViewDetail/ID/1608/Recording-Lectures-Legal-Considerations-28072010.aspx.\n\n3) No relevant information is held.
+__label__negative History of Scientific Change (Barseghyan-2015)\n\nFrom Encyclopedia of Scientonomy\nJump to navigation Jump to search\n\nA definition of History of Scientific Change that states \"A descriptive discipline that attempts to trace and explain individual changes in the scientific mosaic.\"\n\nHistory of Scientific Change p 13.jpg\n\nThis definition of History of Scientific Change was formulated by Hakob Barseghyan in 2015.1 It is currently accepted by Scientonomy community as the best available definition of the term.\n\n\nAcceptance Record\n\nHere is the complete acceptance record of History of Scientific Change (Barseghyan-2015):\nCommunityAccepted FromAcceptance IndicatorsStill AcceptedAccepted UntilRejection Indicators\nScientonomy1 January 2016The definition became de facto accepted by the community at that time together with the whole theory of scientific change.Yes\n\nQuestion Answered\n\nHistory of Scientific Change (Barseghyan-2015) is an attempt to answer the following question: What is history of scientific change? How should it be defined?\n\nSee History of Scientific Change for more details.\n\n\nTo reconstruct the state of a mosaic at time t, it is necessary to understand which theories were accepted at the time, and which methods were employed at the time. 1p. 12 This process is the concern of historical (empirical) questions. Theory of scientific change, although closely linked is concerned with theoretical questions. History of Scientific Change is one of the key concepts in current scientonomy. Thus, its proper definition is of great importance to recognize a descriptive theory of scientific change.\n\n
+__label__negative RES 351 need ASAP please\n\nJun 27th, 2015\nPrice: $25 USD\n\nQuestion description\n\nHow will you have access to the population to be sampled or interviewed? What are the instruments you will use to collect data or qualitative information? What is the appropriate sampling method? What sampling frame will be used? What is the appropriate sampling size? How will the sample size be determined? Which qualitative methods will be used and why? Which statistical tests will be used and why? How will the results and insights be displayed? What conclusions should be made if the hypothesis is found to be correct or if it is incorrect?\u201d The paper will also \u201cdiscuss the timing and resources required to conduct this research effort and how you will use the insights developed from the study to influence an improvement in the business process or attempt further research\u201d.\n\nTutor Answer\n\n(Top Tutor) Harsh V\nSchool: Boston College\n\nStudypool has helped 1,244,100 students\n\nReview from student\nAsk your homework questions. Receive quality answers!\n\nType your question here (or upload an image)\n\n1822 tutors are online\n\nBrown University\n\n1271 Tutors\n\nCalifornia Institute of Technology\n\n2131 Tutors\n\nCarnegie Mellon University\n\n982 Tutors\n\nColumbia University\n\n1256 Tutors\n\nDartmouth University\n\n2113 Tutors\n\nEmory University\n\n2279 Tutors\n\nHarvard University\n\n599 Tutors\n\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology\n\n2319 Tutors\n\nNew York University\n\n1645 Tutors\n\nNotre Dam University\n\n1911 Tutors\n\nOklahoma University\n\n2122 Tutors\n\nPennsylvania State University\n\n932 Tutors\n\nPrinceton University\n\n1211 Tutors\n\nStanford University\n\n983 Tutors\n\nUniversity of California\n\n1282 Tutors\n\nOxford University\n\n123 Tutors\n\nYale University\n\n2325 Tutors
+__label__negative \ufeff What are zeroday attacks Discuss its significance with respectto security testing\n\n\n\nWhat are zero-day attacks? Discuss its significance with respectto security testing\n\n\nx zero-day xxxxxx or xxxxxx xx xx attack xxxx exploits xxxxxxxxxxy xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxy in x computer xxxxxxxxxxx, xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx have xxx had xxx xxxx xx address xxxxxxxx.It xx xxxxxx &#xxxx;zxxx-xxy&#xxxx;xxxxxxx the xxxxxxxxxx has xxx zxxx xxyx to xxx the xxxx x.x. xxxxxxxx zero xxyx between xxx xxxx xxx vulnerability xx discovered xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx.Zero-dayattacks xxxxx during xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxy xxxxxx that xxxxxx in xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxx vulnerability xx first xxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxx developers xxxxx to xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx a xxxxxxx to xxxxxxxxxx.x zxxx-xxy threat xxxxxx known xx x zxxx-xxxx attack xx day-zeroattack.Zxxx-xxy xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxy implemented xxx maximum xxxxxx - xxxxxxy in xxx span xxxxx xxy. xxx vulnerability xxxxxx could xxxxx xxxx x small xxxxxxxx multiple yxxxx. xxx xxxxxxxx, in xxxx, Microsoft xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx vulnerability xxxx infected x xxx xxxxxxxx ofWindows xxxxxxxx during xxxx. xxx xxxx in xxxxx this xxxxxxxxxxxxyxxx xxxxxxxxy xxxxxxxxxx by xxx attacker xx xxxxxxx, xxx thevulnerability xxxxxx in xxxx x xxxx might xxxx been xx xxxx xxxxxxx years.\n\nIn xxxxxxxy testing, xxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx securely xxxxxxxxxxxxxxy under xxx xxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxy xxxxxxx verifies xxxx only xxxxxxxzxx xxxxxxxx xx thesystem xxx permitted. xxxx xxy xxxxxxx authentication xx user xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxx verification xx expiry xx x xxxxxxxx.xx ensures xxxx virus xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xx curtail xxxxy ofviruses xxxx xxx xyxxxx.xxxxxxxy testing xxxxxxx that xxx xyxxxx xx available xxxxxxxxxzxx users xxxx x zxxx day xxxxxx occurs.\n\nZero-day xxxxxxxxxx xx xxx ability xx provide xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxzxxx-xxy xxxxxxxx. Zero-day xxxxxxx can xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx they xxx launched.
+__label__negative Syria Country Code +963\n\n+963 Country Calling Code\nSY 2 Digit ISO\nSYR 3 Digit ISO\n\nAbout Syria\n\nSyria is located on the continent of Asia. Its capital is Damascus. Citizens of Syria use the Pound as their currency. Syria is located in the Asia/Damascus time zone. Residents mostly speak Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian (widely understood); French, English (somewhat understood). Syria's GDP is 64,700,000,000. In addition, the land area of Syria totals 185,180 km2.\n\nThe phone code prefix for Syria is 963. There are also 416 internet hosts in the country. Approximately 4,469,000 internet users reside in Syria. Syria phone lines include 12,928,000 mobile phones. There are 4,425,000 landline phones in Syria as well.\n\nSyria has 3 telecom operators which are: MTN Syria, Syrian Telecommunications Establishment\u00a0STE, SyriaTel.\n\nSyria Area Codes\n\nState:Area Codes:\nAl-Kameshli 53\nAl-Nebek 12\nAl-Quneitra 14\nAl-Rakkah 22\nAl-Swedaa 16\nAl-Zabadani 13\nAleppo 21\nAlhasakah 52\nDamascus 11\nDara 15\nDeir Ezzour 51\nEdleb 23\nHama 33\nHoms 31\nLattakiah 41\nMenbej 25\nPalmyra 34\nTartous 43
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions\n\nHow many units do I take each semester?\nStudents generally take 7\u20138 units per semester. There are three semesters per year, including summer.\n\nHow long is a semester?\nThe fall and spring semesters last 15 weeks. The summer semester lasts 12 weeks.\n\nHow many hours does each class session require?\nTypically each class meets 3\u20134 hours, but this may vary depending on the number of units of the course.\n\nHow many days per week do I attend classes?\nStudents generally attend classes one day per week, depending on the number of classes in which they are enrolled.\n\nFor more information, contact the School of Nursing.\n
+__label__negative My Intentions\n\nChoosing a Montessori Education\nFor Your Child is a\nMonumental Decision.\u00a0\n\nI'm here to share information and offer insights. I think you'll be inspired.\n\nSome questions\u00a0 that you can expect to explore here are:\n\nWhat is Montessori Education?\n\nHow is it different from conventional education?\n\nWhat are the benefits of a ME?\n\nIs ME for all children?\n\nWho was Maria Montessori?\n\nHow does ME promote peace?\n\nLet this be a place to explore and ponder the power, beauty, and wisdom of Maria Montessori's vision for human potential and world peace.\n\n\nWhat is the Secret of Childhood?\n\nMaria Montessori's vision and practical application \u00a0for educating children and creating a more peace-filled world is nothing less than extraordinary. I like to explain the extraordinary through a \u00a0series of simple questions:\n\nWhat is the goal of Montessori Education?\n\nThe goal of ME is to unveil and nurture the potential of the child.\nClick here for quotes on the potential of the child.\u00a0\n\nWhat is the process that leads to the goal of unveiling human potential in early childhood?\nIt is the process of normal human development.\nClick here for quotes on normal development.\u00a0\n\nNormal? What does that mean?\nIt simply means that the child is allowed to develop without restrictions and oppressive elements such as adult interference and dominance.\u00a0\n\nWhat is the fundamental principle that allows normal development to occur in a young child?\nLiberty. The child must be free to engage in the process of self-construction, which is the task of childhood.\nClick here for quotes on liberty and freedom.\u00a0\n\nSelf-construction? What does that mean?\nThere is purpose and meaning at every stage of life. Childhood is not a holding period until one reaches adulthood. It is the stage during which the child actively creates the adult she will eventually become.\nClick here for quotes on self-construction.\u00a0\n\nBack to liberty? If the children are all free, isn't that chaos? How can learning take place in chaos?\nIt is not chaos at all. The child is free to follow the inner directives that subconsciously guide her learning \u00a0and development.\n\n\nMaria Montessori\n\n\nThe Secret of Childhood\n\n\nYou Can, Too\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\n\u00a0Montessori Education\n\nUnveiling\u00a0 the Potential of the Child\nTo Transform Humanity\n\n\n\nWelcome to the Website of Cathleen Haskins
+__label__negative Version 2.0\n\nSufficiency Politics\n\nGAP working group\n\n\nWhich policies support sustainable lifestyles? What are barriers for politics of sufficiency? What type of resistance is to be expected? What specific fields of politics of sufficiency would be good starting points? Is this approach sufficient for degrowth?\n\nStirring Paper:\nAngelika Zahrnt, Uwe Schneidewind: \"Politics of sufficiency\"\nas politics for the good life\n\n\n\nFormat: GAP Erl\u00e4uterung\nTrack: General / Allgemein\n\nSprache: Englisch\nVerf\u00fcgbare Sprachen: Englisch\n\n\n\nUns interessiert deine Meinung! Wie fandest du diese Veranstaltung?
+__label__negative Skip to Main Content\n\nApply Now to the University of Wyoming apply now\n\nFrequently Asked Questions for Health Sciences Students\n\n\n\nSome of the courses I took at other institutions did not transfer in to meet University Studies requirements, but I think they should have. What can I do?\n\n\nAcademics and Advising\n\nWhat are Freshman Interest Groups (FIGs)? Are they a good thing to do?\n\nCan I major in Pre-Medicine? (or Pre-Dentisitry, or Pre-Physical Therapy, etc.)?\n\nWhat majors are available in the College of Health Sciences?\u00a0\n\nWhat minors are available in the College of Health Sciences?\n\nHow do I change my major or advisor? How do I add a minor?\n\nHow can I find out who my advisor is?\n\nWhat is the University Studies Program?\n\nWhat is the definition of academic dishonesty? What are the consequences?\n\nHow do I drop or withdraw from a class?\n\nWhat is Early Alert and how do I find my Early Alert marks?\n\nHow do I find out my midterm and final grades?\n\nI am not doing so well in a class. What can I do?\n\nHow do I know when my finals are? I have three finals in one day. Is there anything I can do?\n\nWhat are the GPA expectations in the College of Health Sciences?\n\nHow do I calculate my GPA? What is a BCPM GPA?\n\nWhat is a Degree Evaluation and how do I read it?\n\n\nStudent Wellbeing\n\nWhat should I do if I am experiencing/witnessing something abnormal/unsafe at UW?\n\nWhere can I go for support if I am experiencing high stress or anxiety?\n\n\nPreparing for Health Careers\n\nWhat does the Pre-Professional advising office do?\n\nI know I want to do something in health care, but I am not sure what. How can I find out more?\n\nWhat is a background check and why is it required?\n\nWhat is professionalism and why is it important in health care careers?\n\n\nInvolvement and Opportunities Section\n\nWhat scholarships are available in the College of Health Sciences? What scholarships are available for Pre-Professional students?\n\nWhat clubs and organizations are there in the College of Health Sciences?\n\nI am interested in doing research. Where can I find information?\n\nI would like to volunteer. How do I go about that?\n\n\nHow do I know what is going on in the College of Health Sciences?\n\nI would love to study abroad. Where do I get more information?\n\n1000 E. University Ave. Laramie, WY 82071\n
+__label__negative Search for dissertations about: \"Hopfological algebra\"\n\nFound 1 swedish dissertation containing the words Hopfological algebra.\n\n  1. 1. N-complexes and Categorification\n\n    Author : Djalal Mirmohades; Volodymyr Mazorchuk; Steffen Oppermann; Uppsala universitet; []\n    Keywords : NATURAL SCIENCES; NATURVETENSKAP; NATURVETENSKAP; NATURAL SCIENCES; Homological algebra; Category theory; Triangulated categories; K-theory; Hopfological algebra; Mathematics; Matematik;\n\n    Abstract : This thesis consists of three papers about\u00a0N-complexes and their uses in categorification.\u00a0N-complexes are generalizations of chain complexes having a differential\u00a0d\u00a0satisfying\u00a0dN\u00a0= 0 rather than\u00a0d2\u00a0= 0. Categorification is the process of finding a higher category analog of a given mathematical structure. READ MORE
+__label__negative Lesson 3 \u2013 How bullying feels and how best to respond\n\nLesson 3 \u2013 How bullying feels and how best to respond\n\nLesson 3, How Bullying Feels and How Best to Respond, gives students an opportunity to explore the emotions involved in a cyber bullying situation and to develop strategies for coping effectively.\n\n+Curriculum links\nSPHE strand:\u00a0Myself and others;\nSPHE strand unit:\u00a0My friends and other people \u2013 Explore and discuss how individuals can deal with being bullied, knowing that others are being bullied and being a bully.\n\nSPHE strand:\u00a0Myself and the wider world;\nSPHE strand unit:\u00a0Media education \u2013 Recognise the unequal treatment of sexual roles and other issues in literature, advertising, drama, magazines and other media.\n\n+Resources needed and methodologies\nResources Needed:\n\u00a0Webwise animation:\u00a0The Match\n\u2013\u00a0Equipment:\u00a0Computers/tablets\n\u2013\u00a0Worksheet 3.1:\u00a0The emotions involved in cyber bullying\n\u2013\u00a0Worksheet 3.2:\u00a0My side of the story\n\u2013\u00a0Worksheet 3.3:\u00a0Crack the anti-cyber bullying code\n\u2013\u00a0Worksheet 3.4:\u00a0Your problems solved\n\nMethodologies:\u00a0\u2013 Video analysis, group work, personal letter writing, decoding.\n\n+Activity 3.1 \u2013 The emotions involved in cyber bullying\nSTEP 1 \u2013\u00a0Have students watch the second anti-cyber bullying animation,\u00a0The Match.\nSTEP 2 \u2013\u00a0As the students watch The Match for a second time, have them consider the emotions felt by Conor and Ryan by completing Worksheet 3.1: The emotions involved in cyber bullying.\nSTEP 3 \u2013\u00a0Have the students describe how they completed their worksheets and then ask the following questions to help students to understand what led Ryan to bully Conor:\n\nQ. Both characters experience negative emotions during the animation. Have a look at your worksheet and explain what causes Ryan to be upset? What causes Conor to be upset?\nQ. What emotions lead Ryan to bully Conor?\nQ. In what way might Ryan have dealt with his negative emotions, that didn\u2019t involve bullying Conor?\n\n+Activity 3.2 \u2013 My side of the story\nSTEP 1 \u2013\u00a0In this exercise the students will write letters to an agony aunt looking for advice. When writing the letters the students will take on the roles of the different characters in The Match. These letters will help the students imagine what motivated each character to act the way that he did and will help them to understand the feelings that motivate bullying.\n\nSTEP 2 \u2013\u00a0Split the class so that half will write their letters from Ryan\u2019s perspective and the other half will write their letters from Conor\u2019s perspective.\n\nSTEP 3 \u2013\u00a0Have students complete their letters by filling in Worksheet 3.2 My side of the story.\n\nSTEP 4 \u2013\u00a0When the students have finished writing their letters, the letters should be folded up, as if for sending. Then the letters should be swapped so that everyone who wrote a letter from Ryan\u2019s perspective gets one from Conor\u2019s perspective and vice versa.\n\nHOMEWORK \u2013\u00a0For homework, each student should then pretend to be Aunt-i Bullying and respond to the letters received by writing a response that contains advice (Worksheet 3.4: Your problems solved). Students should be encouraged to show the video to their parents and discuss the homework activity with their parents. The following activities will help prepare them to give advice on the topic of cyber bullying.\n\n+Activity 3.3 \u2013 Crack the anti-cyber bullying code\nSTEP 1 \u2013\u00a0Before leading this activity discuss with the students the steps they should take if they encounter cyber bullying. Refer to the FYI box with Key Advice for Children.\nSTEP 2 \u2013\u00a0In groups the students should work to crack the code on Worksheet 3.3: Crack the anti-cyber bullying code. This code gives the steps that Conor should take to address the cyber bullying.\nSTEP 3 \u2013\u00a0When each group has decoded the important message the groups should then discuss these steps and be able to explain how to complete each step.\nSTEP 4 \u2013\u00a0To crack the code: The number underneath the given letter indicates how many letter places you should go back in the alphabet to find the correct letter. For example, go back one space from E to get D, the first letter in the code. Go back 8 spaces from W to get O.\nANSWER \u2013\u00a0Don\u2019t respond, keep the message, report online, tell someone.\n+Activity 3.4 \u2013 How to keep the message: taking screenshots\nSTEP 1 \u2013\u00a0In order for students to record evidence of cyber bullying or \u201ckeep the message\u201d they\u2019ll need to be able to take screenshots on their phones, tablets and computers.\n\nSTEP 2 \u2013\u00a0Refer to\u00a0this Webwise article\u00a0for instructions on how to take screenshots and know how to take screenshots on the most relevant devices before beginning this activity.\n\nSTEP 3 \u2013\u00a0Demonstrate how to take a screenshot and then have the students work in pairs on computers and tablets to practise taking and saving screenshots.\n\nSTEP 4 \u2013\u00a0Also mention that another way of recording bullying messages and posts is to take a photo of the message using a camera or another phone or tablet.\n\nTalk to someone\n\n\n\nGet started\n\n\n01 887 4477\n\nReport Illegal Content\n\n\nMore on illegal content\n\nMake a report\n\nabuse content, in conjunction with police and Internet Industry
+__label__negative IELTS Speaking test in Iran \u2013 July 2015\n\nThanks to P who took the IELTS test in Iran we can share the Speaking questions he was asked:\n\nSpeaking testIELTS test in Iran\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Can I see your ID?\n\u2013 Where are you from?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 What do you do for a job?\n\u2013 Do you like to watch the sky?\n\u2013 When do you usually look at the sky?\n\u2013 Where are the best places to look at the sky?\n\u2013 Do you prefer to watch the sky in the mornings or at night?\n\u2013 Where is the best place to watch the stars?\n\u2013 How often do you do it?\n\nCue Card\n\nDescribe something that you want to do but you have not done yet. Please say\n\n\u2013 What is it?\n\u2013 Why do you want to do it?\n\u2013 How are you going to get this done?\n\n\n\u2013 Do you like enthusiastic people?\n\u2013 Do you see many of them around?\n\u2013 Is it good to be enthusiastic? Why?\n\u2013 What should parents do to encourage children to reach their goals and desires?\n\u2013 How can schools help in this regard?\n\u2013 Do you think having enthusiastic people around is beneficial to others? Why?\n\nRelated Posts:\n\nShare this to help a friend do better in IELTS!\n\n\n  \u2022 Top 25 IELTS Blogs Winner Award\n  \u2022 Best Australian Blogs 2014 Competition - People's Choice Winner\n\n\nOnline course\n\nPractice tests\n\nSite Search\n\nNew Services\n\nLatest Posts:
+__label__negative Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum\n\nAsk Dr. Math\n\nPrimality Testing\n\n\nTesting for Primality, a selection of answers from the Dr. Math archives.\n\nPrime Numbers - Dr. Math FAQ\nWhat is a prime number? How can you find prime numbers? What's the 'Sieve of Eratosthenes'? What's the largest known prime?\n\nFrom the archives:\n\nHow does the Sieve of Eratosthenes Work?\nHow does the Sieve of Eratosthenes work for finding prime numbers?\n\nTesting Prime Numbers\n\nLarge Prime Numbers\n\nPrimality Testing\n\nPrime Number Tests\n\nPrimality Test\n\nHow Many Primes Are Known?\nHow many prime numbers are currently known?\n\nLargest Prime Number\nWhat is the largest prime number yet found?\n\nNo Largest Prime Number\nWhat's the largest prime number? (proof by contradiction).\n\nTesting primality of 32-bit numbers\n\nInteger Root Checking\n\nReturn to\nMiddle School Prime Numbers\nHigh School Number Theory\nCollege Number Theory\nIndex of Selected Answers to Common Questions\n\n[Privacy Policy] [Terms of Use]\n\n
+__label__negative You are here\n\n\nWhat is a reportable offense?\n\nAny complaint that would be seen as a violation of professional conduct that has occurred in the previous calendar year. The PRB does not define specific actions as misconduct because that would run the risk of excluding particular violations that might not be predictable.\n\nWho can bring a complaint?\n\nAnyone with specific knowledge of a reportable incident can submit a complaint to the Professional Review Board. Individuals should only report specific incidents that are investigable and should include all available evidence in their complaints. They should be sent to or through the form at\n\nWho may be subject to a complaint?\n\nAny part-time or full-time employee of a CEDA member debate program.\n\nWhat is the process of a PRB investigation?\n\nProcedures are outlines in Section 5 of the PRB guidelines:\n\nDo I need an attorney?\n\nPRB investigations and hearings are not legal proceeds and while individuals can consult an attorney legal representation may not be present or participate. Any individual involved in the process may however be accompanied by an advisor to provide support.\n\nWhat sanctions are available is an individual is found to have violated the PRB standards?\n\nWhen a person is found responsible, sanctions range from oral reprimands to individual or programmatic suspension. The PRB recommends a sanction, but the final determination lies with the President of the organization.\n\nCan I file a complaint anonymously?\n\nIn order to investigate a claim the PRB must be able to interview parties involved in the complaint so anonymous complaints cannot be investigated.
+__label__negative SBI PO Model Question Paper with Answers 2016 | Set # 3\n\nSBI PO\u00a0General Awareness\u00a0Model Question Paper Set # [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6\n\n1. What is Loan against Mortgage?\n(A) Loan against Credit History (B) Loan against Property (C) Loan against House\n(D) Loan against CIBIL standing (E) Both (B) and (C) (Ans : E)\n\n2. Ajit Doval was formerly director of the Intelligence Bureau has been appointed as\u2013\n(A) Attorney General of India (B) National Security Advisor (C) Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission\n(D) Solicitor General of India (E) Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Ans : B)\n\n3. Which of the following correctly explains call money in the field of banking?\n(A) It is short-term finance (B) It is repayable on demand (C) It has maturity period of one to fifteen days\n(D) It is used for inter-bank transactions (E) All of the above (Ans : E)\n\n4. Which of the following is the currency of the European Union ?\n(A) Pound Sterling (B) Euro (C) Franc (D) Krona (E) Forint (Ans : B)\n\n5. India is a member of which of the following organizations?\n\n6. Teacher\u2019s Day is celebrated on\u2013\n(A) 15th sept. (B) 10th sept. (C) 5th sept. (D) 15th oct. (E) 10th oct. (Ans : C)\n\n7. which of the following is the book written by V.S. Naipaul?\n(A) Higher then Everest (B) A Passage to England (C) Affluent Society\n(D) All My Yester years (E) A House For Mr. Biswas (Ans : E)\n\n8. The capital of which of the following countries is not correctly matched?\n(A) Guatemala: Guatemala City (B) Singapore: Singapore City (C) Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur\n(D) Mauritius: Abu Dhabi (E) Venezuela: Caracas (Ans : D)\n\n9. Who was the lead actor in the movie \u2018Kochadaiiyaan : the Legend?\n(A) Kamal Hasan (B) Dhanush (C) Mahesh Babu\n(D) Rajnikant (E) Mohanlal (Ans : D)\n\n10. Who is the newly appointed CEO of Infosys?\n(A) Vishal Sikka (B) Nandan Nilekani (C) S. Gopalkrishnan\n(D) S.D. Shibulal (E) N. Mehrotra (Ans : A)\n\n11. Which among the following is not related to Foreign Exchange Management in India?\n(A) MRTP (B) FEMA (C) FERA (D) PMLA (E) All of the above (Ans : A)\n\n12. What is the rate used to convert Indian Rupee into United States Doller?\n(A) Bank Rate (B) Libor Rate (C) CRR Rate\n(D) Exchange Rate (E) Base Rate (Ans : D)\n\n13. Where is Baiji Oil Refinery located?\n(A) Iran (B) Venezuela (C) Iraq (D) Kuwait (E) Oman (Ans : C)\n\n14. Which of the following is the capital of Myanmar?\n(A) Rangoon (B) Naypyidaw (C) Kuala Lumpur (D) Hanoi (E) Jakarta (Ans : B)\n\n15. Which of the following is a good and rich source of vitamin \u2018C\u2019 ?\n(A) Milk (B) Radish (C) Mango (D) Lemon Juice (E) Banana (Ans : D)\n\n16. In which of the following industry CASA ratio is used?\n(A) Merchandise Trade (B) Banking and Finance (C) Software Industry\n(D) Travel and Tourism (E) None of these (Ans : B)\n\n17. The changed management programme of which of the following banks is named as \u2018Parivartan\u2019 ?\n(A) Reserve Bank of India (B) Bank of India (C) Union Bank of India\n(D) Bank of Baroda (E) State Bank of India (Ans : E)\n\n18. Which of the following is the trophy/cup associated with the game of cricket ?\n(A) Derby (B) Merdeka Cup (C) Santosh Trophy\n(D) Dileep Trophy (E) Durand Cup (Ans : D)\n\n19. Which of the following countries has decided to give a 20% subsidy to its farmers even though they are rich ?\n(A) France (B) England (C) Italy (D) USA (E) Germany (Ans : D)\n\n20. A letter of credit where in the credit available to the customer gets reinstated after the bill is paid is known as\u2013\n(A) Back to back LC (B) Red clause LC (C) Back to front LC\n(D) Revolving LC (E) Recourse LC (Ans : D)\n\n21. Almost all Banks in India are running special schemes for providing banking services to rural poor. This concept is popularly known as\u2013\n(A) Faster Growth (B) Trade Finance (C) SME Finance\n(D) Investment Banking (E) Financial Inclusion (Ans : E)\n\n22. India is not a member of which of the following organizations?\n(A) SAARC (B) WTO (C) BRIC (D) UNO (E) OPEC (Ans : E)\n\n23. Special emphasis by the Govt. of India on which of the following will certainly improve the performance of the agriculture sector in country within a short span of time?\n(A) Focused Public Distribution System (B) Sanitation and Health Services (C) Rural Employment\n(D) Better irrigation facilities (E) All of these (Ans : D)\n\n24. The judges of the Supreme Court of India now retire at the age of\u2013\n(A) 58 years (B) 60 years (C) 62 years (D) 65 years (E) 68 years (Ans : D)\n\n25. The Government of India does not provide any direct financial assistance to which of the following schemes ?\n(A) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (B) Rural Health Mission\n(C) Indira Aawas Yojana (D) Jeevan Sathi Yojana (E) Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (Ans : D)\n\n\nComments & Contact Form\n\n\nEmail *\n\nMessage *
+__label__negative banditKing banditKing - 2 months ago 16\niOS Question\n\nchanging the text color of a UILabel\n\nHi Im trying to change the text color of a UILabel in one of my views but having no luck.\n\nIs there something quite obvious that Im not doing in this code?\n\nself.nameTopRight.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];\nself.nameBottomRight.textColor = [UIColor redColor];\n\n\nPossible that they are not connected in InterfaceBuilder?
+__label__negative Counselling Skills Training\n\nWhat is Counselling?\nHow does it work?\nWhat is it not? Who can benefit?\n\nCounselling can be described as a special relationship between two people that is the client and the counsellor. The client is the troubled person who seeks help from the counsellor. In order to be able to help the client the counsellor needs to understand the ethics and principles involved in the counselling process.\n\nTo become ' skilled ' at helping people the Association offers counselling courses which include bereavement and loss.The course takes approximately six months,which is made up of two weekends plus one-day classroom attendance with follow up work such as assignments and case studies which are marked by the course tutor.\nA successful pass mark allows the Healer to become a Healer - Counsellor and a certificate is awarded to the individual.\n\nCourses are held throughout the United Kingdom and Holland. Future courses will be advertised on the page 'Planned Courses' . If you are intrested please contact the Association for more information.\n\n\n\n\nThe Bereavement & Loss Course\nThis weekend course which takes the participants through the different and often complex situations of grief. The aim of the course is to provide a better and deeper understanding of the human situation in this time of crisis so enabling the ' helper ' to use their skills to guide the bereaved person.\n\nHEALER TRAINING * What is involved in training as a Spiritual Healer?\nDoes it take a long time to train? *\nWhere can I go to be trained? *\nWho will train me? *\nWho will supervise my progress?\nThe Association produces a Training Manual for potential healers.\nThe foundation course is spread over 15 weeks making a total of 30 hours study. At the end of that period the pupil is given a test to assess the progress made. If successful the pupil may apply to the Association for membership as a Probationer Healer.\nFor the next 9 months he / she undertakes a period of supervised practice during which there are three monthly assessments by his / her Trainer.\nAt the end of the period of supervised practice and provided the Trainer is satisfied with progress\nmade the Probationer Healer is then referred for assessment by an approved assessor.\nIf the Assessor is satisfied that the Probationer Healer has demonstrated competence in all areas of the assessment and a satisfactory pass mark obtained the Assessor will recommend that the Probationer Healer can apply for membership as a Certificated Healer.\nThe Association trains Healers to become Mentors , Trainers and Assessors.\nOur aim is to provide refresher / up-date days for Healers and Healer / Counsellors.\nThese days are organised by the Regional / Area Training Officer. The Principal Training Officers and the Regional Training Officers conduct counselling skills courses.\nIn all aspects of the Healing and Counselling process commitment is paramount so that the best possible service is provided to the client. Some of the subjects covered during training are:\n* Code of Conduct and Practice\n* Basic Anatomy & Physiology\n* Disciplinary Rules / Procedure\n* An introduction to Counselling\n* Complaints Procedure\n* The importance of keeping records\n* The history of Healing\n* The importance of Confidentiality\n* The Human Aura * Record keeping\n* The Energy Centers also known as Chakras\n* Case Studies Reiki Healing {short description of image} Many members of the Healer Pracctitioner Association also practice Reiki Healing consequently the Association decided in 1997 to accept into membership Reiki Healers at Level 2 and above.\nIt is acknowledged that Reiki is a very powerful healing energy in a slightly different way by adding the power of the symbols that Dr Usui was able to find these were used in the era of Jesus and other Masters
+__label__negative Question: Error Trying to Run .Maplet File\n\nMy maplet runs perfectly correctly and as expected when I run it directly from the worksheet.\n\nHowever, when I export the worksheet to a .maplet file, it will not run and only gives the error:\nAt line 135, syntax error: reserved words `quit`, `done`, or `stop` unexpected.\n\nAccording to wordpad, line 135 of the .maplet file is the last line of both the .maplet file and of the worksheet. It contains the statement:\n\nMaplet[Display](<maplet name>);\n\nThere are no `quit`, `done`, or `stop` words anywhere visibly in the worksheet.\n\nWhat is happening and how do I get the maplet to run?\n\nPlease Wait...
+__label__negative 49,988,562 Videos Watched\n\nAge Filter: Click to Set\n\nEmbed Video\nEmbed Video:\nURL of source video:\nView Video\n\nSome content viewed on WatchKnowLearn is hosted by other websites.\n\n\nNot Right For WatchKnowLearn\n\nRemember to Rate\n\nNot Right For WatchKnowLearn\n\n  \u2022 5 stars = Exemplary.\n  \u2022 4 stars = Very Good.\n  \u2022 3 stars = Usable.\n  \u2022 2 stars = Some Merit.\n  \u2022 1 star = Not Right for WatchKnowLearn.\n\nMore help with rating\n\nAdd To Favorites\nAdd To Classroom\nFlag This Video\n\n\nFrom videojug.com (Approved: tinag1974), produced by videojug\nHow do we make sounds that are both high and low?\u00a0 How do vibrations make sounds?\u00a0 How does sound make things look better?\u00a0 What is \"Bernoullis\" principle?\u00a0 How does Bernoilli's principle keep airplanes in the air?\u00a0 How do airplanes stay in the air?\u00a0 What is a polymer and how does it work?\u00a0 What is static electricity?\u00a0 How do my eyes play tricks on me?\u00a0 What are forces and how can I multiply them?\u00a0 What is \"Newton's First Law\"?\u00a0 What is \"centripetal force\"?\u00a0 What is \"centrifugal force\"?\u00a0 What is the difference between a solid, liquid and a gas?\u00a0 Learn the answer to all these questions! \u00a0\u00a0\n\nMore help about the Finder field\n\nHistory [show]\n\nLoading history...\n\n\n\nIf you want to comment, please sign in
+__label__negative Presentation is loading. Please wait.\n\nPresentation is loading. Please wait.\n\nEarth & Space Science Chapter 25 Test Review Guide\n\nSimilar presentations\n\nPresentation on theme: \"Earth & Space Science Chapter 25 Test Review Guide\"\u2014 Presentation transcript:\n\n1 Earth & Space Science Chapter 25 Test Review Guide\nHow were most of the moon craters formed? Meteoroid Impacts How were most of the moon\u2019s mountain ranges created? 3) What is meant by the terms Near-side and far-side? Near-side = side we see from Earth Far-side = side we don\u2019t see from Earth\n\n2 What is the difference between a waxing and a waning moon phase?\nWaxing: Light on right, growing Waning: Light on left, shrinking Be able to recognize the different moon phases. Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent Full Waxing Quarter Waning Gibbous Waning Quarter Full Waning Crescent\n\n3 How does the moon\u2019s period of revolution differ from a lunar month?\nPeriod of revolution = 27.3 days Lunar month = 29.5 days Which is more common, a solar or a lunar eclipse? Lunar Which phase is the moon in during a solar eclipse? A lunar eclipse? New Full\n\n4 How does an annular eclipse differ from a total solar eclipse?\nShadow does not reach Earth in annular. Describe the Mercury Program. NASA\u2019s first manned missions. Could the Apollo Spacecrafts be reused? NO 12) How does the Earth and moon\u2019s orbits compare? Both elliptical; Planes of orbit inclined 5 \u00b0\n\n5 The moon is a little more than \u00bc the Earth\u2019s diameter.\n13. What is lunar gardening? Large meteor explodes on moon surface mixing regolith. 14. Compare the Earth & moon\u2019s diameters. The moon is a little more than \u00bc the Earth\u2019s diameter. 15. Review: Who was Alan Shepard? The first American in space. 16. What is Earth\u2019s closest neighbor? The moon.\n\n6 17. What are moonquakes like? What causes them?\nThey are rare and weak. Meteor Impacts. 18. Why do the sun & moon appear the same size from Earth? Because the sun is much farther away than the moon. 19. How is the moon\u2019s front side different from it\u2019s backside? The front side has more maria and the backside is more cratered.\n\n7 20) Why does the same side of the moon always face Earth?\nBecause the moon\u2019s period of revolution is equal to the moon\u2019s period of rotation. 21) List the stages (according to current scientific theory) for the formation of the moon. Large object hits Earth ejecting Earth material into space Molten rock from the Earth cools. Rocks bombard Earth\u2019s surface Hot lava fills basins Lunar interior is quiet\n\n8 22) How do moon and Earth rocks compare?\nThe moon has more rocks containing elements with high melting points. 23) What is lunar regolith? A \u201csoil\u201d mixture of rocks, dust, glassy beads (no organic matter). 24) Why does the moon appear to rise in the east and set in the west? Because Earth rotates from west to east.\n\n9 25) If moonrise occurs at 8:15 PM today, what time will it rise tomorrow?\n50 minutes later or 9:05 PM. 26) Why does the moon go through phases? The moon reflects sunlight and orbits the Earth. 27) What happens if you are in the moon\u2019s umbra? Your location will have a total solar eclipse. 28) How does the moon affect tides? Tides occur 50 minutes later each day. Tides are small during quarter moon phases and large during full and new moons.\n\n10 29) How long is it from one high tide to the next?\n12 hours and 25 minutes 30) What happens to tides when the sun, moon and Earth are lined up? High tides are higher and low tides are lower (Spring Tides). 31) During which moon phases do spring tides occur? During which tide is the tidal range small? New and full moon. Neap tide 32) What types of water bodies experience the greatest tidal range? V-shaped bays\n\n11 33) Define the following:\nMascons: Lunar areas with higher gravity than that of the surrounding area. Rilles: Long, deep cracks in maria bedrock. Maria: Smooth plains with huge circular basins. Ilmenite A type of mineral found in some moon rocks. 34) When is it safe to view a total solar eclipse? During totality. Although to be safe, it\u2019s better to use eclipse glasses or a pinhole viewer.\n\n12 35) How much would an 180 pound person weigh on the moon?\n180 \u00f7 6 or 30 pounds. 36) Review: What was the goal of the Apollo missions? To put a man on the moon. 37) Review: Which of the original Mercury astronauts became the oldest astronaut to travel in space in 1998? John Glenn\n\n13 38) Review: Who was the first person to break the sound barrier?\nChuck Yeager 39) Review: What was the purpose of the Gemini missions? To conduct the first spacewalk and to train the astronauts to rendezvous spacecrafts in space. 40) Review: Who was the first woman to travel in space? Valentina Tereshkova\n\nDownload ppt \"Earth & Space Science Chapter 25 Test Review Guide\"\n\nSimilar presentations\n\nAds by Google
+__label__negative TFS API: How to choose between TeamFoundationServerFactory.GetServer() and the TeamFoundationServer constructor\n\nOccasionally the question of whether to use the TeamFoundationServerFactory.GetServer() method or the TeamFoundationServer\u00a0constructor comes up, and someone recently asked this question on an internal list.\u00a0 The answer depends on the needs of the application that you are writing.\u00a0 In this post, I\u2019ll discuss the main differences between the two.\n\nIf you have an application where different parts of the code will need to access the same TeamFoundationServer object (say you need to hook up event handlers to the same VersionControlServer object that the rest of the code is using) but only have the name/URL of the server, then the TeamFoundationServerFactory is the correct choice. The TeamFoundationServerFactory caches\u00a0the TeamFoundationServer objects it creates and always returns a cached\u00a0TeamFoundationServer object if one matching\u00a0the request\u00a0exists. Those cached objects are indexed only by server\u00a0URL, which is why there is no way to specify the credentials in the GetServer() method. Every time you request the TeamFoundationServer object for http://yourserver:8080, for example,\u00a0via TeamFoundationServerFactory.GetServer(), you will get the same exact instance, and thus no chance to connect to the same server with different credentials.\n\nThe Team Explorer needs this type of behavior and is why TeamFoundationServerFactory exists. The different parts of the code shouldn\u2019t pop up additional login dialogs and yet the code wouldn\u2019t know how to retrieve the existing TFS object from a cache whose key included the credentials without first asking the user what credentials to use (there are also complications in dealing with CredentialCache objects; you can read more about CredentialCache objects in the post, Authentication in web services with HttpWebRequest).\n\nHowever, if you want to connect to the same Team Foundation Server with different credentials, you must use the constructor. For example, you connect to server A as users X and Y.\n\nTeamFoundationServer tfsX = \nnew TeamFoundationServer(\u201chttp://serverA:8080\u201c,\nnew NetworkCredential(userX, passwordX, domain));\nTeamFoundationServer tfsY =\nnew NetworkCredential(userY, passwordY, domain));\n\nThe command line, tf.exe, is an example of an application that can do that via command files containing commands with /login options specifying different users.\u00a0 For example, you could execute the following by saving the commands in a file called cmd.tfc and running tf @cmd.tfc.\u00a0 These two commands execute within the context of one running instance of tf.exe, which means tf.exe must use the constructor.\n\nedit foo.cs /login:userX,passwordX\nperm $/blah/foo.cs /deny:read /login:userY,passwordY\n\nIf you don\u2019t have either of these requirements and just need a TeamFoundationServer object to do something, you could choose either.\u00a0 You\u2019ll find examples of both in this collection of code that uses the API.\u00a0 Personally, I tend to use the constructor for utility apps and examples, but there\u2019s no\u00a0profound reason behind it.\n\nIf you need to prompt the user for credentials to connect to the server, see the post, How to get the login dialog when using the Team Foundation Server API.\u00a0 The example uses the constructor, but you can also pass the credential provider to the TeamFoundationServerFactory.GetServer() method.\n\ntags: , ,\n\nComments (8)\n\n  1. curedone says:\n\n\n    Could you clarify something for me? Let\u2019s say I use TeamFoundationServerFactory GetServer method several time with same URL. Does the internal caching result in \"same\" object returned?\n\n    For example, if I retrieve VersionControlServer using GetService method of TeamFoundationServer (first instance), and then hook up on VersionControlServer event, does that mean that VersionControlServer from second instance of TeamFoundationServer will have that event hook already in place?\n\n    Here is some pseudo code (wont compile :):\n\n    // first place\n\n    tfs1 = TeamFoundationServerFactory.GetServer(url);\n\n    vc1 = tfs1.GetService();\n\n    vc1.NewPendingChange += event1;\n\n    // second place\n\n    tfs2 = TeamFoundationServerFactory.GetServer(url);\n\n    vc2 = tfs2.GetService();\n\n    vc2.NewPendingChange += event1;\n\n\n  2. buckh says:\n\n    Yes, that is correct. \u00a0So long as the url is the same, the same TFS object is returned, and the event handler shown in your code will already have been added (vc2 and vc1 reference the same VersionControlServer object).\n\n    Note that it\u2019s literally requires the URL to match to get the same object. \u00a0If you provide an URL using the name and then specify an URL using the IP address, you won\u2019t get the same object.\n\n\n  3. D\u2019Arcy Lussier on Storyboarding for Team System. Rob Caron talks about it as well.\n\n    Tan on Customizing\u2026\n\n  4. Naren's Blog says:\n\n    For those who never used work item tracking object model and want to start:&amp;nbsp;I saw a nice post that\u2026\n\n  5. Ravi Terala says:\n\n\n  6. buckh says:\n\n    Ravi, while that may be true (I don\u2019t remember \u2014 there were changes made to address at least some of the issues), it only matters when making calls from multiple threads. \u00a0Folks writing single-threaded apps certainly don\u2019t have to worry about it and can get the WorkItemStore object via the usual TeamFoundationServer.GetService() method.\n\n\n  7. J Sawyer says:\n\n    Don\u2019t call Dispose() on the TeamFoundationServer object that you get from the TeamFoundationServerFactory. Because it\u2019s the same instance for each URL, this will result in the cached instance being disposed and causing some mysterious errors; any call to GetService() will raise a NullReferenceException. There don\u2019t seem to be any checks in the TFS object to see if it has been disposed so it won\u2019t throw an ObjectDisposedException.\n\n  8. buckh says:\n\n    J Sawyer, yes, that is a good point.
+__label__negative Skip over navigation\n\nBird by Bird\n\nAnne Lamott\n\n\nStudy Questions & Essay Topics\n\nSuggestions for Further Reading\n\n1. When did Lamott begin writing?\n\n2. What is Lamott\u2019s advice for writer\u2019s block?\n\n3. In Bird by Bird, Lamott writes about the deaths of all but which one of the following persons?\n\n4. The phrase \u201cBird by Bird\u201d originates from which of the following?\n\n5. How does Lamott prefer to do research for a book?\n\n6. What does KFKD represent?\n\n7. Who is Carpenter?\n\n8. Lamott compares writing to everything except which of the following?\n\n9. What was the title of Lamott\u2019s first book?\n\n10. Lamott uses index cards for what purpose?\n\n11. Lamott believes that every character possesses which of the following?\n\n12. What is the most significant image from Lamott\u2019s essay on school lunches?\n\n13. What example does Lamott use to illustrate the importance of plot treatments?\n\n14. Lamott advises her writers that good writing must have which of the following?\n\n15. How does Lamott honor Brice?\n\n16. What is Lamott\u2019s view about writing groups?\n\n17. How does Lamott deal with an overly critical student?\n\n18. How does Lamott feel about publication?\n\n19. Which proves most useful to Lamott when she is jealous of another author?\n\n20. What advice does Lamott give her students regarding libel?\n\n21. What did Lamott write on an index card to remind herself of her aunt?\n\n22. Lamott contacts the vineyard to what end?\n\n23. Who counsels Lamott when she is disappointed by success?\n\n24. What purpose does Lamott\u2019s one-inch picture frame serve?\n\n25. Lamott believes in which of the following?\n\nMore Help\n\nPrevious Next\n\n\nFollow Us
+__label__negative A parking lot makeover\n\nRead A Parking Lot Makeover.\n\nReflect in your journal on the following questions:\n\nWhat are some of the critical design features the project utilizes?\n\nThe article doesn\u2019t mention the size of the parking lot, but it does give you enough data to actually calculate how large an area it is (approximately). As a bonus question, how large (in square feet or meters) is the parking lot.
+__label__negative Tuesday, November 23, 2010\n\nMeaning of Surah Al Fatiha & its different Names\n\n\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0630\u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0640\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650\u00a0\n\u00a0\u0628\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0640\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0640\u0670\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650\n\nAl-Hamdu lillahi Rabbil-`Alamin is the Mother of the Qur'an, the Mother of the Book, and the seven repeated Ayat of the Glorious Qur'an.\n\nThe Reason it is called Umm Al-Kitab(Umm Al-Quran):\nIn the beginning of the Book of Tafsir, in his Sahih, Al-Bukhari said; \"It is called Umm Al-Kitab, because the Qur'an starts with it and because the prayer is started by reciting it.'' It was also said that it is called Umm Al-Kitab, because it contains the meanings of the entire Qur'an. Ibn Jarir said, \"The Arabs call every comprehensive matter that contains several specific areas an Umm. For instance, they call the skin that surrounds the brain, Umm Ar-Ra's. They also call the flag that gathers the ranks of the army an Umm.'' He also said, \"Makkah was called Umm Al-Qura, (the Mother of the Villages) because it is the grandest and the leader of all villages. It was also said that the earth was made starting from Makkah.''\nFurther, Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Hurayrah narrated about Umm Al-Qur'an that the Prophet said,\n\nIt is Umm Al-Qur'an, the seven repeated (verses) and the Glorious Qur'an.\nAlso, Abu Ja`far, Muhammad bin Jarir At-Tabari recorded Abu Hurayrah saying that the Messenger of Allah said about Al-Fatihah,\n\nIt is Umm Al-Qur'an, Al-Fatihah of the Book (the Opener of the Qur'an) and the seven repeated (verses).\n\nIt is also called Al-Hamd and As-Salah, because the Prophet said that his Lord said,\n`The prayer (i.e., Al-Fatihah) is divided into two halves between Me and My servants.' When the servant says, `All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of existence,' Allah says, 'My servant has praised Me.'\n\nAl-Fatihah was called the Salah, because reciting it is a condition for the correctness of Salah - the prayer. Al-Fatihah was also called Ash-Shifa' (the Cure).\nIt is also called Ar-Ruqyah (remedy), since in the Sahih, there is the narration of Abu Sa`id telling the the story of the Companion who used Al-Fatihah as a remedy for the tribal chief who was poisoned. Later, the Messenger of Allah said to a Companion,\n\"How did you know that it is a Ruqyah?\"\n\n\n\nThis place is for discussion\n\nVirtues of Surah Yusuf (Lessons/Benefits)\n
+__label__negative November 19, 2020 \u2013 quarterly test results (going forward, biannual tests)\n\nMy quarterly blood test results are in, and they continue to be great.\u00a0\n\nMy blood sugar remains normal, without medication. It even dropped some more. My cholesterol is fantastic, blood pressure is great, and I continue to (very very very slowly) lose weight.\n\nThe doctor said I shouldn\u2019t worry about losing any more weight. Also, from now on instead of quarterly blood tests he said I only need biannual blood tests.\u00a0\n\nThe rest of this post are details, if people are interested in numbers and more!\n\nWhat I eat and don\u2019t eat\n\nI follow WFPB (whole food plant based) eating: mostly vegan, no oil, very limited nuts, and limited sugar and salt. No intermittent fasting, no keto, lots of carbs including potatoes and fruits. I stick to low calorie density foods to help with weight loss. For example potatoes are surprisingly low calorie and bread is very high calorie.\u00a0\n\nFor lots more details on the things I eat and the people in the field I follow take a look at my post from last November:\u00a0November 28, 2019 \u2013 quarterly test results | Doug Reports\n\nBasically I eat lots of veggies, including starches, and have fruit every day. In other words, I eat lots of carbs. Carbs do not impact negatively on blood sugar or weight.\u00a0\n\nLogging with MyFitnessPal\n\nI log my food and exercise calories in MyFitnessPal, and keep within 1500 net calories per day (food calories minus exercise calories).\u00a0\n\nToday is my MyFitnessPal Streak Day 3,105. Daily logging in MFP has been a great sanity check and prevented me from having a complete rebound when I fell off the wagon in the past.\u00a0\n\nMy weight has fluctuated the past month between 72 kg and 73 kg. At 72 kg = 158.7 lb my total weight loss is 57 kg = 125.7 lb. This means I have lost 44% of my original weight, and am at a normal BMI of 23.8. I\u2019m at the lowest weight I\u2019ve been in my entire adult life.\u00a0My weight loss has slowed to a crawl, but losing slowly is better than a rebound. I\u2019d sort of like to get into the 60s just for the fun of it. But at this rate it could take 6 months or more.\n\nAs I mentioned last time, my stomach still sticks out a bit (less than last time), and in Japan my shirt size is LL (maybe M or L in the U.S.). So I will continue healthy eating and doing as much exercise as I can.\u00a0 I\u2019ll continue eating this way for life. It\u2019s healthy, and I enjoy what I eat. There is no feeling of deprivation at all.\n\nMore on the \u201cE\u201d Word\n\n\nI have also been taking my puppy, Pao, who will be one year old in a week, for walks along the river, so that helps.\u00a0He\u2019s gotten quite large. Last December his weight was 1.3 kg = 2.8 lb and I could weigh him on my food scale. Now he\u2019s 23.65 kg = 52 lb! So the Doug/Pao ratio is currently 3.04. His weight is steady. More on that next week when I announce the winner of the \u201cPao One Year Weight Contest.\u201d\n\nExcept for sit-ups I haven\u2019t added any exercise to the walks.\u00a0 I really do want to start more upper body exercises, but keep putting it off.\u00a0 Or maybe do swimming. There is a public sports center near here. I even walk over there with Pao on dog walks. I\u2019m not sure what they are doing during the pandemic though.\n\nBlood test results\n\nHere are the latest and previous results. Normal ranges are in parentheses.\u00a0\n\nTotal cholesterol (120-219)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 123; Aug 20 \u2013 108; May 21 \u2013 124; Feb 20 \u2013 120\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 118; Aug 29 \u2013 116; Jun 8 \u2013 136; Mar 19 \u2013 133\n\nHolding steady in the low-but-normal range. Low is supposed to be heart healthy.\u00a0\n\nHDL good cholesterol (35-80)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 53; Aug 20 \u2013 39; May 21 \u2013 43; Feb 20 \u2013 40\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 46; Aug 29 \u2013 40; Jun 8 \u2013 34; Mar 19 \u2013 38\n\nNormal range.\u00a0\n\nLDL bad cholesterol (70-139)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 47; Aug 20 \u2013 46; May 21 \u2013 56; Feb 20 \u2013 54\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 55; Aug 29 \u2013 56; Jun 8 \u2013 73; Mar 19 \u2013 72\n\nThis remains very low.\u00a0 Almost the lowest for me ever. And lower than normal range.\u00a0 But, again, that\u2019s supposed to be great for your heart.\u00a0\n\nTriglycerides (30-150)\u00a0\u00a0\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 56; Aug 20 \u2013 69; May 21 \u2013 93; Feb 20 \u2013 107\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 62; Aug 29 \u2013 79; Jun 8 \u2013 129; Mar 19 \u2013 114\n\nThis went down even more \u2013 my lowest ever \u2013 but well within normal range.\u00a0\n\nBlood Sugar\u00a0HbA1c (4.7-6.2)\n\n2020: Nov 19 \u2013 5.5; Aug 20 \u2013 5.6; May 21 \u2013 5.8; Feb 20 \u2013 6.1\n\n2019: Nov 28 \u2013 5.9; Aug 29 \u2013 6.1; Jun 8 \u2013 5.5; Mar 19 \u2013 5.9\n\n2018: Dec 20 \u2013 6.5; Sep \u2013 8.2; June \u2013 10.8\n\nThis dropped some more again. The doctor said I have my blood sugar under control and there was nothing more to do about it.\u00a0Remember, he finally decided to drop all blood sugar medication last November.\n\nThis value does not fluctuate much over the short term. It\u2019s a 2-3 month average. It\u2019s a great improvement over time (it had been dangerously high), and has been in the normal range since March, 2019.\u00a0\n\nIn fact he said all my blood values were fine and I just should concentrate on being active and moving about.\u00a0\n\nMy blood pressure was a great 108/60.\u00a0\n\nThe nutritionist was also very pleased, as long as I promised her I was eating tofu and using soy milk to get enough protein.\u00a0Honestly though, there is protein in everything I eat. I don\u2019t know why people worry about vegans not getting enough protein. Anyway, I mention soy and she\u2019s happy. She will check in on my exercise next time.\n\nAnd onward\u2026\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative IELTS speaking exam test in Ho Chi Minh City Veitnam\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Can I see your ID?\n\u2013 Where are you from?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 Let\u2019s talk about your job.\n\u2013 What is your job profile?\n\u2013 Is it really hard to work nowadays?\n\u2013 How do you spend time after work?\n\u2013 Do you play any musical instrument?\n\u2013 What do you think about the role of music today?\n\u2013 Do you like to make lots of friends or do you have only one best friend?\n\u2013 How do you spend time with your friends?\n\u2013 Do you think you will make a lot of new friends in the future?\n\nCue Card\n\nTalk about a neighbor that you like and admire. Please say\n\n\u2013 Who is he/she?\n\u2013 When did you first meet him/her?\n\u2013 How does he/she inspire you?\n\n\n\u2013 Is interaction with other neighbors important to us?\n\u2013 What is the role and importance of local community?\n\u2013 What do you think about national identity?\n\u2013 Do you really take pride in it?\n\u2013 In what way?\n\nComments are closed.\n
+__label__negative 1. Where is Sai Smart School located at?\n\nAns:- Near Shri Jagannath Medical College & Hospital, Puri-Konark Marine Drive Road, Puri-752002\n\n  1. When was Sai Smart School founded on?\n\nAns:- 28th February 2020\n\n  1. Who is heading Sai Smart School as Principal?\n\nAns :- Mr.Prakash Chandra Ratha\n\n  1. Which board is Sai Smart School based on?\n\nAns :- CBSE\n\n  1. What are the school hours?\n\nAns :- 7:30am-2p.m\n\n  1. How to apply for admission in this School?\n\nAns :- School Visit \u00e0 Registration \u00e0 Application \u00e0 Admission\n\n  1. What is the age limit for admission to different classes?\n\nAns :-\u00a0 Pre-School-3yrs-5yrs\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Std I\u00a0 - 6yrs\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Std II - 7yrs\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Std III\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 - 8yrs\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Std IV- 9yrs\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Std V - 10yrs\n\n  1. Does the School offer Admission to Pre-school students?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. How much is the Admission fees?\n\nAns :- 25000/-\n\n  1. How to pay the fee at the time of Admission?\n\nAns:-Through Cheque in the name of Sai Smart School or digital payment mode.\n\n  1. What would be the visiting time to meet the admission office for queries?\n\nAns :- 9am - 3:30pm\n\n  1. What is the age criteria for admission?\n\nAns :- Min-3yrs\n\n  1. Does the child has hostel facilities?\n\nAns :- No\n\n  1. Is the school providing transport?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. Which areas are Covered by School Transport?\n\nAns :- All the areas\u00a0 in Puri\n\n  1. When the Admission Process begin?\n\nAns :- Admission is going on\n\n  1. Can the Admission process be online?\n\nAns :-No\n\n  1. Does the School offer any Coaching for student?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. What is the Strength of Each Section?\n\nAns :- 30\n\n  1. Are the Teachers Trained?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. How does the School Communicate with the Parents?\n\nAns :- Visiting the Website, Message and Phone Call\n\n  1. What are the basic facilities offered by the school?\n\nAns:- Hybrid Class Rooms, Well Furnished Library, Indoor & Outdoor Activities, App Based Attendance, Complete Educational Ambience, 24hours Wi-Fi Enabled Campus, Qualified Faculty\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Members, Transport with GPS Tracking System, Campus under CCTV Surveillance, RO Purifier Drinking Water, App based e-learning Platform .\n\n  1. Do you have Smart Classes?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. Will there be a Parent Orientation Programme?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. What is the Registration Procedure?\n\nAns :- By visiting the School?\n\n  1. Is there an Entrance for Admission Procedure?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. Does the School offer any Scholarship?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. Does the Annual fee Includes Stationary and Uniform?\n\nAns :- No\n\n  1. Would an Identity card be given to Parents?\n\nAns :- Yes\n\n  1. How can we contact Sai Smart School?\n\nAns :- Call 1800-572-3430 or visit Website :- www.saismartschool.com
+__label__negative Economic Analysis Overview\n\nWhat is the objective of the project?\n\nThe scope of the objective will determine the choice of the analysis methods and tools. The project\u2019s objective should be linked with the expected impact. As objectives broaden in scope, attribution becomes harder to determine, mainly because multiple causality chains can be present and multiple effects captured.\n\nWhat is the counterfactual?\n\nThe most fundamental question in CBA is the establishment of the counterfactual as it is the basis for the \u201cwithout\u201d project situation. The starting point for the definition of the counterfactual is what can be called \u201cthe improved base situation without project\u201d. This situation reflects small improvements to the project at very little cost and can serve as the benchmark against which to compare the proposed project. Also, this counterfactual can be derived from a rigorous impact evaluation that can be validly applied to the project, possibly from a pilot or another similar project that are externally valid to the one under analysis. In most cases, explicit assumptions will need to be made to compensate for the limited information on the counterfactual often relying on a \u201cbusiness as usual\u201d or \u201cimproved business as usual\u201d scenario.\n\nWhat are the components? How critical are they? How separable?\n\nThe realization of expected project benefits is contingent on the effective application of a combination of inputs, grouped in components. Each component should be justified and analyzed on its own, based on an additional or marginal analysis (with/without component). Nevertheless, some components are more critical than others, and if benefits can be more clearly identified, quantified and monetized for one or several of these components, then the economic analysis can be applied to those critical components.\n\nIn some cases, benefits are the result of the combination of components and attribution to a specific component is not possible. When undertaking a CBA that is based on only one of the components of the projects, special attention should be placed on benefits attribution of that component.\n\nWhy is this project the best alternative to reach the objective?\n\nIn the selection of the alternative (s), it is important to consider any plausible mutually exclusive alternatives that involve differing technological/institutional choices, financial arrangements, locations and beneficiaries. These alternatives can generate different net benefit streams and CBA allows the selection of the best available option.\n\nDid the analysis serve in changing the proposed project?\n\nEconomic analysis is a tool that is designed to help select projects. It is most useful if used early in the project cycle to identify bad alternatives and bad components. If used late in the cycle, its usefulness is restricted to helping decide whether to proceed or not with a particular design. If the analysis influenced the design of the project, it should be noted. If not, particular attention will be given to critical assumptions when no additional alternatives are presented as analyzing a particular project is significantly different from justifying it.\n\nHello, Welcome to the IDB!\n\nPlease join our mailing list by simply entering your email below.
+__label__negative Thursday\u2019s quiz\n\nYou are invited to pose the questions.\n\nAnyone who stumps everyone will win a virtual asparagus and blue cheese roulade.\n\n\n8 Responses to Thursday\u2019s quiz\n\n  1. Will says:\n\n    Sobriquets, nicknames and nom de plumes.\n\n    1. The Iron Duke.\n    2. Shakespeare\u2019s Sister.\n    3. Antosha Chekhonte.\n    4. Desert Fox.\n    5. Slowhand.\n    6. The Sad Puppies.\n    7. The Hitman.\n    8. Maid of Orleans.\n    9. Lady of the Lamp.\n    10. The Glimmer Twins.\n\n  2. Andrei says:\n\n    1. The Iron Duke.\n    \u2013 The Duke of Wellington or the Duke of Alba\n\n    2. Shakespeare\u2019s Sister.\n    \u2013 A female duo, a one hit wonder from the nineties\n\n    3. Antosha Chekhonte.\n    \u2013 a pen name used by Anton Chekhov\n\n    4. Desert Fox.\n    \u2013 Erwin Rommel\n\n    5. Slowhand.\n    \u2013 Eric Clapton\n\n    6. The Sad Puppies.\n    \u2013 ???\n\n    7. The Hitman.\n    \u2013 ???\n\n    8. Maid of Orleans.\n    \u2013 Jeanne D\u2019Arc\n\n    9. Lady of the Lamp.\n    \u2013 Florence Nightingale\n\n    10. The Glimmer Twins.\n    \u2013 Mick Jagger Keith Richards\n\n  3. J Bloggs says:\n\n\n    6 \u2013 A group of disaffected SFF fans that felt that the Hugo awards were being dominated by \u201cSocial Justice Warriors\u201d, and so tried to game the nomination system by presenting \u201cslates\u201d of candidates that they felt better matched thier perception of what \u201creal SFF\u201d should be. They failed miserably, with \u201cNo Award\u201d being voted above most of the slate candidates.\n\n    7 \u2013 Got a choice here a) Canadian pro-wrestler Bret Hart b) Pro boxer Thomas Hearns\n\n  4. J Bloggs says:\n\n    On the subject of names \u2013 What name was given to the following groups of individuals:\n\n    1) Gaius Julius Caeser, Marcus Lincinus Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus?\n\n    2) Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius?\n\n    3) Paul Hill, Gerard Conlon, Patrick Armstrong, Carole Richardson?\n\n    4) Kikuchiyo, Kambei Shimada, Shichiroji, Kastushiro Okamoto, Heihachi Hayashida, Kyuzo, Gorobei Katayama?\n\n    5) What was the name of the US film was based on the people in Q.4?\n\n    6) Alecto, Megaera, Tisiphone?\n\n    7) George Harrison, Tom Petty, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan?\n\n  5. Will says:\n\n    I. First triumvirate?\n    2. The Five Good Emperors.\n    3. I think it\u2019s those IRA guys \u2026.. four.\n\n    7. Travelling Wilburys.\n\n  6. Will says:\n\n    I need to clarify my second question. Virginia Wolfe once asserted that if Shakespeare had a literary \u2018sister\u2019, a female of equal genius, we would never know, due to lack of education and opportunity for women back then. But there is one who is generally accepted as best candidate for the \u2018title.\u2019 The band Andrei mentioned took their name after her.\n\n    Who is she?\n\n  7. Andrei says:\n\n    I\u2019ll complete for Will\n\n    (4) I think is the Seven Samurai\n\n    which was adapted for American audiences as\n\n    (5) The magnificent Seven\n\n    (6) Erinyes or the Furies\n\n  8. Andrei says:\n\n    (3) The Guildford Four\n\nLeave a Reply\n\n\nWordPress.com Logo\n\n\nTwitter picture\n\n\nFacebook photo\n\n\nGoogle+ photo\n\n\nConnecting to %s\n\n%d bloggers like this:
+__label__negative If you are experiencing technical difficulties running a practice test, read the Troubleshooting FAQs.\n\nFAQs: About the Tests\n\nWhat do the practice tests cover?\n\nWill the practice test provide diagnostic information about my performance?\n\nAre there different versions of the practice tests?\n\nHow much do the practice tests cost?\n\nHow much time should I expect to spend taking the practice test?\n\nAre the practice tests regulated by the state?\n\nIs the practice test scored?\n\nHow long do I have to start the practice test?\n\nCan I use the profile I have for my high stakes regulatory examination for the practice test?\n\nI will have a special testing accommodation allowing extra time for my licensure exam. Can I also have an accommodation for a practice test?\n\nPurchasing an online exam\n\nDo I need different web account for my online exam and my licensure/certification exam?\n\nWhat are the system requirements?\n\n\nHow do I purchase an online exam?\n\nWhat forms of payment are available?\n\n\nTaking an online exam\n\nHow do I start my online exam?\n\n\n\nHow do I get my score report?\n\nOther questions\n\n\nLast updated 2016-06-13
+__label__negative Laws Of Motion Class 11 Notes\n\nWhat is Inertia?\n\nThe property of an object by virtue of which it cannot change its state of uniform motion along a straight line or rest on its own is called as inertia.It is the measure of the mass of a body. There are 3 types of inertia.\n\n  \u2022 Inertia of rest\n  \u2022 Inertia of motion\n  \u2022 Inertia of direction\n\nWhat is Force?\n\nA force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object\u2019s interaction with another object.Force can be categorized into two types;\n\n  \u2022 Constant Force\n  \u2022 Action at a distance force\n\nWhat are Newton\u2019s Laws of Motion?\n\n  1. First Law:\u201cA body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by some external force to change that state.\u201d\n  2. Second Law:\u201cThe rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the impressed force and takes place in the direction of the force.\u201d\n  3. Third Law:\u201cTo every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.\u201dImportant Questions\n  1. Aristotle\u2019s view that a force is necessary to keep a body in uniform motion is wrong. A force is necessary for the practice to counter the opposing force of friction.\n  1. Galileo extrapolated simple observations on motion of bodies on inclined planes, and arrived at the law of inertia. Newton\u2019s first law of motion is the same law rephrased thus: \u201cEverybody continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by some external force to act otherwise\u201d. In simple terms, the First Law is \u201cIf the external force on a body is zero, its acceleration is zero\u201d.\n\n\nDo check out the given links to know more about the topics in detail. Inertia Force Laws of Motion Newton\u2019s First Laws of Motion, Newton\u2019s Second Laws of Motion, Newton\u2019s Third Laws of Motion\n\nAlso Read:\n\nLeave a Comment\n
+__label__negative Drop Down MenusCSS Drop Down MenuPure CSS Dropdown Menu\n\nUPTU RESULT 2015 : Delayed Result Odd semester makes the 30k Students in confusion\n\n\n\nUPTU Result 2015 | NEWS of Delayed Result 2015 | 30k Results are still not declared by the University | Why my UPTU Result is not still not declared | UPTU complete result is not declared | When UPTU result will be declared\nUttar Pradesh Technical University UPTU still not declared the result of 30,000 Students. Due to laziness and faults of University authorities students are facing problems as their result is still not declared. Even after many warning given by government official University is not able to declare the result.\n\nThe result which is already declared in month of April is not completed. In some of results the external marks are not published and in some of results internal marks are not published. There are around 30% of declared result is not yet completed. In some of Results, Student is treated as absent or no marks are available in their results.\n\nStudents are in dilemma, as the Even semester exams are around the corner and still results are completely declared by the University. Students are confused, they don't understand that whether they are eligible for coming semester or not as they don't have passed or failed result. About 30k students are sandwiched in this issue of delayed result.\n\nUniversity officials blames the new inexperience agency which is hired by UPTU for compilation of results. University has till now updated the B.Tech 1st Semester result nine times and third and fifth semester result upto five times till now. In all these, only students are in loss. Result of odd semester is still not declared and even semester is going to start from 12th of May 2015. Students are not able continue their Semester exam preparation due the tension of incomplete and undeclared result of odd semester.\n\nA final year students told us that:\n\"The semester exams are round the corner and we don't even know whether we are eligible for it or not. Officials should realise that it's already four months since the previous semester examinations got over.\"\nAnother student also quoted:\n\"How do we concentrate when we don't know whether we have failed or passed the examination.\"\nThe Vice-Chancellor of UPTU said that:\n\"We are updating results on daily basis. I know students are facing problem and I have asked controller of examination to declare all results before the next semester examinations.\"\nAs now 30,000 students wondering here and there for the result of semester exam which was ended in first week of January 2015.\nFeel free to comment below if you are having question or facing any problem, we will help you in best possible way\u00a0\n\n\n  1. Sir mathematics 1st ka carry over result kb aaega...\n\n  2. Sir m a student of Srmscet bly I am unable to concentrate on study of even seem 1 year due to tension of odd seem I request u tu publish the result quickly\n\n  3. Ye uptu wale result kyu nahi de rhe h saale pagal h kya 4 months ho gya exam diye hue haad ho gyi h kitni bekaar university h\n\n  4. Sir when will be final year b.\n    Tech 2015-16 result declared due to which i am not able to face any off campus job fairs and interview\n\n    1. Plz publish result of mba2 semester\n      I need to know about my result to opt specializationof minor subjects for mba...
+__label__negative How do erections occur?\n\nThe erection of the male limb seems so simple: During sexual arousal, blood flows into the cavernous body. The hard penis enables penetration. After the ejaculation or when arousal subsides, the blood flows out of the cavernous body. The penis becomes flaccid and returns to normal. What proceeds so self-evident is regulated by a highly complex interplay. At that the brain, blood vessels and nerves play the most important roles.\n\nErection and sexual arousal\n\nThe first precondition for erection is the sexual arousal. This desire arises from the brain. Whether touch, memory, sight, smell or fantasy: Sexual arousal can be triggered by very different stimuli. The most important control centers are the cerebrum, limbic system and hypothalamus (an area of the diencephalon).\n\nThe cerebrum is the brain region in which sexual arousal can be controlled. It evaluates stimuli. The cerebrum is the instance that reacts, for example, to social norms such as ideals of beauty, individual preferences or gender influences.\n\nThe limbic system and the hypothalamus, on the other hand, react involuntarily and hence are not subject to will. The limbic system is a very old area of the brain that is sometimes referred to as the emotional center. The arousal stimulated by these brain areas is mainly traced back to the sexual urge and is spontaneous. One also speaks of the arousal reflex. The hypothalamus regulates the release of messenger substances that are indispensable for desire and erection.\n\nErection without arousal\n\nMen know: Not every erection is the result of sexual arousal. The best example is the so-called morning wood. It occurs because the blood vessels strongly relax during sleep and the penile cavernous body can therefore fill with blood.\n\n\nThe process of erection\n\nThe arousal reflex generated in the brain reaches the penis via nerve tracts. On the way there and in the penis itself, messenger substances are released. This initially brings about a dilation of the cells of the smooth vascular muscles in the arteries that lead to the penis and the penile cavernous bodies. This causes an increased flow of blood into the cavernous bodies. The penis fills with blood and dilates. Due to the pressure of the cavernous bodies the veins in the penis are squeezed. Therefore, the blood cannot drain off and the erection is maintained. In a complete erection, the blood volume in the penis is about 7 to 10 times the size of a flaccid penis. Most cases of erectile problems occur because of insufficient blood supply into the penis. In many cases, this undersupply can be corrected by stent implantation of the penis arteries. Shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction can sometimes even cure impotence permanently.\n\nThe cavernous bodies in the penis\n\nIn common usage, we mostly speak of the penile cavernous body. In fact, the male penis has three cavernous bodies.\n\n  \u2022 The corpus cavernosum penis is the penile cavernous body that is usually referred to in common usage. This cavernous body runs from the root of the penis to the glans and forms by far the largest cavernous body in the male limb. It is of crucial importance for the erection.\n  \u2022 The corpus spongiosum glandis is the cavernous body of the glans and responsible for the enlarging of the glans (glans penis) during the erection. For the erection and hardening of the limb this cavernous body plays no role.\n  \u2022 Corpus spongiosum penis is the medical term for the cavernous body that surrounds the urethra at the penis shaft. This cavernous body is of no importance for an erection.\n\nBy the way, corpus spongiosum glandis and corpus spongiosum penis do not harden due to a simple reason. If the penis shaft and the glans would harden in a similar way as the corpus cavernosum penis, an ejaculation would not be possible.\n\n\nMessenger substances important for an erection\n\nAll physical processes are regulated by messenger substances. In case of an erection, the arousal reflex initiates a chain reaction via the hypothalamus. Roughly simplified, it looks as follows: First of all, nitrogen oxide (NO) is released and distributed with the blood circulation. This in turn ensures that during sexual arousal, a messenger substance called cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) is released by the brain in certain cells of the blood vessels. This messenger substance activates the so-called protein kinase B. It is decisively responsible for the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the blood vessels. Thus, more blood can flow through the penis arteries and cavernous bodies. The penis hardens.\n\nHow the penis becomes flaccid\n\nThe end of an erection is also controlled by messenger substances. After the ejaculation or when sexual arousal decreases, the body releases the so-called phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). PDE5 is an enzyme that breaks down the cyclic guanine monophosphate. Thus the vascular walls of penis arteries and cavernous bodies constrict again. Thereby, the veins open up on the penis shaft and the blood can flow out of the cavernous bodies.\n\nThe central function of the enzyme PDE5 is harnessed in the drug therapy of erectile dysfunction. Medications like Viagra or Cialis and other so-called potency-enhancing drugs are PDE5 inhibitors. They suppress the effect of PDE5 and thus ensure an improved erection. You can read more about the effect, mode of action and risks here: PDE5 inhibitors Viagra, Cialis and Co.\n\n\nThe question of penis length and shape\n\nPenis length and shape are of no importance for the erectility. Independent of the size, through an erect penis flows about 7 to 10 times as much blood as through a flaccid male limb.\n\nAverage penis size\n\nThe size of the male penis is repeatedly not only the discussion topic among men, but also the subject of scientific studies. Last in 2015, British researchers evaluated 20 research projects in a large meta-study. Accordingly, the penis of European men is 9.16 cm long on average in the flaccid state. With a full erection, the average value is 13.12 cm. Average values are a median value which says nothing about the scattering of the penis size. According to the urological expert association in Switzerland and Germany, penis lengths between 7.5 and 19 centimeters are considered normal.\n\nYour partner for the therapy of erectile dysfunction\n\n\nWould you like more detailed information in advance? Watch the following video. Dr. Diehm gives an overview of causes and treatment of erectile dysfunction. (German)\n\nDo you have any questions?\n\nAt the Institute for Erectile Dysfunction you find qualified dialog partners for all questions on erectile dysfunction. If you have any questions or would like to make a consultation appointment: Call us: +41 62 824 02 42 or write an e-mail to
+__label__negative English Listening: RedKiwi\nEnglish quiz, listening, speaking, shadowing\n  \u2022 English\n\nQuestion List of W7\n\nWhom can I call \u201cassociate\u201d?\n\nWhat does \u201ctraction\u201d mean here?\n\nIs it common to use \"in detail\" after \"about\"? Can I also say \"about the detail\"?\n\nI've heard a lot about \"Brexit\"; however, I don't understand what it really is. Could you please tell me about the concept of the term?\n\nWhat is \u201cwindshield\u201d? Is it only used to car? Is there any other word to replace this word?\n\nWhat does \u201cout of hand\u201d mean?\n\nWhat is \u201cAcademic probation\u201d?\n\nDoes he really pronounce \"if\" here?\n\nWhat does the word \"dwindle\" mean? Is it a common phrase?\n\nWhy would he say this? Is it a common expression?\n\nWhat is \u201cthunk\u201d?\n\nIt is written as 'a billion dollars' but is it correct? Shouldn't 'a billion dollar' supposed to be 'billion dollars'?\n\nCan I understand the meaning of \"get me down\" as \"put me down\"?\n\nDoes it mean the same if I use \"pause our quest\" instead of \"pause in our quest\"?\n\nCan I say \"left alone\" instead of \"isolated\"?\n\nWhy is \"for\" being used after \"us\"? Is it ok to omit \"for\" in this sentence?\n\nUnlike a name or title, is it not necessary to use capitalized letters for the name of currency? (like dollars, German mark or Japanese yen)\n\nCan you tell me other ways to use the phrase \"settle on\"?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"despite\", \"although\" and \"even though\"? Are they always interchangeable?\n\nWhat does 'get to it' mean?\n\nHow come it became \"that'd be great\"? Is it different from \"that's great\"?\n\nWhat does \u201cto take a rain check\u201d mean?\n\nWhat does \"has urge\" mean?\n\nCan you explain how 'as' was used in this sentence?\n\nCan you explain more about the expression \"on the house\" please?\n\nWhat does \"slip away\" mean here?\n\nCan I use the word \"discover\" only when I found something for the first being?\n\nCan I use the word \"report\" only on the official occasion?\n\nEven if they're not in the office, why did they mention \"office\"?\n\nWhat does \"surprise\" mean? Can I use \"recommendation\" instead?\n\nHow is \"Conferrin'\" different from \"Consultin'\"?\n\nWhat does R.I.P stand for?\n\nWhich words can I use instead of \"remedy\"?\n\nDoes the phrase \"A whole new set of\" has the same meaning as \"all kinds of\"?\n\nIs \u201cis\u201d after \u201chouse\u201d omitted?\n\nIs\u201dkiddo\u201d a nickname used only for \u201ckid\u201d?\n\nDoes \u201cpass on\u201d mean \u201cdie\u201d? What are other synonyms of \u201cpass on\u201d?\n\nIn what circumstances can I use the phrase \"middle of nowhere\"?\n\nIn what circumstances can I use the word chief?\n\nDoes \"...ing around ~ing\" mean \"While ~ing, keep ...ing\" ? What does it mean?\n\nWhat is the opposite word for \u201cmass-produce\u201d?\n\nDo \u201cWorry about sth\u201d and \u201cconcern about sth\u201d have the same meaning?\n\nCan I say \"cleanse you\" instead of \"clean you up\"?\n\nDoes the phrase \"major highways\" refers to some famous highways? Or does it refers to the highways with large size?\n\n\"People\u201d is a plural noun, why does she use \u201cthere\u2019s\u201d here?\n\nCan you explain how to use 'imbibe'?\n\nIs there a term that can replace \"paper money\"?\n\nWhat does Olaf mean by saying that?\n\nWhat does \u201cdoor-to-door\u201d mean?\n\nIs it okay not to put the article \"an\" before \"unbeatable\"?\n\nCan I say \"budget\" instead of \"expenses\"?\n\nIn what situation is 'affirmative' used?\n\nIn what situation is the word 'sir' used?\n\nWhat does \u201cget ahold of someone\u201d mean?\n\nWhat does \u201cscared to pieces\u201d mean?\n\nWhat would be the difference between \"down to 60%\" and \"down 60%\"?\n\nWhy is the verb \"hurt\" being used here? Is it ok to use \"pain\" instead? What is the difference between \"hurt\" and \"pain\"?\n\nCan I say \"during holiday season\" instead of \"this holiday season\"?\n\nDoes \"took care\" have the meaning of \"something is resolved\"?\n\nWhat is \u201cin-house counsel\u201d?\n\nHow to use the expression \u201call about something\u201d?\n\nWhy is the word \"before\" used at the end of the sentence? It seems \"for millions of years\" is just enough to describe the period of time.\n\nWithout omission, what will follow 'If you will'?\n\nIs the object \"me\" being omitted after \"for\" in this sentence? What is the object of \"for\" here?\n\nIf there's an expression like \"lose-lose\", can I use \"win-win\" in opposite situation?\n\nWhat does \"in my possession\" mean?\n\nDoes the word \"tied\" in this sentence have the same meaning as \"established\"?\n\nWhy does he say \"Friday salaam\", not just \"salaam\"?\n\nWhat is \"maiden\"?\n\nI suppose we use the word \"weird\" a lot in casual conversation. But what would be good alternatives to replace it?\n\nWhat does ding-a-derry mean?\n\nIs it okay to use \"look up self-absorbed\" instead of \"look self-absorbed up\"?\n\nIs it possible to make passive voice by \"get + p.p\" as \"be + p.p\" do? Can I apply to all verbs?\n\nWhat does \"after all\" mean?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"talk\" and \"communicate\"? Does the word \"communicate\" indicates something non-verbal as well?\n\nWhat are the differences between \u201cdo shopping\u201d, \u201cgo shopping\u201d and \u201cgo window-shopping\u201d?\n\nWhat does the word \"imposter\" mean?\n\nIn what circumstances can I use \":\" and \";\" in the sentence?\n\nWhat does \"RIP\" stand for?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"goal\" and \"objective\"? Are they always interchangeable?\n\nWhat does he trying to say from \"Like taking candy from a...\"? And what does it mean?\n\nIs common to use \u201cmiracle\u201d like this? Like \u201cmiracle friend\u201d, \u201cmiracle teacher\u201d, etc.\n\nCan I also say \"turn on it\"? Does it mean the same thing?\n\nIs it okay to put \"build (infinitive)\" right after the verb \"help\"? Could you explain me the grammatical structure of this sentence?\n\nWhat does \"playing on discord\" mean? Is it a common phrase?\n\nWhat does the phrase \"stay feed\" mean?\n\nWhat does \u201ccat\u2019s out of the bag\u201d mean?\n\nAre there any words omitted between \"The sugars\" and \"it contains\"? I don't understand the sentence structure of \"The sugars it contains\".\n\nWhat does the name \"Grizmo\" mean? Is it a typical cat name?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"promise\", \"oath\" and \"vow\"? Are they always interchangeable?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"pandemic\" and \"plague\"? Are they always interchangeable?\n\nDoes the word \"channel\" refers to a diplomatic channel? Or a technical frequency?\n\nWhy \"agreed\" was used here? Shouldn't it be \"agree\"?\n\nWhat is \u201cPorcellian\u201d?\n\nDoes the phrase \"hitting the skies\" use commonly on casual occasions?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"Parliaments\" and \"senate\"?\n\nWhat is 'chum'?\n\nI've heard that several countries using the \"dollar\" as their currency. In this case, do they have the same value as the U.S. dollars?\n\nWhat does \"over the course\" mean?\n\nWhat does 'rah-rah' mean?\n\nWhy would the speaker use the word \"abandoned\" here? Is that because the developed economies discarded the old system?\n\nDoes \"drumstick\" mean \"ice cream\" other than \"chicken legs\"?\n\nCan I also say \u201cstay close from someone\u201d?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"aftereffect\" and \"side effect\"?\n\nIs the noun \u201cregret\u201d countable or uncountable? Why is it \"regrets\" here?\n\nWhy is the verb coming after 'left to' used as present perfect tense(have studied and partied)? Can't I just use present tense like \"study and party\"?\n\nWhat does \"all of you\" mean?\n\nWhat does \"be out on the beat\" mean?\n\nWhat does \" 'em \" mean?\n\nWhy \"running\" is used?\n\nWhat does 'rest' mean here?\n\nIs \u201cselect\u201d adjective here? Is \"select\" used a lot like this?\n\nCan I say \"pilgrims\" instead of \"travelers\"? Because the monologue seems quite religious.\n\nDoes the prefix \"de-\" refer to removing something?\n\nWhat does \"out of water\" mean?\n\nWhy is \"at\" used after \"loss\"?\n\nDoes the word \"overtook\" refers to being \"replaced\"?\n\nWhat is \u201cspitballing\u201d? When can I use this word?\n\nHow \"merry\" became a comparative while \"more\" came before that?\n\nWhat does \"tariff-free\" mean?\n\nWhat does \"currency reserve\" mean?\n\nDo they have this kind of club for girls? If they do, what's it called?\n\nWhat is the difference between \u201ca while\u201d and \u201cawhile\u201d?\n\nCan you tell me some alternative words that can replace the word \"explicitly\"?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"stability\" and \"reliability\"?\n\nWhat does \u201cbe more into\u201d mean?\n\nCan I use the word \"already\", even though \"making their way back\" is the present tense?\n\nWhat does \"alt ego\" mean?\n\nWhat is \"Tokyo drift\"?\n\nWhat does \u201close touch\u201d mean?\n\nWhat does the \"sheep\" and \"wolf\" refer to? Is it a metaphor?\n\nWhat is \u201crehearsal dinner\u201d about?\n\nWhat does \"so years\" mean?\n\nWhat does \u201chave someone\u2019s back\u201d mean?\n\nDoes \"running down\" mean \"flowing down\"? And please explain the other usage of \"running down\".\n\nWhat does \"be matched up\" here mean? Does it mean \"be compared\"?\n\nWhat does \u201ctrendsetter\u201d mean?\n\nWhat does \"less than my best\" mean here?\n\nDoes \"surroundings\" refer to the \"people\" around the characters? Or does it refer to the \"circumstances\" and \"background\"?\n\nWhat does \"right fit\" mean here? Also is it okay use this expression to mention about relationship between human and things too?\n\nIs \"business as usual\" a proverb?\n\nWhat does \"be busy hatchin'\" mean?\n\nWhat does the word \"bulk\" mean here? Can you tell me some alternative words to replace it?\n\nIs it an unwritten rule for Anchors to say hello to the reporters whenever they're connected?\n\nWhat does \"first glance\" mean? Is there a expression of \"second glance\"?\n\nIn what situation do I use the word \"no\"?\n\nWhen can I say \u201cgrow up\u201d to other person?\n\nWhat does 'go home' mean here?\n\nHow come the word \"hitman\" stands for assassin?\n\nHow the roles of diplomat and ambassador are different?\n\nWhat does the \"CDC\" stand for?\n\nTo describe the situation more detailed, should I say \u201cGas tank\u2019s out let is broken\u201d?\n\nWhat's the difference between \"developed countries\" and \"developed economies\"? Is there a specific difference in nuance?\n\nWhat is the definition of \"down syndrome\"?\n\nWhat does \u201cbad news\u201d here mean?\n\nWhat does 'as it were' mean?\n\nWhat does \"run out of room to grow\" mean? Is it an idiom?\n\nDoes the meaning of this sentence change if I use \"would want\" instead of \"would have wanted\"?\n\nDoes the word \"paperwork\" refers to \"documents\"? Are they always interchangeable?\n\nHow does \"you have faith in me\" different from \"trust you\"?\n\nWhat does \u201cback down\u201d mean?\n\nDoes \"crave\" have a stronger meaning than \"want\"? Is it ok to replace \"crave\" with \"desire\"?\n\nWhat is a \"deception game\"? Is it a genre of a game?\n\nIn this case, is there any difference in nuance between saying \"You try to...\" and \"Try to...\"?\n\nWhat does \u201cchurn out\u201d mean?\n\nCan I use the expression \"what do we owe you\" only in informal way?\n\nFinancial crisis words look like a big word to me, but can I use it for my personal reason?\n\nIs the word 'way' have a meaning of 'intention'?\n\nIn what situation \"supposed to\" is used?\n\nCan I use the word \"divorce\" even though it does not refer to humans' relationships?\n\nWhat does \"ain't\" mean?\n\nCan I say \"quite a\" or \"significant\" instead of \"sizable\"?\n\nYouTube-based English trainer, RedKiwi\nHow could you speak English if you cannot understand it?\n\nIt's time to improve your English listening skills!\nInteresting Videos Selected by the RedKiwi Team Updated Everyday\nReal-time reviews from our users all over the world\nReal-time reviews from all over the world\nBe the next to experience RedKiwi!\n  \u2022 person\n    \uae30\ud0c0\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ud050\ub098\uc778\n    \uacb0\uc81c\ud574\uc11c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2c8\ud2c8\ud788 \uc2dc\uac04\ub0a0\ub54c \ud559\uc2b5\ud558\uae30 \uc815\ub9d0\uc88b\uace0, \uc5ec\ub7ec \ud3b8\ub9ac\ud55c \uae30\ub2a5\ub4e4\uc774 \uac16\ucd94\uc5b4\uc838\uc788\uc5b4 \uc2e0\uacbd\uc368\uc11c\ub9cc\ub4e0 \ud2f0\uac00 \ub0a9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc55e\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc88b\uc740 \ucee8\ud150\uce20\ub4e4 \ubd80\ud0c1 \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    Masashi Iwata\n    \u697d\u3057\u304f\u3001\u5b66\u3079\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u5b66\u3093\u3060\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5fd8\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u3084\u719f\u8a9e\u3092\u30e1\u30e2\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\n  \u2022 person\n    \u4f11\u61a9\u6642\u9593\u304c1\u5206\u3060\u3051\u4f59\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6642\u3067\u3082\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u30671\u30012\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3068\u3066\u3082\u4fbf\u5229\u3067\u91cd\u5b9d\u3057\u3066\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u79c1\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u756a\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5b66\u7fd2\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u3042\u308a\u304c\u3068\u3046\u3054\u3056\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\n  \u2022 person\n    \u3053\u308c\u306f\u3044\u3044\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u3044\u3044\u3002\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u5e74\u4f1a\u8cbb\u3092\u6255\u3063\u3066\uff19\u30f6\u6708\u3002\u30b5\u30dc\u308b\u65e5\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3051\u3069\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u9031\u306b\uff15\u65e5\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30c4\u306f\u5e73\u5747\uff13\u3064\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u3001YouTube\u3067\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3073\u3063\u304f \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    \uc9e7\uc740 \uc2dc\uac04 \uc9c0\ud558\ucca0\uc774\ub098 \ubc84\uc2a4 \ud0c0\uace0 \uac00\uba74\uc11c \ub4e4\uc73c\uba74 \uc544\uc8fc \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uae08\ubc29 \uac11\ub2c8\ub2e4~ \uc544\uc9c1 \uae4c\uc9c0\ub294 \ub108\ubb34 \uc88b\uc544\uc694^^ \ub2e8\uc5b4\uc7a5 \uae30\ub2a5\uc774 \uc788\uc73c\uba74 \ubaa8\ub974\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub4e4 \uc785\ub825 \ud6c4 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uadf8 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub4e4 \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    mo m\n  \u2022 person\n    Laie Yee\n    This is a good app. It has many video and I can practise listening while I am watching my \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    \u697d\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u304c\u524d\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u597d\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u306f\u305d\u3093\u306a\u554f\u984c\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002\u6bce\u65e5\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u3084\u3063\u3066\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u3053\u3053\u3067\u5b66\u3093\u3067\u3001\u521d\u3081\u3066\u30a8\u30c9\u30b7\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u3068\u30a2\u30ea\u30a2\u30ca\u304c\u6b4c\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u306f \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    k endo\n    \u6709\u6599\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u30671\u56de\u306b\u3064\u304d10\u5206\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u3057\u304b\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u30011\u65e5\u306b2,3\u56de\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3067\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u805e\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6bce\u65e5\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3068\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u30ea\u30b9\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u529b\u304c\u4e0a\u304c\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u5185\u5bb9\u3082 \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    JT Lee\n    \uc6d0\uc5b4\ubbfc \ud574\uc124\uc744 \ub204\ub978 \ud6c4 \ud558\ub2e8\uc5d0 \ub2e4\uc74c \ubc84\ud2bc\uc744 \ub204\ub974\uba74 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\ub294 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c\uc778\ub370 \ub2e4\uc74c\ubc84\ud2bc\uc740 disabled \ub418\uace0 \ubcf5\uc2b5\ubc84\ud2bc\ub9cc \ud65c\uc131\ud654\ub3fc\uc11c \ub354\uc774\uc0c1 \uc9c4\ud589\uc774 \uc548\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \uc788\ub124\uc694\n  \u2022 person\n    hans gunsche\n    Me gustar\u00eda que tuviera un glosario para guardar palabras u oraciones dif\u00edciles que hayamo \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    \u97f3\u58f0\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u5909\u66f4\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u3066\u3001\u984c\u6750\u3082\u98fd\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002 \u4fa1\u683c\u3082\u5b89\u3044\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u304c\u6700\u4e0a\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\n  \u2022 person\n    Md Liton Ali Molla\n    Super amazing app.\n  \u2022 person\n    \u30ea\u30b9\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u304c\u82e6\u624b\u306a\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001 \u4f55\u5ea6\u3067\u3082\u805e\u304d\u305f\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u30aa\u30b9\u30b9\u30e1\u3067\u3059\u2606\n  \u2022 person\n    Jessica Ch\n    \ucee8\ud150\uce20 \uc88b\uace0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc774\ub098 \uad6c\uc131\ub3c4 \uc88b\uc544\uc694\n  \u2022 person\n    \uc5f4\uc2ec\ud788 \uacf5\ubd80\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.... \ucd94\uac00\ub85c \ud55c\uae00 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc744 \uba3c\uc800 \ubcf4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uacf5\ubd80 \ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud558\ub294\ub370.... \ud55c\uae00 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc744 \uba3c\uc800 \ubcfc\uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ubd80\ud0c1\ub4dc\ub9bd\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n  \u2022 person\n    \u30b8\u30e3\u30cb\u30b9\u306e\u3042\u306e\"Oh, my God!\"\u306f\u300c\u30e4\u30c0\u30fc\u3001\u30de\u30b8\u30fc\u3001\u30a6\u30bd\u30fc\u300d\u3067\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002\n  \u2022 person\n    \u672c\u5f53\u306b\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3042\u3075\u3067\u3059\uff01 \u81ea\u5206\u3067\u4eca\u307e\u3067\u7d19\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u3001\u3088\u308a\u4fbf\u5229\u306b\u52b9\u7387\u7684\u306b\u3084\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3066\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u3042\u308a\u304c\u305f\u3044\u3067\u3059\u2026\uff01 \u8ab2\u91d1\u3082\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u305f\u3089\u5927\u3057\u305f\u984d\u3067\u306f\u7121\u3044\u3068 \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    Great Hawk\n    I have been using this app for a long time. The app is getting better and better, by now. \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    english song\n    Good \ud83d\udc4djob\n  \u2022 person\n  \u2022 person\n    \u79c1\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30ea\u30b9\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u521d\u5fc3\u8005\u306b\u306f\u6700\u9ad8\u306e\u6559\u6750\uff01 \u52d5\u753b\u306e\u5927\u4f53\u304c\u6620\u753b\u306e\u30c8\u30ec\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u3084\u3001\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u756a\u7d44\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u5207\u308a\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u30e6\u30fc\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u30ab\u30b8\u30e5\u30a2\u30eb\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088 \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    \ub4e3\uae30\uc5d0 \ub9ce\uc774 \ub3c4\uc6c0\ub418\uc694\n  \u2022 person\n    Jiya Kim\n    \uc9c4\uc9dc\uc88b\uc544\uc694 \uc9c0\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ucd94\ucc9c\ub3c4\ub9ce\uc774\ud588\uc5b4\uc694 \ub0b4\uc6a9 \uc5c5\ub370\uc774\ud2b8\uc798\ub418\uad6c \uacc4\uc18d \uc88b\uc544\uc9c0\ub294 \uc571\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4\n  \u2022 person\n    toru hirano\n    \u3082\u3046\uff11\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7df4\u7fd2\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u300272\u624d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u6620\u753b\u3092\u5b57\u5e55\u7121\u3057\u3067\u805e\u304d\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u6a19\u306b\u3057\u3066\u9811\u5f35\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7d99\u7d9a\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30c9\u30fc\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3002\u6587\u7bc0\u3054\u3068\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30ed \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n    So great app for my English improvement. The app provides satisfactory customer experience \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n  \u2022 person\n    \u30d2\u30a2\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u304c\u82e6\u624b\u306a\u306e\u3067\u697d\u3057\u307f\u306a\u304c\u3089\u82e6\u624b\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u5c11\u3057\u3065\u3064\u514b\u670d\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u3089\u3068\u7d99\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8272\u3005\u306a\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u305d\u306e\u65e5\u306e\u6c17\u6301\u3061\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u3082\u4e01\u5be7\u306b\u7b54\u3048 \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n  \u2022 person\n  \u2022 person\n    Interesting and amazing! I like this app very much.\nSubscribe to the RedKiwi Newsletter\nSubscribe to the RedKiwi Newsletter\nWe are sending not only a special promotion code, but also the latest news about learning English and the RedKiwi App.\nFor more information\nRedKiwi FAQ
+__label__negative \n\nA molecular \u201cslingshot\u201d to deliver drugs: new discovery at Tor Vergata University Rome\n\n\nA \u201cmolecular slingshot\u201d made of synthetic DNA that can deliver drugs at precise locations in the human body. This is the new idea developed by a team of researchers of the \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University of Rome and University of Montreal, coordinated by Francesco Ricci, Associate Professor in Chemistry at the \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University of Rome. The results of the study have been recently published in Nature Communications.\n\nAbout 20,000 times smaller than a human hair, the molecular slingshot is composed of a synthetic DNA strand that can \u201cload\u201d a\u00a0drug\u00a0and then effectively act as the rubber band of the slingshot. The two ends of this DNA contain two anchoring moieties that can specifically stick to a target antibody, a Y-shaped protein expressed by the body in response to different pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. \u201cWhen the anchoring moieties of the slingshot recognize and bind to the arms of the target antibody, the DNA is stretched and the loaded drug is released by a mechanism that reminds that of a real slingshot that \u2018shoots\u2019 a ball, said Simona Ranallo from the \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University of Rome, first author of the study.\n\n\u201cOne impressive feature about this molecular slingshot \u2013 said Francesco Ricci \u2013 is that it can only be triggered by the specific antibody recognizing the anchoring tags of the DNA 'rubber band'. By simply changing these tags, one can thus program the slingshot to release a drug in response to a variety of specific\u00a0antibodies. Since different antibodies are markers of different diseases, this could become a very specific weapon in the clinician's hands.\u201d\n\nThe group of researchers is now eager to show the potential of this new molecular tool in the medical setting, for the delivery of clinically relevant drugs. \u201cWe envision that similar molecular slingshots may be used in the near future to deliver drugs to specific locations in the body. This would drastically improve the efficiency of drugs as well as decrease their toxic secondary effects,\u201d concluded Francesco Ricci.\n\nSource Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d\nPublication date 05/19/2017\nTag Life Sciences
+__label__negative Interlibrary Loan (ILL)\n\n\nInterlibrary Loan staff can help. We will search other Illinois and out-of-state libraries to locate the title you\u2019re looking for. Most of the time we can borrow books from other Illinois libraries for free. Articles may incur a fee, although we always search for libraries that do not charge first. Requesting a title is easy, just follow these steps:\n\nFAQs and Loan Rules for NPL Patrons\n\nWhat is InterLibrary Loan?\nWho can use this service?\nWhat is available through Interlibrary Loan?\nWhat is NOT available through Interlibrary Loan?\nHow do I place an Interlibrary Loan request?\nHow long does it take to get the material I requested?\nIs there a fee to request books?\nIs there a fee to request photocopies?\nWhat is the checkout period for ILL items?\nWhere do I pick up ILL materials?\nHow do I return the item?\nCan I cancel a request once it has been placed?\nCan I renew a book?\nWhat are the fines for overdue ILL books?\nWhat happens if I damage or lose a book?
+__label__negative Drive a car around the world fuelled by the manure of five cows\n\nIt may be hard to believe, but waste can increase its value and is in fact becoming a valuable raw material. Cow manure is one such example and is readily available on the market. It contains valuable minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which are both needed for plant growth. Besides these minerals, manure also contains organic material. This organic material contains energy that can be released by bacteria in the form of methane, the basis for Compressed Natural Gas. What is it used for? That\u2019s right, as car fuel. It\u2019s possible to drive up to 9,000 km on the annual manure production of a single cow.\n\nProducing manure\n\nDairy cows produce manure every day. As is the case for all living animals, the manure produced by a cow is based on its diet. Cows are very efficient in the use of their food, but there is some organic material that they cannot digest. On average, a dairy cow produces 27 m3 of manure each year.\n\nHow can cars be fuelled by this manure?\n\nManure from cows can be fermented with the aid of bacteria. This process produces biogas and takes place in an anaerobic digester. The digester is filled with cow manure on a daily basis. On average, manure remains in the digester for about 60 days, during which time most of the organic material is converted into biogas. The gas in this digester contains approximately 50% methane and 50% CO2. To be able to use it as a fuel, the CO2 needs to be separated from the methane. The biogas needs to be upgraded. The minerals are unaffected and come out along with the residual product, digestate, which can be used as a fertiliser.\n\nUpgrading biogas\n\n\nTo be able to use biogas as a fuel in cars, the gas from a digester needs to be upgraded. As stated above, the CO2 needs to be separated from the CH4, the methane. Biogas can be upgraded using a variety of techniques. One of the most efficient ways of doing so is to use membranes. The biogas is pressed through a very fine mesh through which the methane is separated from the CO2. The CO2 can then be used in the production of fizzy drinks or to stimulate plant growth in greenhouses. It can also be injected into an algae culture to support the production of biomass. The methane, or natural gas, can be supplied to the national grid or can be used as fuel for cars. CNG, or Compressed Natural Gas, is the cleanest car fuel around today.\n\nDriving around the globe\n\n\nThe most efficient CNG-fuelled car can drive 35 km per kg of CNG. In terms of the amount produced by one cow in one year, this equates to almost 9,000 km. With the annual manure production of five cows, a car could drive 45,000 km, which is more than the circumference of the Earth at the equator (40,000 km). At the same time, those five cows would have produced enough nitrogen and phosphorus to support 3.0 hectares of high-yield wheat crops.\n\nThere are many different ways of producing more biogas. Together with manure, other organic materials can also be used in digesters to produce even more methane and minerals for fertilisers. For instance, the organic waste of urban populations and grass from nature reserves could be - and are - used to produce methane and minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorous, phosphorous being particularly important. This procedure would prevent the annual loss of millions of kg of phosphorous produced by Dutch cities, for example. It would also result in the capture and harnessing of excess minerals which currently find their way from arable land onto nature reserves. Moreover, more biogas will be available and cars will be able to drive more kilometres fuelled by CNG.\n\nA wide range of projects are being initiated at Wageningen University aiming to make use of valuable raw materials such as cow manure.
+__label__negative Interlibrary Loan (ILL)\n\n\nInterlibrary Loan staff can help. We will search other Illinois and out-of-state libraries to locate the title you\u2019re looking for. Most of the time we can borrow books from other Illinois libraries for free. Articles may incur a fee, although we always search for libraries that do not charge first. Requesting a title is easy, just follow these steps:\n\nFAQs and Loan Rules for NPL Patrons\n\nWhat is InterLibrary Loan?\nWho can use this service?\nWhat is available through Interlibrary Loan?\nWhat is NOT available through Interlibrary Loan?\nHow do I place an Interlibrary Loan request?\nHow long does it take to get the material I requested?\nIs there a fee to request books?\nIs there a fee to request photocopies?\nWhat is the checkout period for ILL items?\nWhere do I pick up ILL materials?\nHow do I return the item?\nCan I cancel a request once it has been placed?\nCan I renew a book?\nWhat are the fines for overdue ILL books?\nWhat happens if I damage or lose a book?
+__label__negative Thursday, June 14, 2012\n\nSeven Questions on e-Learning by Marc Rosenberg\n\nWhat questions should managers and e-Learning developers answer when asked about creating a quality e-Learning programme? One of the world's leading authorities on e-Learning,\u00a0Marc Rosenberg, writing in Learning Solutions Magazine,\u00a0poses the following seven questions \"each time you begin a development project, you will substantially increase the likelihood of a much better product\":\nImage link to\n\n  1. What are the success criteria and the metrics?\n  2. Who is the learning for, and why?\n  3. What are the content and context parameters?\n  4. How deep should it go?\n  5. What type of learning is this?\n  6. How much time is available?\n  7. How will it be delivered?\n\n    1. Rosenberg recommends that these questions be asked \"up-front\" by gathering \"clients, SMEs, and stakeholders\" together for a short time before the project starts. He reckons that building \"eLearning can seem daunting because it\u2019s both science and art\".\n\n      I wonder how many e-Learning projects fail because these important questions are not asked?\n    While all seven questions are important, question #5 \"What type of learning is this?\" is most important for me. Rosenberg writes \"Albert Einstein famously said that he didn't want to bother memorizing things he could look up, but Julia Child wanted people to internalize food preparation because she didn't like them relying on recipes\". These are two very different learning strategies as every learner will want to know what must be memorized and what not to. What can simply be referenced later when needed, and what needs to be mastered now. This question (and the others too) should be asked of all types of learning and teaching - there is a lesson for us all here. I hope we learn from it.\n\n    No comments:\n\n    Post a Comment
+__label__negative \n\nListen and then click the mouse (cursor) over\n\n\nWho is a lean fit guy?\n\na) Devon\nb) Todd\nc) Neither\nWhat does Devon do three times a week?\na) Swim\nb) Yoga\nc) Run\nHow many meals does he eat a day?\na) 3\nb) 4\nc) 5\nWhat food does he avoid?\na) Candy Bars\nb) Soda\nc) Meat\nWhat advice does he give Todd?\na) Eat less\nb) Eat better food\nc) Run more\n\nWell, thank you.\nUm, what do you recommend? What can I do to lose weight?\nBut more than that I enjoy playing sports...and so different sports use\ndifferent muscles and all of it helps\nto lose that weight that you might have gained.\n\nYeah, well, actually, one of the problems is that I actually exercise a\nDo ya?\nYeah, so maybe it's my diet.\nIt could be and so in that case you might want to eat something perhaps more nutritious\nor maybe even less of what you do eat. Maybe, I eat three meals a day and I try not to\nsnack in between. No potato chips. No popcorn. No candy bars.\n\nThat's pretty tough!\nIt is tough but......Well, I must admit that I cheat every once in awhile but...\nOk, I'll give it a try....but actually, you see my problem is that I like\njunk food. So I have to choose: either I eat less or I eat a better diet.\n\nWhat do you think is more important?\nI think that if you are exercizing then you should just eat what you want and\neat less.\n\nEat less. Ok. This is going to be tough!\nWell, I have no dought that you will do the best that you can.\nAlright! Thanks a lot Devon.\nQuestion and Response\n\n\nQ1: Do...?\n\nQ2: Do...?\n\nQ3: What...?
+__label__negative Can Kidney Cysts Removed with Chinese Medicine without Dialysis\n\n2016-01-07 16:46\n\nCan Kidney Cysts Removed with Chinese Medicine without SurgeryKidney Cyst is a kind of serious kidney disease, and it always happen to PKD patients. These cysts are full of toxic fluid which can destroy the kidney function seriously. And as times goes on, these kidney cysts can enlarge gradually, then they will invade most of the kidney cells and tissues. So some of the kidney cysts patients are panic go to the hospital, but they were told to do a surgery. I want to tell you, you don\u2019t must to do the surgery, kidney cysts can be removed without surgery.\n\nWhy the surgery is not a suitable way to remove the kidney cysts\n\nNormally, there is not only one kidney cysts covering on the kidney, instead of that, there are numerous of kidney cysts. And as we all know, the kidney is an important internal organ, which is not suitable to do the surgery. There are two main reasons, one is that the surgery can ruin the kidney function, another reason is that these kidney cysts will back again after the surgery. In view of that, do you still want to do the surgery?\n\nChinese medical treatments remove kidney cysts without dialysis.\n\nCompared with the surgery, the Chinese medical treatments are better choice for kidney cysts patients. We have developed a great Chinese medical treatments to remove the kidney cysts, that is the Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy, whose main composition is traditional Chinese medicine. In this therapy, we need to make some Chinese medical herbs into micro powders, the main purpose of that is improving the medical effects. Some of Chinese medicine can be sent to the kidney cysts parts by certain equipments. Then the toxic fluid in the kidney cysts will be absorbed, some of them can discharged out of body. And the permeability of kidney cells will be improved a lot, some useful substance can be absorbed, so that the kidney will become stronger and stronger. This therapy can treat the kidney cysts from the root, so it is a better choice for kidney cysts patients.\n\nSo if you also want to know more aboot diet or effective therapy, you can send emails to, or add my viber/whatsapp +86 13503211882.\n\nWhat else you want to know:\nHow can I get this treatment?\nHow can I get this treatment in my countries?\nHow much does this treatment cost?\nWhat should I prepare to your hospital except visa?\nHow can I go to your hospital?\n\nTag: Dialysis Chinese Medicine Kidney Cysts\n\nPrevious\uff1aHow to Reduce Creatinine 8.9 without Dialysis\n\nNext\uff1aTreatment of Increasing Life for ESRD Patients Avoid Dialysis\n\nLeave Message\n\nmale female
+__label__negative \u9752\u6728 \u5cf0\u53ef \u5148\u751f\u300c\u6804\u990a\u7642\u6cd5\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u30c6\u30af\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\uff5e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u691c\u67fb\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u300d\uff1a2017.9.10\u7b2c9\u671f\u5206\u5b50\u6804\u990a\u5b66\u5b9f\u8df5\u8b1b\u5ea7\u30d7\u30ec\u30bb\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\n\n\n\n\nWhen does the course start and finish?\nHow long do I have access to the course?\nWhat if I am unhappy with the course?
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions\n\n\nHow do I manage my email account?\n\nWhat are the\u00a0computer requirements\u00a0for the program?\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\n\nWhat are the fees? \u00a0 See the related fees section of the Graduate Studies Calendar.\n\nHow do I pay my fees?\n\nPayment Methods\n\nT2202A Tax Forms\n\n\n\nHow do I apply?\n\nWhat are the admission requirements?\n\nHow do I view my admission status?\n\n\n\nHow do I purchase materials?\u00a0 Students are responsible for purchasing their course materials through the online ordering system at\n\nHow do I order transcripts?\n\nFaculty News
+__label__negative Crohn's Disease\n\nCrohn's Disease\n\nIllustration of the anatomy of the digestive system, adult\nClick Image to Enlarge\n\nWhat is Crohn's disease?\n\nCrohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that is a chronic condition that may recur at various times over a lifetime. It usually involves the small intestine, most often the lower part called the ileum. However, in some cases, both the small and large intestine are affected. Sometimes, inflammation may also affect the entire digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, appendix, or anus.\n\nCrohn's disease affects males and females equally. It appears to run in some families, with about 20 percent of people with Crohn's disease having a blood relative with some form of inflammatory bowel disease.\n\nWhat are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?\n\nThe following are the most common symptoms of Crohn's disease. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:\n\nInflammatory bowel diseases\n\n\n\nCrohn's disease,\u00a0an inflammation that extends into the deeper layers of the intestinal wall, and may\u00a0also\u00a0affect other parts of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.\n\n\n\nSome people have long periods of remission, sometimes for years, when they are free of symptoms. There is no way to predict when a remission may occur or when symptoms will return.\n\nThe symptoms of Crohn's disease may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your\u00a0doctor for a diagnosis.\n\nWhat causes Crohn's disease?\n\nThere are many theories regarding what causes Crohn's disease. One theory suggests that some agent, perhaps a virus or a bacterium, affects the body's immune system and triggers an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal wall. Although there is a lot of evidence that patients with this disease have abnormalities of the immune system, it is not known whether the immune problems are a cause or a result of the disease.\n\nThere is no evidence that Crohn's disease is caused by stress.\n\nHow is Crohn's disease diagnosed?\n\nPeople who have experienced chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and anemia may be examined for signs of Crohn's disease. In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for Crohn's disease may include the following:\n\nIllustration demonstrating a colonoscopy\nClick Image to Enlarge\n\nWhat is the treatment for Crohn's disease?\n\nSpecific treatment for Crohn's disease will be determined by your\u00a0doctor based on:\n\nAt this time there is no cure for Crohn's disease, however, several methods are helpful in controlling it. The usual goals of treatment are to:\n\nTreatment may include:\n\nIllustration of  bowel resection and colostomy\nClick Image to Enlarge\nDifferent types of ostomy are performed depending on how much and what part of the intestines are removed, and may include the following:\n\nClick here to view the\nOnline Resources of Digestive Disorders\n\n\nTop of Page return to top of page
+__label__negative What is the function of eyepiece?\n\nJust before the light collected by your telescope\u2019s main lens or mirror enters the eyepiece, it\u2019s flipped (see \u201cLet ... And regarding observing, the telescope ... - Read more\n\nWhat are the two functions of the eyepiece? this is where the scientist\\\\s are looking while doing some experiments. - Read more\n\nDiscussion about What is the function of eyepiece?\n\nWhat is the function of eyepiece? resources\n\nWhich Of The Following Are Functions Of The Eyepiece ...\n\nWhich of the following are functions of the eyepiece lens of a refracting telescope? Check all that apply. A to produce an image whose angular size is greater than ...\n\nMicroscope Parts and Functions | TutorVista.com\n\nParts of a Microscope and their Functions . The following are the parts of microscope:-Eyepiece or ocular lens: Eyepiece is the lens, present at the top and is used ...\n\n12. TELESCOPE EYEPIECE - Amateur Telescope Optics\n\n12.1. Eyepiece functions. The image formed by the telescope objective is real, and can be observed directly. However, as explained in\n\nThe Parts of a Microscope\n\nThe Microscope Parts and Specifications . ... Before purchasing or using a microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part. Eyepiece Lens: ...\n\nCompound Microscope Parts and Functions - Buzzle\n\nCompound Microscope Parts and Functions ... It uses an objective lens that has many powers on a turret and an eyepiece that helps in magnifying the image formed by ...\n\nWhat Are The Parts And Functions Of A Compound Microscope ...\n\nPARTS and FUNCTION of a COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 1.EYEPIECE or OCULAR LENS - the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.\n\nScience - Biology - Microscope and the Cell\n\nthe eyepiece and mirror respectively ? ... The diagram shows a laboratory microscope. What are the functions of parts labelled A and B? ? A: ...\n\n\nIntroduction to Microscopes (History, Function & Parts) PowerPoint Flag as inappropriate. ... Parts and Function of a Microscope. Eyepiece (Ocular) ...\n\nTelescope Eyepiece Fundamentals - RocketRoberts.com\n\nMagnifications for other telescope/eyepiece combinations are ... the actual field of view is a function of the magnification the eyepiece provides with a ...\n\n\nThe Structure of a Microscope | eHow - eHow | How to ...\n\nThe eyepiece lens is where the human eye views a magnified object. ... Basic microscope structure and function... What is the Purpose of a Compound Microscope?\n\nBinoculars-The Function Of Eyepiece Of Binocular -Helping ...\n\nThe specific function of eyepiece of binocular is to enhance the visualizing power of a binocular and help people enjoy the natural wonders of the world.\n\nWhat are the two function of eyepiece?... - Brainly.ph\n\n1. To provide a stable platform, so that the eye can more easily stay focused on the object. 2. To exclude external light sources. * this is where the scientist/s are ...\n\nWhat Are the Functions of Compound Light Microscope Parts ...\n\nWhat Are the Functions of Compound Light Microscope Parts?. Since the compound light microscope's ... (Modern microscopes usually have two eyepiece lenses; ...\n\n\nA microscope's function is to see things at different ... It is important to know the parts and how microscope parts function. The eyepiece lens is placed at the top ...\n\nFUNCTION OF A MICROSCOPE \u00ab Optical Instruments\n\nWhat is the function of the diaphragm in a microscope? | ChaCha. What is the function of the diaphragm in a microscope? ... Microscope Parts & Function. 1. Eyepiece.\n\nParts and Function of a Microscope - Scribd\n\nParts and Function of a Microscope Eyepiece (Ocular) contains the lens that magnifies about 10x Body Tube. separates the eyepiece lens from objectives lens Revolving ...\n\nWhat Is The Function Of Body Tube In A Microscope? - Blurtit\n\nThe body tube is the seperation between the eyepiece and the nosepiece and blocks stray light from entering.\n\nWhat is the function of a pointer on a microscope? | Answerbag\n\nWhat is the function of a pointer on a microscope? The microscope pointer is inside the eyepiece of the microscope, and it is used to identify things ...\n\nFunction Of Ocular Lens Of Microscope | Digitals Microscope\n\nEyepiece \u2013 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Find best value and selection for your NIKON CFW10XCM MICROSCOPE EYEPIECE OCULAR LENS 10X search on eBay.\n\nRelated Questions\n\ncan you withdraw money from a 414 retirement plan?\n\nwhat happens if you chose to leave your job while still having a workmans comp claim with the company that you want to leave?\n\nwhat happens if the beneficiary dies?\n\nare food contributions to a charitable organization tax-deductible?\n\ncan a previous employer tell a prospective new employer about how much sick time you used?\n\nhow do you withdraw a bankruptcy?\n\nwhat have you contributed to your previous company?\n\nfind the percentage pf fdi aowed in various sector by the governtment of india?\n\nwhat is the provident fund?\n\ncan an employer charge an employee for funds stolen from his office?\n\nhow you get pf balance enquiry?\n\nwhat are the negative checks?\n\ndoes gross salary include employer's contribution to the pf of the employee in india?\n\ndoes gross salary include pf contribution by the company?\n\nhow do you check your balance?\n\nhow can you check your account balance?\n\nare the funds that are contributed into a pension fund by employer and employee taxable or nontaxable?\n\nwho was pf stewart?\n\npf account status?\n\nhow do you withdraw money from a trust fund?\n\nis pf to be paid by the company into the employees account is deducted from employees salary?\n\nis it somehow possible that company is contributing to employees pf but actually deducting the amount from employee's salary?\n\nwhat happens to the funds you've paid in when your chapter 13 is dismissed?\n\nwhat is check and balances?\n\nis it legal for a company to request employees to stop contributing to a 401k because the company cannot provide the matching funds that were previously agreed on?
+__label__negative What is Software Life Cycle Models?\n\n\nLike all animate creations, even inanimate creations like softwares have a life cycle. Like the life cycle of the former begins with conception, then birth followed by death, similarly, the life cycle of computer softwares consist of stages from conception, till the time they serve their purpose and retire. The different\u00a0life cycle models\u00a0of computer softwares are meant to depict the phases that these inanimate softwares undergo from the very moment of their conception. Besides the general, the computer software lifecycle models tend to throw light upon factors like relationships between project phases, transition criteria, feed back mechanism, milestones, baselines, reviews and deliverables. Different phases of software projects are shown through the\u00a0software life cycle models. These phases include requirement phase, design phase, implementation, integration, testing, operations and maintenance. Some of the commonly known life cycle models are waterfall model, V-shaped model, Prototyping model, Incremental model and Spiral model.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\n\nThe Waterfall Model:\n\nThis is perhaps the least flexible of all known models. Yet it is more preferable for projects that have a well defined architecture and established user interface and performance requirements. In the waterfall\u00a0software life cycle model, each of the phases, that is requirement, design, implementation, operation, testing etc are separate and do not over lap with each other. each set has something called the \u2018exit criteria\u2019 and this has to be met with before leaving the present phase and entering into the next one. if one leaves the phase, works on the next and then realizes that changes have to be made on the former, it will lead to a chain of difficult situations. However, even with certain degree of difficulty there is scope for making changes. The advantages of adopting this model is that it can move into the implementation phase very fast and is a very clear cut model. Its rigidity can be considered as its main disadvantage.\n\nThe V- Shaped Model:\n\nThis\u00a0software life cycle model\u00a0is very similar to the former. the difference lies in the fact that \u2018testing\u2019 is a consideration throughout the development of the software. Among the advantages it can be said that it is not as rigid as the waterfall model. However, it is not as clear-cut as the mentioned. This does not affect its though. Including testing in each phase is an added advantage. More bugs are caught during the development of this model than the waterfall model. This too can reach the implementation phase fast. Among disadvantages it can be mentioned that the description for requirements have to be very specific and the total time of development is fairly longer.\n\nPrototyping\u00a0is about partial implementation of the system. It gives the users an idea about what the developer has in his / her mind. The users, based on this partial implementation, give feed back to the developer about whether it is suiting them or, not and changes are made accordingly. This is much more easier than giving feed back later after the complete development process. In\u00a0Incremental\u00a0development, the system is developed in different stages and each consists of requirement, design, development and test phases. Functionality is added to each stage. The\u00a0Spiral\u00a0on the other hand is a risk oriented model of development, where each spiral addresses identified risks.\n\n\nThe\u00a0email-based homework help\u00a0gives a good understanding making the subject practical enough and applicable for any\u00a0assignment help.\n\n\nTranstutors.com\u00a0provides\u00a0homework help\u00a0on time at reasonable charges with detailed answers to the\u00a0Computer Science questions. This is better to get hold of more about the assignments or homework better apart from having the answers. Our tutors are extraordinarily qualified and have years of experience providingSoftware Life Cycle Models\u00a0homework\u00a0help\u00a0or\u00a0assignment help.\n\nGet Software Life Cycle Models Assignment Help with these Q&A\n\nMore Q&A\nSubmit Your Questions Here!\nCopy and paste your question here...\n\nAttach Files\n\nTop Software Life Cycle Models Experts\n\nComputer Science
+__label__negative Untitled Document\n\n\nG.K. papper for IBPS Clerical 2012\n\nWho is the CAG of India ?\n\nWho among these did not win medal In olympics\n\nThe first National Bank in India which obtained license for Internet banking from RBI is\n\nWhich of the following is not a liability of Commercial banks ?\n\nRBI was nationalised on\n\nOpen Market Operations are controlled by\n\nWhat is the Capital of New Zealand\n\nWhat is the full form of ICAR\n\nWhere is Bandipur Natioanl Park\n\nWho is the Prime minister of austrailia\n\nThe full form of SLR\n\nTreasury Bills are shown in India\n\nAt Present which one of the following sectors has largest share in the Natioanl Income of India ?\n\nWhich among of the following Ministry is running the Villege Grain Bank Scheme ?\n\nWho is the Finance minister of India ?\n\nWho is decleared Miss World 2012\n\nWho is the write of My Country My Life\n\nWho among this is given Dronacharya Award in 2012\n\nWhich game does Sebestian Vittal Belong to ?\n\nGolden Peocock Award is given to whom?\n\nWho is the Financial Advisor of Prime Minister?\n\nWho is Shreyansh Kumar Jain?\n\nWhat is the full form of E.P. F.\n\nWhich of the Following term is not true about RTGS transaction?\n\nWhich of the following term is not used in banking sector\n\nWhat does the letter M stand for in the term SME ?\n\nWhich of the following organisation provides credit history of the borrowers\n\nBanking and financial Services , all over the world are regulated usually by Monetary Authority of the land . Who controls this function in India?\n\nWhich of the following loan accounts falls in the purview of base rate system\n\nWhat is Repo Rate\n\nIn olympics Who played with Leander Peas in Doubles ?\n\nWhich term is not used in Badmintton\n\nBrajesh Mishra Passed away Recently . Who was he?\n\nWho won highest gold medals in individual performance in all the Olympics ?\n\nWho is the Writer of Narcopolice?\n\nWho is the governor of Rajasthan?\n\nWho is the Chief Minister of Goa\n\nWho is called Agni Putri For her Contribution in Agni IV\n\nAgha Khan Cup is associated with which Sports\n\nOlympics 2016 will beheld in\n\nG.K. Queries\n\nNotes for B.Ed\n\nNotes On Accounts\n\nFollow Us : F\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0G+\n\nStudy Abroad\n\nBanking Sector\n\nEnglish Literature\n\nFind Institutes\n\n\nCeramic Engineering\n\nLand Scape designing\nAsk and Answer\n\nMaths for competitive exams\n\nG.K.Notes for competitive exams\n\nSome important links for competitive exams\n\n\nCopyright \u00a9 20013- 2014 Gyandaata.com, All rights reserved.
+__label__negative Registration & Records\n\nRegistration & Records\n\nRegistration Information\n\nRegular Hours\n\nMonday, Tuesday, & Friday\n8:15 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.\nWednesday & Thursday\n8:15 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.\n\nClosed \u2013 Saturday & Sunday\n\nSummer Hours\n\nMonday & Thursday\n8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.\nTuesday & Wednesday\n8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.\n\nClosed \u2013 Friday, Saturday,\n& Sunday\n\nGlen Oaks operates on a semester basis, with two 15-week semesters (fall and winter) and a summer session in which courses start and finish at various times.\n\nStudents register for classes according to instructions published each semester in the Class Schedule as well as on our website. The schedule indicates general information on dates and times. Students register on campus or online through the myGOCC portal by completing the necessary registration forms and paying tuition and fees, or setting up a payment plan.\nStudents are not admitted to class until they are properly registered. Any exceptions to this policy must be approved by the Registrar. A full tuition payment is due as directed by the college\u2019s payment procedure. Students must complete an Application for Admission, New Student Orientation, and participate in Placement Evaluation (exception may be granted) before their first registration will be processed. The registration period for all courses shall be determined by the registrar.\nCourse Load\n\n\nStudents desiring to take more than 18 semester hours during the fall or winter semesters must receive approval from an academic advisor. Those seeking permission to overload during a given semester should have an accumulated grade point average of 3.0 or better.\n\nStudent Classification\n\nFull-Time Student:\nPart-Time Student:\n\nNote: This may vary for veterans.\n\nSchedule Change\n\n\nA change in program is not officially recorded until an Add/Drop form has been completed and processed by the Registrar\u2019s Office or Online. The date this form is approved by the Registrar\u2019s Office or processed through Web registration is the date used to determine eligibility for a refund. It is strongly recommended that advice be sought from a counselor and or instructor before a schedule change is made.\n\nMichigan Transfer Network\n\n\nYou can also view a list of the participating institutions along with links to each school\u2019s home page, admissions sites, and transfer information.\n\n\nCap & Gown - Souvenir Gown Size Chart\n\n4\u20199 \u2013 4\u201911 UP TO 130 LB\n5\u20190 \u2013 5\u20192 UP TO 150 LB\n5\u20193 \u2013 5\u20195 UP TO 170 LB\n5\u20196 \u2013 5\u20198 UP TO 250 LB\n5\u20199 \u2013 5\u201911 UP TO 275 LB\n6\u20190 -6\u20192 UP TO 300 LB\n6\u20193 \u2013 6\u20195 UP TO 325 LB\n6\u20196 \u2013 6\u20198 UP TO 350 LB\nPLUS 1: 4\u20199-5\u20195 OVER 200 LB\nPLUS 2: 5\u20196-5\u201911 OVER 275 LB\nPLUS 3: 6\u20190-6\u20195 OVER 325 LB\n\nNOTE: The plus size gown will comfortably fit a bust/waist/hip measurement of 72 inches. If you do not need this much width in the body of the gown but your weight is slightly higher than the ranges listed above, order the next taller gown (example: instead of 5\u20193-5\u20195, order 5\u20196-5\u20198).\n\n  2. Complete the Application for Graduation form located in the Graduation Overview section in your myGOCC account.\n  7. Diplomas will be sent by mail to students satisfying all requirements.\nSecond Degrees or Certificates\n\n\nThe Michigan Transfer Agreement is designed to facilitate transfer from one institution to another. One of the guiding principles of the agreement is to promote transparency among institutions and ensure accurate transfer information for students. The thirty credit hours of lower-level general education from the sending institution will be accepted as a block of 30 credit hours by the receiving institution. Students may complete the Michigan Transfer Agreement as part of an associate degree or as a stand-alone package.\n\nMTA Requirements\n\nTo fulfill the Michigan Transfer Agreement, students must successfully complete at least 30 credits, with at least a 2.0 in each course. These credits, which will be certified by ~ Michigan community college, should be met according to the following distributions (see the MTA Articulation Handbook PDF icon for more details):\n  \u2022 1 course in English Composition and a second course in English Composition or 1 course in Communications\n  \u2022 2 courses in Social Sciences (from two disciplines)\n\nMTA Crosswalk\n\nOne course in English Composition\n(select one)\nENG 121 \u2013 English Composition I\nENG 122 \u2013 English Composition II\n\nA second course in English Composition or Communications\n(select one)\nCOM \u2013 110 Interpersonal Communications\nCOM \u2013 150 Public Speaking\nENG \u2013 126 Creative Writing I\nENG \u2013 226 Creative Writing II\nOne course in Mathematics\n(select one)\nMATH \u2013 117 Finite Mathematics\nMATH \u2013 151 College Algebra\nMATH-161 Calculus I & Analytic Geometry\nMATH-161 Calculus II & Analytic Geometry\nMATH \u2013 201 Intro to Statistics\nTwo courses in Social Science\n(select two different disciplines)\nANTH \u2013 201 Introduction Cultural Anthropology\nECON \u2013 203 Principles of Economics \u2013 Micro\nECON \u2013 204 Principles of Economics \u2013 Macro\nHIST \u2013 101 Western Civilization: Ancient World to 1715\nHIST \u2013 102 Western Civilization II: Europe 1700 to Present\nHIST \u2013 201 US History I: European Colonization to 1877\nHIST \u2013 202 US History II: Reconstruction to Present\nHIST \u2013 204 History of Michigan\nPSI \u2013 110 American Government & Political Science\nPSI \u2013 111 State & Local Government\nPSY \u2013 101 Psychology\nPSY \u2013 210 Human Growth & Development\nPSY \u2013 220 Abnormal Psychology\nPSY \u2013 250 Human Sexuality\nPSY \u2013 260 Social Psychology\nSOC \u2013 120 Principles of Sociology\nSOC \u2013 121 Modern Social Problems\nSOC \u2013 220 Marriage & Family\nTwo Courses in Humanities & Fine Arts\n(select two different disciplines excluding studio & performance classes)\nALH \u2013 250 Medical Law & Bioethics\nART \u2013 100 Art Appreciation\n\nHumanities & Fine Arts Courses (cont.)\nART \u2013 220 History of Art\nART \u2013 221 History of Art II\nENG \u2013 201 Women & Literature\nENG \u2013 233 Children\u2019s Literature\nENG/HUM \u2013 234 World Mythologies\nHIST \u2013 101 Western Civilization: Ancient World to 1715\nHIST \u2013 102 Western Civilization II: Europe 1700 to Present\nHUM \u2013 101 Modern Culture & the Arts\nLNG \u2013 161 Spanish\nLNG \u2013 162 Spanish II\nLNG \u2013 163 Spanish III\nLNG \u2013 261 Spanish IV\nMUS \u2013 150 Music Appreciation\nPHIL \u2013 210 Ethics\nPHIL \u2013 230 Philosophy\nREL \u2013 231 Comparative Religion\nREL \u2013 232 Old Testament\nREL \u2013 233 New Testament\n\nTwo courses in Natural Sciences including one with lab\n(select two different disciplines)\nBIO \u2013 101 Human Biology\nBIO \u2013 110 Biological Form and Function*\nBIO \u2013 120 Biology\nBIO \u2013 121 General Biology\nBIO \u2013 122 General Biology II\nBIO \u2013 125 Environment & Society*\nBIO \u2013 201 Ecology (no lab)*\nBIO \u2013 210 Human Anatomy/Physiology I\nBIO \u2013 211 Human Anatomy/Physiology II\nBIO \u2013 212 Pathophysiology*\nBIO \u2013 220 General Genetics*\nBIO \u2013 230 Microbiology\nCHEM \u2013 130 Chemistry\nCHEM \u2013 133 General Chemistry I\nCHEM \u2013 134 General Chemistry II\nCHEM \u2013 210 Organic Chemistry I\nCHEM \u2013 211 Organic Chemistry II\nGEOG \u2013 142 Physical Geography\nGEOL \u2013 145 Physical Geology\nPHYS \u2013 144 Astronomy\nPHYS \u2013 251 Physics I\nPHYS \u2013 253 Physics II\nPHYS \u2013 254 Physics II Lab\n*Course does not have a lab component\n\nAny student who officially drops a course or courses during the registration period and during the first 10 percent of the academic period may, upon application, receive a full refund of 100% for the tuition and fees. No refunds of tuition and fees will be made for withdrawals after the first 10 percent of the academic period.\n\nTuition and Fee Refund:\n\nRegistration Period & 10 percent Academic Period 100%\n\n\nRefunds: Special Circumstances\nA written request for refund on one of the circumstances shown below needs to be submitted to the Business Office for a full refund of all tuition. This request will be reviewed by the Refund Review Committee, consisting of the Registrar, Senior Accountant and Director of Financial Aid. The decision of the committee determines the refund approval or denial.\n\n  1. Induction or activation of the student into the U.S. Armed Forces.\n\nHow do I request a copy of my transcript?\n\n\n  \u2022 To order an official transcript(s), please visit the National Student Clearinghouse website.
+__label__negative Digit_sum. Help!\n\n\nWhy is c being printed before the for loop?!! I tried using the for/else statement. It is the same. The code is so short but i am unable to see the problem here.\n\n\n\nThe answer is in the error message.\n\nIt returns None when it should return 11.\n\nYour code is printing 11, not returning it.\n\nA link to the exercise would help us to confirm this.\n\n
+__label__negative Portfolio Optimization \u2013 I\n\nWhat is meant by portfolio optimization? Portfolio means grouping of financial assets like Bonds, stocks etc. Portfolio optimization is the process of choosing the proportions of various assets to be held in a portfolio so that with min risk one can get maximum return. Suppose we want to make a portfolio consisting of 5 tyre[\u2026]
+__label__negative \nShopping Cart\nYour shopping cart is empty!\nSCI 228 Week 8 Final Exam\nSCI 228 Week 8 Final Exam\nPrice: $35.00 $27.50\nQty: \u00a0 Check out\nThis Tutorial Purchased:\u00a015\u00a0 Times.\u00a0 Tutorial Rating: A+\n\nattachments This Tutorial contains following Attachments:\n\n  \u2022 SCI 228 - Week 8 - Final Exam.docx\n\nSCI 228 Week 8 Final Exam\n\n(TCO 10) Growth acceleration in adolescence is primarily driven by:\n\n(TCO 10) On average, Americans have a life expectancy that reaches into the:\n\n(TCO 10) The brain grows the most rapidly during the first ________ years of life.\n\n(TCO 9) The absorption of Vitamin ________ increases in older adults.\n\n(TCO 9) Which of the following increases one\u2019s risk of developing an eating disorder?\n\n(TCO 9) Impulsive, low self-esteem, seeks attention, extroverted, and erratic describe personality traits of:\n\n(TCO 7) Who is at risk for a Vitamin E deficiency?\n\n(TCO 7) Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate Vitamin E after it has been oxidized?\n\n(TCO 7) How do antioxidant vitamins stabilize free radicals?\n\n(TCO 8) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral, selenium?\n\n(TCO 8) Where does the body store selenium?\n\n(TCO 8) Which research study demonstrated a link between Vitamin E consumption and a decreased risk of heart disease in smokers?\n\n(TCO 8) Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?\n\n(TCO 8) Research studies have consistently demonstrated an association between a reduced risk of cancer and:\n\n(TCO 7,8) Fluorosis is associated with:\n\n(TCOs 7, 8) Mary G. is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss?\n\n(TCO 7) ________ of an adult\u2019s healthy body weight is fluid.\n\n(TCO 8) Which of the following do sodium and potassium NOT have in common?\n\n(TCO 8) Water has a high heat capacity. What does this term mean?\n\n(TCO 8) Which of the following is TRUE?\n\n(TCO 8) All of the following are major functions of sodium EXCEPT:\n\n(TCO 8) The majority of our body\u2019s phosphorus is stored in the:\n\n(TCO 8) Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes inside a cell is higher than in the extracellular environment?\n\n(TCO 5) The vast majority of fat digestion and absorption occurs in the:\n\n(TCO 5) Which of the following statements is TRUE about trans fatty acids?\n\n\n(TCO 6) Which of the following supplements would you recommend that a vegan add to his or her diet?\n\n(TCO 6) Which of the following is associated with marasmus?\n\n(TCO 6) The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein, energy, and nutrients in the diet is called:\n\n\n(TCO 4) ________ is a highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules found in liver and skeletal muscle cells.\n\n(TCO 4) Major fructose sources include:\n\n(TCO 1) Which government agency regulates the labeling, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of all pesticides in the United States?\n\n(TCO 1) The food-borne illness caused by Campylobacter jejuni is associated with consuming:\n\n(TCO 1) Which of the following is associated with the development of ketosis?\n\n(TCOs 5,10) Jack has a strong family history of heart disease. What lifestyle factors are important for Jack to be aware of to decrease his cardiovascular disease risk?\n\n(TCO 2) Discuss two limitations of the current My Pyramid food guide. Provide possible modifications to the pyramid that would address each of these drawbacks.\n\n(TCO 8) Liz has recently been diagnosed with hypertension. Detail the lifestyle changes that are important for Liz to identify and modify in an effort to improve her situation.\n\n(TCO 9) Describe the process by which the body converts sunlight to active Vitamin D in the body. Discuss the hormones and organs involved in this process.\n\n(TCO 9) Why does the risk for osteoporosis increase with menopause? What are some of the current treatments for osteoporosis?\n\n(TCO 10) Describe the optimal diet for an athlete. Synthesize a healthy plan of diet and exercise for that person (describe the person).\n\n(TCO 1) Discuss the benefits of and concerns regarding genetically modified foods/organisms. What are some legal implications?\n\n(TCO 10) Describe the difficulties that a woman might encounter with breastfeeding and the related strategies used to resolve these issues.\n\n(TCO 2) Using the My Pyramid food guide, describe a healthy diet plan for a vegan. Include types and servings of food within the five categories of the pyramid, as well as comment on nutrients that may need additional attention.\n\n\nWrite a review\n\nYour Name:\n\nYour Review: Note: HTML is not translated!\n\nA \u00a0 B \u00a0 C \u00a0 D \u00a0 F \u00a0\n\nEnter the code in the box below:\n\nAssignmentClick \u00a9 2017 All Rights Reserved
+__label__negative UDislose - Faculty Disclosure: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\n\n\n\n1. Why did the disclosure process change?\u00a0\n2. Who needs to disclose his/her outside professional activities (OPAs)?\n3. If I did not engage in any outside professional activities (OPAs) do I need to complete the\ndisclosure process?\u00a0\n4. Do faculty members still need to complete their Faculty Disclosure Form (FDF) or update the\nDisclosure Profile System (DPS)?\n5. What happens if outside professional activities (OPAs) are not entered in a timely fashion?\u00a0\n6. Where are the disclosure data stored and who has access to view the information in the\nUDisclose System?\u00a0\n7. Do voluntary faculty members need to complete the disclosure process?\u00a0\n8. Are there entities/payors that are excluded from the UM disclosure requirements?\u00a0\n9. Does UM regard performance of OPAs as somehow improper?\n10. What if I have multiple OPAs with the same entity? Do I need to create a separate entry for\neach? What if the dates of activity differ, how would that be shown?\n11. What if I don\u2019t know the exact amount of compensation or duration of OPA at the time of the\nOPA? What do I enter?\u00a0\n12. I performed an OPA in the reporting period but have not received compensation for it yet. Do I\ndisclose it now or wait until I am compensated?\u00a0\n13. Am I required to disclose remuneration received from an outside entity for services performed\n(e.g., data analysis) when the payment is made directly to the University?\u00a0\n14. I have an appointment at the Veterans Affairs Hospital. Is that considered an OPA?\u00a0\n15. If I have a 9-month faculty appointment at UM, do I need to disclose any OPAs conducted over\nthe summer months?\n16. If I am on sabbatical or on leave from the University, do I need to complete the disclosure\n17. Why do I have to disclose unexercised stock options?\u00a0\n18. I perform research, or receive external funding for a scholarly activity at UM. What do I have to\n19. How long do I have to disclose a newly acquired OPA (or FOI)?\u00a0\n20. When do I need to enter compensation/reimbursement for travel?
+__label__negative The following are questions that will be answered by University of\n\nDepartment Name: _______________________________________________\nSubmitted by: ___________________________________\nDate: ___________________\nThe following are questions that must be answered by University of Scranton departments that\nwish to undertake an Imaging and/or Workflow project.\nThe answers to these questions will be used to provide background information to the Workflow\nand Imaging Steering Committee regarding need for the project. They are necessary for\nconsideration of the project by the Committee.\nPlease answer the questions as completely as possible. Provide as much detail as you feel\nnecessary for the Committee members to consider your project in a timely manner. Lack of\ndetail will delay consideration of your project.\n1. What is the business process we are trying to improve?\n2. Who will be affected by the process improvement?\n3. How does changing this business process link to your department\u2019s objectives?\n4. Will solving this problem or seizing this opportunity save the University money or\nincrease revenues?\n5. Will there be additional, non-monetary, benefits? If so, what are they?\n6. Are there specific business process cycles (or scheduled events) that should be\nconsidered for the project?
+__label__negative Print this chapterPrint this chapter\n\n\n1. FAQ\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\n  1. What is BIT@UCSC?\n  2. Who is giving the certifications?\n  3. What are the responsibilities of the UCSC on BIT?\n  4. What are the advantages of doing BIT?\n  5. Does UCSC conduct classes for BIT?\n  6. I don\u0092t need a degree. Can I do your Diploma?\n  7. How much, should I spend for the Diploma?\n  8. Can I pay the Diploma fee in installments?\n  9. I am a foreign student living in Sri Lanka. Can I do the BIT?\n  10. What is EDC?\n  11. How can I get the Student Handbook?\n\n\n  1. What is the Main Entry Qualification (Admission Requirements) for the BIT?\n  2. Is there any other Entry Qualifications for the BIT?\n  3. I haven\u0092t passed GCE A/L. How can I join BIT?\n  4. Can I apply for BIT, with some other qualifications?\n  5. Do I have to sit for a Selection Test?\n  6. Can I apply for BIT with pending A/L result?\n  7. Do I have to pass GCE O/L s to join the BIT@UCSC programme?\n  8. I don\u0092t have C passes for O/L English and Maths. Can I join BIT?\n\n\n  1. Can I start the BIT any time of the year? (Can I register for the BIT in the middle of an academic year?)\n  2. When do the new intakes start?\n  3. When can I apply for BIT Degree program?\n  4. How can I applications?\n  5. How much is the Application Fee? How can I make the application fee?\n  6. Do you give me a reference number?\n  7. Do I have to send any other documents with the Application Form?\n  8. Do I need to send my certificates?\n  9. What is the address to send the Applications? Can I handover the application to the office? Do I have to come personally to the BIT office to handover the Application?\n\n\n  1. Do I get the BIT registration definitely, after filling the Online Application?\n  2. What are the documents required for the BIT Registration?\n  3. Once registered for the BIT programme, what are the benefits that the UCSC provides for me?\n  4. If I register for BIT, am I allowed to register for any other degree?\n  5. During the degree can I skip my registration?\n  6. Within how many years, should I complete the degree?\n  7. Can I get a Class after repeating courses?\n  8. How much does BIT programme cost me?\n  9. Can I make the programme fee in installments?\n\n\n  1. Within how many years can I complete the BIT Degree?\n  2. How many semesters are in BIT Programme?\n  3. What is my academic year?\n  4. How are the semesters planned?\n  5. How are the semesters labeled?\n  6. How is the Academic year 1 planned?\n  7. Which mark is considered for a pass, if I repeat a course?\n  8. What is an attempt?\n  9. Which syllabus is effective for me to award my Diploma?\n  10. Which syllabus and regulations are effective for me to award my Degree?\n  11. Where can I find more details about BIT?\n  12. What is the NVQ level for BIT?\n\n\n  1. What is VLE (Virtual Learning Environment)?\n  2. How can I get VLE access?\n  3. I can\u0092t log into my VLE. What can be the reason?\n  4. Do I have to pay for the VLE access?\n  5. When I log in to the VLE, am I redirected to the profile page?\n  6. My personal details are incorrect in BIT VLE. How can I correct it?\n  7. What is Online Facilitation and Assistance?\n  8. What are the best practices in posting to forums?\n  9. Can I access the VLE courses or sit for BIT examinations after completing my degree?\n  10. If I have to repeat some courses and need to access the relevant course materials in VLE (LMS) do I have to pay to access VLE (LMS)?\n  11. Why am I not getting any e-mails regarding forum posting?\n  12. I have applied for BIT with pending A/L results. Can I have access to VLE (LMS)?\n  13. How to complain about VLE content, questions and services?\n  14. What is the best e-learner award?\n  15. What is the criteria for selecting candidates for best e learner award?\n  16. How can I find solutions for the past papers given in the VLE (LMS)?\n  17. What is the benefit of using forums for my studies?\n\n\n  1. The date of Re-registration deadline is passed. Now, how much I need to pay?\n  2. Can I do the Renewal, without coming to the BIT office?\n  3. Can I collect a confirmation letter without registration?\n\n\n  1. Do I get a university ID card if I register for BIT? How much it cost for me?\n  2. What is necessity of the BIT ID card?\n  3. No enough space to stamp in my BIT ID card. What should I do?\n  4. My BIT ID card is lost how I collect new one?\n\n\n  1. How to apply for the exam?\n  2. Within a semester, do I have to complete all papers of that semester?\n  3. How to calculate the marks for the BIT exam MCQ papers?\n  4. Do I have the GPA 2.0 to go to the next year?\n  5. How much GPA, do I need to go to the next year?\n  6. If I have a GPA less than 1.5, what should I do?\n  7. Within How many attempts do I have to complete the degree?\n  8. What will happen, if I couldn\u0092t complete the 1st year, in 5 years period?\n  9. Within how many attempts do I have to pass a course?\n  10. Where can I find the BIT past papers?\n  11. If I re-attempted a repeat course, will I be able to get a better grade than \u0093C\u0094?\n  12. Is it necessary to follow all optional courses?\n  13. Is the project compulsory?\n  14. What is the minimum grade that should I obtain to pass a course? What is the minimum mark to pass an EN course?\n  15. What is the minimum grade eligible for credit calculation? Is it C or D?\n  16. Can I do semester 2 exams without doing semester 1 exams?\n  17. How many credits need to be obtained for the degree? Is it necessary to have 30 credits for each year?\n  18. I have pending assignments in year 2. Now I am a 3rd year student. Do I need to register for 2nd year also to complete my VLE assignments?\n  19. My 2nd year GPA is more than 2, but I have a D+. Will I be able to get the HDIT?\n  20. I have failed the enhancement courses. Can I collect the degree?\n  21. Exam application deadline is passed. Now, how much should I pay for the exams?\n  22. I can\u0092t select my subject in exam application. What should I do?\n  23. I passed e-test in last year. But I didn\u0092t sit for the practical test. Is my e-test mark valid for this year?\n  24. Without Passing all the subjects in the 1st year, can I proceed to the 2nd year?\n  25. What are the criteria to get the Diploma in IT?\n  26. What are the criteria to get the Higher Diploma?\n  27. What are the conditions to get the BIT degree?\n  28. How can I be eligible for Diploma in IT and Higher Diploma in IT?\n  29. How to calculate the 1st year GPA?\n\n\n  1. Are practice quiz marks considered for assignments?\n  2. VLE Assignments & the Online Assessments, are these same or not?\n  3. What is an Enhancement Course and Online Assessment?\n  4. What is an enhancement course?\n  5. What is an online assessment?\n  6. What is the duration of the online assessment?\n  7. What is the pass mark of the online assessment?\n  8. How can I know the result of the online assessment?\n  9. What is an online assignment?\n  10. Where can I find the assignments?\n  11. What is the structure of questions of online assignment?\n  12. What is the best way of answering questions in Assignments?\n  13. What is the criterion to complete the VLE (LMS) assessments satisfactorily for a given year?\n  14. What are 'grades' in assignments?\n  15. How can I know the result of the online assignments?\n  16. We can review our assignments soon after the completion. But when we closed it, there's no option to review it again. Why can't we review our assignment questions more than once?\n  17. If I have successfully completed the VLE (LMS) assignments, but have to repeat some courses, do I have to re-attempt the VLE (LMS) assignments as well?\n  18. If I do not complete all the VLE assignments successfully what would be the effect?\n  19. If I failed any VLE assignment in a previous year, do I have to pay again to access the VLE related that academic year?\n  20. Can I discuss VLE assignment question in the forums?\n  21. I passed the VLE assignment in the last year. But my subject is repeated. Do I need to re-do the assignment again?\n  22. Can I discuss VLE assignment questions in the forums?\n  23. What happens when a VLE assignment question is wrong?\n\n\n  1. How can I find required main reading books for a course?\n  2. How can I find past paper?\n  3. How can I find solutions for past papers which are in VLE (LMS)?\n  4. Are practice quiz marks considered for assignments?\n  5. What is the benefit of using forums for my studies?\n  6. Where can I find the necessary information about BIT exam application forms, payments, time tables, results, etc.\n  7. I am already registered for Year 2 or 3. Do I have to register again for Year 1 or 2 to repeat courses from that year(s)?\n  8. Do you consider VLE (LMS) assignment marks for the GPA?\n  9. If I repeat a course should I wait till the next academic year to re sit for the examination?\n\n\n  1. Can I pursue a BIT External Degree while pursuing another degree?\n  2. Can I exit BIT degree while studying?\n\n\n  1. How to get a transcript?\n  2. How to collect letters?\n  3. How to collect BIT certificates?\n  4. Payment for certificates?\n  5. Where can I find more details about BIT?\n\nLast updated on 16th July, 2018
+__label__negative Private Guitar Lessons \u2013 What You Need to Know\n\nWhen considering guitar lessons there are many choices of how to do it. This article will cover Private Guitar Lessons.\n\nPrivate guitar lessons can be the most effective method for learning the guitar. Private guitar lessons are one on one with student and the teacher. Since there are not other students like in a group lesson situation, the teacher can focus on you without the distractions of another student. Private guitar lessons are more personal and can focus on the needs of the individual that can get over looked in a group lesson. The following are examples of points of focus that can best covered in private guitar lessons.\n\n*Posture: Not the posture like when your mother tells you to sit up straight, but how you hold your guitar. There are small variations of how you hold your guitar that vary from person to person that can make the difference of effectively you can play your guitar. An good experienced instructor can see small posture changes that a student can make that can make a big difference. These are often missed in a group setting.\n*Nasty habits: Some of the worst habits in technique that I\u2019ve ever seen in a guitarist happened because they were never told not to do it. Private guitar lessons can avoid these problems because of the personal attention received.\n*Un-answered questions: One of the most important things in learning the guitar is to understand what you are supposed to be working on. This requires a lot of question and answer time with the teacher. In a group lesson situation students may not get questions answered fully because of time restrictions or simply not ask because of limited time or not wanting to ask in front of other students. Private guitar lessons offer the ability to ask questions without distractions and to be able communicate if they don\u2019t understand the answer.\n*Guitar set up issues: Often student frustration is caused by a problem with there guitar. Beginners have special needs as to the set up of there guitar for ease of learning. Set up problems are often missed in a group setting. In private guitar lessons the teacher can have the time to check at each lesson if there are problems with the student\u2019s guitar that are causing progress problems.\nAs you can see, private guitar lessons offer things that can\u2019t be found in other settings and are the most effective way to learn to play the guitar.\n\n\n\nThis free course expires in:\n\n\nGet 2 hours of FREE Guitar Lesson.
+__label__negative How puppets are made and operate? \u2013 Axtell Puppets Animals\n\nThe puppets are made of wire, which can be cut into various size (5cm\u00d75cm), and a hollow metal frame which is cut out of the hollow metal, and fitted with a battery and LED light.\n\nThe LED light is illuminated by an electro-flux generator which is turned on by a light dimmer. The lights are fed from an AC electrical socket, which can be plugged into the bottom of the puppet head.\nNever stop learning, because life never stops teaching. # ...\n\nIt was designed to be as light as possible without obstructing its function. The puppet head is also removable on request for cleaning.\n\nStill loading\u2026\n\nA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV 1 NATIONAL ABSTRACT 2 version control # 3 Official Name Republic of India Development Points 4 Player Username eoer 3 GDP Breakdown 5 Nation number 17 Player Seed 778 <----- Given by mod, 4 digits Army Development Civilian Development 15.6 Miltary 1.88% 6 First Year? No Check sidebar! Army ATTACK 4 Commercial SECTOR 5 150 Commerce 26.41% 7 % of Population in Military 3.60% Only edit green fields! Army DEFENSE 5 Industrial SECTOR 11 240 Industry 9.42% 8 Tail to Tooth Ratio 3:1 Blue fields are derived stats. Army LOGISTICS 2 Agricultural SECTOR 26 9 Tax Rate (100% Max) 38% Purple fields are mod assigned! Navy Development Resource SECTOR 32 1 75 Agriculture 2.20% 10 Deaths Last Year Navy ATTACK 0 Civilian LOGISTICS 9 320 Resources 15.20% 11 Population Last Year 5,836,098 Navy DEFENSE 0 State BUREAUCRACY 17 24 Civilian logistics 0.98% 12 To advance the year, type the number in Population (Current) (CELL D16) above Navy LOGISTICS 0 People WELFARE 22 9 Beauracracy 0.57% 13 When you do that, THEN advance the year here: 2152 IN GAME YEAR Air Force Development ready set learn books, how to learn fast english conversation, how to learn ventriloquism dummies guides books, southwestern explore and learn books by southwestern, how to learn faster with the feynman technique for learning
+__label__negative Wed. Aug 4th, 2021\n\n    Many of the students might be having great interest in a subject like Mathematics. It is a subject that will help them to know more about how different things are calculated and how each concept of mathematics can be applied in real life to get the solutions. Once the students come to the high school, they become familiar with the interesting topic like Prime factorization.\n\n    Now the first question arises what is prime factorization and what does it do? It is a way of expressing the number as a product that is known as the prime factor. The prime numbers are the numbers that have only two factors i.e 1 and the number itself. For example, we take the number 7. It has only two factors i.e. 1 and 7, so it is a prime number. The smallest prime number is the 2.\n\n    For understanding the prices of prima factorizations, we take the example of number 30. We all know that 5*6 comes out to be 30. Here 6 is not a prime number, so 6 is the product of two numbers i.e. 2 and 3. Therefore the prime factorizations will comes out to be 2*3*5= 30.\n\n    So basically the process of writing the numbers as the product of the prime numbers is known as the prime factorization. Many prime numbers start from 2 followed by 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 31, and the list continues. To calculate the prime factorization of the given number, two commonly used methods make it easy for the student to calculate it i.e. Prime factorization using factor tree methods and Division method of Prime Factorization.\u00a0\n\n    \u2022 Prime Factorization using Factor Tree method: In this, the student can follow certain steps given below:\n    1. First of all the student needs to understand the given numbers as the root of the tree, that comes at the top of the tree factor.\n    2. Then the corresponding pair of factors are written in the form of the branches of the tree.\n    3. All the composite numbers are factorized to such an extent that all the prime factors list comes out on the branches of the tree.\n    4. In the end, multiplication is done of all the prime factors to get the final answer.\n\n    For example, the student is given the number 600, to find the prime factorization.\u00a0 The two highest factors will be 20 and 30, so both these are composite numbers, so the student needs to factorize it further. 20 will give again two factors 4 and 5. On the other hand, 30 will give two factors 6 and 5. Now there is only one composite number left in 20 factors i.e. 4 that gives two factors 2 and 2 whereas 6 from 30 gives two factors 2 and 3. Now the student is left with all the prime factors. The answer will be 2*2*2*3*5*5 = 600.\u00a0\n\n    \u2022 Division method of Prime factorization: In this method of factorizations, the numbers are divided with prime numbers, so simplify the given number. In this the student can follow certain steps given below:\n    1. First of all the student needs to divide the number with the smallest prime number correctly to get the simplified number.\n    2. Again the simplified number is divided into the smallest prime factor, this process is repeated until the quotient becomes 1.\n    3. Finally in the end the person needs to multiples all the prime factors that are the divisors of in this division to get the final result.\n\n    There are different range of properties of Prime factorization given below:\n\n    \u2022 Cryptography and Prime factorization: It is a method of protecting the information and communicating them in the code language. In this, it plays a very important role to provide great help in the usage of different computers.\n    \u2022 HCF and LCM usingprime factorization: To evaluate HCF and LCM of the two numbers, prime factorization plays a very important role.\n\n    So, if the student has the in-depth knowledge about the prime factorization and the multiples involved in find that, it can become an easy task for them. If it seems tough task, they can always take an expert help from Cuemath, an excellent online coaching platform.\n\n    Leave a Reply\n
+__label__negative Tag Archives: intervention strategy\n\nWhat is the SST?\n\nAn SST in some states stands for student support team but I have also heard them referred to as student success team.\u00a0 The goal of an SST is to try to find academic interventions and accommodations that might help an individual student be successful in a specific area. SST meetings usually occur once a month. The teacher is in charge of implementing the intervention strategy or accommodation for the student and documenting any results. If this is not done correctly, the SST process is stalled.\n\nContrary to popular belief, the SST process is not necessarily the precursor to being tested for a learning disability. If certain interventions are successful, they are documented and should be used for years to come to help the student be successful. SST\u2018s should be revisited\u00a0monthly and if they are no longer necessary, they should be classified as closed. An SST can be reopened at anytime in the future if an educator or parent sees it as necessary. Even if an SST is considered closed, it should remain in the student\u2019s permanent file for future teachers to review and be aware of.\n\nIf there is no improvement after all SST intervention strategies and accommodations are considered, tried and documented, the possibility of having a student tested for a learning disability should be considered.\n\nhttp://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Leveled-Expository-Writing-System-867302\u00a0offers a leveled writing \u00a0system that can be used as an\u00a0intervention strategy\u00a0during the SST process. Check it out!\n\nWritten by,\n\nKasha Mastrodomenico
+__label__negative Katie Clemons\n\n\nKatie Clemons\n\nName: Katie Clemons\n\nConcentration: Pre-vet\n\nEmail: kclemon@purdue.edu\n\nWhere are you from? A military family, mainly Germany, TX, AZ (& SC, CO, IA), but home is where the heart is\n\nWhat's your specie(s) of interest? Small Animals (cats/dogs)\n\nWhat are you involved in? Assistant in Oncology at PUVTH, Prevet Club, Int. AG Ambassador\n\nWhat is your favorite Purdue tradition? Football, Tailgating, Team Spirit\n\nIf you could choose an animal, what would you be? Hawk (or bird of prey), I want to fly\n\nWhat is your favorite class? All Biology classes but right now ANSC 221
+__label__negative Sick Days\n\nFor up to the first seven days of an extended, medically certified illness of injury which is not work related, the faculty member or administrative salaried employee's regular salary is covered in full. This is a sick day benefit. Sick days do not vest and are not paid out at the time of termination.\n\nShort Term Disability\n\nThe Colleges' short term disability policy covers periods of medically certified illness or injury when the illness or injury is non-work related. The Colleges provide coverage that is consistent with, but exceeds the requirements of New York State Disability Law. Generally, coverage is provided for any certified non-work related illness or injury lasting more than seven calendar days. Payment of benefits begins on the eighth calendar day of medically certified illness or injury and runs for up to a maximum of 26 weeks. An individual may have multiple periods of disability in a 12-month period, subject to certain restrictions, though the sum total of the periods of disability may not exceed 26 weeks in any 12-month period. Payment is 70% of average weekly wages up to a maximum benefit of $800 per week. For more information and/or disability claim forms, please contact the Office of Human Resources.\n\nSalary Continuance for periods of Short Term Disability\n\nThe Colleges also have a salary continuance benefit policy which is comprised of two parts. The first part is a salary makeup benefit to cover the gap between an employee's regular salary and the insured benefits. The second part is a salary continuance benefit to cover certain disability periods which fall outside the maximum periods of short-term disability under New York State regulations. In both cases the eligibility for salary continuance ends when the administrative employee becomes eligible for long-term disability benefits.\n\n(1) For periods of extended, medically certified illness or injury which is not work related, beginning with day eight, the Colleges provide all benefits-eligible administrative employees with the equivalent of full pay. The Colleges do this by making up the difference between the short-term disability payment (described above), part-time salary within the Colleges (if any), and the administrative employee's regular salary for as long as the administrative employee is disabled. The maximum benefit period under the salary continuance policy is 26 weeks in any rolling 12-month period. All periods of extended, medically certified illness or injury within the rolling 12-month period will be applied toward the 26 week maximum.\n\n(2) Additionally, an administrative employee may have (a) multiple periods of disability caused by different illnesses and injuries exceeding the 26-week maximum benefit period in any 12-month period or (b) recurring periods of disability from the same or related illness or injury where the periods of disability are separated by more than three months and the total of the multiple periods of disability exceed the 26-week maximum benefit period in any 12-month period. In both of these two instances, the Colleges will provide salary continuance equal to the administrative employee's regular full salary or the gap between the administrative employees' regular full salary and the part-time salary earned during a period of disability, for the period of short-term disability in excess of the 26-week maximum.\n\n(3) Upon return to work following the disability period, the employee must provided their supervisor with a written statement from their attending physician which may also include any limitations.\n\nThough the paragraphs above are focused on full-time disability, there are also provisions for partial disability. The employee must first exhaust seven consecutive sick days and establish a potential long-term disability date in order to be eligible for the benefit. The Office of Human Resources would be glad to meet with anyone concerned with issues of disability to review how disability and salary continuance benefits work.\n\nFor the eligible employees not working during the non-academic months, the sick day, disability, and salary continuance policies continue across periods of time when classes are not in session. Under New York law, periods during which no work is performed but which are contiguous to a period of active employment and following which there is a presumption of the continuation of active employment, are deemed to be periods of employment for determining periods of disability.\n\nIn order to be eligible for any of the above benefits, an individual must file a disability claim with the Office of Human Resources before the scheduled procedure begins (where advance knowledge is reasonable) or as soon after the injury or onslaught of illness as possible. If claim forms are not received in a timely fashion, there may be a lag in time between the end of regular salary payments and the start of disability and salary continuance benefit payments. Further, some or all of the benefits described above may be forfeited if the claim form is delayed for too long.\n\nLong-Term Disability\n\nLong-term disability coverage is effective on the first of the month following the faculty member's date of hire with the Colleges. The Colleges pay the full premium cost of this benefit.\n\nBenefits start the first of the month following a six-month elimination period and continue while the administrative employee is disabled, up to age 65, or, depending on age at inception of disability, until age 70. The elimination period is a period of continuous disability, though limited periods of work are allowable within the context of the definition of continuous disability. A period of trial return to work, of less than three months, is not considered a break in a period of continuous disability.\n\nOnce an administrative employee is on long-term disability, the benefits available under the long-term disability policy are provided to the exclusions of any other compensation or other payments from the Colleges (unless the administrative employee is due some compensation for working on a limited basis while receiving long-term disability benefits). See, however, the premium waiver provision of the Colleges' life insurance program which provides for a continuation of insurance coverage during periods of long-term disability.\n\nPartial coverage under long-term disability is provided if administrative employees are able to return to the workforce on a part-time basis and are earning less than 80% of their regular salaries.\n\nThe benefit amount is 60% of monthly wages up to a maximum benefit of $7,000 per month. Benefits are reduced by payments received from other sources (Social Security, other Colleges' sponsored disability payments, workers' compensation).\n\nBecause the Colleges pay the premiums for the long-term disability, the benefits are taxable to the recipient (under the current tax code). However, social security benefits are not. The combination of the untaxed social security benefits and the after-tax disability benefits begins to approximate the after-tax salary before long-term disability. Employees should be aware that this tax information is illustrative only and may not reflect an administrative employee's specific circumstances or the status of the tax code at the point in time that benefits are received. Person-specific tax advice needs to come from an appropriate professional and cannot come from the Colleges.\n\nWhile a administrative employee is disabled, the long-term disability plan provides a 10% contribution to the administrative employee's TIAA/CREF account.\n\nThe Colleges provide this benefit through coverage under a group insurance policy. For further details of this coverage, refer to the Summary Plan Description or to the Office of Human Resources.\n\n\n\nFor more information about any of these policies, please contact The Office of Human Resources.
+__label__negative Beyond the Break\n\n\nBeyond the Break is an inter-professional and continuing education series for health professionals across Ontario. Improve your knowledge on: emerging best practices, screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of osteoporosis.\n\nWho is Beyond the Break for?\u00a0Beyond the Break is a webinar series targeted to health professionals and clinicians.\n\nHow do I watch Beyond the Break? Webinars are hosted on Zoom at 12:00PM and is organized by the Communciations & Education Coordinator. It is free to watch.\n\nIf I miss watching the webinar, is there somewhere I can watch it later? All Beyond the Break webinars are archived within 1-2 business days and can be accessed through the Ontario Osteoporosis Strategy website.
+__label__negative \n\nUnit 3\n\nWho was John Cage?\n\u2013 1912-1992\n\u2013 A composer, a radical, and a philosopher\n\u2013 1940s: Experimentation (electronics, toy piano, etc\u2026)\n\u2013 1950s: Chance music (\u201caleatoric\u201d or \u201caleatory\u201d music)\n\u2013 Williams Mix: 192 page score of random sounds\n\u2013 4\u201933\u201d: silence\n\nWho was Milton Babbitt?\n\u2013 1916-2011\n\u2013 Philomel (1964): one of the first compositions with a synthesizer and has Bethany Beardsley singing soprano. Based on the Greek myth of Philomela, who has no voice and becomes a nightingale\n\nWho was Elliot Carter?\n\u2013 1908-2012\n\u2013 String Quartet No. 1 1950-1951\n\u2013 Composed while spending a year in the Arizona desert\n\nWhat was \u201cOklahoma!\u201d?\n\u2013 Rodgers & Hammerstein\u2019s first collaboration, it opened in 1943.\n\u2013 Based on the 1931 play Green Grow the Lilacs.\n\u2013 It builds on Show Boat as a \u201cbook musical,\u201d which weaves the songs smoothly into the plot. It also uses dramatic and musical motives throughout\u2014very effective.\n\u2013 It evokes a range of emotions from the audience, not simply laughter.\n\u2013 There is a \u201cdream ballet\u201d by Agnes de Mille\nlate in Act I.\n\u2013 It ran for over 2,000 performances.\n\nWhat was \u201cKiss Me Kate?\u201d\n\u2013 A response to Rodgers & Hammerstein\u2019s hit musical Oklahoma! (the first modern Broadway musical that integrated plot and music).\n\u2013 Cole Porter, composer / lyricist; this was a comeback for him; he had written hit musicals in the \u201930s.\n\u2013 He was best known for his clever lyrics and \u201csassy\u201d music.\n\u2013 Based on Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew\n\u2013 A play within a play\n\u2013 Ran for 1,000+ performances: Porter\u2019s biggest hit!\n\nWho was Leonard Bernstein?\n\u2013 1918-1990\n\u2013 a \u201ccrossover\u201d composer and a conductor\n\u2013 \u201cAmerica\u201d\n\u2013 \u201cSomewhere\u201d ballet\n\nWho was George Crumb?\n\u2013 b. 1929\n\u2013 A Neo-Romanticist\n\u2013 Ancient Voices of Children \u201cThe Child Is Finding His Voice\u201d\n\nWho was Philip Glass?\n\u2013 b. 1937\n\u2013 minimalism (along with other Americans Steve Reich and Terry Riley)\n\u2013 Einstein on the Beach\n\nWho was Richard Serra?\n\u2013 Fulcrum 2\n\u2013 minimalism\n\nWhat was \u201cEinstein on the Beach?\u201d\n\u2013 Glass\u2019s first and longest opera score\n\u2013 c 5 hours long, with no intermission\n\u2013 Robert Wilson wanted the audience to be free to enter and leave as they wished.\n\u2013 A plotless libretto\n\u2013 Consists of solfege syllables, numbers, and short segments of poetry or text developing on the themes of general relativity, nuclear weapons, science and AM radio\n\u2013 9 connected 20-min. scenes separated by what Wilson\ncalls knee plays\n\u2013 The knees created the time needed to change the scenery of Wilson\u2019s seven sets, which were carefully designed to interplay with the music.\n\u2013 An \u201corchestra\u201d of soprano saxophone, electronic organ,\nflute, bass clarinet, alto saxophone, and one or two\nadditional keyboards. On stage appear various soloists,\ntwo choruses (fourteen people and six people), dancers\nand four actors.\n\nWho was Tania Le\u00f3n?\n\u2013 b. 1943\n\u2013 a very promising composer of opera\n\u2013 Cuban-American\n\u2013 Heads the composition program at Brooklyn College\n\u2013 \u201cOh Yemanja\u201d (Mother\u2019s Prayer)\n\u2013 Yemanje: On Jan. 1, Brazilians celebrate the feast of this ocean goddess from Africa. In Rio, over a million people dress in white and wade in the ocean at dusk to pay homage to her.\n\nWhat is bebop Jazz?\n(e.g., pianist Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker)\u2014fast tempos, complex harmonies, intricate melodies, and rhythm sections that laid down a steady beat only on the bass and the drummer\u2019s side cymbal, usually played by small combos. Bebop tunes were often labyrinthine, full of surprising twists and turns. Popular in the 40s.\n\nWhat is cool jazz?\n(e.g., trumpeter Miles Davis, pianist Dave Brubeck)\u2014a lighter, more romantic style that combined the melodic and swinging aspects of the earlier swing era with the harmonic and rhythmic developments of bebop. Associated with the West Coast. Popular in the 50s.\n\nWhat was jazz like in the 1960s?\nFree jazz (comparable to abstract art), modal jazz, and Afroamerican civil rights became intertwined and pushed aside Bebop. Soul jazz began. Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman, Charles Mingus, Stan Getz, Gerry Mulligan, John Coltrane. A split between audience preferences and the styles current. Poll results (Encyclopedia of Jazz) listed Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, Lester Young and Count Basie as top jazz figures, in that order.\n\nWhat technology became commonplace in 1988?\n\nWho was Wynton Marsalis?\n\u2013 b. New Orleans 1961, where he learned to play jazz, funk, classical music; then to Juilliard.\n\u2013 Played with Art Blakey, who taught him that \u201cjazz is democracy\u201d\n\u2013 Built his own band and toured (120 gigs/yr. for 10 yrs)\n\u2013 Also composed; some of his works are huge in size\u2014e.g., All Rise, with the New York Philharmonic (conducted by Kurt Masur), the Morgan State University Choir, and the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra\n\u2013 Also cofounded \u201cJazz at Lincoln Center\u201d (1987)\n\u2013 Became the first jazz musician ever to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music for his epic oratorio Blood on the Fields (1997)\n\nWhat is bluegrass music?\n\u2013 Acoustic, not electric, instruments\n\u2013 Typical instruments: banjo (5-string), guitar (the rhythm instrument), fiddle, mandolin, dobro , and bass.\n\u2013 Additional instruments: spoons, bones, washboards, harmonica, even accordion\n\u2013 Fast tempo and high-pitched singing\n\u2013 If the song permits, everyone with an instrument capable of soloing takes a turn.\n\u2013 Named for Bill Monroe\u2019s \u201cBluegrass Boys,\u201d it thrived after WWII\n\nWho was the country\u2019s first popular female country singer?\nKitty Wells\n\nWhen was the \u201cBritish Invasion?\u201d\n1964 when the Beatles came to america\n\nWho covered Tito Puente\u2019s \u201cOye como va?\u201d\n\u2013 A \u201cdriving, cranked-up version\u201d in a new style of Latin rock (associated with musicians like Santana),\n\u2013 Adds electric guitar, Hammond organ, and a rock drum kit to the instrumentation and drops the original brass section.\n\u2013 The guitar solos and an organ solo are rooted in rock and the blues but also contain licks similar to those of the original arrangement.\n\u2013 Santana\u2019s rendition appears in the Coen Brothers movie The Big Lebowski.\n\nWho is known as the father of gospel music?\nThomas A. Dorsey (1899-1993)\n\nWhat song is the first rap piece to use an electronically generated beat as its only background?\n\u201cIt\u2019s Like That\u201d by Run-D.M.C.\n\nParker\u2019s Mood\n\u2013 \u201cimprovised\u201d by Charlie Parker, John Lewis, Max Roach, and Curly Russell (c. 1950)\n\u2013 Bebop\n\n\u2013 John Coltrane (1965), performed by him and his quartet\n\u2013 virtuosic jazz\n\nWhere Is the Life That Late I Led\n\u2013 in \u201cKiss me, Kate\u201d by Cole Porter (1948)\n\u2013 song in a 1940s broadway musical\n\n\u2013 in \u201cWest Side Story\u201d by Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Leventz, Stephen Sondheim (1957)\n\u2013 song in a 1950s broadway musical\n\n\u2013 in \u201cInto the Woods\u201d by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine (1986)\n\u2013 Song in a 1980s broadway musical\n\n\u2013 John Cage\n\u2013 chance music\n\nPhilomel excerpt\n\u2013 Milton Babbitt\n\u2013 mixed electronic and live music\n\nAncient Voices of Children, \u201cThe Child is Looking for His Voice\u201d\n\u2013 by George Crumb to Federico Garcia Lorca texts\n\u2013 song cycle for mezzo-soprano and chamber ensemble\n\nIt Wasn\u2019t God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels\n\u2013 by J.D. Miller, sung by Kitty Wells\n\u2013 country music by a woman\n\nIt\u2019s Mighty Dark to Travel\n\u2013 by Bill Monroe and his Bluegrass Boys\n\u2013 Bluegrass music\n\nPapa\u2019s Got a Brand New Bag\n\u2013 by James Brown\n\u2013 Funk\n\nEinstein on the Beach\n\u2013 by Philip Glass and Robert Wilson\n\u2013 minimalist \u201cportrait opera\u201d\n\nOh, Yemanje\n\u2013 aria in Scourge of Hyacinths by Tania Le\u00f3n and Wole Soyinka\n\u2013 opera based on an African-Brazilian myth\n\nOn the Transmigration of Souls\n\u2013 by John Adams for the first anniversary of September 11th\n\u2013 work for choirs, orchestra, and live and recorded street sounds\n\nOye como va\n\u2013 by Tito Puente (1962), covered by Santana (1970)\n\u2013 Latin Rock\n\nIt\u2019s Like That\n\u2013 by Run DMC\n\u2013 Rap featuring the first synthesized \u201cinstrumental\u201d background; also considered the first political rap recording\n\nTalk about Jesus\n\u2013 by Thomas A. Dorsey, sung by Marion Williams\n\u2013 Chicago gospel music\n\nIn This House, on This Morning excerpt\n\u2013 by Wynton Marsalis for a 7 piece jazz ensemble\n\u2013 concert work that depicts a Southern Black church worship service\n\n\u2013 in \u201cPicture of Nectar\u201d by Phish\n\u2013 Virtuosic jazz/rock\n\nPoker Face\n\u2013 Lady Gaga at the Grammy\u2019s\n\u2013 Original song from a current rockstar\n\nNavajo: Weaving the Yei\n\u2013 from WEAVING(S) by Ruth Lomon (2009) for clarinet, cello, piano, vibraphone/tom-toms\n\u2013 Chamber work referring to the Navajo rugs that have the figures of the Yei, Navajo deities, woven in. References some Navajo melodies\n\n\n\n\nNo results found for \u201c image\nTry Our service
+__label__negative Study your flashcards anywhere!\n\nDownload the official Cram app for free >\n\n  \u2022 Shuffle\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Alphabetize\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Front First\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Both Sides\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n  \u2022 Read\n    Toggle On\n    Toggle Off\n\nHow to study your flashcards.\n\n\n\nH key: Show hint (3rd side).h key\n\nA key: Read text to speech.a key\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\nPlay button\n\n\n\n\nClick to flip\n\n40 Cards in this Set\n\n  \u2022 Front\n  \u2022 Back\n  \u2022 3rd side (hint)\nWho was responsible for the magic bullet? and the 606 tries to find a cure for syphillus?\nWhat was the name of the cure?\nWhat is the active ingredient in sulfanilamide\nwho discovered Prontosil? the 1900's\nWhat is prontosil?\nAnalog of PABA\nWhat is PABA?\nfolic acid is a competitive inhibitor, and plays a crucial role in metabolism. Take it when you're pregnant\nWhat is Hydrochloride?\nAnti-Tuberculosis remedy\nWhat is used for UTI infections?\nNalidixic Acid\nWhat is salvarsan?\nIt is an arsenic compound...the start of chemotherapy\nWhat are the four synthetic drugs that we covered?\nSalvarsan, Prontosil, Isoniazid, and Nalidixic Acid\nwhat do sulfa drugs do?\nSD's make PABA inactive. Micro-organisms synthesize folic acid. We have to eat folic acid. Sulfa's inhibit folic acid...but since we don't make it in our bodies, it works on micro-organisms. Sulfa drugs compete with PABA in folic acid.\nWhat kind of an infection is amphotericin B?\nwhat do we get ampicillin from?\npenicillin chrys.\nWhat is the type of antibio that we use on small children?\nWhat are the four antibiotics used for G + organisms?\nPenicillin, Erythromycin, Cephalothin, and Bacitracin\nPenny, Eryca, Cephie, and Baci (becky)\nWhat is bacitracin used for?\nwhat type of antibiotics do most doctors and dentists use?\nGram +\nWhat are two examples of G - antibiotics?\nGentamicin, and Zyvox(linezolid, 2000)\nWaht is Gentamicin known for?\nnephro-toxocities (in the liver)\nname 5 Broad Spectrum (affects both G+ and G- )antibiotics\nWhat is unizue about Chloramphenicol?\nbad side affects, but it works against typhoid fever\nwhat causes Typhoid Fever?\nSalmonella Typhii\nWhat Ab is used for ear infections in children?\nWhat is the mode of action of a protozoa in antibiotics?\nto inhibit cell wall synthesis,\ndamage cell wall\ninhibit's protein synthesis\ninhibit's nucleic acid synthesis\nWhat does AAPMC stand for?\nWhat are two protozoan Ab's?\nChloroquine, and metronidazole\nName a beta lactamase\nWhat is special about beta lactamases?\nthey are very tough to beat.\nexplain zoning.\nthe bigger the zone is around that organism,the more suceptible that organism is to that anti-microbial.\nwhat is the \"r factor?\"\na plasmid. Codes for multiple anti-biotic resistance\nWhat are two tests used for Antibiotic Sensitivity testing?\nKirby Bauer disk plate assay\nMIC determination-minimum inhibitory concentration: take antimic and dillute it, and add organism and incubate to see concentration\nWhat are five synthetic antivirals?\nand Zidovudine (AZT = Retrovir\nWhat are hte four ingredients in HART?\nZamoduvodine, Lamoduvovine, Duvodine, and Retronovir\nWhat type of organism is Bacitracin used against?\nG +\nWhat type of organism is Cephalothin used against?\nG +\nWhat is the source of Cephalothin?\nCephlosporium acremonium\nWhat is the source of Erythromycin?\nStreptomyces erythreus\nWhere are a lot of antibiotics grown inthe soil?\nAbbott, Libertyville.\nWhat is the drug, Augmentin used for?\npheumoniz, bronchitis, UTI's, Cellulitis\nWhat organisms does Rocephin kill?\nSA, EC, Strepto P, KP, HI
+__label__negative Students & Teachers:\n\nWhat role can the district play in reducing the stress on students from high stakes testing?\n\nWhat can the districts do to lessen the damages from harsh testing and accountability sanctions?\n\nWhat is the plan to find alternative approaches for capable students who do not respond well to the high-stakes agenda?\n\n\nLost Class Time:\n\nHow much of the district Progression Plan is statutorily mandated and how much is a result of district choices?\n\nWhat are the average school hours/days per year spent on test prep and testing?\n\n\n\nWho mandates each test \u2013 Federal, State or District?\n\nAre some individual schools making the decision to count benchmark test results toward final grades?\n\nOther districts are cutting tests, why isn\u2019t this district doing the same?\n\nWhat are test scores used for?\n\n\n\nWhat is the cost to tax payers for the administration of all the additional testing?\n\nWhat is the cost of individual tests, cost of technology, cost of test security, administration and scoring?\n\n\n\nHow much time passes between tests and results?\n\nAre results useful to teachers/students/parents in a timely manner?\n\n\n\nHow far away is the district from full digital capacity for every student? Are there plans to move to wireless?\n\nHow often in recent years have high school student tests been interrupted due to system failure?\n\nDid the Florida Legislature fund the mandate for every district to be fully digital by 2015?\n\n\nOn-line Student Readiness\n\nAre there plans to teach typing/keyboarding skills within the context of a dedicated course?\n\nHas the district determined what age is appropriate for children to learn to type? What is the protocol for this?\n\n\n\nSome districts are actively using portfolios to promote students. For example, one district used portfolios 365 times in a year while another used then 49 times.\u00a0 Why the disparity?\n\nAre districts allowed to design their own portfolio requirements or is the content state mandated?\u00a0 Please explain.\n\n\nThird Grade Retention/other mandatory retention grades\n\nHow many students were retained last year in third grade? Other grades?\n\nHow do these numbers compare to state figures?\n\n\nParent/Teacher/Student Access\n\nDo parents/teachers/students have access to review actual tests that are not FSA?\n\nDo parents/teachers and students receive detailed descriptions and results of every test?\n\nDo parents discuss and receive the testing schedule from their child\u2019s teacher?\n\n\n\nWho outside the district has access to a student\u2019s personally identifying information?\n\nAre there different restrictions for vendors regarding personally identifying information (PII)? What are they?\n\nIs student PII and data shared outside the district for any reason, including marketing?\n\nAre parents able to request a copy and/or examine the content of their child\u2019s data file?\n\nAre parents able to remove sensitive or incorrect data regarding their child?\n\nAre photos of children included in this data?\n\nWho in the district and/or school has access to the student data that is collected?
+__label__negative Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nWhat is the definition of a virus?\n\nObligate intracellular 'parasites'\nReplicate only in living susceptible cells\n\nDo viruses have metabolic activity?\n\n\nDo viruses have ribosomes or tRNA?\n\n\nDo all viruses have envelopes?\n\n\nWhat virus families have double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes?\n\n\nWhat virus families have single-stranded (ss) DNA genomes?\n\n\nWhich virus families have double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes?\n\n\nWhich virus families have +ve RNA genomes?\n\n\nWhich virus families ahve -ve RNA genomes?\n\n\nWhat do virion proteins do?\n\nProtect nucleic acids\nAttach to receptors on cells\nPenetrate cell membrane\nReplicate nucleic acid\nBegin program for replication\nModify host cell\n\nWhich two virus families replicate via reverse transcriptase?\n\n\nWhat three methods are used for virus cultivation?\n\nAnimal inoculation\nInoculation into embryonated eggs\nCell culture\n\nWhat are the different types of cell culture?\n\nPrimary cell culture\nFinite or diploid cell lines\nContinuous cell lines\n\nHow are host cells generally damaged by viruses?\n\nAccumulation of viral structural components\nFormation of virion aggregates within the cell\nShutdown of cellular protein synthesis\n\nWhat are some methods used for virus titration?\n\nPlaque assay\nPock assay\nTransformation assay\nQuantal assays (TCID50, ID50, LD50)\n\nWhat are some methods used for virus isolation and identification?\n\nLight microscopy\nFilms and smears\nBiopsy or autopsy\nElectron microscopy\n\nWhat are some methods used to detect viral antigens?\n\nRadioimmunoassay (RIA)\nImmunofluorescene (IFA)\nImmunoperoxidase staining\nRadioimmunoprecipitation (RIP)\nWestern blotting\n\nWhat are some methods used to detect viral nucleic acid?\n\nDot-blot hybridization\nIn-situ hybridization\nSouthern blot hybridization\nNorthern blot hybridization\nPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)\nNucleic acid sequencing\n\nWhat are some methods used to identify viral isolates?\n\nHemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition\nHemadosporin and hemadosporin inhibition\nComplement fixation\n\nWhat are some limitations of using serology to detect a viral infection?\n\nDetects exposure not when exposure occurred\nFor correlation with disease\nPaired sera\nIgM only produced early in infection\n\nHow are 'quasispecies' of viruses made?\n\nErrors in replication\n\nWhat substances can induce virus mutations?\n\nNitrous acid\nUltraviolet light\n\nWhat are some different types of mutations?\n\nPlaque morphology mutations\nHost range mutations\nTemperature-sensitive mutations\nDeletion mutations\nPoint mutations\n\nWhat are some different genetic interactions between viruses?\n\nRecombination (breakage-reunion mechanism, copy-choice mechanism, reassortment)\n\nWhat are some non-genetic interactions between viruses?\n\nPhenotypic mixing\n\nWhat are some possible interactions between a virus and it's host cell?\n\nPersistant infection\n\nWhat two types of maps are used to map viral genomes?\n\nRestriction maps\nTranscriptional maps\n\nWhere do DNA viruses replicate?\n\nNucleus of host cell\n\nWhere do RNA viruses replicate?\n\nCytoplasm of host cell\n\nWhat are the main enzymes that viruses use for nucleic acid replication or mRNA synthesis?\n\nDNA-dependent DNA polymerase\nDNA-dependent RNA polymerase\nRNA-dependent DNA polymerase\nRNA-dependent RNA polymerase\n\nWhat are some different ways that viruses penetrate a cell?\n\n\nWhat viral genes encode for enzymes or factors that help in virus replication and are expressed before nucleic acid replication?\n\nEarly genes\n\nWhat viral genes encode for structural proteins and factors for virus assembly and are expressed after nucleic acid replication?\n\nLate genes\n\nIn which phase of viral reproduction does attachment, penetration, and uncoating take place?\n\nEclipse phase\n\nIn which phase of viral reproduction is the virus assembled?\n\nMaturation phase\n\nIn which phase of viral reproduction does the virus get out of the cell?\n\nRelease phase\n\nIn which phase of viral reproduction does the virus lose it's infectivity?\n\nInactivation phase\n\nWhat are some mechanical and chemical barriers to viral infection?\n\nEpithelial cilia\nLow pH\n\nWhat are some factors that defend against viral infection?\n\nNutritional status\nSpecies resistance\n\nWhat are some defenses against viral infection that are present in the extracellular fluid?\n\nMacrophages (B & T cells)\nDendritic cells\nPlasma cells\n\nWhat are some defenses of viral infection that act on virus infected cells?\n\nCytotoxic Tcells\nHelper T cells\nNK cells\n\nWhat are some innate immune responses to viral invasion?\n\nPhagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)\nNK cells\n\nWhat are some acquired immune responses to viral invasion?\n\nT lymphocytes\nB lymphocytes\n\nWhat host proteins are involved in immune responses to viral invasion?\n\nMHC class I and II proteins\nProteins that cleave endogenous antigens\nTransporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)\nT cell receptor (TCR) proteins\nT cell accessory molecules\nIg molecules\n\nWhat are some ways that viruses can evade immune recognition?\n\nInduction of immunosuppression\nInduction of immune tolerance\nDestruction of antigen presenting cells\nInhibition of recognition by antibodies\n\nWhat are some ways that viruses can inhibit recogniton by CMI response?\n\nInfection of cell lacking MHC class I antigen\nInhibition of MHC formation\nDownregulation of viral protein expression\nInduction of mutation in viral protein T cell epitopes\n\nHow can viruses induce an autoimmune disease?\n\nModulation of immune cells to present self antigens\nMolecular mimicry\n\nWhat are the stages of viral pathogenesis?\n\n\nWhat are some molecular determinants of viral virulence?\n\nEnvelope glycoproteins and capsid proteins\nViral polymerase and other proteins\nNoncoding regions of viral genome\n\nWhat are some mechanisms of viral virulence?\n\nModulation of host immune response\nModulation of growth factors and cytokines\nModulation of apoptosis\nDisruption of intracellular Ca homeostasis\nProduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates\nModulation of intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pool\n\nWhat are some ways that viral infections can persist for a long time?\n\nAbility to infect host cells without being cytopathic\nIntegration into the host chromosomes\nInhibition of detection and elimination by the host immune responses\n\nWhat factors can reactivate a herpesvirus infection?\n\nHormonal changes\nNerve damage\nUV exposure\n\nWhat are some possible targets for antiviral action in the HIV replication cycle?\n\nReverse Transcriptase\nViral Gene Expression\nPost-transcriptional Processing and Assembly\nBudding or release\n\nWhat type of vaccines are considered conventional vaccines?\n\nLive virus (Wild or Attenuated)\nInactivated virus\n\nWhat are some novel approaches to vaccine development?\n\nSubunit vaccines (peptides)\nGene deleted vaccines\nDNA vaccines\nVirus vectored vaccines\n\nWhat are some different strategies used to develop live wild-type virus vaccines?\n\nUnnatural route\nUnnatural host\nUnnatural time of year\n\nWhat are some different strategies used to develop live attenuated virus vaccines?\n\nNaturally occurring variant\nGene reassortment\nHeat mutated\nSite-directed mutagenesis\nAdaptation to natural host (animal passage and cell culture passage)\nUsing vectors\n\nWhat are some different strategies used to develop Inactivated whole virus vaccines?\n\nCell culture\nAnimal tissue\n\nWhat are some different strategies used to develop inactivated virus subunit vaccines?\n\nNaturally occurring subunits\nDetergent-split virus\n\nWhat are some different strategies used to develop inactivated virus peptide vaccines?\n\nIn vitro chemical synthesis\n\nWhat are some different strategies used to develop inactivated virus protein vaccines?\n\nRecombinant DNA expression in bacteria\nRecombinant DNA expression in yeast\nRecombinant DNA expression in mammalian cells\nRecombinant DNA expression in cell culture or insect cells\nRecombinant DNA expression in heterologous virus\n\nWhat term refers to the fact that protection is conferred on the unvaccinated in a population when a certain threshold number of individuals is vaccinated?\n\nHerd Immunity\n\nWhat is the study of the determinants, dynamics and distribution of disease in populations?\n\n\nWhat is the measure of disease frequency in a population over a specific period of time?\n\nIncidence rate\n\nWhat is the measure of disease frequency at a particular time?\n\nPrevalence rate\n\nWhat is the term for a virus that is infecting people worldwide?\n\nPandemic (Panzootic)\n\nWhat are some different types of studies done to investigate causation of an epidemic?\n\nCross-section study\nCase-control study\nCohort study\n\nWhat are all the different modes a virus can be transmitted?\n\nDirect contact\nIndirect contact\nCommon vehicle\nIatrogenic (accidental transmission by professionals)\nNosocomial (hospital-derived infection)\n\nWhat are some different ways of disease surveillance?\n\nNotifiable disease reporting\nLaboratory-based surveillance\nPopulation-based surveillance\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording
+__label__negative What is a Polar Front?\n\nA polar front is an area where cold polar air mass meets warm tropical air masses. The line between these two air masses can be thousands of miles long. The temperature in the two air masses is very different. The Arctic air mass is much colder than the tropical air masses that have moved up from tropical regions. The boundary between the two air masses is stationary.\n\nPolar Front, NASA\n\nMap showing jet streams that are the boundaries between warm and cold air fronts. NASA\n\nair flowing from the arctic\n\nStationary front\nThe stationary front is an area where the cold Arctic air keeps flowing down to lower latitudes. The warm tropical air keeps moving up into higher latitudes. The stationary front remains in one place between the two air masses.\n\nFront of polar air shifts\nThe polar front shifts toward the equator in the winter time. Its average position is about 30 degrees latitude in the winter. During the summer the front shifts northward to about 60 degrees latitude when high pressure dominates.\n\nNortheast coast front\nThe stationary front off the United States northeast coast is between the land and the ocean. The sharp difference in temperature is caused by the snow covered land and the warm ocean currents flowing up from the equator.\n\nClick for More Information and to Order\n\nnorwegians study wave cyclones\n\nWave cyclones\nNorwegians studying the weather during World War I came up with a theory that explained how wave cyclones originated in the middle latitudes instead of the tropics.\n\nMiddle latitude winds\nThese middle latitudes are areas where the air near the surface is constantly changes as air from the north and south come together. These regions usually have light winds and dry conditions.\n\nNorwegian's wave theory\nThe Norwegians came up with the wave theory to explain cyclones that form along this front. A small bulge of warm air creates a \"kink\" in the stationary front. This leads to the winds twisting as the air masses meet and the Earth's rotation causes cyclones to form in this region instead of the tropics.\n\nKIDS FUN Science Bookstore\n
+__label__negative Law School Discussion\n\nShow Posts\n\n\nTopics - clee750\n\nPages: [1] 2\nTransferring / Georgia State v. Emory.... is the money worth it?\n\u00ab\u00a0on: July 14, 2008, 01:52:08 PM\u00a0\u00bb\nSpent my first Year at Georgia State. Ranked 77th\nTop 30%\n$10,000 a year\n\nAccepted to Emory. Ranked 22nd\n$40,000 a year\n\nWhat to work for larger size firm in Atlanta.\n\nIs the transfer worth it.\n\nJob Search / Job choices\n\u00ab\u00a0on: April 04, 2008, 09:56:04 AM\u00a0\u00bb\nSo I can either work with the mediation department of the EEOC or with a solo practitioner that does workers compensation defense work.\n\nWhat do you all think would be the best experience or what would look the best on a resume for trying to get a job with a big firm.\n\nJust went through a crazy break up. I hope it will help my grades the first year. Anyone else going through a pre law school break up.\n\nI am thinking about living with my parents for the first year of law school. I would commute about an hour in the morning and thirty minutes in the evening five days a week. This will save alot of money but I dont know if it will hurt my studying. What do you guys think.\n\nIncoming 1Ls / Georgia State Law Class of 2010\n\u00ab\u00a0on: May 07, 2007, 01:32:42 PM\u00a0\u00bb\nHey, just seeing if there are any future class mates out there.\n\nStudying for the LSAT / Hardest Section\n\u00ab\u00a0on: February 10, 2007, 12:13:40 PM\u00a0\u00bb\n\nStudying for the LSAT / Price for every released test\n\u00ab\u00a0on: February 06, 2007, 08:29:51 PM\u00a0\u00bb\nHow much do you think is a fair price for every released test and the testmasters books\n\nStudying for the LSAT / GAME #1 MASTER LIST\n\u00ab\u00a0on: December 06, 2006, 11:32:56 AM\u00a0\u00bb\n\nGame 1\n\nA clown wears a jacket and overalls\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Possible Setups\nOne is plaid and one is a solid color\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 J-------O\nIf Jacket is plaid then it is three colors\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 RVG\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 V\nIf the Overalls are plaid then they are two colors\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 RVG\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 R\nJacket and Overalls must share one color\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0R\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0RV\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 V\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0RV\nJacket can be Red, Violet or Green\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 R\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0RY\nOveralls can be Red, Violet or Yellor\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 V\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0VY\n\nQuestion #1\n\nPossible setup?\nAnswer: Jacket is Red\u00a0 Overalls are Red and Violet\n\nQuestion #2\n\nIf the overalls are plaid what can jacket not be?\nAnswer: Green\n\nQuestion #3\n\nWhat two colors cannot be present in a setup?\nAnswer: Green and Yellow\n\nQuestion #4\n\nIf there's NO yellow present, what must be true of the outfit\nanswer: it is violet and red unless the Jacket is green\n\nQuestion #5\n\nIf the Jacket is plaid what color must the overalls be\nAnswer: Red or violet\n\nStudying for the LSAT / GAME #4 QUESTION LIST\n\u00ab\u00a0on: December 05, 2006, 11:57:34 AM\u00a0\u00bb\nOrder the letters\n\n\n\nQuestion #1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIf K is after H what can not be true\nAnswer: H is 4th\n\n\nwhat can never be first or something like that\n\n\nIf H is fourth what must be true\n\nN comes before L?\nAnswer: C\n\nQuestion #7\n\nIf H is fourth what cannot be true\n\nL is before K?\nAnswer: C\n\nStudying for the LSAT / GAME #3 QUESTION LIST\n\u00ab\u00a0on: December 05, 2006, 11:40:51 AM\u00a0\u00bb\nFill in the questions if you know them\n\nGame #3\n\nThere are seven CDs\nOrder them from 1 to 7\n\n\nThey can be new or rock classic\n\nW and Y come before S\nT comes before W\nS is 4th\nThe 6th is Rock\nZ is Rock\n\nQuestion #1\n\n\n\nQuestion #2\n\nWhat two must be together\n\nZ and V\n\nQuestion #3\n\nIf there are two before Y and two more before Z what must be true...?\n\nT is first or new or something?\n\nQuestion #4\n\n\nquestion #5\n\nIf there are two before Y and two more before Z.... what must be true\nAnswer: T is new\n\nPages: [1] 2
+__label__negative Understanding the Psychology of Terrorism\n\nTerrorism is unfortunately the scourge of our modern society. In the quest to fight it, considerable economic, military, political, and scientific resources are being channeled heavily to the \u201cwar on terrorism\u201d. Thus, psychological research is very relevant and quite an essential resource to the understanding of terrorism.\n\nIndeed, the psychology of terrorism has become one of psychology\u2019s major growth markets, as myriad books and journals have been written specifically to explain the callous acts of self-destruction and indiscriminate killings of innocent civilians masterminded and carried out by terrorists.\n\nBut what explanations has psychology provided? How do psychologists analyze the phenomenon of terrorism? And how can psychology help eradicate this menace? To provide answers to these questions, it is important to describe what terrorism is.\n\nWhat Is Terrorism?\n\nThe U.S. Department of State formally defines terrorism as \u201cpremeditated, politically motivated violence conducted in times of peace, perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine state agents, usually intended to influence an audience to advance political ends.\u201d\n\nThis definition carries with it a number of ingredients: For it to be called terrorism, an act needs\n\nSuch a multidimensional definition allows one to set terrorism apart from\n\n  1. state-originated violence at times of war (e.g., the bombings of German or Japanese cities during World War II),\n  2. incidental killings of noncombatants (so-called collateral damage), and\n  3. underground resistance to occupation.\n\nPsychological Approaches to Terrorism: Terrorism as Syndrome versus Terrorism as Tool\n\nOver the course of researches, two psychological approaches have been explored. One approach treats terrorism as a syndrome; the other treats it as a tool.\n\nTerrorism as Syndrome\n\nThe syndrome view treats terrorism as a unique phenomenon with its own psychology. From this perspective, terrorists are considered different from nonterrorists. They are assumed to differ not only in what they do, but also in who they are, and why they do what they do. In this respect, terrorism is considered akin to a mental disorder, like depression or schizophrenia. The syndrome view of terrorism also suggests that there could exist external root causes of terrorism, such as poverty or political oppression, which inevitably breed terrorism.\n\nTerrorism as Tool\n\nThe tool view of terrorism, in contrast, does not assume anything about terrorists. This view depicts terrorism as a means to an end, a tactic of warfare that anyone could use. It suggests that like the rocket launcher, the tank, or the AK-47 assault rifle, terrorism may be used by nonstate militias, state-sponsored military, and even lone perpetrators. If one assumes that terrorism is a means to an end, its psychology can be well understood by general theory and research on goals\u00a0Opens in new window and motivations\u00a0Opens in new window.\n\nBasically, this body of knowledge has taught psychologists that a specific means is used when a person considers it of a high expected utility. That is, if a person wants to achieve something, he or she is more likely to use a tool or means, if it is seen as helpful to such attainment. If it is so seen, the tool or means is considered to have high expected utility.\n\nMoreover, a tool is particularly high in expected utility if the thing the person wants to achieve is important to him or her. Thus, to the extent that a tool is highly helpful to the achievement of important goals, it is said to have high psychological utility.\n\nSo what does this mean for the psychology of terrorism?\n\nAs the name implies, the tool view of terrorism suggests that the tool of terrorism may, for some individuals and under some circumstances, be particularly high in expected utility. In such cases, terrorism may be seen as helpful to the achievement of highly important goals, and the actors involved may feel they have no other means that are equally helpful. The goals of the terrorists and their available means are of great relevance for understanding the psychology of terrorism.\n\nIn light of these ideas, it may be possible to think of various ways in which terrorism is used by different organizations. Utopian Islamist groups, for example, have doctrines and convictions that leave little room for negotiation, dialogue, or peacemaking. For them terrorism and violence represent the only available means. Given such depth of commitment to violence, it is unlikely that anything short of a total defeat will convince the Utopian Islamists to give up their use of terrorism. The situation is different for terrorism-users for whom terrorism represents merely one among several available instruments.\n\nDiscouraging Terrorism\n\nThe tool view of terrorism suggests that terrorism may particularly thrive in circumstances under which no alternative tools are available to achieve one\u2019s goals and in which the individual has a strong conviction that these goals are important to attain. According to this view, discouraging terrorism amounts to convincing the perpetrator that (a) this means is not of use to achieve the goal, (b) there are alternative and better means to achieve particular goals, it will be carried out at the expense of other goals that may also be worthwhile to attain.\n\nPerceived Use of Terrorism\n\nThough schematically simple, implementation of these strategies is anything but that. A major difficulty is that events are perceived differently by different parties. Such perceptions are often biased by interests and motivations. For example, throughout much of the second intifada, about 80% of the Palestinian population supported the use of terror tactics against the Israelis, believing this to be an effective tool of struggle. By contrast, the majority of the Israelis (85%) viewed Palestinian terror as counterproductive. It seems plausible to assume that the divergent motivations of Israelis and Palestinians importantly colored their beliefs in this matter.\n\nTerrorism may be difficult to give up also because, apart from presumably helping to achieve the ideological (political, religious, ethnonationalistic) objectives of the terrorist, it brings about the emotional satisfaction of watching the enemy suffers. In that sense, terrorism is multipurpose, adding up to its appeal or the total value of objectives to which it appears of use. Such counterterrorist policies as ethnic profiling, targeted hits, or inadvertent collateral damage might further enhance the terrorists\u2019 rage, amplifying the emotional goal of vengeance against the enemy. A recent empirical analysis suggests that targeted hits by the Israeli forces boosted the estimated recruitment to the terrorist stock, presumably due to Palestinians\u2019 revenge motivation. Thus, whereas targeted hits do hurt the terrorist organizations and may decrease the perceived efficacy of terrorism, they may also increase the appeal of terrorism by increasing the intensity of the emotional goal it may serve.\n\nFeasibility of Alternative to Terrorism\n\nWhereas alternative goals (such as revenge) may increase terrorism\u2019s appeal by increasing the total expected utility of terrorism, perceived availability of alternative means to the terrorism\u2019s ends may decrease it. such availability brings about the possibility of shifting to a different means and abandoning terrorism, at least for a time. For instance, following the election in 2005 of Mahmud Abbas to the presidency of the Palestinian Authority and a renewed chance for a peace process (i.e., an alternative means potentially helpful to end the Israeli occupation), support for suicide attacks among the Palestinians dipped to its lowest in 7 years; a mere 27%.\n\nAlternative Objectives\n\nDiscouraging people from using terrorism may also be attained by making potential users of terrorism aware of alternative objectives that do not fit well with terrorism. In the Palestinian context, the opposition to suicide attacks is particularly pronounced among Palestinians likely to possess the means to alternative, individualistic goals, for example, professional, family, or material goals. Such opposition reached 71% among holders of B.A. degrees compared to 61% among illiterates, 75% among employees compared to 62% among students, and, curiously enough, 74% among individuals willing to buy lottery tickets (i.e., individuals presumably interested in material goals) compared to 64% among those unwilling to buy them.
+__label__negative WPCS 2.1.2\nTuition Fees:$3,256 /year\nApplications Begin:April 2021\nFinal Award:Bachelor of Science (BSc)\nStart Date:January 2022\nAcademic Unit:Engineering and the Built Environment\nCampus:West Campus\nApplication Deadline: 30 September 2021\nProgramme Overview\n\nChemical engineers combine the disciplines of Chemistry and Physics, expressed in mathematical language, with concepts such as course operations and reaction kinetics, to develop industrial chemical processes.\n\nAs a chemical engineer, you will build on the findings of the research chemist, who works with small amounts of materials in the laboratory. You will be concerned with the design, construction, operation, and marketing of equipment that can reproduce the processes or products developed by chemists on a large scale. These include materials needed for specialist applications in the aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and electronics industries.\n\nYou might also work in biotechnology, designing bioreactors for plant cultures, or using bacteria to extract minerals from their ores, or in electronics, where you will conduct research on the synthesis of microelectronic components.\n\nAdmission Requirements\n\nAPS 43+\n\nEnglish Home Language OR First Additional Language\nLevel 5\n\nLevel 6\n\nPhysical Science\nLevel 6\n\n\nApplicants with 40-42 points may be wait-listed, subject to place availability.\n\nInternational Students:\nOrdinary Levels \u2013 A-C (English, Maths, Physics)\nAdvanced Levels \u2013 A-C (English, Maths, Physics)\nInternational Baccalaureate \u2013 HS, SL 4-7\n\nAll other foreign qualifications are considered according to faculty requirements.\nNOTE: If the certificate you obtained in your country is not mentioned above, please message the \u201cCourse Contacts\u201d above and they will be able to answer all your questions\n\nApplication Process\nApplication Fees for South African & SADC Students: $6\nApplication Fees for International Students: $42\n\nHow to Apply\n\nTo apply online, go to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClosing dates\n\n30 June \u2013 Faculty of Health Sciences (all programmes); Bachelor of Architecture; Bachelor of Audiology, Bachelor of Speech-Language Pathology; BA Film and TV\n\n30 September \u2013 All other University programmes; Residence applications.\n\nAdditional Forms\n\nDoes your degree programme have additional selection procedures? Some degrees have additional selection requirements such as portfolio and essay submissions, auditions or National Benchmark Tests. Please click on Additional Forms below to see if this applies to you.\n\nPay Application Fee\n\nNon-refundable application fee of R100 for South African citizens\n\nNon-refundable application fee for foreign citizens of R700\n\nPayments to be made before closing dates.\n\nUse your T Number or Person Number as reference\n\nHow to pay\n\nDeposit exact amount into the University\u2019s Application Fee account:\n\n\nPay by cash or credit card at the Wits Fees Office, Ground Floor, Solomon Mahlangu House (Senate House), Braamfontein Campus East, Jorissen Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. Use your person/student number as a reference.\n\nEFT \u2013 Use your T Number or person/student number as the reference.\n\nCareer Opportunities\nCareer opportunities for this programme include:\n\u2013 Administrators\n\u2013 Agricultural Research\n\u2013 Applied Chemical Research\n\u2013 Biotechnology\n\u2013 Chemical Analysis\n\u2013 Chemical Services\n\u2013 Consultants\n\u2013 Environmental Research\n\u2013 Food and Drink Technology\n\u2013 Forensic Science\n\u2013 Forestry Research\n\u2013 Hazardous Waste Management\n\u2013 Medical Research\n\u2013 Patents\n\u2013 Pesticides Industry\n\u2013 Petrochemical Industry\n\u2013 Personal Care Chemistry\n\u2013 Sales of Scientific Equipment\n\u2013 Science Publishing\n\u2013 Science Teacher\n\u2013 Textile Chemistry\n\u2013 Water Treatment and Analysis\n\u2013 Quality Control and Management\nTuition Fees Details\n    [ID] => 1631\n    [key] => field_5a5d9edc676a4\n    [label] => Tuition Fees Duration\n    [name] => tuition_fees_duration\n    [prefix] => acf\n    [type] => select\n    [value] => /year\n    [menu_order] => 49\n    [instructions] => \n    [required] => 0\n    [id] => \n    [class] => \n    [conditional_logic] => 0\n    [parent] => 169\n    [wrapper] => Array\n            [width] => 50\n            [class] => \n            [id] => \n\n    [choices] => Array\n            [/year] => /year\n            [/month] => /month\n            [/trimester] => /trimester\n            [/semester] => /semester\n            [for the full programme] => for the full programme\n\n    [default_value] => Array\n\n    [allow_null] => 0\n    [multiple] => 0\n    [ui] => 0\n    [ajax] => 0\n    [return_format] => value\n    [placeholder] => \n    [_name] => tuition_fees_duration\n    [_valid] => 1\nTuition Fees for South African & SADC Students: $3,256\nTuition Fees for International Students: $6,513\n\n*South African students pay R54000 per year as tuition fees.\n\n\n\n*Students from all other countries (Non-SADC) will pay double the fees paid by South African Students (R108000)\n\n\nRelevant Contact\n\nPeter Rabotho\nFaculty Officer\nMaria Modiba\nUndergraduate Administrative Officer
+__label__negative 13 March 2018\n\nHow many learning objectives?\n\n\n\nHow many learning outcomes should I have?\nThis is tied to the length and weight of the course\nHow many learning objectives should I have?\nThis is tied to the number of learning outcomes.\n\nYou\u2019re not helping.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPicture from here.\n\n\nPeter said...\n\nThe number of learning objectives isn't a good measure, I don't think. What's important is that everything you teach is there for a reason. That is, the content, how you teach it, and how students learn it support one or more learning objectives.\n\nIf you have a high-level objective (high on Bloom's Taxonomy, for example) then it might take a entire class, maybe 2 or 3, to get that content across. A low-level objective, on the other hand, might be achieved in 10 minutes.\n\nIt helps a lot if you can also identify 3, 4, maybe 5 \"course-level\" learning objectives. The big picture, big body of knowledge, \"how you'll be different by the end of this course.\" Then map each (topic-level) learning objective onto the course-level ones. If a topic doesn't support the course, maybe drop it from the curriculum. If a course level objective has no support, re-think the big picture.\n\nIf you have a minute, I have some slides from a recent learning outcomes workshop I ran:\n\n\n\nZen Faulkes said...\n\nYes, I agree that some learning objectives are simpler than others, so hard and fast rules are impossible. But surely there's some point of diminishing returns. Students could could be overwhelmed by having a length list of objectives, even if each one is short.\n\nI'm also thinking about peer review. If I give students 50 objectives in a week, and other instructors give 3 in a week, it might be hard for me to justify the huge differences in number of objectives, particularly if they are two sections of the same course.\n\nAs the old saying goes, \"The hunter who chases two rabbits catches neither.\"
+__label__negative Home\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Forum\u00a0|\u00a0Catalog\u00a0|\u00a0View\u00a0cart\u00a0|\u00a0Contact\u00a0\n\nSky Quality Meter LE - FAQ\n\nSQM-LE Questions\n\nIs the SQM-LE waterproof?\n\nNo, the SQM-LE is not weatherproof. For permanent mounting outside, it should be mounted in a weatherproof housing.\n\nWe sell such a housing here.\n\nFor people using the unit only during telescope observations, the meter can be stowed away with the telescope.\n\nHere are some sources for plastic domes:\nSome considerations for preparing a high end weatherproof enclosure:\n\nDoes the SQM-LE stay dew-free and frost-free?\n\nYes, the heat generated inside the SQM-LE by the internal web server is high enough get rid of dew. When used with this housing, no dew was ever seen inside the unit. In fact, drops of rain on the glass cover evaporated after a few hours.\n\nIt may be important to allow moisture to escape, that is why we have an air hole on the bottom of our housing.\n\nAs far as frost goes, the unit is too warm to allow that. If the unit is un-powered then moisture will likely build up. It is probably best to always keep the unit powered.\n\nHow can I reduce the wiring to the SQM-LE?\n\nA PoE system can be used to transmit \"Power Over the Ethernet\" cable to the SQM-LE. A PoE system consists of two units:\n\n  1. The PoE Injector puts power into an Ethernet cable.\n  2. The PoE Splitter gets the power from the Ethernet cable.\n\nThe PoE Injector would be located near the router, and the PoE splitter is located near the SQM-LE.\n\nThe PoE soution is very handy if you do not have an electrical outlet near the SQM-LE. You can just run the Ethernet cable to the PoE Splitter then short wires come from the splitter to the SQM-LE.\n\nWe have tested these models successfully with the SQM-LE:\n\nHow can the SQM-LE be made wireless?\nThe SQM-LE can be connected to a wireless router that communicates with another wireless router at a base station. We have successfully tested the LinkSys WRT54GL.\nThe power requirements of the SQM-LE does not make it a candidate for a small solar cell or batteries.\n\nWhat is the upper operating temperatuire of the SQM-LE?\nThe maximum operating temperature of all the components inside the SQM-LE is 85C.\nWe have been operating the unit inside a housing and the unit temperature has reached 65C on many occasions without affecting operation. Here is the housing that we are using: housing.pdf\nThe light sensor readings are compensated for temperature fluctuations. The temperature sensor located very close to the light sensor.\n\nCannot find the device IP address on the network.\nUse the red crossover cable and connect the SQM-LE directly to the Ethernet port of the computer then use the Lantronix Device Installer to detect the unit.\n\nCan find the device IP address but the unit does not respond.\nUse the UDM facility ->Firmware tab -> XPort defaults\n\nGeneral SQM Questions\n\nWhat kind of sensor is used in the Sky Quality Meter?\nA TAOS TSL237S sensor is used, you can view the specs here. The sensor is covered with a HOYA CM-500 filter, you can view the spectral response curves here, PDF spec sheet here including response data points.\n\nDo you provide a calibration certificate?\nThere is no calibration certificate available. The NIST meter that we use to calibrate against is the EXTECH Instruments Model 401027. You can read more about Extech meters here\n\nDo you have any benchmarks for linking magnitudes per square arc sec with the Bortle scale?\nWe believe that if you check this Wikipedia Bortle Dark-Sky Scale link, the descriptions associated with each mag/sq arcsec are sufficiently detailed that you could draw up a pretty decent correspondence.\n\nHave you measured the spectral response of the detector with the IR rejection filter? How closely does it match the response of the human eye?\nWe haven't measured the spectral response curve ourselves, but the sensor manufacturer has. It is very close to that of the human eye. The Hoya CM-500 filter cuts off the entire infrared part of the spectrum. The response is that of the \"clear\" line in Figure 2 of the TCS230 datasheet (which is for a different sensor in the TAOS line).\n\nDo you know the contribution from the Milky Way with the wide-angle of acceptance of your photometer? I would like to subtract the Milky Way if possible.\n\nThe northern Milky Way contributes about 0.10 mpsas under 21.5 mpsas (moonless) skies.\n\nThe southern Milky Way might be as big an effect as 0.30 mpsas where it goes near-overhead.\n\nFor more information, see Surface Photometries of the Milky Way (Schlosser+ 1997)\n\nHow does transparency affect the SQM readings?\n\nThe SQM's readings are assuming 'best transparency'.\n\nYou can get an updated definition of the transparency in your area from Attila Danko's Clear Sky Clock. Also, frequently local weather stations can provide \"visibility\" and \"relative humidity\" numbers which could potentially be used as surrogates for actual transparency measurements (which aren't possible with a handheld meter).\n\nHow does zodiacal light affect the SQM readings?\nIt is likely to be less than a 1 or 2 percent effect. The primary reason is that the brightest and widest part of the zodiacal light is nearest the horizon where the SQM has almost no sensitivity (due to it being a zenith-looking device). The portions at higher altitude are the narrowest and faintest and they would barely creep into the sensitivity cone of the SQM.\n\nWhat are \"Magnitudes per Square Arc Second\"?\n\nMagnitudes are a measurement of an objects brightness, for example a star that is 6th magnitude is brighter than a star that is 11th magnitude.\n\nThe term arcsecond comes from an arc being divided up into seconds. There are 360 degrees in an circle, and each degree is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. A square arc second has an angular area of one second by one second.\n\nThe term magnitudes per square arc second means that the brightness in magnitudes is spread out over an square arcsecond of the sky. If the SQM provides a reading of 20.00, that would be like saying that a light of a 20th magnitude star brightness was spread over one square arcsecond of the sky.\n\nQuite often astronomers will refer to a sky being a \"6th magnitude sky\", in that case you can see 6th magnitude stars and nothing dimmer like 11th magnitude stars. The term \"6th magnitude skies\" is very subjective to a persons ability to see in the night, for example I might say \"6th magnitude skies\" but a young child with better night vision might say \"7th magnitude skies\". You can use this nifty calculator created by SQM user K. Fisher to do that conversion, or this chart.\n\nThe \"magnitudes per square arcsecond\" numbers are commonly used in astronomy to measure sky brightness, below is a link to such a comparison. See the third table in section 10 for a good chart showing how these numbers in magnitudes per square arcsecond relate to natural situations:\n\n\nEach magnitude lower (numerically) means just over 2.5 times as much more light is coming from a given patch of sky. A change of 5 mags/sq arcsec means the sky is 100x brighter.\n\nAlso, a reading of greater than 22.0 is unlikely to be recorded and the darkest we've personally experienced is 21.80.\n\nReading accuracy\n\nThe value produced by the sensor in the SQM is affected by temperature. There is a temperature sensor in the SQM that compensates for this effect. However, when the SQM is first powered up, the light sensor is colder than when the power has been on for a few seconds. Depending on the ambient temperature this will result in the first reading being slightly higher than subsequent readings.\n\nFor the most accurate results, it is best to take many readings and disregard the very first reading.\n\nThis issue is due to the transient response of the TSL237 which briefly changes its light-to-frequency characteristic when it is warmed by applied power. Ironically, the normally very sensible practice of leaving it out at the environmental temperature probably makes it more significant.
+__label__negative OA Publishing in Emerald Subscription Journals\n\nIn which content can OA articles be published?\nIn subscription journals that have an OA publishing option (= hybrid).\n\nWhat types of articles will be accepted?\nAll articles aside from editorial, guest editorials, prefaces, etc.\n\nWhich licenses are available?\nCC-BY 4.0\n\nWhich authors will be accepted?\nCorresponding authors employed at the JKU at the time of acceptance.\n\nHow are the authors identified?\nBy the e-mail domain and/or the institution name (JKU).\n\nAre there any costs or fees for authors?\nNo. Providing the above criteria is met, the agreement covers all of the author fees for Open Access publishing in Emerald subscription journals.\n\nWhat is the process for authors\nDuring the review process, authors eligible to publish with Emerald will receive an e-mail with information about automatic allocation of the APC voucher. If the article is not to be published as an OA article, the author is required to actively opt out.\n\n\n\n+43 732 2468 4883\n\nIf you have any questions, please do not hesitate\nto contact a library staff member.
+__label__negative Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum\n\nAsk Dr. Math\n\nElementary Archive\n\n\nThis page:\n\u00a0\u00a0number sense,\n\u00a0\u00a0about numbers\u00a0checkmark\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Dr. Math\n\nSee also the\nDr. Math FAQ:\n\u00a0\u00a0number glossary\n\u00a0\u00a0rational numbers,\n\u00a0\u00a0irrational numbers\n\u00a0\u00a0large numbers\n\u00a0\u00a0and infinity\n\u00a0\u00a0prime numbers\n\u00a0\u00a0square/cube roots\n\nInternet Library:\n\u00a0\u00a0number sense\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03D and higher\n\nGolden Ratio/\nFibonacci Sequence\n\n\n\nNumber Sense/\nAbout Numbers\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0large numbers\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0place value\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0prime numbers\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0square roots\n\nWord Problems\n\nBrowse Elementary Number Sense/About Numbers\nStars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing.\n\nSelected answers to common questions:\n\u00a0 \u00a0 About zero.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Multiplying by zero.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Casting out nines.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Classifying numbers.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Googol, googolplex.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Number facts from the Web.\n\nMultiples of Four [03/01/1999]\nIs zero a multiple of four?\n\nMultiplicand, Multiplier [07/05/2001]\n\nMultiplying by 1 [09/01/1998]\nWhy doesn't a number change when you multiply it by 1?\n\nMultiplying by Nine [01/10/1997]\n\nMultiplying by Zero [03/01/2002]\nWhy does any number times zero equal zero?\n\nMultiplying by Zero [10/19/2002]\nI know that zero's value is nothing, but why is it that it turns other numbers that clearly have a greater value to zero when multiplied?\n\nNaming Large Numbers [06/05/2002]\n\nNaming Nine Things [01/15/2003]\n\nNaming N-Tuples (Single, Double, etc.) [05/15/2000]\nIf one is single, two is double, three is triple, etc., what are the names for seven, eight, nine, and ten?\n\nNaming Numbers [09/26/2002]\nI have a student who insists that 2400 (twenty-four hundred) is not a number.\n\nNapier's Bones [01/20/1997]\nHow do you use Napier's Bones to do multiplication?\n\nThe Number 6 [07/24/1997]\nI need some information on the number 6.\n\nNumber Palindromes? [5/17/1996]\nWhat is a number like 62626 that can be read the same frontwards and backwards called?\n\nNumbers and Digits [09/21/2000]\n\nNumbers and Numerals [09/06/1997]\nWhat's the difference between a number and a numeral?\n\nNumbers and Numerals [08/29/2002]\n\nNumbers and Numerals [11/20/1998]\nWhat is the difference between numbers and numerals?\n\nNumbers in a Fraction [05/20/2001]\nIs a fraction one number or is it two numbers?\n\nNumber-Spelling Puzzle [07/08/2002]\n\nNumbers that are Equal [8/20/1995]\nWhy does 1.999999999...equal 2?\n\nNumber System Advantages, Disadvantages [01/24/2001]\nWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of the present number system?\n\nWhat are the number systems?\n\nNumber Terminology [08/11/1998]\n\nNumber Word Etymologies [05/03/2001]\nWho made up the names for numbers?\n\nNumeral Systems and Representing Numbers [10/30/1998]\n\nOne Plus One [04/11/1997]\nAre you sure that 1 plus 1 equals 2?\n\nThe Oneths Place [09/29/1998]\nIn decimal numbers, why is there no oneths place?\n\n\nOrdering Digits [08/15/1998]\nUsing the digits 6 1 4 8 3 9, write the largest counting number that is smaller than 5,000 and the smallest counting number that is greater than 5,000...\n\nOrdering Fractions [01/17/2003]\n\nOrdering Improper Fractions [10/12/2002]\nHow can I explain ordering improper fractions?\n\nOrder of Operations and Fractions [02/22/2002]\n\n\n\nPalindrome Definition [03/17/2002]\nDo mathematicians consider single-digit numbers palindromes?\n\nPalindromic Numbers [08/15/1997]\n\nPalindromic Numbers to 100,000 [02/05/2000]\nCan you list all the palindromic numbers from 0 to 100,000?\n\nParenthesis [03/09/1999]\nCan you help me teach parentheses to a class?\n\nPattern of Squares [1/08/1998]\nDo squares of integers have a pattern? I believe that they do, but I don't know what it is.\n\nPennies and Remainders [01/13/2003]\n\n\nSearch the Dr. Math Library:\n\nSearch: entire archive just Elementary Number Sense/About Numbers\n\nFind items containing (put spaces between keywords):\nClick only once for faster results:\n\n\nparts of words whole words\n\n[Privacy Policy] [Terms of Use]\n\n\n\u00a9 1994-2015 Drexel University. All rights reserved.
+__label__negative Who is Pro-Teach?\n\nWhat services does Pro-Teach offer?\n\nWhat makes Pro-Teach different from another student care?\n\nWhat does Pro-Teach's student care programme offer?\n\nHow is homework help and supervision conducted?\n\nWhat does my child need to bring on his/her 1st day of enrolment?\n\nWhat meals will be provided for my child?\n\nWhat subjects are covered in Pro-Teach\u2019s tuition curriculum?\n\nHow is the tuition programme conducted?\n\nDoes Pro-Teach provide any learning materials?\n\nHow will the tuition programme help my child in school?\n\nWhat is Pro-Teach\u2019s teaching approach?\n\nWhen can we see academic and behavioural improvement in my child?\n\nWhat are the enrichment programmes available?\n\nHow are teachers assessed in the selection process?\n\nDoes Pro-Teach provide any training for its teachers?\n\nWhat is each centre\u2019s teacher-child ratio?\n\nWhat are the teachers\u2019 qualifications and years of experience in educating children?\n\nHow can I register my child?\n\nWhat is the eligibility criteria for enrolment?\n\nWhat payments are required upon confirmation of enrolment?\n\nHow do I withdraw my child?\n\nWhat is the eligibility criteria for SCFA subsidy scheme?\n\nHow much is the subsidy?\n\nHow do I apply for the subsidy?\n\nWhat is the centre\u2019s approach to a child who is ill?\n\nWhat will the centre do when a child falls ill?\n\nWhat are the measures taken to ensure the children\u2019s safety and well-being?\n\nWhat are your general operating hours? (may differ from branch to branch)?\n\nDoes the centre charge for days when the child is sick or when he/she is on vacation?
+__label__negative My Puzzles\nReport bug\nCollected Puzzles\nUser listed puzzles\nRandom Puzzle\nLog In/Out\n\nCardiac Function\n\nPatty C.\n\nExperienced Cardiac Nursing Review\n\napple\u00a0Reentry phenomena producing sawtooth pattern of P-waves (abbr).\naorta\u00a0Fast acting vasodilator that decreases preload.\nAflutter\u00a0Weight gain, peripheral edema, ascites, abdominal pain and anorexia suggest ______ sided heart failure.\nincrease\u00a0The aortic valve and pulmonary valve are aslo referred to as.\nPurkinje\u00a0Predictable, exercise induced angina that is relieved by rest.\npericardium\u00a0Compression of the lumbar nerve roots causing low back and leg pain may be caused by this vascular condition (abr).\nright\u00a0S1 sound heard in auscultation of the heart.\nregurgitation\u00a0Lipoprotein that is the main carrier of cholesterol that is released into the bloodstream and settles in blood vessels.\nST\u00a0The pump of the circulatory system.\nCABG\u00a0Literal meaning of \"angina pectoris.\"\nHDL\u00a0The expression of the second heart sound heard over the apex.\nCRP\u00a0Most often used vein to reperfuse the heart.\nPTCA\u00a0Body shape more associated with hypertension.\nsemilunar\u00a0Period of contraction of the heart.\ntamponade\u00a0A QRS complex that is wider than normal (abbr).\nprehypertensive\u00a0Amount of blood the heart pumps each minute\ninfarction\u00a0The circumflex artery is a branch of the ____ coronary artery.\ndiastole\u00a0Elevation of this EKG segment contribute to the diagnosis of MI.\nheart\u00a0The P wave is associated with contraction of the _____.\natria\u00a0Death of tissue or organ due yo ischemia.\nsystole\u00a0The constriction or narrowing of a passage.\npulmonary\u00a0Excessive pericardial fluid compressing the heart.\nprimary\u00a0Is the neurotransmitter for sympathetic nerves.\nlisinopril\u00a0A blood pressure 120-139 over 80-89 is considered this.\ndupp\u00a0Familial hypercholesterolemia is an example of ______ form of high cholesterol.\nbicuspid\u00a0Fibers acting as pacemaker in junctional dysrhythmias.\ncardiac output\u00a0One of the main mechanisms by which cardiac ischemia is likely to occur.\naspirin\u00a0The total volume of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction is know as\ndelayed\u00a0Also known as a balloon angioplasty.\nmorphine\u00a0Also known as the mitral valve.\ntroponin\u00a0Common beta blocker given post MI to reduce mortality.\nLopressor\u00a0Lengthening of the PR interval indicates _______conduction through the AV node.\nleft\u00a0Sympathetic nerve impulses _______ the heart rate and force of contraction.\nBBB\u00a0Electrical recording of heart activity.\nchoking\u00a0The main trunk of the arterial system of the body.\nPrinzmetal's\u00a0Acronym for coronary artery bypass graft.\npheochromocytoma\u00a0The force that the contracting heart must generate to eject blood from the filled heart.\nLDL\u00a0A chemical that regulates calcium in muscles, it is ideal for diagnosis of an MI 3 days after onset.\nstable\u00a0Characterized by chest pain, fever, and audible friction rub.\nEKG\u00a0Occurs when atrial cells cannot repolarize in time for the next stimulus and has no discernible P-wave (abbr).\nsecondary\u00a0Inadequate blood flow.\npreload\u00a0Loose fitting fibrous sac covering the heart.\nsaphenous\u00a0A tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla, containing sympathetic nerve cells, causing hypertension.\nlubb\u00a0Angina that typically occurs at rest.\nmitral\u00a0A marker that indicates inflammation and becomes elevated before other markers.\nstenosis\u00a0Calcium channel blocker used for chronic stable angina (generic name).\nSSS\u00a0The frequency with which blood is ejected from the heart, normal is 60 to 100\ndiltiazem\u00a0This valve is best heard behind the third intercostal space about 1 inch to the left of the sternum.\nvalves\u00a0Time during blood enters the relaxed chambers of the heart.\nheart rate\u00a0Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (abbr.)\nAAA\u00a0Example of an ace inhibitor used for hypertension.\nstroke volume\u00a0Atherosclerotic lesions occur most oftenin the area of coronary arteries.\nclot\u00a0Vasodilator that decreases preload and afterload as well as controls pain.\nAfib\u00a0The right ventricle pumps blood into the ______ artery.\nproximal\u00a0Renal vascular disease is the most common cause of ________ hypertension.\nischemia\u00a0Inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin.\npericarditis\u00a0An alternative term for valve incompetence, specifically valve closing.\nafterload\u00a0Good cholesterol because they transport cholesterol back to the liver for excretion.\nnitro\u00a0The end diastolic stretch of a heart muscle, loading condition of the heart at the end of diastole.\nnorepinephrine\u00a0Main function is to direct flow through the heart.\n\n\nWeb armoredpenguin.com\n\nCopyright information Privacy information Contact us Blog
+__label__negative Qatar Country Code +974\n\n+974 Country Calling Code\nQA 2 Digit ISO\nQAT 3 Digit ISO\n\nAbout Qatar\n\nQatar is located on the continent of Asia. Its capital is Doha. Citizens of Qatar use the Rial as their currency. Qatar is located in the Asia/Qatar time zone. Residents mostly speak Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language. Qatar's GDP is 213,100,000,000. In addition, the land area of Qatar totals 11,437 km2.\n\nThe phone code prefix for Qatar is 974. There are also 897 internet hosts in the country. Approximately 563,800 internet users reside in Qatar. Qatar phone lines include 2,600,000 mobile phones. There are 327,000 landline phones in Qatar as well.\n\nQatar has 2 telecom operators which are: Ooredoo, Vodafone Qatar.\n\nQatar National Codes\n\nNational:Dial Codes:\nQatar Toll Free +974-001
+__label__negative FAQ: What The Time In Kansas City Right Now?\n\nDoes Kansas City have 2 time zones?\n\n\nIs Kansas City on Central time?\n\n\nIs Kansas a CDT?\n\n\nWhat area code is 913 belong to?\n\nKansas City, Kansas is in the 913 area code, as a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, with an estimated population of 146,867.\n\nWhat states have the same time zone as Kansas?\n\nCentral Time Zone in the United States View the boundary line between eastern and central Time Zones. Five other states are in both the central and mountain time zones. Those are Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Texas.\n\nWhere is time zone change in Kansas?\n\n\nYou might be interested:\u00a0 Readers ask: Who Are The Quarterbacks For The Kansas City Chiefs?\n\nHow many time zones are in the United States?\n\n\nWhere are the time changes?\n\nMost of the United States and Canada observe DST on the same dates with a few exceptions. Hawaii and Arizona are the two U.S. states that don\u2019t observe daylight saving time, though Navajo Nation, in northeastern Arizona, does follow DST, according to NASA.\n\nIs Chicago in the Central Time Zone?\n\nChicago is in the Central Time Zone. When it comes to UTC-GMT offset, Chicago, Illinois is GMT/UTC \u2013 6 hours during Standard Time and GMT/UTC \u2013 5h during Daylight Saving Time. Therefore, Chicago utilizes DST.\n\nWhat Kansas is known for?\n\n\nWhat is Kansas City GMT?\n\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative Slow English\n\nPodcasts about Australia for intermediate learners of English\n\nPodcast 92 \u2013 Milo\n\n\n\nPodcast Number 92 \u2013 Milo\n\n\nMilo is a chocolate flavoured drink that is an Australian favourite.\u00a0 It\u2019s also popular in other countries around the world, but it was invented in Australia in 1934 so we claim it as our own.\u00a0 In this podcast, I would like to tell you a little about this typically Australian drink.\n\nMilo is made by the Nestle company, which operates in many countries around the world. It is named after a great athlete and wrestler, Milo of Croton, who lived in ancient Greece around 540 BC.\u00a0 \u00a0In Australia, Nestle has a factory in the small town of Smithtown which is on the coast of New South Wales, around 450 km north of Sydney.\u00a0 That is where Australian Milo is made.\n\nI can remember drinking Milo as a young child so it has been a part of my life since my earliest days.\u00a0 Even today, we still have a can of Milo sitting on our kitchen bench and occasionally I can\u2019t resist making myself a hot cup of Milo.\u00a0 It is certainly still very popular in Australia so I think I am not alone.\u00a0 In fact, it is estimated that around 500 million cups of Milo are consumed every year in Australia.\n\nMilo is made from malted barley, milk solids, cocoa (which gives it the chocolate taste) and sugar.\u00a0 It also has added vitamins and minerals which Nestle says makes it a healthy drink for children as well as adults.\n\nYou buy Milo in the form of a powder in a can and then you make it up into a drink.\u00a0 This is one of the reasons I like Milo.\u00a0 You decide how it is made. There are different ways to do that.\u00a0 Some people like to make it hot while others like it cold.\u00a0 Some people use all milk, while others use mostly water with some milk added.\u00a0 Perhaps some people even make it with just water, although I have never made it like that. Some people like 2 spoons of Milo, while others like 3 or perhaps even 4 spoons of Milo. \u00a0\u00a0The more spoons of Milo you use, the stronger the chocolate flavour. \u00a0\u00a0For me, there is also the question of how heaped the teaspoons should be.\u00a0 Milo as a powder sticks together very well, so I find you can put a lot on each spoon and make each teaspoon very heaped.\u00a0 Four heaped teaspoons of Milo is actually a lot of Milo.\u00a0 But in making Milo, there is always one rule \u2013 the more Milo, the better.\n\nSo here\u2019s how I make a hot drink of Milo.\u00a0 You need a cup or mug, usually the largest one you can find, a can of Milo, a kettle to boil some water and some cold milk from the fridge.\u00a0 Put the kettle on to boil and put around 3 heaped teaspoons of Milo into your cup.\u00a0 When the kettle has boiled, pour some boiling water into your cup until the cup is around three quarters full.\u00a0 Now stir it around until the Milo is fully dissolved.\u00a0 Now top up the cup with a little cold milk and, hey presto, you have a hot cup of Milo.\n\nIf you want to make a cold Milo with mostly milk, then just use a small amount of boiling water.\u00a0 Put the Milo powder in the cup as before then pour the boiling water in until the cup is only about one quarter full.\u00a0 Stir it around with the spoon until the Milo is dissolved, then fill up the cup with cold milk.\u00a0 Then you will have a cold cup of Milo.\n\nOf course, there are many, many different ways to make Milo, depending on your taste.\u00a0 Some people also put sugar into their Milo drink.\u00a0 For me, it is already sweet enough, but I guess there is no accounting for taste. Some people like to make it with only milk and no water.\u00a0 This involves a lot more effort so it\u2019s not a method I use.\u00a0 To use only milk, you must heat the milk in a pan on the stove and then, when it is hot (but not boiling), you pour it into your cup with the Milo powder and stir it around.\u00a0 I can understand that this type of Milo drink would taste great, but for me it is just too much hassle.\u00a0 I will use boiling water every time.\n\nMilo powder is also a great topping for cereal and for ice-cream. Just sprinkle a teaspoon of it on and enjoy the rich chocolate taste it gives.\n\nOn a cold winter\u2019s day, or late in the evening when a cold wind is blowing outside, there is nothing better to warm you up than a hot cup of Milo.\n\n\n\nPodcast 92 Quiz - Did you understand the podcast?\n\nYou can take the quiz as many times as you like.\n\n\n\nathlete = a person who plays sport\n\nbarley = a type of seed\n\nboiled = to heat water until it reaches 100 deg c\n\ncan = a metal container\n\ncereal = breakfast food made from grains such as wheat, rice.\u00a0 For example Rice Bubbles\n\nclaim = to say that something is yours\n\ncoast = where the land meets the sea\n\n\nconsumed = used\n\ndepending = when one things changes because of something else\n\ndissolved = when a powder is put into liquid and it disappears into the liquid.\n\nestimated = guessed\n\nfactory = a building where things are made\n\nflavoured = how something tastes\n\nhassle = when it takes a lot of effort to do something\n\nheaped = a pile of something which is high\n\nhey presto = a term used to describe when something appears\n\ninvented = made for the first time\n\ninvolves = is part of a process\n\nkettle = used to boil water\n\nkitchen bench = the table in the kitchen where you prepare the food\n\nmalted\u00a0 = a seed which has just started to grow\n\nmethod = how you do something\n\nminerals = special ingredients in food which are good for your body\n\nno accounting for taste = a phrase which means that everyone has their own likes and dislikes\n\noccasionally = sometimes\n\noperates = is working\n\npan = something you cook food in\n\npowder = when something has been crushed and is like sand or dust\n\nresist = to stop\n\nsprinkle = when you put lots of small pieces of something onto something else\n\nsticks together = when things stay together\n\nstove = provides heat so you can cook food\n\ntopping = something you put onto food to make it taste better\n\ntypically = an example of something that you see many times\n\nvitamins = special ingredients in food which are good for your body\n\nwrestler = an athlete who competes in the sport of wrestling\n\n--Download Podcast 92 - Milo as PDF --\n\nLeave a Reply\n\nRequired fields are marked *.\n\n%d bloggers like this:
+__label__negative what is nurse practitioner school like\n\n  1. what do you learn? What type of work do you do? Papers, projects, exams\n    please go in detail exactly what exactly you do in the paper, projects, etc\n    another thing what do you learn exactly ... what exactly are your classes and what do you learn in each one\n    how challenging would you say it is\n    etc please please this would really help me out\n    do you write a thesis or can you do an exam instead\n    do you feel like your education prepared your current job as a np\n  2. 1 Comments\n\n  3. by   JeanineG2885\n    There are many different types of programs available. I promise it is manageable and usually set up with the assumptions nursing students have a full-time job\n\n\n    Last edit by tnbutterfly on Mar 23, '11 : Reason: Please do not post links to off-site personal blogs
+__label__negative Who? Sam T. Roweis Why? Faculty Candidate Where from? Gatsby Unit, University College of London What? Scalable Learning of Nonlinear Manifolds from Data When? Wednesday, January 24, 10:00am Where? Wean Hall 4623 Web? http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~roweis/ How many numbers does it take to represent a complex object such as an image of a face? Obviously, one number per pixel is enough, but many fewer are actually needed. In fact, there is a thin \"submanifold\" of faces hiding in the very high dimensional image space. Learning the structure of such manifolds is the problem of nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Its solution allows compression, generation, interpolation and classification of complex objects. A first step is to do \"embedding\": given some high dimensional training data, find some low dimensional representation of each point which preserves desired relationships. I will introduce locally linear embedding (LLE), a new unsupervised learning algorithm I developed with Lawrence Saul (AT&T Labs), which uses local symmetries and linear reconstructions to compute low dimensional, neighborhood preserving embeddings of multivariate data. The embeddings of LLE, unlike those generated by multidimensional scaling (MDS) or principal components analysis (PCA) are able to capture the global structure of nonlinear manifolds. In particular, when applied to images of faces, LLE discovers a coordinate representation of facial attributes; applied to documents of text, it colocates---in a continuous semantic space---words with similar contexts. But we are *more ambitious* than just embedding. We want an explicit mapping between the data and embedding spaces that is valid both on and off the training data. In effect, we want a magic box that has a few knobs which, when turned, generate all variations of the objects in question (e.g. poses and expressions of faces); but no setting of knobs should generate an image that is not a face. We also want to be able to show the box an image and have it recommend knob settings which would generate that object. I will describe how, starting only with a large database of examples, we might build such a box by first applying LLE to the data. Finally, I will discuss some of the work I have done to scale up the algorithm so it works on very large datasets. Host: S. Thrun; contact Sharon Woodside for appointments.
+__label__negative Endocrinology & Metabolism\n\nThyrotoxic Crisis\nCongenital Hypothyroidism\nAdrenal Incidentalomas\n\n\nViral Hepatitis\nNosocomial infections\nDrug Resistance\nDisinfection and Sterilization Procedures\nEffect of Pre-Analytical Variables on test reports\nStem Cells\nEnteric Fever\nUniversal protection procedures\nWaste Disposal Procedures\nCriticality of staining\nUrine cultures\nInterpretation of sputum cultures\n\n\nUnprovoked Single Seizure\n\n\nHaematological transfusion reactions\nEvaluation of bleeding diathesis\n\nOpthalmology for paramedical professionals\n\nHow Does AIDS Affect The Eye?\nWhat Is Amblyopia? / Lazy Eye?\nWhat is Blepharitis?\nWhat Is a Chalazion?\nWhat is Computer Vision Syndrome?\nWhat Is Conjunctivitis?\nCorneal Disease and Transplants-Facts\nWhat Is Defective Color Vision?\nWhat are Eyelid Spasms?\nWhat is Glaucoma and Trabeculectomy?\nWhat is Herpes Simplex Eye Disease?\nWhat Is Herpes Zoster?\nWhat Is Juvenile Macular Degeneration?\nWhat Is Keratoconus?\nCataract Surgery- how is it done?\nLiving with one good eye\nWhat is Nystagmus?\nWhat is Optic Atrophy?\nWhat is Optic Neuritis?\nWhat is Overflow Tearing? \u2013 In children\nWhat is Posterior Capsulotomy?\nWhat is Dry Eyes?\nWhy do I get Flashers and Floaters?\nWhat Is Retinopathy of Prematurity?\nRecommendations for eye check up -Adults\nRecommendations for eye check up -Children\nThyroid Eye Disorders\nWhat is LASIK?\n\nOpthalmology for medical professionals\n\nThe Red Eye\nCommon eye emergencies\n\nTechnical Aids\n\nDigital Camera
+__label__negative dynamic flash\n\nAbout dynamic flash\n\nWhat is this dinosaur\u2019s name?\nHow do I pronounce ?\nWhat does the name mean?\nHow long was ?\nHow heavy was ?\nWhat dinosaur class was assigned to?\nWhat did eat?\nHow many years ago did live?\nIn what period did live?\nWhere did live?\nYears Ago\n0 kg\nThe totally free children\u2019s learning network
+__label__negative Are hospitals gouging the uninsured?\n\nLast week NPR posted a video created by a group called Cost of Care that asked, \u201cWhat if your hotel bill was like a hospital bill?\u201d\u00a0 The film doesn\u2019t boast a high production value (to put it mildly), but it highlights the inscrutable nature of hospital billing practices, which leave patients with no idea how much their stays will cost them.\u00a0 The situation is particularly bleak for uninsured patients, who get hammered twice for their lack of coverage.\u00a0 Not only do these patients lack an insurer to cover their expenses, but many hospitals perversely demand larger payments from uninsured patients than they accept from their insured counterparts.\n\nUninsured patients have filed a spate of lawsuits challenging the reasonableness of hospitals\u2019 fees, as well as hospitals\u2019 requirements that patients prospectively agree to pay for all services rendered, without any description of how prices will be determined.\u00a0 In many of these cases hospitals have successfully argued that courts lack the capacity and authority to second-guess their billing practices.\u00a0 For example, in 2008 the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed a lower court\u2019s dismissal of such a suit, arguing that:\n\n[t]his case, and other similar cases being brought throughout the country, arise out of the anomalies which exist in the American system of providing health care.\u00a0 A court could not possibly determine what a \u201creasonable charge\u201d for hospital services would be without wading into the entire structure of providing hospital care . . . .\u00a0 What Plaintiff is asking the Court to do here is, put simply, to solve the problems of the American health care system, problems that the political branches of both the federal and state governments and the efforts of the private sector have, thus far, been unable to resolve.\u00a0 Like other similar suits filed in other federal courts, this action seeks judicial intervention in a political morass.\n\nIndiana hospital chain Clarian Health Partners may have expected a similar result from that state\u2019s Court of Appeals last fall, when two of Clarian\u2019s uninsured patients appealed a trial court\u2019s dismissal of their breach of contract claims.\u00a0 If so, the hospital was in for a surprise.\u00a0 The appellate court reversed the lower court\u2019s decision, holding that the patients\u2019 claims are \u201csupported by more than 120 years of Indiana common law.\u201d\n\nThe patients allege that before Clarian treated them, they signed contracts in which they agreed to pay for the hospital\u2019s services.\u00a0 However, \u201c[t]he contract did not specify a price or fee schedule for the services that were to be provided.\u201d \u00a0The patients argue that because the contracts did not establish a price for Clarian\u2019s services, under Indiana law the hospital was obligated to act in good faith and charge a reasonable price for those services \u2014 an obligation Clarian allegedly breached. \u00a0Clarian charged one of the patients $15,641.64 \u2013 more than double the amount it would have accepted from an insurer for the same services.\n\nThe Court of Appeals agreed that this stated a valid claim, citing the well-established principle that \u201c[w]here a contract makes no statement as to the price to be paid, the law invokes the standard of reasonableness, and the fair value of the services or property is recoverable.\u201d\u00a0 (17A Am. Jur. 2d Contracts \u00a7 488)\u00a0 Accordingly, the plaintiffs were entitled to have a jury determine whether Clarian\u2019s fees reflected the fair value of the services the hospital provided.\n\nYou can read the opinion here.\u00a0 Highlights include:\n\n  \u2022 Quoting from a recent Indiana Supreme Court case in which the court noted that \u201chospital executives reportedly admit that most charges \u2018have no relation to anything, and certainly not to cost,\u2019\u201d and that \u201ccharges billed by health care providers are effectively irrelevant to the value of the services provided.\u201d\n  \u2022 Rejecting Clarian\u2019s claim that the contracts \u201cprovide unconditional promises by patients to pay any amount for services provided\u201d:\u00a0 \u201cThat would be an unreasonable, if not absurd, interpretation, and we will not interpret a contract in a manner that results in a manifest absurdity.\u201d\n  \u2022 Rejecting Clarian\u2019s argument that patients could determine Clarian\u2019s rates by referring to the hospital\u2019s \u201cchargemaster rates\u201d \u2013 i.e., the schedule of prices the hospital uses to calculate billing for its services: \u201c[A]t oral argument counsel for Clarian stated that Clarian considers its chargemaster rates confidential and proprietary.\u00a0 Left unanswered by Clarian is how a patient and provider can mutually agree to an \u2018unambiguous\u2019 and \u2018express\u2019 chargemaster fee schedule that is not available to the patient.\u201d\n  \u2022 Rejecting Clarian\u2019s claim that \u201cas a matter of public policy . . . health care billing is so complicated that Indiana courts are not capable of determining reasonable medical expenses\u201d:\u00a0 \u201cIndiana courts and jurors are quite capable of determining reasonable medical expenses. . . .\u00a0 We have found no Indiana authority supporting the proposition that medical expenses and billing are or should be exempt from the common law.\u201d\n\nThe big catch here is that the appellate court\u2019s decision hinged on the fact that Clarian\u2019s contracts were utterly devoid of any description of how the hospital\u2019s fees would be determined.\u00a0 The contract stated only that \u201c[i]n consideration of services delivered . . . , the undersigned guarantees payment of the account, and agrees to pay the same upon discharge . . .\u201d\u00a0 The court\u2019s opinion strongly suggests that had the contracts referred to \u201cregular rates,\u201d \u201cpre-set\u201d rates, \u201call charges,\u201d or \u201cusual and customary charges\u201d \u2013 as did the contracts in other cases in which hospitals have prevailed \u2013 the court would have affirmed dismissal of plaintiffs\u2019 claims.\n\nIn other words, notwithstanding the court\u2019s verbal spanking of Clarian, to avoid future liability the hospital merely needs to make minor tweaks to the wording of its contracts and make its chargemaster rates available.\u00a0 The court did not hold that Clarian could not continue to charge uninsured patients double the rates it accepts from insurers.\u00a0 Although these practices seem grossly unfair, absent legislation prohibiting them there is little courts can do to remedy them.\n\nMatt Lamkin\nTwitter:\u00a0@lawbioethics\n\n1 Response to Are hospitals gouging the uninsured?\n  1. Fascinating case. I wonder how old the contract language is \u2013 if it is relatively recent, the result of a new version of an old document, some lawyers for Clarion may be in trouble with their client.\n    You are shocked that the uninsured patient\u2019s bill was more than twice as high as the insurer\u2019s; I\u2019m surprised it wasn\u2019t higher. I wonder, though, what you would do about differential pricing? Hospitals have long used it to subsidize patients who couldn\u2019t pay, a practice that continues. Would you stop insurers from driving a good deal? If you require \u201cmost favored nation\u201d treatment for the uninsured, you surely reduce the isurer\u2019s incentives to negotiate a good rate, a rate that may give a hospital an incentive to be more efficient (or may just result in shifting costs around \u2013 or some of both).\n    Hospital pricing is such a complex morass that making tweaks to it, though might benefit the few uninsured with enough money to tempt the hospital actually to go after payment, may be a losing strategy. Wouldn\u2019t a better solution, for this and many other things, be to get everyone insured?\n\n\nLeave a Comment
+__label__negative Self-locating priors, primary intensions, and cosmological measures\n\nIf a certain hypothesis entails that N percent of all observers in the universe have a certain property, how likely is it that we have that property \u2013 conditional on the hypothesis, and assuming we have no other relevant information?\n\nAnswer: It depends on what else the hypothesis says. If, for example, the hypothesis says that 90 percent of all observers have three eyes, and also that we ourselves have two eyes, then the probability that we have three eyes conditional on the hypothesis is zero.\n\nThis effect is easy to miss because many hypotheses that appear to be just about the universe as a whole secretly contain special information about us. Consider the following passage from Carroll (2010), cited in Arntzenius and Dorr (2017):\n\nAn alternative model of permissivism about epistemic risk\n\n\n\nPettigrew on epistemic risk and the demands of rationality\n\n\n\nMackay on counterfactual epistemic scenarios\n\n\n\nDecreasing accuracy through learning\n\n\n\nSobel's strictly causal decision theory\n\n\n\n\nCounterexamples to Good's Theorem\n\nGood (1967) famously \"proved\" that the expected utility of an informed decision is always at least as great as the expected utility of an uninformed decision. The conclusion is clearly false. Let's have a look at the proof and its presuppositions.\n\nSuppose you can either perform one of the acts A1\u2026An now, or learn the answer to some question E and afterwards perform one of A1\u2026An. Good argues that the second option is always at least as good as the first. The supposed proof goes as follows.\n\nA plan you shouldn't follow (even if you think you will)\n\nHere is a case where a plan maximises expected utility, you are sure that you are going to follow the plan, and yet the plan tells you to do things that don't maximise expected utility.\n\nMiddle Knowledge. In front of you are two doors. If you go through the left door, you come into a room with a single transparent box containing $7. If you go through the right door, you come into a room with two opaque boxes, one black, one white. Your first choice is which door to take. Then you have to choose exactly one box from the room in which you find yourself. A psychologist has figured out which box you would take if found yourself in the room with the two boxes. She has put $10 into the box she thinks you would take, and $0 into the other.\n\nMore troublesome sequential choices\n\nTwo recent papers \u2013 Oesterheld and Conitzer (2021) and Gallow (2021) \u2013 suggest that CDT gives problematic recommendations in certain sequential decision situations.\n\nDecision problems without equilibria\n\nIn my recent posts on decision theory, I've assumed that friends of CDT should accept a \"ratifiability\" condition according to which an act is rationally permissible only if it maximises expected utility conditional on being chosen.\n\nSometimes no act meets this condition. In that case, I've assumed that one should be undecided. More specifically, I've assumed that one should be in an \"stable\" state of indecision in which no (pure) option is preferable to one's present state of indecision. Unfortunately, there are decision problems in which no act is ratifiable and no state of indecision is stable. I'm not sure what to say about such cases. And I wonder if whatever we should say about them also motivates relaxing the ratifiability condition for certain cases in which there are ratifiable options.\n\n< 718 older entries
+__label__negative Vitreoretinal Eye Surgery\n\nBefore talking about the surgery an explanation of vitreoretinal eye surgery and the parts of the eye affected is important.\n\nVitreoretinal eye surgery is the surgery that alleviates problems such as retinal detachment and intraocular infection (an infection inside the eye). These problems affect the retina and vitreous within the eye.\n\nWhat is the retina?\n\nThe retina is a thin layer of neural cells that is an outgrowth of the developing brain, along with the optic nerve it is found at the back of the eye.\n\nThe retina is part of the central nervous system and its primary responsibility is to produce the images we \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201csee\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u009d through retinal receptors, rods and cones that show patterned excitation depending on the image received. This information is sent to the different parts of the brain that form a representation of what we understand we are seeing.\n\nWhat is the Vitreous?\n\nVitreous, known as vitreous humor, is a clear liquid very much the same in texture as the white of an egg. The vitreous is found in the eye between the lens and the retina and has a dual function, first the vitreous must not impede the light travelling into the eye so the best possible vision is achieved while secondarily, providing cushioned support to the eye.\n\nVitrectomy eye surgery\n\nThe vitrectomy surgery was the brainchild of Robert Machemer in 1970 and is the surgical operation to remove vitreous humor from the eye. Since its creation the surgery has expanded further and now has extra surgical steps involved so it is effective in treating retinal problems as well as vitreous problems.\n\nThe vitrectomy surgery is generally completed under a local anaesthetic and involves three incisions being made in the pars plana of the eye (are located between the iris and retina). A light rod, infusion port and vitrectomy cutting device are placed into the inner eye through the incisions made.\n\nThe vitrectomy-cutting device has a microscopic cutter that cuts through and removes the vitreous fluid in a slow, controlled manner.\n\nThe infusion port is used to replace lost fluids in the eye so no pressure is lost within the eye during and post surgery.\n\nFor those with retinal detachment two additional steps are added.\n\nThe first step is scleral buckling which places a support belt around the inner wall of the eye so the retina is kept in its correct, attached position within the eye.\n\nThe second step is membranectomy, which involves removing unhealthy layers of retina tissue. This is achieved by using the three holes already created for the first part of the vitrectomy procedure but uses different instruments; the instruments used are forceps, picks, and visco-disection.\n\nThe visco-section uses jets of fluid to separate layers of tissue which the forceps and picks can grasp and hook before the vitrectomy cutting device can cut away the unhealthy retinal tissue.\n\nRates of recovery\n\nThis varies greatly on how much damage you have to the eye and how successful the operation is, the only person who will be able to advise on the forecast rate of recovery should you be embarking on vitrectomy surgery would be the surgeon themselves.
+__label__negative Header Ads\n\nAn analysis by a Hyderabad candidate -- exam on 16th morning\n\nThanks to Gajapati Karthik.-- Others please write like this in a detailed manner and send to samba.ssivan@gmail.com\n\nA good analysis by a candidate of exam on 16th morning:\n\nIBPS Clerk Online Exam Experience -\n\nExam Date and Time Slot : 16th Dec 2012 , 9am\nExam Centre \u2013 Tirumala engineering college,bogaram,hyd\nExam Pattern : 200 Questions for 200 Marks in 120 Minutes\n\nSection wise Analysis\n\n1) Logical Reasoning \u2013 40 Question (Easy)\nThis section contains Syllogism (5 marks), Circular Seating Arrangement (5 marks), Coding & Decoding (5), Comparison of Ranks (5), Data Sufficiency (5), Puzzles (3 & 3 & 5) and Miscellaneous (4- Direction, Arrangement in Words etc)\nNo question from Visual Reasoning, Input- Output\nOnly 1 Puzzle of 5 Marks looks time consuming, rest ALL questions seem easy\n\n2) Quantitative Aptitude \u2013 40 Questions (Easy)\n15 Questions on Calculation (Q no 26-40), 5 Easy Questions in Number Series, 20 Questions on %, Average, Ratio, Partnership, Time, Speed Distance, Time and Work, Profit and Loss, Simple and Compound Interest, Probability (1 Quest), Geometry (3-4 Quest)\nSurprise Element- 1 Ques on Probability, Some 1-2 Steps questions on Geometry\nSolve Calculation based questions first, 1-2-3 liner verbal question in each chapter said above\nNo Approximate Calculation this time.\n\n3) English Language (30+10) comprised of 2 Sections.(Easy)\nTry to clear cut-off from both the section, as it is not mentioned anywhere that these two sections are considered separately or not.\nOtherwise questions in English sections are again Easy. Passage constitute of 15 Marks with synonym and antonym from words in Passages. Para-jumbled Sentence ( 5 Questions), Sentences Correction (5 Question), Error Correction (5 Question)\nSeparate Section of 10 Questions for Cloze Test(Very Easy).\nSome of COMPS questions i remember 16/12 morning session\n1) what is meant divding the cell into 2 or more in excel\n2) in word doc the background will be\n3) the commands are available in (ans menu )\n4) which is utility s/w below\n5) an assembler is an\n6) to select a word in doc what u do\n7) which type of medium do u use to sequential backup\n8) which allows u search www\n9) question on search engine\n10) what will u use in need of caclculation (ans spreedshet)\n11)when u click the text or image u navigate to other page,whats it called (hyperlink\n12) keys that are used combination of other for special purpose are (ctrl+alt)\n13) in cobol what co stands 4\n14) DOS stands 4\n15) OCR stands 4\n1)split 2)not changed 3)menu 4)spred sheet 5) is language 6) dnt knw 7)dnt knw 8)ip address 10)excel spreed sheet 11)hyper link 12) modifier keys (i.e ctrl + alt) 13) common business 14)disk operating system 15)optical character reader\n1) God of small things Book Written by\n\n2) In Oct, 2012, RBI had deceased CRRby\n3) Why pay in slip is used in banks\n\n4) What is the New Version of Windows launched by Microsoft ?\n\n5) Who is the present Railway Minister of India\n\n6) Whose birth day is celebrated as National integration day in India?\n\n7) Who is the present Governor of RBI ?\n\n8) Which among the following is not a Union territory\n\n9) Which among the following is a Sports related term (ans LBW)\n10) Who got the Padma Vibhushan Award from Delhi?\n\n11) Who among the following is the Woman and Child Development Minister of India ?\n\n12) Who is the present Information and Broadcasting Minister of India ?\n\n13) Who is the present President of Afghanistan ?\n\n14) Which among the following awards is given to Authors ?\n15) Who is the Agriculture Minister of India ?\n16)in which bank account interest is not paid\n17) which org got japanise international cooperation agency presidency( ans delhi metro )\n18) which will not come under GST (ans income tax)\n19) the shares is controled by (ans sebi)\n20) demat account shares are in form ( may b ans digital form)\n21)final authority of issuing notes(currency) ( ans govt of india rit na )\n22) which rate is used to manage(something here i'm nt remebering) but options 1)msf 2)laf 3)crr 4)slr\n23)who is the final authority of military officer (may b ans defence minister rit na)\n\n24) another question on book\nGuys if u remember some more questions plz add\nQ1. BCCI Polly Umrigar award 2012? Answer: Virat Kohli Q2. United Nations day celebrated on Answer: October 24 Q3. \u2018God of Small things\u2019 written by Answer: Arundhati Roy Q4. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) decreased in October by Answer: 0.25% Q5. Why pay slip is used in banks? Answer: to deposit cash Q6. Latest version of Microsoft windows is Answer: Windows 8 Q7. Which among the following is not a Union Territory? Answer: Goa Q8. Whose birthday is celebrated as National Integration day in India? Answer: Indira Gandhi Q9. Present governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI)? Answer: D. Subbarao Q10. Which among the following is NOT a border state of Delhi? Answer: Rajasthan Q11. Who is the present Railway Minister? Answer: Pawan Kumar Bansal (Previously CP Joshi) Q12. Which among the following is a Sports related term? Answer: LBW (Cricket) Q13. Who got Padma Vibhushan Award from Delhi? Answer: Shri TV Rajeswar (Civil Service) Q14. Padmabhushan Award for art painting? Answer: Jatin Das Q15. Who is the present Broadcast and Information Minister of Govt of India? Answer: Manish Tewari (MoS- Independent Charges) Q16. Who is the president of Afghanistan, recently visited India? Answer: Hamid Karzai Q17. What is Open Market Operation of RBI? Answer: OMOs are the market operations conducted by the Reserve Bank of India by way of sale/ purchase of Government securities to/ from the market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis. When the RBI feels there is excess liquidity in the market, it resorts to sale of securities thereby sucking out the rupee liquidity. Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, the RBI will buy securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market. Q18. If value of foreign currency increases, the value of Rupee will Answer: Depreciate Q19. Who monitor and Securitize capital market in India? Answer: SEBI Q20. Who is the present Women and Child Development Minister? Answer: Krishna Tirath (MoS \u2013 Independent Charge) Q21. Minister of Home affairs? Answer: Sushil Kumar Shinde Q22. According to recent list published by Forbes, who is the richest Indian? Answer: Mukesh Ambani Q23. BRICS Summit 2012 held in Answer: New Delhi Q24: Which among the following is a SAARC country? Answer: Sri Lanka Q25. What percentage of people who are below poverty line in India? Answer: 32.7% (Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day. World Bank Data \u2013 2010) Q26. Which is Union Territory? Answer: Puducherry Q27. According to the Census 2011 Data, population of India is Answer: 1.2 billion Q28. Institute which provide assistance to small scale industries through finance corporation? Answer: SIDBI Q29. Amount which provide for students by banks is called as? Answer: Education Loan Q30. Which is the maximum amount denomination note circulated in India? Answer: 1000 Q31. Present Agricultural Minister of India? Answer: Sharad Pawar Q32. There was a question on Crossed Cheque. Answer: A crossed cheque is a cheque that can only be deposited directly into an account with a bank and cannot be immediately cashed by a bank over the counter. Q33. According to the latest data, which country tops the list of nations in GDP growth? (No1 Country in GDP Growth rate?) Answer: Qatar (According to CIA World Factbook) Q34. Largest milk producing country? Answer: India (According to National Dairy Development Board Claim) Q35. ASBA (Applications Supported by Blocked Amount) associated to? Answer: IPO Explanation: ASBA (Applications Supported by Blocked Amount) is a process developed by the SEBI for applying to IPO. Q36. Which of the following award is given for authors? Answer: Man Booker Prize, Saraswati Samman, Jnanpith Award, Bihari Puraskar and many more. Q37. Operations SEBI? Answer: Works as a regulator for the securities market in India. Q38. Which institute included in global employment management 2012?\n\nNo comments\n\nPowered by Blogger.
+__label__negative Sick Days\n\nFor up to the first seven days of an extended, medically certified illness of injury which is not work related, the faculty member or administrative salaried employee's regular salary is covered in full. This is a sick day benefit. Sick days do not vest and are not paid out at the time of termination.\n\nShort Term Disability\n\nThe Colleges' short term disability policy covers periods of medically certified illness or injury when the illness or injury is non-work related. The Colleges provide coverage that is consistent with, but exceeds the requirements of New York State Disability Law. Generally, coverage is provided for any certified non-work related illness or injury lasting more than seven calendar days. Payment of benefits begins on the eighth calendar day of medically certified illness or injury and runs for up to a maximum of 26 weeks. An individual may have multiple periods of disability in a 12-month period, subject to certain restrictions, though the sum total of the periods of disability may not exceed 26 weeks in any 12-month period. Payment is 70% of average weekly wages up to a maximum benefit of $800 per week. For more information and/or disability claim forms, please contact the Office of Human Resources.\n\nSalary Continuance for periods of Short Term Disability\n\nThe Colleges also have a salary continuance benefit policy which is comprised of two parts. The first part is a salary makeup benefit to cover the gap between an employee's regular salary and the insured benefits. The second part is a salary continuance benefit to cover certain disability periods which fall outside the maximum periods of short-term disability under New York State regulations. In both cases the eligibility for salary continuance ends when the administrative employee becomes eligible for long-term disability benefits.\n\n(1) For periods of extended, medically certified illness or injury which is not work related, beginning with day eight, the Colleges provide all benefits-eligible administrative employees with the equivalent of full pay. The Colleges do this by making up the difference between the short-term disability payment (described above), part-time salary within the Colleges (if any), and the administrative employee's regular salary for as long as the administrative employee is disabled. The maximum benefit period under the salary continuance policy is 26 weeks in any rolling 12-month period. All periods of extended, medically certified illness or injury within the rolling 12-month period will be applied toward the 26 week maximum.\n\n(2) Additionally, an administrative employee may have (a) multiple periods of disability caused by different illnesses and injuries exceeding the 26-week maximum benefit period in any 12-month period or (b) recurring periods of disability from the same or related illness or injury where the periods of disability are separated by more than three months and the total of the multiple periods of disability exceed the 26-week maximum benefit period in any 12-month period. In both of these two instances, the Colleges will provide salary continuance equal to the administrative employee's regular full salary or the gap between the administrative employees' regular full salary and the part-time salary earned during a period of disability, for the period of short-term disability in excess of the 26-week maximum.\n\n(3) Upon return to work following the disability period, the employee must provided their supervisor with a written statement from their attending physician which may also include any limitations.\n\nThough the paragraphs above are focused on full-time disability, there are also provisions for partial disability. The employee must first exhaust seven consecutive sick days and establish a potential long-term disability date in order to be eligible for the benefit. The Office of Human Resources would be glad to meet with anyone concerned with issues of disability to review how disability and salary continuance benefits work.\n\nFor the eligible employees not working during the non-academic months, the sick day, disability, and salary continuance policies continue across periods of time when classes are not in session. Under New York law, periods during which no work is performed but which are contiguous to a period of active employment and following which there is a presumption of the continuation of active employment, are deemed to be periods of employment for determining periods of disability.\n\nIn order to be eligible for any of the above benefits, an individual must file a disability claim with the Office of Human Resources before the scheduled procedure begins (where advance knowledge is reasonable) or as soon after the injury or onslaught of illness as possible. If claim forms are not received in a timely fashion, there may be a lag in time between the end of regular salary payments and the start of disability and salary continuance benefit payments. Further, some or all of the benefits described above may be forfeited if the claim form is delayed for too long.\n\nLong-Term Disability\n\nLong-term disability coverage is effective on the first of the month following the faculty member's date of hire with the Colleges. The Colleges pay the full premium cost of this benefit.\n\nBenefits start the first of the month following a six-month elimination period and continue while the administrative employee is disabled, up to age 65, or, depending on age at inception of disability, until age 70. The elimination period is a period of continuous disability, though limited periods of work are allowable within the context of the definition of continuous disability. A period of trial return to work, of less than three months, is not considered a break in a period of continuous disability.\n\nOnce an administrative employee is on long-term disability, the benefits available under the long-term disability policy are provided to the exclusions of any other compensation or other payments from the Colleges (unless the administrative employee is due some compensation for working on a limited basis while receiving long-term disability benefits). See, however, the premium waiver provision of the Colleges' life insurance program which provides for a continuation of insurance coverage during periods of long-term disability.\n\nPartial coverage under long-term disability is provided if administrative employees are able to return to the workforce on a part-time basis and are earning less than 80% of their regular salaries.\n\nThe benefit amount is 60% of monthly wages up to a maximum benefit of $7,000 per month. Benefits are reduced by payments received from other sources (Social Security, other Colleges' sponsored disability payments, workers' compensation).\n\nBecause the Colleges pay the premiums for the long-term disability, the benefits are taxable to the recipient (under the current tax code). However, social security benefits are not. The combination of the untaxed social security benefits and the after-tax disability benefits begins to approximate the after-tax salary before long-term disability. Employees should be aware that this tax information is illustrative only and may not reflect an administrative employee's specific circumstances or the status of the tax code at the point in time that benefits are received. Person-specific tax advice needs to come from an appropriate professional and cannot come from the Colleges.\n\nWhile a administrative employee is disabled, the long-term disability plan provides a 10% contribution to the administrative employee's TIAA/CREF account.\n\nThe Colleges provide this benefit through coverage under a group insurance policy. For further details of this coverage, refer to the Summary Plan Description or to the Office of Human Resources.\n\n\n\nFor more information about any of these policies, please contact The Office of Human Resources.
+__label__negative When a question is closed as an exact duplicate, the announcement always includes the statement \"its answers may be merged with another identical question\". How long after the closure does this occur? Who gets assigned to do it and under what policies does this person operate?\n\n\nMerging is an action that can be performed only by moderators, and this is irreversible (at least, not without getting hold of the developers to un-splice the questions). We merge duplicates very rarely, and when we do, only if it absolutely is a good thing to do. I'll explain why.\n\nTheoretically, merging is useful for duplicates because:\n\n  \u2022 Multiple answers to the same question can be collected in \"one place\" for convenience.\n\n  \u2022 It allows a later, better answer to be attached to the older, possibly canonical question.\n\nHowever, in practice, it has a lot of issues that outweigh its utility:\n\n  \u2022 Question bodies are not merged. The \"source\" question has the question stub left behind, so its answers, when merged with the target, appear as solutions to the target question. Unless the two questions are very similar, the lack of background/context can confuse the reader.\n\n    As a simple example, consider a question on the appearance of a General::ivar error. This can be due to a number of different functions (say, D and Series), but the underlying reason is the same. Suppose we had question A that had an MWE using D[...] and answers to it, and question B comes along with an MWE using Series[...] and also attracted answers. Now, merging the two would result in an answer to A that doesn't remotely resemble the example in the question.\n\n    Given that we receive multiple answers for certain kinds of questions, half of which will be a \"misfit\" on the other question, merging questions will only make things messier and unorganized.\n\n  \u2022 One of the reasons we keep duplicates around is because they aid in Google searches \u2014 the question keywords/phrases provide an alternate search route. When merging, the source question (the stub) is auto-deleted after 30 days, hence inaccessible to the spiders.\n\n  \u2022 If both questions have accepted answers, the one from the source question will be unaccepted, depriving the answerer of 15 rep and the question asker of their question rep. We've had some folks complain in the past about lost rep from a merge.\n\n  \u2022 As I mentioned earlier, there is no going back; at least not with the tools available to moderators. There are very few actions that we can take that are irreversible and this happens to be one of them.\n\nSo while there are questions that technically could be merged, it requires a lot of effort to first ensure that the match is pretty strong and that little to no mismatch exists between the two questions and answers (in terms of content, MWE, etc.). This certainly is time consuming and not worth the effort for little to no gain. Besides, the duplicate questions are cross-linked in the sidebar, so there is a trail from A to B and B to A.\n\nAt present, we merge only in cases such as when a question is cross-posted between Stack Overflow/Math and here, and their copy gets migrated (with answers) or if the OP repeated their question instead of editing/bountying it (typical for new users), etc. In other words, only when the two posts are more or less the same question by the same user and the double posting happend accidentally.\n\nI must add: we also discuss before merging questions (if needed) and I've nuked user accounts with far less hesitation than merging two questions. \u2013\u00a0R. M. Jan 4 '13 at 6:13\nI see: when a question is closed as an exact duplicate, almost always in this context, \"exact\" doesn't mean exact enough to merge. \u2013\u00a0m_goldberg Jan 4 '13 at 17:39\n@m_goldberg That's more or less the case. If I could rephrase it, I'd probably write: \"The underlying problem/concept behind the questions are the same and the answers to one are applicable to the other if replaced with the current context.\" This avoids the overly precise wording that exists at present. \u2013\u00a0R. M. Jan 4 '13 at 17:49\n\nYou must log in to answer this question.\n\nNot the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
+__label__negative Middle East Trivia #1\n\nRandom History Quiz\n\nCan you name the answers to these Middle East Trivia questions?\n\nQuiz not verified by Sporcle\n\nHow to Play\nScore 0/25 Timer 06:00\nWho is the King of Saudi Arabia?\nWhich Egyptian President led a bloodless coup which toppled the Egyptian monarchy?\nThe 1990 Iraqi invasion of what country ignited the Gulf War?\nWhat is the name of the WWI British letter to the Jewish people which promised to establish in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people?\nWhat is the term for a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Muslim Monarch?\nWhich country is a Hashemite Kingdom?\nWhat is the capital of Lebanon?\nWhen did the British Mandate of Palestine expire?\nName 1 of the 2 disputed Presidents of the Palestinian National Authority\nWhen did Pakistan recieve independence from the United Kingdom?\nWhat is the capital of Israel?\nWhen did Pakistan become an Islamic Republic?\nWhat does PLO stand for?\nWho was and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President?\nWhich King was outsted in the 1952 Egyptian Revolution?\nWhat secret agreement between the UK & France during WWI defined their areas of control in W. Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire?\nWhich ethnic group comprises the majority of Iran?\nWhich ME country is a Sultanate?\nWhat are the 3 independent Emirates? (alphabetically)\nWho is the Supreme Leader of Iran?\nWho is the Prime Minister of Israel?\nWho is the President of Iran?\nWhat is the name of the WWI correspondence between British & Arab leaders concerning the future political status of the Arabian peninsula?\nWhat year did the Algerian War (between France & Algerian independence movements) begin?\nWhich country recieved independence from the United Kingdom on December 16, 1971?\n\nFriend Scores\n\n\u00a0 Player Best Score Plays Last Played\nYou You haven't played this game yet.\n\nYou Might Also Like...\n\n\nCreated Dec 31, 2009ReportNominate\nTags:east, middle, Middle East
+__label__negative Donor Facts/Myths\n\nMYTH: All bone marrow donations involve surgery.\nFACT: The majority of donations do not involve surgery. Today, the patient\u2019s doctor most often requests a peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation, which is non-surgical. The second way of donating is marrow donation, which is a surgical procedure.\u00a0 In each case, donors typically go home the same day they donate.\n\nMYTH: Donating is painful and involves a long recovery.\n\n\nMYTH: Donating is dangerous and weakens the donor.\nFACT: Though no medical procedure is without risk, there are rarely any long-term side effects. Be The Match\u00ae carefully prescreens all donors to ensure they are healthy and the procedure is safe for them. We also provide support and information every step of the way.\n\n\nMYTH: In bone marrow donation, pieces of bone are removed from the donor.\nFACT: No pieces of bone are taken during marrow donation. Only the liquid marrow found inside the pelvic bone is needed to save the patient\u2019s life.\n\nMYTH: Donors have to pay to donate.\nFACT: Donors never pay to donate. We reimburse travel costs and may reimburse other costs on a case-by-case basis.\n\n-per Be The Match.\u00a0 For more details go to:
+__label__negative \n\nperformance - Efficient way to encode bit-vectors?\n\n\nCurrently using the run length encoding for encoding bit-vectors, and the current run time is\n\n2log(i), where is the size of the run. Is there another way of doing it to bring it down to log(i)?\n\n\n\nThe most efficient way of encoding a bit vector is to isolate any specific properties of the bit source. If it is totally random, there is no real noticeable gain (actually, a totally random stream of bit cannot be compressed in any way).\n\nIf you can find properties in your bit stream you could try to define a collection of vectors which will define the base of a Vector Space. In such case, the result will be very efficient.\n\nWe'll need a few more details on your bit stream.\n\n\nJust a few more details to understand the previous statement: \"a totally random stream of bits cannot be compressed in any way\"\n\nIt is not possible to compress a totally random vector of bits if by \"compress\" we mean the \"transformed/compressed stream\" plus the \"vector base definition\" plus the decompression program. But in most cases the decompression program (and often the vector base too) is embedded in client software. Thus, only the \"compressed stream\" is needed.\n\nA good explanation (and funny story) about that is Patrick Craig 5000$ compression challenge\n\nMore scientific the theory of information, especially entropy section\n\nAnd, the final one, the full story.\n\nBut whatever the solution is, if you have an unknown number of unknown streams to compress you won't be ale to do anything. You have to find a pattern.
+__label__negative Bladder Cancer Overview\n\n+ -Text Size\n\nWhat Is Bladder Cancer? TOPICS\n\nWhat is bladder cancer?\n\n\nBladder cancer starts in the bladder. To understand bladder cancer, it helps to know about the normal bladder and what it does.\n\nThe normal bladder\n\n\nThe wall of the bladder has several layers. The innermost layer of the bladder is called the urothelium. Most bladder cancers start there. Over time, they can grow into or through the other layers of the bladder, and then can spread outside the bladder. As the cancer grows through the layers it becomes more advanced and harder to treat.\n\nTypes of bladder cancer\n\nThere are different types of bladder cancer. The type you have can affect your treatment options because different types need different treatments.\n\nTransitional cell carcinoma (TCC)\n\nThis is by far the most common type of bladder cancer. It starts in the inner layer of the bladder \u2013 the urothelium \u2013 so it is also called urothelial carcinoma.\n\nThis group has subtypes:\n\n  \u2022 Papillary cancers grow like tiny fingers from the inner bladder lining toward its hollow center.\n  \u2022 Flat cancers do not grow toward the center.\n\nThese tumors are also named based on whether they have grown into the bladder wall:\n\n  \u2022 Non-invasive cancers are still in the inner layer of cells (the urothelium) but have not grown into the deeper layers.\n  \u2022 Invasive cancers have grown into the deeper layers of the bladder. These cancers are more likely to spread and are harder to treat.\n\nOther cancers that start in the bladder\n\nSquamous cell carcinoma: This type is much less common and is usually invasive.\n\nAdenocarcinoma: This type is also much less common, and almost all are invasive.\n\nSmall-cell carcinoma: A very small number of bladder cancers are of this type. These cancers often grow quickly.\n\nSarcoma: Sarcomas start in the muscle cells of the bladder, but they are rare. To find out more about sarcomas, see our documents Sarcoma: Adult Soft Tissue Cancer and Rhabdomyosarcoma.\n\nThe rest of this document deals only with transitional cell (urothelial) cancers of the bladder.\n\nLast Medical Review: 06/23/2014\nLast Revised: 01/21/2016
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions\n\nGeneral Information\n\n1. \u00a0What is the NIH Director's Early Independence Award?\n\n2. \u00a0What distinguishes this award\u00a0from traditional NIH grants?\n\n3. \u00a0How does the NIH Director's Early Independence Award differ from other awards in the High-Risk, High-Reward Research program?\n\n4. \u00a0How many awards will be made?\n\n5. \u00a0Are women and members of underrepresented minority groups encouraged to apply?\n\n6. \u00a0I don\u2019t see my area of research supported previously by the New Innovator Award program. Does this mean that it is not of interest to NIH?\n\n7. \u00a0My institution is not research intensive. Will this be an issue?\n\n8. \u00a0If I receive an award, will I still be considered an \"Early Stage Investigator\" or\u00a0\"New Investigator?\"\n\n9. \u00a0Will another funding opportunity be available\u00a0next year?\n\n10. \u00a0Can someone at NIH review my idea and let me know if it is a good fit for this award?\n\n11. \u00a0What is the competition timeline?\n\n12. \u00a0Have evaluations of the Early Independence Award\u00a0been conducted?\n\nInformation for Institutions\n\n1. \u00a0How does an institution select potential applicants?\n\n2. \u00a0What is meant by \"independent research position?\"\n\n3. \u00a0Is there a limit to the number of applications that can be submitted by an institution?\n\n4. \u00a0What is the expected\u00a0institutional commitment to awardees?\n\n5. \u00a0Is it expected that an applicant have laboratory space?\n\nEligibility Requirements\n\n1. \u00a0What are the eligibility requirements?\n\n2. \u00a0How much time/effort must be devoted to the\u00a0project?\n\n3. \u00a0Do I have to be a U.S. citizen to apply?\n\n4. \u00a0May I apply from a foreign institution?\n\n5. \u00a0What is meant by \u201cnon-independent\u201d research position?\n\n6. \u00a0Are recent faculty appointees\u00a0eligible?\n\n7. \u00a0If I receive an independent research position after I submit my\u00a0application, am I still\u00a0eligible?\n\n8. \u00a0Are\u00a0postdoctoral fellows\u00a0eligible?\n\n9. \u00a0Are\u00a0Multiple Program Directors/Principle Investigators allowed on a single application?\n\n10. \u00a0Are\u00a0collaborators and\u00a0consultants allowed?\n\n11. \u00a0Can collaborators, contractors, and/or consultants submit Letters of Support?\n\n12. \u00a0Can collaborators, contractors, and/or consultants submit Biographical Sketches?\n\n13. \u00a0Is the NIH Intramural program\u00a0eligible to apply?\n\n14. \u00a0What scientific areas are eligible to apply?\n\n15. \u00a0Can I work with a collaborator in a foreign country, and would I be able conduct research there?\n\n16. \u00a0Is research conducted in a foreign country allowed?\n\n17. \u00a0I anticipate switching institutions.\u00a0Should I apply from my current institution or my future institution?\n\n18. \u00a0How can I find an institution willing to host me?\n\n19. \u00a0If I am not successful this year, may I reapply next year?\n\n20. \u00a0If I change institutions, are awards transferable?\n\nApplication & Submission\n\n1. \u00a0What are the important dates for applications?\n\n2. \u00a0Will late applications be accepted?\n\n3. \u00a0Is a Letter of Intent (LOI) required to apply for this award?\n\n4. \u00a0What must be done before I submit an application to\n\n5. \u00a0Where can I find help registering for\n\n6. \u00a0Where can I find help in submitting my application to\n\n7. \u00a0Where can I find help in registering for the eRA Commons?\n\n8. \u00a0Who is an appropriate \"institution official?\"\n\n9. \u00a0What components in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide are required?\n\n10. \u00a0How should documents be formatted?\n\n11. \u00a0Are the Specific Aims and Research Strategy sections separate documents?\n\n12. \u00a0Should the Specific Aims page differ from traditional research Specific Aims on an R01?\n\n13. \u00a0In my essay, may I include citations (references) to key publications? If so, what is the appropriate format?\n\n14. \u00a0May I include figures and illustrations in my essay?\n\n15. \u00a0May I include movies, either as weblinks or as a CD, with my application?\n\n16. \u00a0May I submit new data after submitting my application?\n\n17. \u00a0Is a data management plan part of the application?\n\n18. \u00a0If my application is not funded, will I have an opportunity to revise and resubmit?\n\n19. \u00a0What documents are needed for the application?\n\n\n1. \u00a0How much can be requested?\n\n2. \u00a0How do I put together a budget request?\n\n3. \u00a0What format should my budget be in?\n\n4. \u00a0Can the project period be for less than five years?\n\n5. \u00a0May I request more or less than $250,000 in direct costs per year?\n\n6. \u00a0Are indirect costs provided in the award?\n\n7. \u00a0How should I account for indirect costs (Facilities and Administrative (F&A) costs) in my application?\n\n8. \u00a0Should indirect costs related to subcontracts be included in the total direct costs for the award?\n\n9. \u00a0May a collaborator be funded on the award?\n\nLetters of Reference\n\n1. \u00a0Are letters of reference required?\n\n2. \u00a0What is the difference between a letter of reference and a letter of support?\n\n3. \u00a0In addition to my letters of reference, may I include letters of support?\n\n4. \u00a0From whom should I request letters of reference?\n\n5. \u00a0May I ask more than five individuals to submit letters for my application?\n\n6. \u00a0May a single letter of reference come from more than one individual?\n\n7. \u00a0How do my referees submit their letters in support of my application?\n\n8. \u00a0Will I be notified when letters are submitted?\n\n9. \u00a0How can I check the status of my letters of reference?\n\nReview & Selection\n\n1. \u00a0How will awardees be selected?\n\n2. \u00a0What criteria will be used to evaluate applications?\n\n3. \u00a0Which review criteria will be emphasized?\n\n4. \u00a0May I suggest specific reviewers for my application?\n\n5. \u00a0Will I receive a summary statement or other comments?\n\n6. \u00a0When will the awardees be announced?\n\n7. \u00a0Can the decision of the panel of reviewers be appealed?\n\nAward Administration\n\n1. \u00a0What requirements must I fulfill during the term of the award?\n\n2. \u00a0How will the award be administered?\n\n3. \u00a0Do I need to submit an annual progress report?\n\n4. \u00a0Should I mention NIH support in journal articles that pertain to research supported with my NIH Director's Early Independence Award?\n\n5. \u00a0Should I notify the NIH of any note-worthy publications or media coverage of my research?\n\n6. \u00a0Am I required to submit my journal manuscripts to PubMed Central?\n\n7. \u00a0Are there annual meetings I am required to attend?\n\n8. \u00a0Are these awards renewable?\n\n9. \u00a0Is it possible to request a no-cost extension at the end of the grant period if there are unexpended funds?\n\n10. \u00a0Is the award transferable if I change institutions?\n\nCOVID-19-Related Emergency Early Independence Award Funding Opportunity Announcement (RFA-RM-20-021)\n\n1. \u00a0Why was this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) issued?\n\n2. \u00a0How does it differ from the non-Emergency NIH Director\u2019s Early Independence Award FOA (RFA-RM-20-014)?\n\n3. \u00a0What is the source of funding?\n\n4. \u00a0What is the application process?\n\n5. \u00a0What is the review process?\n\n6. \u00a0What is the selection process?\n\n7. \u00a0Will awards made through this FOA be considered as part of the High-Risk, High-Reward Research program?\n\nThis page last reviewed on May 26, 2020
+__label__negative When doing complex coding, there\u2019s always the dilemma of using or non using global variables. We all know that global variables are dangerous because you never know where they are set and what value they carry in a specific method.\n\nOn the other hand, if I keep everything local, I am ending with huge lists of parameters in every method just to pass the values needed to the deepest nested method where I need it.\n\nAn example out of my daily work: I am refactoring a huge print program where a lot of global variables are set in various locations of the code. Let\u2019s take one simple variable, which is the plant code. It is used in various methods because many utility classes I use take it as parameter. The plant is determined when the order that is to be printed is being read from db. If I make it local, I have to pass it to dozens of methods that need to know about the plant. On the other hand, if I make an instance attribute of it, I never can be sure that it is set when using it somewhere around in the code.\n\nWhat I have startet to use for this case is a class I call data provider that keeps all data to be re-used throughout the code. It is instantiated at the very start of processing and keeps only data that is set once and remains set to its first value during the whole process. All attributes of that class are populated with instantiation and can not be changed any more (there are only getter methods for the values). In my main class, I instantiate the data provider as soon as possible and store the reference in an instance attribute so it is available to all methods.\n\n\nIn this example report, a pp order is given and all occurring work centers in the operations are being determined and sent to output. In this simple program the usage of a data provider may be too much overhead, but if the program grows and you need to access the order data in many nested methods, it is as handy as global data but without the danger of overwriting it accidentally. The data provider gives also transparency about where the data comes from. Just use the where-used list and you understand that the data is provided in the constructor.\n\nI would appreciate to know about your approaches!\n\n*&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Report ZP_TMP_DATA_PROVIDER *& *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Demo for SCN blog post \"The global variable dilemma\" *& This report creates a list of all work center header data *& used in a production order *&---------------------------------------------------------------------* report zp_tmp_data_provider. parameters p_ordid type aufnr. class lcl_data_provider definition. public section. types gty_t_operations type standard table of afvc with default key. methods constructor importing iv_orderid type aufnr. methods get_header returning value(rs_res) type aufk. methods get_pp returning value(rs_res) type afko. methods get_operations returning value(rt_res) type gty_t_operations. private section. data: ms_order_header type aufk, ms_order_pp type afko, mt_operations type gty_t_operations. endclass. class lcl_data_provider implementation. method constructor. \" general order data select single * from aufk where aufnr = @iv_orderid into @ms_order_header. \" production-related order data select single * from afko where aufnr = @iv_orderid into @ms_order_pp. \" order operations select * from afvc where aufpl = @ms_order_pp-aufpl into table @mt_operations. endmethod. \" getter methods for read-only access to the global data method get_header. rs_res = ms_order_header. endmethod. method get_pp. rs_res = ms_order_pp. endmethod. method get_operations. rt_res = mt_operations. endmethod. endclass. class lcl_app definition. public section. types: gty_t_crhd type standard table of crhd with default key. methods constructor importing iv_orderid type aufnr. methods get_workcenter_list returning value(rt_res) type gty_t_crhd. private section. data: mo_data_provider type ref to lcl_data_provider. methods get_workcenter_oper importing is_oper type afvc returning value(rs_res) type crhd. endclass. class lcl_app implementation. method constructor. \" instantiate the data provider mo_data_provider = new #( iv_orderid ). endmethod. method get_workcenter_list. \" use data provider for accessing global data without being able \" to modify it loop at mo_data_provider->get_operations( ) into data(ls_oper). data(ls_workcenter) = get_workcenter_oper( ls_oper ). collect ls_workcenter into rt_res. endloop. endmethod. method get_workcenter_oper. call function 'CR_WORKSTATION_READ' exporting id = is_oper-arbid \" Work center ID msgty = 'E' \" Message type importing ecrhd = rs_res. \" Header data endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. cl_demo_output=>display( new lcl_app( p_ordid )->get_workcenter_list( ) ).\n\nNew NetWeaver Information at SAP.com\n\nVery Helpfull\n\nUser Rating: Be the first one !
+__label__negative Derivatives: What Are Option Contracts And How Do They Work?\u2013 Part 2\n\nThe previous post in our series on derivatives discussed forwards and futures. To review, forwards and futures represent an obligation to buy or sell an asset at a given price at a predetermined time in the future. This post focuses on option contracts, which allow investors to buy or sell an asset in the future as well, but does not require them to do so. However, unlike forward and futures contracts which are costless at initiation, an option purchaser must pay a premium to hold the contract. While options can be written on any number of objects (e.g., interest rates, exchange rates, other derivatives), equity options are the most widely used, and thus are the focus of this review.\n\nStock Options\nAs the name implies, an equity option gives the holder the right to buy (or sell, depending on the type of option) a particular common stock at a given \u201cstrike\u201d price at some point in the future. Equity option contracts are for 100 shares of the underlying stock, although the premiums are listed on a per share basis. For example, an option on ABC stock might have a listed premium of $5, which would mean that an investor would purchase an option contract for 100 shares of ABC at the total price of $500. If the option allowed an investor to buy the stock at the pre-specified strike price, it would be a \u201ccall\u201d option. Conversely, the option to sell the stock at the strike price would be known as a \u201cput\u201d option.\n\nDue to the inherent uncertainty of asset prices in the distant future, options tend to be constructed to expire in nine months or less, though there are exceptions to this convention 1. However, unlike forwards or futures, some options can be exercised before their expiration date. This type of option is known as an \u201cAmerican\u201d option, in contrast to a \u201cEuropean\u201d option, which can only be exercised at expiration 2. \u00a0As American options are more valuable to the option holder (because of the increased flexibility to exercise the contract) they tend to have higher premiums.\n\nThe price of an option is a function of the price of the underlying asset relative to the strike price of the option (the option value) and the time to expiration (the time value). The option value is also referred to as the \u201cmoneyness\u201d of the option. If the price of the underlying asset is above the strike price of a call option (or below the strike price of a put option), the option is said to be \u201cin the money\u201d, meaning it has a positive value if it were to be exercised instantly. Options where the asset price is below the strike on a call (or above the strike on a put) are said to be \u201cout of the money\u201d, and would be worthless if exercised at that point. If the asset price is equal to the strike price, the option is referred to as \u201cat the money\u201d.\n\nWhile the \u201coption value\u201d can be either positive or zero, the time value will always be positive. This is due to the one-sided payoff nature of options. The most an investor who purchases an option can lose is the initial premium, meaning the minimum payoff (assuming the option expires worthless) is nothing. However, as long as the option still has time until expiration, there is always a chance that the underlying asset price could recover, giving the option some value at expiration. Naturally, this time value is largest at the initiation of the contract, and gradually deteriorates as the time frame of the option shrinks, eventually going to zero at the actual expiration of the contract. Thus, at any given point, the premium of an option will be some combination of the option value and the time value.\n\nIn general, an investor would choose to buy a call option on a particular stock if they believed the price of that stock was going to rise during the term of the contract, or buy a put if they thought the stock price would fall. Along these same lines, investors could use options to hedge against adverse movements in a position they already held. Returning to our earlier example, an investor who held a portfolio with ABC stock could purchase a put option on ABC to protect against a drop in the price of the stock. Because the cost of an option is only the premium (which tends to be a small percentage of the price of the underlying stock), purchasing options can be a relatively cheap way to hedge a portfolio.\n\nOptions can also offer the opportunity to use large amounts of leverage for a speculative investor. Using the example of a $5 call option on a $100 stock, an investor would be able to purchase 20 options for the price of one share of stock. However, this additional leverage adds a large amount of risk, if the options expire worthless, then the investor will have lost 100% of their investment. Additionally, profits can be generated by \u201cwriting\u201d (selling) options, though this can be a risky strategy. The writer of the option receives the option premium, but they will be obligated to fulfill the other end of the contract if the option purchaser exercises the option.\n\nWhile Empirical does not believe in using options to speculate on asset prices, we feel that it can be prudent to hedge equity exposure with options, and are willing to assist our clients if they would like to purchase this type of portfolio protection.\n\n1. An example of this would be LEAPS (Long Term Equity Anticipation Security) options.\n2. While European and American options are by far the most common type, there are numerous other types of options, such as Asian, Bermudan, and down-and-in options.
+__label__negative Marketing Quiz 2\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user ehack on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Steps in the Decision Making Model\n    \u2022 1. Need Recognition\n    \u2022 2. Determination of Involvement Level\n    \u2022 3.\u00a0 Identification of Alternatives\n    \u2022 4. Evaluation of Alternatives\n    \u2022 5. Purchase Decision\n    \u2022 6. Post Purchase Behavior\n  2. What is Need Recognition?\n    the consumer realizes there is something they want or need, like a light bulb burns out.\n  3. What is the determination of involvement level\n    How much involvement will go into the decision\n  4. What is a high involvement level in the decision making model\n    Occurs with high risk, expensive, important to everyday life, health, or safety.\u00a0 How long will you have the product, tied to self image, include comparing products, compare price, check reviews, ask friends, pay attention to ads, read the package\n  5. What is a low involvement level in the decision making model?\n    goes right to purchase, occurs with low risks, oreo cookies\n  6. What is the Identification of Alternatives\n    Occurs with high involvement, means seeking information on what choices are available\n  7. What is the evaluation of alternatives?\n    Trying to figure out which choices are better or which is bes, use evaluative criteria: a basis for maing a decision.\u00a0 IE for a car, gas mileage, make model, safety ratings, appearance, color, style, price, number of miles on a car\n  8. What is the Purchase decision?\n    what to buy and where to buy it with different motives\n  9. What are the product buying motives\n    The reason for buying a product\n  10. what is the patronage buying motive\n    The reason where the product is purchased\n  11. What is Post Purchase Behavior?\n    Anything that happes after the purchase, like product use\n  12. What is Cognitive dissonance?\n    Second Thoughts, want to be avoided because positive word of mouth, future purchases, avoid returns, and product disposal\n  13. What is Copeland's Classification?\n    the classification of goods based on purchase behavior\n  14. What are the Classification of goods based on Purchase Behavior?\n    \u2022 Convenience Good,\n    \u2022 Shopping Good,\n    \u2022 Specialty Good,\n    \u2022 Unsought Good\n  15. What is a Convenience good?\n    \u2022 it is purchased without much effort, low involvement. \u00a0\n    \u2022 Also an impulse good, or emergency good, aka immediate need, ie running out of gas\n  16. What is a Shopping Good?\n    A good purchased with effort, high involvement\n  17. What is a homogeneous good?\n    the consumer perceives all brands as the same, effort is put into finding the cheapest option\n  18. What is a heterogeneous good?\n    the consumer perceives differences between brands, effort is into quality comparisons\n  19. What is a specialty good\n    the consumer has brand insistence\n  20. What is an Unsought good?\n    the consumer does not recognize a need for the product, either because the consumer doesn't need the product or the consumer needs the product but doesn't know it\n  21. What is Social influence on buying behavior\n    things that would impact on how people buy products, useful for target marketing\n  22. How does social class effect buying behavior?\n    based on the source of income, used because socio-economic class is a better indicator of buyer behavior than income class\n  23. What is the upper class of the social class of buying behavior?\n    They do not need to work for income, their consumer behavior is they are the only ones that spend more on services than products\n  24. What is the Upper middle class of the social class of buyer behavior?\n    these are professionals and upper management. \u00a0their consumer behavior is the conspicuous consumption is more common among members of this class than the other classes, they are buying things to show the individual is successful\n  25. What is the buyer behavior of the lower middle class?\n    these are white collar, sales, office, teaching, small business owner. \u00a0Their consumer behavior is to conform is a more powerful motive\n  26. What is the Upper lower class of the social classes of buyer behavior?\n    These are blue collar workers, skilled labor, truck drivers, plumbing, factory, farming. \u00a0Their consumer behavior, they put more purchases on credit than member os the other classes\n  27. What is the lower lower class of the social classes of buyer behavior?\n    These people are unskilled labor, likely unemployed or underemployed. \u00a0Their consumer behavior is the compensatory consumption, purchases to make up for what can't be afforded.\n  28. What are the Reference groups within buyers behavior?\n    These are groups an individual uses as a model for behavior, primary, secondary, aspirational.\n  29. What is a primary reference group within buyer behavior?\n    Has regular contact with individual, most powerful reference group\n  30. What is the secondary reference group of buying behavior?\n    the group that the buyer has something in common with. \u00a0People of the same age, like the same music.\n  31. What is the aspiration reference group of buying behavior?\n    This is the group that the individual does not belong to but would like to.\n  32. What roles does families and households have in buying behavior?\n    they have roles that can be played in the buying process for a household, same individual can play more than one role and each role could be played by more than one individual\n  33. What is the influencer int he household buying behavior?\n    One that can influence the decision to purchase something.\n  34. What is the user in the household of buying behavior?\n    This is the actual user of the product\n  35. What is the decider within the household of buying behavior?\n    This person who makes the decision\n  36. Who is the buyer within the household buying behavior?\n    The person going to the store and buying the product.\n  37. What are the main Psychological factors for buying something?\n    \u2022 Motivation\n    \u2022 Perception\n    \u2022 Learning Theory\n    \u2022 Self Concept\n  38. What is the the Maslow Hierarchy of Need theory?\n    attempted to rank order motives or needs in the order they would be satisfied. \u00a0Self-actualization, esteem, social, safety, and physiological- biological\n  39. Why is the Maslow Hierarchy of Need theory useful to marketers?\n    helps the marketer develop multiple appeals for a product, try to have an appeal to each level.\n  40. What is the Herzberg Theory?\n    This is when an individual perceives an object or product as a bundle of attributes that can be sorted into two groups, dissatisfiers and satisfiers\n  41. What are Dissatisfiers of the Herzberg Theory?\n    they are hygiene factors, they may present the object as undesirable.\n  42. What are satisfiers according to Herzberg Theory?t\n    they are motivators, they have attributes that can attract\n  43. What is perception in marketing?\n    What in individuals attitude is of an object or product\n  44. What are the influences on consumer perception?\n    \u2022 Physical character of the object\n    \u2022 the individuals condition\n    \u2022 others influence\n  45. What is the gestalt principle?\n    It is an individuals perception of an object is influence by the object's surroundings, like putting the car on a nice dealer's lot\n  46. What are the reactions to stimuli within perception?\n    They are ways information about the object could be interpreted\n  47. What is selective exposure?\n    You notice what is important to you\n  48. What is selective distortion?\n    The way you interpret the stimuli to fit preconception, if you don't like somebody or something you are more likely to notice their flaws\n  49. What is selective retention?\n    How you remember what is important to you\n  50. What is the learning theory?\n    we are teaching people to buy, a stimulus-response\n  51. What are the four parts of the Learning Theory?\n    \u2022 Drives\n    \u2022 Cues\n    \u2022 Responses\n    \u2022 Reinforcement\n  52. Define Drive within the learning theory\n    it is the hunger, the need or want\n  53. What are the cues within the learning theory?\n    it is the bell, or advertisement\n  54. What is the response within the learning theory?\n    It is the dog drool or purchase\n  55. What is the reinforcement in the learning theory?\n    it is the food or product satisfaction.\n  56. Considered both a need and a want\n    A stimulus\n  57. What is self-concept?\n    It is the opinion about yourself, people buy products that reinforce their self concept\n  58. What are the three levels of self concept?\n    \u2022 Actual\n    \u2022 ideal\n    \u2022 others\n  59. What is the actual self-concept?\n    What you really think about yourself\n  60. What is the ideal self-concept?\n    What you would like to think of yourself\n  61. What is the others of self-concept?\n    What you think other people think of you.\n  62. What are the two main differences of business to business market to the consumer market?\n    \u2022 Customer Differences\n    \u2022 Demand Differences\n  63. What are the Customer differences in the business to business market?\n    \u2022 Larger size orders\n    \u2022 few customers and prospects\n  64. What are the demand differences in the Business to business markets\n    \u2022 A derived demand\n    \u2022 short term price inelastic\n    \u2022 cyclical\n  65. What is a derived demand?\n    derived from the consumer market, more paint for cars because of consumer wants\n  66. What is short term price inelastic?\n    The price has less impact on demand in the short term\n  67. What is cyclical?\n    The demand swings up and down more than consumer demand does.\n  68. What is professional purchasing?\n    the buyers buy the product as a job and have a lot of product knowledge\n  69. What is direct purchasing?\n    Fewer middlemen\n  70. What is reciprocity?\n    One business agrees to buy off another business if that business agrees to buy off of them.\n  71. What is a long term rental?\n    Leasing of equipment, office\n  72. What are the types of buying situations?\n    \u2022 Straight Rebuy\n    \u2022 Modified Rebuy\n    \u2022 New Task\n    \u2022 Systems selling or turn key selling\n  73. What is a straight rebuy?\n    a reorder\n  74. What is a modified rebuy?\n    Reordering with something different.\n  75. What is a new task?\n    A first time purchase by a business\n  76. What is systems selling or turn key selling?\n    the purchase includes a bundle of services along with the product, services like delivery, training, installation, maintenance, repair contract\n  77. What are the roles in business buying?\n    \u2022 Users\n    \u2022 Influencers\n    \u2022 Buyers\n    \u2022 Deciders\n    \u2022 Gatekeepers\n  78. Who are the influencers in business buying?\n    Research and development; finance people\n  79. Who are the buyers in business buying?\n    The person that negotiates the purchase\n  80. Who are the deciders in business buying?\n    The person who makes the buying decision, often a manager or owner\n  81. Who are the gatekeepers in business buying?\n    Someone who controls the flow of information to other roles in the buying process, a secretary or assistant making appointments, mail room sorter.\n  82. What is the organization buying culture?\n    Different ways that a business can make buying decisions\n  83. What are the types of organizational buying cultures?\n    \u2022 Autocratic\n    \u2022 Democratic\n    \u2022 Consultative\n    \u2022 Consensus\n  84. What is an autocratic buying culture?\n    One person makes the decision, common in small businesses\n  85. What is a democratic buying culture?\n    The majority rules, common with retailers who use buying committees and the committee votes whether or not to carry a product\n  86. What is a consultative buying culture?\n    One person makes decisions but gets input from others.\n  87. What is a consensus buying culture?\n    All must agree, most likely in partnerships.\n  88. What are the types of business markets?\n    Vertical and horizontal\n  89. What is a horizontal business market?\n    The product is used by most types of businesses.\n  90. What is the vertical business market?\n    The product is only used by one type of business.\n  91. What are the specialty markets?\n    \u2022 Farm Market\n    \u2022 Reseller Market\n    \u2022 Government Market\n    \u2022 Buying Online\n  92. How is a farm market described as a specialty market?\n    Agribusiness, both a customer and source of supply\n  93. What are the issues facing farm market today?\n    Corporate farms are replacing family farms. \u00a0Farms are becoming fewer but larger. \u00a0Contract farming on increase, when a farmer signs a contract before producin the crop to sell it at a specified price, common with poultry\n  94. What is a reseller market?\n    Stores or any other type of retailer or wholesaler\n  95. What is the evaluative criteria in the reseller market?\n    Resellers use different criteria like merchandise turnover, profit margin, traffic building potential\n  96. What are buying committees?\n    A group of buyers who make the decision on whether or not a product democratically\n  97. What are resident buyers?\n    They are used by small retailers, buyers who are located in a major market to represent the small retailers\n  98. What is a government Market?\n    The government is the customer\n  99. What are the two common ways government buys?\n    \u2022 Open bidding\n    \u2022 negotiated contract\n  100. What is open bidding?\n    A government announces what the government wants to buy including specifications, and then a business wanting to sell submits a bid\n  101. What is a negotiated contract with a government market?\n    Used instead of open bidding, used when there is only one source for the product\n  102. What are the three types of buying online?\n    \u2022 Private exchange\n    \u2022 English auction\n    \u2022 Reverse auction\n  103. What is a private exchange?\n    A supplier gets access to buyer's inventory information with purchases becoming automatic, there is a set reorder point that triggers an order, common with retailers\n  104. What is an english auction?\n    Items listed for sale sold to highest bidder\n  105. What is a reverse auction?\n    Sellers bid to buyers specifications with lowest bid winning sale.\n  106. What is a Market?\n    anyone who might buy the product includes both customers (people who have purchased the product) and prospects (people who might purchase the product)\n  107. What is a Market Segmentation?\n    splitting the market into segments\n  108. What is Target Marketing?\n    market segment you want to sell to (you can have more than one)\n  109. What is Market Aggregation?\n    don\u2019t segment, called majority fallacy (assumption that everyone buys your product for the same reason)\n  110. What are the Parameters for using market segmentation?\n    \u2022 Demographic\n    \u2022 Economic\n    \u2022 Geographic\n  111. What is the demographic parameter?\n    people fact like age, gender\n  112. What is the economic parameter?\n    income or wealth\n  113. What is the psychographic parameter?\n    attitudes or beliefs (things in the mind), examples: lifestyles, benefit sought from the product, attitude toward product\n  114. What are the benefits of using Market Segmentation?\n    can focus on specific benefits for each segment, make everybody happy = better reviews (word of mouth), avoid majority fallacy\n  115. What are the requirements for successful segmentation?\n    \u2022 Measurable Parameter\n    \u2022 Large enough segment\n    \u2022 Ability to pay\n    \u2022 Have need\n    \u2022 Accessible to promotion\n  116. What is a measurable parameter?\n    it is clear which segment someone fits into, like age, example of a parameter that is not measurable would be happy people versus unhappy people\n  117. What is a large enough segment?\n    must be enough people to sell to so the business can make money\n  118. What is the ability to pay?\n    people in the segment must be able to afford the product\n  119. What is the have need?\n    people in the segment must need the product\n  120. What does accessible to promotion mean?\n    must be able to communicate with the segment in a cost effective manner, usually requires a targeted media\n  121. What are the people fact demographics?\n    \u2022 Age group\n    \u2022 Gender\n    \u2022 Family Life Cycle Stage\n  122. What are the breakdown of age groups?\n    \u2022 Youth\n    \u2022 Teen\n    \u2022 Young adult\n    \u2022 Mature adult\n    \u2022 Senior\n  123. Why is the youth market targeted?\n    targeted because they are influencers in household buying decision\n  124. Why is the young adult market targeted?\n    younger than 35, most popular target for advertisers, young adults are more likely to try new products and they less brand loyal\n  125. Why is the mature adult market targeted?\n    older than 35, highest income\n  126. What age is classified as a senior?\n    Older than 65\n  127. What are the Family Life Cycle Stages?\n    \u2022 Single\n    \u2022 Young Married\n    \u2022 Full nest I\n    \u2022 Full nest II\n    \u2022 Empty nest\n    \u2022 Older single\n  128. What is young married?\n    No Kids\n  129. What is full nest I?\n    youngest child is at home during the day (not in first grade), household income tends to be lower because something has to be done for the child at home\n  130. What is full nest II?\n    youngest child is in school, children in school tend to stronger influencers of household buying decisions\n  131. What is empty nest?\n    no kids at home\n  132. What is older single?\n  133. What are other Demographics?\n    \u2022 Race\n    \u2022 Height\n  134. Why would marketers what to use Geographics?\n    Target people where they live\n  135. Why would marketers use a target region?\n    like cold climates versus warm climates for clothing\n  136. Why would marketers use a type of Neighborhood?\n    like urban, suburban, rural\n  137. What are the economics used?\n    could be wealth or income but is usually income\n  138. What are the measurements of income?\n    \u2022 Personal income\n    \u2022 Disposable income\n    \u2022 Discretionary income\n  139. What is Personal income?\n    Gross income\n  140. What is disposable income?\n    net income, take home pay, personal income after taxes and deductions\n  141. What is discretionary income?\n    disposable income minus fixed expenses (expenses you have to pay like rent, car payment, phone plan)\n  142. What is the list of value of income?\n    \u2022 Money income\n    \u2022 Real income\n    \u2022 Psychic income\n  143. Define money income?\n    In dollars and cents\n  144. What is real income?\n    the purchasing power of your income, like income adjusted for inflation (when prices go up the value of income goes down)\n  145. What is psychic income?\n    how well off you feel you are\n  146. What are Psychographics?\n    \u2022 Attitudes and beliefs\n    \u2022 Lifestyle\n  147. What are the types of Attitude toward products?\n    \u2022 Realists\n    \u2022 Authority seekers\n    \u2022 Skeptic\n    \u2022 Hypochondriacs\n  148. What is the percentage and attitude of realists?\n    35%, people who make a decision based on experience or facts they believe to be true, market by statistics, facts, study results\n  149. What is the percentage and attitude of authority seekers?\n    31% - people who make a decision based on the recommendation of someone they perceive to be an expert, market by ads with doctor\u2019s recommendation\n  150. What is the percentage and attitude of skeptics?\n    23% - people who don\u2019t believe over the counter drugs work anyway or that there is any difference between them, market by don\u2019t bother\n  151. What is the percentage and attitude of realists?\n    11% - people who like being sick because it gets them attention, market by exaggerate the benefits of the drug, list symptoms, ads that focus on attention given to sick people\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMarketing Quiz 2\n2014-03-13 02:14:12\nYork College Marketing Lewis Small\n\nCards for Quiz 2 with Lewis Small in Principles of marketing, based only on notes\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
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+__label__negative Take the 2-minute tour \u00d7\n\nI just received a referee report criticizing that I would too often use the word \"canonical\". I have a certain understanding of what \"canonical\" should stand for, but the report shows me that other people might think differently. So I am asking:\n\n  1. Is there a definition of \"canonical\"?\n\n  2. What are examples where the use of \"canonical\" is undoubtedly correct?\n\n  3. What are examples where the use of \"canonical\" is undoubtedly incorrect?\n\nVERY LATE EDIT: I just came across this wonderful passage written by Andr\u00e9 Weil (Oeuvres, vol. 2, page 558):\n\nI can assure you, at any rate, that [...] my results are invariant, probably canonical, perhaps even functorial.\n\nshare|improve this question\nNice question but the math police will probably close it down. I don't think there is a canonical definition of 'canonical'. \u2013\u00a0 Idoneal Mar 28 '10 at 18:35\nI think this question is fine, because: it admits answers where the respondent can bring external knowledge to bear; it is based on a particular point of interest and importance to practising mathematicians, esp. those in early stages of their careers; and there is some sense of consensus/tradition, so that something like a \"right\" or \"wrong\" answer could be attempted. \u2013\u00a0 Yemon Choi Mar 28 '10 at 18:43\nI think this question is a great example of how bringing in context can make a question less likely to be closed. Without the comment about the referee report, I probably would have thought the OP was being a wag, but in that context the question makes a lot of sense. \u2013\u00a0 Ben Webster Mar 28 '10 at 19:26\nI'm surprised that noone has complained about the term \"canonical bundle\" in algebraic geometry, meaning the top exterior power of the cotangent bundle. Let me do so here. \u2013\u00a0 Allen Knutson Mar 22 '14 at 16:57\n\n16 Answers 16\n\nI always had the following working definition of canonical (which I think Gordon James told me and he might have said it was due to Conway? Not sure): a map A->B is canonical if you construct a candidate, and the guy in the office next to you constructs a candidate, and you end up with the same map twice.\n\nSomehow there is something more to it than that though. For example if A is an abelian group and we want a map A-->A then I will choose the identity, but I know for sure that the wag in the office next door to me will choose the map sending a to -a because that's his sense of humour. What has happened here is that there are in fact two canonical maps A-->A. This issue shows up in class field theory, which is an isomorphism between two rather fancy abelian groups X and Y, and where no-one could decide for a long time which one of the two canonical isomorphisms was \"best\". So you often see statements in number theory papers saying \"we normalise our class field theory isomorphisms so that geometric Frobenii go to uniformisers\" (the alternative being the inverse of this). It also shows up in the Weil pairing on an elliptic curve: it's canonical, but because we're in an abelian situation, its inverse is too. So you see in e.g. Katz-Mazur an explicit spelling out of which of the two canonical choices one is going to make (and hang all the non-canonical ones!).\n\nshare|improve this answer\nI like the working definition, but I can't trust my neighbors with that kind of responsibility. To paraphrase something I hear very often from one of my colleagues: \"You mean a (blah) that would occur in real mathematics, not any (blah) that I would come up with.\" \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 20:40\n@Francois: somehow it's worse than that with the class field theory isomorphism. It's not that you can't trust your neighbour---there really is a 50-50 chance with that one. But somehow what saves us is that it's not that there's one canonical pair of maps, there really are two canonical maps, so if you were to confer beforehand then you'd both get the same map, whereas however much conferring you did, if you were presented with two abstract 1-dimensional real vector spaces where you couldn't see anything at all but fog, you'd never both manage to choose the same basis. \u2013\u00a0 Kevin Buzzard Mar 28 '10 at 20:52\nPlease tell me people do not use the plural Frobenii! \u2013\u00a0 Mariano Su\u00e1rez-Alvarez Mar 28 '10 at 23:34\nI've heard it too. I've even heard the verb \"Frobenate\" for applying the Frobenius map to something. \u2013\u00a0 Tyler Lawson Mar 29 '10 at 4:16\nI once saw the misspelling \"Frobenious\", followed by someone's suggestion that this was the adjectival form. \u2013\u00a0 Mark Meckes Mar 29 '10 at 13:00\n\nI think there is a multi-level classification associated to \"canonicalness,\" which explains why some clashes of definition occur.\n\n  \u2022 Arbitrary \u2014 No requirements.\n  \u2022 Uniform \u2014 There may be a few options but these options can be selected by making a few global choices.\n  \u2022 Canonical \u2014 As in the uniform case, but there is only one natural choice of options which applies globally.\n\nCanonical examples \u00e0 la Russell:\n\n  \u2022 Choose one sock from each pair in a collection of sock pairs \u2014 There is no way to make a uniform choice.\n  \u2022 Choose one shoe from each pair in a collection of shoe pairs \u2014 There are two obvious global solutions, left shoe or right shoe, but no way to prefer one over the other.\n  \u2022 Choose one object from each set in a collection of sets each consisting of a bowtie and possibly other items \u2014 There is only one obvious global solution.\n\nI think the main point of contention is distinguishing uniform and canonical. Some will argue that it's not canonical if there is a choice to be made, while some will argue that a finite number of global choices is still canonical.\n\nThere is yet another use of canonical to mean something like 'universally sanctioned' (this is closer to the religious term). The second occurrence of canonical above is of this type.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n@Fran\u00e7ois: In my example about ring homomorphisms Z[x] -> R I think there are two global solutions, but one seems clearly better than the other. Would you consider this \"uniform\" or \"canonical\"? \u2013\u00a0 Reid Barton Mar 28 '10 at 20:00\n@Reid: I'm not very fond of the distinction and I usually prefer the term uniform. That said, I think $x \\mapsto r$ is arguably more natural than $x \\mapsto -r$. \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 20:04\n@Reid: I think the distinction is that Z[x] implicitly comes equipped with a pointer to the generator x. Or I guess one can define Z[x] by the fact that it represents the forgetful functor from Ring to Set, and then I imagine that the two functors given by sending x to r and x to -r are naturally isomorphic, so the issue is moot. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Mar 28 '10 at 20:37\n@Kevin: There are more than two choices for Hom(Z[x],R) = R, viz. x, -x, 1+x, 1-x,... all generate Z[x]. They are all equivalent, but I wouldn't say that they are all canonical. \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 21:59\nYeah, I was wrong about there being only two, but the point remains. \u2013\u00a0 Reid Barton Mar 28 '10 at 22:05\n  1. Not a definition, exactly; I would say the situation is similar to that of forgetful functor. If I say there is a canonical isomorphism between X and Y, then what I mean is that if asked, pretty much everyone would choose the same isomorphism. A canonical isomorphism is very often a natural isomorphism in the sense of category theory, but the converse need not hold. A canonical isomorphism does not need to be the unique isomorphism between X and Y, though sometimes it is when X and Y are considered as equipped with some additional structure.\n\n  2. \"There is a canonical isomorphism between the set of elements of a ring R and the set of ring maps $\\mathbb{Z}[x] \\to R$.\" Obviously, I mean for $r \\in R$ to correspond to the ring map sending $x$ to $r$, although I could just as well send $x$ to $-r$.\n\n  3. \"There is a canonical isomorphism between a finite-dimensional vector space V and its dual.\" No explanation needed, I suppose.\n\nMaybe more interesting would be an example where the word \"canonical\" is arguably correct or incorrect; I can't think of one off-hand.\n\nAddendum, after reading some of the other answers: I would emphasize that for me there is a difference between \"natural\" in the formal category-theoretic sense and \"canonical\". For one thing there is a linguistic distinction: if I am considering an isomorphism F between X and Y then \"Theorem: F is a natural isomorphism\" is perfectly acceptable but \"Theorem: F is a canonical isomorphism\" is very strange to me. There should be only one canonical isomorphism between two things, though what that isomorphism is could depend on context, e.g., \"the canonical isomorphism $A \\otimes B \\to B \\otimes A$\" where $A$ and $B$ are graded abelian groups might mean different things to an algebraic geometer and an algebraic topologist.\n\nFinally, this is hardly a definition, more of a rule of thumb: there is a canonical isomorphism between X and Y if and only if you would feel comfortable writing \"X = Y\".\n\nshare|improve this answer\n3. bothers me. Don't you want it to say \"...and the dual of the dual,\" so the statement is correct? \u2013\u00a0 AndrewLMarshall Mar 28 '10 at 18:45\nThe OP asked for an incorrect use of the word \"canonical\", which I took to mean a false statement which becomes true if \"canonical\" is removed. \u2013\u00a0 Reid Barton Mar 28 '10 at 18:46\n+1 for the rule of thumb. I think this is a very good litmus test. \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 20:13\n>but the converse need not hold. Could you please give an example for this statement? \u2013\u00a0 Dmitri Pavlov Mar 28 '10 at 20:28\nSure, for example, the natural isomorphism $V \\to V^{**}$ given by $x \\mapsto (f \\mapsto 3f(x))$. \u2013\u00a0 Reid Barton Mar 28 '10 at 20:34\n\nI was taught to think that there is a precise definition of \"canonical\" in differential topology, at least in the context of linear algebra constructions. A construction is canonical if it is a smooth functor. (There is a Wikipedia page about smooth functors but it is not very insightful). And since it is hard to invent a non-smooth functor, it practically boils down to just being a functor.\n\nThe categories involved are usually not mentioned explicitly, and they are not things like vectors spaces with linear maps. They are rather things like vector spaces with linear isomorphisms as morphisms. Or, more generally, isomorphisms of whatever structure you happen to have on them. For example, dual vector space is a canonical construction but an isomorphism between a vector space and its dual is not. On the other hand, there is a canonical one if your spaces carry Euclidean structure.\n\nThe idea is that a canonical construction can be applied fiber-wise in fiber bundles. Sometimes this feature is advertised as a poor man's definition of \"canonical\" but this is not quite correct: for example, every vector bundle (over a paracompact base) is isomorphic to its dual, but this is not really canonical.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nThe observation that \"canonical constructions\" can be applied fiber-wise to bundles is an excellent one. I now realize that in practice, this perspective underlies a lot of my use of \"canonical\". \u2013\u00a0 Tom Church Mar 28 '10 at 22:49\nThis seems to be the same as the use at this nlab page: ncatlab.org/nlab/show/canonical+morphism \u2013\u00a0 Reid Barton Mar 29 '10 at 0:42\nIt is not the same that what I wrote, but maybe it is more correct. Although I don't see how it covers cases like \"canonical orientation on $X\\times X$\". \u2013\u00a0 Sergei Ivanov Mar 29 '10 at 2:58\n\nFor me the word \u201ccanonical\u201d always means \u201cfunctorial in some sense\u201d, usually without using any form of the axiom of choice. For example, every finite-dimensional vector space is canonically isomorphic to its double dual, because there is an isomorphism of functors id \u2192 **, but there is no canonical isomorphism between a finite-dimensional vector space and its dual, because one cannot construct an isomorphism of functors id \u2192 * without using some form of the axiom of choice. Likewise, the construction of an algebraic closure is not canonical because there is no functor that sends a field to its algebraic closure, even though every two algebraic closures are (non-canonically) isomorphic.\n\nI presume that one can allow using the axiom of choice and still get the same results, but in this case one needs to use the language of 2-categories. For every well-pointed elementary topos T (basically, a set theory), we can construct the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces in this topos and isomorphism of functors id \u2192 **. I think that this isomorphism depends 2-functorially on T. On the other hand, even if we use the axiom of choice to construct an isomorphism of functors id \u2192 * for every well-pointed elementary topos T, there is no way to make it depend functorially on T. I must say that I have never tried to prove any of these statements, so they might as well be totally wrong.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nYour usage of \"axiom of choice\" is wrong -- the fact that a finite-dimensional vector space is isomorphic to its dual is provable without any use of the axiom of choice (even in topoi if you use the correct definition of finite). What you meant is probably \"without making arbitrary choices\" or \"by making uniform choices.\" (The latter is how I usually understand the phrase \"canonical choice.\") \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 19:04\nTo construct an isomorphism between the identity functor and the dual functor in the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces, isn't it necessary to choose, for each vector space, an explicit isomorphism to its dual? I think that's what Dmitri means. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Mar 28 '10 at 19:10\nQiaochu is right. I only said that \u201cone cannot construct an isomorphism of functors id \u2192 * without using some form of the axiom of choice\u201d, not that one cannot construct an isomorphism between a finite-dimensional vector space and its dual without using some form of the axiom of choice. \u2013\u00a0 Dmitri Pavlov Mar 28 '10 at 19:17\n@Dmitri: Yes, and your usage is correct, I apologize for the confusion. I'm leaving my comment there to since there is apparently a way to misunderstand what you wrote. (Though, after rereading carefully once more, I don't think what you wrote is ambiguous in any way. My guess is that accidentally skipping over a few words changes the meaning.) \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 19:43\n@Konrad: For me natural = functorial = canonical. In particular, the natural isomorphism V \u2192 V** given by x \u21a6 (f \u21a6 -f(x)) is a canonical isomorphism for me, even though Reid Barton claims that it isn't. (I replaced 3 by -1 in his example to avoid problems with characteristic 3.) In my papers I avoid the term \u201ccanonical\u201d and use more precise words such as \u201cfunctorial\u201d instead. \u2013\u00a0 Dmitri Pavlov Mar 28 '10 at 21:06\n\nI was always under the impression that canonical meant, precisely, that no arbitrary choices were necessary. But, that it was occasionally used less formally, in a more standard-English sort of way to mean traditional/obvious/well known. The informal meaning is usually used as a cheap way to avoid explaining something that's easier for the reader to guess anyway.\n\nEx 1: Two vector spaces of the same dimension are isomorphic. The isomorphism is not canonical.\n\nEx 2: A finite dimensional vector space is canonically isomorphic to its double dual.\n\nEx 3: Let $\\pi: S^3 \\to S^2$ be the canonical fibration.\n\nI never really liked it when people use canonical as in example 3. It seems like using it this flexibly detracts from the useful technical interpretation of the word.\n\nI've also heard some more complicated category theoretic interpretations of what canonical meant. But, after more scrutiny, it seems that these \"definitions\" are specific cases of the \"no arbitrary choices\" principle.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nI would never call the Hopf fibration canonical, but maybe that's just me. \u2013\u00a0 Deane Yang Mar 28 '10 at 21:51\nThe third sense is using \"canonical\" to mean \"that which is found in canon,\" e.g. the literature. I think \"standard\" or \"classical\" would work better. Or \"Hopf.\" \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Mar 28 '10 at 23:41\nI wouldn't call the Hopf fibration \"canonical\" either. But it used exactly that way, and it does fit the standard English definition of the word. If I was writing, I would definitely use something like \"classical\" instead. \u2013\u00a0 Fabrizio Polo Mar 29 '10 at 6:23\nIF I had a shiny 4D brain, I'd probably call the Hopf fibration \"canonical\". \u2013\u00a0 horse with no name Feb 16 '13 at 15:03\nEx 3 might be an interesting counterexample to the \"person in the office next door\" rule of thumb. All four of the commenters so far seem to agree that $\\pi$ is obviously supposed to be the Hopf fibration, so this usage of \"canonical\" passes the \"office next door\" test... but I still think it's wrong! \u2013\u00a0 Vectornaut Nov 14 '13 at 2:59\n\nI would say that \"canonical\" ought to be used to describe when no choices have been made.\n\nA nice example of a non-canonical identification: A principle bundle is made up of principle homogeneous spaces for the action of a Lie group. These are spaces which are homeomorphic but non-canonically isomorphic to the Lie group. For example, I might have a circle bundle. My Lie group would be a `concrete version' of the group such as $\\{|z| = 1\\}$, but my fibres are simply circles. I would need to choose a base point on each of the circles to make them into groups in the same way. This amounts to taking a global section and can't always be done (e.g. circle bundle on the sphere has no global section by hairy ball theorem), so the non-canonical-ness might actually be important\n\nThe labelling of identifications as Canonical and Non-canonical is common in linear algebra: Since one chooses bases so often, it is worth pointing out when such a choice is avoided...\n\nTo prove that $V^* \\otimes V^*$ is isomorphic to $(V \\otimes V)^*$, one ought to work with elements of the spaces directly rather than their representations in some basis. I would therefore call the resulting isomorphism `canonical'.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n(I just fixed your latex in the last paragraph. When the equation uses * and a few other annoying things, you should surround the \\$ with backticks `.) \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 23:02\nOr instead of * use \\ast, to get $\\ast$ \u2013\u00a0 David Roberts Jun 5 '12 at 2:06\n\nHopefully I don't say something too stupid. I just wonder whether the definition of canonical might be relative.\n\nFor example, if we look at $ \\mathbb Z / p$ as an additive group in fact there is no non-zero element which stands out. But if we look at $ \\mathbb Z / p$ as a field $1$ stands out as a non-zero element.\n\nAnother example. From the geometrical reason alone, there is no good reason to choose a positive direction (Essentially there is no way to distinguish from left hand and right hand). But in a universe where there is electro magnetic force, we then have a canonical way to choose a positive direction.\n\nYet another example, there is a canonical way to choose whether you want a left shoe or a right shoe: If you are left-handed then choose the left one, if you are right handed choose the right one.\n\nPerhaps what counts as canonical depends on where we are standing. A suggestion for a heuristic definition: canonical is definable with respect to the structure you are standing at.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nCertainly. If you take the functorial point of view, everything depends on the ambient category. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Mar 29 '10 at 5:10\nTran Chieu Minh, this suggests the horrifying possibility of considering canonically canonical objects \u2026. \u2013\u00a0 L Spice Mar 29 '10 at 15:29\nMay be it is because I am not very familiar with the functorial point of view. But why canonical and functorial are the same is still not very clear to me. Canonical as I perceive is close in meaning to being naturally suggested. Functorial is however somesort of a commutative condition. Though in practice they often coincide but is there any conceptual gap? \u2013\u00a0 abcdxyz Mar 29 '10 at 17:01\n@ L Spice: Not quite sure what you mean. Are you saying that there should be no fixed meaning of being canonial? Or are you worrying about some type of self reference that might be paradoxical? \u2013\u00a0 abcdxyz Mar 29 '10 at 17:04\nTo use physics to distinguish left from right, you'll need the weak force, not electromagnetic. The apparent left-right distinction in electromagnetic theory (right-hand rules for the direction of magnetic fields induced by currents, etc.) arises solely from our conventions (particularly, our tendency to conflate polar and axial vectors); the actual physics of electromagnetism is left-right symmetric. \u2013\u00a0 Andreas Blass Jun 5 '12 at 11:38\n\nNot a definition, but an example of use in logic:\n\nIn model theory, \"canonical\" is often used in the phrase \"the canonical model\" to mean \"intended structure.\" For instance, in first-order logic, one may speak of \"the canonical model of Peano Arithmetic\" to mean the structure of the natural numbers, or \"the canonical model of the theory of real-closed fields\" to mean the field of real numbers. Intuitively, \"the canonical model\" of a theory is the structure one was trying to pin down when the axiomatisation of the theory was written. It's just that in first-order logic, it is hard to pin down (infinite) structures! No first-order theories admitting infinite models are categorical (they admit non-isomorphic models; indeed, they admit models of every infinite cardinality), and compactness/ultraproduct/(many other) constructions can often be used to build \"non-standard\" models of theories. \"Non-standard\" models of Peano Arithmetic or the theory of real-closed fields would in this context be called \"non-canonical\" (even though there are many canonically studied \"non-standard\" models of those theories!).\n\nBut, many commonly studied theories do not have a notion of \"canonical model.\" For instance, one would not say \"the canonical model of group theory.\"\n\nshare|improve this answer\nI probably just never noticed, but I don't recall seeing 'canonical' used instead of 'standard' in this context. Can you point to an example? \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 22:16\nI do think you're right that 'standard' is used more often. But, a few examples: <p> - Peano Arithmetic (p 18): arxiv.org/pdf/0905.1680 <br> - model theory of geometry: people.maths.ox.ac.uk/zilber/q_tori.pdf <br> - modal logic (questioning just how 'canonical' a certain model is!): ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jogath/v28y1999i3p435-442.html <p> If I remember correctly, Hodges' model theory texts also use 'canonical' regularly to mean 'intended' or 'standard.' \u2013\u00a0 Grant Olney Passmore Mar 28 '10 at 22:44\nThanks! Zilber's use of canonical is particularly interesting. \u2013\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois G. Dorais Mar 28 '10 at 22:58\nHmmmmm, this seems slightly weird to me. I associate the term 'standard model' with the model that the theory was designed to describe. For example, the standard model of Peano arithmetic. In my head, 'canonical model' refers to the model constructed in the proof of the completeness theorem. I think this is pretty standard too (see Van Dalen, for instance). I'm sure it's standard in modal logic as well, I wrote my thesis on a method of constructing these kind of canonical models (see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripke_semantics#Canonical_models). \u2013\u00a0 Brendan Cordy Mar 29 '10 at 14:07\n@Brendan Cordy: Great point. I've seen that use (in regards to Henkin constructions) quite a bit as well. I guess the moral of the story here is that the term \"canonical model\" is used in a number of different - even incompatible - ways! \u2013\u00a0 Grant Olney Passmore Mar 29 '10 at 19:44\n\nOn page vii of the Introduction to the 1996 edition of Sheaf Theory by Glen E. Bredon, the author discusses the difference between \"canonical\" and \"natural\" and points to a historical context:\n\nOccasionally, we use the equal sign to mean a \"canonical\" isomorphism, perhaps not, strictly speaking, an equality. The word \"canonical\" is often used for the concept for which the word \"natural\" was used before category theory gave that word a precise meaning. That is, \"canonical\" certainly means natural when the latter has meaning, but it means more: that which might be termed \"God-given.\" We shall make no attempt to define that concept precisely. (Thanks to Dennis Sullivan for a theological discussion in 1969.)\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nVague definition of canonical:\n\nLet $X$ and $Y$ be collections (often sets) for which assumptions has been made (has been given structures and/or are related somehow). A function $f\\colon X \\to Y$ is canonical if it is given by a rule using only the already given structure.\n\nThis explains the relation to the greek word rule (kanon). The precise meaning of the above are open for enterpretation: how much structure can the rule itself contain (maybe this can be made precise)! This \"definition\" somewhat contradicts many of the other answers, which for some reason is under the impression that canonical implies unique (or almost unique), which in my point of view is very wrong since different rules may define different maps. E.g. if we let $X$ be the objects in the category of abelian groups and $Y$ the morphisms then the definitions makes all the group homomorphisms $A \\to A$ given by multiplication with an element in $\\mathbb{Z}$ canonical, which to me is not a problem.\n\nUsually when there is an especially simple rule it is often assumed without mentioning that this is the rule defining the function. E.g. most will understand the following:\"there is a canonical endemorphism of any object in a category\". This emphasizes the multiplication with 1 above as somehow speciel or \"more canonical\" than the rest. This is simply because the rule works in much greater generality and is shorter.\n\nUsually if a rule is very simple the function will have nice properties. E.g. simply rules in category theory often define functors, natural transformations, e.t.c. This leeds many people to confuse the notion of canonical with \"something behaving nicely\".\n\nI am somewhat puzzled by the use of the word uniform in one of the answers. The nature of the word uniform is \"of the same form\" and relates more to symmetries and things looking the same every where. This often leeds to canonical maps, since a choice at one point can sometimes be extended to a choice at every point. Please someone comment on this since maybe this is just a use of the word I have not seen before!\n\nshare|improve this answer\nI think I share some of your concerns. \u2013\u00a0 abcdxyz Mar 29 '10 at 17:18\n\nI have two competing interpretations of the word canonical.\n\nOne, apparently the one used by Bourbaki, is mathematically informal. In various contexts, some objects (maps, modules, etc.) are defined unambiguously and called canonical. For example, the canonical basis of the free module $A^{(I)}$ over a set $I$, the canonical surjection from a set $X$ to its set $X/R$ of equivalence classes with respect to some equivalence relation $R$, the canonical bilinear map from a product of two modules to their tensor product, etc.\n\nThe other interpretation is categorical. The given context defines (often implicitly) some categories and the canonical object is functorial with respect to isomorphisms. It is more or less what Kevin Buzzard says in its answer, when he defines canonical by the property that he and a colleague, when asked to define the object, would agree on the same object.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nDear Antoine, how do you apply this categorical interpretation to prove the following fact: there is no canonical generator for the multiplicative group of the field with $p$ elements? \u2013\u00a0 Matthieu Romagny Feb 16 '13 at 19:50\nWell (except when $p=2$), for every generator of the multiplicative group $\\mathbf F_p^\\times$, there is an automorphism of this group which moves the generator. But there is a canonical generator in the former sense: I would say that the one with smallest positive representative in $\\mathbf Z$ qualifies. \u2013\u00a0 ACL Feb 16 '13 at 23:48\nOK, thanks! (Note: for $p=3$ also, the generator is canonical.) \u2013\u00a0 Matthieu Romagny Feb 17 '13 at 13:02\nIf we are considering the category of fields with $p$ elements, then the canonical generator $c$ in Bourbaki's sense works also in the functorial sense since an isomorphism between two fields with $p$ elements takes $c$ to $c$. (Of course there is only one isomorphism, and it is used to identify $c$ everywhere...) Maybe a more satisfying non-existence statement in the functorial sense of canonicity is that cyclic groups of order $n$ do not have a canonical generator if $n\\ge 3$. \u2013\u00a0 Matthieu Romagny Feb 17 '13 at 13:30\n@Mathieu. As far as I am concern, this fact \"there is no canonical generator for the multiplicative group of the field with p elements?\" Is false. There is canonical generator : the one which is the smallest if I identify $F_p$ with {0,1,..p-1}. But I guess it depends on your interpretation of \"canonical\" \u2013\u00a0 Simon Henry Nov 13 '13 at 23:47\n\nIt is not an answer but it must have to do with the way our brain pick up a sample between a few ones. It must be the minimum of some function which can be implemented for real in the brain. I do not believe that there is a pure logical definition of \"canonical\" independently of the way our brain works. Experience : give me a number? What do you answer? 0 or 1 rarely $\\pi$ or even 115674. The numbers 0 and 1 are canonical in some sense. Give me a basis of ${\\bf R}^3$. The same holds $((1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1))$ I minimize the number of different digits and I pick them in my \"basis\" of canonical numbers. Well, interesting question.\n\nWhat is the canonical circle ? Ce circle in ${\\bf R}^2$, centered at $(0,0)$ with radius $1$.\n\nI know two numbers $0$ and $1$, the radius cannot be $0$ because it is not a (true) circle, so the radius is $1$, now the center could be $(0,0)$, $(0,1)$, $(1,0)$ or $(1,1)$ ? I prefer $(0,0)$, $0$ is simpler than $1$. How do you fit this example with category arguments?\n\nBTW I have nothing against category theory, I like it. But I'm curious to see if this example fits general categorical arguments.\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nFor me, if we have a partition P of a set S, then we can define a set of representatives, one from each part of P, each of which is called canonical.\n\nTypically, the partition P is formed by the orbits of a group G acting on S. If we choose G so that every element in S has a trivial stabiliser, then we can find |S| by instead counting the canonical representatives since |S|=|G|*|P| by the Orbit-Stabiliser Theorem.\n\nOften, the elements that are chosen to be canonical can be quite contrived - e.g. just because your program outputs a certain element of P first, i.e. \"lexicographical order\".\n\nTo add some examples:\n\na) An orthomorphism of $\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a permutation $\\sigma$ such that $i \\mapsto \\sigma(i)-i \\pmod n$ is also a permutation. We partition the orthomorphisms of $\\mathbb{Z}_n$ into equivalence classes under the transformation $E_g$ for which $E_g\\[\\sigma\\](i)=\\sigma(i)+g \\pmod n$. Therefore the parts each have cardinality $n$ and we define the canonical representatives to be the orthomorphisms $\\sigma$ for which $\\sigma(0)=0$. Therefore the total number of orthomorphisms is $n$ times the number of canonical orthomorphisms.\n\nb) A Latin square is an $n \\times n$ matrix containing $n$ distinct symbols in which each symbol occurs exactly once in each row and each column. For instance, $$\\begin{matrix} 1 & 3 & 2 \\\\\\\\ 3 & 2 & 1 \\\\\\\\ 2 & 1 & 3 \\end{matrix}$$ is a $3 \\times 3$ Latin square. We can put it in a canonical form (which I call normalised) by permuting the columns so that the first row is in order, i.e. $$\\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\\\\\\\ 3 & 1 & 2 \\\\\\\\ 2 & 3 & 1 \\end{matrix}$$ Here the total number of Latin squares is $n!$ times the number of normalised Latin squares. There's another canonical form (which I call reduced) which has the first row and first column in order.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nFinding representatives for equivalence classes is often impossible to do canonically... I'm not really sure what sense you mean. \u2013\u00a0 Qiaochu Yuan Mar 29 '10 at 5:12\nJust take the map $i \\mapsto j$ where $j$ is the canonical element in the part containing $i$. However, it's not always a pretty function. \u2013\u00a0 Douglas S. Stones Mar 29 '10 at 12:39\nchicken/egg: all based spaces have a canonical point, but there is no canonical way of picking a point in all (non-empty) spaces. The terminology:\"picking a canonical point\" should really be:\"we give all the sets the structure of being based by picking a point in each - and hence forth may talk about the canonical point in each set\". In short it is not a part of the structure to have a canonical point is a consequence of the structure. \u2013\u00a0 Thomas Kragh Mar 31 '10 at 8:50\nYes exactly. Here structures gives rise to canonical maps. E.g. the Normal $n$ by $n$ matrices over $\\mathbb{C}$ is sufficiently structured such that there is a canonical map to $\\mathbb{C}^n$ modulo the action of the symmetric group on the image, and this map classifies the matrices up similarity. So the canonical form is an equivalence class of diagonal matrices. I.e. for each matrix we get a canonical point in $\\mathbb{C}^n$ modulo the symmetric group action using the inherent structure of the space of normal matrices. \u2013\u00a0 Thomas Kragh Apr 6 '10 at 11:03\n\nRegarding the (widely considered to be false) statement that \"There is a canonical isomorphism between a finite-dimensional vector space V and its dual\" in Reid Barton's answer, I think that the situation is a bit more interesting than that. It is a good illustration of the idea that an object may be defined to be \"canonical\" if it is constructed without making any choices, and the interesting point here is that there are various degrees of (in-)tolerance to choices. If we work with vector spaces of fixed finite dimension, then an isomorphism $i_E:E\\to E^*$ between a vector space $E$ and its dual $E^*$ may be called canonical if\n\n  1. it does not depend on the choice of a basis for $E$ but we need a basis to define it, or\n  2. it does not depend on the choice of a basis and may be defined without choosing a basis, or\n  3. it does not depend on basis choices as above and does not even depend on $E$, in the sense that whenever $u:E\\to F$ is an isomorphism between dim. vector spaces of the same finite dimension, then $u^*\\circ i_F\\circ u=i_E$ where $u^*$ is the transpose of $u$. This third notion of canonicity is essentially functoriality.\n\nConcretely, given a basis $B=\\{e_j\\}$ of $E$ with dual basis $B^*=\\{e_j^*\\}$, we can construct an isomorphism $i=i_{E,B}:E\\to E^*$ that maps $e_j$ to $e_j^*$. This map does not depend on the choice of basis if and only if $u^*\\circ i\\circ u=i$ for all $u\\in \\text{GL}(E)$. It is easily seen that this is equivalent to the fact that $\\text{GL}_n(k)=\\text{O}_n(k)$, where $k$ is the base field, $n$ is the dimension, and $\\text{O}_n(k)$ is the orthogonal group of the standard (sum of squares) quadratic form. Exercise: this equality holds if and only if $n=1$ and $k$ has at most $3$ elements. Thus for $n=1$ and $\\text{card}(k)\\leq 3$ the map $i_{E,B}:E\\to E^*$ does not depend on $B$, so we may write it simply $i_E$. When $\\text{card}(k)=2$ this is not so surprising because any two one-dimensional vector spaces over the field with two elements are uniquely (hence canonically in whichever sense you like) isomorphic, but for $\\text{card}(k)=3$ this is a bit more exotic. Having reached this point, we might think that we are in the funny notion 1 of canonicity (and this is what I thought some minutes ago). But in fact, still assuming that $n=1$ and $\\text{card}(k)\\leq 3$, we can exhibit an isomorphism $i:E\\to E^*$ without any reference to a basis. Namely, define $i(0)=0$ and if $x\\in E$ is nonzero, then it is a basis of $E$, and we can define $i(x)=x^*$, the only element of the dual basis. The point is that since $a^2=1$ for all nonzero scalars in $k$, this map $i$ is linear.\n\nConclusion: if $n=1$ and $\\text{card}(k)\\leq 3$ there is an isomorphism $i:E\\to E^*$ that is constructed without a choice of basis, and it is functorial for isomorphisms of one-dimensional vector spaces. If $n\\ge 2$ or $\\text{card}(k)\\ge 4$, the map $i_{E,B}:E\\to E^*$ is not independent of the basis $B$.\n\nI would guess that it is possible to find examples of phenomena like 1 above.\n\nshare|improve this answer\nHere is an example I learned in Rennes, and which, I believe, originates from Bas Edixhoven. If $k$ is the field with two elements and $E$ has dimension $2$, then there is a unique alternate form on $E$, which gives rise to a canonical isomorphism between $E$ and $E^*$. \u2013\u00a0 ACL Feb 16 '13 at 14:52\nYou are right that the last-but-one sentence \"there is no such basis-choice-free isomorphism\" is not true and must be replaced by \"the map $i_{E,B}:E\\to E^*$ above is not independent of the basis. \u2013\u00a0 Matthieu Romagny Feb 16 '13 at 17:16\n\nSince this question has just popped up again to the the top of the stack, I can't resist adding one more response.\n\nIt occurs to me that constructive logic (or type theory) suggests a way to formalize the meaning of \"canonical\". The idea is that when you say \"the canonical $x$ such that $P(x)$\" (or \"the canonical $x$ of type $P$\"), your statement is implicitly justified by some proof that $\\exists x . P(x)$ (or $\\exists x : P$). If this proof is constructive, then it actually constructs a specific $x$ such that $P(x)$ or term $x$ of type $P$. When you say \"the canonical $x$ ...\", you \"extract\" that constructed $x$.\n\nWhenever we talk about formalizing math, there must be some notion of \"implicit\" parts of a mathematical argument which must be reconstructed in order to formalize it. You might think that the implicit parts consist simply of implicit proofs, but the use of the word \"canonical\" actually allows us to leave implicit certain constructions. What the constructive logic (or type theory) does is to view all the implicit stuff, proofs and constructions alike, in the same light, since it treats a construction as a kind of proof.\n\nIt's also interesting that normally, if an argument relies on an implicit proof, then it doesn't matter what proof the reader supplies, so long as it's correct. But if your argument relies on an implicit construction witnessing an existence statement, and if you want to refer back to this construction as \"the canonical $x$...\", then it does matter what proof is supplied insofar as the proof has to construct the right witness. Maybe this starts to point toward homotopy aspects of the type theory involved?\n\nshare|improve this answer\n\nYour Answer\n\n\n
+__label__negative Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nChapter 12 in Bontrager's radiographic positioning book.\n\n\nBony skeleton of head, rests on the superior end of vertebral column and is divided into two main sets.\n\nCranial and Facial Bones\n\nWhat are the two sets of skull bones?\n\n\nnumber of cranial bones\n\n\nNumbr of facial bones\n\nCalvaria (skull cap) bones\n\nFrontal, right parietal, left parietal, and occipital.\n\nFloor bones\n\nRight temporal, left temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.\n\nCoronal suture\n\nLambdoidal suture\n\nLambdoidal suture\n\nsagittal suture\n\nsquamosal suture\n\nzygomatic arch\n\nstyloid process\n\nCoronoid Process\n\nEAM or External Acoustic Meatius\n\nMandibular Condyle\n\nmastoid process\n\nmental foramen\n\nfrontal bone\n\nthe bone of the calvaria that is most readily visible forms the forehead and the superior part of each orbit. Consists of two main parts\n\nSquamous/Verticle and Orbital/Horizontal portion\n\nTwo main parts of the frontal bone.\n\n\nForms the forehead &quot;portion&quot;\n\n\nForms the superior &quot;portion&quot; of the orbit\n\n\nthe smooth, raised prominence between the eyebrows just above the bridge of the nose.\n\nsupraorbital groove (SOG)\n\nslight depression above each eyebrow. Corresponds to the floor of the anterior fossa of the cranial vault.\n\norbital plate\n\nThe highest level of the facial bone mass\n\nsupraorbital margin (SOM)\n\nthe superior rim of each orbit\n\nSupraorbital notch\n\nSmall hole or opening within the supraorbital margin slightly medial to its midpoint.\n\nsupraorbital nerve and artery\n\nwhat passes through the supraorbital notch\n\nfrontal tuberosity (eminence)\n\nlocated on each side of the squamous portion of the frontal bone above the supraorbital groove, its a large round prominence. AKA Forehead\n\norbital/horizontal portion\n\nsupraorbital margins, superciliay ridges, glabella, and frontal tuberosities.\n\norbital plate\n\nForms the superior part of each orbit. It is seperated by the ethmoidal noch.\n\nright and left parietals, sphenoid, and ethmoid\n\nthe frontal bone articulated with what four cranial bones.\n\nparietal bones\n\nare rough and square and have a concave internal surface.\n\nparietal tubercles (eminences)\n\nWidest portion of entire skull is located between this\n\nfrontal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, parietal\n\nparietal bone articulation\n\noccipital bone\n\nforms the inferoposterior portion of the skull cap (calvaria).\n\n\nexternal occipital protuberance is also known as\n\n\nprominent bumb or protuberance at the inferoposterior portion of the skull\n\nforamen magnum\n\nlarge opening at the base of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.\n\noccipital condyles\n\nlateral oval processes with convex surfaces with one on each side of the foramen magnum.\n\n\noccipital condyle articulate with what depression on the c-spine?\n\natlantooccipital joint\n\ntwo part articulation between the skull and the c-spine\n\n2 parietals, 2 temporals, sphenoid, and the atlas\n\narticulations of the occipital bone\n\n\n1st cervical vertebrae\n\nright and left temporal bones\n\nstructures that house the delicate organs of hearing and balance\n\nzygomatic process\n\nthe arch that extends anteriorly from the squamous portion of the temporal bone\n\nzygomatic arch\n\nthe zygomatic process meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the\n\ntemporomandibular fossa\n\nsits inferior to the zygomatic process and anterior to the EAM, it forms the TMJ (temporomandibular joint)\n\nstyloid process\n\nprojecting inferior to the mandible and anterior to the EAM is a slender bony projection called,\n\nMastoid process\n\nthe second portion, posterior to the EAM\n\nsquamous portion\n\nupper portion of temporal bone that forms part of the wall of the skull\n\npetrous portion\n\nthe third main portion, most dense.\n\npars petrosa\n\naka petrous portion, or petrous pyramid\n\npetrous pyramids\n\nproject anteriorly and toward the midline from the area of the EAM\n\npetrous ridge\n\ncorresponds to the level of an important external landmark the TEA.\n\ntop of ear attachment\n\n\nparietal, occipital and sphenoid\n\nthe temporal bone articulates with what three cranial bones:\n\nsphenoid bone\n\ncentrally located, forms the anchor for all eight cranial bones\n\nsella turcica\n\ncentral depression on the body. Looks like a saddle from the side.\n\npituitary gland\n\nthis gland is protected by the sella turcica.\n\npituitary gland\n\nthe hypophysis cerebri is also known as\n\nsella turcica\n\ndeformity of __________is often the only clue that a lesion exists intracranially.\n\n\ndepressions of the sella turcica and the dorsum sellae are best seen in this view\n\n\narticulates with all seven of the other cranial bones\n\nethmoid bone\n\nlies primarily below the floor of the cranium\n\ncribriform plate\n\nsmall upper horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone which contains many small openings or foramina through which segmental branches of the olfactory nerves pass.\n\ncrista galli\n\nprojecting superiorly from the cribriform plate, is derived for &quot;rooster&#039;s comb&quot;.\n\n\narticulates with two cranial bones: frontal and sphenoid\n\n\narticulations or joints of the adult cranium\n\n\nsutures are classified as __________ joints.\n\n\nTrue or False: Sutures are fibrous/synarthrodial joints.\n\n\na synarthrodial joint is _______________\n\ncoronal suture\n\nseparates the frontal bone from the two parietal\n\nsagittal suture\n\nSeparates the two parietal bones in the midline\n\nlambdoidal suture\n\nseparates the two parietals from the occipital bone\n\nsquamosal sutures\n\nformed by the inferior junction of the two parietal bones with their respective temporal bones\n\n\nanterior end of the sagittal suture\n\n\nposterior end of the sagittal suture\n\n\nthe right and left (pterions or asterions) points at the junction of the parietals, temporals, and the greater wings of the sphenoid\n\n\nthe right and left (pterions or asterions) are points posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lamdboidal sutures meet\n\n\nregions in the infant cranium where suture join are slower in their ossification.\n\n12-13 years old\n\nwhen do cranial sutures ossify\n\nsoft spots\n\nearly in life the the bregma and the lambda are not bony but are membrane covered ______________\n\n\nbregma in an adult is ________ fontanel in child\n\n\nlambda in an adult is________ fontanel in child\n\n\nright and left pterion in adult is right and left __________ fontanel in child\n\n\nright and left asterion in adult is right and left ________ fontanel in child\n\n\nthe average head is classified as\n\nparietal, frontal, occipital\n\na general rule for describing skull type is to compare the width of the skull at the _________ eminence with the length mesaused from the _______ eminence to the external _________ protuberance.\n\n\nthe average mesocephalic skull is 75% of (width or length)\n\n\nthe average mesocephalic skull is 80% of (width or length)\n\n\nshort, broad head is termed ________________\n\n\nlong, narrow head is termed ___________\n\n80% or greater\n\nthe width of the brachycephalic type is _______ than the length\n\n75% or less\n\nthe width on the long narrow dolicocephalic is ______ the length\n\nangle difference\n\na second variation to remember is the ______ ________ between the petrous pyramid and the midsagittal plane.\n\n\nin the average shaped, mesocephalic head, the petrous pyramid form an angle of ____ degrees.\n\ngreater than 47\n\nin the brachycephalic skull, the angle is (greater than 47 or lesser than 47) degrees.\n\nless than 47\n\nin the dolichocephalic skull, the angle is (greater than 47 or lesser than 47) degrees.\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording\n\nCreate Set
+__label__negative Study with us\n\nWe annually give select Graduate Students the opportunity to write their doctoral thesis at the IIES. Here you can find further information on what we have to offer.\n\nGraduate students are provided with a broad set of courses taught by faculty from IIES, the Department of Economics at Stockholm University and the Stockholm School of Economics, before embarking on their own research agenda. Our graduate students go on to have successful careers in and outside of academia, and numerous leading researchers have spent their formative years at the IIES. Here you can find information about some of our current graduate students and their work, our past placement record and the structure of the graduate program.\n\n\n\nFirst and foremost, we house a number (currently over 30) graduate students, who all work toward their PhDs in economics (there are usually also some visiting students here). Their research is supervised by IIES faculty and it is a central pride of our department. IIES students are admitted when they have begun their dissertation work, i.e., after completing most of their coursework.\n\nSecond, faculty at the IIES of course teach courses on different levels: undergraduate, master\u2019s, and PhD. Since all of our faculty teach in the PhD program, our PhD students therefore first meet and get to know them in the context of the course-work phase of their education. On the master\u2019s level we teach a number of courses too, including development economics and climate and the economy. One of the largest undergraduate classes of the entire university, moreover, is taught by IIES faculty member John Hassler!\n\nMuch more on the Stockholm University PhD program and how to apply can be found here\n\n\nCurrent Graduate Students\n\nMeet some of our current graduate students.\n\nVisiting Graduate Student Chloe Nibourel\n\nChloe joined the IIES as a visiting graduate student from Stockholm School of Economics in the midst of the pandemic, during the fall of 2020.\u00a0\n\nHej Chloe!\nCan you tell us a bit about your background, where you studied or worked before?\n\n- After my childhood in Guadeloupe, I moved to Paris in 2012 to pursue post-secondary studies. I got accepted into a double Bachelor\u2019s degree combining Social Sciences at Sciences Po and Mathematics at Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie. Later, I chose to specialize in Economics and I entered a Master\u2019s degree shared between Sciences Po, Universit\u00e9 Pantheon-Sorbonne, and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. In Parallel, I got the opportunity to discover the academic world as an RA for Prof. Roberto Galbiati (CNRS). I decided to continue working as an RA at INSEAD for one additional year after my graduation. In 2018, I started my PhD at the Stockholm School of Economics.\u00a0\n\nWhat research have you done in the past and/or what are your research interests going forward?\n\n- My main research interest is Political Economy, even though I would like to start projects in Public Finance as well. I focus on applied micro technics, and I mostly use administrative data from European countries. In term of topics, I am interested in the rise of populism in western democracies, party coalition formation, and the allocation of EU funds, for example.\n\nWhat's your first impression of the IIES?\n\n- I am very pleased by the working environment at the IIES. I am grateful for the help and support I receive from my supervisor Torsten Persson. There is also a group of young assistant professors in applied micro who encourage students to be ambitious, and provide useful feedback on a regular basis. PhD students are particularly welcoming and I felt I was immediately part of the team. Unfortunately, I did not have the opportunity to introduce myself to everyone yet (because of the crisis), but I enjoy these random meetings in the kitchen!\n\nIIES Graduate Student Stefan Hinkelmann\n\nHej Stefan, can you tell us a bit about your background?\n\n- Hej! Well, my background is only as diverse as different lecture halls get, I guess. I started studying Economics at the University of Cologne, where I got my Bachelor\u2019s and Master\u2019s degree and then I went on to The University of Queensland for another Master as well as to start my PhD. Now I am very happy to be here and have gotten the opportunity to join the IIES as a graduate student.\n\nWhat research have you done in the past and what are your research interests going forward?\n\n- I am, and have been for some time, interested in studying environmental economics from a macro-perspective. I would like to investigate more the economics of climate change as well as issues of sustainability and growth more generally.\u00a0\n\nWhat you do think are the big questions in your field of specialization that we need to have better answers to?\n\n- Clearly global warming is a pressing issue and is, at its core, an economic problem. Apart from understanding the economics of it better, I think it will also be crucial how we inform policy makers and design optimal and consistent environmental policy going forward.\n\nHow come you chose the IIES?\n\n- My research agenda is mirrored in the work of Professor John Hassler and Professor Per Krusell here at the IIES. To work with these great academics is why I originally applied to visit the Institute. They are not only leaders in their academic field, but also create a great research environment for their graduate students.\n\n\nHere you can find information on where our graduate students have accepted job offers after the completion of their graduate studies at the IIES.\n\n\nMattias Almgren \u2013 National Institute of Economic\u00a0Research (NIER), Sweden\nJos\u00e9 El\u00edas Gallegos \u2013 Banco de Espa\u00f1a\nJohn Kramer \u2013 University of Copenhagen\nXueping Sun \u2013 Princeton University (1-year post doc)\n\n\nDivya Dev \u2013 Storytel\n\n\nRichard Foltyn \u2013 University of Glasgow\nSelene Ghisolfi \u2013 Bocconi University\nMarkus Karlman \u2013 NHH Norwegian School of Economics\nKarin Kinnerud \u2013 BI Norwegian Business School\nKasper Kragh-S\u00f8rensen \u2013 University of Oslo\nBenedetta Lerva \u2013 Monash University\nHas Van Vlokhoven \u2013 Tilburg University (after a 1-year postdoc at Columbia Business School)\n\n\nSerena Cocciolo \u2013 World Bank (Washington D.C.)\u00a0\nSaman Darougheh \u2013 Danmarks Nationalbank (Central Bank of Denmark)\nJaakko Meril\u00e4inen \u2013 Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM)\u00a0\nMatti Mitrunen \u2013 University of Helsinki (after a 1-year postdoc at University of Chicago)\nJonna Olsson \u2013 University of Amsterdam\nJ\u00f3sef Sigurdsson \u2013 Bocconi University\u00a0\n\n\nSirus H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m Dehdari \u2013 Uppsala University\nKarl Harmenberg \u2013 Copenhagen Business School\nMathias Iwanowsky \u2013 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen\nMatilda Kilstr\u00f6m \u2013 Stockholm School of Economics\n\n\nNathaniel Lane \u2013 Monash University (after a 1-year postdoc at MIT)\nHannes Malmberg \u2013 University of Minnesota (after a 1-year postdoc at Stanford University)\u00a0\nErik Prawitz \u2013 Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)\nErik \u00d6berg \u2013 Uppsala University\n\n\nNiels-Jakob Harbo Hansen \u2013 The International Monetary Fund (IMF)\nAudinga Baltrunaite \u2013 Bank of Italy\u00a0\nMounir Karadja \u2013 Uppsala University\u00a0\nShuhei Kitamura \u2013 University of Rochester\u00a0\nMiri Stryjan \u2013 Ben Gurion University of the Negev\u00a0\n\n\nThorsten Rogall \u2013 University of British Columbia\u00a0\n\n\nAlex Schmitt \u2013 Ifo Institute, Ifo Center for Energy, Climate and Exhaustible Resources\u00a0\n\n\nPamela Campa \u2013 University of Calgary\u00a0\nChristina H\u00e5kanson \u2013 Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden)\u00a0\nRuixue Jia \u2013 UCSD School of International Relations\u00a0\nEttore Panetti \u2013 University of Sassari\u00a0\nDavid Seim \u2013 University of Toronto\u00a0\nAbdulaziz Shifa \u2013 Syracuse University\u00a0\nBei Qin \u2013 University of Hong Kong, School of Economics and Finance\u00a0\n\n\nJohan Gars \u2013 Beijer Institute\u00a0\nJinfeng Ge \u2013 Fudan University\u00a0\nDaniel Spiro \u2013 University of Oslo\u00a0\n\n\nDavid von Below \u2013 University of Oxford\u00a0\nAndreas Mueller \u2013 Columbia Business School\u00a0\nDario Caldara \u2013 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System\u00a0\nMichael Song \u2013 University of Chicago, Booth School of Business\u00a0\n\n\nMaria Perrotta \u2013 Stockholm School of Economics, SITE\u00a0\nJan Klingelh\u00f6fer \u2013 European University Institute in Florence, Italy\u00a0\nErik Meyersson \u2013 Stockholm School of Economics, SITE\u00a0\nDavid Yanagizawa Drott \u2013 Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government\u00a0\nOlle Folke \u2013 Columbia University, School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA)\n\n\nAnders Fredriksson \u2013 Namur University, FUNDP\u00a0\n\n\nErika F\u00e4rnstrand Damsgaard \u2013 Research Institute of Industrial Economics\u00a0\nMartin Bech Holte \u2013 McKinsey & Company\u00a0\nGisela Waisman \u2013 Stockholm University, Department of Economics\u00a0\n\n\nDaria Finocchiaro \u2013 Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden)\u00a0\nVirginia Queijo von Heideken \u2013 Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden)\u00a0\nMirco Tonin \u2013 University of Southampton, School of Social Sciences\u00a0\nJose Mauricio Prado, Jr. \u2013 IMT Lucca\u00a0\nAnna Larsson \u2013 Stockholm University, Department of Economics\u00a0\n\n\nMartina Bj\u00f6rkman \u2013 Bocconi University, IGIER\u00a0\nGiovanni Favara \u2013 University of Lausanne\u00a0\n\n\nThomas Eisensee \u2013 Ministry of Finance, Sweden\u00a0\nNatalie Pienaar \u2013 National Treasury, South Africa\u00a0\nAlessandra Bonfiglioli \u2013 Institut d'An\u00e0lisi Econ\u00f2mica, Campus UAB\u00a0\nMathias Herzing \u2013 Stockholm University, Department of Economics\u00a0\nUlrika Stavl\u00f6t \u2013 Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies\u00a0\n\n\nConny Olovsson \u2013 Stockholm School of Economics\u00a0\nEmmanuel Kohlscheen \u2013 University of Warwick\u00a0\n\n\nB\u00e5rd Harstad \u2013 Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management\u00a0\nGino A. Gancia \u2013 CREI\u00a0\n\n\nCharlotta Groth \u2013 Bank of England\u00a0\n\u00c5sa Johansson \u2013 OECD, Economics Department\u00a0\n\n\nAnders Olofsg\u00e5rd \u2013 Georgetown University, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service\u00a0\nDavid Vestin \u2013 European Central Bank\u00a0\n\n\n\nDirector of Graduate Studies\nOn this page
+__label__negative [100% Valid Cisco Questions] Easily To Pass 2018 Latest Cisco 400-151 Dumps PDF CCIE Data Center Test Questions and Answers With High Quality Youtube Study\n\nCisco exam 400-151 dumps which study guides are better?\u00a0The CCIE Data Center Written Exam (400-151 CCIE Data Center) exam is a 120 minutes (90 \u2013 110 questions) assessment in pass4itsure that is associated with the CCIE Data Center certification. 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(Choose two.)\n400-151 exam\u00a0\nCorrect:D E\n3.What IPX routing protocol is best suited for an internetwork that contains 138 routers, multiple redundant routes that require load balancing, and three WAN links? Answer:\n4.Which two components of the TCP/IP protocol suite map to the Host-to-Host layer of the DOD model? (Choose two.)\n400-151 dumps\u00a0\nCorrect:B E\n5.Click on the Exhibit button. A Class B network uses the subnet mask The network will reserve subnets of all \u201c0\u2019s\u201d and all \u201c1\u2019s\u201d. What is the maximum number of available subnets?\n6.Select the link state routing protocols. (Choose two.)\n400-151 pdf\u00a0\nCorrect:D F\n7.What protocol is normally considered to be both a LAN and WAN protocol?\nF.Frame Relay\n8.Identify the network devices associated with the Data Link layer of the OSI model. (Choose two.)\nF.active hubs\n400-151 vce\u00a0\nCorrect:A C\n9.What is the maximum number of bytes that can be dedicated to the station address portion of an IPv4 address? Answer:\n10.What IPX routing protocol generally uses the least bandwidth, provides the fastest routing updates, and offers scalability for large internetworks? Answer:\n400-151 exam\u00a0\n11.What are two disadvantages to RIP? (Choose two.)\nA.static routing B.count\nto-infinity C.resource\nintensive D.slow\nconvergence time E.lack\nof industry support\nCorrect:B D\n12.A network uses a subnet mask of It reserves host addresses containing all \u201c1\u2019s\u201d. How many host addresses are available for each subnet?\n400-151 dumps\u00a0\u00a0\n13.What protocol provides access to the X.500 and is specifically targeted at simple management\nand browser applications? Answer:\n14.How many characters may be in a single domain name label?\n\n400-151 pdf\u00a0\n15.Which IPX network addresses are reserved for special purposes? (Choose three.)\nCorrect:A C D\n16.How many bits are in an IPv4 address? Answer:\n400-151 vce\u00a0\n17.What IPX routing protocol offers load balancing capabilities without reducing the physical size of the internetwork? Answer:\n18.What information is exchanged in an initial \u201chello\u201d packet between OSPF routers? (Choose three.)\nA.hello interval\nB.router priority number\nC.full link state database\nD.IP address and subnet mask\nE.summary of the link state database\nF.summary of the link state advertising database\n400-151 exam\u00a0\nCorrect:A B D\n19.A network administrator has been assigned a Class B network address of The administrator then subnetted the network with a subnet mask of If the administrator is reserving node addresses of all \u201c0\u2019s\u201d and all \u201c1\u2019s,\u201d what is the range of available node addresses for the subnet\nA. to\nB. to\nC. to\nD. to\nE. to\nF. to\nG. to\nH. to\nI. to\nJ. to\n20.How many IP addresses must be combined to create the IP supernet address\n400-151 dumps\u00a0\n21. An example of a module exhibiting temporal cohesion is a combination of .\nA. the control and management of two onboard hardware clocks\nB. a 40 millisecond periodic navigation function and a 40 millisecond periodic display update function\nC. several mathematical functions such as the sine, cosine, and arctangent functions\nD. the vehicle speed and acceleration management functions\nAnswer: B\n22. What two actions must occur in systems that use overlaying with a disk drive backing store? (Choose two.)\nA. Only data is stored on the disk and code is stored in RAM.\nB. A task executing in RAM can also execute code that is stored on the disk.\nC. The operating system must prevent each task in RAM from accessing RAM outside the area reserved for it.\nD. The code for the currently executing tasks is stored in RAM and that for the currently inactive tasks is stored on the disk, as managed by the operating system.\n400-151 pdf\u00a0\nAnswer: CD\n23. Which two statements about static memory allocation are true? (Choose two.)\nA. Garbage collection is not required.\nB. Memory fragmentation does not occur.\nC. Memory allocation units are always the same fixed size.\nD. Tasks must inform the run-time (e.g., operating system) the total amount of memory they will need before they begin requesting memory.\nAnswer: AB\n24. POSIX .\nA. is the same as UNIX\nB. is not designed for real-time systems\nC. does not support asynchronous I/O\nD. is an operating system interface standard\n\n400-151 vce\u00a0Answer: D\n25. A scheduler runs tasks to completion instead of pre-empting tasks by time slicing or according to priority. What two actions will occur? (Choose two.)\nA. Maximize the number of completed tasks per unit of time\nB. Minimize the task scheduling and context switching overheads\nC. Honor the commitment made to complete the task once it has begun executing\nD. Share the processor time fairly among ready tasks\nAnswer: BC\n26. Which two statements are true of a monitor for synchronization? (Choose two.)\nA. No concurrent access by tasks is allowed to any resource(s) within a monitor.\nB. One monitor may encapsulate any number of resources and their synchronization functions.\nC. If a requesting task enters a monitor but finds the resource isn\u2019t available, the task exits the monitor and is placed at the end of the monitor\u2019s external queue.\nD. If two tasks are waiting in a monitor\u2019s queues for separate resources, when the task that has been accessing a resource finishes doing so, all the queues with waiting tasks are served round-robin.\n\n400-151 exam\u00a0Answer:\u00a0AB\n27. Which two are POSIX real-time extensions? (Choose two.)\nA. suspend / resume API\u2019s\nB. direct cyclic executive support\nC. task synchronization\nD. priority-based preemptive task scheduling\nAnswer: CD\n28. Which two of these techniques would successfully avoid mutual exclusion deadlocks? (Choose two.)\nA. Set up a circular dependency of tasks and resources\nB. Allow a task\u2019s use of a resource to be pre-empted\nC. Require tasks to acquire and use only one resource at a time\n\nD. Require tasks to acquire resources in order of the tasks\u2019 priorities\n400-151 dumps\u00a0\nAnswer: BC\n29. The priority of a runnable task blocked on a resource request is temporarily changed to be the same as the priority of another task. Which two phrases could describe the new priority? (Choose two.)\nA. The priority of the highest priority task\nB. The priority of the lowest priority task which uses the resource\nC. The priority of the higher priority task being blocked by the lower priority one\nD. The ceiling priority of the resource on which the lower priority task is blocked\nAnswer: CD\n30. What two results occur by changing priorities dynamically? (Choose two.)\nA. Reduces overhead\nB. Increases overhead\nC. May starve lower priority tasks\nD. Avoids the need for priority queues\n400-151 pdf\u00a0\nAnswer: BC\n31. A representative benchmark differs from a synthetic benchmark in that a .\nA. representative benchmark models a representative ideal application\nB. synthetic benchmark precisely predicts specific application performance\nC. representative benchmark models a real application\u2019s execution characteristics\nD. synthetic benchmark must be developed by the same team that will build the application\nAnswer: C\n32. Network protocol models are described as layers that .\nA. permit separation of concerns of lower layers (e.g., hardware) from higher layers (e.g., application)\nB. add increasing efficiency to higher layers (e.g., application) than lower layers (e.g., hardware)\nC. are highly consistent in number and function among different protocols\nD. provide efficient application access to network hardware addresses\n\n400-151 vce\u00a0Answer: A\n33. The primary requirement for an RTOS is to .\nA. maximize application speed and minimize memory utilization\nB. enable fast control and data transfer to critical system devices\nC. enable the application to meet both its functional and temporal requrements\nD. permit the application to efficiently access all resources (e.g., I/O and memory)\nAnswer: C\n34. A strictly conforming POSIX application .\nA. uses all POSIX functions and standard options\nB. uses only IEEE tested conforming operating systems\nC. uses only POSIX required API\u2019s for its OS functionality\nD. runs on all operating systems whose vendors claim POSIX conformance\n400-151 exam\u00a0\nAnswer: C\n35. Which statement accurately describes where a \u201cmark\u201d exists in the MDA model hierarchy?\nA. as part of the PSM\nB. as part of the PIM\nC. as part of a transparent layer placed over a PIM\nD. as part of a transparent layer placed over a PSM\nAnswer: C\n36. In MDA practice, transformations from PIM to PSM . (Choose TWO.)\nA. may be automated\nB. are required for all systems\nC. may be hand generated\nD. always produce executable code\nE. are always implemented in the QVT action language\n400-151 dumps\u00a0\nAnswer: AC\n37. What does the term \u201cPlatform independence\u201d mean?\nA. The application model can be moved to every other platform that is available.\nB. The application model is independent of the features of any particular platform from some class of platforms.\nC. The application is written in a high-level programming language such as Java or C++.\nD. The application model is independent of the hardware platform where the application may be deployed.\nAnswer: B\n38. What is an \u201cimplementation model\u201d?\nA. A PIM that provides all of the information needed to construct a system and put it into operation.\nB. A model that includes C++ source code for all classes in the model.\nC. A PSM that provides all of the information needed to construct a system and put it into operation.\nD. A file that is executable on some computer system.\n400-151 pdf\u00a0\nAnswer: C\n39. What two functions does the Model transformation specification provide? (Choose TWO.)\nA. Always prescribes a one-to-one mapping from input model elements to output model elements.\nB. Prescribes the transformations that merge a set of models to produce another set of models.\nC. Are implemented using the OMG standard Model Transformation language.\nD. Prescribes the transformation of one model to another model.\nAnswer: BD\n40. A metamodel is a .\nA. set of UML templates for drawing system models\nB. special kind of model that specifies a modeling language\nC. collection of stereotypes and classes that define a set of architectural patterns\nD. conceptual pattern for a class of application systems\n400-151 vce\u00a0\nAnswer: B\n\n400-151 dumps\n\nYou can free download part of practice questions and answers about Cisco certification 400-151 dumps\u00a0valid test questions and answers exam as a try to test the reliability of Pass4itsure\u2019s products.\u201dCCIE Data Center Written Exam\u201d, also known as 400-151 exam, is a Cisco certification which covers all the knowledge points of the real Cisco exam. Pass4itsure Cisco 400-151 dumps exam questions answers are updated (408 Q&As) are verified by experts. The associated certifications of 400-151 dumps is CCIE Data Center.\u00a0\u00a0If you fail your https://www.pass4itsure.com/400-151.html\u00a0dumps exam, Pass4itsure will full refund to you.\n\nRead More Youtube:\u00a0https://youtu.be/1VfMp20O3ao
+__label__negative Climate Change Project\n\nTable of Contents\n\n\n\nConsent and Informed Consent\n\nLouisiana Law\n\nGuide - Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 701 So.2d 447 (La. 1997), rehearing denied (Nov 21, 1997)\n\nWhat is the patient's history with hernias?\n\nWhy does he want the hernia repaired with mesh?\n\nWhat did the consent form say about using mesh?\n\nDid the physician follow the agreement in the consent form?\n\nWhy not?\n\nHow much time elapsed between the surgery and the eventual hernia that is at issue in this lawsuit?\n\nIs the new hernia the same size and location as the old one?\n\nHas plaintiff had other hernia problems?\n\nWhat does this do for a causation argument?\n\nWhat is this lawsuit really about?\n\nShould it have been brought?\n\nHow did the trial judge limit the issues before the jury?\n\nWhat did the jury think of the claim?\n\nDid the appeals court uphold that it was wrong to make the promise and then not keep it?\n\nLook at the LA Statute, paragraph 31.\n\nWhat was wrong with the consent forms in the first case under this law, LaCaze?\n\nWas the consent defective?\n\nDid the plaintiff get any money?\n\n\nWhat did the defendant fail to tell the plaintiff in Pizzalotto?\n\nWhy did this matter to the plaintiff?\n\nIs this a special area of concern?\n\nWhat happened during surgery?\n\nWhat legal theory did the LA SC apply?\n\nHondroulis explored materiality.\n\nWhat did the defendant use as a model for the consent form?\n\nWhat happened to the patient that was not in the form?\n\nWhat did the trial court do?\n\nWhat was the two step test the court adopted for materiality?\n\nIs this the same as the test in Cobbs v Grant?\n\nHow does this change the reading of the statute?\n\nWhat did the court do with the SJ?\n\nHow does La. Rev. Stat. 40:1299.40 E(2)(a) affect the use of battery? (Paragraph 52)\n\nReturning to the present case\n\nWhy did defendant say he did not use the mesh?\n\nWhat does this tell use about his intent when he presented the consent form?\n\nWhy are we looking at the special concerns of this patient, rather than just the reasonable patient?\n\nDid the court find the defendant breached the duty of disclosure?\n\nWhat is the causation problem?\n\nWhat injury did the court find that the beach of duty caused?\n\nHow is this like a battery claim?\n\nWhy not just use a battery claim?\n\nWhat damages can be compensated?\n\nHow much did the court award?\n\nWhat does this tell future plaintiff's about the economics of their claims?\n\nAre you curious about the statute of limitations problem, if there was not causation?\n\n\nThe Law, Science & Public Health Law Site\nThe Best on the WWW Since 1995!\nCopyright as to non-public domain materials\nSee DR-KATE.COM for home hurricane and disaster preparation\n\nSee WWW.EPR-ART.COM for photography of southern Louisiana and Hurricane Katrina
+__label__negative 93086-94002 subjects 93441-99916\n\n^ [BUG] RDoc lists classes twice\n93261 [gavin refine] Given the following two file test case, RDoc lists each class/module\n93290 [dave pragpro] Send them to me directly\n\n^ tainted symbols?\n93265 [google johnw] irb(main):001:0> t = \"p 'hello world'\".taint\n+ 93269 [msparshatt y] At first it appears to be since you can then do\n+ 93280 [angus quovad] $SAFE=1\n  + 93281 [decoux moulo] svg% ruby -e 't = \"aa\"; t.taint; p t.intern.tainted?'\n  | 93287 [angus quovad] It was hypotetical example to show why I think it is a bad idea to\n  + 93314 [ng johnwlong] I'm not quite sure what you are trying to point out here. In the above\n    93382 [angus quovad] 'us' and 's' refer to the same object.\n\n^ Unix daemon conventions\n93272 [anon nospam.] There might be better grouop, however I  just finished writing a ruby\n+ 93273 [thomas_adam1] 0 -> 499. 500 is normally not assigned to normal users.\n+ 93294 [discord mac.] I'm not exactly sure about other platforms, but under Darwin/MacOSX,\n\n^ Trailing comma in method call\n93274 [gavin refine] [1,2,3, ]  is valid Ruby\n\n^ threads and blocking\n93278 [Ara.T.Howard] under which conditions will a blocking operation in a thread block the entire\n93285 [shanko_date ] ruby -e \"Thread.new{gets}; Thread.new{sleep(0.01);select nil}; Thread.new{puts 42}\"\n93322 [vjoel PATH.B] Doesn't block in ruby 1.9.0 (2004-02-15) [i686-linux]. Maybe a windows\n93362 [stevetuckner] On windows sockets will not generally block Ruby, but if you try a\n93372 [bob.news gmx] \"Steve Tuckner\" <stevetuckner@yahoo.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n\n^ String#hex confusion\n93292 [steven.jenki] $ irb x\n93295 [discord mac.] irb(main):001:0> '22'.sub(/(\\d\\d)/, \"#{'\\1'.inspect}\")\n93302 [steven.jenki] OK, that makes sense. '\\1'.class == '22'.class. Thanks, Mark (& Eric).\n\n^ Re: [ruby] String#hex confusion\n93293 [sunshine sun] You are applying 'hex' to the literal string \"\\1\".  Since '\\' is not a hex\n\n^ TCPserver client disconnect\n93296 [noahd juno.n] ruby newbie question...\n93319 [vjoel PATH.B] Does sample/svr.rb (in the ruby distribution) help?\n93323 [noahd juno.n] drops\n93324 [vjoel PATH.B] In samples/svr.rb, I replaced\n93326 [noahd juno.n] client\n93327 [vjoel PATH.B] Thread.abort_on_exception = true\n\n^ Puzzling...\n93298 [rubytuezdayz] #!c:/apps/ruby/bin/ruby.exe\n93301 [rocioestrada] Well, both work...what error are you getting?, how are you using those?\n93303 [rubytuezdayz] Oops ... I'm using them on the browser. Both of those files is in cgi-bin\n+ 93307 [bobx linuxma] Because Apache is interpreting text/html to be HTML and when it sees\n| 93309 [rubytuezdayz] DefaultType text/plain\n+ 93311 [jlsysinc all] Internet Explorer is the problem.  When a content type of text/plain is sent\n| 93366 [bobx linuxma] Is that a Ruby thing? That certainly isn't how Perl does it. Perl does\n| 93367 [cc1 cec.wust] I'm pretty sure under the rfs your supposed to do \\r\\n\\r\\n, but I think\n| 93368 [cc1 cec.wust] Oops dunno what I was typing, I meant RFC, not rfs,\n| 93373 [bob.news gmx] \"Charles Comstock\" <cc1@cec.wustl.edu> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n| 93380 [bobx linuxma] I would agree except every tutorial I have ever seen on it uses \\n\\n and\n| 93384 [rubytuezdayz] I've tried both using \\n\\n and \\r\\n\\r\\n on Perl and Ruby as well. Both\n| 93404 [drtrey midso] I doubt that it's an IE vs. Mozilla. This is just basic HTTP stuff. The\n| 93432 [rubytuezdayz] The above works for me as well on both IE6 and Mozilla. But try to change\n| 93435 [drtrey midso] #!C:/ruby/bin/ruby.exe\n+ 93312 [rocioestrada] Thought so ;-)\n  93325 [rubytuezdayz] Yes, I'm familiar with eruby. I'd rather to use mod_ruby and eruby if I can.\n  + 93329 [rocioestrada] In the msg 92598 is link to mod_ruby binaries, but I didn't managed to\n  | + 93332 [jlsysinc all] Do you know what the difference is between erb.rb and eruby.exe?\n  | | 93338 [rocioestrada] Good question, I haven't used erb before, short and honest answer: not\n  | + 93431 [rubytuezdayz] with IE and MS-Windoze.\n  |   93436 [rocioestrada] Others have pointed out that changing the extension would work, so...\n  |   93519 [jlsysinc all] Doing a scan of the TDiary code, it's because it sets the the content-type to text/html\n  + 93330 [jlsysinc all] One way around the problem is to change the extension from .rb to\n  | + 93351 [ng johnwlong] I'm running it right now on Apache 2.\n  | | 93524 [jlsysinc all] Oops sorry, you are correct sir.\n  | + 93430 [rubytuezdayz] Well, the same problem appears with Perl(.pl) as well. Anyone has the same\n  |   93433 [happy user.c] it worked for me in the past.\n  |   93515 [rubytuezdayz] Internal Server Error\n  + 93413 [discord mac.] If I understand right, when IE gets a text/plain file, It assumes it's\n\n^ [ANN] Raggle 0.3.0\n93300 [pabs pablotr] Last night we released version 0.3.0 of Raggle.  Raggle is a console RSS\n\n^ Ruby syntax highlighting for Ruby\n93305 [ jupp gmx.de] Add the following to $HOME/.nanorc for Ruby syntax highlighting in\n93401 [cpine hellot] Great!  Thanks.\n93426 [ jupp gmx.de] [Errors while nano parses syntax highlighting for Ruby]\n93453 [dmertz free.] There were some missing escape backslashes, here are the regexps that work for\n93590 [ jupp gmx.de] The difference is that '+=' has been changed to '\\+='. Very strange.\n\n^ When will ruby181-11.exe be fixed?\n93310 [jwkenne attg] Are rdoc and ri going to be made usable anytime soon?\n93317 [gavin refine] What about rdoc do you not find usable currently?\n93320 [jwkenne attg] The ruby181-11.exe version (I'm assuming that there is only one, dated\n+ 93335 [curt hibbs.c] Thank you for reporting these problems, they are in our bug list.\n+ 93336 [surrender_it] yes, ri has no data. And both need to have a (ri|rdoc).bat without\n| 93337 [surrender_it] BTW, I forgot to say that probably, Andy won't ever have time to\n| 93360 [bobx linuxma] Actually you should just customize your ruby.properties and save it out.\n| 93377 [surrender_it] eh, already done :)\n+ 93345 [Stephan.Kaem] I reported some issues here in c.l.r. I remember that I had the problem\n  93356 [curt hibbs.c] Thanks, I added you comments.\n\n^ Calling JDBC from with Ruby\n93321 [mdavis sevas] I am building a web application for a client in Ruby.  The application is working but now needs to access data using JDBC.  My client is requiring both ODBC (for Windows) and JDBC (for Sun) access to data.  I am looking for an example of how to use JDBC from within Ruby.  I have looked at Jruby but would prefer to write my own code rather than rely on a third party add-on that is beta, especially one that has not been updated in a while.  If I write the data access portion in Java that uses JDBC, can I then write a Java wrapper that would allow Ruby to call the Java methods?  Are there any examples available showing how to call a Java method from within Ruby similar to the C interface to Ruby?\n+ 93331 [gsinclair so] If I may go out on a limb here, I've never heard anything so\n| 93333 [jlsysinc all] Yes.  JDBC is ODBC for Java and Java only.  I suppose one could call the\n+ 93451 [bob.news gmx] \"Michael Davis\" <mdavis@sevasoftware.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  93467 [mdavis sevas] No.  The data that I need to access may not always be relational and I have been given specific requirements for using both JDBC and ODBC.  I explored many possible options for accessing data with my client and they have several very good reasons for these requirements.\n  + 93469 [bob.news gmx] \"Michael Davis\" <mdavis@sevasoftware.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  + 93475 [dhtapp cox.n] {snip...}\n  | 93478 [mdavis sevas] Thanks.  I offered the original question because I am also unclear about what choices I have.  Having a separate Java process running that my Ruby application would talk too for JDBC access is worth considering, however, I am concerned about my clients willingness to supporting an additional process that must always be running.\n  | + 93480 [rasputnik he] Yuk.\n  | | 93482 [mdavis sevas] My application needs to talk to a proprietary database that supports only ODBC only some platforms and only JDBC on other platforms.\n  | + 93481 [billk cts.co] Have you seen the threads in ruby-talk about rjni ?\n  | + 93495 [bob.news gmx] \"Michael Davis\" <mdavis@sevasoftware.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  |   93501 [mdavis sevas] I trust you are referring to DBI's ability to use ODBC in Windows.  I am aware of this and if my requirement were to only to access data using ODBC on Windows, I would strongly consider using DBI.  However, this does not address my need to access data using JDBC in a unix environment.\n  |   93554 [bob.news gmx] \"Michael Davis\" <mdavis@sevasoftware.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  + 93502 [ser germane-] Are you trying to cheat?  The only reason I can think of for\n  | 93506 [mdavis sevas] 1) I hadn't considered this possibility.  Thanks for suggesting it.\n  | 93512 [mspath arcor] did you consider some sort of http-based facade for accessing your JDBC only\n  | 93536 [mdavis sevas] Interesting suggestion but I'm not sure I understand.  Would you mind offering a little more detail about what would be needed to set up the http-based facade?\n  | + 93547 [mspath arcor] * a servlet-container (e.g. Tomcat)\n  | + 93553 [bob.news gmx] \"Michael Davis\" <mdavis@sevasoftware.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  + 93503 [cmiller past] If JDBC is an absolute requirement, I'd say be pragmatic, roll up your\n\n^ Re: Ruby to Parrot compiler (where is Ruth?)\n93328 [ptkwt aracne] But that appears to be an old version.  A newer version was announced last\n93334 [dooby d10.ka] Still temporary, but this worked just now.\n+ 93339 [msparshatt y] Thanks, that link works. Though the file linked there is misnamed. It\n| 93347 [feldt ce.cha] On Ruby parsers I might also mention that the new version of Rockit\n| 93364 [cc1 cec.wust] How hard is it to just piggyback on top of parse.y from the ruby source?\n| 93369 [msparshatt y] Ripper uses parse.y to generate it parser, so it is possible.\n+ 93341 [ruby-lists l] patch to make it compile for my 1.8.1.\n+ 93346 [feldt ce.cha] Oops, I never updated that page. Anyway that's the latest released\n\n^ Ruby Syntax highlighting for *NANO* (Was: Ruby syntax highlighting for Ruby)\n93344 [ jupp gmx.de] Oops :->\n\n^ Minor bug in RedCloth (?)\n93349 [martin zsdfh] just had RedCloth barf on me with a fairly large document and a bullet list at\n93358 [ruby-talk wh] say, do you want to try checking out from redcloth cvs?  a number of\n93395 [martin zsdfh] thanks - i have done so and it looks good.\n\n^ Exception not caught / require BUG\n93352 [mailinglists] I found that the following exception does not raise an exception\n93354 [decoux moulo] normal, LoadError don't inherit from StandardError\n\n^ YAML Aborting with large data set?\n93353 [martin zsdfh] I have a large document in yaml which I can't load or dump using YAML in ruby\n+ 93355 [decoux moulo] Best to use the CVS version of ruby, and see if you can reproduce the\n| 93357 [martin zsdfh] thanks for the quick response.  Indeed ruby 1.9.0 does not have this problem.\n+ 93379 [gsinclair so] The code you gave worked for me\n\n^ TkPhotoImage :data=>buf\n93359 [Ara.T.Howard] does anyone know if this is simply a limitation of the gif formatted images?\n93472 [nagai ai.kyu] It's a bug. I understand the reason og the trouble.\n93532 [ahoward fatt] thanks for the detailed reply!\n\n^ Photo's of Matz?\n93361 [barry ixian-] Are there any pictures of Matz lurking anywhere on the web?\n+ 93375 [discord mac.] -Mark\n| 93493 [bob.news gmx] \"Mark Hubbart\" <discord@mac.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n+ 93378 [klausm0762 y] yes, there are some on this page...\n  93551 [barrycarr ix] Thanks very much - that will do nicely\n\n^ Tk on OSX\n93363 [ptkwt aracne] OK, I've finally joined the world of MacOS X.  (It's good to be here:)\n93434 [tibbetts acm] Wow, I didn't know about the Aqua version, but I unless it turns out to be\n\n^ [ANN] Tycho - A PIM under development\n93374 [hal9000 hype] I hate announcing things that don't really exist yet, but I'm\n+ 93400 [chrismo clab] Wow - I used to run Info Select, I ran across an old copy the other day.\n| 93439 [hal9000 hype] I think there are some similarities in concept.\n| + 93461 [sroberts uni] I, too, was thinking how similar to a wiki this sounds, a few months ago\n| | 93487 [chrismo clab] VisualTour link at the bottom of the page.\n| | 93497 [sroberts uni] I cranked the width and depth, and couldn't get more than a dozen nodes\n| + 93488 [chrismo clab] I have a private, local Wiki on my home machine. I'd guess this boils\n+ 93444 [itsme213 hot] Wow! ... would love to help but I don't think I'll be able to.\n| 93447 [hal9000 hype] Thanks for the positive feedback. Is it a lack of time that would\n| 93528 [itsme213 hot] Not just time ... but that may change in the future.\n| 93621 [assaph avaya] Tycho sounds very interesting, but I doubt I will have time to help\n+ 93452 [careck circl] I will like to assist.\n| + 93477 [hal9000 hype] Glad to hear it, welcome! :)\n| | 93483 [curt hibbs.c] I just wanted to add my two cents in here.\n| + 93770 [noSpam noSpa] I use Info Select, but would love to see a replacement too.\n|   93785 [hal9000 hype] Glenn,\n|   + 93786 [Patrick.Benn] And why would something in Ruby be faster than Freemind (which I believe\n|   | 93789 [hal9000 hype] Agreed. There's no intrinsic reason a Ruby program should be faster.\n|   + 93804 [careck circl] I'm using freemind a lot and I can tell you that it is not slow at all.\n+ 98892 [rickc dallas] I like the user interface, looks like it would be really nice to use.\n\n^ Calculating a cryptographic MD5 hash\n93381 [tim bates.id] I want to generate an MD5 hash of a password in the same format as is\n93392 [cez-misc.rub] As far as I can see, you have two options. You can either port re-write\n\n^ make instal failed\n93383 [happy user.c] ../miniruby ./ext/extmk.rb --dest-dir=\"\" --make=\"make\" --mflags=\"\"\n93387 [nobu.nokada ] Sorry, my fault.  Thanks.\n\n^ Beginner here, have some questions\n93385 [reset nyc.rr] Ruby beginner here.  Heard of it before and on a whim decided to check\n+ 93388 [happy user.c] Your simple code is being executed in the context of some private Object\n+ 93390 [gsinclair so] Welcome.\n\n^ Webrick slow when running on a stand-alone system\n93386 [jim weirichh] I've developed a small app for a laptop using Webrick.  It serves pages to\n+ 93398 [nathaniel ta] ...\n+ 93405 [mmead goof.c] My guess would be it's doing a reverse lookup for a PTR record\n+ 93415 [nathaniel ta] Socket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true\n| 93417 [jim weirichh] Good hunch.  Unfortunately, it didn't seem to do anything.\n+ 93558 [rubytuezdayz] Use 'localhost' ip address. It probably try to go out for dns lookup.\n\n^ Rexml xpath question\n93393 [han.holl pob] require 'rexml/document'\n93500 [ser germane-] Nope.  That's a bug.  Thanks for finding that; in the future, you\n+ 93544 [gsinclair so] REXML is distributed with Ruby, so you'll never be able to prevent\n| 93636 [ser germane-] Oh, I couldn't prevent people from posting here.  What I'm saying is\n| + 93867 [ser germane-] Someone has kindly offered me access to their usenet server.  If this email\n| + 93893 [gsinclair so] Good point.\n+ 93550 [han.holl pob] Now that REXML is included in Ruby, I think (possible) bugs are of\n  93638 [ser germane-] Yeah, that's the downside to REXML in Ruby.  There is a dedicated\n  94422 [han.holl pob] /program/item[ starts-with( @rnum, \"1\")]\n\n^ Graphic file formats\n93394 [Peefh.AVIRER] I'm looking for some graphic file formats I could use in ruby.\n+ 93396 [nobu.nokada ] PNG with Ruby/GD?\n| 94052 [Peefh.AVIRER] GD seems to be the good tool I'd like to use, and PNG the best format.\n+ 93402 [cpine hellot] I recently started using RMagick and I *love* it.  I think it only runs on\n| + 93403 [neoneye adsl] I have RMagick installed on FreeBSD box.  I guess it also runs on windows?\n| | 93408 [sdate everes] on\n| + 93406 [happy user.c] I have successfully compiled RMagic on Windows XP with MingW, but thanks\n| | 93443 [ptkwt aracne] Amen, brother!\n| + 93412 [cyclists nc.] Yes, the doc for this is sorta hidden. Sorry. Specify \"quality\" when you\n+ 94065 [ gv cs.uu.nl] ...\n\n^ Graphical Ruby/Tk GUI designer?\n93407 [im_not_givin] I need to design a GUI - are there any tools available?  I don't want to\n93410 [im_not_givin] I would like a GUI designer tool for Ruby/Tk, like NetBeans, etc.\n93419 [mailinglists] There is nothing like this for TK.\n93420 [thomas_adam1] Asfand,\n93473 [nagai ai.kyu] Ruby/Tk can load a Tcl script on its Tk interpreter.\n\n^ OT: XP tester (was Re: how to raise warning?)\n93411 [jrb3 eidogen] Guten tag, Josef Schugt (und freunde)!\n\n^ (none)\n93416 [nelson.win d] unsubscribe\n\n^ [ANN] ValidForm 1.0\n93418 [gavin refine] Announcing the first (announced) public release of ValidForm, available\n\n^ When will Procs be serializable?\n93424 [im_not_givin] Just wondering: when will Procs and blocks be serializable?  I look\n\n^ ANN: PLD RPMs of rake and ruby-dbi and a plea to packagers\n93425 [aredridel nb] I've just created packages (including .spec files to be used as\n93427 [cc1 cec.wust] Documentation shouldn't be considered unpleasent.  If you go to the\n\n^ Web Testing with Ruby\n93429 [bret pettich] It is open source. But it is ugly. Some of it is on sourceforge and we need\n\n^ Docs [Was Regarding PLD RPMs of rake and ruby-dbi and a plea to packagers]\n93437 [aredridel nb] Wholeheartedly agreed.\n93454 [batsman.geo ] Time to write RWEB? :-P\n93807 [larryj gsu.e] Funny you should mention that.  I've been looking over the\n+ 93809 [ajohnson cpa] Just for info: noweb is a language independent LP system that'll work\n| + 93820 [larryj gsu.e] I haven't looked at noweb, but it's actually on my reading\n| + 93821 [larryj gsu.e] I read through the following article on noweb this morning\n+ 93810 [cc1 cec.wust] Umm isn't RDOC basically RWEB?  I mean it's not really fancy as far as\n  93817 [larryj gsu.e] I'll take a closer look at RDOC.  If it meets the following\n\n^ File.fnmatch's behavior\n93438 [ocean m2.ccs] I'm now thinking of File.fnmatch's behavior.\n93440 [gsinclair so] I like it.  fnmatch is one of those few methods whose documentation I have\n93446 [ocean m2.ccs] Thanks, Gavin.\n+ 93448 [ocean m2.ccs] Sorry, I fogot to tell you where it is...\n| 93449 [ocean m2.ccs] **/ is not implemented yet. I'll implement it soon.\n+ 93725 [ocean m2.ccs] I implemented fnmatch. I did some change to behavior, so I want to know whether
+__label__negative Learn Spanish Slang Episode One - Cool Groovy Guay and Molon\n\nLearning Spanish is an activity that people choose to do much more frequently nowadays. Like every language, it can be a bit difficult at the beginning; however, there are many tools that can help us acquire it more easily and quickly. One of the most recommended tips is to study and learn slang words as they allow the speaker to communicate with much more freshness and be able to handle the terms that the rest of the people use in their daily lives.\n\nlearn spanish in mexico\n\nGenerally, slang words vary according to the culture and territory they come from. It can even happen that the same word is employed in different ways depending on the region. For this reason, it is important to know how each of them can be used. If you have planned to visit Spain, for instance, there are two slangs words that you cannot ignore. They are \u201cguay\u201d and \u201cmol\u00f3n\u201d.\n\nThe first one, \"guay\", can be considered as the equivalent of \"cool\" in Spanish. Usually, this word is used as an adjective that describes something we like very much, let's say: \"La fiesta estuvo guay\", which translates to the fact that the party was to our liking and we enjoyed it. In the same way, \"guay\" can be used to denote surprise or satisfaction, for example, if a friend shows you a new car that bought recently, you can say \"\u00a1Q guay! (That means \"How cool!\") to express that you love it or you think it's great.\n\nOn the other hand, we have \"mol\u00f3n\". This word has a meaning very similar to the one that has \"groovy\" in English. In this case, it is used to say that something is attractive and pleasing or much liked, for example, \"Tu look est\u00e1 mol\u00f3n\", which means that you like the person\u2019s appearance. Also, it can express excitement like \u201c\u00a1Acabo de terminar todos mis ex\u00e1menes, qu\u00e9 mol\u00f3n!which indicates that the person is excited for having completed its works at school or university.\n\nAlthough \"mol\u00f3n\" turns out to be an adjective, colloquially, it is more common to hear it as the verb \"molar\". In this sense, the word means \"to like\" and it is conjugated according to the object or thing that is being talked about. For example, if you go to a dress shop and you really like a shirt, you can say \"Esta camiseta mola mucho\" or \"\u00a1Me mola!\" that would be equal to an \"I like it\". In some cases, \"guay\" and \"mol\u00f3n\" can be used interchangeably. For instance, \"\u00a1El nuevo disco de esa banda est\u00e1 guay!\" is the same as saying \"\u00a1El nuevo disco de esa banda est\u00e1 mol\u00f3n!\" which means, either way, that the band's new album is amazing.\n\nIt's awesome to know the way people use these expressions, do not you think? Definitely, you must continue reading to incorporate these words into your repertoire!\n\nTo Learn more Spanish as to speak read and understand Spanish language and grammar, try Platiquemos Spanish Course.
+__label__negative Skip Ribbon Commands\nSkip to main content\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\nSemester and Academic Year Study Abroad FAQ\n\n\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe Basics\n\nWhat is the role of the Center for International Studies?\n\nWhen can I study abroad?\n\nAre there any majors that won\u2019t allow me to study abroad?\n\nWhere can I study abroad?\n\n\nWhat is a study abroad program provider and what do they do?\n\nDo I need a passport to study abroad?\n\nDo I need a visa to study abroad?\n\nWill my cell phone work abroad?\n\nWhat is my status at PC when I study abroad?\n\nCan't I just take a leave of absence and get transfer credit when I come back from studying abroad?\n\nHow can I meet with a study abroad advisor?\n\n\nWhat is the application process?\n\nWhen do I apply for PC approval to study abroad?\n\nCan I submit an application for PC approval if I do not currently meet the GPA requirement?\n\nHow many programs may I select?\n\nWhat if I change my mind about where I want to go?\n\nDoes applying for study abroad commit me to participating?\n\nWhat is the application fee?\n\nWhen do I apply for acceptance into my program?\n\nHow do I request my PC transcript?\n\nTo whom should I send the home school nomination or approval form that is part of my program application?\n\n\nWhat does study abroad cost?\n\nDo I need to pay the program deposit?\n\nDoes my financial aid go with me?\n\nWhat about tuition exchange students?\u200b\n\nAre there any scholarship options for study abroad?\n\nHow expensive is it to live in my host country?\n\nHow will I access my money while abroad?\n\n\nWhat types of courses can I take when I study abroad?\n\nHow do I choose my study abroad courses? When will I know if my courses will count at PC?\n\nWhat if I can\u2019t obtain a syllabus before I arrive abroad or I choose a new course that is not approved yet?\n\nHow many classes will I take on my program?\n\nWill I receive credit for the courses I take abroad?\n\nWhat happens if I take a repeat class?\n\nWill my study abroad grades be factored into my GPA?\n\nWhat is the Pass/Fail policy?\n\nCan I purchase my textbooks abroad? What about school supplies?\n\nHow do I register for my PC courses while I am abroad?\n\nHow long does it take for my study abroad courses to be posted to Cyberfriar?\n\n\nI will be spending one semester abroad. What are my PC housing options during the semester I will be on campus?\n\nWhere will I live when I study abroad?\n\nWill living with a host family restrict my freedom?\n\nAre meals included in my housing?\n\nHow will I do laundry?\n\nDo I need to bring cooking supplies, linens, and towels?\n\nWill I have internet access?\n\nHealth and Safety\n\nWhat if I get sick while I am abroad?\n\nWill I be safe
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions\n\nWhom is this program designed for?\nHow long will it take to complete my degree study?\nWhich undergraduate degree should I hold for applying to this program?\nWhat criteria are used for selecting new graduate students?\nHow will I apply?\nI applied last year and did not get in. Can I re-apply?\nDo I need to write a thesis?\nWhen and where are the classes being conducted?\nWhat is the tuition fee? What are the payment conditions?\nCan I get a scholarship?\nWhat additional services do you provide for your students?
+__label__negative What Happens to Property After a Divorce?\n\nWhat Happens to Property After a Divorce?\n\nHow is property divided after a divorce?\n\n\nWhat does equitable distribution mean?\n\n\nWhat property can be divided in the divorce?\n\nThere are two different types of property for the purposes of a divorce. Property that the couple bought during the marriage is called \"marital property\". Property that belonged to you before the marriage or was a gift to just you from someone other than your spouse is called \"separate property\". Marital property can be divided between the two spouses.\n\nWhat is marital property?\n\n\nWhat is separate property?\n\n\nCan separate property become marital property?\n\n\nWhat happens if the value of my separate property goes up during my marriage?\n\nIf the value of the separate property goes up only by luck (for example, random changes in the market) then the rise in value is still separate property. If the value of the property goes up because your spouse helped to improve the property, then the rise in value may be considered marital property.\n\nIs my pension marital property?\n\nYes. Pension plans, IRAs, 401ks, and other retirement plans are considered marital property. The portion of these plans that a spouse earned during the marriage will be divided by the court.\n\nHow does the court determine what is equitable?\n\n\n  \u2022 How long the marriage lasted\n  \u2022 The age and health of both spouses\n  \u2022 The loss of inheritance and pension benefits\n\nIs the property distribution affected by who is at fault in the divorce?\n\nUsually not. In cases of abuse, the abuse usually must be at the level of a violent felony to affect distribution. Distribution is more likely to be affected if one spouse has refused to help support the family or spent above the family\u2019s means.\n\nWho is responsible for debts?\n\nThe court or a divorce agreement can decide who is responsible for any debts. However, if you co-signed with your spouse and your spouse does not make debt payments as they have been ordered, you can still be held responsible by the lender.\n\nWhat should I do to protect myself from debt that my spouse is responsible for?\n\nYou should write to creditors to ask them to close any joint accounts. Otherwise, you will be held responsible for the current debt and any future debt if your spouse continues to use the account.\n\nCan a creditor sue me even if my spouse is responsible for the debt?\n\nA creditor can still sue you if your spouse fails to make payments on the debt that you had co-signed. Creditors can sue you even if there is a court order that says your spouse is responsible for the debt. It is very important to make sure that you are taken off any open joint accounts you may have opened with your spouse. You are not responsible for debt that you did not co-sign for.\n\nWill I lose my home?\n\nThe court can order the home to be sold. If one of the parents has custody of the children, the court can delay the sale (usually until after the child has graduated high school). The court can also give the house to one of the spouses. This will be decided by all the things that affect equitable distribution.\n\nHow does the court decide if the home must be sold?\n\nThe court will consider how much the home is worth. It will also look at any mortgages and the other types of housing options.\n\nWhat are exclusive occupancy rights?\n\nExclusive occupancy rights give one spouse the right to live in the house. The other spouse must find somewhere else to live. These rights can be given to the parent with custody of the children if the court has delayed the sale of the home. They can also be given for the safety of one of the spouses while the divorce is happening. Courts can give orders of protection, which can make the person the order is taken against to stay away from the home.\n\n\n\n\n\nLast Review Date: April 2018\n\nTable of Contents
+__label__negative Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\nChapter 6-8 Tests\n\nGlycolysis and the citric acid cycle must occur _______ time (s) per glucose molecule?\n\n\nIn fermentation, _______ is ________.\n\n\nHow do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?\n\nThey produce ATP.\n\nThe enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the...\n\nMatrix and the inner mitochondrial membrane.\n\nWhich of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?\n\nAerobic respiration.\n\nYeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; this, they are...?\n\nFacilitative anaerobes.\n\nThe overall equation for cellular respiration of glucose is...\n\n\nAs a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATPs?\n\n\nA kilocalorie is defined as...?\n\nThe quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius.\n\nWhich of the following options lists the stages of cellular respiration in the correct order?\n\nGlycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.\n\nDuring chemiosmosis...\n\nATP is synthesized when H\u207a ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding muscle fibers is false?\n\nTraining usually converts one type of muscle fiber into another\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding fast-twitch muscles is false?\n\nFast-twitch muscles produce more ATP per glucose than slow-twitch muscles\n\nWhich steps in the Krebs Cycle requires both NAD\u207a and ADP as reactants?\n\nStep 3\n\nA mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?\n\nOxidative phosphorylation\n\nOxidation is the ________, and reduction is the __________.\n\nloss of electrons...gain of electrons\n\nThe label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing 200 calories per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving?\n\n200,000 Calories\n\nA child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that....?\n\nThe muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise\n\nIf you consume 1 g of each of the following which will yield the most ATP?\n\n\nWhich of the hollowing statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?\n\nPhotosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria\n\nThe processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is...?\n\nLost in the form of heat\n\nWhen a cell uses fatty acids for aerobic reparation, it first hydrolyzes fats to...\n\nGlycerol and fatty acids\n\nRotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because...?\n\nThey will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP\n\nWhich of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic an anaerobic metabolism?\n\n\nA drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspects that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit...\n\nThe citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation\n\nRespiration __________, and cellular respiration __________\n\nis gas exchange....produces ATP\n\nWhich of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide?\n\n\nDuring which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?\n\nGlycolysis and the citric acid cycle\n\nThe end products of glycolysis include\n\n\n\nFroms at the end of glycolysis\n\nHuman use the calories they obtain from ______ food as their source of energy...\n\n\nThe mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that...\n\nIncreases the space from more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.\n\nMuscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at partly due to...\n\nthe presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells\n\nIn biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is...\n\n\nBacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called...\n\nObligate anaerobes\n\nBetween glycolysis and the citric acid cycle,\n\nPyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD\u207a is reduced to NADH\n\nDuring cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?\n\nMolecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water\n\nTo obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by..\n\nHydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose\n\nDuring REDOX reactions...\n\nElectrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance\n\nWhich of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false?\n\nCellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step\n\nThe conversion of CO\u2082 and H\u2082O into organic compounds using energy from light is called...\n\n\nThey energy yield from the complete anaerobic breakdown of a single molecule of glucose...\n\nCan vary with the mechanism used to shuttle NADH electrons into the mitochondrion\n\nIn the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is...\n\nAn oxygen atom\n\nThe end product of the citric acid cycle include all of the following accept..\n\n\nA culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in...?\n\n\nThe term anaerobic means\n\nWithout CO\u2082\n\nBy-products of cellular respiration include...\n\nCarbon Dioxide and Water\n\nThe greenhouse effect is...\n\nReduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere\n\nA redox reaction involves the transfer of..\n\nA hydrogen electron\n\n\nProduce organic molecules from inorganic molecules\n\nWhich of the following is a normal process of photosynthesis that could not occur if all reaction centers were inactivated by a toxin?\n\nDonation of excited electrons by Chlorophylla to a primary electron acceptor\n\nWhich of the following are produced during the Calvin Cycle?\n\nGlucose, ADP, and NADP+\n\nWhat is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and the food for the biosphere?\n\n\n\nIs an evolutionary relic from when atmosphere O2 levels were low and did not interfere with rubisco.\n\nCO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via...\n\n\nIn photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport _________ from the ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ______.\n\n\nAs a result of the cascade of electrons down the electron transport chain of the light reactions...\n\nNADP+ is reduced to NADPH\n\nAccording to this figure, how do H+ ions make their way from the stroma to the thylakoid interior?\n\nThrough an electron transport chain molecule.\n\nWhich of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years?\n\n\n\nProtects Earth from UV radiation\n\nList in order the steps of the Calvin Cycle beginning with the entry of CO2.\n\nFixation, the CO2 gets reduced into 3PGA, G3P is made from the transformation, G3P exits, the ion gets regenerated.\n\nThe calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy rich molecule that a plant cell can use to make glucose or other organic molecules.\n\n\nWhich of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?\n\n\nSunlight is a type of _______ energy?\n\n\nWhat is the source of energy that provides the boost of electrons during photosynthesis?\n\n\nMitochondria transfer _____ energy from _______ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ______ energy into the chemical energy of ATP.\n\nThe light reactions occur in the _______, while the Calvin Cycle occurs in the ______.\n\nThylakoid membranes...stroma\n\nThe electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem 1 are replaced by electrons from...\n\nThe bottom of the electron transport chain\n\nPhotosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from...\n\nCarbon dioxide\n\nChlorophyll b...\n\nPasses absorbed energy to chlorophyll a\n\nCarbon fixation...\n\nOccurs when carbon and oxygen from CO\u2082 are incorporated into an organic molecule.\n\nPlant cells are protected from the harmful effects of oxygen radicals with...\n\n\nWhy are most plants green?\n\nChlorophyll A reflects green light\n\nA packet of light energy is called a....\n\n\nWhat is the main adaptive advantage of the C\u2084 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C\u2083 strategy?\n\nThey help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose under hot, dry conditions\n\nPlant cells...\n\nHave mitochondria and chloroplasts\n\nThe ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breath is...\n\n\nThe summary of the equation for photosynthesis...\n\n\nWhere is chlorophyll found in the plant cell?\n\nThylakoid membranes\n\nPhotosystem 2\n\nPasses electrons to photosystem 1\n\nThe energy that excited P680 and P700 is supplied by...\n\n\nThe oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from...\n\n\nIn most green plants, chloroplasts are...\n\nConcentrated in a zone of the leaf called the mesophyll.\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nVoice Recording
+__label__negative Print this chapterPrint this chapter\n\n\n1. FAQ\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\n  1. What is BIT@UCSC?\n  2. Who is giving the certifications?\n  3. What are the responsibilities of the UCSC on BIT?\n  4. What are the advantages of doing BIT?\n  5. Does UCSC conduct classes for BIT?\n  6. I don\u0092t need a degree. Can I do your Diploma?\n  7. How much, should I spend for the Diploma?\n  8. Can I pay the Diploma fee in installments?\n  9. I am a foreign student living in Sri Lanka. Can I do the BIT?\n  10. What is EDC?\n  11. How can I get the Student Handbook?\n\n\n  1. What is the Main Entry Qualification (Admission Requirements) for the BIT?\n  2. Is there any other Entry Qualifications for the BIT?\n  3. I haven\u0092t passed GCE A/L. How can I join BIT?\n  4. Can I apply for BIT, with some other qualifications?\n  5. Do I have to sit for a Selection Test?\n  6. Can I apply for BIT with pending A/L result?\n  7. Do I have to pass GCE O/L s to join the BIT@UCSC programme?\n  8. I don\u0092t have C passes for O/L English and Maths. Can I join BIT?\n\n\n  1. Can I start the BIT any time of the year? (Can I register for the BIT in the middle of an academic year?)\n  2. When do the new intakes start?\n  3. When can I apply for BIT Degree program?\n  4. How can I applications?\n  5. How much is the Application Fee? How can I make the application fee?\n  6. Do you give me a reference number?\n  7. Do I have to send any other documents with the Application Form?\n  8. Do I need to send my certificates?\n  9. What is the address to send the Applications? Can I handover the application to the office? Do I have to come personally to the BIT office to handover the Application?\n\n\n  1. Do I get the BIT registration definitely, after filling the Online Application?\n  2. What are the documents required for the BIT Registration?\n  3. Once registered for the BIT programme, what are the benefits that the UCSC provides for me?\n  4. If I register for BIT, am I allowed to register for any other degree?\n  5. During the degree can I skip my registration?\n  6. Within how many years, should I complete the degree?\n  7. Can I get a Class after repeating courses?\n  8. How much does BIT programme cost me?\n  9. Can I make the programme fee in installments?\n\n\n  1. Within how many years can I complete the BIT Degree?\n  2. How many semesters are in BIT Programme?\n  3. What is my academic year?\n  4. How are the semesters planned?\n  5. How are the semesters labeled?\n  6. How is the Academic year 1 planned?\n  7. Which mark is considered for a pass, if I repeat a course?\n  8. What is an attempt?\n  9. Which syllabus is effective for me to award my Diploma?\n  10. Which syllabus and regulations are effective for me to award my Degree?\n  11. Where can I find more details about BIT?\n  12. What is the NVQ level for BIT?\n\n\n  1. What is VLE (Virtual Learning Environment)?\n  2. How can I get VLE access?\n  3. I can\u0092t log into my VLE. What can be the reason?\n  4. Do I have to pay for the VLE access?\n  5. When I log in to the VLE, am I redirected to the profile page?\n  6. My personal details are incorrect in BIT VLE. How can I correct it?\n  7. What is Online Facilitation and Assistance?\n  8. What are the best practices in posting to forums?\n  9. Can I access the VLE courses or sit for BIT examinations after completing my degree?\n  10. If I have to repeat some courses and need to access the relevant course materials in VLE (LMS) do I have to pay to access VLE (LMS)?\n  11. Why am I not getting any e-mails regarding forum posting?\n  12. I have applied for BIT with pending A/L results. Can I have access to VLE (LMS)?\n  13. How to complain about VLE content, questions and services?\n  14. What is the best e-learner award?\n  15. What is the criteria for selecting candidates for best e learner award?\n  16. How can I find solutions for the past papers given in the VLE (LMS)?\n  17. What is the benefit of using forums for my studies?\n\n\n  1. The date of Re-registration deadline is passed. Now, how much I need to pay?\n  2. Can I do the Renewal, without coming to the BIT office?\n  3. Can I collect a confirmation letter without registration?\n\n\n  1. Do I get a university ID card if I register for BIT? How much it cost for me?\n  2. What is necessity of the BIT ID card?\n  3. No enough space to stamp in my BIT ID card. What should I do?\n  4. My BIT ID card is lost how I collect new one?\n\n\n  1. How to apply for the exam?\n  2. Within a semester, do I have to complete all papers of that semester?\n  3. How to calculate the marks for the BIT exam MCQ papers?\n  4. Do I have the GPA 2.0 to go to the next year?\n  5. How much GPA, do I need to go to the next year?\n  6. If I have a GPA less than 1.5, what should I do?\n  7. Within How many attempts do I have to complete the degree?\n  8. What will happen, if I couldn\u0092t complete the 1st year, in 5 years period?\n  9. Within how many attempts do I have to pass a course?\n  10. Where can I find the BIT past papers?\n  11. If I re-attempted a repeat course, will I be able to get a better grade than \u0093C\u0094?\n  12. Is it necessary to follow all optional courses?\n  13. Is the project compulsory?\n  14. What is the minimum grade that should I obtain to pass a course? What is the minimum mark to pass an EN course?\n  15. What is the minimum grade eligible for credit calculation? Is it C or D?\n  16. Can I do semester 2 exams without doing semester 1 exams?\n  17. How many credits need to be obtained for the degree? Is it necessary to have 30 credits for each year?\n  18. I have pending assignments in year 2. Now I am a 3rd year student. Do I need to register for 2nd year also to complete my VLE assignments?\n  19. My 2nd year GPA is more than 2, but I have a D+. Will I be able to get the HDIT?\n  20. I have failed the enhancement courses. Can I collect the degree?\n  21. Exam application deadline is passed. Now, how much should I pay for the exams?\n  22. I can\u0092t select my subject in exam application. What should I do?\n  23. I passed e-test in last year. But I didn\u0092t sit for the practical test. Is my e-test mark valid for this year?\n  24. Without Passing all the subjects in the 1st year, can I proceed to the 2nd year?\n  25. What are the criteria to get the Diploma in IT?\n  26. What are the criteria to get the Higher Diploma?\n  27. What are the conditions to get the BIT degree?\n  28. How can I be eligible for Diploma in IT and Higher Diploma in IT?\n  29. How to calculate the 1st year GPA?\n\n\n  1. Are practice quiz marks considered for assignments?\n  2. VLE Assignments & the Online Assessments, are these same or not?\n  3. What is an Enhancement Course and Online Assessment?\n  4. What is an enhancement course?\n  5. What is an online assessment?\n  6. What is the duration of the online assessment?\n  7. What is the pass mark of the online assessment?\n  8. How can I know the result of the online assessment?\n  9. What is an online assignment?\n  10. Where can I find the assignments?\n  11. What is the structure of questions of online assignment?\n  12. What is the best way of answering questions in Assignments?\n  13. What is the criterion to complete the VLE (LMS) assessments satisfactorily for a given year?\n  14. What are 'grades' in assignments?\n  15. How can I know the result of the online assignments?\n  16. We can review our assignments soon after the completion. But when we closed it, there's no option to review it again. Why can't we review our assignment questions more than once?\n  17. If I have successfully completed the VLE (LMS) assignments, but have to repeat some courses, do I have to re-attempt the VLE (LMS) assignments as well?\n  18. If I do not complete all the VLE assignments successfully what would be the effect?\n  19. If I failed any VLE assignment in a previous year, do I have to pay again to access the VLE related that academic year?\n  20. Can I discuss VLE assignment question in the forums?\n  21. I passed the VLE assignment in the last year. But my subject is repeated. Do I need to re-do the assignment again?\n  22. Can I discuss VLE assignment questions in the forums?\n  23. What happens when a VLE assignment question is wrong?\n\n\n  1. How can I find required main reading books for a course?\n  2. How can I find past paper?\n  3. How can I find solutions for past papers which are in VLE (LMS)?\n  4. Are practice quiz marks considered for assignments?\n  5. What is the benefit of using forums for my studies?\n  6. Where can I find the necessary information about BIT exam application forms, payments, time tables, results, etc.\n  7. I am already registered for Year 2 or 3. Do I have to register again for Year 1 or 2 to repeat courses from that year(s)?\n  8. Do you consider VLE (LMS) assignment marks for the GPA?\n  9. If I repeat a course should I wait till the next academic year to re sit for the examination?\n\n\n  1. Can I pursue a BIT External Degree while pursuing another degree?\n  2. Can I exit BIT degree while studying?\n\n\n  1. How to get a transcript?\n  2. How to collect letters?\n  3. How to collect BIT certificates?\n  4. Payment for certificates?\n  5. Where can I find more details about BIT?\n\nLast updated on 16th July, 2018
+__label__negative Runaway/Throwaway Stats\n\nbullet Two-thirds of children are between 15 and 17 years old\nbullet The male-female ratio is equal\nbullet More than half returned home in the same week\nbullet 99% return home\nbullet 21% are physically or sexually abused at home\n\nWhy Do Children Run Away From Home?\n\nbullet 42% have family problems\nbullet 14% because of peer pressure\nbullet 5% because of drug or alcohol abuse\nbullet 4% because of physical abuse
+__label__negative Baltimore Catechism No. 4 (of 4) eBook\n\n\n113.\u00a0 What is a catechism? 114.\u00a0 What does our Catechism contain? 115.\u00a0 Why should we learn the Catechism? 116.\u00a0 What do we mean by the \u201cend of man\u201d? 117.\u00a0 For what end was man created? 118.\u00a0 In what respect are all men equal? 119.\u00a0 What is \u201cwoman\u201d? 120.\u00a0 In the first question, what does \u201cworld\u201d mean? 121.\u00a0 What is a creature? 122.\u00a0 Is every invisible thing a spirit? 123.\u00a0 Of what use is reason to us? 124.\u00a0 What makes man different from all other animals? 125.\u00a0 Have any brute animals reason? 126.\u00a0 How do you know brute animals have not reason? 127.\u00a0 Can we learn all truths by our reason alone? 128.\u00a0 What is revelation? 129.\u00a0 What is \u201cfree will\u201d in man? 130.\u00a0 Have brute animals \u201cfree will\u201d? 131.\u00a0 Why is it necessary for us to know God? 132.\u00a0 What does \u201cworship\u201d mean? 133.\u00a0 How do we know when we love God above all? 134.\u00a0 Does the Apostles\u2019 Creed contain all the truths we must believe? 135.\u00a0 Name some truths not mentioned in it. 136.\u00a0 Is a tree a creature?\n\nLesson 2\n\n137.\u00a0 What is a spirit? 138.\u00a0 What does \u201cinfinite\u201d mean? 139.\u00a0 Why does God watch over us? 140.\u00a0 Why is it necessary for God to watch over us? 141.\u00a0 Why must God be \u201cjust\u201d as well as \u201cmerciful\u201d?\n\nLesson 3\n\n142.\u00a0 What does \u201csupreme\u201d mean? 143.\u00a0 When are two persons said to be equal? 144.\u00a0 From whom does authority come? 145.\u00a0 Is there any difference in the ages of God the Father and God the\n146.\u00a0 Do first, second, and third in the Blessed Trinity mean that one\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0person was before the other?\n147.\u00a0 Why must we believe mysteries? 148.\u00a0 Must we understand everything we believe?\n\nLesson 4\n\n149.\u00a0 How may the things God created be classed? 150.\u00a0 Why did God create angels? 151.\u00a0 If angels have no bodies, how can they appear? 152.\u00a0 Are the angels all equal in dignity? 153.\u00a0 How many classes of angels are there? 154.\u00a0 What did the Archangel Michael do? 155.\u00a0 What did the Archangel Gabriel do? 156.\u00a0 Who gave the angels their names? 157.\u00a0 What are the duties of the angels? 158.\u00a0 What does our angel guardian do for us? 159.\u00a0 How do you know that the angels offer our prayers and good works to\n160.\u00a0 Give a short history of Tobias. 161.\u00a0 What do we mean by \u201cJacob\u2019s ladder\u201d? 162.\u00a0 Are there other guardian angels besides the guardian angels of\n163.\u00a0 Name some persons to whom angels appeared. 164.\u00a0 Were angels ever sent to punish men? 165.\u00a0 If God watches over us, why should angels guard us? 166.\u00a0 What was the devil\u2019s name before he was cast out of Heaven? 167.\u00a0 Why was he cast out? 168.\u00a0 Is the Blessed Virgin only a creature?\u00a0 Why?\n\nLesson 5\n\nProject Gutenberg\nFollow Us on Facebook
+__label__negative Annual Bonus\n\nTEP recognizes the importance of rewarding outstanding work. TEP also recognizes the special challenge of teaching middle school. Beginning in his or her second year of employment at TEP, every master middle school teacher who remains at TEP's middle school for the subsequent year\u00a0is eligible for the annual bonus.\n\nTeacher bonus compensation levels are based on the degree to which TEP meets its goals for\u00a0middle\u00a0school\u00a0performance each year. This structure is consistent with TEP\u2019s cultural emphasis on collaboration.\n\nMiddle school performance is measured by the attainment of specific student academic, attendance, and other aggressive goals that have been laid out by the TEP Principal and Board of Trustees. New middle school performance goals are established each academic year using a 5-point rubric. These goals are derived from careful analysis of prior school-wide achievement levels.\n\nAt the end of each school year, the TEP Principal and Board of Trustees assign a School-Performance Score (from 0 to 5) for the year to the middle school. This score is used to calculate the bonus compensation awarded to each middle school teacher in a given year. The bonus compensation has 2 components: (1) Current Year School Performance Bonus (CYSP Bonus) and (2) Lifetime Contribution Bonus (LC Bonus).\n\n(1) Current-Year School Performance Bonus (CYSP bonus):\n\nThis component of the bonus serves to reward every eligible teacher in the case that the middle school is successful in meeting specific goals during that school year. Since school-wide performance (not individual teacher performance) is the determining factor, every eligible teacher is awarded the same CYSP bonus in a particular year. This fosters a culture of collaboration that is essential to the growth-oriented teacher development culture that is intrinsic to the mission of TEP. The CYSP bonus is calculated as follows:\n\n(Current Year School-Performance Score) / 5 x $20,000\n\nThus, the CYSP bonus in a given year could equal $0, $4K, $8K, $12K, $16K, or $20K per teacher.\n\n(2)\u00a0Lifetime Contribution Bonus (LC bonus):\n\nThis component of the bonus rewards each individual middle school teacher for his or her lifetime contribution towards meeting the school\u2019s performance goals. In contrast to traditional teacher salary scales that reward experience for experience\u2019s sake, this compensation rewards only positive experience\u2014experience that was successful in contributing to the middle school\u2019s performance goals. The LC bonus is calculated as follows:\n\n(Current Year School-Performance Score) / 5 x $1,000 x (Lifetime Contribution Points)\n\nThis calculation involves a teacher\u2019s Lifetime Contribution Points, which equal the sum of the annual School Performance Scores for the years the teacher is eligible for the bonus.\n\nThe table below calculates the bonus pay for a hypothetical Teacher X:\n\nNote that the value of a given year of experience varies since not all years are weighted equally. The teacher\u2019s fourth year of eligibility counts for less \u201cexperience\u201d than the teacher\u2019s third year, since during the third year the school was slightly more successful (score of 5) in meeting its performance goals than during the fourth year (score of 4). In addition, note that the LC bonus is the one element of TEP\u2019s teacher compensation that trends upward, the longer that a teacher is employed at TEP (although there are occasional downward drops as seen from year 1 to year 2 above). Since the teacher\u2019s base salary remains flat (aside from periodic cost-of-living adjustments), and the CYSP bonus is unrelated to length of tenure, it is the LC bonus that provides the equivalent of annual raises, a necessary element of a sustainable compensation plan. The innovation is that raises do not reward simple longevity; instead, raises reward only experience that contributes positively towards meeting the school\u2019s goals.\n\nA note about the payment of teacher bonuses: Teacher bonuses are paid in equal installments over the course of the year immediately following the year in which the bonuses are earned. For example, Teacher X successfully completes the 2015-16 academic year, her second year of employment at TEP's middle school (which is her first year of eligibility for the annual bonus). During the same year, TEP receives an annual middle school performance score of a perfect 5 out of 5. Thus, Teacher X earns a total bonus of $25,000, which is paid out to Teacher X in equal bi-monthly installments over the course of the following academic year, 2016-17. If Teacher X leaves TEP before all or part of her bonus is paid out, she forfeits the remaining unpaid portion of the bonus.
+__label__negative May I designate more than one recommender for (a) the academic-professional and (b) foreign-language assessment recommendations?\n\nOnly one recommendation is required in each category.Submitting extra recommendations will not enhance an applicant\u2019s prospects. In rare instances, circumstances may be such that a second recommendation would make sense; for example, applicants who speak two target languages may need two language recommendations. Please email should you need to request a second recommendation (the online application system allows for\u00a0only one recommendation request).
+__label__negative 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\n9 10 11 12 13 14 15\n16 17 18 19 20 21 22\n23 24 25 26 27 28 29\n30 31\nForum Statistics\nMost Online122\nNov 13th, 2018\nPopular Topics(Views)\nNewest Members\nElmerLin, ipetu, Caevin, TroyHermo, lisabrown\n14 Registered Users\nWho's Online Now\n0 registered members (), 26 guests, and 32 spiders.\nKey: Admin, Global Mod, Mod\nForum Help\nWhy should I register?\nWhy do you ask for two email addresses?\nDoes my browser have to be set to accept cookies?\nHow do I log in?\nHelp! I'm having trouble logging in!\nWhat are these titles about?\nI forgot my password!\nHow do I change my password?\nHow do I add an image to my message?\nWhat are the rules of conduct for the forum?\nHow do I edit my display preferences?\nWhy is a post's subject so important?\nCan I send a Private Topic to more than one person?\nI'm having problems getting the URL tags to work.\nWhat if I make a mistake in my post?\nWhat if I post in the wrong forum?\nCan I use HTML in my posts?\nWhat UBBCode can I use in my posts?\nHow do I put a poll in my post?\nWhat's the difference between Reply and Quick Reply?\nWhat's the difference between Quote and Quick Quote?\nHow do I edit my profile?\nHow do I use Gallery Forums?\nCan I attach a file to my post?\nHow do Follow Lists work?\nHow do I email myself a Thread or Private Message?\nHow do I use RSS Feeds?\nWhat do the different Display Name colors mean?\nPowered by UBB.threads\u2122 PHP Forum Software 7.6.3\n(Snapshot build 20181002)\nPHP: 7.0.27 DB: MySQLi Page Time: 0.003s Queries: 7 (0.001s) Memory: 0.6184 MB (Peak: 0.6737 MB) Zlib enabled. Server Time: 2018-12-12 11:31:42 UTC
+__label__negative Echogeddon Quiz\n\nClick here to listen to episodes 1 \u2013 5 of \u201cEchogeddon\u201d\n\nCopy & Paste the quiz sheet below into an email, type your answers next to each question and send your answers to before June 1st, Good Luck!\n\n\n\n1. What is Zoe\u2019s last name?\n2. Dread\u2019s power is to shapeshift and read minds, true or false?\n3. Who provided the voice of Frostiscus the vile?\n4. What games console is kept in the Squad\u2019s girls room?\n5. Who is Lucy\u2019s favourite super hero?\n6. What is Lucy\u2019s power?\n7. When the squad go camping, what does Brinton roast on the campfire?\n8. Who was the first Vile that Zoe fought?\n9. What is Zoe\u2019s favourite meal?\n10. The Vile named Dread transformed into which character in episode 5?\n11. What is Brinton\u2019s first name?\n12. Danny is 14 years old, true or false?\n13. How does Brinton like his tea?\n14. In episode 3, which foods does Zoe choose in the cafeteria?\n15. What is Sam\u2019s military rank?\n16. What snack does Brinton request in the meeting room?\n17. How old is Zoe?\n18. The Squad gained their powers by being bitten by radioactive animals, true or false?\n19. What does Danny like to collect?\n20. What does Brinton call Zoe?\n21. What name does Brinton suggest to Sam for their tent making team?
+__label__negative Elearning courses Tag All blog entries tagged as Elearning courses http://elearning-india.com/Official-Elearning-Blog.html Fri, 21 Sep 2018 12:03:02 +0530 Joomla! 1.7 - Open Source Content Management en-gb e-Learning solutions for customized learning http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/e-learning-solutions-for-customized-learning.html http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/e-learning-solutions-for-customized-learning.html \u00a0\n\nTraining and Learning is an integral part of the corporate world and is a continuous process. But providing continuous training for specific learner requirements is often a challenge. For sudden and targeted learning needs, e-learning services are often the answer and customized e-learning solutions are effective. Customized courses are created for the training of a specific group and for a specific learning objective. It is need based and caters to the training in a specific topic or subject.\n\nCustomized e-courses are courses that organizations prefer to develop through external companies who provide e-learning services. This makes sense at many different levels.\n\n  \u2022 Many small or medium organizations, who are in their growing phase, cannot invest huge amounts into developing e-learning services.\n  \u2022 Another reason is the amount of red-tape that one encounters in accessing corporate learning platforms. Material that is to be uploaded also has to go through various screenings and approvals \u2013 which prove to be a great hindrance in providing trainings as per need\n\nMoving around such constrains within the organization can be tedious and time consuming. On the other hand, customized e-courses can be run on stand-alone basis and are a better solution.\n\nHowever when developing custom elearning courses, there are a few challenges which need to be addressed.\n\n  \u2022 If the training is web-based, it needs to be assured that every learner has internet access and available bandwidth to view all the functions within the e\u2013learning solution. If computers or internet access is not available, the logistics of bringing the learner group to the learning medium need to be worked out.\n  \u2022 It is best to think about the extent of tracking that needs to be done beforehand and find a solution for it. If it is that basic information like the number of learners completing the course, the tracking portal can be designed such. If more information like the time taken by individual learners or the number of logins by an individual learner needs to be tracked, the tracking mechanism can keep that in mind.\n  \u2022 A concern when designing a customized e-learning solution is that it should be user-friendly. It is prudent to assume that the learner has not encountered such a training course before and has to be initiated smoothly into the workings of it.\n\n\nakankshag@gc-solutions.net (Akanksha Garg) eLearning Developer Thu, 03 Apr 2014 15:51:45 +0530\n\n\n\nWhy Are Online MBA Programs Increasingly Popular?\u00a0\n\n\n\nWhat Do You Need To Enroll In Online Master's Programs?\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\nDo You Need To Take A GMAT?\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhy Not Get An Online MBA?\u00a0\n\n\n\nLms system \u2013 Grooming your resource http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/lms-system-grooming-your-resource.html http://elearning-india.com/Blog/Entry/lms-system-grooming-your-resource.html Training of employees in an organisation holds huge significance in terms of productivity and output. Many organisations of the modern era lack adequate training material. Whereas some of them have training materials but they are not framed in a way that can generate interest in a learner for the study matter. E-learning courses provided by e-learning service providers provide sufficient training materials to organisations which can enhance the cognitive skills of an individual to a large extent.\n\nThese training modules of E-learning courses are highly interactive in nature which engage the learner into the subject and help him learn better and perceive it as fun. It is a widespread perception that attractive visuals do have huge impact in augmenting learning process. They get imprinted into one\u2019s sensory memory for a long time. Online learning service providers have used the same principle in designing their training modules. Online learning modules incorporate enticing graphics and theory coupled with thought provoking pictures which enhance the learning outcome of an individual to the fullest.\n\nThe lms System of the training modules of these e-learning service providers helps organisations to teach their employees the basic business communication skills. This includes soft skills, organizational culture, behavioural science, psychographic science and many more. It also entails leadership skills, essence of motivation, knowledge of key drivers which lead to motivation etc. LMS System which is short of learning management system teaches employees of an organisation the vitality of perception as a concept and as a tool to cultivate creative and intuitive thinking.\n\nThese e-learning courses talk about explicitly about the common errors which management commits while conducting tasks and operations. Owing to so many benefits provided by these e-learning courses they are increasingly being adopted by organisations in order to aggrandise the productivity and enhance the learning outcome in totality.\n\nakankshag@gc-solutions.net (Akanksha Garg) Online Learning Fri, 31 May 2013 12:27:29 +0530
+__label__negative Letters of Anton Chekhov, by Anton Chekhov\n\nTo His Brother Mihail.\n\nJuly 28, 1888.\n\nOn the Seas Black, Caspian, and of Life.\n\n.\u00a0.\u00a0. A wretched little cargo steamer, Dir, is racing full steam from Suhum to Poti. It is about midnight. The little cabin \u2014 the only one in the steamer \u2014 is insufferably hot and stuffy. There is a smell of burning, of rope, of fish and of the sea. One hears the engine going \u201cBoom-boom-boom.\u201d .\u00a0.\u00a0. There are devils creaking up aloft and under the floor. The darkness is swaying in the cabin and the bed rocks up and down. .\u00a0.\u00a0. One\u2019s stomach\u2019s whole attention is concentrated on the bed, and, as though to find its level, it rolls the Seltzer water I had drunk right up to my throat and then lets it down to my heels. Not to be sick over my clothes in the dark I hastily put on my things and go out. .\u00a0.\u00a0. It is dark. My feet stumble against some invisible iron bars, a rope; wherever you step there are barrels, sacks, rags. There is coal dust under foot. In the dark I knock against a kind of grating: it is a cage with wild goats which I saw in the daytime. They are awake and anxiously listening to the rocking of the boat. By the cage sit two Turks who are not asleep either. .\u00a0.\u00a0. I grope my way up the stairs to the captain\u2019s bridge. .\u00a0.\u00a0. A warm but violent and unpleasant wind tries to blow away my cap. .\u00a0.\u00a0. The steamer rocks. The mast in front of the captain\u2019s bridge sways regularly and leisurely like a metronome; I try to look away from it, but my eyes will not obey me and, just like my stomach, insist on following moving objects. .\u00a0.\u00a0. The sky and the sea are dark, the shore is not in sight, the deck looks a dark blur .\u00a0.\u00a0. there is not a single light.\n\nBehind me is a window .\u00a0.\u00a0. I look into it and see a man who looks attentively at something and turns a wheel with an expression as though he were playing the ninth symphony. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Next to me stands the little stout captain in tan shoes. .\u00a0.\u00a0. He talks to me of Caucasian emigrants, of the heat, of winter storms, and at the same time looks intently into the dark distance in the direction of the shore.\n\n\u201cYou seem to be going too much to the left again,\u201d he says to someone; or, \u201cThere ought to be lights here. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Do you see them?\u201d\n\n\u201cNo, sir,\u201d someone answers from the dark.\n\n\u201cClimb up and look.\u201d\n\nA dark figure appears on the bridge and leisurely climbs up. In a minute we hear:\n\n\u201cYes, sir.\u201d\n\nI look to the left where the lights of the lighthouse are supposed to be, borrow the captain\u2019s glasses, but see nothing. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Half an hour passes, then an hour. The mast sways regularly, the devils creak, the wind makes dashes at my cap. .\u00a0.\u00a0. It is not pitch dark, but one feels uneasy.\n\nSuddenly the captain dashes off somewhere to the rear of the ship, crying, \u201cYou devil\u2019s doll!\u201d\n\n\u201cTo the left,\u201d he shouts anxiously at the top of his voice. \u201cTo the left! .\u00a0.\u00a0. To the right! A-va-va-a!\u201d\n\nIncomprehensible words of command are heard. The steamer starts, the devils give a creak. .\u00a0.\u00a0. \u201cA-va-va!\u201d shouts the captain; at the bows a bell is rung, on the black deck there are sounds of running, knocking, cries of anxiety. .\u00a0.\u00a0. The Dir starts once more, puffs painfully, and apparently tries to move backwards.\n\n\u201cWhat is it?\u201d I ask, and feel something like a faint terror. There is no answer.\n\n\u201cHe\u2019d like a collision, the devil\u2019s doll!\u201d I hear the captain\u2019s harsh shout. \u201cTo the left!\u201d\n\nRed lights appear in front, and suddenly among the uproar is heard the whistling, not of the Dir, but of some other steamer. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Now I understand it: there is going to be a collision! The Dir puffs, trembles, and does not move, as though waiting for a signal to go down. .\u00a0.\u00a0. But just when I think all is lost, the red lights appear on the left of us, and the dark silhouette of a steamer can be discerned. .\u00a0.\u00a0. A long black body sails past us, guiltily blinks its red eyes, and gives a guilty whistle. .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n\n\u201cOof! What steamer is it?\u201d I ask the captain.\n\nThe captain looks at the silhouette through his glasses and replies:\n\n\u201cIt is the Tweedie.\u201d\n\nAfter a pause we begin to talk of the Vesta, which collided with two steamers and went down. Under the influence of this conversation the sea, the night and the wind begin to seem hideous, created on purpose for man\u2019s undoing, and I feel sorry as I look at the fat little captain. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Something whispers to me that this poor man, too, will sooner or later sink to the bottom and be choked with salt water. [Footnote: Chekhov\u2019s presentiment about the captain was partly fulfilled: that very autumn the Dir was wrecked on the shores of Alupka.]\n\nI go back to my cabin. .\u00a0.\u00a0. It is stuffy, and there is a smell of cooking. My travelling companion, Suvorin-fils, is asleep already. .\u00a0.\u00a0. I take off all my clothes and go to bed. .\u00a0.\u00a0. The darkness sways to and fro, the bed seems to breathe. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Boom-boom-boom! Bathed in perspiration, breathless, and feeling an oppression all over with the rocking, I ask myself, \u201cWhat am I here for?\u201d\n\nI wake up. It is no longer dark. Wet all over, with a nasty taste in my mouth, I dress and go out. Everything is covered with dew. .\u00a0.\u00a0. The wild goats look with human eyes through the grating of their cage and seem to be asking \u201cWhy are we here?\u201d The captain stands still as before and looks intently into the distance. .\u00a0.\u00a0.\n\nA mountainous shore stretches on the left. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Elborus is seen from behind the mountains.\n\nA blurred sun rises in the sky. .\u00a0.\u00a0. One can see the green valley of Rion and the Bay of Poti by the side of it.\n\n\nLast updated Sunday, March 27, 2016 at 11:53
+__label__negative Here are some interesting facts about our nation`s court system:\nThe United States has two separate court systems. The federal court system and the state court system of each of the 50 states.\n\nThe differences between federal and state courts are defined mainly by jurisdiction, which refers to the kinds of cases a court is authorized to hear. Federal courts hear cases concerning federal crimes (laws passed by Congress), treaties, civil matters of federal jurisdiction (arising out of federal statutes), and certain matters between citizens of different states where the amount in controversy is high enough. State courts hear cases concerning state laws (laws passed by state legislatures.)\n\nThe federal court system is established by Article III of the U.S. Constitution; state court systems are established by their respective state constitutions.\n\nArticle III of the United States Constitution established the judicial branch as one of the three different branches of the federal government. The other two are the legislative and executive branches.\n\nThe Supreme Court of the United States is the top federal court. It is made up of nine judges, known as justices, and is presided over by the Chief Justice.\n\nThere are 13 Circuit Courts of Appeal, which are divided into 12 regional circuits.\n\nThere are 94 District Courts, with every state having at least one district court.\n\nThe President appoints Supreme Court justices, court of appeals judges, and district court judges who then must be approved by the Senate.\n\nPresident George Washington appointed the most federal justices of the Supreme Court: a total of eleven.\n\nArticle III federal judges are appointed for life, and they can only be removed through an impeachment process.\n\nMagistrate judges are appointed by the district court to serve eight-year terms.\n\nBankruptcy judges are appointed by the U.S. Court of Appeals to serve 14-year terms.\n\nState court judges are usually elected and there are time limits on the length of each judge`s term before they must be re-elected.\n\nCourt of appeals and district court judgeships are created by legislation that must be enacted by Congress. The Judicial Conference surveys the judgeship needs of the courts every other year. They look at the number of case filings, geography, number of senior judges, and the mix of cases. The Judicial Conference then presents its recommendations to Congress.\n\nThe Constitution sets forth no specific requirements for becoming a federal judge. Members of Congress, however, who typically recommend potential nominees, and the Department of Justice, which reviews nominees` qualifications, have developed their own informal criteria.\n
+__label__negative Tag Archives: H11-848-ENU exam questions\n\n26 Oct\n\nH11-848-ENU HCNP-CC(Fast Track)-Contact Center (Fast Track)\n\nPlease prepare for HCNP-CC(Fast Track) H11-848-ENU Huawei Certified Network Professional \u2013 Contact Center(Fast Track) exam with real Huawei H11-848 HCNP-CC(Fast Track) exam questions. We ensure you pass HCNP-CC(Fast Track) Certification H11-848 exam smoothly. Here we recommend you test Huawei HCNP-CC(Fast Track) H11-848-ENU Free Online Test first.\n\nWe will provide 20 questions for\u00a0HCNP-CC(Fast Track) H11-848-ENU Certification exam. You can get 5 points after answer one question correctly. All the questions we provide are the latest exam subjects. They are just part of the full version 430 questions. And all your HCNP-CC(Fast Track) H11-848-ENU real questions will be randomly chosen from our dumps. If you want to purchase the full version 430 questions please go to our Shop page or click \u201cI want to buy full version\u201d. Just leave your message here or contact us via email [email\u00a0protected] if you have any questions. 100% pass guaranteed!\n\nStart to test:\n\n1. In the installation process of Tecal E6000, what are the following need to pay attention to? (Select 3 Answers)\n\n\n2. Planned external quality inspection is the paper quality inspection staff through which function to check out the media records for quality inspection?\n\n\n3. Which of U2990 operation and maintenance subsystem function description are correct? (Select 3 Answers)\n\n\n4. What does the platform configuration information table associated with the report include? (Select 4 Answers)\n\n\n5. In U2990, what is the maximum number of distributed agents?\n\n\n6. IVR process request routing parameters \u201crequest routing information type\u201d value of the Cell number to receive information, the routing information value should be (\u00a0\u00a0 ).\n\n\n7. What is the maximum number of eSpace U2990 relay?\n\n\n8. Tecal E6000 server BMC\u2019s default IP bit number is different, what the slot3 slot of the BMC\u2019s blade address should be?\n\n\n9. What RAID types of Tecal E6000 BH620 hard drive can provide? (Select 4 Answers)\n\n\n10. When the UAP3300 R1 media port is 11280, the slot number of the corresponding resource board is 5 slots.\n\n\n11. When an agent completes a conversation with the customer and is recorded, the agent can play the recorded file without hearing the sound or hearing the normal recording. What is the correct orientation? (Select 4 Answers)\n\n\n12. Which statement of E6000 fan module is correct?\n\n\n13. The ICDComm on the host where the IVR resides and the ICDComm on the host on which the platform core service resides do not match and will result in the IVR being unable to connect to the CCS.\n\n\n14. Which of description about the Tecal E6000 switchboard on each port of the meaning of the light? (Select 2 Answers)\n\n\n15. How many of FP channel recording can UAP3300 support?\n\n\n16. Which of the following description of the IVR process ProgID are correct? (Select 2 Answers)\n\n\n17. When CTI-Link master/standby state is abnormal, what are the correct positioning ideas? (Select 4 Answers)\n\n\n18. In U2990, about the configuration of call data, which of the following statement\u007fis correct? (Select 3 Answers)\n\n\n19. Tecal E6000 Virtual Media can provide the following specific features, such as (\u00a0 ). (Select 4 Answers)\n\n\n20. How many 10/100/1000M Base-T interfaces the NX110 switch card faceplate provide?\n\n\nQuestion 1 of 20\n\nRecent Posts\n\n
+__label__negative Skip to Main Navigation | Skip to Content\n\nStudent Financial Services\n\nWard Edwards 1100\nWarrensburg, MO 64093\nPhone: 660.543.8266\nFax: 660.543.8080\nContact Us\n\nStudent Financial Services\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\nYou have indicated that you have a question. Following are resources that other students have found useful to answer their basic questions about financial aid, billing, refunds and scholarships. If you are unable to find what you need, please complete the form to submit your inquiry by clicking on the Service Tracking link below and one of our staff will get back with you.\n\nFinancial Aid Questions \u00a0 Student Account and Billing Questions\nHow can I contact Student Financial Services? \u00a0 How do I set up a payment plan?\nHow do I apply for Financial Aid? \u00a0 What are some payment options?\nAm I Eligible Financial Aid? \u00a0 When are payments due?\nWhat scholarships are available and how do I apply? \u00a0 Will I get a refund?\nWhere can I find the MO Cents Scholarship Application? \u00a0 How do I set up direct deposit?\nWhere can I get the financial aid forms I need? \u00a0 How do I pay my bill?\nHow do I get a Tax Return Transcript? \u00a0 How do I view my monthly bill?\nWhat happens if I drop a class? \u00a0 How do I set up billing text alerts?\nWhat are parent PLUS loans? \u00a0 How do International Students Pay?\nHow do I apply for the Parent Loan? \u00a0 \u00a0\nWhat are private educational loans? \u00a0 \u00a0\nWhat is verification? \u00a0 \u00a0\nMy Student Systems\nLog in to MyCentral \u00a0 Look up 700#\n\nOn-Campus Tuition / Credit Hour\n\nMissouri Resident\nUndergraduate: $213.15\nGraduate: $276.25\nUndergraduate: $426.30\nGraduate: $552.50\n\nPlease see our cost calculator for more information.
+__label__negative New York Courts dot gov\nNew York StateUnified Court System\n\n\nIn an adoption proceeding, the petitioner seeks to have the court give permanent legal rights and responsibilities to people, other than the child's birth (natural) parents. Adoptions are handled by the Family Court or Surrogate's in each county. The circumstances determine which type of court hears the matter.\n\nThere are two types of adoptions: \"Private Placement\" and \"Agency\" adoptions.\n\nPrivate placement adoptions are conducted without the aid of a childcare or adoption agency. Persons who wish to adopt a child through a private placement must be pre-certified or approved to have temporary custody of the child while the court decides if they can adopt the child.\n\nAgency adoptions refer to cases where a child is already in the custody of an agency and the rights of the birth parents already have been terminated. These adoptions are handled through the foster care agency which investigates the home of the proposed adoptive parents and prepares and files the necessary papers and reports with the court.\n\nOnce an adoption is approved by the court, the adoptive parent(s) are considered to be the child's legal parents, with all of the rights and obligations of birth parents. The rights of the birth parents are ended. If the child is over the age of 14, the child must consent to the adoption.\n\nAdoption records are sealed when the court approves an adoption. Adoptive parent(s) are given an adoption certificate and the health department issues a new birth certificate with the child\u2019s adoptive name. Going forward, adopted children may petition the court to have the records unsealed for medical reasons or for good cause.\n\n\nFor Further Information\n\nGeneral Information:\n\n\nNew York City Family Court\n\nFifth Judicial District\n\nAdoption in Surrogate\u2019s Court:\n\nSeventh Judicial District\n\nAdoption Forms\n\nAdoption Records:\n\nGeneral Information\n\nSeventh Judicial District
+__label__negative Healthcare: Ear, Nose and Throat (Otolaryngology)\n\nVocal Fold Hemorrhage\n\nMedia Component\nVocal Fold Hemorrhage\n\nWhat is a vocal fold hemorrhage?\n\nThe vocal holds have blood vessels running throughout them. If you yell, scream or place any extreme stress on the voice one of those tiny blood vessels can burst. The fold will then fill with blood like a bruise.\n\nWhat are the signs and symptoms of a vocal fold hemorrhage?\n\n\nHow do you diagnose a vocal fold hemorrhage?\n\n\nHow do you treat a vocal fold hemorrhage?\n\n\nMedia Component
+__label__negative Brain based disorders\n\n\n\n\nWith the newest statistics placing the rates of Autism at an alarming 1 in 50 children, there is much confusion and debate about what it causing this massive epidemic. Unfortunately, there is no one cause, but a combination of causes all coming together to create a complicated disease process. First we look for signs of birth trauma like a c-section, vacuum extraction, cord around the neck or low amniotic fluid. Even a long stressful birth can be enough. We then typically look at the healthy gut bacteria and how it\u2019s effected. If good bacteria is lacking, it causes an autoimmune reaction and hypersensitivity, or an allergic reaction to foods. These foods then drive the inflammation reaction further when eaten (which is why gluten and casein free diets came into favor). Finally, there is a large toxic load to identify- typically heavy metals-that are found in the system. Research shows, on a cellular level, there is a low level of antioxidants (especially Super Oxide Dimutase) which allows the toxic load to get\n\nIf all of these factors are looked at and addressed at the same time, it is possible to see marked improvements in function and behavior. While this is not a simple task, knowing all the key players by using functional testing is imperative to get children healed and well. Fortunately, if we can find the cause, these children stand a fighting chance of recovering their lives.\n\n\nAlzheimer\u2019s Disease is a chronic neurodegenerative condition that affects the brain and its ability to process memory. In the recent years of research there have been some significant advances to the treatment and handling of this difficult problem. While no complete fix exists, it is still a disease that with proper care can vastly improve a person\u2019s quality of life.\n\nThere can be a variable rate of causes that contribute to the problem. Some factors are an increase in brain inflammation (most notably homocysteine) that has been consistently identified in the Alzheimer patient population. A decrease in circulation to the brain from atherosclerosis is also a common finding that can affect the way the tissue of the brain can function.\n\nOf course there can be a hormonal imbalance or a brain neurotransmitter imbalance. Typically the neurotransmitter that is deficient in the memory loss is acetylcholine. All of the latest research points to metabolic imbalances, most notably that the brain of an Alzheimer patient can no longer utilize insulin to get sugar in the brain cells. Without fuel, oxygen and stimulation, the tissues can no longer function. Getting insulin sensitivity restored and focusing on increasing the uptake of oxygen, gives the brain tissues exactly what they need.\n\nUsing additional energy sources like ketones are invaluable in getting memory restoration and potentially even repairing some neurological damage. It is the reason why so many reports have focused on coconut oil as a medium of getting people well based on its chain of fatty acids. Newest research has shown that fatty acids need to be in certain ratios to one another in order to get the maximum neurological and brain function effects. The ratio that is typically found in fish oil is not the correct ratio. Also most fish oil, no matter how pure, can contain heavy metals like mercury.\n\nOf course in the neurology side of things, there is nothing more important than getting the brain lobes communicating again. This is typically done through stimulation with low level light therapy and neurofeedback. This is also where mercury or metal poisons becomes a problem as it will interfere with the brain signaling process.\n\nAll of these problems will typically be involved on some level and can be tested for. It is important to evaluate all of them separately and treat them all individually. All this testing and treatment is available exclusively at Superior Health Solutions.\n\n\n\nParkinson\u2019s disease has long been known to be a neurological disease that affects the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. While it has long been established that this is a neurodegenerative disease, what does not get enough attention when a patient is being cared for is the metabolic side of Parkinson\u2019s. This report takes a look at the major factors of what happens in the course of the evolution of Parkinson\u2019s disease from a neurological and metabolic standpoint.\n\nUsing the current theory of Braak\u2019s Hypothesis of Parkinson\u2019s, it is stated that the first neurological signs of Parkinson\u2019s is shown in the enteric nervous system; meaning that it originates in the stomach. The gut-brain neurological connection has long been identified as mainly cranial nerve ten, called the Vagus Nerve. The Vagus nerve is the major supplier of parasympathetic nerve activity to the body (more on that in a bit). Therefore, if there is a problem with the stomach, especially leaky gut syndrome, it will affect the enteric nervous system and start the chain reaction that can cause Parkinson\u2019s.\nThe parasympathetic nervous system, or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is the part of the signal from your brain that promotes calm and balance. It takes care of all your automatic functions like heartbeat and breathing. It is where digestion, sleep and healing occur. Your sympathetic nervous system on the other hand speeds things up. It takes over when your body needs to handle stress or an activity. This is where motion occurs. For a Parkinson\u2019s patient, the sympathetic nervous system becomes dominant and instead of the body being at rest, the nervous system keeps some muscle firing accidentally and that is what is seen in the manifestation of tremors. With that, the most accurate definition of a Parkinson\u2019s tremor is what is called an Autonomic Neuropathy. Advanced computerized technology can detect autonomic function levels in a completely non-invasive way.\n\nThe chemical reaction of the body that allows the ANS to return to control is called methylation. While methylation has many important functions in the body, there are a few that are extremely important for Parkinson\u2019s. If your methyl groups are depleted, your body will not be able to create normal protein synthesis. Tyrosine, the essential amino acid that your body uses to make dopamine, will not be synthesized. Therefore, the production of dopamine will be decreased. On top of that, the proteins will instead be made into homocysteine which is an inflammation marker proven time and time again to negatively affect brain function. However dopamine (or any neurotransmitter that is created) additionally needs to bind to a methyl group in order to activate itself for function. So as you can see, methyl groups play an enormous role in the activation and propagation of Parkinson\u2019s, yet most patients never have this pathway tested to determine the amount of methyl groups that they have available. It has been recorded time and time again that Parkinson\u2019s patients routinely have low methylation capabilities.\n\nNewer research on chronic cellular inflammation has now identified Parkinson\u2019s disease as being as a Mitochondrial Dysfunction disease, affected by the NO/ONOO cycle. Nitric oxide (NO) is a chemical found in cells that is caused by long term inflammatory cycles due to physical traumas, chemical toxins, infections and emotional traumas as well. NO over time will peroxynitrie (ONOO) and superoxide, which are nasty free radicals that damage your cells from the inside out. They specifically damage the mitochondria of the cell, leading the cell to not be able to create enough energy to function properly. An increase in these elements serves to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, driving it to be incapable of healing and causing the involuntary movements of Parkinson\u2019s. Over the course of time, this leads to neurodegeneration.\n\nThe increase production of NO is one of many reasons that leads to decrease in the production of glutathione. Glutathione, notoriously depleted in Parkinson\u2019s patients, is the major antioxidant of the body and is responsible for protection of the cellular and tissue structures from free radical and toxic damage. Produced inside each cell, if glutathione begins to run deficient or it cannot keep up with the amount of free radical damage then the body systems run without protection. Glutathione reduction researched has been linked to many conditions, but perhaps none more so than Parkinson\u2019s. Also, research has stated that an increase in glutathione production will show significant improvements in Parkinson\u2019s symptoms.\n\nWhen there is an abnormal NO/ONOO cycle and a depletion of Glutathione, eventually the cells and tissues of the body will begin to become inflamed. This intracellular inflammation will cause damage to cell membranes and tissues. This decreases further the amount of energy a cell can create, decreases the activity of neurotransmitters (like dopamine), causes hormonal issues, damages DNA and interrupts healthy cell division which the brain uses to keep its function at a high level. This tissue damage is readily testable through a simple urinalysis that tests for toxic aldehydes that will be released when there is free radical oxidation of tissue.\n\nWhenever you are dealing with brain based issues, chemical toxins play a role in disrupting function. The biggest threat to a Parkinson\u2019s patient is heavy metal poisoning. Due to exposure from environment or even internal exposure due to old damage silver dental fillings or root canals, heavy metals will be able to pass the blood brain barrier and imbed in the brain disrupting the conductivity from one lobe to another. Some metals will competitively bind to dopamine receptors and mimic that dopamine is being depleted despite the fact that it is not. Blood testing is not diagnostic for heavy metals, so if there was toxic overload it would still go undetected.\n\nWhile all Parkinson\u2019s patients do not follow an exact formula, there are metabolic and neurological trends that have been noted in the research and in clinical treatments over and over again. It cannot be stated strongly enough that all of these markers are vastly intertwined. Heavy metals are broken down in the system by glutathione and methyl groups. Increase in the NO/ONOO cycle causes a decrease in glutathione and an increase in cell damaged measured by aldehydes. This then causes an increase in the sympathetic nervous system. On and on, what we have is a negative loop cycle that keeps recreating itself.\n\nWhile these are now commonly accepted issues facing the Parkinson\u2019s patient, they are typically not issues that have been addressed or even tested for to begin with. Patient protocols that aim to work with patients metabolically and neurologically hold the key to provide as much remission of the disease as possible.
+__label__negative Department Images\nProblems that affect your teeth, jaw and mouth can have an impact on your mouth can also affect your overall health. It can leads to big health issues if left unchecked. We are totally aware about the tooth cavity but it is not the only dental problem that is caused. Food particles that struck in mouth can cause swollen gums, tooth decay and also it can cause major dental pain.\nAvoid using your dental kit with any other person; this is the most important thing that is recommended by most dentists. The dental kit involves tooth brush, floss or the tongue cleaner. This can further leads to bad odor. Tooth is one of the important parts of body which has many pathogens. It should be properly cared in order to avoid major health issues.\nGum problems not only damage the mouth, tooth and jaw bone but also increase the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\nTypes of Dental Problems\nThere are many dental problems that can further ruin your life as it can lead to heart disease and other major health issues. An issue that can be left unimportant but can further create several problems. The following dental problems are:-\n  \u2022 Gum Disease: \u2013 Gum disease is caused due to food particles that are left behind eating. It is basically an injection in the gum line surrounded by the teeth. The starting stage of the disease is gingivitis, but can be advanced to periodontitis. A experienced dentist can begin treating it by using laser dentistry treatment.\n  \u2022 Toothache:-The persistent toothache is very common and it leads to visiting dentist. They are usually caused due to cavities originated in plaque. Plaque can further converted in building acids, if these acids are not removed on time than it can remove the enamel of the teeth.\n  \u2022 Sensitive Teeth: \u2013 When the person is suffering from sensitivity, that he will definitely suffer pain in teeth while eating and drinking hot or cold. Brushing and Flossing can also create disturbance. It can be relieved through fluoride treatment.\n  \u2022 Halitosis:-If we talk about Halitosis that simply means bad breath, it is also caused due to food particles that are left behind the teeth, gum and gums while eating. These particles allow the growth of bacteria that can further leads to bad breath.\n  \u2022 Tooth Decay: \u2013 Tooth decay, or cavities are caused when the plaque mixes with the sugar and starches that is present in the food and drinks that we consume in our daily routine. Acid is produced after mixing of these elements which further begin in attacking enamel and dentil in the teeth.\n  \u2022 Oral Cancer: \u2013 Oral cancel is the most serious dental problem that is caused due to smoking, heavy consumption of alcohol, and also through overexposure of UV radiations. There is an 80-90% rate of survival which is possible only in early stage.\nWhen you experience any of these dental problems, the first thing you will do is visit your dentist. There are many dental clinics which are now opened every where. Whether the issue is minimal or severe, the dentist will just recommend a treatment or some procedure that has to be followed. Some small issues can be resolved by 1-2 checkups or some filling in the tooth. But some like advanced gum disease can be treated through laser dentistry option only. The most important thing is to identify your dental problem soon so that it cannot be extracted to a major issue, dental problems can be copped up very soon and easily if identified on time.\n\nIf you are having any kind of dental problem then you can visit us.\n\nDoes extraction of teeth affects eyesight .\nDoes sealing weakens the teeth .\nOral hygiene in pregnancy se expecting .\nPeople ask for a filling in a painful teeth .\nIs capping required after RCTs .\nBut among crowns se bridges se dental implants .\nWhen to go for orthodontic treatment to have long will last the treatment .\nDoes wearing braces hunts .\nAre there any foods that you can not eat while you have braces .
+__label__negative ACP: Doctor's Dilemma\u2120 MobileBack\n\n\nWhat is Doctor's Dilemma\u2120?\n\nACP's national medical jeopardy competition, Doctor's Dilemma\u2120, is held each year at the annual scientific Internal Medicine meeting. Up to 40 teams of residents from around the nation compete for the title of national champion. The same style questions used in the competition are now available in this PDA format.\n\nWhich devices are supported?\n\nAll Internet-enabled devices equipped with a Web browser.\n\nHow do I begin?\n\nEach game has 15 questions (3 categories of 5 questions). A game is named by its 3 categories and the date of release (e.g., 07/2008: Allergy, Ethics, Pregnancy). Click the name to begin.\n\nHow do I play the game?\n\nThe game will open with 3 columns. Each column has the category name abbreviation at the top, with 5 numbers ranging from 10-50 beneath it. Clicking on a number will take you to a question relating to that category. The numbers correspond to the question's point value (e.g., 20 = 20 points). Higher valued questions are typically more difficult than lower numbered questions.\n\nOnce you reach the question page, read the question and once you decide on an answer, click the \"show answer\" button. This will display the correct answer. If your answer matches, click \"I was correct.\" If your answer differs, click \"I was incorrect.\" Clicking correct or incorrect will return you to the main menu.\n\nWhat are the categories?\n\nAllergy = ALLRGY\nBiostatistics = BIOSTA\nCardiology = CARDIO\nDermatology = DERM\nEar, Nose, and Throat = ENT\nEndocrinology = ENDO\nEpidemiology = EPID\nEthics = ETHICS\nGastroenterology = GASTRO\nGeneral Medicine = GENMED\nGynecology = GYN\nHematology = HEMAT\nHistory = HISTRY\nInfectious Diseases = INFDIS\nIntensive Care Unit = ICU\nNephrology = NEPHRO\nNeurology = NEURO\nOncology = ONCLGY\nOphthalmology = OPHTHA\nPharmacology = PHARM\nPhysical Exam = PHYEXM\nPoison = POISON\nPregnancy = PRGNCY\nPsychiatry = PSYCH\nPulmonary = PULM\nRheumatology = RHEUM\nWomen's Health = WOMENS\n\nWhat do the + and - symbols mean?\n\nAs you answer questions, the game board is updated with a + symbol for questions you had correct and a - symbol for incorrect answers.\n\nHow are scores calculated?\n\nEach question has an assigned point value ranging from 10-50. As you answer questions, points are added or subtracted based on correct and incorrect answers, respectively. Your total is updated after each question and is constantly displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen. There are 450 points in each game.\n\nDo I have to answer all 15 questions or once, or can I come back and finish later?\n\nYou do not have to answer all 15 questions in one sitting. The game menu will display how many questions remain in each game (e.g., 07/2008: Allergy, Ethics, Pregnancy 11 more). NOTE: Answers are saved to your local device, so you must answer all questions from the same machine.\n\nIs it possible to play offline?\n\nNo, you must be connected to play.\n\nI finished a game. Now what?\n\nAfter you answer all 15 questions, the final screen will display a point summary for each category. If you would like, you can clear your score and play again. Otherwise, click the \"Menu\" link in the top right corner to return to the list of games.\n\nCan I play the same game more than once?\n\nAfter you answer all 15 questions in a game, you have the ability to clear scores. Click the \"clear scores\" button to clear scores and start the game again.\n\nWhen are new questions added?\n\nNew questions are added every month.
+__label__negative Interview Question Bank- SEBI Officer Grade A (Assistant Manager)\n\n  1. Introduce yourself.\n  2. Tell us your educational qualifications?\n  3. If you are working, why you want to leave your current job?\n  4. Why banking sector and how you are the right person for it?\n  5. What is your father's job?\n  6. What are NPA (Non-Performing Assets), how can you use technical knowledge in correcting the balance sheet?\n  7. How can NPA be reduced?\n  8. For unemployed people, which plans are adopted by government?\n  9. Tell us about your native place and famous places near to it.\n  10. What was the headline in today's Newspaper?(Main Page and Financial Page Both).\n  11. What are functions of SEBI?\n  12. How does SEBI affect the economy of the country?\n  13. How these qualifications are helpful to you in discharging the duties of Officer Grade A?\n  14. Why do you want to join in SEBI?\n  15. What is the role of SEBI Grade A officer?\n  16. Why should we hire you?\n  17. What are your strengths and weaknesses?\n  18. What is the difference between confidence and overconfidence?\n  19. Difference between hard work and smart work?\n  20. Are you willing to relocate or travel?\n  21. Can you work under pressure?\n  22. What motivates you for this job?\n  23. What are your outside interests?\n  24. How do you feel about working nights and weekends?\n  25. What was the toughest decision you ever had to make?\n  26. Where do you see yourself in 5 years from now?\n  27. According to your definition of success, how successful have you been so far?\n  28. Why do you want job in a Government Institution when you can get better salary in Private Jobs?\n  29. What is the difference between fiscal and monetary Policy?\n  30. What is the number of Districts in your nearby states?\n  31. Who is the Governor, Chief Minsiter and Other Ministers of Your State (Like Education, Tourism Ministers)?\n  32. Who are the latest Noble Prize Winners?\n  33. Who are the recent Padam Awards Winners?\n  34. Who are current Miss India, Miss World, Miss Universe etc.?\n  35. How is future growth of SEBI in India and any hurdles to it ?\n  36. Comment on Budget 2017 - 18 and current five year plan?\n  37. What do you understand by Securities market?\n  38. What do you know about Chief of Planning Commission and Election Commission etc.\n  39. Name the CM and Governors of all states.\n  40. What is the role of SEBI in Economy?\n  42. What are the roles of RBI and IRDA?\n  43. What are the different types of Securities Market?\n  44. Tell something about debt market?\n  45. What do you know about equity market?\n  46. What is Derivatives Market?\n  47. What do you mean by Derivatives? Give an example.\n  48. What are the advantages of Derivatives?\n  49. What are the characteristics of Government Securities Market?\n  50. What is Beta of an Asset?\n  51. What do you understand by Stock market indices?\n  52. Name the major stock market indices.\n  53. What is Stock Exchange?\n  54. How many are there in India?\n  55. What are the number of Shares on NSE and BSE?\n  56. What is the difference between Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange?\n  57. What are the different types of Equity Market?\n  58. Why do you understand by money market? Give an example.\n  59. On what basis, securities should be selected?\n  60. What are the important macroeconomic indicators that influence stock market?\n  61. What is efficient market hypothesis?\n  62. What are the main phases of Portfolio Management?\n  63. Explain Fundamental Analysis.\n  64. What is Technical Analysis?\n  65. What are the types of risks?\n  66. Differentiate between systematic and unsystematic risks?\n  67. What are the basic principles of Dow\u2019s Theory?\n  68. What is inflation? It is good or bad?\n  69. How can inflation be controlled?\n  70. What are the significant factors to company analysis?\n  71. What are the techniques used to gain more profit in share markets?\n  72. What are the limitations that should be known before trading?\n  73. What are the different risk management techniques used in trading?\n  74. How to handle stop loss while trading in stock markets?\n  75. What are the strategies used to implement stop loss?\n  76. What are the security features that are being provided to a person in the stock market?\n  77. What are the different types of trading that exist?\n  78. What kind of object analysis is used to compare trading activities?\n  79. Is there any possibility of any outside force to manipulate the market?\n  80. What are the different types of markets that can co-exist?\n  81. What is the difference between stock market and new issue market?\n  82. What are the things that have to be kept in mind while entering into stock exchange?\n  83. Why does stock exchange give negative returns?\n  84. What are the rules and regulations of stock market?\n  85. How to define the investors\u2019 position in the market?\n  86. What are the different types of tools provided to the investors to keep track of the activities going on in the stock market?\n  87. What is the difference between Bull and Bear market?\n  88. What is the function of blue chip stock?\n  89. What is the term given to people who trade in derivatives?\n  90. What are the rights and obligations of the buyer and seller for the Call and Put options?\n  91. What is Mutual Fund?\n  92. State types of mutual funds schemes.\n  93. Define CAPM.\n  94. What are the assumptions on which CAPM is based?\n  95. What are the essential elements of CAPM?\n  96. What is the difference between primary and secondary market?\n  97. What do you understand by capital market line?\n  98. How does a stock market crash?\n  99. What are the after effects?\n  100. How does the default risk premium being calculated?\nRate Us
+__label__negative Local view for \"http://purl.org/linkedpolitics/eu/plenary/2000-12-13-Speech-3-268\"\n\nPredicateValue (sorted: default)\ndcterms:Is Part Of\nlpv:document identification number\nlpv:translated text\n\"Question No 47 by Jonas Sj\u00f6stedt () I refer to the answer from the Commission to my question P-3079/00 , in which it states that the right to strike has to be respected pursuant to Regulation (EC) 2679/98. At the same time, it indicates its willingness to intervene against barriers to the freedom of movement regardless whether they stem from industrial action. This is a clear internal contradiction which can be clearly seen in the following hypothetical example. In the course of a lawful industrial dispute in Swedish ports the trade unions impose a blockade and the loading and discharging of ships is brought to a halt. Would that be a situation in which the Commission would have to order the Member State government to intervene to ensure that the free movement of goods in the internal market is not interrupted? How long could the strike continue before it threatened free movement? How far would the Member State have to go to restore free movement? Would the Member State have to use legislation to oblige the two sides of industry to accept a settlement via compulsory mediation by the government?\"@en1\n\"Subject: Free movement of goods and the right to strike\"1\n\nNamed graphs describing this resource:\n\n\nThe resource appears as object in 2 triples\n\nContext graph
+__label__negative Site Map\n\nNational electronic Library of Infection\n\nBugs & Drugs on the Web\nNeLI Antimicrobial Resistance Website\n\nLearn about Resistance\nAntimicrobial Resistance & Common Illnesses Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance Other Resources\n\nCurrent Location: Home > Site Map\n\nHow hospital bug can evade attack\n\n\n\nMore resources...\n\nTip of the Month\n\nFinish your course of antibiotics\nMore Tips...\n\n\nGive us your feedback about this website\n\nSite Map\n\nClick on a blue triangle to expand a section\n\nLearn about Antmicrobial Resistance\nWhat are bacteria?\nWhat do bacteria look like?\nWhere do bacteria live?\nWhat do bacteria do?\nHow can bacteria make me ill?\nWhat are viruses?\nWhat do viruses look like?\nWhere do viruses live?\nHow can viruses make me ill?\nFungi & Protozoa\nWhat are fungi?\nHow can fungi make me ill?\nWhat are protozoa?\nHow can protozoa make me ill?\nWhat makes us ill?\nDo all germs make me ill?\nHow do I know which germ is making me ill?\nHow can I prevent myself from getting ill?\nOur Immune System\nAntimicrobial Resistance\nWhat is antimicrobial resistance?\nHow can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?\nDo people become resistant to antibiotics?\nWhy is antimicrobial resistance a health problem?\nIs antimicrobial resistance only a problem in the UK?\nHow can I help and when should I take antibiotics?\nAntimicrobial Resistance & Common Illnesses\nDo antibiotics help cure acne?\nChild Health\nHow can I help my child stay free from illness?\nColds & Flu\nDo antibiotics help cure flu?\nHow do flu vaccines work?\nWill antibiotics help get rid of my cold?\nWhat remedies will help my cold or flu?\nCoughs and Chest Infections\nIf I have a cough do I need to take antibiotics?\nWhat if I do get pneumonia?\nIf antibiotics aren't going to help my cough then what will?\nIf I have bronchitis do I need to take antibiotics?\nDo antibiotics help cure cystitis?\nDo antibiotics help to cure earache?\nSo should antibiotics be routinely prescribed for AOM?\nSo how else can I relieve earache?\nWhy is antimicrobial resistance a problem for HIV carriers?\nHospital Acquired Infections\nWhat is MRSA?\nCan I catch MRSA from someone else?\nHow is MRSA treated?\nDo antibiotics help cure sinusitis?\nSo how else can I get rid of my sinusitis symptoms?\nSore Throat\nDo antibiotics help cure a sore throat?\nTraveller's Diarrhoea\nWhat causes traveller's diarrhoea?\nHow can I prevent traveller's diarrhoea?\nPreventing Antimicrobial Resistance\nWhat are antibacterials?\nDo antibacterials contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance?\nWhat about bioterrorism and antimicrobial resistance?\nFood & Farming\nWhy are antimicrobials used in farm animals?\nWhy are antimicrobials used in crop production?\nHow do vaccines work?\nIs vaccination important?\nHow can vaccines help tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance?\nNews & Other Resources\nTip of the Month\nAbout the site\nResearch Info\nScience Museum\nNottingham City Hospital\nOxford Medical School\nContact Us\n\nCreated by CeRC. Page last updated 19/2/2020. To contact us click here.\n\nFree DHTML scripts provided by\nDynamic Drive\n\nCity University City UniversityNational Electronic Library for Health (NeLH)\n\nNational Library for Health (NLH)
+__label__negative Speaker FAQ's\n\nCareer Success Conference\n\nWhat is the CSC?\n\nThe Career Success Conference (CSC) is a networking event designed to allow business and industry leaders to share their experiences and wisdom with today\u2019s students. More specifically, the conference is designed to help students build the personal and professional capacities necessary for career success. \u00a0Our theme this year is Hindsight is 20/20.\n\nFor more information about the conference visit our website.\n\n\nWhere is the CSC held?\n\nThe Career Success Conference is held on the campus of The University of Texas at Tyler.\n\nWho is the Career Success Conference audience?\n\nThe audience for the Career Success Conference includes students from more than 80 undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degree programs.\n\nWhat is the conference schedule?\n\n\nRegistration/Check-in 8:30am \u2013 2:00pm Soules College of Business\nNetworking Breakfast 9:00am \u2013 10:15am Soules College of Business\nSession 1 10:45am \u2013 12:00pm Multiple Campus Locations\nNetworking Lunch 12:15pm \u2013 1:15pm Herrington Patriot Center Gym\nSession 2 1:30pm \u2013 2:45pm Multiple Campus Locations\nCareer Fair/Reception 3:00pm \u2013 6:00pm Herrington Patriot Center Gym\n\n*Schedule is subject to change.\n\nWhat is the session format?\n\nThe duration of each conference session is 1 hour and 15 minutes. Concurrent breakout sessions will be taking place during these times. Breakout sessions will have 2-4 speakers.\u00a0\u00a0Speakers will be paired with others from like industries or with similar presentation topics.\u00a0\u00a0Each speaker should plan on speaking/presenting for approximately 15-20 minutes.\u00a0\u00a0The breakout session length allows for a brief introduction by the session moderator, the presentation and a question and answer period. Speakers are asked to present during at least 2 conference sessions.\n\nWhat amenities are available to conference speakers?\n\nValet parking\u00a0\u2013 Valet parking is provided from 7:30 am \u2013 9:00 pm at the Cowan Center main entrance.\n\nShuttle Service\u00a0\u2013 Golf carts will be available to all conference speakers to transport them from session to session and throughout campus.\n\nSpeaker Lounge\u00a0\u2013 Locations: University Center Ballroom and Soules College of Business Dean\u2019s Suite\n\nAvailable:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 10:15 AM-11:30 AM\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1:15 PM-2:30 PM\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2:45 PM-5:30 PM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\nMeals Provided: Breakfast, Lunch and Evening Reception\n\nSpeaker Timeline\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Speaker Confirmation Deadline \u2013 June 30, 2020 \u2013 Speakers will confirm their participation in the Career Success Conference by uploading their personal information, bio, company logo, and headshot via the link below.\n\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Presentation Deadline \u2013 June 30, 2020 \u2013 Speakers will upload their conference presentations via the link below.\n\n\nc.\u00a0 \u00a0 It is recommended that all speakers use the PowerPoint template provided here.\n\n\nWhat is the focus of my presentation?\n\nSpeakers are asked to share their story of career success.\u00a0 Speakers may also want to share personal successes that may have contributed to advancing their careers.\n\nExamples of past presentation titles:\n\nHow to Find Your First Job and Rock It!\nHealthy Habits for Career Advancement: Ten Steps to Professional and Personal Development\nLand Your Dream Job & Love It Forever\nIntegrity: A Diamond in the Rough\nCommon Knowledge: It\u2019s Not So Common After All\nAdaptability: The \u201cX\u201d Factor\nBecome a Millionaire Regardless of Your Major or Career Path\nCareer Curveball Changes\nBranding YOU\nBusiness of Baseball, How Major League Baseball prepared me for the Business World\nThe Race to Succeed \u2013 Your Career is a Marathon, not a Sprint\n\nWhat if my presentation includes handouts?\n\nDue to the large number of student attendees, speakers would need to provide their own handouts.\u00a0 Number of handouts required can be supplied upon request closer to the day of the event.\u00a0 You can contact the Office of Career Success for that information 903.565.5862.\n\nWhat is the presenter responsible for?\n\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transportation to and from venue\n\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Accommodations (reduced accommodation rates available)\u00a0See link below for more information.\n\n\nIs there a conference app?\n\nYes. You can download the conference app \u2018UT Tyler Career Success\u2019 in the App Store or Google Play.\n\nAre there Conference sponsorship opportunities?\n\nIf you or your organization/company would like to sponsor the 2020 Career Success Conference, there are a number of opportunities available.\u00a0 You can find more information at https://www.uttyler.edu/advancement/csc-sponsors.php\n\nWhat is the deadline to secure a Conference sponsorship? June 1, 2020\n\nWho do I contact if I have questions about the Career Success Conference?\n\nConference Questions:\u00a0careersuccessconference@uttyler.edu\n\nPhone: 903.565.5862
+__label__negative What is Ephemera & how does it relate to music? Ephemera is a broad collection of disposable items such as post cards, ticket stubs, sheet music and programs, or fragile paper products of historical significance. Ephemera can also consist of buttons or pins that are not made of paper. The collection of ephemera provides a historical record of American culture.\n\n\nYou can see our picture gallery of sheet music dating from the mid 1800s to early 1900s. \u00a0These selections are categorized according to the guitar, banjo or mandolin and can be viewed in each of the studios. \u00a0In some cases, the sheet music will pertain to more than one instrument.\n\nClick Below To Preview:\n\nBanjo Gallery I\n\nBanjo Gallery II\n\nGuitar Gallery I\n\nGuitar Gallery II\n\nMandolin Gallery I\n\nMandolin Gallery II\n\n\nThe presentation of the sheet music is to demonstrate the historical journey that the instruments have taken. In the 1800s, the popularity of minstrel show is prevalent and the unjust portrayal of the African American can be seen in these artifacts. \u00a0Yet, the sheet music is a record of the history of music and the origin of these instruments.\n\n\nFacebookTwitterDiggGoogle BookmarksRedditLinkedinRSS FeedPinterest\nPin It
+__label__negative Ranbir Sharma IAS Marksheet Rank Age Biography\n\nYou are currently viewing Ranbir Sharma IAS Marksheet Rank Age Biography\n\nin this section we are going to share with you upsc cse topper of 2012 batch Ranbir Sharma IAS Marksheet Rank Age Marks Biography wiki all current details is given below.\n\nNameRanbir Sharma\nExam Year2011\nRank in CSEAIR 83\nAge [2020]39\nRoll No.006944\nCadreCollector, Surajpur\nDate of Birth07/09/1981\nDate of Joining(in Service)03/09/2012\nCurrent PostingCollector, Surajpur Chhattisgarh (Suspended)\nDate of Joining(in Current Post)28/05/2020\nUpsc Marks1193/2025\n\nRanbir Sharma IAS Marksheet\n\nEssay \u2013 128\n\nGS 1 \u2013 144\n\nGS 2 -124\n\nOptional 1 \u2013 170\n\nOptional 1 \u2013 172\n\nOptional 2 -139\n\nOptional 2 \u2013 166\n\nWritten Total Marks \u2013 1043\n\nPT Marks \u2013 150\n\nTotal Marks \u2013 1193\n\nDownload UPSC 2012 Topper List \u2013 Click Here\n\nCurrent News : Surajpur District Collecter Ranbir Sharma who had been caught on camera abusing his power and thrashing a man on the streets of Surajpur has been suspended. Taking to Twitter, Chhattisgarh\u00a0Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel came down heavily on the behaviour of the\u00a0Surajpur collector saying that such incidents \u2018will not be tolerated\u2019 in the state. Condemning the behaviour of the\u00a0Chhattisgarh\u00a0collector as \u2018unacceptable\u2019, the CM apologised to the man who was wrongly thrashed and suspended Ranbir Sharma with immediate effect.\u00a0\n\n\nIf the download link of Ranbir Sharma IAS Marksheet Rank Age Biography is not working or if any way it violates the law or has any issues then kindly Contact Us. If Ranbir Sharma IAS Marksheet Rank Age Biography contain any copyright links or material then we will not further provide its pdf and any other downloading source.\n\nLeave a Reply
+__label__negative Language Immersion Teacher Education: Is it Really Any Different?\nTara Williams Fortune and Diane J. Tedick, University of Minnesota\n\nAs the demand for multilingual, interculturally competent citizens grows, language teacher educators are challenged to prepare teachers for a greater variety of program models and learner groups (ESL, foreign language, bilingual education, immersion). How is immersion different from ESL, foreign language and bilingual education? What are the implications of these differences for language teacher educators? These questions will be the focus of our workshop.
+__label__negative @article { author = {Alipour, Hamid and Kafi, Mohammad and Nezami, Ahmad and Mohammadi, Amir}, title = {Effects of the Timing of Foliar Application and Concentrations of Growth Regulators on the Mineral Content of Pistachio Leaves}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {93-103}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.545268}, abstract = {Pistachio is one of the economically important horticultural crops in Iran. The main pistachio-producing areas in Iran are located at the edge of the desert and are affected by soil and water salinity. Water and nutrient uptake by the root decreases under saline conditions. In this study, the effects of foliar growth regulators applied at different times on the nutrient uptake and leaf nutrient content of pistachio trees were examined in accordance with a split-plot experimental design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field experiment was conducted with a group of 30-year-old pistachio trees that have been exposed to water and soil salinity. Experimental factors included the timing of foliar application and the applied concentrations of plant growth regulators. The timing of foliar application was the main factor and was split into three levels: application on May 21th, June 21th, and May 21th + June 21th. Different concentrations of plant growth regulators, including sodium nitroprusside, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid, were split into ten levels and were designated as the sub-factor. Results showed that the timing of application and the applied concentration of plant growth regulators affected root nutrient uptake and leaf nutrient content. The one-time application of plant growth regulators in June and the two-stage application of plant growth regulators in May and June resulted in the highest increase in leaf nutrient content compared with the control treatment. The application of low and moderate concentrations of plant growth regulators increased leaf nutrient content compared with the control treatment. High concentrations of plant growth regulators exerted no significant effects on leaf nutrient content. \u00a0}, keywords = {Foliar application,Jasmonic acid,Salicylic acid,Sodium nitroprusside}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_545268.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_545268_7e53af02555a36cb857f3b7f324c7fee.pdf} } @article { author = {Rasouli, Mousa and Fattahi Moghaddam, Mohammad Reza and Imani, Ali and Zamani, Zabihollah and Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez, Pedro}, title = {Identification of DNA Markers Linked to Blooming Time in Almond}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {105-122}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.543679}, abstract = {In this study flowering time and other important morphologic traits were evaluated during two years in F1 almond progenies of seventy two seedlings from cross between the intermediate flowering Italian cultivar \u2018Tuono\u2019 and the extra-late blooming Iranian cultivar \u2018Shahrood-12\u2019. A modified-bulk segregant analysis in combination with the application of the 140 RAPD primers, 87 nuclear SSR markers spanning the whole almond genome and 5 chloroplast SSR markers, were used to identify molecular markers linked to flowering time. Results showed a quantitative inheritance of this trait in the studied progenies. The seedlings showed a wide range of flowering dates between both progenitors although some of these descendants were earlier in flowering than the early progenitor \u2018Tuono\u2019. Results showed that among RAPD markers evaluated, BA-17600,1000, BC-05320, BC-06800, BC-141750, BC-17600, BC-20250, OPC-05850 and OPC-09700,1100 markers were linked to late blooming time. In addition, markers BA-04720, BB-10630,BC-092000, BD-12510andOPC-12350 were linked to early blooming time. Two microsatellite loci (CPPCT008 and EPPCU2584) were also found to be tightly linked to flowering time. After construction the genetic map of population, QTL analysis was performed for blooming time. QTL analysis showed that OPC-09700,1100 and BA-17600,1000, markers were respectively located in 2 and 4 cM distance from one of the late flowering time loci. Also the BA-04720marker was located in 3 cM distances from one of the loci controlling early flowering time. These results are applicable in almond breeding programs for markers assisted strategy. The application of these results to other Prunus species has been also discussed.}, keywords = {BSA,Genetic Mapping,Marker Assisted Selection,Prunus dulcis,QTL}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_543679.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_543679_06dcdba2390f5526e8dfe484d9f8edc1.pdf} } @article { author = {Najarpour, Hossein and Hasanzadeh Davarani, Fatemeh and Moradi, Mohammad}, title = {Efficacy of Calcium Salts on Controlling Phytophthora pistaciae, the Cause of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Gummosis}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {123-134}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.543141}, abstract = {Research in plant disease management focuses on developing safe methods for humans and the environment in order to prevent the entry of harmful chemicals in food. Simple inorganic salts have low cost and are safe enough to be used as pesticides. Phytophthora genus causes crown and root rot (gummosis) in crops and leads to great losses in some pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) production areas annually. In this study, the potential efficacy of different calcium salts with various concentrations on Phytophthora pistaciae control was examined. This was done to find out a safe way of material usage instead of synthetic pesticides. Samples from the crown of a pistachio tree, with gummosis, were cultured on lima bean agar to isolate and purify the pathogen. P. pistaciae identification was done using the PCR method with ITS4 and ITS6 primers. Pathogenicity of isolate was confirmed through tests on apples, pistachio branches, and pistachio seedlings. Different concentrations of seven calcium salts (chloride, nitrate, sulfate, oxide, hydroxide, phosphate, and carbonate) were applied which reduced mycelial growth and 3000ppm of calcium oxide inhibited it completely. Most of the salts reduced the number of sporangia, zoospores, and cyst germination percentage. Calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide also caused hyphae branching and deformation of some sporangia. The results suggested that some calcium salts, especially calcium oxide, could control the growth of P. pistaciae in vitro. Future in vivo studies are needed to examine whether calcium salts can reduce the disease severity and spread of the pathogen in the environment if those are sprinkled over the soil around the infested crown.}, keywords = {Calcium salts,Cyst,Gummosis,Phytophthora,Sporangium,Zoospore}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_543141.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_543141_500b1960e071a2602c882dfe841a5cf6.pdf} } @article { author = {Saffari, Behzad and Akhavan, HamidReza}, title = {Effects of Location in the Tree Canopy on Some Quality Characteristics of Fresh Pistachio Fruit}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {135-145}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.542994}, abstract = {Fresh pistachio fruit cv. Kalleghochi was harvested from the exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy in four geographical directions. The fruit position in exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy has a significant influence on the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, hull weight, shell weight, kernel weight, colour indices and total anthocyanin content. Results indicated that the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, kernel weight, red skin colour (a*) and total anthocyanin content of outer-canopy fruits were higher than the fruits from inner-canopy fruits. Pistachio splitting was highest (98.6%) in outer-canopy in comparison to inner-canopy (50.3%) fruits. Results also indicated that the sunlight exposure increased red colour development and accumulation of anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin contents of hull in outer-canopy were 91% higher than those in inner-canopy fruits. Therefore, phenolic accumulation in pistachio hull may\u00a0be taken\u00a0into\u00a0consideration\u00a0as an important source of functional compounds in food systems with health promoting effects and antimicrobial activity. Results of this study suggest that the fruit position within the canopy is an important factor in determining physicochemical characteristics of pistachio fruit.}, keywords = {Anthocyanin,Fruit position,Fruit weight,Pistachio fruit,Sunlight}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542994.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542994_56fb7dadad9c84ab03f0529b0e143061.pdf} } @article { author = {Rostami, Mahdieh and Hasanzadeh, Nader and Khodaygan, Pezhman and Riahi Madvar, Ali}, title = {Evaluation of Ice Nucleation Activity (INA) and INA Gene Detection in the Bacteria Isolated from Pistachio Trees in Kerman Province, Iran}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {147-157}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.542997}, abstract = {IIce nucleation active (INA) bacteria are\u00a0common epiphytic\u00a0inhabitants that cause frost damage in many plants in the\u00a0near-zero temperatures. Yet, no studies were found in ice nucleation bacteria associated with pistachio trees. In our earlier study some INA strains were identified and reported. These were assigned as Pseudomonas fragi, P. putida, P. moraviensis and Pantoea agglomerans. In current work, two new strains namely P. viridiflava and Entrobacter cloacea were identified. Their ice nucleation frequency were evaluated and compared with above-mentioned ice positive strains isolated from pistachio trees. Pseudomonas fragi raf3 was considered as the most ice nucleation active bacteria. This was followed by P. putida raf6, P. moraviensis raf1, P. moraviensis raf5, Pantoea agglomeranse raf7, P. viridiflava raf2, Entrobacter cloacea raf8 and Pseudomonas sp. raf4, respectively. To detect INA genes, two sets\u00a0of\u00a0degenerate primers were used and partial INA gene sequences were amplified. INA gene sequence) 425bp) for Pseudomonas putida raf6, \u00a0Pantoea agglomerans raf7 and P. fragi raf3 were amplified with primer pair of 3308/3463. Whereas, a fragment of 194bp was detected in Pseudomonas sp. raf4,\u00a0 P. moraviensis raf5 and\u00a0 P. moraviensis raf1using forward and reverse primer pair of 3076/3463. Entrobacter cloacea raf8 has reported for the first time as epiphytic ice plus strain. The capability of the latter as a bacterial\u00a0biocontrol\u00a0agent against insect pests was reported.}, keywords = {Ice nucleation bacteria,Ice nucleation frequency,Kerman province,Pistachio}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542997.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542997_153ae595ec47eb7ca956ce7fa95e9da8.pdf} } @article { author = {Azimi Zadeh, Najmeh and Ahmadi, Kamal}, title = {The Impact of Several Plant Extracts and Essential Oils on Pistachio Psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae) and Its Natural Enemy, Chrysoperla carnea}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {159-168}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.542995}, abstract = {The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hem.: Aphalaridae), is one of the most important pests of pistachio orchards in Iran. Green lacewing, Chrysoperlacarnea, as a general predator found abundantly in Iranian pistachio gardens, loses its performance under the impression of pesticides spraying. Nowadays, considering environmental pollutions, human health and the importance of healthy and organic nutrition, extensive researches are carried out around the world in order to replace the synthetic products with plant materials. In this study, the mortality effect of two ethanol extracts of Tribulus terrestris and Tagetes erecta and two essential oils of Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis were studied on A. pistaciae and its natural enemy C. carnea. The results showed that, although essential oils do not have appreciable effect on mortality of this psylla, but the extracts have high mortality potential on psylla nymphs, especially on N1 nymphs and the low influence on 1-2 days green lacewing larvae. The plant extracts and essential oils have not effect on 5-6 days green lacewing larvae. The results show that the plant derived chemicals and ethanol have not negative effect on hatching rate of the natural enemy. Among these treatments, R. officinalis essential oil has negative effect on eggs hatching rate, so its use is not recommended. Therefore with no impact of plant material on natural enemies, we can use green lacewing and herbal extracts in integrated pest control.}, keywords = {Insecticidal effect,IPM,Mentha pulegium,Plant derived chemicals,Rosmarinus Officinalis,Tagetes erecta,Tribulus terrestris}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542995.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542995_54f216840dbf2e666e389007eed52b81.pdf} } @article { author = {Dabestani Rafsanjani, Najmeh and Daneshi, Mohammad and Shakerardekani, Ahmad}, title = {Effect of Freezing and Vacuum Packaging on Quality Properties of Pistachio Powder During Storage}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {169-179}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.542998}, abstract = {Pistachio powder is a product used today in confectionery, ice cream, pistachio paste and other foods. Considering the higher rate of spoilage and oxidation in pistachio powder, developing methods to increase the shelf-life of this product is therefore important. In this study the effect of\u00a0 freezing and vacuum packaging on the quality characteristics of pistachio powder during storage was investigated. The effect of packaging conditions (vacuum or air packaging), storage temperature (25\u00b0C, -18\u00b0C) and storage time (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months) on chemical (free fatty acids, acid value, peroxide value), physical (moisture content and color indexes of L*, a* and b*), and sensory (odor, taste, color, texture and overall acceptance) characteristics were studied. The results revealed that the peroxide value, acid value and free fatty acids in frozen and vacuum containers were lower than those packed without vacuum at room temperature. The results of sensory evaluation indicated a significant difference (p< 0.05) in samples.The best quality characteristics in terms of odor, taste, and overall acceptance belonged to the pistachio powder packed in vacuum and frozen conditions; however, in terms of texture , the containers packed and stored in ambient conditions showed better results. In all cases, the quality of pistachio powder decreased during the storage period. There was no significant difference between samples in moisture content, color indices of L*, a*, b* and sensory evaluation of color. It was generally found that packaging under vacuum and freezing could increase the shelf life of pistachio powder.}, keywords = {freezing,Pistachio powder,Quality properties,shelf life,Vacuum packaging}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542998.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_542998_3786e22d8985b3d60aef2afcaecc015d.pdf} } @article { author = {Houshyarfard, Mahmoud and Javadi, Davood}, title = {The Aspergillus flavus Susceptibility of Hazelnut Varieties (Corylus avellana L.) in Laboratory Conditions}, journal = {Journal of Nuts}, volume = {09}, number = {2}, pages = {181-188}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch}, issn = {2383-319X}, eissn = {2383-3416}, doi = {10.22034/jon.2018.545270}, abstract = {Iran has suitable conditions for cultivating high-quality varieties of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). Most of hazelnut orchards in Iran have been established by planting native genotypes. Aspergillus flavus Link. (AF) is a filamentous fungus affecting hazelnut kernels in orchards and during storage conditions. The most widely explored strategy for reducing aflatoxin contamination is the development of host resistance. The relative susceptibility of 12 native and exogenic hazelnut varieties including Soorii, Gerd-e-Eshkevarat, Gerd-e-Shouk, Navan 1, Fertil du Cortard, Pashmineh 89, Rasmi, Gerje, Ronde du pimount, Shastak, Negret, Gerdooii, to AF contamination was evaluated as in vitro by the kernel screening assay. Hazelnut kernels were surface sterilized and then inoculated with spore suspension (1\u00d7106 spores/ml) of AF by dipping method. Experiments were done in a completely randomized design with four replications. After five days of inoculation and incubation at 28 \u00b0C, the criteria of the AF growth (sporulation density, SD %) and sporulation rate (SR, spores/ml) on whole (intact) and wounded (cut) kernels of hazelnuts were measured. Results revealed statistical significant differences among hazelnut varieties for the SD% and SR parameters (\u03c1\u22640.05). The Averages SD% and SR of A. flavus on intact and wounded kernels ranged from 16.50-75.14%, 48.25-100% and 14.6\u00d7105-16.7\u00d7106, 12.6\u00d7107-47.6\u00d7107, respectively. The highest and lowest SD% on whole and wounded kernels was related to hazelnut varieties Pashmeneh 89 and Gerde-Eshkevarat, respectively. The cultivated variety Gerde-Eshkevarat was recorded as an important potential source of resistance to AF.}, keywords = {Aflatoxin,Asprgillus flavus,Hazelnut,Susceptibility}, url = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_545270.html}, eprint = {http://ijnrs.damghaniau.ac.ir/article_545270_e7df9547cddef4f3af9444ae689f7676.pdf} }
+__label__negative Go to homepage\nOpen the website of the Buqi Institute\n\nWhat is Taijiwuxigong?\n\u00a0\u00a0Who is it suitable for?\n\nSpontaneous movement\n\u00a0\u00a0Reactions and results\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Wuxi stance\n\u00a0\u00a0Wuxi daoyin\n\u00a0\u00a0Sound exercise\n\nCauses of illnesses\n\u00a0\u00a0The double vicious circle\n\nPrevention and healing\n\u00a0\u00a0Correction of body posture\n\u00a0\u00a0Expelling Binqi\n\nStages of development\n\u00a0\u00a0Activation of the Dantian\n\u00a0\u00a0Cleansing of energy channels\n\u00a0\u00a0Spiritual development\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Longmen Wuxigong\n\n\nMeester Shen Jin shows shoulder daoyin.\n\nTaijiwuxigong consists of a few simple exercises. First, there is the Wuxi stance, an exercise to induce spontaneous movements, which can be performed standing, sitting or lying down. Secondly, there are the Wuxi Daoyin. These are exercises designed to loosen up various parts of the body. Finally, there are sound and breathing exercises.\n\nAll exercises are designed to create internal movement and force. At the beginning of practice, the internal movement is weak and without clear direction, due to the presence of physical blockages and accumulated pathogenic factors (Binqi). Spontaneous movement supports this process. In a later stage, the internal movement becomes more tangible and can then be directed. This allows the internal force to develop. In combination with mental focus, the internal force can be directed outside the body, which enhances the force.\n\nCopyright \u00a9 Buqi Institute\n18 July 2007
+__label__negative CFD Online Discussion Forums\n\nCFD Online Discussion Forums (\n- \u00a0 FLUENT (\n- \u00a0 - \u00a0 Gambit + exceed + XP (\n\npkt September 23, 2004 06:12\n\nGambit + exceed + XP\n\nI am trying to run Gambit 2.0.4 on winXP . I install exceed 7.0 ; When I run gambit.exe I have this error :\n\nCannot open connect stream. TRANS(SocketINETGetAddr): tnamebysocket() failed TRANS(SocketINETConnect): TRANS(SocketINETGetAddr) () failed TRANS(Open): transport open failed for tcp/LOCALPC:0 Unable to open display\n\nDo I need to do smthg with exceed of not ?\n\nThanks PKT\n\nGambit User September 23, 2004 08:16\n\nRe: Gambit + exceed + XP\nGive Fluent a call they should be able to sort the problem out. You'll need to quote you license No.!\n\npkt September 23, 2004 09:52\n\nRe: Gambit + exceed + XP\nhei I solve this pb : is was a DISPLAY variable which has to be set to the name of the computer. Now when I run gambit with gambit -new I have this (a sesseion of exceed is open): Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C Warning: X locale modifiers not supported, using default\n\nUsing X_DEVICE_DRIVER with standard visual. Received X Intrinsics Warning <translation table syntax error: Unknown keysym name: osfActivate>. Received X Intrinsics Warning <... found while parsing ':<Key>osfActivate: PrimitiveParentActivate()'>. ................. followed big a long list of same warning , then this: ................. ERROR(TuConvert) Conversion of 'windows_user2.xpm:String' to 'Pixmap' failed ERROR(TuConvert) Conversion of 'sash_delta.xbm:String' to 'Pixmap' failed ERROR(TuConvert) Conversion of 'windows_user1.xpm:String' to 'Pixmap' failed ERROR(TuConvert) ................... which ended up by this :\n\nFATAL ERROR: Could not initialize ACIS.\n\nIs anybody know where this come from ?\n\n\n\nBlorg September 24, 2004 00:52\n\nRe: Gambit + exceed + XP\nMy suggestion is to be patient, Gambit is - as the name implies - a roll of the dice. If it works it works fine, but it might just as well give you gray hairs. It is a classical example of the save-or-cry rule.\n\nCall Fluent support about your particular problem.\n\nsam September 24, 2004 06:15\n\nRe: Gambit + exceed + XP\n\nwat a interesting comment\n\n\nbest of luck cfd people\n\nfrank September 27, 2004 09:43\n\nRe: Gambit + exceed + XP\ni have this same problem. please tell me exacly how u solved the set environment problem.\n\nthanks frank\n\nSAM September 28, 2004 00:40\n\nRe: Gambit + exceed + XP\nInstall exceed again and give option as complete installation and other option to give is that it can be accesed by every one\n\nhopes this will work\n\nIvanCFD April 16, 2010 04:50\n\nHi Sam,\n\nI have this problem of how to run Exceed before launch Gambit. I installed the \"Typical installation\" and followed all the steps as monkey without doing anything.\n\nNow, what I want is to access my own computer to launch Gambit. I guess I have to give my computer a name or something so I can access it through Exceed and then launch Gambit, right?\n\nAnyone knows how?\n\nThanks a lot beforehand.\n\n
+__label__negative A car is traveling at 53.0 mi/h on a horizontal highway.\n\n(a) If the coefficient of static friction between road and tires on a rainy day is 0.104, what is the minimum distance in which the car will stop?\n\n(b) What is the stopping distance when the surface is dry and \ufffds = 0.603?\n\nWant an answer?\n\nGet this answer with Chegg Study
+__label__negative User Tools\n\nSite Tools\n\n\nThis is an old revision of the document!\n\n\n* What is the relationship between aspect-oriented programming and meta-object protocols? (Tom) * What is category theory? * <del>What is a monad?</del> (Kenn) * What is fractional graph theory? * <del>What is a memory model?</del> (Jaeheon) * Functional Pearl: A program to solve Sudoku * What is abduction? * What is the pi-calculus? CCS? CSP? * What is a shallow/deep embedding? * What is the PFAIR scheduling algorithm? * What is a Petri Net? * What is a Chu Space? * What is the Synthesis Kernel? * What is Abstract Interpretation? * What is Separation Logic? * What is Queueing Theory? * What is a Generating Function? (Jaeheon) * What is a Polymorphic Variant? (Ian) * What is VFS? (Ian) * What is a co-Buchi Game? (Ian) * <del>What is a quasi-inverse? (Jordan)</del> * What is Craig Interpolation? (Cormac) * What is counter-example guided abstraction? (Cormac) * What is continuation-passing/trampolined style (Jordan) * What is the Curry-Howard correspondence (Kenn) * What is Hindley-Milner type inference? (Kenn) * <del>What is satisfiability modulo theories (Jaeheon)</del> * <del>What is defunctionalization? (Kenn)</del> * What is a logical relation? * What is contextual equivalence? * What are dependent types * What is parametricity? * What is linear logic? * What is k-CFA? * What is monadicity? * What is synthetic topology? * What is algorithmic music composition? * <del>What is human cognition?</del> (Sherol) * What is a drama manager?\n\ntwigs/possibletopics.1235513833.txt.gz \u00b7 Last modified: 2009/02/24 23:53 (external edit)
+__label__negative Study abroad in the United Kingdom\n\nStudy abroad in the United Kingdom\n\n\nWhat are the variant names for \u201cThe United Kingdom\u201d?\n\nThe United KingdomGreat Britain,UK,\n\nWhat is the geographical location of the United Kingdom?\n\nThe United Kingdom is located in Western Europe.\n\nWhat is the surface area?\n\n[243,000 km2] [94,058 mi2] is the surface area.\n\nWhat is the population?\n\n[64.1 million] is the population (2013 census).\n\nWhat is the capital?\n\nLondon is the capital.\n\nLondon, United Kingdom\n\nWhat is the nature of the political regime?\n\nThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.\n\nWho is the Chief of State?\n\nQueen Elizabeth II is the Chief of State.\n\nWho is the Head of Government?\n\nPrime minister Boris Johnson is the Head of Government\n\nWhat is the official language?\n\nEnglish is the official language.\n\nWhat is the currency?\n\nThe pound sterling is the currency.\n\nHigher Education\n\nWhat is the supervising body?\n\nThe higher education system is supervised by the local authorities in each of the regions making up the United Kingdom (EnglandScotlandWales\u00a0and\u00a0Northern Ireland).\n\nThe\u00a0Department for Business, Innovation and Skills\u00a0(BIS) is responsible for UK government policy in many areas including Higher Education, Science & Research.\n\nThe minister of State for Universities and Science\u00a0oversees the planning, coordination and governance of higher education institutions.\n\nWhat is the system of Education?\n\n\nWhat is the number of higher education institutions?\n\nHigher Education in the United Kingdom\u00a0is made up of public and private institutions. Public Universities fall into two categories: \u201copen-access\u201d and \u201climited-access\u201d institutions.\n\n\n[] is the number of public universities.\n\n[] is the number of private universities.\n\nWhat is the number of students?\n\n[] students are enrolled in British Higher Education institutions for the (2012-2013) academic year.\n\nWhat is the number of international students?\n\n[] international students are enrolled in Britain Higher Education institutions for the (\u2026) academic year.\n\nWhat is the number of academics?\n\n\nWhat is the student/teacher ratio?\n\n\nWhat are the degrees awarded?\n\nHigher education institutions in Great Britain\u00a0 offer programs leading to a Bachelor\u2019s degree (\u2026 years) , a Master\u2019s degree (\u2026 years) and a Doctorate/PhD degree (\u2026 years).\n\nWhat are the admission requirements?\n\n\nWhat is the amount of Fees?\n\n\nHow is the academic year organized?\n\n\nHow is assessment & Evaluation carried out?\n\n\nWhat is the Grading and reporting method in use?\n\n\n\nTLG London: Welcome to our Moroccan Students \u2013 Aug 20, 2014\n\n\nChevening: UK Government Scholarships\n\nStudy abroad\u00a0in The United Kingdom/
+__label__negative FAQs tagged as\n\n\n  1. How can I invest in a foreign exchange market?\n\n\n\n  4. How do you make money trading money?\n\n\n  6. How does margin trading in the forex market work?\n\n\n\n\n  10. Why is currency always quoted in pairs?\n\n  11. Is it possible to trade forex options?\n\n  12. What are the rules for placing stop and limit orders in forex?\n\n  13. How do I use an arbitrage strategy in forex trading?\n\n  14. How are international exchange rates set?\n\n  15. Is there any way to check the historical rates of different currencies?\n\n  16. What impact does a higher non-farm payroll have on the forex market?\n\n  17. What is an overnight position in the forex market?\n\n  18. What should I look for when choosing a forex trading platform?\n\n  19. What is a pip and what does it represent?\n\n  20. What does \"outrights\" mean in the context of the FX market?\n\n\n  22. How do you lose money in the Forex market?\n\n  23. What is the difference between LIBID and LIBOR?\n\n  24. In forex, what are the commodity pairs?\n\n\n  26. How is the forex spot rate calculated?\n\n  27. What is the Big Mac index?\n\n  28. When and why did the euro make its debut as a currency?\n\n  29. What is the name of the currency in New Zealand?\n\n\n  31. How often do exchange rates fluctuate?\n\n  32. What is foreign exchange?\n\n  33. How did derivatives trader Nick Leeson contribute to the fall of Barings Bank?\n\n\n  35. How do I calculate forex pivot points?\n\n  36. What is a currency converter and how do I use one?\n\n  37. How does the foreign-exchange market trade 24 hours a day?\n\n  38. Why isn't the EUR/USD currency pair quoted as USD/EUR?\n\n\n  40. How do central banks acquire currency reserves and how much are they required to hold?\n\n  41. What is hedging as it relates to forex trading?\n\n  42. Why do forex traders use a currency converter?\n\n  43. How is spread calculated when trading in the forex market?\n\n  44. What am I buying and selling in the forex market?\n\n  45. How are foreign exchange rates affected by commodity price fluctuations?\n\n  46. Is there a world currency? If so, what is it?\n\n  47. What are the advantages of using a mini forex account for trading?\n\n  48. If a country's currency is determined by the strength of its economy, why isn't the U.S. dollar worth more than the British pound?\n\n  49. What methods can be used to fund a forex account?\n\n  50. What is the best method of analysis for forex trading?\n\n  51. What does rollover mean in the context of the forex market?\n\n  52. Is scalping a viable forex trading strategy?\n\n  53. How do companies benefit from interest rate and currency swaps?\n\n  54. What types of accounts are available for forex trading?\n\n  55. Can I trade a currency when its main market is closed?\n\n  56. How does leverage work in the forex market?\n\n  57. Where is the central location of the forex market?\n\n  58. How did George Soros \"break the Bank of England\"?\n\n  59. How is rollover interest calculated?\n\n  60. How do businesses decide whether to do FDI via green field investments or acquisitions?\n\n\n  62. How does leverage affect pip value?\n\n  63. Are eurodollars related to the currency called the euro?\n\n  64. What was \"Operation Wooden Nickel\"?\n\n  65. What is arbitrage?\n\n  66. Why can't I have fixed rollover costs in forex?\n\n  67. What are the most common currency pairs traded in the forex market?\n\n\nTrading Center
+__label__negative Apprenticeships for Young People \u2013 The Facts\n\n\napprenticeships facts for young people\n\nWhat are Apprenticeships?\nWho are Apprenticeships for?\nHow much will I earn?\nWhat will the training include?\nHow long does it take to complete a Construction Apprenticeship?\nWhere does the training take place?\nWhat are the benefits of becoming an apprentice?\nWhat are the Working Hours for Young People aged 16-18 Years?\nLooking for an apprenticeship?
+__label__negative What is Montessori?\n\nWhat is Montessori ?\n\nA proven educational approach created more than a century ago, the Montessoi Method is now used by over 20,000 schools worldwide. It includes thoughfully prepared environment of curated toys and material geared towards fostering the unique growth and development of each child.\n\nHow your child benefits ?\n\nThe Montessori Method addresses your child's cognitive, physical, linguistic, social, and emotional development. Researchers have long recognized the many benefits of Montessori where \"Learning how to learn\" is the best foundation for success.
+__label__negative Section Menu\n\nFemale Reproductive System Procedures\n\nObstetrician \u2013 literally \u201cmidwife\u201d in Latin. A physician specializing in the diagnosis and management of pregnancy and delivering babies.\n\nGynecologist \u2013 a physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system and surgery of this area. Most physicians currently specialize in combined practice of OB/GYN.\n\nEpisiotomy \u2013 a surgical procedure cutting into the perineal area, the area between the vagina and anus in order to prevent tearing of tissues when the baby\u2019s head traverses the vaginal opening.\n\nHysterosalpingogram \u2013 special X-rays of the uterus and uterine tubes involving passing an opaque dye backwards up through the uterus to determine if the tubes are patent. Since the tubes are open into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, if patent, dye should spill out of the end of the tubes and be manifest on the X-ray.\n\nColposcopy \u2013 using a magnifying instrument to inspect the interior of the vagina and cervix, the entrance to the uterus.\n\nDilation and curettage\u00a0(D & C) \u2013 dilating the cervix, the entrance into the uterus, and passing instruments that enable scraping off superficial layers of the endometrium. May be done as an early therapeutic abortion, or following a normal pregnancy to remove residual tissue remaining in the uterus, or may be done as a diagnostic procedure to examine lining tissue of the uterus.\n\nMammoplasty \u2013 Surgical reconstruction of the breast may involve breast enlargement or reduction or cosmetic reconstruction after mastectomy.\u00a0What are the risk factors of developing breast cancer?\u00a0 Check out this women\u2019s health link for answers.\n\nPudendal block \u2013 An anesthetic administered to block sensation around the lower vagina and perineum. This facilitates performing an episiotomy (see above) allowing passage of the baby\u2019s head while avoiding uncontrolled tearing of tissues. By the way, pudendal, an ancient name for external genitalia, means \u201cthat which we should be ashamed of\u201d in Latin. Even Adam and Eve wore fig leaves!\n\nPrevious Next
+__label__negative [Free Cisco Dumps&PDF] 100% Pass Latest Updated Cisco 200-105 Dumps Exam Questions Vce Are Based On The Real Exam Video Training\n\nWhat is the best place for getting the Cisco 200-105 exam dumps?\u00a0The Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2 v3.0) (200-105 ICND2) exam is a 90 Minutes (45-55 questions) assessment in pass4itsure that is associated with the CCNA Routing & Switching certification. \u201cInterconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2 v3.0)\u201d is the exam name of Pass4itsure Cisco 200-105 dumps test which designed to help candidates prepare for and pass the Cisco 200-105 exam.\u00a0100% pass latest and updated Cisco 200-105 dumps exam questions vce are based on the real exam video training.\n\nCisco\u00a0https://www.pass4itsure.com/200-105.html dumps ICND2 Exam focuses on knowledge and expertise to Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLANs (normal/extended range) spanning multiple switches, Describe the benefits of switch stacking and chassis aggregation and Configure and verify PPP and MLPPP on WAN interfaces using local authentication.\n\n[Free Cisco 200-105 Dumps&PDF From Google Drive]:\u00a0https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwxjZr-ZDwwWWWw0QXQxY3R1X1E\n\n[Free Cisco 200-310 Dumps&PDF From Google Drive]:\u00a0https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwxjZr-ZDwwWajNRNzNfaDllX3M\n\n200-105 dumps\n\nPass4itsure Latest and Most Accurate Cisco 200-105 Dumps Exam Q&As:\n\nQuestion No : 16 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which protocol provides a method of sharing VLAN configuration information between two Cisco switches?\nC. 802.1Q\n200-105 exam Answer: B\nUnderstanding VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)\n\nQuestion No : 17 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which three statements are typical characteristics of VLAN arrangements? (Choose three.)\nA. A new switch has no VLANs configured.\nB. Connectivity between VLANs requires a Layer 3 device.\nC. VLANs typically decrease the number of collision domains.\nD. Each VLAN uses a separate address space.\nF. VLANs cannot span multiple switches.\nAnswer: B,D,E\nBy default, all ports on a new switch belong to VLAN 1 (default & native VLAN). There are also some well-known VLANs (for example: VLAN 1002 for fddi-default; VLAN 1003 for token-ring\u2026) configured by default -> A is not correct. To communicate between two different VLANs we need to use a Layer 3 device like router\nor Layer 3 switch -> B is correct. VLANs don\u2019t affect the number of collision domains, they are the same -> C is not correct. Typically, VLANs increase the number of broadcast domains.We must use a different network (or sub-network) for each VLAN. For example we can use for VLAN 1, for VLAN 2 -> D is correct. A switch maintains a separate bridging table for each VLAN so that it can send frame to ports on the same VLAN only. For example, if a PC in VLAN 2 sends a frame then the switch look-ups its bridging table and only sends frame out of its ports which belong to VLAN 2 (it also sends this frame on trunk ports) -> E is correct. We can use multiple switches to expand VLAN -> F is not correct.\n\nQuestion No : 18 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which two states are the port states when RSTP has converged? (Choose two.)\nA. discarding\nB. listening\nC. learning\nD. forwarding\nE. disabled\n200-105 dumps Answer: A,D\nUnderstanding Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (802.1w)\nPort States\n\u00a0RSTP only has 3 port states which are discarding, learning and forwarding. When RSTP has converged there are only 2 port states left: discarding and forwarding.\n200-105 dumps\nQuestion No : 19 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0\u00a0Refer to the exhibit.\n200-105 dumps\nThe output that is shown is generated at a switch. Which three statements are true? (Choose three.)\nB. Thirty VLANs have been configured on this switch.\nD. All interfaces that are shown are on shared media.\nE. All designated ports are in a forwarding state.\nAnswer: A,C,E\nFrom the output, we see that all ports are in Designated role (forwarding state) -> A and E are correct. The command \u201cshow spanning-tree vlan 30 only shows us information about VLAN 30. We don\u2019t know how many VLAN exists in this switch -> B is not correct. The bridge priority of this switch is 24606 which is lower than the default value bridge\npriority 32768 -> C is correct. All three interfaces on this switch have the connection type \u201cp2p\u201d, which means Point-to\n\u00a0\u00a0point environment \u2013 not a shared media -> D is not correct. The only thing we can specify is this switch is the root bridge for VLAN 3o but we can not guarantee it is also the root bridge for other VLANs -> F is not correct.\nQuestion No : 20 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which port state is introduced by Rapid-PVST?\nA. learning\nB. listening\nC. discarding\nD. forwarding\n200-105 pdf\u00a0\nAnswer: C\nSpanning Tree from PVST+ to Rapid-PVST Migration Configuration Example\nReference 1:\nReference 2:\n\n200-105 dumps\nBackground Information\n802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has a drawback of slow convergence. Cisco Catalyst switches support three types of STPs, which are PVST+, rapid-PVST+ and MST. PVST+ is based on IEEE802.1D standard and includes Cisco proprietary extensions such as BackboneFast, UplinkFast, and PortFast. Rapid-PVST+ is based on IEEE 802.1w\nstandard and has a faster convergence than 802.1D. RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) natively includes most of the Cisco proprietary enhancements to the 802.1D Spanning Tree, such as BackboneFast and UplinkFast. Rapid-PVST+ has these unique features: Uses Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) version 2 which is backward compatible with the\n802.1D STP, which uses BPDU version 0. All the switches generate BPDUs and send out on all the ports every 2 seconds, whereas in 802.1D STP only the root bridge sends the configuration BPDUs.\nPort Roles\u2014Root port, designated port, alternate port and backup port.\nPort States\u2014Discarding, Learning, and Forwarding.\nPort Types\u2014Edge Port (PortFast), Point-to-Point and Shared port.\nRapid-PVST uses RSTP to provide faster convergence. When any RSTP port receives legacy 802.1D BPDU, it falls back to legacy STP and the inherent fast convergence benefits of 802.1w are lost when it interacts with legacy bridges.\n\nQuestion No : 21 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Refer to the exhibit.\n200-105 dumps\nA. Switch3, port fa0/1\nB. Switch3, port fa0/12\nC. Switch4, port fa0/11\nD. Switch4, port fa0/2\nE. Switch3, port Gi0/1\nF. Switch3, port Gi0/2\nAnswer: C\n\nWhich of the following is not a disadvantage of a bus topology network?\nA. Difficult to troubleshoot\nB. Expensive to implement\nC. Attenuation\nD. Signal interference\n200-105 exam Answer:\nWhich of the following are advantages of a bus topology?\nA. Easy to troubleshoot failures\nB. Failures are always limited to a single node\nC. Inexpensive to implement\nD. No network congestion\nThe acronym CSMA stands for:\nA. Call signal multiple access.\nB. Carrier sense multiple access.\nC. Call signal message active.\nD. Carrier sense message active.\n200-105 dumps Answer:\nEthernet LANs use which of the following?\nC. Token passing\nD. Token bus\nCSMA/CD is based on which IEEE standard?\nA. 802.3\nB. 802.4\nC. 802.5\nD. 802.6\n200-105 pdf Answer: A\nThe star topology is different from buses and rings in that:\nA. All data flows through a central hub.\nB. Data never passes through a single central point.\n\nC. The star topology allows only limited network control.\nD. The star topology is harder to expand.\nAnswer: A\nWhich of the following can be used to connect nodes to the network in a star topology?\nA. Transceivers\nB. Multistation access units\nC. Switches\nD. Access point\n200-105 vce Answer:\nWhich of the following represents a single point of failure in a star topology?\nA. Backbone cable\nB. Hub\nC. Transceiver\nD. Nodes\nRing topologies almost always use:\nA. Token passing.\nD. Token sharing.\n200-105 exam Answer: A\nLike the physical bus topology, the physical ring topology:\nA. Joins a single cable to form a continuous loop.\nB. Connects all nodes along a single cable.\nC. Uses a central concentrator.\n\nD. Does not broadcast signals.\nThe 802.5 IEEE standard defines the operation of which topology?\nA. Token bus\nB. Token ring\nC. Bus\nD. Star\nAnswer: B\nToken ring networks operate according to the rules of which IEEE standard?\nA. 802.3\nB. 802.4\nC. 802.5\nD. 802.6\n200-105 dumps Answer: C\nEthernet 10BaseT is designed to use which physical topology?\nA. Bus\nB. Ring\nC. Star\nD. Tree\nAnswer: B\nWhich of the following topologies is an expansion of the bus topology suitable for broadband transmissions?\nA. Ring\nB. Star\nC. Mesh\nD. Tree\n\n200-105 pdf\u00a0Answer:\n\n200-105 dumps\n\nThe Cisco Certified Network Associative Routing & Switching Certification covers the Cisco Networking Technology topics. The Cisco 200-105 dumps Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Exam allows students to understand and realize the benefits of Certification Area. Students who complete\u00a0https://www.pass4itsure.com/200-105.html dumps ICND2 2 may get Cisco Certified Network Associative Routing & Switching Certification.\n\nRead More Youtube:\u00a0https://youtu.be/ZeAu5mz1CUw
+__label__negative how to pronounce protocol\n\n\naudio example by a male speaker\n\naudio example by a female speaker\n\n\nprotocol is pronounced in three syllables\n\npress buttons with phonetic symbols to learn how to precisely pronounce each sound of protocol\n\nexample pitch curve for pronunciation of protocol\n\n\ntest your pronunciation of protocol\n\n\nvideo examples of protocol pronunciation\n\nAn example use of protocol in a speech by a native speaker of american english:\n\n\u201c\u2026 ICMP and the border gateway protocol BGP \u2026\u201d\n\nmeaning of protocol\n\nProtocol is a set of rules and customs governing social behavior.\n\nprotocol frequency in english - C2 level of CEFR\n\n\ntopics protocol can be related to\n\nit is hard to perfectly classify words into specific topics since each word can have many context of its use, but our machine-learning models believe that protocol can be often used in the following areas:\n\n1) business and work;\n\n2) communication, information, and media;\n\n3) education, science, and technology;\n\nwords with pronunciation similar to protocol\n\n\nDid this page help you?
+__label__negative \nListen and then click the mouse (cursor) over\n\n\nWhat is big?\n\na) China\nb) A mountain\nc) The ocean\nWhat is expensive?\na) Gucci clothes\nb) Diamonds\nc) French wines\nWhat is cheap?\na) Fast food\nb) The clothes I buy\nc) Nothing these days\nWhat is difficult?\na) Losing weight\nb) Getting rich\nc) Learning a language\nWhat is easy?\na) Breathing\nb) Speaking English\nc) Running\nFill in the missing words\n\nOK, Cat we're gonna talk about opposites.\nAh, what is big?\nA mountain.\nOK. Have you ever climbed a mountain?\nA small one.\nOK. Where was it?\nAh, in Australia.\nOK. How long did it take to climb the mountain?\nAh, well maybe it wasn't really a mountain, more like a hill.\nIt took about two and a half hours.\n\nOK. Oh, great. What is small?\nA mouse.\nYeah, a mouse is small. What is expensive?\nGucci clothes.\nGucci clothes. Do you have any Gucci clothes?\nIn my dreams.\nIn your dreams. OK. How much does a Gucci bag cost? An original one?\nI have no idea. Much more money than I would ever have.\nOK. Ah, what is cheap?\nThe clothes that I buy.\nWell, you look very nice today!\nThank you.\nOK..um..OK..well..how much were your trousers?\nIn English money?\nUm..they we're maybe about thirty pounds.\nThiry pounds! OK. What is difficult? What is something difficult to do?\nMmm..learning a language.\nYeah, can you speak any foreign languages?\nI can speak very basic French and German.\nOK. What is easy? What is easy to do?\nMm..easy to do! That's a difficult question.\nI don't know..Ah..Something that is easy to do..go running.\nRunning. Yeah. That's true. Thanks.\nQuestion and Response\n\nQ1: What...?\n\nQ2: Is...?\n\nQ3: Is...?\n\nQ4: Do...?\n\nQ5: How...?
+__label__negative Protocol Online logo\n\nBiorad Quantity One software - (Apr/05/2010 )\n\nI use BioRad Quantity One before to calculate band density. At that time, we scanned the film with their scanner.\nNow, we have software, but donot have Biorad scanner.\nWho knows how to convert picture formate for example JPEG, TIFF to the formate that Quantity one recognize?\n\n\nnot knowing what format is required by quantity one i can only guess that you can use \"graphic converter\" for the mac or pc (different developers).\n\n\nQuantity one uses files of the format *.1sc ...there is a software available from GE (former Amersham) that might do the job as well and as far as i remember works with jpeg or tif, called ImageQuant.\n\n\n\nQuantity1 will recognise .TIFF format files for densitometry work, however the answer will be in pixels/area rather than the .1sc equivalent (which is probably also pixels per area, given the limitations of digital software).
+__label__negative Print this chapterPrint this chapter\n\n\n1. FAQ\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n\n  1. What is BIT@UCSC?\n  2. Who is giving the certifications?\n  3. What are the responsibilities of the UCSC on BIT?\n  4. What are the advantages of doing BIT?\n  5. Does UCSC conduct classes for BIT?\n  6. I don\u0092t need a degree. Can I do your Diploma?\n  7. How much, should I spend for the Diploma?\n  8. Can I pay the Diploma fee in installments?\n  9. I am a foreign student living in Sri Lanka. Can I do the BIT?\n  10. What is EDC?\n  11. How can I get the Student Handbook?\n\n\n  1. What is the Main Entry Qualification (Admission Requirements) for the BIT?\n  2. Is there any other Entry Qualifications for the BIT?\n  3. I haven\u0092t passed GCE A/L. How can I join BIT?\n  4. Can I apply for BIT, with some other qualifications?\n  5. Do I have to sit for a Selection Test?\n  6. Can I apply for BIT with pending A/L result?\n  7. Do I have to pass GCE O/L s to join the BIT@UCSC programme?\n  8. I don\u0092t have C passes for O/L English and Maths. Can I join BIT?\n\n\n  1. Can I start the BIT any time of the year? (Can I register for the BIT in the middle of an academic year?)\n  2. When do the new intakes start?\n  3. When can I apply for BIT Degree program?\n  4. How can I applications?\n  5. How much is the Application Fee? How can I make the application fee?\n  6. Do you give me a reference number?\n  7. Do I have to send any other documents with the Application Form?\n  8. Do I need to send my certificates?\n  9. What is the address to send the Applications? Can I handover the application to the office? Do I have to come personally to the BIT office to handover the Application?\n\n\n  1. Do I get the BIT registration definitely, after filling the Online Application?\n  2. What are the documents required for the BIT Registration?\n  3. Once registered for the BIT programme, what are the benefits that the UCSC provides for me?\n  4. If I register for BIT, am I allowed to register for any other degree?\n  5. During the degree can I skip my registration?\n  6. Within how many years, should I complete the degree?\n  7. Can I get a Class after repeating courses?\n  8. How much does BIT programme cost me?\n  9. Can I make the programme fee in installments?\n\n\n  1. Within how many years can I complete the BIT Degree?\n  2. How many semesters are in BIT Programme?\n  3. What is my academic year?\n  4. How are the semesters planned?\n  5. How are the semesters labeled?\n  6. How is the Academic year 1 planned?\n  7. Which mark is considered for a pass, if I repeat a course?\n  8. What is an attempt?\n  9. Which syllabus is effective for me to award my Diploma?\n  10. Which syllabus and regulations are effective for me to award my Degree?\n  11. Where can I find more details about BIT?\n  12. What is the NVQ level for BIT?\n\n\n  1. What is VLE (Virtual Learning Environment)?\n  2. How can I get VLE access?\n  3. I can\u0092t log into my VLE. What can be the reason?\n  4. Do I have to pay for the VLE access?\n  5. When I log in to the VLE, am I redirected to the profile page?\n  6. My personal details are incorrect in BIT VLE. How can I correct it?\n  7. What is Online Facilitation and Assistance?\n  8. What are the best practices in posting to forums?\n  9. Can I access the VLE courses or sit for BIT examinations after completing my degree?\n  10. If I have to repeat some courses and need to access the relevant course materials in VLE (LMS) do I have to pay to access VLE (LMS)?\n  11. Why am I not getting any e-mails regarding forum posting?\n  12. I have applied for BIT with pending A/L results. Can I have access to VLE (LMS)?\n  13. How to complain about VLE content, questions and services?\n  14. What is the best e-learner award?\n  15. What is the criteria for selecting candidates for best e learner award?\n  16. How can I find solutions for the past papers given in the VLE (LMS)?\n  17. What is the benefit of using forums for my studies?\n\n\n  1. The date of Re-registration deadline is passed. Now, how much I need to pay?\n  2. Can I do the Renewal, without coming to the BIT office?\n  3. Can I collect a confirmation letter without registration?\n\n\n  1. Do I get a university ID card if I register for BIT? How much it cost for me?\n  2. What is necessity of the BIT ID card?\n  3. No enough space to stamp in my BIT ID card. What should I do?\n  4. My BIT ID card is lost how I collect new one?\n\n\n  1. How to apply for the exam?\n  2. Within a semester, do I have to complete all papers of that semester?\n  3. How to calculate the marks for the BIT exam MCQ papers?\n  4. Do I have the GPA 2.0 to go to the next year?\n  5. How much GPA, do I need to go to the next year?\n  6. If I have a GPA less than 1.5, what should I do?\n  7. Within How many attempts do I have to complete the degree?\n  8. What will happen, if I couldn\u0092t complete the 1st year, in 5 years period?\n  9. Within how many attempts do I have to pass a course?\n  10. Where can I find the BIT past papers?\n  11. If I re-attempted a repeat course, will I be able to get a better grade than \u0093C\u0094?\n  12. Is it necessary to follow all optional courses?\n  13. Is the project compulsory?\n  14. What is the minimum grade that should I obtain to pass a course? What is the minimum mark to pass an EN course?\n  15. What is the minimum grade eligible for credit calculation? Is it C or D?\n  16. Can I do semester 2 exams without doing semester 1 exams?\n  17. How many credits need to be obtained for the degree? Is it necessary to have 30 credits for each year?\n  18. I have pending assignments in year 2. Now I am a 3rd year student. Do I need to register for 2nd year also to complete my VLE assignments?\n  19. My 2nd year GPA is more than 2, but I have a D+. Will I be able to get the HDIT?\n  20. I have failed the enhancement courses. Can I collect the degree?\n  21. Exam application deadline is passed. Now, how much should I pay for the exams?\n  22. I can\u0092t select my subject in exam application. What should I do?\n  23. I passed e-test in last year. But I didn\u0092t sit for the practical test. Is my e-test mark valid for this year?\n  24. Without Passing all the subjects in the 1st year, can I proceed to the 2nd year?\n  25. What are the criteria to get the Diploma in IT?\n  26. What are the criteria to get the Higher Diploma?\n  27. What are the conditions to get the BIT degree?\n  28. How can I be eligible for Diploma in IT and Higher Diploma in IT?\n  29. How to calculate the 1st year GPA?\n\n\n  1. Are practice quiz marks considered for assignments?\n  2. VLE Assignments & the Online Assessments, are these same or not?\n  3. What is an Enhancement Course and Online Assessment?\n  4. What is an enhancement course?\n  5. What is an online assessment?\n  6. What is the duration of the online assessment?\n  7. What is the pass mark of the online assessment?\n  8. How can I know the result of the online assessment?\n  9. What is an online assignment?\n  10. Where can I find the assignments?\n  11. What is the structure of questions of online assignment?\n  12. What is the best way of answering questions in Assignments?\n  13. What is the criterion to complete the VLE (LMS) assessments satisfactorily for a given year?\n  14. What are 'grades' in assignments?\n  15. How can I know the result of the online assignments?\n  16. We can review our assignments soon after the completion. But when we closed it, there's no option to review it again. Why can't we review our assignment questions more than once?\n  17. If I have successfully completed the VLE (LMS) assignments, but have to repeat some courses, do I have to re-attempt the VLE (LMS) assignments as well?\n  18. If I do not complete all the VLE assignments successfully what would be the effect?\n  19. If I failed any VLE assignment in a previous year, do I have to pay again to access the VLE related that academic year?\n  20. Can I discuss VLE assignment question in the forums?\n  21. I passed the VLE assignment in the last year. But my subject is repeated. Do I need to re-do the assignment again?\n  22. Can I discuss VLE assignment questions in the forums?\n  23. What happens when a VLE assignment question is wrong?\n\n\n  1. How can I find required main reading books for a course?\n  2. How can I find past paper?\n  3. How can I find solutions for past papers which are in VLE (LMS)?\n  4. Are practice quiz marks considered for assignments?\n  5. What is the benefit of using forums for my studies?\n  6. Where can I find the necessary information about BIT exam application forms, payments, time tables, results, etc.\n  7. I am already registered for Year 2 or 3. Do I have to register again for Year 1 or 2 to repeat courses from that year(s)?\n  8. Do you consider VLE (LMS) assignment marks for the GPA?\n  9. If I repeat a course should I wait till the next academic year to re sit for the examination?\n\n\n  1. Can I pursue a BIT External Degree while pursuing another degree?\n  2. Can I exit BIT degree while studying?\n\n\n  1. How to get a transcript?\n  2. How to collect letters?\n  3. How to collect BIT certificates?\n  4. Payment for certificates?\n  5. Where can I find more details about BIT?\n\nLast updated on 16th July, 2018
+__label__negative Who is Pro-Teach?\n\nWhat services does Pro-Teach offer?\n\nWhat makes Pro-Teach different from another student care?\n\nWhat does Pro-Teach's student care programme offer?\n\nHow is homework help and supervision conducted?\n\nWhat does my child need to bring on his/her 1st day of enrolment?\n\nWhat meals will be provided for my child?\n\nWhat subjects are covered in Pro-Teach\u2019s tuition curriculum?\n\nHow is the tuition programme conducted?\n\nDoes Pro-Teach provide any learning materials?\n\nHow will the tuition programme help my child in school?\n\nWhat is Pro-Teach\u2019s teaching approach?\n\nWhen can we see academic and behavioural improvement in my child?\n\nWhat are the enrichment programmes available?\n\nHow are teachers assessed in the selection process?\n\nDoes Pro-Teach provide any training for its teachers?\n\nWhat is each centre\u2019s teacher-child ratio?\n\nWhat are the teachers\u2019 qualifications and years of experience in educating children?\n\nHow can I register my child?\n\nWhat is the eligibility criteria for enrolment?\n\nWhat payments are required upon confirmation of enrolment?\n\nHow do I withdraw my child?\n\nWhat is the eligibility criteria for SCFA subsidy scheme?\n\nHow much is the subsidy?\n\nHow do I apply for the subsidy?\n\nWhat is the centre\u2019s approach to a child who is ill?\n\nWhat will the centre do when a child falls ill?\n\nWhat are the measures taken to ensure the children\u2019s safety and well-being?\n\nWhat are your general operating hours? (may differ from branch to branch)?\n\nDoes the centre charge for days when the child is sick or when he/she is on vacation?
+__label__negative My question concerns the following three hazards: earthquakes, hurricanes and drought.\n\nIn terms of spatial extent (wide spread, limited), I believe that earthquakes generally have the most limited spatial extent of the three, followed by hurricanes. However, I am unsure about droughts. I assume that they have the largest spatial extent of the three, but would anyone be able to give an explanation as to why?\n\nWith regard to their predictability (hazard assessment), I would say that the order (from most predictable to least) would be:\n\n  1. Hurricanes\n  2. Drought\n  3. Earthquakes\n\nHurricanes as past trends can be assessed and there are specific conditions that are required for a hurricane to form (e.g. between 5, 20 degrees from equator).\n\nI am less sure about prediction methods for droughts, but I assume that precipitation levels can be monitored, etc.\n\nLastly, I am aware that historic trends can be assessed for earthquakes and the general areas that will be affected can be predicted, however it is difficult to predict where the earthquake will occur along the fault line and the magnitude (I am aware that there are numerous questions on the predictability of earthquakes)\n\nI would love it if you could share your thoughts in terms of how you would order the hazards and why.\n\n\nDrought is not comparable to earthquakes and hurricanes because of the difference in time scale involved. We can generally consider earthquakes and hurricanes to be discrete events at a point in time. Drought, however, has a significant and variable time component. For example, you might consider a year of severely below average rainfall to be a drought but there are also multi-year droughts with prolonged periods of low rainfall. Descriptively, you can plot the average rainfall for an area along with the cumulative deviation from the average to see the trends. Even that should be used with caution - one year of very high rainfall may have a big effect on the deviation from the mean but won't really help rain-fed agriculture in subsequent low years. Here is a guide to the different definitions of drought.\n\nThe probability of a hurricane hitting the eastern United States in the next decade probably approaches 1.0 but to narrow that down to specific cities is more difficult. Once one has formed, the meteorologists are getting very good at predicting where it will make landfall. In between, the probability of a hurricane striking a particular city in a given year is low.\n\nWith regards to earthquakes, there are many known faults where measurements indicate a high probability for a large earthquake. However, the timing may be within hundreds or thousands of years. We can predict where but not when.\n\nThese are all different ways of looking at prediction that illustrate the considerations in how we think about 'prediction'. Ranking them is comparing apples to oranges.\n\n\nOne can't order these hazards without being much more precise. What energy threshold do you regard as an earthquake? There is micro-sismicity over most of ther planet for most of the time. The area affected deceases as the magnitude gets larger. And what do you regard as the spatial extent? The slippage footprint, or the area suffering some event magnitude? (difficult to define).\n\nLikewise drought can be defined many different ways. Days without any rain? Days above a particular rain threshold? Days in which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation? Days above a particular crop wilting point? Do you bring temperature into the equation? Moreover, in these days of climate change, falling water tables,and increasing frequency / intensity of El Nino, the area potentially affected by drought is evolving, so we need to be clear about the time period in our definition.\n\nThe area potentially affected by hurricanes varies on each continent, and requires global climatic modelling to define. The oceanic area in which hurricanes can develop has been discussed previously in the Earth Science stack exchange, but the single most important factor is the area with a sea surface temperature of >27 deg C. This is also a variable in these times of climate change.\n\n\nYour Answer\n\n
+__label__negative Basic math glossary-O\n\nBasic math glossary-O define words beginning with the letter O\n\nOblique angle: An angle that is not a right angle, which means the angle can be acute or obtuse.\n\nObtuse angle: An angle whose measure is bigger than 90 degrees.\n\nObtuse triangle: A triangle with one obtuse angle.\n\nOctagon : A polygon with 8 sides and 8 angles.\n\nNegative number: A number that is less than 0.\n\nOdd number: A number that cannot be divided evenly by 2.\n\nOpen statement: Also known as open sentence, it is an equation that is neither true or false. For example, n + 6 = 9 is an open statement because we do not know n. Therefore, we have no clue if it is true or false\n\nOrder: Sequence from smallest to largest.\n\nOrdered pair: The x and y values that give the location of point in a coordinate system.\n\nOrigin: The point where the x-axis and the y-axis intersect with coordinates (0,0).\n\nOunce:. A unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound\n\n\nNeed a math tutor?\n\n\n\nAsk a Math Tutor or Teacher Now\n\n\n\nNew math lessons\n\n\nPage copy protected against web site content infringement by Copyscape\n\nRecent Articles\n\n  1. Two Beautiful Law of Sines Problems\n\n    Oct 17, 16 07:37 PM\n\n    Two great law of sines problems that will show you how to use the law of sines to solve real life problems\n\n    Read More
+__label__negative Canadian Distance Learning Frequently Asked Questions\n\nWhat is open learning?\n\nHow quickly can I begin distance eduation?\n\nWho participates in open learning?\n\nCan I benefit from distance education?\n\nCan I finish my education with distance learning?\n\nCan I get a second career through distance learning?\n\nWhat Canadian degrees are available on-line?\n\nDo I have to complete all my distance degree on-line?\n\nWhich Canadian on-line degree is in highest demand?\n\nHow is a Canadian on-line bachelor degree different?\n\nWhat further on-line Bachelor degrees are being developed?\n\nWill my Canadian on-line Bachelor's degree be recognized?\n\nHow do I obtain a BC adult graduation diploma online?\n\nCan I train to be a Home Support Attendant online?\n\nCan I get practical nurse training through distance education?\n\nCan I study to update my Registered Nursing training online?\n\nCan I study social work on-line in BC?\n\nWhat on-line Bachelor of Arts degrees are available for distance learners?\n\nDoes the Canadian Virtual University grant distance Bachelor degrees?\n\nWhat is the most popular distance graduate degree in the arts and sciences?\n\nWhat Bachelor of Science degree's are available by distance learning?\n\nCan I obtain an Associate degree by Canadian distance learning?\n\nWhat distance programs exist for Registered Nurses worldwide?\n\nWhat's available for Canadian Business distance education?\n\nHow do I obtain basic Canadian business skills?\n\nHow do I obtain a Canadian Diploma in Management studies?\n\nHow do I obtain a distance Canadian Bachelor of Commerce?\n\nCan I obtain post Bachelor distance Business skills?\n\nCan I study for a distance Canadian graduate degree in Business?\n\nWhat role does Pan Canadian Pathways play in Human Services Education?\n\nHow is a distance Bachelor of Health degree different from a Nursing degree?\n\nCan I study to be a Registered Nurse through distance learning?\n\nHow do I obtain a distance Human Services degree?\n\nHow do I obtain Graduate distance education to work with troubled youth?\n\nCan I train to be a Physical Therapy Aide by distance learning?\n\nWhy enroll in a Canadian Professional Development Program?\n\nAre there Professional development program's for Educators?\n\nWhat professional development programs exist for health care providers?\n\nIs there a professional development program for Project Management?\n\nHow do I obtain a professional development program for Employment Counselors?\n\nHow do I increase my skills as a Registered Nurse?\n\nWhat College education is available through distance learning?\n\nAre on-line College diplomas recognized?\n\nCan I transfer education from a College to a University?\n\nHow do I choose an on-line University?\n\nWhat is the prerequisite for University in Canada.\n\nWhat differences exist between a distance and open degree?\n\nAre all distance education programs done on-line?\n\nWhat technology do I need for on-line learning?\n\nHow is an On-line Classroom different?\n\nCan I complete an entire degree on-line in Canada?\n\nHow long will I have to complete an on-line degree?\n\nHow do I access help from an online Instructor?\n\nWhy choose a Bachelor of General Studies?\n\nWho can apply for the Canadian Bachelor of General Studies?\n\nCan I transfer prior learning to the Bachelor of General Studies?\n\nHow do I choose courses for my Bachelor of General studies?\n\nWhy choose a Certificate of General Studies?\n\nWhat's next after the Bachelor of General Studies?\n\nWho is the typical distance learner?\n\nWhat is a typical day for the distance student?\n\nHow long will it take me to complete my education?\n\nWill I be isolated from other learners?\n\nHow do I access help from my teachers?\n\nWhat will Graduation be like?\n\nWhat will a College distance program cost me?\n\nWhat will an online university degree cost?\n\nDo I need a student loan for online university?\n\nHow do I get Federal and Provincial student loans?\n\nAre private loans available for distance students?\n\nAre there Scholarships for distance learners?\n\nWhat technological challenges do Canadian distance learners have?\n\nWill traditional Colleges/Universities become obsolete?\n\nWill American colleges continue to offer distance degree's to Canadians?\n\nAre student loans available to Canadian distance learners?\n\n\nGuru Spotlight\nCarma Spence-Pothitt
+__label__negative About Mrs. Shaddick: Question Preview (ID: 29670)\n\nBelow is a preview of the questions contained within the game titled ABOUT MRS. SHADDICK: See How Much You Know About Mrs. Shaddick. To play games using this data set, follow the directions below. Good luck and have fun. Enjoy! [print these questions]\n\n\nHow old is Mrs. Shaddick\na) 35\nb) 29\nc) 30\nd) 40\n\nWhat is Mrs. Shaddick's favorite food?\na) fish\nb) peanut butter\nc) chocolate\nd) bread\n\nHow many children does Mrs. Shaddick have?\na) none\nb) 1\nc) 3\nd) 5\n\nWhere did Mrs. Shaddick go to high school?\na) Scottsbluff\nb) Denver\nc) Mitchell\nd) Morrill\n\nWhat is Mrs. Shaddick's favorite hobby?\na) Reading\nb) Cooking\nc) Knitting\nd) All of the above\n\nHow long has Mrs. Shaddick been teaching?\na) 1 year\nb) 11 years\nc) 3 years\nd) 20 years\n\nWhat is Mrs. Shaddick's dog's name?\na) Tucker\nb) Buck\nc) Charlie\nd) Clyde\n\nWhere does Mrs. Shaddick's husband work?\na) First State Bank\nb) Walmart\nc) Scottsbluff High School\nd) Target\n\nWhat is one food Mrs. Shaddick WILL NOT eat?\na) steak\nb) chocolate\nc) strawberries\nd) fish\n\nWhat is Mrs. Shaddick's favorite candy?\na) Reese's Peanut Butter Cups\nb) Butterfinger\nc) Rolos\nd) Twix\n\nPlay Games with the Questions above at ReviewGameZone.com\nTo play games using the questions from the data set above, visit ReviewGameZone.com and enter game ID number: 29670 in the upper right hand corner at ReviewGameZone.com or simply click on the link above this text.\n\nLog In\n| Sign Up / Register
+__label__negative Pat Batt poem \u2013 Eyes Right!\n\n\nIf you ask the question\nHow to know a Scottish Dancer\nIt\u2019s really very simple\nFor there only is one answer.\n\nThe easy way to spot him\nIs his roving, rolling eye,\nAnd if you don\u2019t believe me \u2013\nWell, I will tell you why.\n\nHe has one eye on his partner\nAnd one eye on the set,\nHe has to watch a lot more things\nI haven\u2019t mentioned yet.\n\nHe has to cover up and down\nAnd watch his teacher too \u2013\nHow else is he supposed to learn\nThe footwork he must do?\n\nOne eye swivels to his corner,\nOne eye squints along the line \u2013\nWhen he\u2019s completely cross-eyed\nThe you know he\u2019s doing fine!\n\nAnd often you will notice\nA fleeting, haunted glance \u2013\nThat\u2019s when he copies someone else\nWho really knows the dance.\n\nWell there\u2019s the explanation \u2013 but\nI\u2019ll tell you one thing more \u2013\nThere\u2019s one place where he must not look \u2013\nand that is at the floor.\n(Previously published in Reel 229)
+__label__negative More recent Speaking questions\n\nThis is the last set of IELTS Speaking topics and questions I\u2019ve receive in February. Fresh ones from March are coming soon.\n\nSpeaking test 1\n\n\u2013 Do you study or work? (I said I was a student)\n\u2013 What course are you studying and why did you choose this course?\n\u2013 Who does the cooking in your home?\n\u2013 Can you cook?\n\u2013 Do you think it\u2019s necessary to learn how to cook at school?\n\u2013 What do you do when you hang out with friends?\n\u2013 Do you hang out with 1 or 2 friends or with a large group of friends?\n\u2013 When was your last time of going out?\n\nCue Card\nIf you could take another course when you finish your current one, what would you choose? You should say:\n\u2013 What kind of course it would be\n\u2013 What do you want to learn from it\n\u2013 Why would you choose it\n\n\u2013 Do you think university should only offer courses related to the employment/job or courses on other topics as well?\nI said on other topics as well and the examiner said \u201cGood\u201d then asked me\n\u2013 Which do you think employer should pay more attention to, the qualifications or the experience.\n\nSpeaking test 2\n\nThe questions were about my city, what I liked about it and whether I liked partying.\n\nCue Card\nDescribe a house you have been too (not your own house), you should say:\n\u2013 Why you liked it,\n\u2013 Where it was,\n\u2013 Who you\u2019ve been there with\n\nMy examiner then asked me some questions about our buildings, do I think it matters how buildings looked, new or old. She ended the questions by asking whether I thought it was ok that the government maintained old buildings.\n\nAnd here are some topics that appeared frequently in the exams last month:\n\n\u2013 Childhood Toy\n\u2013 Historical place\n\u2013 Famous speech\n\u2013 TV program\n\u2013 Cooking\n\u2013 Healthy lifestyle\n\u2013 Traffic problems\n\nShare this to help a friend do better in IELTS!\n\n\n  \u2022 Top 25 IELTS Blogs Winner Award\n  \u2022 Best Australian Blogs 2014 Competition - People's Choice Winner\n\n\nOnline course\n\nPractice tests\n\nSite Search\n\nNew Services\n\nLatest Posts:
+__label__negative (last update : 09-11-1999)\n\nWhat is DNA\n\n  1. Nucleotides are the building stones of DNA.\n  2. There are 4 different nucleotides :\n\n    For convenience, these 4 nucleotides are called dNTP's (deoxynucleoside triphosphates). A nucleotide is made of three major parts : a nitrogen base, a sugar molecule and a triphosphate. Only the nitrogen base is different in the 4 nucleotides.\n\n    The nucleotides\n\n    Figure 2 : The components of nucleotides. (pdf file of this picture)\n\n  3. How do the nucleotides form a DNA chain ?\n  4. DNA\n\n    Figure 3 : From nucleotide to DNA. (pdf file of this picture)\n\n    DNA is formed by coupling the nucleotides between the phosphate group from a nucleotide (which is positioned on the 5th C-atom of the sugar molecule) with the hydroxyl on the 3rd C-atom on the sugar molecule of the previous nucleotide. To accomplish this, a diphosphate molecule is split off (and releases energy). This means that new nucleotides are always added on the 3' side of the chain.\n\nback to homepage\nNext : DNA in a cell
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions\n\nHow do I become a member of the Mississippi Coast Radio Control Club?\nWhat is AMA membership/insurance?\nIf I'm just visiting, can I fly my plane at the Bob Miller field?\nThe gate is locked! How do I get in?\nWhat time do you normally fly?\nHow do I get started in the R/C hobby?\nI have a plane and I want to learn how to fly, do you have instructors?\nDo you allow helicopters to fly?\nDo you have restroom facilities and snacks?\nCan a lithium polymer (lipo) battery be fast-charged safely and if so at what rate?\nI don't have a big fancy plane. Can I fly my _____?
+__label__negative The importance of knowing Normal cholesterol levels\n\n\nHigh cholesterol levels can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and poor blood circulation. Knowing the cholesterol levels in the blood is a preventive effort of the disease.\n\nCholesterol is a fat compound produced by a variety of cells in the body, and about a quarter of the cholesterol generated in the body is produced by liver cells. Basically the body needs cholesterol to stay healthy.\n\nHowever, high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and poor blood circulation. Cholesterol screening in the blood is useful to detect such risks.\n\nChecking cholesterol levels should be periodic to monitor overall health conditions. So, when should we start to check cholesterol levels?\n\nIf you smoke, have excessive weight, high blood pressure, diabetes and there are families with a history of heart disease, we recommend that you start the examination from the age of 20 years.\n\nHowever, if you do not smoke and do not suffer from the disease the examination can be started from the age of 35 years. If the result is normal, you can re-check it once every 5 years. But, if you have a high cholesterol level, we recommend checking it out more often. What is more, if you have diabetes, heart disease and kidney disorder.\n\nThere are two types of cholesterol, namely good cholesterol and bad cholesterol. Good cholesterol (HDL-High Density Lipoprotein) serves to prevent the occurrence of atheroma or narrowing of blood vessels due to fat. While the bad cholesterol (LDL-Low Density Lipoprotein) is one of the main causes of atheroma formation. In addition to good and bad cholesterol, there is fat in other forms in the blood called triglycerides.\n\nAteroma itself is a trigger of heart disease, also known as atheroclerosis or hardening of blood vessels. An ateroma is a fat plaque that accumulates in the artery walls of blood vessels. After months, even years, the plaque thickens and extends. At that moment, blood vessels are clogged and make blood flow not smooth. This condition can cause heart attack, stroke, or other serious problems.\n\nEveryone's cholesterol levels vary depending on what they consume. In addition, everyone can have a different level of cholesterol, even if they are eating the same food. In some people, high cholesterol can only be caused by hereditary factors.\n\nBefore performing a cholesterol level check, you must fast first for 9-12 hours.\u00a0 Measurement of cholesterol levels is done by knowing how many milligrams (mg) of cholesterol is contained in each deciliter (dL) blood.\n\nThe following are normal levels for the types of cholesterol that exist in the blood.\n\nGood cholesterol\n\nThe higher the level of good or HDL cholesterol, the better it will be for health. This is because HDL protects against heart disease. A minimum HDL level of 60 mg/dL or more can help reduce the risk of heart disease. Conversely, HDL levels less than 40 mg/dL precisely raise the risk of heart disease.\n\nBad cholesterol\n\nBecause of its evil nature, LDL or bad cholesterol should be at a low or tolerable level of the body, i.e. less than 100 mg/dL. The amount of LDL 100-129 mg/dL can be said as a tolerance threshold. If exceeding that amount of bad cholesterol can cause various health problems such as ateroma, heart disease, and stroke.\n\nThe amount of LDL 130-159 mg/dL can be said to enter a high threshold, and if the amount has reached 160-189 mg/dL has entered a high level. While the amount of LDL 190 mg/dL and the rest, already at a very high level.\n\n\nThese fats can also increase the risk of heart disease. So, the lower the triglyceride levels, the better it will be for health. The number of triglycerides 150-199 mg/dL can be said to be on a high threshold, and the amount of 200 mg/dL or more includes high triglyceride levels. Some people need treatment if they have triglyceride levels in both levels.\n\nTotal cholesterol\n\nTotal cholesterol is a combination of good amounts of cholesterol, bad cholesterol, and triglycerides in any blood deciliter. Usually, by looking at total cholesterol levels and HDL alone can already describe the general condition of your cholesterol levels. However, if total cholesterol amounts to 200 mg/dL or more, or HDL is less than 40 mg/dL, you need to do a complete cholesterol check that includes LDL and triglycerides.\n\nCholesterol levels less than 200 mg/dL are still tolerable. The amount of cholesterol levels 200-239 mg/dL is already entered on a high threshold. If the amount reaches 240 mg/dL or more including high cholesterol levels.\n\nFood required\n\nTo maintain normal cholesterol levels, avoid foods that contain trans fats. These fats can be found in fried foods, margarine and snacks such as biscuits.\n\nHere are some types of foods that you can consume to lower your cholesterol levels in the blood.\n\nFish such as sardines, macerels, salmon, and tuna, rich in omega 3 content are good for the heart.\n\nOatmeal, rich in soluble fiber that can lower the level of bad cholesterol. In a day, you need at least 5-10 grams of soluble fiber. One half cup of oatmeal that has been cooked contains about 6 grams of fiber. You can add fruit over the oatmeal pulp to enrich the flavor.\n\nNuts such as almonds, pistachios, hazelnuts, and others may lower the risk of heart disease. You can replace fatty foods such as cheese and meat with nuts.\n\nOlive oil, containing antioxidants that can lower levels of bad cholesterol. Use two tablespoons of olive oil in a day for your salad or cooking.\n\nMaintaining nutritious food intake to limit bad cholesterol levels is good, but the step to live a healthy lifestyle is equally important. Start to stop bad old habits, such as smoking and consuming liquor. Instead, start to familiarize yourself with regular workouts.\n\nBelum ada Komentar untuk \"The importance of knowing Normal cholesterol levels\"\n\nPosting Komentar\n\nIklan Atas Artikel\n\nIklan Tengah Artikel 1\n\nIklan Tengah Artikel 2\n\nIklan baca juga\n\nIklan Bawah Artikel
+__label__negative Dismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nNegative absorption coefficient\n\n  1. Sep 11, 2015 #1\n    The fact that energy in a laser can propagate without much loss over long distances is quite shocking !\n    It's a renowned fact that energy is dissipated when propagation takes place through any medium.....\n    (I'm fully aware that laser is an exception)\n    But I have quite a difficult time understanding the concept of negative absorption.\n    Is laser the only device that works on the principle or are there more?.??\n  2. jcsd\n  3. Sep 11, 2015 #2\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Science Advisor\n    Homework Helper\n    Gold Member\n    2016 Award\n\n\nSimilar Discussions: Negative absorption coefficient\n  1. Absorption of light (Replies: 1)
+__label__negative Genetics and epilepsy\n\n6th February 2020\n\nGenetics factors affect everybody, these are attributes that are inherited, passed down from one generation to the next. As science and medicine advances, we constantly understand better the role that genetics can play in epilepsy.\u00a0\n\nIt\u2019s important to note that although some types of epilepsy are inherited and known to run in the family, some can occur due to genetic changes where the individual is the first to have the mutation and therefore there isn\u2019t a family history to speak of. Other forms of epilepsy are acquired and happen for a reason other than genetics. For example, a person could develop epilepsy as the result of a head injury, which is therefore not inherited.\u00a0\n\nInheriting epilepsy \u2013 what are the chances?\u00a0\n\nThe chances of inheriting epilepsy from a family member can vary depending on the relationship with that family member, as well as the type of epilepsy they have. The exact chances are not 100% clear, but it\u2019s believed that if you have an immediate relative (father, mother or sibling) with epilepsy then the risk of developing it before the age of 40 is less than 1 in 20. The risk is increased slightly in cases where the family member has generalised epilepsy as opposed to focal epilepsy.\u00a0\n\nEpilepsy-related genes\n\nBreakthroughs in medical science discovered the first epilepsy-related genes back in the late 90\u2019s. Since then, there have been many genes identified that play a role in epilepsy with new genes being added on a regular basis. Some of these genes are known to be unique to epilepsy, but others have also been associated with a number of other issues.\n\nThese advances mean that genetic testing is possible and there are a number of tests that can be utilised to test for epilepsy as a result of a genetic cause. This may give some indication about the likelihood of developing epilepsy later in the future. If you are interested in being tested, speak to your healthcare professional about the options available to you.\u00a0\n\nResearch and clinical trials\n\nAt present, there are a number of research projects and clinical trials that are aimed at further understanding how genetics plays a role in some types of epilepsy. These projects and trials are all looking to develop new and improved ways to treat genetic epilepsies and develop more precise medications.
+__label__negative Attorney's BriefCase\u00ae courses:\n\nCan I use this list as evidence that I completed these courses?\nI lost my certificate of attendance.\nI borrowed a colleague's DVD of an ATTORNEY'S BRIEFCASE\u00ae Beyond the Basics\u2122 class. How do I claim credit for it?\nThere is an error on my list.\nWhat happens to my data after the reporting period ends?\nMy MCLE and FLS credits don't match.\nWhat does it mean if \"PP\" appears in a column?\nIf I purchase a DVD or a CD but do not watch immediately, how does My Legal Education Log track the day I actually watch the DVD or listen to the CD?\n\nOther Legal Education Providers\n\nHow does MY LEGAL EDUCATION LOG know how many credits I have completed from other education providers?\nHow do I know how many credits I received from a program?\nCan I edit my entries in this section?\nCan judicial officers utilize this service?\nCan I enter courses I have taken in years before the current reporting periods?\n\nAbout Minimum Continuing Legal Education (MCLE):\n\nWhen did Minimum Continuing Legal Education start in California?\nWhat are my reporting dates?\nHow many credits do I need each reporting period?\nWhat is the maximum amount of \"self-study hours\" permitted in any compliance period?\nWhat are the Special Requirements within the total hours required?\nWhat records do I need to keep?\nWhen am I not subject to these requirements?\nWhat if I am only on active status for a portion of the reporting period?\n\nAbout Family Law Legal Specialist re-certification:\n\nHow do I know my certification date?\nHow do I enter my certification date in MyLegalEducationLog.com?\nTo recertify as a Family Law Specialist, do I have to be practicing exclusively Family Law?\nWhat are the educational requirements for recertification?\nWhat records do I need to keep?\nHow can I \"carry-over\" a course to the next reporting period?\nDo these requirements apply to me if I am a judicial officer?
+__label__negative \n\n\n\nAmniocentesis is a screening technique used between the 15th and 16th week of pregnancy. A very fine needle is inserted into the uterus through the mother's belly. The doctor uses the ultrasound to make sure that the needle in inserted in the right place and draws a small quantity of amniotic liquid to analyze it in order to detect genetic abnormalities.\n\nArtificial rupture of membranes\n\nIf labour has not yet begun and the water has not yet broken, the doctor may rupture them. This procedure is similar to an internal examination and is not painful. For most women, labour will begin within the next 12 hours on condition that the cervix is ready.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nCervical ripening\n\nIf the cervix has opened completely and labour must be induced, the health care provider may try to stimulate the cervix. To do this, a jelly or tablet containing hormones is placed inside the cervix in the vagina. There are also other methods. It is very important that the cervix be ready and soft before inducing labour.\n\nGo to top\n\n\n\nA doula is a supportive companion who accompanies to provide emotional, physical, and informational support and acts as an advocate for the woman in her family. This Greek term means \"a woman who helps other women\". A doula is a specially trained woman who gives a psychological support to women during their pregnancy. She accompanies the woman to the hospital for delivery and can facilitate communication with the doctors and nurses. She is not a midwife.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nEpidural anesthesia\n\nAfter the skin has been numbed with a needle, a needle containing an anesthetic is injected between the vertebrae and maintained in place with a plaster. At regular intervals, small doses of anesthetics are injected. The anesthetic react as rapidly as at the dentist. In less than 10 minutes, the pain disappears. For certain women, the pain does not completely go away but is greatly alleviated.\n\nGo to top\n\n\n\nForeskin is the skin that covers the penis.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nGeneral anesthesia\n\nA general anesthesia is used when a spinal or epidural anesthesia is not possible or is not suitable due to medical reasons. It can be performed rapidly and causes a complete loss of consciousness. This procedure is frequently used when an emergency cesarean is required. The general anesthesia is very safe for your baby.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nInduced contractions\n\nIf labour does not begin spontaneously and the cervix is ready, an artificial hormone is injected by intravenous. This hormone stimulates the uterus causing it to contract. The contractions will increase in intensity and get closer together as the dose is increased.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nLocal anesthesia\n\n\n\nLochia is the vaginal discharge that resembles a period. Lochia can last several weeks after childbirth. In the beginning, lochia is bright red, then it is pinkish or brownish, and finally it becomes clear.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nReactive Nonstress Test\n\nThis test produces a strip showing the fetal heart rate while it is still in the uterus. The frequency is measured during 20 to 30 minutes. If the baby is healthy, the strip will show heartbeat accelerations as the baby moves.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nSpinal anesthesia\n\nA spinal anesthesia is given with a very small needle inserted in your lower back between two vertebrae. The main difference with an epidural is that the liquid is inserted directly in the spinal column, that the reaction is almost immediate, and that the necessary dose is very small. The medication for the spinal anesthesia is usually injected only once. Occasionally headaches may occur after a spinal anesthesia . If these headaches persist, they can be treated effectively.\n\nStripping the membranes\n\nThis technique involves detaching the membrane of the amniotic liquid bag that is attached to the cervix. In doing this, the doctor inserts a finger against the interior wall of the cervix to free the attached membrane. Following this intervention, most women feel a few cramps accompanied by pinkish or reddish vaginal discharge.\n\nGo to top\n\n\nUltrasound scan\n\nThis test is used to view the infant on a computer screen by means of sound waves. Ultrasound scan to find the baby's position, to see if the baby is developing normally, is used to identify the position of the placenta in the uterus. We can also count the baby's heartbeats, check if there is more than one baby, and verify for certain abnormalities. Ultrasound is also used to determine the due date.\n\nGo to top
+__label__negative X-Ray and Gamma Ray Stars\n\nWhat is an \u201cX-ray star\u201d?\n\nAn \u201cX-ray star,\u201d as its name implies, is a star that emits a great deal of X-ray radiation. Our Sun, as with most typical stars, emits lots of X-rays compared to terrestrial sources. As a percentage of the total radiation emitted by the Sun, however, its an X-ray star\u2019s emission is very small. X-ray stars may emit thousands of times more X-rays than visible light radiation.\n\nX-ray stars are almost always binary star systems or multiple star systems. The interaction between the two or more stars in the systems\u2014one of which is usually a compact object like a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole\u2014is what causes the strong X-ray emission. Astronomers usually use the terms \u201clow-mass X-ray binary\u201d (LMXRB) or \u201chigh-mass X-ray binary\u201d (HMXRB) to describe the two main classes of X-ray star systems.\n\n
+__label__negative How should nuclear power be expanded throughout the U.S.?\n\nBy , June 22, 2014\n\nBuild more plants is obvious. But what is the most efficient way to do so?\nExcept downsides that effect the expansion efficiency\n\n7 Responses to \u201cHow should nuclear power be expanded throughout the U.S.?\u201d\n\n  1. faked z says:\n\n\n  2. mama says:\n\n    Please don\u2019t. I understand the advantages but they are an open invitation to terrorists.\n\n  3. 66 says:\n\n    they should build more of them\u2026develop CAESARs\n\n  4. mtl says:\n\n    not intended to be an insult, but still, we must always remember history to not repeat it ! We must learn from Tchernobyl, and Three Mile Island. Safety First ! before trying to cut corners and cut costs !\n\n  5. mafiacarstarter says:\n\n    For the capital investment, they are not terribly effecient in a delivered kWh/$ sense. Considering the amount of power that is lost in the transmission lines, the most efficient, and cost effective method for power generation is to have wind and solar power production capabilities tied locally to each municipal area, with privately owned solar electric cells on everyone\u2019s roofs to add to capacity.\n\n    Aside from being extraordinarily expensive, the costs of waste disposal are not included in any estimates given by the government or the power companies, because not only do the power companies not pay for it, no one knows how to effectively deal with the large amounts of radioactive waste generated. It just sits in big holes and leaks into the ground.\n    No container made can hold it for the 12,000 to 60,000 years necessary to allow the radiation to dissipate to levels that are only very quickly fatal instead of the instantly fatal levels they start out at.\n\n    As well, there is the terrorism issue, the problem with nuclear fuel disappearing, and the fact that only a very small mistake could cost millions of lives. Look up the Zion nuclear power plant in Illinois.\n\n    The most effecient way to expand nuclear power in the US is to dismantle all of the power plants and seal all of the debris in hundreds of feet of cement.\n\n    How can one not put insults in these answers?\n    Asking \u201cHow should nuclear power be expanded throughout the U.S.?\u201d is like asking \u201cWhat is the best way to put pedophiles into every elementary school in the U.S.?\u201d\n\n    Nuclear power is a BAD thing. It should NOT be spread all over this country. It is expensive, inefficient (massive power loss in transmission), very very very dangerous, and produces the most horrendously deadly wastes this world has ever seen. Why would anyone want this to have an even larger presence?\n\n  6. Slim Shady says:\n\n    It would be good to have it throughout the US but, you know there is going to be that one person not knowing squat about what they\u2019re doing. It only takes one idiot to make just one mistake turning it into a disaster.\n\n  7. g0atbeatr says:\n\n    The word nuclear isn\u2019t all that descriptive. Solar power is nuclear, it comes from fusion reactions inside the sun. Geothermal is nuclear, heat is coming from the decay of unstable elements inside earth.\n\n    To answer your question, the most efficient way to expand nuclear throughout the U.S. is to choose one of the new GENIV reactor designs, which rely on fundamental laws as safety measures (such as the law of gravity), and essentially do a cookie-cutter operation and build hundreds of these plants. By doing so we can reduce costs to a point at which other sources of energy will be non-competitive. We also would need to adopt a reprocessing scheme so that we may reuse our \u201cwaste\u201d.\n\n    On the other hand, we could jump into the future a bit and expand upon the ITER program in France to build a thermonuclear reactor. In truth, ITER is never meant to be a power-producing device; however, in the works is the second prototype power plant named DEMO. At this point, a small minority of the population \u2013 that has just enough knowledge that it actually hurts them \u2013 would like to point out that the ITER reactor uses tritium (which is radioactive) and produces neutrons, which make things radioactive.\n\n    Enter advanced fuels for fusion reactions. One of the many alternate fusion reactions that can be utilized is the D-He3 reactions which produces both an alpha particle and a highly energetic proton. These products can be converted by means of something called Direct Energy Conversion. In short, DEC can be explained in the following way: We get an alpha particle and a proton, both charged particles, from the reaction. Current is time rate change of charge, thus if we have these charged particles moving we have current. There are many ways to extract this current, but most use an electrostatic potential to slow the ion, which then transfers the current to a wire. Efficiencies can be upwards of 90%.\n\n    There is also some more crazy stuff that you can do, like P-B11, but that requires much higher temperatures.\n\nOfficeFolders theme by Themocracy\n\nAll information here is from third party sites.\nHow do I be come an electrician?
+__label__negative [Free Cisco Dumps&PDF] 100% Pass Latest Updated Cisco 200-105 Dumps Exam Questions Vce Are Based On The Real Exam Video Training\n\nWhat is the best place for getting the Cisco 200-105 exam dumps?\u00a0The Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2 v3.0) (200-105 ICND2) exam is a 90 Minutes (45-55 questions) assessment in pass4itsure that is associated with the CCNA Routing & Switching certification. \u201cInterconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2 v3.0)\u201d is the exam name of Pass4itsure Cisco 200-105 dumps test which designed to help candidates prepare for and pass the Cisco 200-105 exam.\u00a0100% pass latest and updated Cisco 200-105 dumps exam questions vce are based on the real exam video training.\n\nCisco\u00a0https://www.pass4itsure.com/200-105.html dumps ICND2 Exam focuses on knowledge and expertise to Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLANs (normal/extended range) spanning multiple switches, Describe the benefits of switch stacking and chassis aggregation and Configure and verify PPP and MLPPP on WAN interfaces using local authentication.\n\n[Free Cisco 200-105 Dumps&PDF From Google Drive]:\u00a0https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwxjZr-ZDwwWWWw0QXQxY3R1X1E\n\n[Free Cisco 200-310 Dumps&PDF From Google Drive]:\u00a0https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwxjZr-ZDwwWajNRNzNfaDllX3M\n\n200-105 dumps\n\nPass4itsure Latest and Most Accurate Cisco 200-105 Dumps Exam Q&As:\n\nQuestion No : 16 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which protocol provides a method of sharing VLAN configuration information between two Cisco switches?\nC. 802.1Q\n200-105 exam Answer: B\nUnderstanding VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)\n\nQuestion No : 17 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which three statements are typical characteristics of VLAN arrangements? (Choose three.)\nA. A new switch has no VLANs configured.\nB. Connectivity between VLANs requires a Layer 3 device.\nC. VLANs typically decrease the number of collision domains.\nD. Each VLAN uses a separate address space.\nF. VLANs cannot span multiple switches.\nAnswer: B,D,E\nBy default, all ports on a new switch belong to VLAN 1 (default & native VLAN). There are also some well-known VLANs (for example: VLAN 1002 for fddi-default; VLAN 1003 for token-ring\u2026) configured by default -> A is not correct. To communicate between two different VLANs we need to use a Layer 3 device like router\nor Layer 3 switch -> B is correct. VLANs don\u2019t affect the number of collision domains, they are the same -> C is not correct. Typically, VLANs increase the number of broadcast domains.We must use a different network (or sub-network) for each VLAN. For example we can use for VLAN 1, for VLAN 2 -> D is correct. A switch maintains a separate bridging table for each VLAN so that it can send frame to ports on the same VLAN only. For example, if a PC in VLAN 2 sends a frame then the switch look-ups its bridging table and only sends frame out of its ports which belong to VLAN 2 (it also sends this frame on trunk ports) -> E is correct. We can use multiple switches to expand VLAN -> F is not correct.\n\nQuestion No : 18 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which two states are the port states when RSTP has converged? (Choose two.)\nA. discarding\nB. listening\nC. learning\nD. forwarding\nE. disabled\n200-105 dumps Answer: A,D\nUnderstanding Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (802.1w)\nPort States\n\u00a0RSTP only has 3 port states which are discarding, learning and forwarding. When RSTP has converged there are only 2 port states left: discarding and forwarding.\n200-105 dumps\nQuestion No : 19 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0\u00a0Refer to the exhibit.\n200-105 dumps\nThe output that is shown is generated at a switch. Which three statements are true? (Choose three.)\nB. Thirty VLANs have been configured on this switch.\nD. All interfaces that are shown are on shared media.\nE. All designated ports are in a forwarding state.\nAnswer: A,C,E\nFrom the output, we see that all ports are in Designated role (forwarding state) -> A and E are correct. The command \u201cshow spanning-tree vlan 30 only shows us information about VLAN 30. We don\u2019t know how many VLAN exists in this switch -> B is not correct. The bridge priority of this switch is 24606 which is lower than the default value bridge\npriority 32768 -> C is correct. All three interfaces on this switch have the connection type \u201cp2p\u201d, which means Point-to\n\u00a0\u00a0point environment \u2013 not a shared media -> D is not correct. The only thing we can specify is this switch is the root bridge for VLAN 3o but we can not guarantee it is also the root bridge for other VLANs -> F is not correct.\nQuestion No : 20 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Which port state is introduced by Rapid-PVST?\nA. learning\nB. listening\nC. discarding\nD. forwarding\n200-105 pdf\u00a0\nAnswer: C\nSpanning Tree from PVST+ to Rapid-PVST Migration Configuration Example\nReference 1:\nReference 2:\n\n200-105 dumps\nBackground Information\n802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has a drawback of slow convergence. Cisco Catalyst switches support three types of STPs, which are PVST+, rapid-PVST+ and MST. PVST+ is based on IEEE802.1D standard and includes Cisco proprietary extensions such as BackboneFast, UplinkFast, and PortFast. Rapid-PVST+ is based on IEEE 802.1w\nstandard and has a faster convergence than 802.1D. RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) natively includes most of the Cisco proprietary enhancements to the 802.1D Spanning Tree, such as BackboneFast and UplinkFast. Rapid-PVST+ has these unique features: Uses Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) version 2 which is backward compatible with the\n802.1D STP, which uses BPDU version 0. All the switches generate BPDUs and send out on all the ports every 2 seconds, whereas in 802.1D STP only the root bridge sends the configuration BPDUs.\nPort Roles\u2014Root port, designated port, alternate port and backup port.\nPort States\u2014Discarding, Learning, and Forwarding.\nPort Types\u2014Edge Port (PortFast), Point-to-Point and Shared port.\nRapid-PVST uses RSTP to provide faster convergence. When any RSTP port receives legacy 802.1D BPDU, it falls back to legacy STP and the inherent fast convergence benefits of 802.1w are lost when it interacts with legacy bridges.\n\nQuestion No : 21 \u2013 (Topic 1)\u00a0Refer to the exhibit.\n200-105 dumps\nA. Switch3, port fa0/1\nB. Switch3, port fa0/12\nC. Switch4, port fa0/11\nD. Switch4, port fa0/2\nE. Switch3, port Gi0/1\nF. Switch3, port Gi0/2\nAnswer: C\n\nWhich of the following is not a disadvantage of a bus topology network?\nA. Difficult to troubleshoot\nB. Expensive to implement\nC. Attenuation\nD. Signal interference\n200-105 exam Answer:\nWhich of the following are advantages of a bus topology?\nA. Easy to troubleshoot failures\nB. Failures are always limited to a single node\nC. Inexpensive to implement\nD. No network congestion\nThe acronym CSMA stands for:\nA. Call signal multiple access.\nB. Carrier sense multiple access.\nC. Call signal message active.\nD. Carrier sense message active.\n200-105 dumps Answer:\nEthernet LANs use which of the following?\nC. Token passing\nD. Token bus\nCSMA/CD is based on which IEEE standard?\nA. 802.3\nB. 802.4\nC. 802.5\nD. 802.6\n200-105 pdf Answer: A\nThe star topology is different from buses and rings in that:\nA. All data flows through a central hub.\nB. Data never passes through a single central point.\n\nC. The star topology allows only limited network control.\nD. The star topology is harder to expand.\nAnswer: A\nWhich of the following can be used to connect nodes to the network in a star topology?\nA. Transceivers\nB. Multistation access units\nC. Switches\nD. Access point\n200-105 vce Answer:\nWhich of the following represents a single point of failure in a star topology?\nA. Backbone cable\nB. Hub\nC. Transceiver\nD. Nodes\nRing topologies almost always use:\nA. Token passing.\nD. Token sharing.\n200-105 exam Answer: A\nLike the physical bus topology, the physical ring topology:\nA. Joins a single cable to form a continuous loop.\nB. Connects all nodes along a single cable.\nC. Uses a central concentrator.\n\nD. Does not broadcast signals.\nThe 802.5 IEEE standard defines the operation of which topology?\nA. Token bus\nB. Token ring\nC. Bus\nD. Star\nAnswer: B\nToken ring networks operate according to the rules of which IEEE standard?\nA. 802.3\nB. 802.4\nC. 802.5\nD. 802.6\n200-105 dumps Answer: C\nEthernet 10BaseT is designed to use which physical topology?\nA. Bus\nB. Ring\nC. Star\nD. Tree\nAnswer: B\nWhich of the following topologies is an expansion of the bus topology suitable for broadband transmissions?\nA. Ring\nB. Star\nC. Mesh\nD. Tree\n\n200-105 pdf\u00a0Answer:\n\n200-105 dumps\n\nThe Cisco Certified Network Associative Routing & Switching Certification covers the Cisco Networking Technology topics. The Cisco 200-105 dumps Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Exam allows students to understand and realize the benefits of Certification Area. Students who complete\u00a0https://www.pass4itsure.com/200-105.html dumps ICND2 2 may get Cisco Certified Network Associative Routing & Switching Certification.\n\nRead More Youtube:\u00a0https://youtu.be/ZeAu5mz1CUw
+__label__negative Thursday, 27 June 2013\n\nQuestion paper 1 of UPTET 27 June 2013 primary level\n\nQuestion paper 1 of UPTET 27 June 2013 primary level\nChild Development and Cognition\nQ1 : emotion is the exiting state of person is concept of /\nQ2 the meaning evaluation in the academic development tins\nQ3 : prejudiced adolescent would be rigid in thi her approach to\nQ5 : four state of cognitive development sensory motor , pre operation , concrete operation , and formal operation is identified by\nQ5 : which characteristic are not of good mental health ?\nQ6 which of the following dose not influence learning ability\nQ7 which learning psychologist has not given importance to reward in the development of child learning\nQ8 which of the following dose not help in child learning\nQ : 9\u00a0 self centric state take place amount child during\n10 : taking interest to be among playmate by going out parents company associate with\n11 first basis principal of leaning is associated with\n12 making efforts making efforts to reach the height of mental maturity is the indication of\n13 the factor influence learning process are\n14 how is motivation useful\u00a0 in the learning of the child\n15 which technique do you not apply to motivate student for learning in the class room\n16 what type of correlation has been found between intelligent and creativity\n17 what is the most effective method to maintain discipline in the class\n18 infant child actions are\n19 in which particular area teacher of such school where inclusive education is imparted should specially trainee ?\n20 Which of the following groups of child have adjustment problem\n21 if the teacher feels that one of his student who have been leaning the subject matter nicely is showing stagnation\u00a0 the teacher should\n22 if a teacher want to change disposition of a student of the class he will have to\n23 developments has the same relation with maturity as stimulated has with\n24 Piaget is mainly known for his contribution in the field of\n25 whenever two of more individuals come together and influenced one another they may be said to constitute a social group this statement is\n26 which of the following should be take care of well in the process of teaching\n27 form the following person who is helping the child children in his their intrinsic motivation\n28 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,has special importance in the social development of the child\n29 bhattia battery is use to test which of the follows\n30\u00a0 Khohelberg theory of development is associated with.\n\n\ndevyani said...\n\nplease sir provide answer key also ,, and thanks for questions\n\nPost a comment\n
+__label__negative SQL SERVER \u2013 Installing AdventureWorks Sample Database \u2013 SQL in Sixty Seconds #010 \u2013\u00a0Video\n\n60 SQL SERVER   Installing AdventureWorks Sample Database   SQL in Sixty Seconds #010   Video\n\nSQL Server has so many\u00a0enhancements\u00a0and features that quite often I feel like playing with various features and try out new things. I often come across situation where I want to try something new but I do not have sample data to experiment with. Also just like any sane developer I do not try any of my new\u00a0experiments\u00a0on production server. Additionally, when it is about new version of the SQL Server, there are cases when there is no\u00a0relevant\u00a0sample data even available on development server. In this kind of\u00a0scenario\u00a0sample database can be very much handy. Additionally, in many SQL Books and online blogs and articles there are scripts written by using AdventureWork database. The often receive request that where people can get sample database as well how to restore sample database.\n\nIn this sixty seconds video we have discussed the same. You can get various resources used in this video from http://bit.ly/adw2012.\n\nMore on Errors:\nSQL SERVER \u2013 Install Samples Database Adventure Works for SQL Server 2012\nSQL SERVER \u2013 2012 \u2013 All Download Links in Single Page \u2013 SQL Server 2012\nSQLAuthority News \u2013 SQL Server 2012 \u2013 Microsoft Learning Training and Certification\nSQLAuthority News \u2013 Download Microsoft SQL Server 2012 RTM Now\n\n\n\nReference:\u00a0Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com)\n\n10 thoughts on \u201cSQL SERVER \u2013 Installing AdventureWorks Sample Database \u2013 SQL in Sixty Seconds #010 \u2013\u00a0Video\n\n  1. Hi pinal,\n\n    When i try to view the Video, it\u2019s showing \u201cThe video is currently Unavailable\u201d.\n\n    Can you please suggest me from where can i see the videos\u2019s?\n\n\n\n  2. Msg 5133, Level 16, State 1, Line 1\n    Directory lookup for the file \u201cC:\\Users\\gowdes\\Downloads\\AdventureWorks2012_Data.mdf\u201d failed with the operating system error 5(Access is denied.).\n\n\n  3. Pingback: SQL SERVER \u2013 Video \u2013 Step by Step Installation of SQL Server 2012 \u00ab SQL Server Journey with SQL Authority\n\n  4. Hi Pinal, when i tried to install AdventureWorks sample database its giving me an error regarding the DatabaseInstaller and secondly, I couldnt get the default instance in the Installation Instance dropdown list. I have SQL Server 2008. Thanks for reply in advance.\n\n\n  5. Hi Pinal,\n\n    I tried installing AdventureWorks_SR4 but I couldn\u2019t succeed. Everytime i try and it gives me an error page as \u201cDatabaseInstaller has encountered a problem and needs to close\u201d. What should I do?? Please help me out in fixing this issue. Thanks for the help in advance.\n\n\n  6. Thanks i installed it successfully on my win7 laptop. At first it said Access denied. When i copied the MDF to the DATA directory i clicked Yes when it said make directory available. works. you were much clearer than the MS pseudo-Help.\n\n\n  7. Pingback: SQL SERVER \u2013 Weekly Series \u2013 Memory Lane \u2013 #024 | SQL Server Journey with SQL Authority\n\nLeave a Reply\n\n\nWordPress.com Logo\n\n\nTwitter picture\n\n\nFacebook photo\n\n\nGoogle+ photo\n\n\nConnecting to %s
+__label__negative About Ultrasonic Cavitation\n\nWhat is Ultrasonic Cavitation Treatment?\n\nUltrasound is a non-invasive form of electromagnetic radiation that travels through the air and can affect all living things. The sound waves are generated by high frequency alternating electric currents (AC) in the earth\u2019s crust. These AC currents create an oscillating magnetic field which creates an effect similar to a small radio or television antennae. When these fields interact with certain materials, they produce sounds called ultrasound waves.\n\nThe sound waves travel through the air and can reach your body. They may cause pain when they hit your ear, but it is not harmful.\n\nHowever, if you have a damaged eardrum or other hearing problem, then you might hear some of the sounds that are produced by ultrasound. The most common type of ultrasound used for diagnosis and treatment is called acoustic tomography (AT). AT uses sound waves to produce images of tissues in the human body such as organs and internal structures.\n\nIn the past, there were no specific treatments for diseases caused by abnormal levels of ultrasound energy. Ultrasound therapy was developed to treat conditions like cancer and heart disease.\n\nToday, many doctors use ultrasound to diagnose and treat various types of cancers, heart problems, bone disorders and other illnesses. Ultrasound therapy is very effective in treating patients with these ailments because it helps them see their condition clearly before any surgery or medication can be administered.\n\nWhat is Ultrasonic Cavitation?\n\nCavitation is what happens when ultrasound is used to break up the tissue in a particular area of the body. The cavitation process involves a combination of low and high-frequency sound waves to mobilize, damage, and remove certain substances or materials. The most common types of cavitation are suction and fragmentation. Suction cavitation is used to remove small fluid-filled sacs from the body such as kidney stones. Fragmentation cavitation is used to break up mucus in the lungs or kidney stones.\n\nWhat happens during an ultrasonic cavitation session?\n\nBefore you have a cavitation, your doctor will explain the treatment to ensure that you are ready for it. If you have any medical conditions that might prevent you from undergoing the procedure, let your doctor know immediately. Before the actual procedure, your physician will do an examination to find the area of the body that needs treatment. This area will be cleansed and prepared before the ultrasonic treatment is done.\n\nYour physician will then use a device called a cavitatior to generate high-frequency sound waves to break up and remove excess fat, fluid orothecal material from your body. You may also experience some suction within the device as well.\n\nThe sensation should be similar to that of gentle tapping or vibration on the skin.\n\nSources & references used in this article:\n\nSonoporation: mechanical DNA delivery by ultrasonic cavitation by DL Miller, SV Pislaru, JF Greenleaf\u00a0\u2013 Somatic cell and molecular genetics, 2002 \u2013 Springer\n\nA review of in vitro bioeffects of inertial ultrasonic cavitation from a mechanistic perspective by MW Miller, DL Miller, AA Brayman\u00a0\u2013 Ultrasound in medicine & biology, 1996 \u2013 Elsevier\n\nEnhancement of ultrasonic cavitation yield by multi-frequency sonication by R Feng, Y Zhao, C Zhu, TJ Mason\u00a0\u2013 Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2002 \u2013 Elsevier\n\nUltrasonic cavitation at solid surfaces by DG Shchukin, E Skorb, V Belova\u2026\u00a0\u2013 Advanced\u00a0\u2026, 2011 \u2013 Wiley Online Library\n\nBroad prospects for commercial application of the ultrasonic (cavitation) melt treatment of light alloys by GI Eskin\u00a0\u2013 Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2001 \u2013 Elsevier\n\nCone-like bubble formation in ultrasonic cavitation field by A Moussatov, C Granger, B Dubus\u00a0\u2013 Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2003 \u2013 Elsevier\n\nOnset of ultrasonic cavitation in tap water by M Strasberg\u00a0\u2013 The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1959 \u2013 asa.scitation.org
+__label__negative What is thermal design power TDP? Serial ports Rear 1. Please enter your feedback here. Fastest real world speed \u2013 Real World Speed measures performance for typical consumers. Welcome to our freeware PC speed test tool. We calculate effective speed which measures real world performance for typical consumers.\n\nUploader: Kazragal\nDate Added: 13 February 2014\nFile Size: 63.45 Mb\nDownloads: 75854\nPrice: Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]\n\nMSI P31 Neo-F \u2013 motherboard \u2013 ATX \u2013 LGA775 Socket \u2013 P31\n\nBest value for money \u2013 Value for money is based on real world performance. Products may not be available in all markets.\n\nIf 2 or 4 memory modules are installed, we suggest that you use the same memory modules it means same size, brand, and speed. What is multi core floating point speed?\n\nIt cannot be activated if you only install 1 or 3 memory modules.\n\nPOL-User, 16 months ago. GBR-User, 9 months ago. Each dual channel needs 2 slots.\n\n\nMSI P31 Neo Series Manuals\n\nSerial ports Rear 1. What is quad core mixed CPU speed? Please enter your feedback here. What is the GeekBench single core score?\n\nPOL-User, 11 months ago. Fastest real world speed \u2013 Real World Speed measures performance for typical consumers. ISL-User, 2 months ago.\n\nMsi P31 Neo Series Manuals\n\nWhat is multi core integer speed? Other memory combination SS: RUS-User, 2 months md-7392. Xeon X, R7 Dual Channel combination SS: Please refer to the table 1 to activate dual channel memory technology.\n\nCore2 Quad Q, HD What is the GeekBench score? All images and descriptions are for illustrative purposes only.\n\nSupport For P31 Neo | Motherboard \u2013 The world leader in motherboard design | MSI Global\n\nHUN-User, 2 months ago. When using dual channel memory, the bandwidth of memory bus will be doubled. Although we endeavor to present the most precise and comprehensive information at the time of publication, a small number of items may contain typography or photography errors.\n\n\nVisual representation of the products may not be perfectly accurate. The charts also illustrate overall performance, popularity and rank. Product specification, functions and appearance may vary by models and differ from country to country. CZE-User, 7 months ago.\n\nWhat is single core integer speed? Our calculated values are checked against thousands of individual user ratings. You can quickly size up your PC, ,s-7392 hardware problems and explore the best upgrades. Today\u2019s hottest Amazon Ebay Newegg. For details of accessories, please refer to the descriptions on the product package.\n\nStart the discussion\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative Dean's Channel - Eyeing the Details\n\nWhat is Ann Morris' secret weapon in studying the genetic disorders that disrupt the human eye? A small, freshwater vertebrate called the zebrafish. Its innate ability to regenerate tissues within its retina following injury makes it a valuable tool for understanding the ocular disease that compromise the vision of thousands of people each year.\nEnter your linkblue username.\nEnter your linkblue password.\nSecure Login\n\nThis login is SSL protected
+__label__negative DU JAT EXAM 2017- Admit Card, Application Form, Exam Pattern, Result, Important Dates\n\nThe admit card\u00a0for the DU JAT ((Delhi University Joint Admission Test) has been released now and the exam date to be conducted is given July 9th 2017. The entrance exam is basically conducted by the Delhi University.The exam is conducted for the candidates to provide admission into\u00a0BMS / BBA (FIA) / B.A. (Honours) Business Economics programme. Here candidates can also check all the details regarding Delhi University Joint Admission test, Application form, Exam dates, Exam pattern, Eligibility Criteria etc.\n\n\n\nDU JAT 2017- Important Dates\n\n\u2013\u00a0Starting Date for Online registration-\u00a0June 16th 2017.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Ending Date for Online Registration-\u00a0June 25th 2017.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Availability of Admit Card-\u00a0July 4th 2017.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Date of Examination-\u00a0July 2nd and 9th 2017.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Result Decalaration Date-\u00a0July 2017.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Counselling-\u00a0July 2017.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Commencement of Class-\u00a0July 20th 2017.\n\nDU JAT 2017- Admit Card\n\nThe admit card issuing process has been started from July 4th 2017. The process was done through the online mode. The candidates need to carry their valid ID proof and a passport size photo. The admit card consists of Candidates name, Roll number, Category, Venue of the exam, Examination Date, Exam Timing, Photographs etc.\n\nDU JAT 2017- Application form\n\nThe\u00a0application form\u00a0for this examination was released on June 16th 2017 via online mode.The last date for filling up the application form was given June 25th 2017. The application fee for the various categories are as follows:\n\n\u2013\u00a0For General Category :- \u00a0\n\n  \u2022 For one courses- Rs. 1000.\n  \u2022 For two courses- Rs. 800.\n  \u2022 \u00a0For Three courses- Rs.600.\n\n\u2013\u00a0For reserved :-\n\n  \u2022 For one course- Rs.500.\n  \u2022 For two courses- Rs.400.\n  \u2022 For three courses- Rs.300.\n\nDU JAT 2017- Eligibility Criteria\n\n\u2013 Candidates must have qualified the 10+2 or equivalent examination with minimum of 65% marks.\n\n\u2013 \u00a0Candidates who are appearing can also apply.\n\nDU JAT 2017- Exam Pattern\n\nThe exam pattern is as follows:\n\n\u2013\u00a0Mode of the examination:\u00a0The examination will be held offline mode (pen- paper mode).\n\n\u2013\u00a0Exam Duration:\u00a0The time duration given to the candidates will be of 2 hours.\n\n\u2013\u00a0Total no. of Questions-\u00a0There will be total of 100 marks asked in the examination.\n\nMarking Scheme- Candidates will be awarded 3 marks for each correct response.\n\nNegative Marking-\u00a0For each wrong answer 1 mark will be\u00a0\u00a0deducted.\n\nDU JAT 2017- Syllabus\n\nThe syllabus consists of:\n\n\u2013 Business & General Awareness..\n\n\u2013 Reasoning & Analytical Ability\n\n\u2013 General English.\n\n\u2013 Quantitative Ability.\n\nDU JAT 2017- Result\n\nThe results will be declared in the first of July 2017 through online mode. The answer key for the Delhi University Joint Entrance Exam will be also published along with the result.The candidates will be called for the counselling on the basis of the rank list.\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative Rule Engine - Multiple actions under one condition\n\nHi community,\n\nI have a data set that contains several projects with a potential commercialization year and the sales forecast from Year 1 to 5 for each project. For each project, year 1 will depend on the commercialization date. Therefore, it can be 2023, 2024, 2028 and so on. I want to arrange the data in columns by year, so I can have it ordered.\n\nI thought about using rule engine node with a rule like this:\n\nCommercialization Year = 2019 => Year 1 = 2020, Year 2 = 2021, Year 3 = 2022, Year 4 = 2023, Year 5 2024.\nCommercialization Year = 2020 => Year 1 = 2021, Year 2 = 2022, Year 3 = 2023, Year 4 = 2024, Year 5 2025.\n\nI am struggling a bit with the syntax. Any help would be highly appreciated. Also any suggestions with another node works!\n\n\nHi @Mati_Concha , and welcome to the Knime Community.\n\nProbably Rule Engine is not the way to go. However, I\u2019m not sure what\u2019s the output you are trying to get.\n\nI can generate 5 years after the Commercial Year, but how should they be stored? As variables? In a table? Horizontal or vertical in the table? As table headers maybe?\n\nHere\u2019s how I generate 5 years dynamically:\n\nThe Commercialization Year and the Number of Forecast Years are both parameterizeable like this:\n\nAnd it generates 5 years based on these parameters:\n\nWe can add the labels Year 1, Year 2, \u2026 , Year 5 after that, or Transpose horizontally, it all depends on what you want as output.\n\nDetailing the logic/approach of the workflow:\nAfter the parameters are set, I define a new variable for the starting year (Year 1), which is the Commercialization Year + 1:\n\nUsing the Empty Table Creator, I then generate 5 Rows for 5 years (or how many Num of Forecast Year you enter). This is controlled by the Flow Variable as follows:\n\nAfter that, I use the Counter Generation which generates a \u201ccounter\u201d. You can set your starting point and the scale unit in the Counter Generation, so in this case, I want to start from 2020, which is my Year 1 variable that I set earlier (Commercialization Year + 1), and I want the scale unit to be 1, that is increment by 1.\n\nSince the Empty Table Creator created an empty table with 5 rows, the Counter Generation will generate 5 numbers, starting with Year 1 (2020) and incrementing by 1.\n\nThis is controlled by the Flow Variable like this:\n\nNow, if you want to set 2020 to a variable called Year 1, 2021 to a variable called Year 2, \u2026, 2024 to Year 5, it can be done by adding these to the original workflow:\n\nI now have these variables with these values:\n\nHere\u2019s the workflow: Generate 5 years based on starting year.knwf (16.2 KB)\n\n\nThanks @bruno29a for the detailed explanation. It seems that is more efficient that what I did. I need the output as new variables and after that, I will unpivot those variables. I did a in-between solution with rule engine.\n\nClose Year = Commercialization Year\n\n$Close_Year$ = 2022 => $Sales Y1$\n$Close_Year$ = 2021 => $Sales Y2$\n$Close_Year$ = 2020 => $Sales Y3$\n$Close_Year$ = 2019 => $Sales Y4$\n$Close_Year$ = 2018 => $Sales Y5$\nTRUE => 0\n\nWith this. I created variable \u201c2022\u201d and then created several rule engine rules to created following year. I will definitively check the solution that you proposed to have more resources to work with in the future.\n\nThanks for the time!\n\n1 Like\n\nHello @Mati_Concha and welcome to the KNIME community.\n\nI guess that when you talk about variables, you mean fields or columns, I\u2019m not sure yet.\n\nPlease find this alternative workflow. Some of these nodes can help you to make easier your requested transformation.\n20211105_string_years_transformation.knwf (43.0 KB)\n\n\n1 Like\n
+__label__negative What are some ways to work with a hyper-emotional employee?\n\n1 Answer | Add Yours\n\npohnpei397's profile pic\n\npohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator\n\nPosted on\n\nIf an employee is emotional to an excessive degree, the best thing to do (assuming the employee is worth keeping) is to give that employee feedback in ways that are designed to be factual and not, so far as is possible, subjective.\n\nOne thing that should be done first, however, is to let the employee know that their emotional responses are a problem.\u00a0 The employee has some degree of responsibility for making the employee-employer relationship work.\u00a0 Therefore, if the employee\u2019s emotional state makes it difficult for managers to work with them, they must be made aware of the problem.\n\nHowever, there are also things that the managers can do to ameliorate the problem caused by the employee\u2019s emotional nature.\u00a0 The best thing to do would be to evaluate the employee as much as possible in an objective way.\u00a0 This might involve making sure the employee is working in a job in which performance can be measured objectively.\u00a0 If this is possible, feedback to the employee could take the form of statistics.\u00a0 The employee could be shown how they are doing relative to what is expected.\u00a0 This would be less likely to invoke an emotional response because it would be a simple statement of fact, not a value judgment on the employee.\n\nWe\u2019ve answered 317,501 questions. We can answer yours, too.\n\nAsk a question
+__label__negative NBE Study Guide Marketing&Merchandising Part II\n\nairbud123's version from 2015-08-21 04:21\n\nSection 1\n\nQuestion Answer\ncove (roll, puffing)component part of the casket interior which lines the rim (ogee) and surrounds the cap panel\ncreditan agreement that payment for a product or service will be made for sometime at a later date\ncremation casketan environmentally safe casket which is designed for encasing dead human remains for cremation\ncrepe a thin crinkled cloth of silk, rayon, cotton, or wool\ncrinkled finishexterior casket finish in which the metal is coated with a substance that wrinkles as it dries; usually used on less expensive caskets\n\nSection 2\n\nQuestion Answer\ncrown (swell)the uppermost part of the cap, extending from rim to rim; everything above the rim\ncrushed interiorform of casket interior created by placing the lining material on a metal form, weights added, the material steamed, and then attached to a suitable upholstery (backing) material\ncrypta chamber in a mausoleum, of sufficient size, generally used to contain casketed remains of a deceased person\ndemographicsthe statistical study of human populations with respect to their size, density, distribution, composition, and income\ndemonstration group (educational group)three or four caskets utilized to educate the selecting party regarding the elements of casket construction\n\nSection 3\n\nQuestion Answer\ndie (tablet)main part of a monument, the upright portion above the base where the inscription is located\ndirect cremationa disposition of human remains by cremation without formal viewing, visitation or ceremony with body present\ndirect lightingillumination directly shining on an object\ndirect selection room procedurethe method of selling merchandise whereby thr funeral director remains in the selection room throughout the entire selection process\ndoeskin (moleskin)a heavy durable cotton fabric with a short (1/8th inch or less), thick, velvety nap on one side; woven cloth with a suede like appearance\n\nSection 4\n\nQuestion Answer\ndomethe top of an air seal burial vault which entraps air as it is put in position; it also supports the weight of the earth above\ndouble sealmethod of closure that utilizes the principle of the air seal in conjunction with an epoxy material at the junction of the dome and the base of the vault\near (lug)part of the casket handle that is attached to the casket body\neconomic basethe wealth produced in or near a community that provides employment and income to local population\neconomic order quantity (eoq)the quantity to be purchased which minimizes total costs\n\nSection 5\n\nQuestion Answer\neffective datedate that the specific price list was put to use\nelliptica casket having ends in the shape of a half circle\nembossedto ornament with raised work; to raise relief from the surface; material having designs raised above the surface\nengineered wood (composite wood)a range of derivative wood products which are ma manufactured by binding together wood strands, particles, fibers or veneers with adhesives to form composite materials\nepitaphan inscription placed on a monument to commemorate the deeds or qualities of the departed\n\nSection 6\n\nQuestion Answer\nexcelsior (wood wool)wood that has been shredded into spaghetti like strings\nextendover (large body)the portion of the casket interior which extends over the top body molding (body ledge) for aesthetic value\nferrous metalany metal formed from iron (steel or stainless steel)\nfiberglassa material consisting of extremely fine filaments of glass embedded by a constant factor\nfishtail (pie)the wedge shaped portion of the cap (lid) t each end of the crown\n\nSection 7\n\nQuestion Answer\nfixed multipleprice determination where the casket cost is multiplied by a constant factor\nflaring squarecasket shell design in which the sides and ends of the casket body flare out from the bottom to the top; a casket shell design that is narrower and shorter at the bottom than at the opening of the top\nflat finish (matte finish)a finish used on casket exteriors that is free of gloss: dull lusterless surfaceno shine or gloss\nfluorescent lightingthe illumination produced by a tubular electric discharge lamp; the fluorescence of phosphors coating the inside of the tube\nflush markera small headstone, which is set with its top even with the surrounding terrain\n\nSection 8\n\nQuestion Answer\nfold (gimp)a strip fo metal, platic, or cloth that is attached to the inside of the panel, covering the area at which point the roll (cove) is anchored\nfoot panela component part of the casket interior which is inside the foot portion of the cap\nfractional displayuse of portions of casket (1/2. 1/4.1/8) in the selection room\nfree itemsnone of the 16 items required to be seperately itemized on the GPL can be listed as free or no charge. Items not required by the rule can be listed as free\nfunctional pricingmethod of price quotation in which the charges are broken down into several major component parts such as professional services, facilities, automobile, and merchandise\n\nSection 9\n\nQuestion Answer\nfuneral ceremonyservice commemorating the deceased with a body present\nfuneral goodsgoods which are sold or offered for sale directly to the public for the use with funeral services\nfuneral providerany person, partnership, or corporation that sells or offers to sell funeral goods and funeral services to the public\ngalvanizedsteel that is coated with zinc for increased resistance to rust\ngasket channel found on cut op gasketed caskets; is an intergral part of the foot panel. Header on gasketed caskets; the function is to hold the transverse gasket to seal the space between the head and foot caps\n\nSection 10\n\nQuestion Answer\ngaugea measurement of thickness of metals; the number of sheets needed to equal approximate one inch of thickness\ngeneral price list (GPL)printed or typewritten list of goods and services offered for sale by a funeral provider with retail prices. Considered keystone of the funeral rule\ngraduated recoverypricing method where the mark-up varies\ngravean excavation in the earth as a place for internment\ngrave box an outer enclosure consisting of a body and a one or two piece lid\n\nSection 11\n\nQuestion Answer\ngrave lineran outer enclosure which offers protection from the earth load but without protection from the elements\ngraveside servicea ceremony or ritual, religious or otherwise, conducted at the grave\nhammertone finisha sprayed fininsh that has the appearance of small indentations in the metal (as if struck by a hammer); the \"indentation\" are in the paint and appear as it dries\nhardwarethe handles, ornamental fixtures and their fittings are attached to the casket shell\nhardwoodany tough, heavy timber with a compact texture; any deciduous tree (tree that loses its leaves annually)\nheader flangethe turned under edge or horizontal portion of the header\n\nSection 12\n\nQuestion Answer\nhead panela component part of the casket interior which is inside the portion of the head cap; no distinction is made between the head panel and foot panel in full couch caskets\nhermetically sealedairtight; impervious to external influence; completely sealed by fusion or soldering\nhinge cover (hinge skirt)that portion of the casket interior covering the hinges that attach the casket cap to the casket body; usually extends form the roll and becomes part of the body lining\nhorizontal tableta type of cemetery monument in which the die is wider than it is tall\nincome (revenue)an inflow of assets as a result of selling a product or providing a service\n\nSection 13\n\nQuestion Answer\nincome statement (profit and loss statement)a formal financial statement which presents the income, expenses, and resulting net profit or net loss for a given period\ninvoicea source document showing quantity, description, prices of items, total amount of purchase and the terms of the payment\nimmediate buriala disposition of human remains by burial without formal viewing, visitation or ceremony with body present, except for graveside\nincandescent lightingthe illumination resulting from the glowing of a heated philament\nindirect lightingreflected illumination of an object\n\nSection 14\n\nQuestion Answer\nindirect selection room procedurethe method of selling merchandise whereby the funeral director doesn't stay in the room during the selection process\ninner panelsfunctional or ornamental covering that usually covers the foot end of the casket in the full couch casket; may be located at both head and foot end\ninventory (merchandise)those goods or stock of goods which are held for resale at a profit\ninventory turnoverthe number of times the average inventory has been sold or used up during a period\nitemizationthe method of price quotation by which each unit of service an or merchandise is priced seperately\n\nSection 15\n\nQuestion Answer\nlaminatesmade b uniting superimposed layers of different materials\nlawncryptgrave space where two or more persons may be buried in grave liners which may have been stacked one on top of the other, with the first person who dies being buried in the deepest grave liner with subsequent burials on top\nlinena fabric made of flax; noted for its strength, coolness, and luster\nlota subdivision of a cemetery which consists of several grave or internment space\nmarkdowna reduction of selling price below the original selling price\n\nSection 16\n\nQuestion Answer\nmarkera small headstone, usually of one piece, used to identify individual graves\nmarketa group of potential customers possessing purchasing power and unsatisfied needs\nmarketing the process of planning and executing the development, pricing, promotion, and distributions of an organizations goods/services\nmarket surveya study that is used by a business to determine where the potential customers are loacted\nmarket value approachan approach used in business valuation which determines value based upon previous sales of similar business\n\nSection 17\n\nQuestion Answer\nmarkupthe difference between merchandise cost and selling price\nmerchandising businessa business that purchases finished goods for resale\nmasselinpressed paper in sheets form; used in casket construction as a backing (upholstery) material\nmattress coverinterior cloth or material which covers the mattress or bedding of the casket\nmausoleuma building containing crypts or vaults for entombment; an above ground structure for burial\n\nSection 18\n\nQuestion Answer\nmediana value in an ordered set of values which represents the mid point, whereby an equal number of values above and below the midpoint value\nmemoriala physical object that is designed for the purpose of remembering\nmemorial servicea ceremony commemorating the deceased without the body present\nmemorial parka cemetery or section of a cemetery with only flush markers to the ground\nmerchandisingthe purchasing, display, and sale of merchandise\n\nSection 19\n\nQuestion Answer\nmetal case (ziegler case)a gasketed container which can be used as an insert into a casket or as a seperate shipping container\nmodethe value that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers\nmonumenta structure, usually of stone or metal, erected to commemorate the life, deeds, or career of a deceased person\nnichea recess or space in a columbarium used for the permanent placing of cremated remains\nnon-declinable service feebasic services is the only fee which the consumer cannot decline (unless law states other wise) services, facilities, or unallocated overhead\n\nSection 20\n\nQuestion Answer\nnon-ferrous metalany metal that is not formed from iron\noctagon a casket having eight angles or corners therefore has eight sides or body panels\nogee (rim)a \"S\" shaped molding that is a component part of the casket cap\nogee flange (rim flange)the turned under edge or horizontal portion of the rim which comes in contact with the gasket or body ledge flange (top body molding flange)\nopen-end credit (revolving account)a line of credit that may be used over and over again up to a certain borrowing limit\n\nSection 21\n\nQuestion Answer\nouter burial containerany container which is designed for the placement in the grave, but not limited to burial vaults, grave boxes, and grave liners\nouter burial container price list (OBC PL)print or typewritten list of outer burial containers normally offered for sale by the funeral provider which do not require special ordering. must include retail price and helpful info\noverlay (overthrow, throw)the aesthetic covering for the foot cp or inner foot panel of the casket.\npackage pricingpricing method which groups together selected services and/or merchandise\nperfection full coucha casket in which the rim (ogee), crown and pies are formed as one piece and rise as one piece\nperfection half coucha casket in which the rim (ogee, crown, and pies are formed as one unit with a transverse cut in the cap, forming two caps\n\nSection 22\n\nQuestion Answer\nplastica synthtic or natural organic material shaped when soft and then hardened\nplastic extrusion moldinga method of molding plastic by injecting molten plastic into a die\nplated finishthe finish created when base metal is coated by another metal via an electrolytic process; often found on casket hardware; in casket construction identified by the term \"deposit\"\nplusha woven cloth with a nap exceeding 1/8th inch\nplywoodthin sheets of wood glued otgether so that the grains are at right angles to one another; an odd number of sheets will be used so that the grain on the front and back will always run in the same direction\n\nSection 23\n\nQuestion Answer\npolished finisha surface made smooth and glossy usually by friction; brought to a highly developed, finished or refines state; burnished\npolymer a compound, similar in appearance to plastic, that has a high molecular weight creating an extremely durable substance\npoucha leak resistant zippered bag designed to contain a dead human body and body fluids and is used mainly for the removal of dead human remains\nprice determinationmethod used by management to establish the selling price for services and merchandise\nprice quotationmethod by which prices are explained to the consumer (itemized GPL required by FTC but package pricing allowed)\n\nSection 24\n\nQuestion Answer\npricing policyfactors which influence prices\npriest casket (slip panel)a casket opening style in which the cap or lid at the head end of the casket is completely removed from the casket for the purpose of viewing; the remains may be viewed from either side of the casket\nquantity discountamount by which a bill or invoice will be reduced when a minimum quantity of merchandise has been ordered\nquartilea division of the total into four segments, each one representing 1/4th the total\nrangethe upper and lower extremity of a series of numbers\n\nSection 25
+__label__negative \"Would thou become an automaton, to be pushed about or handled by ANY force outside of thyself? and then lose thine own association or connection with thine Creator itself? for, as has been given, the spiritual insight in an individual is that it may become equal or one with the divine influences as may manifest themselves in the individual's life. To act, or be acted upon by such influences, as to be pushed about as an automaton, and to be chosen for us as to what would be the activities, is making the individuals lose their individuality; their personality becomes submerged in that of another.\" Cayce (270-028) (underline added)\n\n\"The application of the knowledge must be construed within self. To give to do this today or tomorrow, or the next day, would make the body an automaton and not a free-willed individual.\" Cayce (264-056)\n\n\"He that expects and puts his trust and faith in the Lord shall not be disappointed. He that would be double-minded may expect to be disturbed in the mental visions that are brought in the experience of such an one from time to time. The LAW is perfect. The flesh is weak. The spirit is willing. In making each compatible, then, an exercising of the prerogative that makes for the differentiation between an automaton and a living example is made manifest. He that has been faithful over a few things may be made ruler over many. Faint not because of disappointment. Rather use even failures as stepping-stones for gaining the greater vision of the light. The light that makes the path straight. Walk, then, in the light that is set by self as the ideal. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. Ye will be enjoined one to the other. Keep thine counsel in many things. Be a good listener, and an EXCELLENT worker.\" Cayce (311-008)\n\n(Q) What will be the span of my life here, so that I may plan accordingly?\n(A) One can make that almost what one wishes! It is true that with each atom as it is separated in conception there is given a vibratory force that has its extenuation in the general activities through a system, or the span set. Some individuals hold that the day of demise is set with the day of birth, yet if this were so men would become only an automaton. But will and the purpose or desire, with the activities in its relationships to what has been the promise - \"Honor - that thy days may be long in the land which the Lord, thy God, giveth thee,\" make for the setting of the time.\" Cayce (338-005)\n\n\"As to the choices, these must ever be in self. For, if freewill or the desire (which is an attribute or an expression of will) were taken from man, or from the human soul, it would then become rather the automaton, rather the animal, or rather the spirit of animal activity in a material world; hence not of itself. Rather, when the activity is not of self, let it be not in materiality but in spirituality - and the expressions thereof in self's activities.\" Cayce (349-017)\n\n\"For thou art indeed a god in its making, for He would have thee as one with Him; yet the choices must be made by thee, or else ye become only as an automaton, only capable of doing that to which ye have been set as unchangeable.\" Cayce (1440-001)\n\n\"But the WILL is of self, else ye would not indeed be the child of the Creative and Living Force or God that ye are; but as an automaton.\" Cayce (1538-001)\n\n\"For as was given of old, there is each day set before us life and death, good and evil. We choose because of our natures. If our will were broken, if we were commanded to do this or that, or to become as an automaton, our individuality then would be lost and we would only be as in Him without conscience - CONSCIENCE - (consciousness) of being one with Him; with the abilities to choose for self!\" Cayce (1567-002)\n\n\"Each soul in its awareness is born into an environ materially, an environ spiritually, an environ that may be of the making or the undoing; dependent upon the will - the birthright, the gift of each soul that it may make itself manifest and one with that Creative Force, and not merely an automaton that would be moved only as it would not.\" Cayce (2608-001)\n\n\"What is thy God? The Creative Forces, or self? A good time, fame or fortune? Ye must know. Ye must answer. God does not even answer for you. He gives you the free will to use as ye WILL. For He does not want, does not have, other than that one choosing to be equal with Him. If He had to knock you in the head to do it, or you had to become an automaton and pushed about, could you be equal with the Creative Forces? Answer within yourself!\" Cayce (2981-004)\n\nSee Also\n\n\nPage last modified on Wednesday 08 of December, 2010 04:15:54 MST\n\nLast-Visited Pages
+__label__negative Return to Headlines\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\nWhat is the bell schedule?\n\nBell Schedule\n\n\nHow do I pay school fees?\n\nSchool Fee Payment\n\n\nHow do I add money to my student's account for cafeteria extras?\n\nCafeteria funds (All students receive free breakfast/lunch this year; this link will allow funds to be added for students to purchase extra items._\n\n\nHow do I locate my child's bus?\n\nBus Stop Locator\n\n\nWho is my child's counselor?\n\n6th Grade:\u00a0Reagan Winstead\n\n7th Grade: Kendall Kobler last names A-K)/ Reagan Winstead (last names L-Z)\n\n8th Grade: Kendall Kobler\u00a0\n\n\nWho is my child's Assistant Principal?\n\n6th Grade:\u00a0Beth Reynolds\u00a0\n\n7th Grade: Jennifer Maryanski\n\n8th Grade:\u00a0Melissa Glover\u00a0\n\n\nWhat is the earliest I can drop my child off?\n\n\u00a0Our doors open for car riders/walkers at 7:30 am, which is the earliest they can be dropped off at school. Bus riders are allowed in as soon as their bus arrives.\u00a0\n\n\u00a0Can I drop off packages/communicate messages to my student?\n\nOnly home lunches can be dropped off during the day. Families are encouraged to communicate with their kids before/after school. Due to the constant activity of the school office, we cannot guarantee that messages can be communicated to individual students.\u00a0\n\nWhat is the latest I can check my child out?\n\nThe latest students can be checked out is 2:45 pm.\u00a0\n\n\nWhat clubs are available for students to join?\n\nHVMS Clubs\n\n\nWhere can I access the curriculum that my child will learn in Health class?\n\nFamily Life Info\n\n\nWho is my child's Related Art teacher?\n\nRelated Art Team
+__label__negative WBJEE 2018, WBJEEM 2018 Allahabad Bank Branches List, WBJEE Application Sales for Bank Branches 2018, WBJEE Application Bank Branches 2018, WBJEE 2018 Application Bank Branches Details, Availability of WBJEEM 2018 Application Bank Branches, List of WBJEE 2018 Application Bank Branches, West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam 2018 Bank Branches, West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam 2018 Allahabad Bank Branches\n\nEngineering + Medica\n\nHome Entrance Exam Eligibility Application Form\nAdmit Card Syllabus Results Counselling\n\nList of WBJEEM 2018 Allahabad Bank Branches\n\nPayment through Allahabad Bank e \u2013 Challan\n\nThe Examination Fees can be paid in cash less mode by \u2018Net Banking\u2019 / \u2018Debit Card\u2019 / \u2018Credit Card\u2019 or in cash using \u201cAllahabad Bank\u201d e \u2013 challan, which will be automatically generated for downloading once the same option is selected. The candidate has to take a print of the challan and deposit the fees in cash in any branch of Allahabad Bank with Core Banking Services ( CBS ).\n\nAfter payment, the candidate has to login to the system and upload the details written on the e \u2013 Challan by the bank official. When the details are uploaded, the Confirmation Page will be generated.\n\nEngineering + Medica\n\n34 thoughts on \u201cWBJEE Bank Branches 2018\n\n  1. Sir can you please tell me where is the nearest branch of Allahabad bank located in howrah maidan to ramrajatala?and when will the application form be available?9\n\n  2. Why it is not accepted inallahabad bank e challan via jee mains seat only please help us because only two days remaining in completing choice filling.\n\n  3. Aoumt Rs. 500/- ( five hundred deposited on 14/01/2015 for application No. 5062020 at RINPAS Branch of Allahabad Bank\n\n  4. I wnat a form of WBJEE JELET For lateral entry will i get in your nearest bank .?\n\n  5. the name of the issuing bank is UNITED BANK OF INDIA, not UNION, becuse all the branch names are of united bank\u2019s.\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative To learn more about the Student Advantage Discount Card\u00ae, click on the Help pages below.\nStill need help? Contact Card Services at or 1.800.333.2920.\n\nThe Student Advantage Card\nWhat is the Student Advantage Card?\nWhat are the benefits of the Card?\nWhere can I save with the Card?\nWhat types of Cards are available?\n\nPurchasing or Redeeming the Card\nWho is eligible to purchase the Card?\nWhere can I purchase the Card?\nHow much does the Card cost?\nWhy purchase a Co-brand Card?\nWhy purchase a Special Edition Card?\nI purchased my Card at a Greyhound Station.\nI purchased my Card through Cultural Care Au Pair.\n\nUniversity ID Cards\nOnce I complete enrollment, where do I go to pick up\nmy ID card with Student Advantage?\n\nWhere do I go to pick up my new ID card with\nStudent Advantage if I already have an ID card?\n\nHow do I know Student Advantage has been\nadded to my ID card?\n\nRenewing the Card\nHow will I know that my Card is about to expire?\nWhere can I renew my Card?\nWhat are the benefits of renewing my Card?\nIf I renew my Card can I still keep the same number?\nHow much does it cost to renew the Card?\n\nFundraising Programs\nDoes Student Advantage have fundraising programs?\nHow do fundraising programs work?\nWho can sign up for fundraising programs?\n\nReferral Programs\nDoes Student Advantage offer referral programs for Cardholders?\nDoes Student Advantage offer referral programs for non-Cardholders?\nI have not received payment for Card sales.\n\nCardholder Issues\nWhat if I never received my Card?\nWhat if my Card is lost or stolen?\nHow can I access My Account?\nHow do I print my temporary Card?\nHow do I redeem my rebate?\nWhat if I forgot my login/password?\nHow do I change my shipping address?\nHow do I subscribe to Student Advantage e-mails?\nHow do I unsubscribe from e-mails?\nWhat if I cannot view Student Advantage e-mails?\nWhat if I have trouble using search?\n\nActivating the Card\nHow do I activate my Card?\nHow can I tell if my Card has been activated?\nWhy do I need to activate my Card?\nWhat if I'm having problems activating my Card?\n\nMerchant Issues\nWhat if a merchant is not accepting the Card?\nCan I add merchants to the discount program?\nWhat if I am having trouble with an online discount?\nI am a business interested in offering a discount to\nStudent Advantage Cardholders.\n\nGeneral Information\nUniversity Programs\nLocal Merchant Programs\nNational Brand Programs\nAffiliate Programs\nAbout Us\nJobs & Internships\nContact Us
+__label__negative You may suspect that a young person has dyscalculia \u2013 but does that mean he/she should be tested?\n\nUnder the Equalities Act 2010 (which applies to all schools across the UK) schools are required to provide education suitable for the child's particular needs.\u00a0 But of course it is up to each school and its staff to decide what the needs of each child are \u2013 taking into account any professional reports that are available. \u00a0There are some details of the Equalities Act and its provisions here.\n\nIn terms of professional reports as to a child or teenager\u2019s likelihood of having dyscalculia, the only people who can say definitively if this is the case are educational psychologists who specialise\u00a0in dyscalculia.\u00a0\n\nSuch professionals are invariably registered with the British Psychological Society or the Association of Educational Psychologists who can supply details of their members who specialise in this field of work.\u00a0 The cost of a diagnosis will vary but may be around \u00a3300.\n\nAfter such a test being undertaken a report will be issued and this is as close as possible to being a definitive statement on dyscalculia; however it is important to realise that this is a diagnosis \u2013 it is not a prescription for what to do to help the individual.\n\nAn alternative, less definitive but also less expensive approach is to use an on-line test such as that run by the Dyscalculia Centre.\u00a0\u00a0 Because this is taken on-line and thus is not personally overseen by an educational psychologist this is not as accurate as a one-to-one test but it still can be helpful.\u00a0 And because it is conducted on-line it is much less expensive than a one-to-one test and full professional diagnosis.\n\nWhat's more, if the test finds that dyscalculia is present, the Dyscalcuila Centre provides teaching materials that can be used either by the school or the parent - or indeed by any adult who can work with the child and who has a normal grasp of maths.\n\nIf you work in a school and wish to use the test there are details here.\n\nIf you are a parent concerned about a child, or an adult who wishes to know if you perhaps have dyscalculia there are details here.
+__label__negative Sudden sensorineural hearing loss by drtbalu\n\nIntroduction: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is defined as 20 \u2013 30 dB sensorineural hearing loss in atleast 3 contiguous frequencies over a period of less than 3 days. Usually this hearing loss is perceived by the patient suddenly on awakening from overnight sleep. Statistically, this type of deafness constitutes about 1% of all cases of sensorineural hearing loss.\n\nAge incidence: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss may affect persons of any age group. This type of deafness commonly affects patients in their 4th decade.\n\nAssociated otological symptoms:\n\nThese patients also manifest with associated otological symptoms which include:\n\n  1. Tinnitus \u2013 70% of cases\n  2. Vertigo \u2013 40% of cases\n\nPuretone audiogram: Shows the following features:\n\n  1. Downward sloping \u2013 High frequency hearing loss (common)\n  2. Upward sloping \u2013 Low frequency hearing loss\n  3. U \u2013 shaped hearing loss \u2013 Mid frequency loss\n  4. Flat curve \u2013 Profound sensorineural hearing loss\n\nManagement dilemma:\n\n  1. Recovery rates without treatment ranges between 40 \u2013 70%\n  2. Recurrence rate with / without treatment \u2013 30%\n  3. Pathophysiology is heterogeneous\n  4. Incidence is very rare\n\nCauses of sudden sensorineural hearing loss:\n\n  1. Idiopathic \u2013 90% cases\n  2. Non idiopathic \u2013 10% cases\n\nIt is very important to rule out acoustic neuroma in all these patients as 4% of these patients may suffer from this disorder. Retrocochlear evaluation is a must in all these patients.\n\nWork up: Should include\n\n  1. Pure tone audiometry\n  2. Impedance audiometry\n  3. MRI of internal acoustic canal\n  4. ESR\n  5. VDRL / FTA \u2013 Abs for syphilis\n  6. Serum tested for autoimmune inner ear disease\n\nIdiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: This condition is probably multifactorial in etiology. This factor goes on to explain the high degree of variability in the therapeutic responses shown by these patients.\n\nTwo possible theories have been attributed:\n\n  1. Circulatory disturbance\n  2. Inflammatory reaction\n\nIt should also be stressed that these two theories are not mutually exclusive. Viral insults can cause direct neural injury, direct vascular structure injury, direct injury to red cells causing micro vascular compromise. In addition to all these responses, it can also precipitate inflammatory chain reaction.\n\nAdvocated treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss:\n\n  1. Steroids\n  2. Niacin\n  3. Histamine\n  4. Lipoflavinoid vitamins\n\nIt has been documented that patients with midfrequency hearing loss had complete recovery even without treatment. It has also been shown that 70% of patients with severe sensorineural hearing loss did not respond to therapy.\n\nPatients with moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss responded to steroid therapy. It has been said that they lie in the \u201cSteroid effective zone\u201d. It is important to identify patients belonging to this group as they could benefit from steroid administration.\n\nSteroid regimen:\n\nCurrently accepted steroid regimen is oral steroid therapy. Prednisolone is administered in doses of 1mg / kg body weight / day for 7 \u2013 10 days. This is followed by a rapid taper of dose. It has also been said that low dose of steroids are ineffective.\n\nIntratympaic steroid administration:\n\nAdvantages include:\n\n  1. Drug is directly administered into the site of action\n  2. It diffuses through round window membrane into the inner ear\n  3. Since inflammation / autoimmunity have been suspected to the causes, steroids could play a role.\n  4. There is virtually no systemic side effects\n\nSpinal needle is used for instilling drugs directly into the middle ear cavity. Needle myringotomy is performed at two different sites in the ear drum. Both these holes should be placed in the antero inferior quadrant. They should not be close enough to avoid the complication of causing a large perforation. Drug is instilled through the second hole and the air from the middle ear cavity could be seen bubbling out through the superior opening on being displaced. Dexamethazone preferably in concentration of 10 mg/cc is used. 1ml of it is mixed with 0.1 ml of 1% xylocaine. About 0.5 ml of this solution is injected into the middle ear cavity. Injections are administered twice a week for a period of 6 weeks. Introduction of Silverstein microwick has made the job little bit simpler.
+__label__negative What is Electron Paramagnetic Resonance?\n\nEPR [wiki]\u00a0is a magnetic resonance technique which detects the resonance transitions between energy states of unpaired electrons in an applied magnetic field. The electron has spin, which gives it a magnetic moment. The magnetic moment makes the electron behave like a tiny bar magnet. When we apply an external magnetic field, the paramagnetic electrons can either orient in a direction parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the magnetic field. This creates two states with different energies \u00b1\u00bdg\u00b5BB0\u00a0. g is the g-factor, which is a proportionality constant equal to 2.0023 for free electron, but strongly dependent on electronic envionment of the species. \u00b5B\u00a0is the Bohr magneton [wiki], which is the natural unit of electronic magnetic moment. The splitting of the energy levels by applied magnetic field is called the Zeeman effect [wiki]. The difference between the spin state energies can be probed by application of the additional magnetic field oscillating with the frequency \u03bd, such that \u0394E = h\u03bd. Here \u0394E is energy difference between levels and h is Planck constant. This field will drive the electron between the states only if the resonance condition \u0394E = h\u03bd = g\u00b5BB0\u00a0is satisfied.\n\nIn Vivo\u00a0systems contain very small concentrationt of paramagnetic species. Many of the species are also short lived intermediates of various biochemical reactions. taken together these factors limit direct observaton of\u00a0in vivo\u00a0paramagnetic species using conventional EPR.\u00a0One EPR technique to observe these intermediates is called\u00a0spin trapping. The exogenous spin probe that forms paramagnetic adduct in the presence of the species of interest that allows us to quantify and localize them.\n\nAnother application of EPR is measurement of environmental parameters of exogenous spin probe such as partial oxygen pressure, pH, viscosity, thiol concentration and temperature. These parameters affect the EPR resonance frequencies by shifting them or altering spin probe\u00a0relaxation. The careful choice of the spin probe allows specific measurement of only the parameter of interest, for the elucidation of the\u00a0In vivo\u00a0microenvironment.\u00a0\n\nThe three-dimensional EPR imaging allows measurement of spin probe distribution in the animal body. The imaging modalities\u00a0that measure some other parameter in addition to the distribution are typically referred to as 4D imaging. If EPR spectrum is obtained in every point of space the imaging modality is called spectral-spatial. Prior to imaging the spin probe is injected into blood stream of an animal. In case of mice the tail vein is cannulated for this purpose. For larger animals more localized delivery is practiced. Then the animal is placed into an EPR imager that has a static magnetic field electromagnet, three dimensional gradient system, resonator and radio frequency bridge. Similar to MRI, EPR in vivo imaging uses frequencies in the range from 250 MHz to 1 GHz. This choice of frequency ensure good penetration of RF energy through the body. The magnetic fields required for resonance are much lower than the ones used for MRI and are about 100-400 Gauss. Continuous Wave, Rapid Scan, and Pulsed Imaging techniques are used.\n\nAlthough the basic principles of\u00a0in vivo\u00a0EPR imaging are similar to the principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the methodology of EPRI is considerably different from the conventional MRI due to the five to six order of magnitude reduction in phase (T2e) and spin-lattice (T1e) relaxation times of the spin probes. This complicates the application of pulsed magnetic field gradients. For oxymetry we employ electron spin echo pulse sequence shown above.\u00a0The location of spin probe in a sample is encoded using static magnetic field gradients. Tomographic methods that employed by the Center use gradients sampled in the polar coordinate system as shown in the Figure. The image is reconstructed from projections using inverse Radon transformation. Typical EPR images have spatial resolution of ~1 mm and time resolution of 1 minute. EPR oxygen images have greater than 1 torr absolute accuracy.\n\nEPR p02\u00a0images are predictive of tumor resistance to radiation and also to recurrence after treatment. We are currently developing methodologies to target hypoxia based on our p02\u00a0images in order to deliver an extra dose of radiation with the goal of deascreasing tumor recurrence and extending patient survival. \u00a0Development of this technique will allow clinicians to focus radiation on resistant locations within the tumor and spare vital tissues, ensuring higher post-treatment quality of life for the patient. The figure at the left shows data illustrating the difference between\u00a0highly hypoxic individuals and normoxic ones.\n\nIn recent years, major insight has been generated by exploration of the molecular behavior of diseased tissue. However, much is lost by ignoring the micro-environmental complexity of the living animal. To fully understand biological pathways and their component interactions, it is crucial that extensive, simultaneous physiologic information be obtained from various well-resolved locations in living animals. Only armed with this information can mechanisms that govern complex physiologic system interactions be put in proper context. Physiologic EPR images provide this information. Although the initial emphasis of our Center is cancer treatment, the EPR technology can be applied to crucial questions in stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and heart attack.
+__label__negative Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum\n\nAsk Dr. Math\n\nHigh School Archive\n\n\nThis page:\n\u00a0\u00a0geometry\u00a0checkmark\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Dr. Math\n\nSee also the\nDr. Math FAQ:\n\u00a0\u00a0geometric formulas\n\nInternet Library:\n\n\nAbout Math\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0basic algebra\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0linear algebra\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0linear equations\n\nComplex Numbers\n\nDiscrete Math\n\nFibonacci Sequence/\n\u00a0\u00a0Golden Ratio\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0conic sections/\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0coordinate plane\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0practical geometry\n\nNegative Numbers\n\nNumber Theory\n\nSquare/Cube Roots\n\n\nBrowse High School Higher-Dimensional Geometry\nStars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing.\n\nSelected answers to common questions:\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Do cones or cylinders have edges?\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Latitude and longitude.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 MaximizIng the volume of a cylinder.\n\n\n\nFinding the Length of Carpet Left on a Roll [09/25/2008]\nIf I can see the end of a roll of carpet I can figure out the approximate square yardage by taking the inside circumference, the outside circumference and the number of total layers left, then calculating each layer. Is there a formula I can apply to calculate the result directly?\n\nFinding the Radius of a Sphere [10/28/1996]\nCan you find the radius of a sphere if you don't know the volume or surface area?\n\nFinding the Volume of a Horizontal Tank [2/13/1996]\nWhat is the formula for finding the volume of a horizontal cylinder?\n\nFinding Where Planets are Rising/Setting [03/12/2002]\nFind a formula that calculates where (in longitude and latitude) the different celestial bodies are on the horizon, either setting or rising.\n\nFind the Cities [06/19/2001]\nGiven the latitudes and longitudes of Detroit, MI, and Miami, FL, find every city within 10 miles of a straight line between them.\n\n\nFlattened Cone [08/30/1998]\n\nFlattening the Frustum of a Cone [10/15/2000]\nWe are building a desk the front of which forms a section of a cone. We know the radius and chord length at the top and the floor. 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Would it be the formula for the volume of a 4-dimensional sphere?\n\nFrustum of a Cone [12/09/1996]\nIf you cut a cone and then lay it out on a flat surface, what will be the inside and outside sizes of this flattened-out cone?\n\n\nGPS Formula [11/27/2002]\nHow can I calculate the position from 3 points (or more) in latitude longitude format?\n\nGreat Circle Parametric Equation [05/25/1998]\n\nHeight of a Dome [08/06/2002]\n\nHelpful Ways to Remember Cylinder and Prism Formulas [03/28/2005]\nI was wondering if you could tell me an easy way to memorize formulas like volume, surface area, and lateral area for cylinders and prisms?\n\nHole in a Sphere [12/30/1996]\nWhen you bore a 6 inch cylindrical hole through the center of a sphere, what is the volume of the remaining solid?\n\nHorizontal Gas Tank Content Formula [01/17/1999]\n\n\nHow Many Liters of Water Does a Pool Hold? [12/4/1995]\nA pool's surface forms a rectangle 25 meters long by 15 meters wide. The pool is 2 meters deep at the shallow end and the depth increases at the constant rate to four meters at the other end. How many liters of water will the pool hold?\n\nHow Much Material on a Spool? [05/02/2007]\nA reel of flat blade has an outer diameter of 1016 mm and an inner diameter of 508 mm. The blade thickness is 20 mm. Could you tell me the length of the blade and show me the formula for working it out?\n\nHypercube [10/13/2001]\nHave there been any recent developments in studying the fourth dimension?\n\nHyperspace and the 4th Dimension [9/20/1995]\nMay we have a general definition of hyperspace?\n\nInformation About Topology [11/12/1996]\nWhere can I learn more about topology?\n\nIntersecting Lines Coplanar? [08/23/2002]\nDo two intersecting lines have to be coplanar?\n\nIntersection of Three Spheres [06/05/2003]\nHow do you find the intersection of three spheres?\n\nIntersection of Two Spheres [10/13/2003]\nHow can I find the equation of the circle that results from intersecting two spheres?\n\nIs a Curved Surface a Face? [03/19/2008]\nIs a curved surface a face or not? Like in a cylinder, is the curved surface considered a face?\n\nIs Geometry a Language? [01/28/2002]\nI have to write an essay to defend or criticize the statement, \"Geometry is a Language.\"\n\nIsoperimetric Quotient [03/11/2002]\nIs there an equation for the ratio of surface area to volume?\n\nJobs That Use Geometry [12/18/2001]\n\nKaleidoTile [11/15/1995]\nI would appreciate it if you would tell me a bit about KaleidoTile.\n\nKlein Bottles and Mobius Strips [08/09/1999]\nHow is the Klein bottle related to the Mobius Strip? 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+__label__negative Marketing Quiz 2\n\nHome > Preview\n\nThe flashcards below were created by user ehack on FreezingBlue Flashcards.\n\n  1. Steps in the Decision Making Model\n    \u2022 1. Need Recognition\n    \u2022 2. Determination of Involvement Level\n    \u2022 3.\u00a0 Identification of Alternatives\n    \u2022 4. Evaluation of Alternatives\n    \u2022 5. Purchase Decision\n    \u2022 6. Post Purchase Behavior\n  2. What is Need Recognition?\n    the consumer realizes there is something they want or need, like a light bulb burns out.\n  3. What is the determination of involvement level\n    How much involvement will go into the decision\n  4. What is a high involvement level in the decision making model\n    Occurs with high risk, expensive, important to everyday life, health, or safety.\u00a0 How long will you have the product, tied to self image, include comparing products, compare price, check reviews, ask friends, pay attention to ads, read the package\n  5. What is a low involvement level in the decision making model?\n    goes right to purchase, occurs with low risks, oreo cookies\n  6. What is the Identification of Alternatives\n    Occurs with high involvement, means seeking information on what choices are available\n  7. What is the evaluation of alternatives?\n    Trying to figure out which choices are better or which is bes, use evaluative criteria: a basis for maing a decision.\u00a0 IE for a car, gas mileage, make model, safety ratings, appearance, color, style, price, number of miles on a car\n  8. What is the Purchase decision?\n    what to buy and where to buy it with different motives\n  9. What are the product buying motives\n    The reason for buying a product\n  10. what is the patronage buying motive\n    The reason where the product is purchased\n  11. What is Post Purchase Behavior?\n    Anything that happes after the purchase, like product use\n  12. What is Cognitive dissonance?\n    Second Thoughts, want to be avoided because positive word of mouth, future purchases, avoid returns, and product disposal\n  13. What is Copeland's Classification?\n    the classification of goods based on purchase behavior\n  14. What are the Classification of goods based on Purchase Behavior?\n    \u2022 Convenience Good,\n    \u2022 Shopping Good,\n    \u2022 Specialty Good,\n    \u2022 Unsought Good\n  15. What is a Convenience good?\n    \u2022 it is purchased without much effort, low involvement. \u00a0\n    \u2022 Also an impulse good, or emergency good, aka immediate need, ie running out of gas\n  16. What is a Shopping Good?\n    A good purchased with effort, high involvement\n  17. What is a homogeneous good?\n    the consumer perceives all brands as the same, effort is put into finding the cheapest option\n  18. What is a heterogeneous good?\n    the consumer perceives differences between brands, effort is into quality comparisons\n  19. What is a specialty good\n    the consumer has brand insistence\n  20. What is an Unsought good?\n    the consumer does not recognize a need for the product, either because the consumer doesn't need the product or the consumer needs the product but doesn't know it\n  21. What is Social influence on buying behavior\n    things that would impact on how people buy products, useful for target marketing\n  22. How does social class effect buying behavior?\n    based on the source of income, used because socio-economic class is a better indicator of buyer behavior than income class\n  23. What is the upper class of the social class of buying behavior?\n    They do not need to work for income, their consumer behavior is they are the only ones that spend more on services than products\n  24. What is the Upper middle class of the social class of buyer behavior?\n    these are professionals and upper management. \u00a0their consumer behavior is the conspicuous consumption is more common among members of this class than the other classes, they are buying things to show the individual is successful\n  25. What is the buyer behavior of the lower middle class?\n    these are white collar, sales, office, teaching, small business owner. \u00a0Their consumer behavior is to conform is a more powerful motive\n  26. What is the Upper lower class of the social classes of buyer behavior?\n    These are blue collar workers, skilled labor, truck drivers, plumbing, factory, farming. \u00a0Their consumer behavior, they put more purchases on credit than member os the other classes\n  27. What is the lower lower class of the social classes of buyer behavior?\n    These people are unskilled labor, likely unemployed or underemployed. \u00a0Their consumer behavior is the compensatory consumption, purchases to make up for what can't be afforded.\n  28. What are the Reference groups within buyers behavior?\n    These are groups an individual uses as a model for behavior, primary, secondary, aspirational.\n  29. What is a primary reference group within buyer behavior?\n    Has regular contact with individual, most powerful reference group\n  30. What is the secondary reference group of buying behavior?\n    the group that the buyer has something in common with. \u00a0People of the same age, like the same music.\n  31. What is the aspiration reference group of buying behavior?\n    This is the group that the individual does not belong to but would like to.\n  32. What roles does families and households have in buying behavior?\n    they have roles that can be played in the buying process for a household, same individual can play more than one role and each role could be played by more than one individual\n  33. What is the influencer int he household buying behavior?\n    One that can influence the decision to purchase something.\n  34. What is the user in the household of buying behavior?\n    This is the actual user of the product\n  35. What is the decider within the household of buying behavior?\n    This person who makes the decision\n  36. Who is the buyer within the household buying behavior?\n    The person going to the store and buying the product.\n  37. What are the main Psychological factors for buying something?\n    \u2022 Motivation\n    \u2022 Perception\n    \u2022 Learning Theory\n    \u2022 Self Concept\n  38. What is the the Maslow Hierarchy of Need theory?\n    attempted to rank order motives or needs in the order they would be satisfied. \u00a0Self-actualization, esteem, social, safety, and physiological- biological\n  39. Why is the Maslow Hierarchy of Need theory useful to marketers?\n    helps the marketer develop multiple appeals for a product, try to have an appeal to each level.\n  40. What is the Herzberg Theory?\n    This is when an individual perceives an object or product as a bundle of attributes that can be sorted into two groups, dissatisfiers and satisfiers\n  41. What are Dissatisfiers of the Herzberg Theory?\n    they are hygiene factors, they may present the object as undesirable.\n  42. What are satisfiers according to Herzberg Theory?t\n    they are motivators, they have attributes that can attract\n  43. What is perception in marketing?\n    What in individuals attitude is of an object or product\n  44. What are the influences on consumer perception?\n    \u2022 Physical character of the object\n    \u2022 the individuals condition\n    \u2022 others influence\n  45. What is the gestalt principle?\n    It is an individuals perception of an object is influence by the object's surroundings, like putting the car on a nice dealer's lot\n  46. What are the reactions to stimuli within perception?\n    They are ways information about the object could be interpreted\n  47. What is selective exposure?\n    You notice what is important to you\n  48. What is selective distortion?\n    The way you interpret the stimuli to fit preconception, if you don't like somebody or something you are more likely to notice their flaws\n  49. What is selective retention?\n    How you remember what is important to you\n  50. What is the learning theory?\n    we are teaching people to buy, a stimulus-response\n  51. What are the four parts of the Learning Theory?\n    \u2022 Drives\n    \u2022 Cues\n    \u2022 Responses\n    \u2022 Reinforcement\n  52. Define Drive within the learning theory\n    it is the hunger, the need or want\n  53. What are the cues within the learning theory?\n    it is the bell, or advertisement\n  54. What is the response within the learning theory?\n    It is the dog drool or purchase\n  55. What is the reinforcement in the learning theory?\n    it is the food or product satisfaction.\n  56. Considered both a need and a want\n    A stimulus\n  57. What is self-concept?\n    It is the opinion about yourself, people buy products that reinforce their self concept\n  58. What are the three levels of self concept?\n    \u2022 Actual\n    \u2022 ideal\n    \u2022 others\n  59. What is the actual self-concept?\n    What you really think about yourself\n  60. What is the ideal self-concept?\n    What you would like to think of yourself\n  61. What is the others of self-concept?\n    What you think other people think of you.\n  62. What are the two main differences of business to business market to the consumer market?\n    \u2022 Customer Differences\n    \u2022 Demand Differences\n  63. What are the Customer differences in the business to business market?\n    \u2022 Larger size orders\n    \u2022 few customers and prospects\n  64. What are the demand differences in the Business to business markets\n    \u2022 A derived demand\n    \u2022 short term price inelastic\n    \u2022 cyclical\n  65. What is a derived demand?\n    derived from the consumer market, more paint for cars because of consumer wants\n  66. What is short term price inelastic?\n    The price has less impact on demand in the short term\n  67. What is cyclical?\n    The demand swings up and down more than consumer demand does.\n  68. What is professional purchasing?\n    the buyers buy the product as a job and have a lot of product knowledge\n  69. What is direct purchasing?\n    Fewer middlemen\n  70. What is reciprocity?\n    One business agrees to buy off another business if that business agrees to buy off of them.\n  71. What is a long term rental?\n    Leasing of equipment, office\n  72. What are the types of buying situations?\n    \u2022 Straight Rebuy\n    \u2022 Modified Rebuy\n    \u2022 New Task\n    \u2022 Systems selling or turn key selling\n  73. What is a straight rebuy?\n    a reorder\n  74. What is a modified rebuy?\n    Reordering with something different.\n  75. What is a new task?\n    A first time purchase by a business\n  76. What is systems selling or turn key selling?\n    the purchase includes a bundle of services along with the product, services like delivery, training, installation, maintenance, repair contract\n  77. What are the roles in business buying?\n    \u2022 Users\n    \u2022 Influencers\n    \u2022 Buyers\n    \u2022 Deciders\n    \u2022 Gatekeepers\n  78. Who are the influencers in business buying?\n    Research and development; finance people\n  79. Who are the buyers in business buying?\n    The person that negotiates the purchase\n  80. Who are the deciders in business buying?\n    The person who makes the buying decision, often a manager or owner\n  81. Who are the gatekeepers in business buying?\n    Someone who controls the flow of information to other roles in the buying process, a secretary or assistant making appointments, mail room sorter.\n  82. What is the organization buying culture?\n    Different ways that a business can make buying decisions\n  83. What are the types of organizational buying cultures?\n    \u2022 Autocratic\n    \u2022 Democratic\n    \u2022 Consultative\n    \u2022 Consensus\n  84. What is an autocratic buying culture?\n    One person makes the decision, common in small businesses\n  85. What is a democratic buying culture?\n    The majority rules, common with retailers who use buying committees and the committee votes whether or not to carry a product\n  86. What is a consultative buying culture?\n    One person makes decisions but gets input from others.\n  87. What is a consensus buying culture?\n    All must agree, most likely in partnerships.\n  88. What are the types of business markets?\n    Vertical and horizontal\n  89. What is a horizontal business market?\n    The product is used by most types of businesses.\n  90. What is the vertical business market?\n    The product is only used by one type of business.\n  91. What are the specialty markets?\n    \u2022 Farm Market\n    \u2022 Reseller Market\n    \u2022 Government Market\n    \u2022 Buying Online\n  92. How is a farm market described as a specialty market?\n    Agribusiness, both a customer and source of supply\n  93. What are the issues facing farm market today?\n    Corporate farms are replacing family farms. \u00a0Farms are becoming fewer but larger. \u00a0Contract farming on increase, when a farmer signs a contract before producin the crop to sell it at a specified price, common with poultry\n  94. What is a reseller market?\n    Stores or any other type of retailer or wholesaler\n  95. What is the evaluative criteria in the reseller market?\n    Resellers use different criteria like merchandise turnover, profit margin, traffic building potential\n  96. What are buying committees?\n    A group of buyers who make the decision on whether or not a product democratically\n  97. What are resident buyers?\n    They are used by small retailers, buyers who are located in a major market to represent the small retailers\n  98. What is a government Market?\n    The government is the customer\n  99. What are the two common ways government buys?\n    \u2022 Open bidding\n    \u2022 negotiated contract\n  100. What is open bidding?\n    A government announces what the government wants to buy including specifications, and then a business wanting to sell submits a bid\n  101. What is a negotiated contract with a government market?\n    Used instead of open bidding, used when there is only one source for the product\n  102. What are the three types of buying online?\n    \u2022 Private exchange\n    \u2022 English auction\n    \u2022 Reverse auction\n  103. What is a private exchange?\n    A supplier gets access to buyer's inventory information with purchases becoming automatic, there is a set reorder point that triggers an order, common with retailers\n  104. What is an english auction?\n    Items listed for sale sold to highest bidder\n  105. What is a reverse auction?\n    Sellers bid to buyers specifications with lowest bid winning sale.\n  106. What is a Market?\n    anyone who might buy the product includes both customers (people who have purchased the product) and prospects (people who might purchase the product)\n  107. What is a Market Segmentation?\n    splitting the market into segments\n  108. What is Target Marketing?\n    market segment you want to sell to (you can have more than one)\n  109. What is Market Aggregation?\n    don\u2019t segment, called majority fallacy (assumption that everyone buys your product for the same reason)\n  110. What are the Parameters for using market segmentation?\n    \u2022 Demographic\n    \u2022 Economic\n    \u2022 Geographic\n  111. What is the demographic parameter?\n    people fact like age, gender\n  112. What is the economic parameter?\n    income or wealth\n  113. What is the psychographic parameter?\n    attitudes or beliefs (things in the mind), examples: lifestyles, benefit sought from the product, attitude toward product\n  114. What are the benefits of using Market Segmentation?\n    can focus on specific benefits for each segment, make everybody happy = better reviews (word of mouth), avoid majority fallacy\n  115. What are the requirements for successful segmentation?\n    \u2022 Measurable Parameter\n    \u2022 Large enough segment\n    \u2022 Ability to pay\n    \u2022 Have need\n    \u2022 Accessible to promotion\n  116. What is a measurable parameter?\n    it is clear which segment someone fits into, like age, example of a parameter that is not measurable would be happy people versus unhappy people\n  117. What is a large enough segment?\n    must be enough people to sell to so the business can make money\n  118. What is the ability to pay?\n    people in the segment must be able to afford the product\n  119. What is the have need?\n    people in the segment must need the product\n  120. What does accessible to promotion mean?\n    must be able to communicate with the segment in a cost effective manner, usually requires a targeted media\n  121. What are the people fact demographics?\n    \u2022 Age group\n    \u2022 Gender\n    \u2022 Family Life Cycle Stage\n  122. What are the breakdown of age groups?\n    \u2022 Youth\n    \u2022 Teen\n    \u2022 Young adult\n    \u2022 Mature adult\n    \u2022 Senior\n  123. Why is the youth market targeted?\n    targeted because they are influencers in household buying decision\n  124. Why is the young adult market targeted?\n    younger than 35, most popular target for advertisers, young adults are more likely to try new products and they less brand loyal\n  125. Why is the mature adult market targeted?\n    older than 35, highest income\n  126. What age is classified as a senior?\n    Older than 65\n  127. What are the Family Life Cycle Stages?\n    \u2022 Single\n    \u2022 Young Married\n    \u2022 Full nest I\n    \u2022 Full nest II\n    \u2022 Empty nest\n    \u2022 Older single\n  128. What is young married?\n    No Kids\n  129. What is full nest I?\n    youngest child is at home during the day (not in first grade), household income tends to be lower because something has to be done for the child at home\n  130. What is full nest II?\n    youngest child is in school, children in school tend to stronger influencers of household buying decisions\n  131. What is empty nest?\n    no kids at home\n  132. What is older single?\n  133. What are other Demographics?\n    \u2022 Race\n    \u2022 Height\n  134. Why would marketers what to use Geographics?\n    Target people where they live\n  135. Why would marketers use a target region?\n    like cold climates versus warm climates for clothing\n  136. Why would marketers use a type of Neighborhood?\n    like urban, suburban, rural\n  137. What are the economics used?\n    could be wealth or income but is usually income\n  138. What are the measurements of income?\n    \u2022 Personal income\n    \u2022 Disposable income\n    \u2022 Discretionary income\n  139. What is Personal income?\n    Gross income\n  140. What is disposable income?\n    net income, take home pay, personal income after taxes and deductions\n  141. What is discretionary income?\n    disposable income minus fixed expenses (expenses you have to pay like rent, car payment, phone plan)\n  142. What is the list of value of income?\n    \u2022 Money income\n    \u2022 Real income\n    \u2022 Psychic income\n  143. Define money income?\n    In dollars and cents\n  144. What is real income?\n    the purchasing power of your income, like income adjusted for inflation (when prices go up the value of income goes down)\n  145. What is psychic income?\n    how well off you feel you are\n  146. What are Psychographics?\n    \u2022 Attitudes and beliefs\n    \u2022 Lifestyle\n  147. What are the types of Attitude toward products?\n    \u2022 Realists\n    \u2022 Authority seekers\n    \u2022 Skeptic\n    \u2022 Hypochondriacs\n  148. What is the percentage and attitude of realists?\n    35%, people who make a decision based on experience or facts they believe to be true, market by statistics, facts, study results\n  149. What is the percentage and attitude of authority seekers?\n    31% - people who make a decision based on the recommendation of someone they perceive to be an expert, market by ads with doctor\u2019s recommendation\n  150. What is the percentage and attitude of skeptics?\n    23% - people who don\u2019t believe over the counter drugs work anyway or that there is any difference between them, market by don\u2019t bother\n  151. What is the percentage and attitude of realists?\n    11% - people who like being sick because it gets them attention, market by exaggerate the benefits of the drug, list symptoms, ads that focus on attention given to sick people\n\nCard Set Information\n\nMarketing Quiz 2\n2014-03-13 02:14:12\nYork College Marketing Lewis Small\n\nCards for Quiz 2 with Lewis Small in Principles of marketing, based only on notes\nShow\u00a0Answers:\n\nWhat would you like to do?\n\nHome > Flashcards > Print Preview
+__label__negative Alex of Canadia en-GB (C) 2020 Warwick Blogs, University of Warwick, 120 Tonight is the time to sort it all out by <p>A quick hello again, everyone. Regular blog updates will be had -- once more -- every week by Sunday, with my Video Gaming news in between when I can fit it. That way I can pretend I'm a real Journalist with responsibilities and everything.</p> <p>I might even have to start wearing a hat.</p> <p>So doing Philosophy, a question I get repeated a lot at me is the some what Derisive &quot;What's the Meaning of Life&quot;. I think the people that ask this never actually want an answer; I think they just want to make me hate them. This is a very successful gambit, so far. Regardless, I now intend to address the issue here, simply so that I don't have to try to explain it ever again.</p> <p>Chekov once said something along the gist of life being like a carrot, in that it is pointless trying to compare it with anything. The only thing it makes any sense to view it with are other carrots; and then the only conclusion you can come to is that &quot;Yes these are carrots, and some are mildly different but they are all essentially carrots&quot;. So that is the only conclusion we can have. Carrots are. There are no nega-carrots or anti-vegetables to&nbsp;contrast them, we only have Carrots or no Carrots. There are plenty of things that aren't Carrots, but they are entirely unuseful for our understanding of Carrots.</p> <p>Buckle yourselves in, Ladies and Gents, for an extended Carrot Metaphor.</p> <p>Whenever you want to consider something about life, I wish you first to consider whether the question would apply suitably if you substituted 'Life' for 'A Carrot'. &quot;What is the meaning of life?&quot; becomes &quot;What is the meaning of A Carrot&quot;. This is a stupid question. We know this is a stupid question. Carrots do not have meaning, they are a thing that is. Things aren't necessarily&nbsp;things because of or due to something, they are just existences. Life, then, is meaningless. But so is A Carrot, and they seem to do just okay thanks.</p> <p>What sort of questions can be asked about life then? Well, let us subtract the meaning, and ask &quot;What is life?&quot;. This is a more substantial question certainly, and one with perhaps a real answer. But, as it can be asked the same as &quot;What is A Carrot?&quot; it can be answered the same also.</p> <p>You know what a fucking Carrot is, now don't be an idiot.</p> Carrots Chekov Life Meaning Philosophy Questions Thu, 27 Aug 2009 14:37:39 GMT 094d7358232ce72f01235c4a58670dbd 0
+__label__negative Thursday, September 19, 2013\n\n900 Questions CAT-CMAT Entrance Exam - MBA Aspirants GET IT NOW\n\nFind here the list of 9 model question papers which will be helpful to all the MBA aspirants who wants to get admission in IIMs or any other good institutes in india via CAT or CMAT examination. These question papers will help them to prepare well for the upcoming mba entrance exams.\n900 Questions CAT-CMAT Entrance Exam\nWhat are these Question papers are?\n\nUpon Multiple request, i have collected more then 9 model question papers from various source of internet. there are total 9 Question Papers and each question papers have 100 Questions on each section of MBA entrance exam.\n\n900 Questions based on each section?\n\nNope, as mentioned above, it has 9 different question papers that are collected from various source, each question paper have 100 question and equal questions on each section.\n\nWhich sections are covered in this question papers?\n\nEach section which is compulsory for MBA aspirants like General Awareness, Logical reasoning, Analytical Reasoning, English, Language Comprehensions, Mathematics, Quantitative techniques and Data interpretation.\n\nAre Question paper with Answer Booklet?\n\nSome of the question papers having answer and some of them do not have answers. Please note that this questions are not prepared by me, so i do not have answers of the questions. But still it is good to practice all these question papers to get good marks in MBA entrance exam.\n\nHow to Get All 9 MBA Question papers?\nJust Click on the above link and get the question paper on your desk. Its simple one click to get all the question papers.if you find any problem while getting the question paper, comment below, will surely help you out.\n\nAlso Read :-\n\n1 comment:\n\n  1. Hey..i solved some quests..I hav certain doubts.Wer can i get d answers 2 dem??Can u plz help me out??Thanx\n\n\nPowered by Blogger.
+__label__negative What would you like to see on Learn Viet?\n\nI don't know why I've never thought of this before. What would you like to learn about?\n  \u2022 Is there something new you'd like me to cover?\n  \u2022 Was there something unclear and you'd like me to go in more depth?\nLove to hear your suggestions for upcoming posts! Just drop a comment below!\n\nOnce again, don't hesitate to email me at mn_pisces93 [AT] hotmail.com with any questions or comments.\n\n- Michael\n\n\nAsking where someone is from or what their cultural background is, is always a great way to start a conversation. A lot of countries don't actually have names in Vietnamese but rather are just pronounced in a native way.\n\nA bit of research showed me that a lot of these countries have a Han-Viet name and not everyone is familiar with them. So instead, I present the common, most familiar name for each of the countries.\n\nPlease refer back to the post on Addressing People, in order to answer and ask questions correctly.\n\nV = B\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o?\nP = B'an' (as in t'an'trum) teu neurk now?\nE = Which country are you from?\n\nV = T\u00f4i t\u1eeb...\nP = Toy teu...\nE = I am from...\n\n\nV = B\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec?\nP = B'an' lah nguh-ee neurk zee?\nE = What is your nationality?\n\nV = T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi...(remove the word 'n\u01b0\u1edbc')\nP = Toy lah nguh-ee...\nE = I am...\n\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac\nP = Neurk 'Oo'p (as in p'oo'l)\nE = Australia\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Ba T\u00e2y\nP = Neurk Baah Tey\nE = Brazil\n\nV = Ca-na-da / Gia N\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i\nP = Ga-na-da\nE = Canada\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c\nP = Neurk Joom Gwook\nE = China\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh\nP = Neurk 'Ang' (as in s'ang')\nE = England\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p\nP = Neurk Fahp\nE = France\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c\nP = Neurk Deuk\nE = Germany\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3ng Kong\nP = Nuerk Holm Kolm\nE = Hong Kong\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\nP = Neurk Uhn Door\nE = India\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc In\u0111\u00f4n\u00easia\nP = Neurk In-door-neh-see-ah\nE = Indonesia\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1i-len\nP = Neurk Eye-lehn\nE = Ireland\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd\nP = Neurk 'Ea' (as in 'ea'sy)\nE = Italy\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\nP = Neurk Nhuh-t Bahn\nE = Japan\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c\nP = Neurk Hand Gwook\nE = Korea\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u00e3 Lai\nP = Neurk Mah Lie\nE = Malaysia\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u00eahic\u00f4\nP = Neurk M\u00ea-he-gaw\nE = Mexico\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Niu Di-l\u00e2n\nP = Neurk Nee-ew Zee-l'un' (as in n'un')\nE = New Zealand\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Phi\nP = Neurk Fee\nE = Philippines\u00a0\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga\nP = Neurk 'Ng'aa (as in si'ng')\nE = Russia\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2n Gia Ba\nP = Neurk Tun Zaa Baa\nE = Singapore\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9\nP = Neurk Mee\nE = USA\u00a0\n\nNumbers 1 to 10\n\nI remember back in primary school, I had taught my Greek friend how to count 1 to 10 in Vietnamese and she had taught me how to count 1 to 10 in Greek. Till this day, I can still count 1 to 10 in Greek. Funny enough, I've needed it but I guess you'll never know when it comes in handy.\n\nCounting from 1 to 10 will get you started and familiar with the numbers and pronunciations, beyond 10. Whenever you've got a moment to yourself, jogging, on the bus, queuing at a bank, etc. Run the numbers through your head.\n\nRemember: don't hesitate to email me if you need help with pronunciations and/or translations.\n\nV = Kh\u00f4ng\nP = Kolm\n\nV = M\u1ed9t\nP = Moht\n\nV = Hai\nP = Hi\n\nV = Ba\nP = Baah\n\nV = B\u1ed1n\nP = Born\n\nV = N\u0103m\nP = Numb\n\nV = S\u00e1u\nP = Ssow\n\nV = B\u1ea3y\nP = Baay\n\nV = T\u00e1m\nP = Dam\n\nV = Ch\u00edn\nP = Chin\n\nV = M\u01b0\u1eddi\nP = Muh-ee\n\nVietnamese Cuisine\n\nCh\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n.\n\nI though for this post we'll look at the key ingredients that go into Vietnamese food. I've grown up with all these flavours and any Vietnamese household would have a good supply all year round. If you've never had Vietnamese food, go out to your local Vietnamese restaurant. It's not posh but down to earth and makes for good eating.\u00a0\n\nV = N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm\nP = Neurk mum\nE = Fish sauce\n\nA clear salty sauce used for flavouring savoury dishes and for dipping.\n\nV = X\u00ec d\u00e0u\nP = See zoh\nE = Soy sauce\n\nSoy sauce is also used to flavour dishes and as a dipping sauce.\u00a0\n\nV = C\u01a1m\nP = Guhm\nE = Rice\n\nGood ole rice. As a kid, I was taught that there are two names for rice. The first is c\u01a1m, used to call cooked rice while the other is g\u1ea1o (P = gow), used to call uncooked rice.\n\nV = B\u00fan\nP = Boon\nE = Rice vermicelli\n\nRice vermicelli can be used in dry or soup dishes, but you'll have to boil/blanch it first. Either way, delicious and very good for you.\n\nV = B\u00e1nh ph\u1edf\nP = Bang fuh\nE = Rice stick (It never occured to me what it's called in English)\n\nThis sort of noodle is used specifically for ph\u1edf or beef noodle soup. They come in dry or fresh packs, are notably flat as opposed to cylindrical and needs to be blanched before serving.\n\nV = B\u00e1nh tr\u00e1ng\nP = Bang chang\nE = Rice paper\n\nRice paper is made by breaking down rice until it becomes a liquid. A thin layer is spread, steamed and dried. Before eating this, you have to soak it in warm water and then you can wrap all sorts of good things in it.\n\nFresh herbs are also well used, not only as garnishes but as condiments. As a kid, I use to hate the herbs that my mum put into her cooking but as I grew older, my taste buds developed and I became less repulsed by herbs.\n\nFresh Herbs = Rau S\u1ed1ng = Zow Solm\n\nV = S\u1ea3\nP = Ssah\nE = Lemongrass\n\nV = Rau ng\u00f2\nP = Zow ngo\nE = Coriander\n\nV = H\u00e0nh t\u00e2y\nP = Hang t'ey' in hey\nE = Spring onion\n\nV = Rau qu\u1ebf\nP = Zow gwhere\nE = Thai basil\n\nV = Rau r\u0103m\nP = Zow zum\u00a0\nE = Vietnamese mint\n\nAddressing People\n\nE = English, V = Vietnamese, P = Pronunciation\n\nUnfortunately in Vietnamese, it isn't as simple as 'you' and 'me' or 'he' and 'she'. There are different ways to address someone, depending on their age, gender and your relation to them. Learning and understanding when to use these will probably be the hardest of the lessons.\n\nA lot of these titles literally refer to someone as if they are related to you, so just think of everyone as your family and hopefully, you'll understand the titles better.\u2028\u2028\n\n\nAddressing Other People\n\nV = \u00d4ng\nP = Olm\nE = Elderly man or Mr. (literally means grandpa)\n\nV = B\u00e0\nP = Baa\nE = Elderly woman or Mrs. / Ms. (literally means grandma)\n\nV = B\u00e1c\nP = Baack\nE = Man or woman older than your parents or Mr. / Mrs. / Ms.\n\nV = Ch\u00fa\nP = Choo\nE = Man slightly younger or about the age of your parents or Mr. (literally means uncle)\n\nV = C\u00f4\nP = Gore\nE = Woman slightly younger or about the age of your parents or Miss (literally means aunty)\n\nV = Anh\nP = 'ang' in sang\nE = Male teenager or young adult (literally means brother)\n\nV = Ch\u1ecb\nP = Chee\nE = Female teenager or young adult (literally means sister)\n\nV = B\u1ea1n\nP = B'an' in tantrum\nE = Male or female about your age (literally means friend or mate)\n\nV = Em\nP = Ehm\nE = Male or female child or younger (literally means younger sibling)\n\n\nAddressing Yourself\u2028\n\nBelow are different titles that can be used, depending on who you're speaking to, to refer to yourself.\u2028\u2028\n\nV = Ch\u00e1u\nP =\nE = Use if speaking to someone much older than you or your superior\n\nV = Em\nP = Ehm\nE = Use if speaking to someone older than you\n\nV = B\u1ea1n\nP = B'an' in tantrum\nE = use if speaking to friends\n\nV = T\u00f4i\nP = Toy\nE = Use this if completely unsure\n\nV = Con\nP = Gone\nE = Use ONLY with your parents\n\n\nVery Informal Titles\n\nThese titles are considered very informal and impolite, so should only be used with close friends.\n\nV = Tao\nP = Tow\nE = I / Me / My\n\nV = M\u00e0y\nP = May-ee\nE = You / Your\n\nV = N\u00f3\nP = Noh\nE = He / She / Him / Her\n\nVietnamese Alphabet\n\nE = English, V = Vietnamese, P = Pronunciation\n\n\n\n\nV = Xin ch\u00e0o\nP = Sin chow\nE = Hello\n\n\n\nV = (1) S\u00f4i / (2) X\u00f4i\nP = Soy\n\n\n\nA a = 'a' in ham\n\u0102 \u0103 = 'a' in Pat\n\u00c2 \u00e2 = uh in huh?\nE e = eh\n\u00ca \u00ea = air\nI i = 'ee' in see\nO o = 'o' in porridge\n\u00d4 \u00f4 = or\n\u01a0 \u01a1 = 'ur' in fur\nU u = 'oo' in pool\n\u01af \u01b0 = eu\nY y = 'ee' in see\n\n\n\nB b = 'b' in bat\nC c = 'g' in gone\nD d = 'z' in zebra\n\u0110 \u0111 = 'd' in dog\nG g = 'g' in gap\nH h = 'h' in hat\nK k = 'g' in gone\nL l = 'l' in lemon\nM m = 'm' in man\nN n = 'n' in nun\nP p = 'p' in pop\nQ q = 'g' in gone\nR r = 'z' in zebra\nS s = 's' in snap\nT t = 't' in tip\nV v = 'v' in van\nX x = 's' in snap\n\n\nCommon Letter Combinations\u2028\n\n\nGH = 'g' in gap\nKH = 'c' in corn\nNG and NGH = 'ng' in sing\nPH = 'f' in fat\nTH = 't' in time\nTR = 'ch' in chair\nGI = 'z' in zebra\nQU = 'gw' in Gwen\nUY = like the French word 'oui'\n\nSimple Phrases\n\nE = English, V = Vietnamese, P = Pronunciation\n\nE / Hello\nV / Xin ch\u00e0o\nP / Sin chow\n\nE / Goodbye\nV / Xin ch\u00e0o\nP / Sin chow\n\nE / Please\nV / L\u00e0m \u01a1n\nP / Lamb urn\n\nE / Thank you\nV / C\u00e1m \u01a1n\nP / Gam urn\n\nE / Yes\nV / D\u1ea1 V\u00e2ng\nP / Zaa Vuhng\n\nE / No\nV / Kh\u00f4ng\nP / Kolm\n\nE / Sorry\nV / Xin l\u1ed7i\nP / Sin loy-ee\n\nE / How are you?\nV / Kh\u1ecfe kh\u00f4ng?\nP / Kwoe kolm?\n\nSimple Questions\n\nE = English, V = Vietnamese, P = Pronunciation\n\nE / Who?\nV/ Ai?\nP / Eye?\n\nE / What?\nV / C\u00e1i g\u00ec?\nP / Guy zee?\n\nE / Where?\nV / \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u?\nP / Uh doh?\n\nE / When?\nV / Bao gi\u1edd?\nP / Bow zuh?\n\nE / Why?\nV / T\u1ea1i sao?\nP / Tai sow?\n\nE / How?\nV / Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\nP / Tear (to rip) now?\n\nBack, With A New Look\n\nLet's be honest, I'm a lazy blogger.\n\nI apologise to anyone who has visited this blog since February and expected updates but with a bit more motivation in me, I'm now aiming to post weekly entries and at the latest, fortnightly entries.\n\nAs always, I'm more than happy to help with translations and all the questions in between.\n\n\nMichael Nguyen.\n\nHello There!\n\nCh\u00e0o C\u00e1c B\u1ea1n! Which literally says, 'Hello Friends' (corny, I know) but basically means, 'Hello There!'.\n\nMy name is Michael Nguyen, I'm from Sydney, Australia and welcome to my blog 'Learn Viet', dedicated to teaching Vietnamese for beginners.\u2028\u2028\n\nMy aims are to make the content as clear as possible, in order to minimise any confusion and to ensure to add content that's handy and relevant in everyday life.\u2028\u2028\n\nHopefully, with plenty of practice and patience, you will soon be comfortable with speaking, reading and writing Vietnamese.\u2028\u2028\n\nThrough learning the Vietnamese language, I also hope you'll have a clearer insight into the rich and traditional culture of Vietnam.\n\nA final note, hope you enjoy reading and I'd really appreciate any feedback and also be glad to answer any questions.\n\n\nMichael Nguyen.\n\nConverted by Ritesh Sanap | Sponsored by Downloaddeck.com Powered by Giant Themes
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+__label__negative The Southland Institute (Joe Potts)\n\nQ: Why do you have a Brutalist Website?\nA: One of the founding principles of the Southland Institute is that it's possible, and may actually be preferable, to create something substantial and efficient with limited resources. It seemed natural that the site's architecture, functioning as many people's first point of contact with the Institute, should embody these ideas.\nQ: Who designed the website?\nA: Joe Potts (\nQ: Who coded the website?\nA: Joe Potts\nQ: With what kind of editor?\nA: Coda
+__label__negative Western Oregon University\n\n\nInstitutional Review Board\n\nWhat is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?\n\nThe purpose of IRB oversight of research is to assure the protection of the research participants, the researcher, and the university. The research community has a responsibility to ensure that the treatment of human participants in research meets the highest ethical standard.\n\nAll faculty and staff must submit for IRB review any research project involving human subjects. IRB approval for these projects must be granted prior to the initiation of any study activities, including recruitment or analysis of existing data.\n\nUtility Links\n\nQuick Links\n\nSocial Links\n\nWhat is this view?\n\n\nAssistive Options\n\nTop of page\n\nAssistive Options\n\nOpen the original version of this page.\n\nUsablenet Assistive is a Usablenet product. Usablenet Assistive Main Page.
+__label__negative Getting Started in Online Learning\n\n\nFrequently Asked Questions - Using Blackboard\n\n\nBelow you will find a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) about Blackboard and Central Arizona College Online Learning. Click the question to display the answer.\n\nWhat is Blackboard?\n\n\nHow do I access my class? How do I log into Blackboard?\n\n\nMy class is listed as a \"hybrid\". What does that mean?\n\n\nMy instructor is using Blackboard as a \"supplement\". How is that different from a class which is a hybrid?\n\n\nHow do I turn in assignments?\n\n\nWill I be taking any exams, and if so, how?\n\n\nWhat are discussion boards and how do I use them?\n\n\nWhere can I go for help?\n\n\n\nRelated Topics:\n\nContent on this page is provided by Online Learning Support.\n
+__label__negative IBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers\n\nIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers, IBPS Common Interview Questions.\n\nIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers:\n\n1) Tell me something about Yourself?\nIBPS PO Common Interview Experience Image2) What is the difference between GDP & GNP ?\n3) What is Boyle\u2019s Law?\n4) What is law of Motion?\n5) What is your hobby??\n6) Tell me about your strengths & weakness?\n7) They give me a paper to find hexadecimal of 45?\n8) Are you a team player?\n9) Why you want join banks?\n10) Can you tell me the statistics about the growth in banks?\n11) What is the difference between credit card and debit card??\n12) How can an illiterate person use card if he doesn\u2019t know how to use it and enter the pin?\n13) Is there any ATM without a PIN?\n14) What about the people in rural areas who are illiterate and how will they be able to use cards and all.?\n15) What is liquidity?\n16) Who is the regulator of banks?\n17) Functions of RBI?\n18) Do you have bank a/c?\n19) In which bank?\n20) Which type of account ?\n21) How much of interest they are giving to you?\nBank-interview-questions-ibps-common-Interview22) What type of Demand Loans are introduced by Andhra bank?\n23) Do you know about SHG? EXPLAIN IT.\n24) What is financial inclusion ?\n25) Who introduced financial inclusion ?\n26) How many type of accounts ?\n27) What is priority sector?\n28) In education loan, Is there need of any collateral security ?\n29) What is limit for education loan?\n30) What is Demat account ?\n31) Who does open Demat account and can a bank it\n32) You have done MCA in 2011\u2026after that what you have done and why banking ?\n33) What is RDBMS?\n34) Name some RDBMS Software ?\n35) Is Oracle 9i the latest version of oracle?\n36) What is normalization ?\n37) Which N-form most use in normalization ?\n38) What is Bitcoin ?\n39) Who is telecommunication minister at centre?\n40) Can you tell us about the latest views of Supreme Court about Adhar Card ?\n41) What is a bank??\n42) As a bank employee what should we want to do for bank??\n43) How your field useful to bank??\n44) What is the problems at present public facing in the Public sector banks??\n45) What is your score??\n46) Will you serve in the bank upto the end??\n47) Who is the chairman of SBI??\n48) What is the full form of ATM??\n49) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0941\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n50) \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0940.\u091f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0917\u0947 ?\n51) \u0924\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 ?\n52) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n53) \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n54) \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f ?\n55) \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u092a\u094b \u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?\n56) \u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913?\n57) SBI \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 ?\n58) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091c\u0930\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?\n59) \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913 ?\n60) RTI \u0914\u0930 RTE \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 ?\n61) You have completed MCA now why you have chosen banking sector ?\n62) What is WWW?\n63) What is CRR and SLR\n64) What is Augusta Westland deal ?\n65) Who is the health minister of Delhi ?\n66) who is chief election commissioner of India ?\n67) What is your opinion about Arvind Kejriwal ?\n68) Do you think Arvind Kejriwal can change the face of Indian politics.\n69) Current Repo rate,bank rate,Reverse repo rate ?\n70) What have you done in your graduation?\n71) Tell me about your father\u2019s profession\n72) Who regulates insurance sector?\n73) Where is it\u2019s headquarter?\n74) Who regulates share market?\n75) Where is its HQ & who is chairman?\n76) What is difference between Primary & Secondary market?\n77) What is IPO?\n78) What is Follow up IPO? If IPO has already issued then what is the need of it?\n79) What is RBI?\n80) does it regulate cooperative banks also?\n81) Do u have any bank account?\n82) Who is head of SBI?\n83) Have you heard about CSR?\n84) Tell me 2 companies which are following CSR?\n85) Tell me 2 names of public & pvt banks who\u2019s head is a woman\n86) Earlier you said that RBI controls monetary policy, when govt. passes the budget then what is the need of monetary policy?\n87) What is reverse repo rate?\n88) Current reverse repo rate is?\n89) When RBI borrows from other banks, then money in market increases or decreases?\n90) What is LT, ST, MT\n91) After that Infrastructure Sector me kuan si financing hoti hai ST,LT\n92) Who is the CJI of India.\n93) Who is the CVC\n94) Who is the CIO\n95) Who is the Chief election Officer.\n96) What is the function of Financial Management.\n97) What is BEP..\n98) who control the working of banks & how\n99) What is current Bank Rate\n100) What are basic A/c Principals..\n101) Liability & assets side of Banks\n102) What is Sarfaesi act\n103) What is NPA\n104) What is the serious problem that the economy is facing\n105) What is cad\n106) How can u suit yourself in a bank\n107) Where u have worked?\n108) After MBA, why you want to join Bank, and how u are useful to us?\n109) Difference between Sales and Marketing?\n110) Types of customers?\n111) Difference between World Bank and IMF?\n112) Difference between money Market and Capital market?\n113) Last question regarding Bhartiya Mahila Bank?\n114) Which year you completed your B.com?\n115) favorite sub which i told account then they ask why loan and investment come in balance sheet?\n116) when i told them but said why it is shown under investment head then i said sorry i don\u2019t remember .\n117) What is fund flow ..\n118) What is your favorite chapter in account?\n119) What is opportunity cost. Absolute cost ..\n120) If you take loan from bank which side in balance sheet com ..\n121) What you know about banking?\n122) How rupees value getting depreciated?\n123) What are the measures to control depreciation .\n124) What types of crops in your region they grow commonly?\n125) What are your hobbies?\n126) What are todays headlines?\n127) Do you support AAP?\n128) Tell me what is CRR and how RBI uses this as a tool for various purposes?\n129) Name the Governor and deputy governor of RBI?\n130) What is black money?\n131) What is Monely laundering?\n132) What is KYC?\n133) What are the documents required for KYC?\n134) What is the objective of KYC Norms?\n135 ) About Aadhar & DBT Linkage\n136) Any twp qualities that should be there in a officer?\n137) Do you think you posses any of these qualities?\n138) Who regulates NABARD ?\n139) Whats is IPO?\n140) Whats the process of IPO?\n141) Private company can listed in market or not?\n142) What is Certificate of Incorporation and certificate of Commencement?\n143) Is both certificate necessary for both private and public sector companies?\n144) Who issue the certificates? \u2013 Replied ROC under MCA.\n145)Whats is ROC and MCA?\n146) Who sign the certificate?\n147) Why Indian Banks are not in top 20 in world?\n148) What is Book Value?\n149) Tell me specialty of Varanasi. (As the candidate was from Varanasi. The Original Question Should be, What is the specialty of your city?)\n150) What is inflation?\n151) What is CAR?\n\nSpecial Thanks to Satish Joshi (Asst. Manager) for collecting and compiling these questions and Siddarth Tiwari (Senior Manager) for sharing it wish us. Both of them works at UCO Bank.\n\n7 thoughts on \u201cIBPS PO III Common Interview Questions Asked in Various Centers\n\n  1. how can an illiterate person use the ATM or card for money withdrawing?\n\n  2. I had my interview for PO III on 7th Jan and they asked me from where do RBI get money to finance State and Central Government ,, I count answer properly can anybody explain about it ?\n\n\n  3. in the form of CRR & SLR RBi help central govt to get funds..\n\n  4. Ruchir Maheshwari says:\n\n    rbi can get money by printing notes\u2026.if necessary\n\nLeave a Reply\n
+__label__negative Attorney's BriefCase\u00ae courses:\n\nCan I use this list as evidence that I completed these courses?\nI lost my certificate of attendance.\nI borrowed a colleague's DVD of an ATTORNEY'S BRIEFCASE\u00ae Beyond the Basics\u2122 class. How do I claim credit for it?\nThere is an error on my list.\nWhat happens to my data after the reporting period ends?\nMy MCLE and FLS credits don't match.\nWhat does it mean if \"PP\" appears in a column?\nIf I purchase a DVD or a CD but do not watch immediately, how does My Legal Education Log track the day I actually watch the DVD or listen to the CD?\n\nOther Legal Education Providers\n\nHow does MY LEGAL EDUCATION LOG know how many credits I have completed from other education providers?\nHow do I know how many credits I received from a program?\nCan I edit my entries in this section?\nCan judicial officers utilize this service?\nCan I enter courses I have taken in years before the current reporting periods?\n\nAbout Minimum Continuing Legal Education (MCLE):\n\nWhen did Minimum Continuing Legal Education start in California?\nWhat are my reporting dates?\nHow many credits do I need each reporting period?\nWhat is the maximum amount of \"self-study hours\" permitted in any compliance period?\nWhat are the Special Requirements within the total hours required?\nWhat records do I need to keep?\nWhen am I not subject to these requirements?\nWhat if I am only on active status for a portion of the reporting period?\n\nAbout Family Law Legal Specialist re-certification:\n\nHow do I know my certification date?\nHow do I enter my certification date in MyLegalEducationLog.com?\nTo recertify as a Family Law Specialist, do I have to be practicing exclusively Family Law?\nWhat are the educational requirements for recertification?\nWhat records do I need to keep?\nHow can I \"carry-over\" a course to the next reporting period?\nDo these requirements apply to me if I am a judicial officer?
+__label__negative \n    Dismiss Notice\nDismiss Notice\nJoin Physics Forums Today!\n\nIs this a trick question?\n\n  1. Aug 1, 2006 #1\n\n    Attached Files:\n\n    \u2022 tank.JPG\n      File size:\n      14.8 KB\n  2. jcsd\n  3. Aug 2, 2006 #2\n    The problem just asks how to transfer the water, right?\n    Frankly \"turn on the pump\" is jumping up and down and waving at me...\n    Is there a part b? Like, complete part a, and find some value?\n  4. Aug 2, 2006 #3\n    :rolleyes: It is the wisest thing to do.\n\n    Or build a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphon\" [Broken]. :smile:\n    Last edited by a moderator: May 2, 2017\n  5. Aug 2, 2006 #4\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Staff Emeritus\n    Science Advisor\n\n    Why do either of those things? The problem is to transfer water from the upper tank to the lower. I would assume that the pump would be there to go the other way. Answer- open the valves!\n  6. Aug 2, 2006 #5\n\n\n    User Avatar\n    Gold Member\n\n    :rofl: :rofl:\n    I guess it's a perfectly valid question if two out of three PF members got it wrong!\n\n    1] If the pump were turned on, the valves would still be closed.\n    2] We don't know which way the pump pumps.\n\n    Answer - as HoI points out: open the valves!\n\n    Hm. It does specifically say both tanks are sealed. Without backflow of air, it would take a very long time to transfer.\n    Turning the pump on would speed the process.\n    Last edited: Aug 2, 2006\n  7. Aug 2, 2006 #6\n    Ummm...so just open the valves huh? Mother#%#@$@!!! Why do i tend to complicate things? %^$@$$#@#(&%\n  8. Aug 2, 2006 #7\n    Open the valves and punch holes in both tank tops.\n\nSimilar Discussions: Is this a trick question?\n  1. Trick Questions? (Replies: 22)\n\n  2. Trick question? (Replies: 2)\n\n  3. Trick question (Replies: 6)
+__label__negative What are the three means of reforming humanity?\n\nThe first is that senseless savages should be taught the elementary social values pertaining to eating, drinking, marriage etc. They should not go about naked nor eat carrion, like dogs, nor practise any other type of wildness. This is an elementary stage of the reform of natural conditions of the type that would have to be adopted, for instance, if it is desired to teach a savage from Port Blair, the elementary ways of human behaviour.\n\nThe second method of reform is that when a person has adopted elementary human ways, he may be taught the higher moral qualities and should be instructed to employ his faculties in their proper places and on their proper occasions.\n\nThe third method of reform is that those who have acquired high moral qualities should be given a taste of the draught of the love of and union with God.\n\n[Previous - Next - Study Guide]
+__label__negative Click on the highlighted words to hear them pronounced.\n\nEnglish Portuguese Pronunciation/Notes\nMy name is\u2026\nShamu-me\u2026 \u2013 lit. \u2018I call myself\u2026\u2019\nO meu nome \u00e9\u2026\noo mayu nome eh \u2013 lit. \u2018the my name is\u2026\u2019\nWhat is your name?\nComo se chama?\nKomu se-shama? \u2013 lit. \u2018How do you call yourself?\u2019\nQual \u00e9 o seu nome?\nKwal eh oo sayu nome? \u2013 lit. \u2018What is the your name?\u2019\nThis is\u2026\nEshte eh\u2026 (when introducing a male)\nEsta \u00e9\u2026\nEshta eh\u2026 (when introducing a female)\nmy husband\noo mayu mareedu \u2013 lit. \u2018the my husband\u2019\nmy wife\na minya eshpoza \u2013 lit. \u2018the my spouse\u2019\na minya mulyair \u2013 lit. \u2018the my woman\u2019 \u2013 \u2018mulher\u2019 is usually used to refer to your own wife, whereas \u2018esposa\u2019 can be used for your own, or someone elses wife.\nmy boyfriend\noo mayu namorahdu \u2013 lit. \u2018the my boyfriend\u2019\nmy girlfriend\na minya namorahda \u2013 lit. \u2018the my girlfriend\u2019 \u2013\u00a0 when used by a male referring to his female partner\na minya ameega \u2013 lit. \u2018the my friend\u2019 \u2013 when used by a female referring to a female friend\na friend\noom[ng] ameegu \u2013 a male friend\noom[ng]a ameega \u2013 a female friend\nDo you speak English?\nFahla Ingle[a]ysh? \u2013 Although the \u2018\u00ea\u2019 sometimes sounds more open (\u2018ay\u2019), the circumflex still denotes that it should be a closed pronunciation.\u00a0 Listen carefully to a native speaker \u2013 the sound is like a cross between the \u2018ea\u2019 of \u2018ear\u2019 and the \u2018ai\u2019 of \u2018air\u2019.\u00a0 The same is true of the words \u2018Inglesa\u2019; \u2018Portugu\u00eas\u2019; and \u2018Portuguesa\u2019.\nI am learning\u00a0 Portuguese\nEu estou a aprender Portugu\u00eas\nAyoo eshtoh a aprender Portooge[a]ysh\nI am English\nSoh Ingle[a]ysh \u2013 only said by males\nSoh Ingle[a]yza \u2013 only said by females\nI am Portuguese\nSoh Portooge[a]ysh \u2013 only said by males\nSoh Portooge[a]yza \u2013 only said by females\nI am from England\nSou da Inglaterra\nSoh da Inglaterrrra \u2013 lit. \u2018I am from the England\u2019\nI am from Portugal\nSou de Portugal\nSoh de Portugal\u2013 they don\u2019t say \u2018from the Portugal\u2019 (like they do with England), just \u2018from Portugal\u2019 (like we do).\u00a0 Most other countries of the world require \u2018from the\u2019 (\u2018do\u2019 or \u2018da\u2019 depending on the gender of the country \u2013 see section on nouns below)\nWhere are you from?\nDe onde \u00e9?\nin England\nna Inglaterra\nna Inglaterrrra \u2013 lit. \u2018in the England\u2019\nin Portugal em Portugal aym[ng] Portugal\nI am from London\nSoh de Londresh\nI am sorry\nLamentu \u2013 lit. \u2018I lament\u2019 (use this to sympathise with someone who has had some bad news).\nPessu Deshculpash \u2013 lit. \u2018I ask for excuses\u2019.\nExcuse me Com licen\u00e7a\nCom[ng] lissensa \u2013 lit. \u2018with permission\u2019.\nI don't understand\nn\u00e3o entendo/n\u00e3o percebo\nnow[ng] entendu / now[ng] perssebu \u2013 lit. \u2018not I understand\u2019.\nso then\nentow[ng] \u2013 lit. \u2018then\u2019, but used frequently in places where English would say \u2018so\u2019, or \u2018right then\u2019.\nyou (singular)\nvosseh \u2013 A formal way of addressing someone (in Brazil they use voc\u00ea informally as well).\noo senyor \u2013 lit. \u2018the gentleman\u2019\na senyora \u2013 lit. \u2018the lady\u2019\n\nNote, the Portuguese generally speak more formally than the English, so although referring to someone as \u2018the lady\u2019 or \u2018the gentleman\u2019 would sound rather pompous to us, it is quite common in Portuguese.\u00a0 Senhor/Senhora can also mean sir/madam, Mr/Mrs (\u2018Miss\u2019 would be \u2018a menina\u2019, or \u2018Senhorita\u2019), or Lord/Lady.\nI eu ayu\nele - the first \u2018e\u2019 is very closed, almost like an English \u2018i\u2019, whereas the second \u2018e\u2019 is barely audible\u00a0(so it sounds almost like you are saying \u2018ill\u2019).\n\nNow we are ready to start tackling grammar!\n\nBuy the Book!\n\nAvailable in paperback or as an eBook\n\ncover4 tiny\n\n  \u2022 Entire pronunciation and grammar guide of this website included\n  \u2022 Expanded and updated\n  \u2022 Extra content on subjects not covered on the site\n  \u2022 Over 500 exercises with translations and solutions\n  \u2022 Verb tables for regular and the most common irregular verbs\n  \u2022 Extra reference and vocabulary\n\nMore Information
+__label__negative What are Cookies?\n\nCookies are small files that websites store on your computer. They contain data the website uses to operate in a unique fashion for each user.\n\nWhy do I need to accept them?\n\nIf you do not accept cookies, then a website may not function correctly.\n\nWhat is all the fuss about?\n\nCookies can contain unique codes. These codes can be used to identify you even if you do not deliberately divulge any personal information. Most commonly these codes are used by companies like Google to identify you when you visit different websites, not just this one.\n\nWhat can I do about it?\n\nYou can control cookies in your browser,\n\nHow can I find out more?\n\nPlease see our Policies page
+__label__negative Industrial Valve Manufacturer & Coatings | Fluton Valve India\n\n\nPublished on\n\nFluton Valve India is a leading manufacturer of valves and coatings offering quality and cost-effective industrial PTFE lined ball valves, plug valve, diaphragm valve, flush bottom valave, FEP, PFA, PTFE and various other coatings and valve solutions to meet specific requirements of clients.\n\nPublished in: Business\n  \u2022 Be the first to comment\n\n  \u2022 Be the first to like this\n\nNo Downloads\nTotal views\nOn SlideShare\nFrom Embeds\nNumber of Embeds\nEmbeds 0\nNo embeds\n\nNo notes for slide\n\nIndustrial Valve Manufacturer & Coatings | Fluton Valve India\n\n  1. 1. Welcome To Fluton Valve (India)\n  2. 2. Introducing Coating And Valves \uf0d8 What is FEP Coating \u2022 FEP is a Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene \u2022 FEP coatings are extremely non-wetting and have a very low coefficient of friction. \u2022 FEP coatings are often used in the food processing industry.\n  3. 3. What is PFA Coating ? \u2022 PFA offer similar properties to that of FEP but is considered more of a premium resin. \u2022 PFA coatings share the useful properties of PTFE as coefficient of friction and non reactivity but are easily formable.\n  4. 4. What is PEEK Coating ? \u2022 This is the only coating agent in the world that can perform thin film processing(20-100\u03bcm) while keeping the same PEEK resin performance. \u2022 This is a water based dispersion type, so it is environment friendly.\n  5. 5. What is PTFE Coating ? \u2022 The High Performance section of Plastic Coatings applies PTFE coatings. \u2022 PTFE coating also known as Teflon \u00ae, Xylan \u00ae, Fluoroplastic or Fluorocarbon coating, is normally applied to components where a nonstick, dry lubricant or low friction coating is required.\n  6. 6. What is ETFE Coating ? \u2022 ETFE coatings provide excellent resistance to attacks by chemicals and solvents that can cause rapid deterioration of other plastics.\n  7. 7. What is PVDF Coating ? \uf0d8 PVDF coating (polyvinylidene fluoride) is a chemical resistant thick film barrier coating primarily used on chemical processing equipment. \uf0d8 This coating is unaffected by most chemicals and solvents and has excellent wear and abrasion resistance.\n  8. 8. What is ECTFE Coating ? \uf0d8 One of the most common types of industrial coatings is ECTFE coatings, which are sold under the Halar brand name. \uf0d8 ECTFE is commonly used for primary insulation and jacketing and in the manufacture of gaskets which are used for the storage of various propellants used in the aerospace industry, like liquid oxygen.\n  9. 9. What is PTFE Lined Ball Valve ? \uf0d8 These valves are of very high quality construction with the interior body, stem as well as the ball lined as an individual component. \uf0d8 These valves are also protected from dangerous elector-static discharge by anti static devices.\n  10. 10. What is PTFE Lined Butterfly Valve ? \uf0d8 Butterfly Valve provides excellent chemical resistance through the use of flouropolymer line body and disc.\n  11. 11. What is PTFE Lined Flush Bottom Valve ? \uf0d8 PTFE Lined Flush Bottom Valves that we provide have been engineered for use in highly corrosive liquid services. \uf0d8 This PTFE Lined Flush Bottom Valve has a cast ductile iron body with a flouropolymer lining that is corrosion resistant.\n  12. 12. What is PTFE Lined Plug Valve ? \uf0d8 PTFE Lined Plug Valves are lined with a noncorrosive polymer and are able to resist any type of chemical at various temperatures. \uf0d8 Besides, the fluorocarbon lining is locked into the valve body in a fully-lined valve.\n  13. 13. What is PTFE Lined Check Valve (NRV) ? \uf0d8 PTFE Lined Check Valves (NRV) are widely used for a number of industrial purposes. \uf0d8 These PTFE Lined Check Valves are better than other conventional valves in terms of functioning. \uf0d8 The PTFE Lined Check Valves, provided by us, are light weight and require no flange gaskets.\n  14. 14. What is PTFE Lined Diaphragm Valve ? \uf0d8 PTFE Lined Diaphragm Valves are especially engineered to match the tough work environment of pharmaceuticals, corrosive industries, chemical processing, etc.\n  15. 15. Contact Us Address: F-19, Sarthi Complex Jasoda Cross Road Jasodanagar Ahmedabad- 382 445 Gujarat \u2013 India Telephones : (O) : + 91-79 - 25890796 (F) : + 91 - 79 \u2013 64500744 Email :\n  16. 16. Thanking You, Fluton Valve (India)
+__label__negative Meal Plan Policy\n\nMeal Plan Exemption Policy\n\nEffective Summer 2017\n\nSul Ross State University Residential Living supports all residents in having a positive residential experience.\u00a0 Part of the residential experience is participation in the dining services provided by Aramark.\u00a0 Therefore, all residents living in the Residence Halls at Sul Ross State University are required to have a meal plan.\u00a0 Aramark is committed to offering students varied menus that fit their dietary needs. Under extreme circumstances, a student may be exempted from the meal plan within the first 12 days of class. Any request for exemption after the first 12 class days will not be accepted unless a life changing experience has occurred.\u00a0 All exemption forms must be submitted with the proper documentation and approved by the Director of Residential Living. \u00a0These are usually completed within 3 business days after being submitted. All appeals should be directed to the Dean of Students within 10 class days of a denied meal plan exemption.\u00a0\n\nExemptions may be granted to students who meet one of the following criteria:\n\na) A medical condition prohibits student from utilizing the Dining Meal Plan. Detailed medical documentation to verify the situation must be provided that includes a physician\u2019s or dietician\u2019s plan to meet your dietary needs (i.e. must eat low glycemic foods every two hours).\n\nb) Dietary Issue that cannot be accommodated by the Director of Food Services. Documentation from the Director of Food Services must be provided.\n\nc) Student can demonstrate other acceptable extenuating circumstances in which meals are provided as part of that circumstance.(Attach detailed statement on separate sheet.) Student must provide complete documentation to verify the situation.\n\n\nExemption forms can be found online. \u00a0All exemption forms must be turned into the Office of Residential Living within the first 12 days of class.
+__label__negative Frequently Asked Questions\n\nQ: What do you do?\n\nA: Visit out who we are page or Click Here\n\nQ: Is there an Age Limit?\n\nA: Girls ages 3-18 can participate. To be a leader you must be 18+\n\nQ: How do I register for an event?\n\nA: Visit our Registration Page or Click Here to Register\n\nQ: I keep receiving emails, how do i unsubscribe?\n\nA: At the bottom of any email we send you, there is an unsubscribe button. Click it.\n\nQ: When is the next event?\n\nA: For events visit our events page or click here\n\nTranslate \u00bb
+__label__negative There is a very tough tissue covering that encapsulates bones, called the periosteum. It adheres tenaciously to the outer and inner surfaces of all the bones of the body, including the skull. If you have ever boiled a soup bone long enough, you have probably noticed this covering.\n\nA cephalohematoma is a collection of blood under the periosteum. It is almost always a complication of childbirth. It most commonly occurs when the fetal head is forced through the birth canal; the head is propelled forward while the cervix grips the scalp tenaciously. This sliding, tearing force can tear tiny veins that nourish the periosteum from the bone side. This tearing of vessles causes bleeding (hemorrhage) under the tough covering of each bony plate (the periosteum), and a tense pocket of blood collects. This is apparently a painless process.\n\nThe result is a squishy swelling with distinct borders that feels just as if there were a tiny water-filled balloon under the scalp. It is differentiated from caput succedaneum in that the caput is a more generalised and very temporary swelling of the scalp and disappears in a day or two, but the cephalohematoma becomes more distinct to see and feel over the first few days of life.\n\nCephalohematomas are more common with forceps delivery or vacuum extraction, and in the case of forceps delivery, can indicate the presence of a skull fracture. An underlying skull fracture is especially suspected if the cephalohematoma crosses suture lines in the skull.\n\nThe course of a newborn's uncomplicated cephalohematoma in itself is benign. The trapped blood cells break down and the component parts are reabsorbed into the system for recycling or disposal. The heme becomes bilirubin, the iron is recycled into new red blood cells. Calcium is deposited in the resolving cephalohematoma, especially around the edge where the dura mater has been lifted up. As the swelling begins to resolve, you will feel a distinct hard ridge around the edge of the swelling, with a soft, balloon-like center.\n\nEventually, the entire remaining mass of the cephalohematoma becomes hard and calcified, and then it too is reabsorbed and disappears. Within a few months there will be no physical or xray detectable trace of the swelling.\n\nObviously, there is no treatment necessary or ever warranted for an uncomplicated cephalohematoma. By no means should they ever be drained or needled, because of the risk of introducing infection into the space.\n\nProblems related to cephalohematomas are related to underlying skull fracture or trauma to the brain. Such problems are rare. See leptomeningeal cyst.\n
+__label__negative Reasoning Quiz for IBPS RRB PO and Clerk Mains: 12th September 2018\n\nDear Aspirants,\n\nReasoning Quiz for IBPS RRB PO and Clerk Mains: 9th September 2018\n\nReasoning Questions for IBPS RRB PO and Clerk 2018\n\nReasoning Ability\u00a0is an onerous section. With the increasing complexity of questions, it becomes hard for one to give it the cold shoulder. The only way to make the grade in this particular section\u00a0in\u00a0the forthcoming banking exams like IBPS RRB PO and Clerk is to practice continuously with all your heart and soul. And, to let you practice with the best of the latest pattern questions, here is the Adda247\u00a0Reasoning\u00a0Quiz based on the exact same pattern of questions that are being asked in the exams.\n\nDirection (1-5): In each of questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the given statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding known facts.\u00a0\n\nQ1. Statements:\u00a0\n\u00a0All smarts are ugly.\n\u00a0Some uglys are beautiful.\n\u00a0No beautiful is charming.\n\u00a0Some charmings are angry.\n\nConclusion :\u00a0\nI. Some angrys are ugly.\nII. Some charmings are smart.\nIII. Some beautifuls are smart.\nIV. Some charmings are ugly.\nNone follow\nOnly I follow\nOnly I and II follow\nOnly I and III follow\nOnly III follows\n\nQ2. Statements:\u00a0\n\u00a0Some towns are tehsils.\n\u00a0All tehsils are jilas.\n\u00a0Some jilas are villages.\n\u00a0All villages are smarts.\u00a0\n\n\u00a0Conclusion :\u00a0\nI. Some smarts are jilas.\u00a0\nII. Some jilas are towns.\nIII. Some villages are tehsils.\nIV. Some smarts are tehsils.\nOnly I and III follow\nOnly II and III follow\nOnly I and II follow\nOnly III and IV follow\nNone of these\n\nQ3. Statements:\u00a0\n\u00a0Some outs are lbw.\n\u00a0Some lbw are sixes.\n\u00a0Some sixes are balls.\n\u00a0Some balls are bolds.\n\nI. Some bolds are lbw.\nII. Some sixes are outs.\nIII. No bold is lbw.\nIV. Some balls are outs.\nOnly I follows\nOnly either I or III follows\nOnly III follows\nOnly IV follows\nNone of these\n\nQ4. Statements:\u00a0\n\u00a0Some elbows are knees.\n\u00a0All knees are kicks.\n\u00a0Some kicks are jabs.\n\u00a0All jabs are chokes.\n\nI. Some jabs are elbows.\n\u00a0II. Some chokes are knees.\nIII. Some kicks are elbows.\nIV. Some chokes are kicks.\nNone follow\nOnly I follow\nOnly II follow\nOnly III follows\nNone of these\n\nQ5. Statements:\u00a0\n\u00a0All woods are metals.\n\u00a0All metals are irons.\n\u00a0All irons are steels.\n\u00a0All steels are rocks.\n\nI. Some rocks are woods.\n\u00a0II. Some steels are metals.\n\u00a0III. Some irons are woods.\nIV. Some rocks are metals.\nOnly I and II follow\nOnly I, II and III follow\nOnly II, III and IV follow\nOnly I, III and IV follow\nAll follow\n\nDirections (6-10): Study the following information carefully and answer the questions which follow\u2013\u00a0\n\nIn a college, there are 8 professors, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W of 8 different subjects, philosophy, psychology, geography, economics, algebra, French, German, and Arabic not necessarily in the same order. They are sitting around a circular table facing the centre of the circle at an equal distance. U is third to the left of the professor of economics, who is opposite to one who is second to the right from R. The professor of German is not near to P but near the one who is opposite to R. W and Q are adjacent to each other but both of them are not professor of French. The professor of philosophy is second to the left of the professor of Arabic, who is next to the professor of German and V. the professor of French is seated opposite to V. The professor of geography is neither S nor near to R. The professor of Psychology is third to the right of W.\u00a0\n\nQ6. Who is immediate right of V?\nProfessor of economics\nProfessor of philosophy\nProfessor of Arabic\nProfessor of geography\nProfessor of psychology\n\nQ7. Which of the following pair of professors is sitting opposite to each other?\nR and the professor of Arabic\nU and the professor of geography\nThe professor of philosophy and professor of economics\nP and the professor of geography\nQ and the professor of German\n\nQ8. Who is the professor of Algebra?\n\nQ9. What is the position of U with respect to the given information?\nSecond to the right of P\nSecond to the right of the professor of geography\nSecond to the right of the professor of French\nOpposite to the professor of algebra\nImmediate to the right of the professor of philosophy\n\nQ10. If \u2018V\u2019 is related to \u2018T\u2019 and \u2018P\u2019 is related to \u2018R\u2019 in a certain way, which of the following would \u2018S\u2019 be related to in the same pattern?\n\nQ11. Statement: Reinforcing its commitment to green initiatives, railways will explore its future course of action to prevent pollution. Issues related to environment like solid waste management, pollution control, water management and energy management will be discussed at a workshop on \u2018Environmental challenges before Indian Railways and solutions\u2019.\u00a0\n\nWhich of the following points will strengthen the decision taken by the Railways?\u00a0\nI. Introduction of bio-fuel and solar energy in train operation.\u00a0\nII. Installation of rain water harvesting facilities at major stations.\nIII. Waste water recycling plant is also being planned in which recycled water will be used for washing and horticulture purpose.\nIV. Initiatives such as LED light fittings to reduce power consumption and use of five percent bio-diesel in diesel locos.\nV. Introduction of water audit to assess consumption and wastage at major stations.\nAll of these\nAll except I\nAll except I and V\nAll except V\nNone of these\nAll the points in the options promote green initiatives except auditing of water consumption as it is an examination of system records and equipment that may be used to identify, quantify and verify how much water passes through the system and where it goes.\n\nQ12. Statement: The government is set to overhaul annual targets for public sector lenders, ending a focus on size that has long encouraged banks to inflate their loans and deposits at the year-end to hit growth objectives. Banking and government sources said that the new targets, to be discussed at meeting with top state bank officials, would focus on efficiency, with objectives set around return on assets, or return on equity, and controlling bad debts.\n\nWhich of the following points can be inferred from the given information? (An inference is something that is not directly stated but can be inferred from the given information.)\nLoans and deposits of the banks will go up.\nSome short term loans will be discouraged by the banks.\nCredit ratings of the banks will be boosted up.\nFinancial stability of the banks will be lost.\nAll can be inferred.\n\u2018Short-term loans\u2019 refer to the loans scheduled to be repaid in less than a year. When your business does not qualify for a line of credit from a bank, you might still have success in obtaining money from then in the form of a one-time, short-term loan (less than a year) to finance your temporary working capital needs.\n\nQ13. Statement: Prime Minister may slash the Cabinet Committee on Investment\u2019s (CCI) threshold limit by half to Rs. 500 crore to get more stalled projects moving again as the government\u2019s term nears its end. Most of these projects involve sunk investments that are yet to fructify due to pending last-mile clearances, so in many cases, the grant of a clearance would help add to the economy\u2019s output over time as these projects get commissioned.\u00a0\n\nWhich of the following is not in line with the Prime Minister\u2019s statement?\nA committee was set up in 2013 to revive projects that have got stuck due to various reasons.\nIndustrial growth slumped to a negative 0.2 % in the first eight months of 2013-14.\nThe PM is committed to reviving India\u2019s growth impulses till his last day in office.\nAs of now, CCI\u2019s mandate allows it to push for time-bound clearances to investments of Rs. 1,000 crore or more.\nNone of these.\nChoice (a) is in line with the statement because it seems to be a reference to the CCI mentioned in the statement. (b) is likely an outcome of projects getting stalled. (c) is implied by the decision taken even as \u2018the government\u2019s term nears its end\u2019. (d) is in line on the basis of simple calculation.\n\nQ14. Statement: Most of pre-poll surveys show that in this election Congress-led UPA alliance will get a maximum of 100 seats. The poll forecast that the BJP would win the lion\u2019s share of the vote in many of the big states that typically decide the fate of the polls.\u00a0\n\nWhich of the following is the best reason for the above mentioned statement?\nThe Congress ran a flawed election campaign. In contrast to the BJP\u2019s simple slogan \u2018Ab Ki Baar, Modi Sarkar\u2019 that resonated immediately with the public, the congress message \u2018Har haath shakti, Har haath Tarakki\u2019 failed to make an impact.\nFailure of Brand Rahul. He has not displayed the requisite qualities to lead the party or connect with the electorate.\nThe Congress paid the price for the UPA government\u2019s failures. While there is no doubt that the Congress ran a confused campaign, led by an uninspiring leader, it is also true that the corruption scandals, which surfaced during the UPA regime and the government\u2019s inability to control inflation and tackle the economic slowdown, contributed in a large measure in discrediting the Congress.\nWhile nobody in the Congress is willing to accept it officially, Sonia Gandhi\u2019s decision to take a backseat in this election in her son Rahul Gandhi\u2019s favour did immense damage to the party.\nWeak state leadership also proved to be the Congress Party\u2019s undoing\nThe statement points to the predicted collapse of UPA alliance in the General Election. All the options given are the reasons but option (c) is the best reason because the whole impact is from previous works, neither from the party leaders nor from the Brand.\n\nQ15. Statement:- Because no employee wants to be associated with bad news in the eyes of a superior, information about serious problems at lower levels is progressively softened and distorted as it goes up each step in the management hierarchy, the chief executive is, therefore, less well informed about problems at lower levels than his or her subordinates at those levels. The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that\u00a0\nI. Problem solving ability is more important at higher levels than it is at lower levels of the management hierarchy.\nII. Chief executives obtain information about problems at lower levels from no source other than their sub- ordinates.\n\nWhich of the following assumptions is implicit in the statement?\nIf only assumption I is implicit.\nIf only assumption II is implicit.\nIf either I or II is implicit.\nIf neither I nor II is implicit.\nIf both I and II are implicit\nIf CEOs really can\u2019t get information from anyone other than their subordinates, and if those subordinates don\u2019t want to tell them any bad news, then those CEOs are not going to be well-informed about problems. It can\u2019t be assumed that the ability to solve a problem, doesn\u2019t tell us anything about how well-informed the chief executive is about those problems.\n\n\nYou may also like to read:\n\nPrint Friendly and PDF
+__label__negative How is your approach different?\n\nWhat is your assessment approach?\n\nWhere can a family get (find) this type of help in the U.S.A.?\n\nWhat makes your practice different than other therapies?\n\nWhy do you think we are seeing so many children with developmental delays?\n\nWhat is the need base by which clients request your service?\n\nWhat type of outcomes and results can one expect to see?\n\nWhat are some concerns people might have about this type of therapy?\n\nWhat is the premise behind neurological reorganization?
+__label__negative Innate and adaptive immune system\n\nFebruary 14, 2017\n\nwhat type of virus, protein, bacteria, fungus, etc. is trying to get inside but knows that it looks shady and needs to be denied the entrance in the organism.\n\nInnate immune system is constituted by the first line of defenses \u2013barriers-, for example the stomach\u2019s acid, and the oil acidity on the skin, the enzymes in the tears, the hair and mucus in the nose etc. Natural barriers that don\u2019t allow things inside the body, but once they get in the innate immune system has the second line of defense, that tries to eliminate any foreign organism that find their way into the body by lysing and provoking an inflammatory response. This is the second line of defense which is constituted by macrophages and neutrophiles, all of them leukocytes or white blood cells.\n\nThe adaptive immune system which specifically fights the invader recognizes the type of infection that it is being challenged with and mount a specific response to fight it.\n\nThe main intervenients in this response are the lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, that although they have different roles they interact with each other. Lymphocytes can be divided into B lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, and T lymphocytes, also known as T-cells. B-cells are produced and matured in the bone marrow while T-cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature and became active in the thymus. B-cells are responsible for the humoral response and T-cells are responsible for the cell mediated response and play a crucial role in amplifying and activating the B-cells.\n\nThe humoral response is active while virus and bacteria are floating around and has still not infected the host cells; they get recognized by the immune system and eliminated before they can be a threat. The cell mediated response come into action when host cells became infected and are helping the pathogen to replicate. There is a necessity then to kill the infection even if to do would mean killing the host cell.
+__label__negative 89969-90547 subjects 90364-90926\n\n^ mysql-ruby troubles\n90140 [preisa sbox.] When installing mysql-ruby-2.5.4 on Mandrake 9.2.\n90142 [nobu.nokada ] Does that Mysql package contain headers and libraries?  Aren't\n90144 [preisa sbox.] MySQL-4.0.11a-5mdk.rmp\n+ 90145 [andre digira] You'll probably need the `libmysql-devel' package.\n+ 90146 [nobu.nokada ] I guess what you need may be MySQL-devel-4.0.11a-5mdk.rpm or\n  90148 [preisa sbox.] $ rpm -ql MySQL MySQL-client MySQL-common | grep -e '\\.h$' -e '\\.so$'\n  90150 [nobu.nokada ] Then, you haven't installed packages for development with\n\n^ Ruby1.8.1 on FreeBSD\n90157 [careck circl] I've just installed my first FreeBSD 5.1 server and I'm wondering about\n+ 90159 [slumos yahoo] Hmm, FYI 5.2-RELEASE is out...\n+ 90259 [roberto REMO] [courtesy cc of this posting sent to cited author via email]\n\n^ List of defined classes/modules\n90161 [markjreed ma] How can I programmatically determine what classes and modules\n90164 [ggarramuno a] Look up ObjectSpace in the Pickaxe book.\n90166 [markjreed ma] Ah, thank you very much!\n+ 90173 [kgergely mla] Enumerable is not a class, but a module.\n| 90180 [kgergely mla] Sorry, I misunderstood you. Forget it.\n+ 90176 [george.marro] See http://www.ruby-talk.com/blade/71203\n\n^ RCR discussion: safety considerations\n90162 [ptkwt aracne] I want to have a discussion on certain safety issues and then submit some\n90172 [batsman.geo ] IMHO this handles a pretty benign issue, as methods in the current class\n90232 [ptkwt aracne] Perhaps you're right.  Being able to pick & choose what methods to include\n\n^ calling ruby methods in C\n90163 [boson cybers] I have a question about what is the best way to call Ruby methods which\n90193 [boson cybers] Looks like this question was mostly answered by this post\n90199 [nobu.nokada ] For an instance made in same function, direct call would be\n\n^ data acquisition and control with Linux and Ruby\n90165 [steven.jenki] Frank Mori Hess and I have just put the finishing touches on a first set\n\n^ Calling blocks and Proc objects from C: let me guess?\n90167 [im_not_givin] I plan on letting the user give me Proc objects that I will execute in\n\n^ ruby/dl or win32API win32 help?\n90170 [emmanuel.tou] I'm trying to make a FXRuby \"always on top\" on win32 using ruby/dl.\n90239 [emmanuel.tou] If someone is interested, I actually succeeded in making a \"always\n\n^ Alias question\n90177 [GGarramuno a] Is there any performance cost involved in using aliases?  If I am\n\n^ [ANN] win32-event 0.1.0\n90186 [djberge qwes] I'm happy to announce the release of win32-event 0.1.0.  This is an\n\n^ Threads & GC\n90190 [usenet andre] irb(main):038:0> Thread.start do\n\n^ [OT] Re: Threads & GC\n90192 [decoux moulo] because GC::start is run on line 42, and ruby don't like this\n90195 [bob.news gmx] \"ts\" <decoux@moulon.inra.fr> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n\n^ Ruby/ODBC, Oracle 9.2 and tables(pattern)\n90197 [MartyMcL com] I want to restrict the result set returned from the tables([pattern])\n\n^ CGIKit  --  MySQL\n90198 [rubytuzdayz ] Are there any example(s)? Thanks.\n90204 [m.wieding-dr] Have a look here\n\n^ regex help\n90200 [chrismo clab] '  /* comment */  String s = \"***/\";  '.gsub(re, \"*\\\\\")\n+ 90206 [neoneye adsl] possible.. but difficult.\n| 90207 [chrismo clab] I thought it might be. I've fallen back and written a simple\n| 90208 [zdennis mkte] Chris,\n| 90209 [chrismo clab] Yeup.\n| 90210 [zdennis mkte] Can this span multiple lines for a match?\n| 90212 [chrismo clab] I don't think a string literal can span multiple lines in a .java source\n| 90216 [pit capitain] 1) extract string literals\n| 90285 [chrismo clab] Thanks for posting this -- very cool approach.\n+ 90246 [bob.news gmx] \"Chris Morris\" <chrismo@clabs.org> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n+ 90257 [ruby-talk pc] there are better things, yes...\n  90267 [bob.news gmx] \"Nikolai Weibull\" <ruby-talk@pcppopper.org> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  90270 [ruby-talk pc] yes, but i seem to have made a mistake in copying it over for some\n  90277 [bob.news gmx] charset=\"iso-8859-1\"\n  90298 [ruby-talk pc] 'my' version avoids a lot of unnecessary backtracking under certain\n  + 90300 [zdennis mkte] I've got the book Nikolai, and tonight after the office closes my goal is to\n  | 90304 [ruby-talk pc] hehe, eh, thanks i suppose.  Its covered in Chapter 6.  It's a use of\n  + 90338 [bob.news gmx] \"Nikolai Weibull\" <ruby-talk@pcppopper.org> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n\n^ Help!  cannot recursive call\n90213 [greg brondo.] Having a problem with following code.  It will drop to the first directory\n+ 90215 [harryo qiqso] Maybe I've misread the code, but shouldn't the marked line just be \"chmodDir(ftp, dir)\"?\n| 90218 [harryo qiqso] Presumably, there should also be some kind of chmod() call in there, too.  Ie, something like ...\n+ 90217 [markjreed ma] That should be just chmodDir(ftp, dir), no \"ftp.\".  \"ftp.chmodDir\" tries\n\n^ detecting Win95/Win98/WinME\n90214 [vjoel PATH.B] Some of the File#flock arguments do not work on Win95/Win98/WinME\n+ 90220 [phasis bclin] How about `ver` ?\n| 90221 [vjoel PATH.B] Thanks, that does the trick.\n| 90231 [ptkwt aracne] Hmmm... but that's not exactly cross-platform.\n| 90235 [vjoel PATH.B] I've tried it on ME, and Park Heesob tried it on Win2K, so now we know\n| 90240 [nobu.nokada ] ver command has been available from DOS, 2.x at least AFAIK.\n+ 90276 [djberg96 hot] This is stolen from Moonwolf's \"init.rb\" file (part of the win32/winbase module).\n  + 90321 [intc_ctor ya] What about XP?  I suspect it falls somewhere in the WinNT/2000 case.\n  | + 90330 [nobu.nokada ] It is NT 5.1, isn't it?\n  | + 90331 [emmanuel.tou] AFAIK, XP is NT 5.1 (major == 5, minor == 1).\n  + 90329 [vjoel PATH.B] Thanks. I'll keep that in mind in case the `ver` solution doesn't work\n\n^ rubyvm-talk (was: Re: ruby-dev summary 22435-22573)\n90222 [sasada namik] [ Re: ruby-dev summary 22435-22573 ]\n90247 [george.marro] See http://www.rubygarden.org/ruby?VirtualMachineOptions\n90518 [ko1 namikila] [ Re: rubyvm-talk (was: Re: ruby-dev summary 22435-22573) ]\n\n^ threads, mutex, regexp and trouble\n90225 [probertm nos] I have a bit of a problem suing threads.  The program reads in a list of\n90909 [probertm nos] Thank you very much for your input.  It is was the @cmds that was in fact\n\n^ Metadata\n90227 [ralph.mason ] I am playing with dynamicaly creating proxy ruby objects, but need more\n+ 90229 [rpav mephle.] these two things: MetaTags and Strongtyping.  Unfortunately the server\n| 90230 [ralph.mason ] I will check out your stuff.  Thanks\n| 90234 [rpav mephle.] Yeah, I don't validate, but then there's no data that's really for\n+ 90723 [rich infoeth] Ralph,\n\n^ Re: New to Python: my impression v. Perl/Ruby\n90228 [ptkwt aracne] It _is_ very cool.\n+ 90251 [ggarramuno a] No, he can't.   If you read his code carefully, he is using step() to count in\n| 90322 [ptkwt aracne] Yes, I know. I wasnt' trying to show a solution to his problem, just a\n+ 90264 [Tim.Hunter s] This one statement is what got me started on Ruby. After 20 years of\n+ 90292 [ville.spamst] Though \"sending messages\" to int literals is a syntax error.\n  + 90294 [zdennis mkte] Ville,\n  | 90332 [GGarramuno a] Well, that isn't too confusing.  But one issue with looping using the\n  | + 90333 [walker letha] Ever since I started using ruby, I don't believe I've actually looped based on numbers for actual programming. Why should I, since there is usually a number of better ways to do so, especially when doing it the 'ruby way'.\n  | | + 90368 [ggarramuno a] for i in (0..i); something; end\n  | | | + 90370 [sroberts uni] Are you sure? Can't i be a RegEx? If not, the .. operator is a special\n  | | | | 90388 [austin halos] Actually, only i matters for whether the result of i + 1 is a number.\n  | | | + 90373 [djd15 po.cwr] (-1).times do\n  | | | | 90394 [GGarramuno a] That is indeed interesting!   My idea that for loops were faster were\n  | | | | + 90461 [flgr ccan.de] Remember that the  for item in items  construct really is only an alias\n  | | | | + 90677 [bg-rubytalk ] Overall, I think it's more Matz' philosophy that you shouldn't write\n  | | | |   + 90678 [rove.monteux] Thats great stuff, Ben.\n  | | | |   + 90745 [GGarramuno a] Well, most natural to me would likely be something in Spanish as it is\n  | | | |     90805 [surrender_it] I suppose that is 'home language' or 'native language'. Tongue should\n  | | | |     + 90806 [gfb tonesoft] Actually, it is not an error. \"Tongue\" is quite acceptable replacement\n  | | | |     + 90809 [hal9000 hype] It is not actually an error. \"Tongue\" can mean \"language\"\n  | | | + 90382 [gsinclair so] a = 'a'\n  | | | | 90386 [ahoward fatt] that sounds like a meta-physical question gavin\n  | | | + 90387 [austin halos] ('a'..'z').each { |i| ... }\n  | | | + 90390 [jwkenne attg] No, as a matter of fact, it doesn't.\n  | | | + 90397 [joe notcharl] So, what you're saying is, you don't want to use Ruby's features because\n  | | |   90399 [bob.news gmx] \"Joe Mason\" <joe@notcharles.ca> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n  | | + 90389 [jwkenne attg] Well, here is an example of \"times\" from a real program.  The point is\n  | |   90429 [GGarramuno a] Well, as a new user, that kind of constructs would scare me quite a\n  | |   90438 [zdennis mkte] GGaramuno,\n  | + 90351 [zdennis mkte] GGarramuno,\n  + 90297 [sombDELETE p] ...\n  | 90301 [wmwilson01 h] That syntax is just so lovely...  It's completely apparent what's going on\n  + 90302 [newsgroups j] message news:du71xpue3rm.fsf@mozart.cc.tut.fi...\n  + 90303 [markjreed ma] It's not \"cute\", it's legible.  \"10.times do\" is *much* clearer\n  | 90311 [linse428 stu] While that might be true of those languages, what do you think of the\n  | 90315 [markjreed ma] I think it complicates the elegance of the design; I'm a big believer in\n  + 90365 [sera fhwang.] A lot of this has to do with how you conceptualize objects. In some\n\n^ eRuby on Mac OS X\n90233 [kevin_mcconn] I'm trying to get eRuby and mod_ruby running on OS X (Panther).\n90242 [gfb tonesoft] Mac OS X 10.3.2 (Panther)\n+ 90256 [kevin_mcconn] Thanks for the info.  Is there a reason you are using Apache 2 (as in,\n| 90266 [gfb tonesoft] I was about to compile Apache anyway to include some specific options,\n+ 90269 [kevin_mcconn] Just to follow up: getting a newer mod_ruby solved my problem.  Thanks again...\n\n^ Ruby at FOSDEM + Rich's interview\n90249 [raphael.baud] Rich Kilmer will be present at the next Free and Open Source\n91067 [emiel il.fon] I'm going, but just out of curiousity... is anyone else? :)\n91167 [damphyr free] Was about to, had the days booked and everything and then I found out my\n\n^ ldap - openldap\n90258 [rubytuzdayz ] To install ruby-ldap, I need an ldap server/sdk ...Where do I get the\n90342 [sroberts uni] I've never used ruby-ldap, but I've used the openldap sdk on windows.\n90345 [Patrick.Benn] Actually the MS ldap api is part of windows (the platform sdk) already\n90347 [sroberts uni] The msdn docs suggested that the ldap api is part of the Active\n\n^ deep clone\n90261 [lists zara.6] I need to produce deep copies of an object structure (the elements will\n90279 [vjoel PATH.B] All the datatypes you mention can be handled by Marshal.\n\n^ Diff algorithm\n90262 [lists zara.6] Does anyone know if there's a Ruby-/Artistic-Licensed implementation of\n\n^ [ANN] FXRuby-1.0.28 Now Available\n90263 [lyle knology] All,\n\n^ Ruby/ODBC, Oracle 9.2 and tables(pattern) function - how to\n90275 [martymcl com] charset=\"iso-8859-1\"\n\n^ ruby-dev summary 22574-22624\n90280 [ksaito uranu] This is a summary of ruby-dev mailing list.\n\n^ Numerical problems of mswin32 Ruby\n90282 [jgoizueta wa] I've been doing some comparisons between two Windows ports of Ruby\n90288 [djberge qwes] This thread, http://tinyurl.com/2x34f, leads me to believe that the\n\n^ Ruby/ODBC, Oracle 9.2, table(pattern) function\n\n^ DBI improvement\n90287 [ferenc engar] I think all the DBI type classes (DBI::Timestamp etc.) should support\n90289 [ahoward fatt] how about special timestamps?  for example, postgresql supports\n90367 [ferenc engar] And these can be DBI::Timestamp values? Well, then what is the result of\n\n^ Socket hang (was recursive call problem)\n90290 [greg brondo.] Ok..Here's the new code...might be a bug in net/ftp or the socket code.  The\n90335 [decoux moulo] ftp.list('.').each do |entry|\n90826 [greg brondo.] Thanks!  That worked.  One more questions though....\n\n^ question about blocks\n90291 [ferenc engar] How can I return a value from a block? \"return\" immediately returns from\n+ 90293 [neoneye adsl] How about this code?\n| + 90295 [jgb3 email.b] By way of explanation, I believe the difference is this:  when the block\n| + 90310 [boson cybers] $ ./a.rb\n|   90312 [neoneye adsl] Wierd.. is this a bug?  am I doing something wrong?\n|   90313 [boson cybers] $ ruby -v\n+ 90308 [nobu.nokada ] next value\n  90369 [ferenc engar] Thanks, this is it. The documentation should be updated! :)\n\n^ enable debugflag in module\n90299 [neoneye adsl] To ease unittesting I have made a #debug keyword, which enables\n90314 [nobu.nokada ] Should be Module's instance method.\n90346 [neoneye adsl] ok\n\n^ Proposal for programming language of the year\n90309 [szegedy t-on] learnt.\n+ 90317 [Mark.Volkman] I think one of the main points of learning a new language each year is that\n| + 90318 [careck circl] IMHO it doesn't even have to be a 'new' language. There are some 'old'\n| | 90323 [sdate everes] I have started on this already :-)\n| | 90324 [joey joeygib] Why limit yourselves to using Squeak? Cincom Smalltalk (nee VisualWorks)\n| | + 90325 [sdate everes] Just taking baby steps ... learning it with kids and all :-)\n| | + 90326 [careck circl] Why exactly is using Squeak a limitation? Could you expand a little more\n| |   + 90340 [joey joeygib] Maybe that was a bad choice of words. The last time I wanted to use\n| |   + 90366 [avi beta4.co] It is.  I don't really know what \"limitations\" Joey means, but here\n| |     90406 [rasputnik he] Thats the clincher for me - is VisualWorks windows only?\n| |     + 90408 [joey joeygib] It runs on several platforms including Windows, Linux, WinCE and several\n| |     + 90455 [avi beta4.co] No, VW actually runs on lots of platforms - Windows, Mac, and various\n| |       90459 [joey joeygib] That's correct on the WinCE support; it's still a preview. In the Fall 2003\n| + 90320 [szegedy t-on] Ruby's syntax resembles that of C, Perl and Python. This did not\n| + 90328 [joe notcharl] Syntax isn't everything.  Scala has type inferencing, which is a pretty\n|   90348 [tibbetts acm] Your mentioning Haskell reminded me that I tried to learn it a couple of years\n|   + 90349 [jgb3 email.b] Wow, that was my experience in a nutshell, too.  I've tried several\n|   | + 90350 [Mark.Volkman] I guess the thing I find most interesting about Groovy is that Groovy\n|   | + 90352 [szegedy nosp] I thought, all of you can already Haskell, since it was sometimes the\n|   + 90400 [joe notcharl] I found it much easier than Lisp.  I have a hard time thinking in Lisp\n+ 90339 [feldt ce.cha] Sounds interesting. For people considering LotY I would like to propose\n| + 90343 [martindemell] I've personally been considering OCaml - I'm impressed by the speed it\n| + 90749 [GGarramuno a] Erlang was also used to build one of the most popular non-professional\n|   90751 [johnknight.c] what about arc? http://www.paulgraham.com\n+ 90398 [wsdng online] Does anybody know the Pragmatic Programmer's language of the year 2003?\n| 90741 [invalid see-] AFAIK, they couldn't agree on a single language, so some decided on Oz\n+ 90465 [cpine hellot] Well, I don't think anyone has mentioned Icon yet, but it is a pretty cool\n  90492 [tibbetts acm] Chris,\n\n^ Parsing periods of time: Code and questions\n90319 [ jupp gmx.de] I am presently working on a new version of my feed aggregator\n+ 90337 [bob.news gmx] \"Josef 'Jupp' SCHUGT\" <jupp@gmx.de> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n+ 90344 [angus quovad] Only integers.\n+ 90363 [sera fhwang.] All sounds really interesting and useful. One question: Are you sure\n\n^ no timeslicing?\n90353 [rasputnik he] I decided its high time I tried to learn threads again,\n+ 90357 [flgr ccan.de] This might be related to the scheduler not doing any thread switches in\n+ 90358 [pit capitain] Maybe Thread.pass can help you. It's also in the pickaxe.\n| 90376 [rasputnik he] Ack! - just my luck to confuse two completely different methods on\n+ 90360 [bob.news gmx] \"Rasputin\" <rasputnik@hellooperator.net> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n\n^ Modules as namespace\n90354 [ gm navel.gr] module My; module Little; module Namespace;\n90355 [hal9000 hype] First of all, you can only do this when the modules already\n+ 90356 [matz ruby-la] No, parens are not required.  Ruby parser is smart enough to read your\n| + 90361 [ahoward fatt] really?  what am i missing?\n| | 90362 [rpav mephle.] Probably the fact A doesn't exist here.\n| + 90391 [hal9000 hype] Sorry to mislead. This is different from the case I was looking at\n+ 90359 [bob.news gmx] \"Hal Fulton\" <hal9000@hypermetrics.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n+ 90515 [ gm navel.gr] Thanks for the info, then perhaps a more flexible way to declare\n  90541 [matz ruby-la] What do you mean by \"flexible way to declare namespaces\"?\n  + 90549 [ahoward fatt] e p   e\n  + 90578 [ gm navel.gr] instead of\n    + 90582 [dblack wobbl] You can do essentially that, as long as the rightmost one is the only\n    + 90583 [bob.news gmx] \"George Moschovitis\" <gm@navel.gr> schrieb im Newsbeitrag\n      + 90692 [ gm navel.gr] wow, this is a cool idea! I forgot how ..flexible Ruby is ;-)\n      + 90716 [ruby-talk pc] heh, sweet...one can really tell Ruby is inspired by Lisp :-)\n        90718 [surrender_it] nah, you can tell it fromn this
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+__label__negative Pathophysiology and Management of Post-dural Puncture Headache: A Current Review\n\n\nIt has been just over one hundred years since Dr. Bier experienced and wrote about the first reported postdural puncture headache. Dr. Bier's classic description of his severe postural headache would be familiar to anyone in practice today. A postdural puncture headache (PDPH) or \"spinal headache\" is usually described as a severe, dull, nonthrobbing pain, usually fronto-occipital, which is aggravated in the upright position and diminished in the supine position. It may or may not be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances and/or auditory disturbances. Patients who experience a postdural puncture headache should not be taken lightly. Data obtained from the ASA's closed claims analysis project show that this is the third most common reason for litigation in obstetric anesthesia. (1) Anyone being treated for a PDPH should receive reassurance as well as a full and frank discussion of treatment options.\n\nA PDPH is usually a self-limiting process. If left untreated, 75% of them will resolve within the first week and 88% will have resolved by 6 weeks. (2) Most treatments are geared towards lessening the pain and symptoms until the hole in the dura can heal, or at least until it can close to the point where the symptoms are tolerable. So-called \"conservative treatment\" involves hydration, bedrest and analgesics.\n\nThe concept of hydration for a PDPH is often misunderstood. The purpose of the hydration is to ensure that the rate of CSF production is appropriate. Although the degree of CSF leak does not correlate with the severity of the symptoms in a PDPH, it is assumed that improvements in the ratio of CSF production to CSF leak will improve the clinical picture. Dehydration can result in a decrease in CSF production. However, if someone is appropriately hydrated, and the rate of CSF production is normal, there is no evidence that overhydration will increase the rate of CSF production any further. Therefore, there is no point in administering fluids to a patient who is already appropriately hydrated.\n\nBedrest is advised simply to lessen the severity of symptoms. At one time, it was thought that remaining supine after a dural puncture would help prevent the occurrence of a PDPH. This is not the case and the incidence of PDPH is not affected by bedrest. Bedrest is therefore no longer advised unless symptoms occur. When symptoms do occur, the patients are often at bedrest anyway, since it is the only way that they can obtain relief. For a mild PDPH, NSAIDs are often prescribed. For severe headaches, NSAIDs may not be sufficient, and narcotics may be necessary in the initial period. Epidural morphine has been shown to be effective, but is usually not a convenient treatment for an outpatient or a patient waiting to be discharged.\n\nMost of us were taught the classic explanation for the pathophysiology of a PDPH. CSF leaking from a dural puncture would lead to a loss of CSF pressure in the spine and a loss of buoyancy supporting the brain. When the patient assumes an upright posture, the brain sags, and tension on the meninges and other intracranial structures creates the pain seen with PDPH. As Sechzer pointed out in the 1970s, this explanation is probably overly simplified. (3) It is likely that as the body assumes a vertical posture, the hydrostatic gradient across the brain increases, forcing more CSF to exit the dural puncture. The body then attempts to compensate for the loss of intracranial volume by vasodilation. Much of the pain in a PDPH would then be related to vascular distention. This process would reverse itself when the patient again became supine.\n\nThis difference in mechanisms is an important one. If some or all of the pain of a PDPH is the result of processes similar to those that occur during a vascular headache, then a PDPH should be susceptible to the treatments used for vascular type headaches. In fact, these treatments have met with varying degrees of success.\n\nIntravenous caffeine sodium benzoate has been in use, off and on, for approximately half a century as a treatment for PDPH. One regimen was to put 500 mg of caffeine sodium benzoate in one liter of intravenous fluid and infuse this over one hour. It could be repeated every 8 hours. Presumably, the cerebral vasoconstrictive effects of caffeine help attenuate the vascular distention, providing analgesia. While some investigators reported very good results with intravenous caffeine sodium benzoate, others found it to be no better than placebo. These days it is difficult to obtain caffeine sodium benzoate in the United States.\n\nCamann showed that 300 mg of oral caffeine would provide some temporary analgesia, but while the relief was better than placebo, it was often temporary and there was a high recurrence rate. (4) As a practical matter, oral caffeine is not always useful in this situation, since it involves taking multiple 300 mg doses of caffeine throughout the day. A time-release preparation of theophylline worked somewhat better, presumably because of its longer duration of action as well as its more potent vasoconstrictive effect on cerebral vessels. (5) Sumatriptan 6 mg subcutaneously has been very successful in some studies in relieving the pain of a PDPH. (6) It remains to be seen whether the oral form of this medication works as well as the subcutaneous route.\n\nAn epidural blood patch (EBP) remains the standard against which all other treatments for a PDPH are compared. By creating a blood clot over the hole in the dura, the CSF leak can be slowed or halted entirely. As with the more conservative treatments, the epidural blood patch buys time. While the clot is in place, the hole is closing. By the time the clot has resolved, the hole has usually reduced in size to the point where the symptoms of the PDPH have either disappeared or become tolerable. Of course, should the clot become dislodged during this period, the headache may return.\n\nThe pain relief from an EBP is often immediate. If the EBP worked simply by plugging the dural leak, one would expect that the CSF deficit would take a much longer time to be replenished. Therefore, a second mechanism of action may be at work. It is possible that the EBP also works by increasing pressure in the spinal cord.\n\nWhen blood patches were first performed, small volumes (3 - 8 ml) of autologous blood were used. These days, the common practice is to use 15 to 20 ml of blood in the patch. This enables a greater spread of the blood through the epidural space to ensure that it covers the dural puncture. With these volumes, the EBP is said to be effective more than 95% of the time. (7) A headache may recur following an EBP, but the EBP is so effective in the treatment of a PDPH, that if the patient fails to obtain any relief, the original diagnosis should be questioned. Headaches that result from other etiologies are sometimes mistaken for a PDPH. (8)\n\nAlthough the EBP is usually thought of as a benign procedure, it is not without its complications. Fortunately, most of these are relatively minor. Approximately 35% of patients who receive an EBP report back pain. (9) Neck pain, leg pain, paresthesias, radiculitis, fever, and temporary cranial nerve palsies have all been reported following the administration of an EBP. It is not uncommon to obtain a second wet tap when attempting to place an EBP.\n\nMany practitioners have the patient remain in the decubitus position for 30 minutes after placing the EBP before they are allowed to ambulate. There is some evidence that if the patient remains in the decubitus position for longer periods (1 to 2 hours), the EBP might be more successful. (10)\n\nThere was a time when EBPs were avoided during the first 24 hours of a PDPH. Their effectiveness during this early stage was thought to be low and the PDPH recurrence rate was believed to be high. Reevaluation of early EBPs in the 1980s and 1990s showed that with the administration of 15 to 20 ml of blood in the patch, the EBP could be very successful during this period. In fact, when an EBP was placed prophylactically for a wet tap before the development of any symptoms, only 10% of the patients developed a headache. (11)\n\nThis leads to a treatment dilemma with differing points of view. If a wet tap occurs during the attempted insertion of an epidural catheter, many anesthesiologists believe that a prophylactic blood patch should be inserted to avoid the development of a PDPH with its distressing symptomatology. Others feel that a patient should not be subjected to the possible complications of an EBP unless a PDPH develops and the symptomatology justifies the risk/benefit ratio.\n\nOther substances besides autologous blood have been used in the epidural space in an attempt to either \"patch\" the hole in the dura or diminish the CSF leak. Historically, the oldest of these is normal saline, the \"saline patch.\" There have been many regimens proposed for this therapy. One is to inject 40 ml of saline into the epidural space, and follow this with an infusion of 40 ml/hr over the next 12 to 24 hours. Others simply use the initial injection and forego the subsequent infusion. Although effective in the short term, a high recurrence rate of PDPH symptoms is often reported with this method.\n\nLow molecular weight dextran has been used in some studies as a substitute for the EBP. Injecting 20 - 30 ml of dextran has been highly successful in treating the headaches. (12) In one study, a 20 ml of dextran given prophylactically as a \"patch\" was effective in preventing PDPHs. (13)\n\nGelatin powder (Gelfoam) and fibrin glue have both been used as epidural patches for postdural puncture headaches. They may be effective, but are significantly more difficult to administer than dextran.\n\nSteve Schwalbe, MD\nEducation Committee\n\n\n1. Chadwick HS. An analysis of obstetric anesthesia cases from the American Society of Anesthesiologists' closed claims project database. Int J Obstet Anesth 1996,5:258-63.\n\n2. Vandam LD, Dripps RD. Long term follow up of patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics. JAMA 1956,161:586-90.\n\n3. Sechzer PH. Post-spinal anesthesia headache treated with caffeine. Part II: Intracranial vascular distention, a key factor. Curr Ther Res 1979,26:440-448.\n\n4. Camann WR, Murray RS, Mushlin PS, Lambert DH. Effects of oral caffeine on postdural puncture headache. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analg 1990,70:181-4.\n\n5. Schwalbe SS, Schiffmiller MW, Marx GF. Theophylline for post-dural puncture headache (abstract). Anesthesiology 1991,75:A1082\n\n6. Carp H, Singh PJ, Vadhera R, Jayaram A. Effects of the serotonin receptor agonist sumatriptan on postdural puncture headache: report of six cases. Anesth Analg 1994,79:180-2.\n\n7. Crawford JS. Experiences with epidural blood patch. Anaesthesia 1980,35:513.\n\n8. Gewirtz EC, Costin M, Marx GF. Cortical vein thrombosis may mimic postdural puncture headache. Reg Anesth 1987, 12:188-90.\n\n9. Abouleish E, Vega S, Blendinger I, Tio TO. Long term follow up of epidural blood patch. Anesth Analg 1975, 54:459-63.\n\n10. Martin R, Jourdain S, Clairoux M, T\u00e9trault JP. Duration of decubitus position after epidural blood patch. Can J Anaesth 1994, 41:23-5.\n\n11. Cheek TG, Banner R, Sauter J, Gutsche BB. Prophylactic extradural blood patch is effective: A preliminary communication. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:340-2.\n\n12. Barrios-Alarcon J, Aldrete JA, Paragas-Tapia D. Relief of post-lumbar puncture headache with epidural Dextran 40: A preliminary report. Reg Anesth 1989, 14:78-80.\n\n13. Salvador L, Carrero E, Castillo J, Villalonga A, Nalda MA. Prevention of post dural puncture headache with epidural administered Dextran 40 (Letter) Reg Anesth 1992, 17:357-8.\n
+__label__negative SAP ABAP Interview Questions asked in Top Companies\n\n5/31/2010 No Comment\nOverview:Collection of important SAP ABAP Interview Questions\n\n\n\n3. Are programs client dependent?\n\n4. Name a few system global variables you can use in ABAP programs?\n\n\n6. How do you take care of performance issues in your ABAP programs?\n\n7. What are datasets?\n\n8. How to find the return code of a stmt in ABAP programs?\n\n9. What are interface/conversion programs in SAP?\n\n10. Have you used SAP supplied programs to load master data?\n\n\n12. What are logical databases? What are the advantages/disadvantages of logical databases?\n\n13. What specific statements do you using when writing a drill down report?\n\n\n15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ABAP query tool?\n\n16. What are the functional areas? User groups? And how does ABAP query work in relation to these?\n\n17. Is a logical database a requirement/must to write an ABAP query?\n\n18. What is the structure of a BDC sessions.\n\n19. What are Change header/detail tables? Have you used them?\n\n\n21. What do you do with errors in BDC batch sessions?\n\n22. How do you set up background jobs in SAP? What are the steps? What are the events driven batch jobs?\n\n\n\n25. Does SAP handle multiple currencies? Multiple languages?\n\n26. What is a currency factoring technique?\n\n27. How do you document ABAP programs? Do you use program documentation menu option?\n\n28. What is SAPScripts and layout set?\n\n29. What are the ABAP commands that link to a layout set?\n\n30. What is output determination?\n\n31. What are Idocs?\n\n32. What is screen painter? Menu painter? Gui status?\n\n\n34. Overall how do you write transaction programs in SAP?\n\n35. Does SAP have a GUI screen painter or not? If yes what operating systems is it available on? What is the other type of screen painter called?\n\n36. What are step loops? How do you program page down page up in step loops?\n\n37. Is ABAP a GUI language?\n\n38. Normally how many and what files get created when a transaction program is written?\nWhat is the XXXXXTOP program?\n\n39. What are the include programs?\n\n40. Can you call a subroutine of one program from another program?\n\n41. What are user exits? What is involved in writing them? What precautions are needed?\n\n42. What are RFC\u2019s? How do you write RFC\u2019s on SAP side?\n\n43. What are the general naming conventions of ABAP programs?\n\n44. How do you find if a logical database exists for your program requirements?\n\n45. How do you find the tables to report from when the user just tells you the transaction he uses? And all the underlying data is from SAP structures?\n\n46. How do you find the menu path for a given transaction in SAP?\n\n47. What are the different modules of SAP?\n\n48. What is IMG in SAP?\n\n49. How do you get help in ABAP?\n\n50. What are different ABAP editors? What are the differences?\n\n51. What are the different elements in layout sets?\n\n52. Can you use if then else, perform etc statements in sap script?\n\n53. What type of variables normally used in sap script to output data?\n\n54. How do you number pages in SAPScripts layout outputs?\n\n55. What takes most time in SAP script programming?\n\n56. How do you use tab sets in layout sets?\n\n57. How do you backup SAPScripts layout sets? Can you download and upload? How?\n\n58. What are presentation and application servers in SAP?\n\n59. In an ABAP program how do you access data that exists on a presentation server v/s on an application server?\n\n60. What are different data types in ABAP?\n\n61. What is difference between BDC and Call Transaction?\n\n62. Setting up a BDC program where you find information?\n\n\nRelated Posts\n\nNo comments :\n\n\n\nContact Us | About Us | Privacy Policy and Disclaimer
+__label__negative Definition of Weak Atheism\n\nWeak atheism is defined as simply the absence of belief in gods or the absence of theism. This is also the broad, general definition of atheism. The definition of weak atheism is used as a contrast to the definition of strong atheism, which is the positive assertion that no gods exist. All atheists are necessarily weak atheists because by definition all atheists do not believe in any gods; only some go on to assert that some or no gods exist.\n\nSome people deny that weak atheism exists, confusing the definition with that of agnosticism. This is a mistake because atheism is about (a lack of) belief whereas agnosticism is about (a lack of) knowledge. Belief and knowledge are related by separate issues. Thus weak atheism is compatible with agnosticism, not an alternative to it. Weak atheism overlaps with negative atheism and implicit atheism.\n\nUseful Examples\n\n\"Weak atheists do not find the evidence for the existence of gods persuasive. While theists say that deities, or gods, do exist, weak atheists do not necessarily disagree. Some simply hold no opinion on the matter. Others more actively have doubts that gods exist. They consider it likely that gods do not exist because no one can prove that they do. In this respect, weak atheism is similar to agnosticism, or the view that gods might or might not exist but no one can know for certain.\"\n\n- World Religions: Primary Sources, Michael J. O'Neal and J. Sydney Jones
+__label__negative Scan Clerk\n\nWhat Does A Scan Clerk Do?\n\nA scan clerk retrieves all documentation from doctors and nurses, organizes it, then scans it into a computer so it is easy accessible to physicians.\n\nHow Do I Become A Scan Clerk?\n\nA high school diploma or equivalent is required to work in this position. Completing a two-year college program in office administration or a related field might make an applicant more competitive.\n\nWhat is the Average Salary For A Scan Clerk?\n\nHigh \u2013 34,000\nMedian \u2013 24,000\nLow \u2013 19,000\n\nWhat Courses Should I Take To Become A Scan Clerk?\n\n  \u2022 English\u00a0\u2013 As much as possible!\n  \u2022 Communication\n\nWhat Is The Work Environment For A Scan Clerk?\n\nKelly, the scan clerk in the video, works in a hospital setting. Similar positions may be found in other types of organizations.\n\nWhat Is The Future Outlook For A Scan Clerk?\n\n\n\n  \u2022 Explore Careers, Labour Market Information, Government of Canada\n  \u2022 Payscale\n\nWhat Degree Should I Consider If I Want To Be A Scan Clerk?
+__label__negative \ufeff Practice Test 3: Answers and Explanations - The Practice SAT Literature Subject Tests - SAT Literature Subject Test \ufeff\n\nSAT Literature Subject Test\n\nPart III\n\nThe Practice SAT Literature Subject Tests\n\nChapter 18\n\nPractice Test 3: Answers and Explanations\n\nAnswers and Explanations\n\n\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Answer choice (C) is correct because the author is racking her brain for ways to make the book better: \u201cIn better dress to trim thee\u201d (line 17). Answers choices (A) and (E) interpret the word\u00a0house\u00a0too literally. Choice (B) is incorrect because the author is looking for a way to make the book better. She is not looking for the book itself. Searching in her \u201cshame\u201d does not make sense (D).\n\n\u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The poem states that the book \u201cdidst by my side remain,/Till snatched from thence by friends\u00a0\u2026\u00a0Who thee abroad, exposed to public view\u201d (lines 2\u20134) so (B) is the correct answer. The press did not demand the book (A), nor did the publisher steal it (C). There is no evidence that she showed it to anyone (D). And the poem does state how the book came to be published (E).\n\n\u00a0\u00a03\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author blushes (line 7), so she is embarrassed, and thus (E) is the correct answer. Blushing does not imply being \u201cthrilled\u201d (A). There is no evidence that she feels it is too dark (B), nor that she considers childishness to be one of its faults (C). \u201cHorrified\u201d is too strong a word for how the author feels (D).\n\n\u00a0\u00a04\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The correct answer is (C). Picture someone hobbling, i.e., walking unevenly. Fixing rhyme will not help the book flow more smoothly (A), but fixing the meter will (C). There is \u201cstretching,\u201d so no trimming is involved (B). The \u201ceven feet\u201d do not refer to the number of pages (D), and although the book is \u201cirksome\u201d and \u201cvulgar\u201d it is not an offensive book, merely an embarrassing one to the author (E).\n\n\u00a0\u00a05\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The poem compares a book to a child, so it is an analogy (A). Parental worries are the metaphor, not the poem\u2019s point. (B). There is only one medium\u2014the book in question (C). The poem is not intended to instruct, and the word \u201cdiatribe\u201d is too strong (D). The poem is not an exercise (E).\n\n\u00a0\u00a06\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author makes light of her abilities and relates her struggles to make things better, so her tone is self-deprecating (E). The poem is funny, so she is not cheerless (A). She is not \u201cantipathetic\u201d or \u201cdispassionate\u201d in the poem (B), (C), and a cavalier attitude is one of carelessness, which does not apply (D).\n\n\u00a0\u00a07\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The word \u201ctrim\u201d can be replaced with \u201cdress\u201d as in \u201cto dress someone\u201d (A). Be careful not to use the most obvious definition of trim (B). There is no evidence of weaving (C) or of hobbling (why would she want to hobble her book?) (D). Although the line might be a metaphor for editing, the word itself does not mean edit (E).\n\n\u00a0\u00a08\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author says her friends took her book and got it published, so they meant well, but did something foolish (A). There are no lies told in the poem (B). Her friends might meddle, but they are not \u201ccunning\u201d (C). According to the poem, the friends do not gain from the publication (D). There is no evidence that (E) is true.\n\n\u00a0\u00a09\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author never hopes that someone else will claim the book (B). She does hope the book will avoid critics (line 18) (A), and that it will be forgotten (line 19) (C). She tries to edit the book, so she hopes it can be fixed (D). She is poor; she hopes she might make some money (lines 23\u201324) (E).\n\n10\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The colonists are the people who live in the city of Sydney, \u201cthe colony\u201d (D). They are no longer prisoners (A). The colonists are not the readers (B). The colonists are no longer British sailors (C), nor are they American observers (E).\n\n11\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The paragraph states that Sydney is as important as London. The sentence quoted admits the buildings aren\u2019t done, but says that England has had several hundred years to build itself up, while Sydney is only sixty years old\u2014(B) is the best answer. The sentence may admit a flaw, but it does not accept it (A). A new point is not argued (C). The sentence does not explain the previous point (D). The sentence compares England to Australia, but does not say one is superior to the other (E).\n\n12\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The paragraph is comparing London to Sydney; the writer is obviously a resident of Sydney, so it is very important to him or her that this passage prove Sydney\u2019s greatness. The words \u201csmall importance\u201d fit nicely into the paraphrased sentence: \u201cOur goal, in writing this, is one of no \u2018small importance,\u2019 and we believe that every Australian\u00a0\u2026\u00a0will wish us good luck\u201d (E). There is no reason for the author to refute the accusation of \u201cevil intent\u201d (A). \u201cUnhappy time\u201d does not make sense in the sentence (B). \u201cAverage length\u201d is too literal a translation (C), and the goal of the work is not \u201cdescription\u201d (D).\n\n13\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The first paragraph tells the goals of the passage. The second paragraph relates the history of the colonization of Australia, and the third paragraph describes the city of Sydney (B). Although paragraph one does address the reader, paragraph two is not argumentative, and paragraph three is not a summary (A). The paragraphs are not one long narrative (C). Paragraph one is not particularly descriptive, paragraph two is indeed historical, but paragraph three does not tell a story (D). The tone of the passage does not change (E).\n\n14\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The first sentence of the paragraph says that because the United States rebelled, Britain had to send its convicts elsewhere, implying that previously it had sent its convicts to the United States. (C). Although Botany Bay was unsuitable, Manly Beach was very suitable for habitation (because Sydney was erected there) (A). There is no evidence that Captain Phillip was not backed by the government (B). Australia had obviously been previously visited as Captain Cook had made a map, which Captain Phillip carried (D). The passage does not state that anyone lived on Manly Beach (E).\n\n15\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The passage says that even \u201cvessels of the heaviest burden can safely approach the wharves,\u201d which means that the harbor must be deep for heavy boats to be able to sail there (D). Religious buildings are mentioned in line 14 (A). The streets \u201care crossed at right angles,\u201d so they are perpendicular (B). Sydney is \u201cunrivaled\u201d in its three-mile coastline (C). The climate is \u201chealthy and dry\u201d (E).\n\n16\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The sentence boils down to \u201cfirst you think it\u2019s too \u2018homogenous\u2019 but \u2018you get used to it.\u2019\u00a0\u201d This is closest to (A). The sentence does not suggest that you \u201cstop noticing\u201d the difference between Australia and England (B). The author does not suggest that people grow to \u201clove\u201d the city (C). Sydney does not seem similar to London (D). The author does not say that people will regret visiting Sydney (E).\n\n17\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author raves about the right-angled streets, and calls England\u2019s windy streets \u201cundesirable,\u201d so he or she would support urban planning (C). The author is confident that \u201cevery Australian.\u00a0.\u00a0.will heartily bid us \u2018God speed!\u2019\u00a0\u201d so he believes he has the full support of Australia (A). Although the author compares Sydney to London, he or she does not say which is better (B). There is no indication of what the author\u2019s native land is (D). The author does not find Sydney quaint, but rather progressive. \u201cGas-lit Streets\u201d and \u201csumptuous Shops\u201d were not quaint in 1848, when this text was written (E).\n\n18\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Adrian is \u201csav\u2019d\u00a0\u2026\u00a0a day\u2019s journey\u201d by the meeting, so it is \u201cfortuitous\u201d (lucky) (E). There is nothing particularly heartwarming about the meeting of spies (A), nor is there any notion of melodrama (B). The men are friendly; there is nothing \u201cacrimonious\u201d (C). We don\u2019t know enough about the passage/play to judge it \u201cscandalous\u201d or \u201csurprising\u201d (D).\n\n19\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0This is a good example of picking the least worst answer. \u201cMy services are, as you are, against \u2019em\u201d (lines 4-5) proves that Nicanor is a spy, but all of the other answers are easily proved false (A). There is no mention of a family relationship or of a woman, eliminating (B) and (C). Nicanor is not looking for Coriolanus (D). The two men are friendly; they are not enemies (E).\n\n20\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cThe people against the senators, patricians, and nobles\u201d (lines 15\u201316) shows that (D) is the correct answer. There is no foreign invasion (A), the military is not overthrowing the government (B), and there is no mention of a royal family (C). A fire is not an insurrection (E).\n\n21\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The nobles \u201creceive to heart the banishment,\u201d so they are not happy about it (B). There is no evidence that the banishment is the cause of the insurrection (A). There is nothing to tell us what role Coriolanus played in the government (C). The men do not support Coriolanus; they are using his absence to their advantage (D). The men are plotting war, so they do not dread it (E).\n\n22\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cThe main blaze\u201d is the people\u2019s revolt (E). The insurrection is not quite over: \u201ca small thing would make it flame again\u201d (line 21\u201322) (A). It can be inferred that the public wanted Coriolanus banished (B). There is no evidence that the flames refer to purgatory (C) or to comments (D).\n\n23\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The nobles are so mad about Coriolanus, according to the men, that they are about to dissolve the government (lines 23\u201327) (C). There is no evidence of a romantic entanglement (A). They are not planning to burn the Roman towns (B). The ready army is a plus, but the plan can be hatched without it (D). There is no evidence that the nobles are not ready for war (E).\n\n24\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Adrian means to say that he is glad to have met Nicador (A). There is no notion of rivalry between the men (B), nor is one making fun of the other (C). There is no mention of any present (D). There is nothing to suggest they have a cherished friendship (E).\n\n25\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It\u2019s hard to tell much from this short passage, but it\u2019s about two men planning a war, so it\u2019s most likely historical (D). There\u2019s nothing particularly funny (A), nor is it allegorical (B). It doesn\u2019t take place in the country (C), and there is nothing that makes it satirical (E).\n\n26\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Without \u201chis great opposer,\u201d Tullus will probably win (C). We do not know if he will do the fighting (A). \u201cAppear\u201d does not refer to his dress (B). There is no evidence that says he\u2019ll be required to argue (D) or that he\u2019ll need to pretend to be healthy (E).\n\n27\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The scene\u2019s primary purpose is an exchange of information (C). There is no romance mentioned, and there is no comic relief, eliminating (A) and (B). We can\u2019t know the audience\u2019s interests (D). The passage provides little information on ancient Rome (E).\n\n28\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Waves do break, so this is not a case of personification (assigning human characteristics to inhuman objects) (E). Life does not really have a \u201cgrasp\u201d (A), and it cannot bruise (B). People and things can clamor, but midday cannot (C) and waves do not clash (D).\n\n29\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The imagery in the first stanza is of \u201cmidday\u201d (line 5) while the second stanza speaks of \u201cnight\u201d (line 18). Neither stanza speaks of memory (A). Slumber is a metaphor for death, so both stanzas are about death (B). Stanza two is not about the past (D). Patience and hurry are not mentioned in the poem (E).\n\n30\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Time is compared to \u201can army\u2019s tread\u201d using \u201cas\u201d (B). There are no similes in (A), (C), or (D). Because there is a simile, (E) cannot be correct.\n\n31\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cSleep,\u201d the title action, is a symbol for death (D). Sleep cannot be a symbol for slumber because the two words mean the same thing (A). It is not a symbol for burial (B). There are no angels in the poem (C). Sleep represents death, not old age (E).\n\n32\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author describes life using the words \u201cjoy\u201d and \u201ctears\u201d and mentions \u201ca few short years,\u201d so (B) is correct. There is no sense in the poem that death creates freedom (A). The author enjoys parts of life, so (C) is too extreme, as is (D). The poem does not contemplate the meaning of life (E).\n\n33\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author says that the dead cannot hear and are not harmed by time; death is like sleep, so it is like unconsciousness (B). The author does not describe life as cruel (A), nor does he compare death to being swept away by waves (C). He does not compare different kinds of death (D). Tears are not described as ridiculous (E).\n\n34\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The author addresses the poem to someone who has died, so it is safe to assume it is written by someone who is grieving (A). Although the author uses \u201cwe,\u201d he means the human race, not a specific \u201cwe\u201d (B). There is no evidence that the author is dying (C). The author describes death as peaceful, so he does not fear it (D). We cannot know if the author has been previously touched by death (E).\n\n35\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0There is no afterlife suggested in the poem (E). (A) is mentioned in lines 3, 4, and 15. (B) is mentioned in lines 6 and 20. Time is compared to an ocean in lines 8\u20139 (C), and (D) is suggested in line 16.\n\n36\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The line \u201cwhen all is touched and tried\u201d (line 17) means \u201cwhen life has been fully lived\u201d (A). It does not refer to intensity (B) or justice (C). There is no discussion of eternal life in the poem (D). The lines refer to the end of life, not whether it is fruitless (E).\n\n37\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The language in the characters\u2019 speech is very archaic (A). However, divorce (B), Americans in China (C), the coming of a \u201cnew order\u201d (D), and use of electric lights (E) are all signs that the story is relatively contemporary.\n\n38\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The first line describes a blush as being a flame, and then describes Ah Leen\u2019s face as being white like a flower. The first comparison does not use a word such as \u201clike\u201d or \u201cas,\u201d which makes it metaphorical; the second uses an explicit comparison word, which makes it a simile. \u201cAuthorial intrusion\u201d (B) is the author interrupting the narrative to speak directly to the reader, which does not happen here. \u201cComparison\u201d (C) is too vague a word, and this answer choice incorrectly identifies the flame as being a simile. \u201cLiterary allusion\u201d (D) is a reference to another literary work, which does not occur here. Apostophe (E) is an author speaking directly to one of the characters, while anaphor or anaphora is a literary device that emphasizes words by repeating them at the beginning of consecutive phrases.\n\n39\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cThere has been silence between them for so long\u201d (lines 42\u201343) proves that Ming Hoan has not been in contact (C). There is no evidence that Ah Leen has disobeyed her father (A). Although money is mentioned, it is not Yen Chow\u2019s only concern (the affront to his family is in his mind) (B). There is no evidence that Ah Leen\u2019s American friend has stolen her lover or that Ah Leen is jealous of her, so eliminate (D) and (E).\n\n40\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The slight is an affront that a divorce will remedy, and Ah Leen\u2019s mother says her lover has forgotten her and had a child with another woman, so (B) is the correct answer. The divorce is the remedy, not the insult (A). There is no evidence of an interracial marriage (C). A divorce would be the deviation from custom; it hasn\u2019t occurred (D). No elders have been disrespected (E).\n\n41\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ah Leen says that they can send her lover away, but they can\u2019t make her love anyone else (E). The perfume is a symbol of love, not marriage (A). Perfume does not symbolize time (B) or the marriage bond (C). It does not represent mutual love (D).\n\n42\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0At first the reader is inside Yen Chow\u2019s head; then the reader is inside the American girl\u2019s head, so it is a change in point of view (A). The kind of words the author uses does not change (B). There is no time change (C). The characters\u2019 dialogue is uniform (D), and there is no change in theme (E).\n\n43\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cLike a pale yellow pearl\u201d (line 32) is a simile (A). Nothing is given human characteristics, so eliminate (B) and (E). There is no example of alliteration (C), and nothing is particularly parallel (D).\n\n44\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cA message of recall\u201d (line 52) would suggest that the girl wants to send a message to someone; Ming Hoan\u2019s words (which she is repeating) have made her rethink a relationship (D). There is no evidence that the American girl even knows Ming Hoan\u2019s parents (A) or that she has a history with Ming Hoan (B). The girl does not take offense (C). The girl does not repeat his words in incomprehension (E).\n\n45\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ming Hoan does not explain because \u201cthe sins of parents must not be uncovered\u201d (lines 41\u201342) (C). It is not because he is afraid of hurting his love (A) or that he is embarrassed (B). There is no evidence that he doesn\u2019t feel he needs to explain (D), and the fact that she doesn\u2019t ask is not the reason the story gives (E).\n\n46\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ah Leen says in lines 37\u201339, \u201cThough another had bound you by human ties, to me you were linked by my love divine\u201d (B). There is no preference for old customs (A). The passage would tend to suggest that true love cannot be forgotten, the opposite of choice (C). There is no evidence that their love has grown (D) or that the heart of another is unknowable (E).\n\n47\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The words are parallel to \u201cruined by rain,\u201d so the answer must be equally as destructive (E). (A) and (B) are not strong enough, while (C) and (D) have the opposite meaning the poem intends.\n\n48\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The poet is in \u201cpain\u201d and expresses \u201chate,\u201d so he is stung (B). His words are much too bitter for him to be resigned (A). He is not sulking (C). He is not \u201cinured\u201d (accustomed) (D), nor is he \u201cimperious\u201d (arrogant) (E).\n\n49\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0There are no exotic images, and the poet does not appear to dream (E). Water appears in line 12 (A). Many plants appear: \u201crose,\u201d \u201cfruit,\u201d etc. Eliminate (B). Wine appears in line 22 (C), and melody is referred to in line 10 (D).\n\n50\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cSmitten with sunbeams, ruined with rain\u201d are examples of alliteration (A). There are no religious images in the first stanza (B). The author does not preach (C). He is not antipathetic (D), and character is not really revealed (the poem is more about emotions in general than in this poet\u2019s specific feelings) (E).\n\n51\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The poem is about how he has lost his love, and music is what he now hates (C). Death is not a theme in the poem (A). Music and fruit are both symbols, but the poet does not compare music to fruit (B). There is no mention of original sin in the poem (D), and the poet does not talk about slyness or snakes (E).\n\n52\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0These are not human characteristics given to inhuman objects (B). Personification is present in (A) (\u201csinging seasons\u201d), (C) (\u201cheavens that murmur\u201d), (D) (\u201cstars that sing\u201d), and (E) (\u201cmusic burning\u201d).\n\n53\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0These \u201cthings are over\u201d (line 26) according to the author, so they are examples of how love feels. There are no anecdotes (A). The memories are not necessarily unpleasant (B). The stanza does not literally speak of weather (C). Fate is not a part of the poem (E).\n\n54\u00a0\u00a0D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The eighth line must rhyme with the second and third lines and lament the loss of love (D). (A) and (B) do not rhyme with the correct lines. (C) does not make sense in the context; day and night are not mentioned in the poem. (E) is incorrect, as the poet never mentions the wish for head and heart to mingle.\n\n55\u00a0\u00a0B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Both men love music, although their ideas of what compose it are \u201cdissimilar\u201d (line 18) because they are of different cultures; also, Nanapush is teaching his language to Father Damien, so (B) is the correct answer. There is no evidence that they are old friends (A). We cannot predict the future, and there is nothing to suggest the men don\u2019t get along (C). They are not negotiators (D). Only Father Damien is clearly part of a church (E).\n\n56\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The first paragraph is reported dialogue, while all but the last paragraph is quoted dialogue (C). The future is never discussed (A). There is no movement from general to specific or from complexity to simplicity, so eliminate (D) and (E). No one recites or utters a soliloquy (D).\n\n57\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The word \u201cAyiih\u201d is a sound of surprise and understanding, an interjection (E). It is not singing (A). Father Damien speaks English; this word is not English (B). It does not try to mimic the sound of Chopin (C). It is not Father Damien\u2019s first name (D).\n\n58\u00a0\u00a0E\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Music\u2019s influence is discussed throughout the passage (E). The cultural differences exist, but are not the main theme of the passage (A). There is no ironic subtext (B). Although Nanapush uses music to pursue women, this is not the main theme of the passage (C), nor are relationships (D).\n\n59\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nanapush asks many questions, so (A) is the correct answer. He does not patronize Father Damien\u2014in fact, he asks him questions (B). He is not overly guarded or polite (C). He is not \u201ckissing up\u201d to Father Damien (D). And his passion is not clearly scholarly (E).\n\n60\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Father Damien is describing the emotion he feels when he hears Chopin (C). The emotion is not necessarily joy (\u201cDogs cry,\u201d line 28) (A). There is no sense of nostalgia mentioned (B). (D) is too literal an answer. Although \u201cyou can\u2019t think,\u201d \u201cflooded in the heart\u201d is more of an infusion of emotion than confusion (E).\n\n61\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The image of the piano sitting in the river bed while the river rushes around it shows that Father Damien considers time eternal and that the piano (i.e., music) is, too (C). The men are speaking in English (A). He does not think that wood is too common a material; he even calls it \u201cprecious.\u201d (B). The image of the piano is foremost in his mind, but it is not the reason he says the piano is made of \u201ctime\u201d (D). There is no evidence that he feels uncomfortable with the topic (E).
+__label__negative Subscribe hereRSS of via RSS or via email Help\n\n\nYour best IELTS study partner\n\nIELTS test in Canada \u2013 December 2017 (Academic Module)\n\nOur friend M took the IELTS test in Canada and remembered the following Writing and Speaking questions:\n\nWriting testIELTS test in Canada\n\nWriting task 1 (a report)\n\nWe were given a pie chart and a table sowing the number of visitors to the specific resort in Australia. The information included their nationalities, length of stay, type of accommodation booked and leisure activities.\n\nWriting task 2 (an essay)\n\nSome people believe those who break the law should go to prison, while others think that different kinds of punishment such as forcing them to do unpaid work are more beneficial to our community. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.\n\nSpeaking test\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Can I see your ID?\n\u2013 Where are you from?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 Describe a city you are from.\n\u2013 How long did you live there?\n\u2013 How do you get to work or school these days?\n\u2013 What do you do on your way?\n\u2013 What kind of transportation do you use?\n\nCue Card\n\nTalk about a car journey that you remember well. Please say\n\n\u2013 When and where was it?\n\u2013 Who was there with you?\n\u2013 How long did it take?\n\n\n\u2013 Did you like it? Why?\n\u2013 What is the best age for learning to drive?\n\u2013 Should high schools provide such training?\n\u2013 What are some jobs that require good driving skills?\n\u2013 What is the future of transportation, in your opinion?\n\u2013 What impact will it have on these jobs?\n\nIELTS Speaking test in Bangladesh \u2013 December 2017\n\nWhen M took the IELTS Speaking test in Bangladesh, he was asked the following questions:\n\nSpeaking testIELTS test in Bangladesh\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Can I see your ID?\n\u2013 Where are you from?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 What subject are you studying?\n\u2013 What is the most popular subject in your county?\n\u2013 What types of fruit do you like to eat?\n\u2013 Why do you like to eat fruit?\n\u2013 Did you like fruit as a child?\n\u2013 Do you like to send emails?\n\u2013 Do you think email is the most important tool for communication?\n\u2013 Do you send emails to everyone or not?\n\u2013 For what purpose do you send emails usually?\n\nCue Card\n\nDescribe a situation when you arrived early. Please say\n\n\u2013 When and where did it happen?\n\u2013 Why did you arrive early?\n\u2013 What did you do while waiting?\n\n\n\u2013 Why do you think people are late sometimes?\n\u2013 Do you think being late for work and for meeting with friends is the same?\n\u2013 What is the main reason people are late in your country?\n\u2013 What should they do to arrive early?\n\u2013 What do you do to arrive early?\n\u2013 Who is most careful about time, old or young people? Why?\n\n\n\n  \u2022 Top 25 IELTS Blogs Winner Award\n  \u2022 Best Australian Blogs 2014 Competition - People's Choice Winner\n\n\nOnline course\n\nPractice tests\n\nSite Search\n\nNew Services\n\nLatest Posts:
+__label__negative Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads\n\n\nthe ability to move from one location to another\n\n\na permanent move to a new location is\n\nis less than\n\na country has net in-migration if emigration _______ immigration\n\n\nrefugees migrate primarily because of which type of push factor?\n\nPalestinian and afghan\n\naccording to the U.S. comittee for refugees, the two largest groups of international refugees are\n\nsudan and colombia\n\naccording to the U.S. comitte for refugees, the two largest groups of internal refugees are in\n\n\nwhich factor usually induces voluntary migration?\n\n\npeople are forced to migrate primarily because of which factor?\n\npromote more efficient agriculture\n\nthe purpose of the enclosure movement in England was to\n\nforced consolidation of farms\n\nmillions of europeans were forced to emigrate from their farms because of\n\nnorth and west\n\nmost migrants to the U.S. during the peak of the 1840's and 1850's came from which part of europe?\n\nnorth and west\n\nmost migrants to the US during the peak of the late nineteenth century came from which part of europe?\n\nnorth and east\n\nmost migrants to the US during the early twentieth century came from which part of europe?\n\n\nmost migrants to the US during the late 1970s and early 1980s came from\n\nduring the 1880s and 1890s\n\nnorwegians were mostly likely to immigrate to the US\n\nimposition of quota laws\n\nmigration to the US declines during the 1920s primarily because of\n\nadmit migrants mostly from europe\n\nthe main impact of the 1920 quota laws on the national origin of immigrants to the US was to\n\npermitted to become legal residents\n\naccording to the 1986 immigration reform and control act, undocumented immigrants were\n\nhigher natural increase rates\n\nmigration to the US increased from europe after 1800 in part because of\n\ntoo many people compared to resources\n\ngeographers define overpopulation as\n\npeople per area suitable for agriculture\n\nphysiological density is the number of\n\nlow agricultural density\n\na country with a large amount of arable land and a small number of farmers will have a\n\na small percentage of land suitable for agriculture\n\nif the physiological density is much larger than the arithmetic density, then a country has\n\n1.2 percent\n\nthe annual increase rate is currently aproximately\n\nstage 3\n\nthe lowest crude birth rates are found in\n\nstage 1\n\nthe highest crude death rates are found in\n\ndependency rate\n\nthe percentage of people who are too young or too old to work in a society is the\n\n\nthe frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people is a\n\nrelocation diffusion\n\nfolk cultures are spread primarily by\n\ndepends on modern communication systems\n\nrapid diffusion of popular culture\n\n\nthe most important house style in the US since the 1960s is known as\n\n\nin which state would alcohol consumption be relatively low\n\nlanguage branch\n\n\nlanguage family\n\na group of languages that share a common ancestor before recorded history is a\n\n\nthe seond-largest language family is\n\npossible prehistoric superfamilies\n\n\nlanguage families\n\nwhen languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the trunks represent\n\nthe diffusion of english colonies\n\nenglish is the most important language in north america primarily because of\n\n\nthe first speakers of the language that evolved into english were tribes that lived in present-day\n\nwest germanic\n\nenglish is part of which language group\n\n\nenglish is part of which language branch\n\n\nenglish is part of which language family\n\neast germanic\n\nwhich group of the germanic family is extinct\n\n\nthe four most frequently spoken branches of indo-european include all but\n\n\nthe flemings and walloons live in what country?\n\nlanguage branches\n\nthe flemings and walloons speak languages belonging to different\n\n\nurdu is the most important language in\n\n\nrussian is part of what language branch?\n\n\nthese were horse and cattle herders from the grass lands steppes of present day russia and kazakhstan\n\n\nthe second most widely spoken language family in europe is\n\n\na boundary between language regions\n\nsmall-scale maps\n\ndistortion is especially severe on\n\nremote sensing\n\nthe acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from another long-distance method is\n\n\na computer system that stored, organizes, retrieves, analyzes and displays geographic data is\n\nspatial association\n\nthe concept that the distribuition of one phenomenon is scientifically related to the location of other phenomena is\n\n\nan area distinguished by one or more unique characteristics is a\n\nformal region\n\nthe division of the US into nine regions by the census bureau is an example of a\n\n\nthe spread of something over a given study area is\n\n\nthe spatial distribuition created by the US land ordinance of 1785 is an example of\n\n\neconomic development through international trade is an example of what type of diffusion?\n\nmaintaining local traditions\n\nelements of globalization of culture include all but\n\nimprovements in electronic communications\n\nthe global movement of money ahs been enhanced primarily by\n\nthe physical environment causes social development\n\naccording to environmental determinism\n\n\na pieces of land created by draining water from an area\n\n\nthe dominant branch of islam is\n\n\nadherents of which religion controlled much of present-day spain until 1492, but not since then?\n\nUN administration\n\nthe UNs partition plan dividing palestine placed jerusalem under\n\nthe six-day war\n\nisrael has controlled all of jerusalem since\n\n\nwhich religion os not one of the three most important in lebanon?\n\nsouth america\n\nmost africans shipped as slaves were sent to\n\nchanges in the boundaries of states\n\nafter WWII ended, millions of people were forced to migrate due to\n\n\nalabama's religion is\n\nroman catholic\n\narizona's religion is\n\n\nminnesota's religion is\n\nscots, irish, welsh, english\n\nthe UK includes several prominent ethnic groups to form a British nationality\n\nPlease allow access to your computer\u2019s microphone to use Voice Recording.\n\nHaving trouble? Click here for help.\n\nWe can\u2019t access your microphone!\n\n\n\nReload the page to try again!\n\n\nPress Cmd-0 to reset your zoom\n\nPress Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom\n\n\nPlease upgrade Flash or install Chrome\nto use Voice Recording.\n\nFor more help, see our troubleshooting page.\n\nYour microphone is muted\n\nFor help fixing this issue, see this FAQ.\n\nStar this term\n\nYou can study starred terms together\n\nNEW! Voice Recording
+__label__negative \n\n  \u2022 Author\n  \u2022 #25130\n\n    Part 1 \u2013 where do you live, how far is it from here?\n    \u2013 Let\u2019s talk about jobs \u2013 have you ever been into a Part time or a Full time job?\n    I answered I have never been into a part time job since beginning I\u2019m working with the same organisation full time\n    Then the question was Why?\n    \u2013 What are the factors that people consider towards a good job? And since I answered about perception of people, different perspectives next question was\n    \u2013 Do you think the perception of people change with age?\n    Clue card \u2013\n    Talk about a good experience you had from a shop or a company, where it was, why you liked it?\n    Part 3 \u2013\n    \u2013 Is it true that the shops or stores which have expensive products will offer better experience to its customers?\n    \u2013 How does companies benefit by providing good services?\n    \u2013 Apart from the skills and training you just mentioned, does companies need to make adjustments to products they offer?\n    \u2013 Are people reluctant to visit the stores where their experiences are bad?\n\nViewing 1 post (of 1 total)\n\nYou must be logged in to reply to this topic.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLog in with your credentials\n\nForgot your details?
+__label__negative Supply of Money\n\nWhat is Supply of Money?\n\nAccording to the modern economy, money incorporates cash and bank deposits. Relying on what sort of bank deposits are being incorporated, there are many measures of money. These are founded and created by a structure including 2 types of establishments :\n\nCentral Bank\n\nCentral Bank is a significant establishment in the modern economy. Almost every nation has one central bank. India got its central bank in the year 1935. Its is the \u2018Reserve Bank of India or RBI. Central bank has various significant operations. It supplies and issues the currency of the nation. It regulates money supply of the country through various methodologies, like bank rate, open market operations and differences in reserve ratios. It functions as a banker to the government. It is the custodian and guardian of the foreign exchange reserves of the economy. It also functions as a bank to the banking structure.\n\nCommercial Banks\n\nCommercial banks are the other sort of establishments which are a part of the money creating the structure of the economy. In the following segment, we will have a look at the commercial banking system in detail. They accept deposits from the public and lend out part of these funds to those who want to borrow. The rate of interest paid by banks to depositors is lesser than the rate levied from the borrowers. This difference between these 2 types of interest rates, is called the \u2018spread\u2019 is the profit earmarked by the bank.\n\nThe above mentioned is the concept that is explained in detail about the Supply of Money. To know more, stay tuned to BYJU\u2019S.\n\nLeave a Comment\n
+__label__negative Sacred Texts\u00a0 New Thought\u00a0 Index\u00a0 Previous\u00a0 Next\u00a0\n\n\n\nIndividuality is the necessary complement of the Universal Spirit, which was the subject of our consideration last Sunday. The whole problem of life consists in finding the true relation of the individual to the Universal Originating Spirit; and the first step towards ascertaining this is to realize what the Universal Spirit must be in itself. We have already done this to some extent, and the conclusions we have arrived at are:\u2014\n\nThat the essence of the Spirit is Life, Love, and Beauty.\n\nThat its Motive, or primary moving impulse, is to express the Life, Love and Beauty which it feels itself to be.\n\nThat the Universal cannot act on the plane of the Particular except by becoming the particular, that is by expression through the individual.\n\nIf these three axioms are clearly grasped, we have got a solid foundation from which to start our consideration of the subject for to-day.\n\nThe first question that naturally presents itself is,\n\nIf these things be so, why does not every individual express the life, love, and beauty of the Universal Spirit? The answer to this question is to be found in the Law of Consciousness. We cannot be conscious of anything except by realizing a certain relation between it and ourselves. It must affect us in some way, otherwise we are not conscious of its existence; and according to the way in which it affects us we recognize ourselves as standing related to it. It is this self-recognition on our own part carried out to the sum total of all our relations, whether spiritual, intellectual, or physical, that constitutes our realization of life. On this principle, then, for the REALIZATION of its own Livingness, the production of centres of life, through its relation to which this conscious realization can be attained, becomes a necessity for the Originating Mind. Then it follows that this realization can only be complete where the individual has perfect liberty to withhold it; for otherwise no true realization could have taken place. For instance, let us consider the working of Love. Love must be spontaneous, or it has no existence at all. We cannot imagine such a thing as mechanically induced love. But anything which is formed so as to automatically produce an effect without any volition of its own, is.nothing but a piece of mechanism. Hence if the Originating Mind is to realize the reality of Love, it can Only be by relation to some being which has the power to withhold love. The same applies to the realization of all the other modes of livingness; so that it is only in proportion, as the individual life is an independent centre of action, with the option of acting either positively or negatively, that any real life has been produced at all. The further the created thing is from being a merely mechanical arrangement, the higher is the grade of creation. The solar system is a perfect work of mechanical creation, but to constitute centres which can reciprocate the highest nature of the Divine Mind, requires not a mechanism, however perfect, but a mental centre which is, in itself, an independent source of action. Hence by the requirements of the case man should be capable of placing himself either in a positive or a negative relation to the Parent Mind, from which he originates; otherwise he would be nothing more than a clockwork figure.\n\nIn this necessity of the case, then, we find the reason why the life, love, and beauty of the Spirit are not visibly reproduced in every human being. They ARE reproduced in the world of nature, so far as a mechanical and automatic action can represent them, but their perfect reproduction can only take place on the basis of a liberty akin to that of the Originating Spirit itself, which therefore implies the liberty of negation as well as of affirmation.\n\nWhy, then, does the individual make a negative choice? Because he does not understand the law of his own individuality, and believes it to be a law of limitation, instead of a Law of Liberty. He does not expect to find the starting point of the Creative Process reproduced within himself, and so he looks to the mechanical side of things for the basis of his reasoning about life. Consequently his reasoning lands him in the conclusion that life is limited, because he has assumed limitation in his premises, and so-logically cannot escape from it in his conclusion. Then he thinks that this is the law and so ridicules the idea of transcending it. He points to the sequence of cause and effect, by which death, disease, and disaster, hold their sway over the individual, and says that sequence is law. And he is perfectly right so far as he goes\u2014it is a law; but not THE Law. When we have only reached this stage of comprehension, we have yet to learn that a higher law can include a lower one so completely as entirely to swallow it up.\n\nThe fallacy involved in this negative argument, is the assumption that the law of limitation is essential in all grades of being. It is the fallacy of the old shipbuilders as to the impossibility of building iron ships. What is required is to get at the PRINCIPLE which is at the back of the Law in its affirmative working, and specialize it under higher conditions than are spontaneously presented by nature, and this can only be done by the introduction of the personal element, that is to say an individual intelligence capable of comprehending the principle. The question, then, is, what is the principle by which we came into being? and this is only a personal application of the general question, How did anything come into being? Now, as I pointed out in the preceding article, the ultimate deduction from physical science is that the originating movement takes place in the Universal Mind, and is analogous to that of our own imagination; and as we have just seen, the perfect ideal can only be that of a being capable of reciprocating ALL the qualities of the Originating Mind. Consequently man, in his inmost nature, is the product of the Divine Mind imaging forth an image of itself on the plane of the relative as the complementary to its own sphere of the absolute.\n\nIf we will therefore go to the INMOST principle in ourselves, which philosophy and Scripture alike declare to be made in the image and likeness of God, instead of to the outer vehicles which it externalizes as instruments through which to function on the various planes of being, we shall find that we have reached a principle in ourselves which stands in loco dei towards all our vehicles and also towards our environment. It is above them all, and creates them, however unaware we may be of the fact, and relatively to them it occupies the place of first cause. The recognition of this is the discovery of our own relation to the whole world of the relative. On the other hand this must not lead us into the mistake of supposing that there is nothing higher, for, as we have already seen, this inmost principle or ego is itself the effect of an antecedent cause, for it proceeds from the imaging process in the Divine Mind.\n\nWe thus find ourselves holding an intermediate position between true First Cause, on the one hand, and the world of secondary causes on the other, and in order to understand the nature of this position, we must fall back on the axiom that the Universal can only work on the plane of the Particular through the individual. Then we see that the function of the individual is to DIFFERENTIATE the undistributed flow of the Universal into suitable directions for starting different trains of secondary causation.\n\nMan's place in the cosmic order is that of a distributor of the Divine power, subject, however, to the inherent Law of the power which he distributes. We see one instance of this in ordinary science, in the fact that we never create force; all we can do is to distribute it. The very word Man means distributor or measurer, as in common with all words derived from the Sanderit root MN., it implies the idea of measurement, just as in the words moon, month, mens, mind, and \"man,\" the Indian weight of 80 1bs.; and it is for this reason that man is spoken of in Scripture as a \"steward,\" or dispenser of the Divine gifts. As our minds become open to the full meaning of this position, the immense possibilities and also the responsibility contained in it will become apparent.\n\nIt means that the individual is the creative centre of his own world. Our past experience affords no evidence against this, but on the contrary, is evidence for it. Our true nature is always present, only we have hitherto taken the lower and mechanical side of things for our starting point, and so have created limitation instead of expansion. And even with the knowledge of the Creative Law which we have now attained, we shall continue to do this, if we seek our starting point in the things which are below us and not in the only thing which is above us, namely the Divine Mind, because it is only there that we can find illimitable Creative Power. Life is BEING, it is the experience of states of consciousness, and there is an unfailing correspondence between these inner states and our outward conditions. Now we see from the Original Creation that the state of consciousness must be the cause, and the corresponding conditions the effect, because at the starting of the creation no conditions existed, and the working of the Creative Mind upon itself can only have been a state of consciousness. This, then, is clearly the Creative Order\u2014from states to conditions. But we invert this order, and seek to create from conditions to states. We say, If I had such and such conditions they would produce the state of feeling which I desire; and in so saying we run the risk of making a mistake as to the correspondence, for it may turn out that the particular conditions which we fixed on are not such as would produce the desired state. Or, again, though they might produce it in a certain degree, other conditions might produce it in a still greater degree, while at the same time opening the way to the attainment of still higher states and still better conditions. Therefore our wisest plan is to follow the pattern of the Parent Mind and make mental self-recognition our starting point, knowing that by the inherent Law of Spirit the corelated conditions will come by a natural process of growth. Then the great self-recognition is that of our relation to the Supreme Mind. That is the generating centre and we are distributing centres; just as electricity is generated at the central station and delivered in different forms of power by reason of passing through appropriate centres of distribution, so that in one place it lights a room, in another conveys a message, and in a third drives a tram car. In like manner the power of the Universal Mind takes particular forms through the particular mind of the individual. It does not interfere with the lines of his individuality, but works along them, thus making him, not less, but more himself. It is thus, not a compelling power, but an expanding and illuminating one; so that the more the individual recognizes the reciprocal action between it and himself, the more full of life he must become.\n\nThen also we need not be troubled about future conditions because we know that the All-originating Power is working through us and for us, and that according to the Law proved by the whole existing creation, it produces all the conditions required for the expression of the Life, Love and Beauty which it is, so that we can fully trust it to open the way as we go along. The Great Teacher's words, \"Take no thought for the morrow\"\u2014and note that the correct translation is \"Take no anxious thought\"\u2014are the practical application of the soundest philosophy. This does not, of course, mean that we are not to exert ourselves. We must do our share in the work, and not expect God to do FOR us what He can only do THROUGH us. We are to use our common sense and natural faculties in working upon the conditions now present. We must make use of them, AS FAR AS THEY GO, but we must not try and go further than the present things require; we must not try to force things, but allow them to grow naturally, knowing that they are doing so under the guidance of the All-Creating Wisdom.\n\nFollowing this method we shall grow more and more into the habit of looking to mental attitude as the Key to our progress in Life, knowing that everything else must come out of that; and we shall further discover that our mental attitude is eventually determined by the way in which we regard the Divine Mind. Then the final result will be that we shall see the Divine Mind to be nothing else than Life, Love and Beauty\u2014Beauty being identical with Wisdom or the perfect adjustment of parts to whole\u2014and we shall see ourselves to be distributing centres of these primary energies and so in our turn subordinate centres of creative power. And as we advance in this knowledge we shall find that we transcend one law of limitation after another by finding the higher law, of which the lower is but a partial expression, until we shall see clearly before us, as our ultimate goal, nothing less than the Perfect Law of Liberty\u2014not liberty without Law which is anarchy, but Liberty according to Law. In this way we shall find that the Apostle spoke the literal truth, when he said, that we shall become like Him when we see Him AS HE IS, because the whole process by which our individuality is produced is one of reflection of the image existing in the Divine Mind. When we thus learn the Law of our own being we shall be able to specialize it in ways of which we have hitherto but little conception, but as in the case of all natural laws the specialization cannot take place until the fundamental principle of the generic law has been fully realized. For these reasons the student should endeavour to realize more and more perfectly, both in theory and practice, the law of the relation between the Universal and the Individual Minds. It is that of RECIPROCAL action. If this fact of reciprocity is grasped, it will be found to explain both why the individual falls short of expressing the fulness of Life, which the Spirit is, and why he can attain to the fulness of that expression; just as the same law explains why iron sinks in water, and how it can be made to float. It is the individualizing of the Universal Spirit, by recognizing its reciprocity to ourselves, that is the secret of the perpetuation and growth of our own individuality.\n\nNext: The New Thought and the New Order
+__label__negative IELTS Speaking test in Singapore \u2013 January 2013\n\nThe topics below were shared by D after a recent IELTS exam in Singapore:\n\nSpeaking testIELTS test in Singapore\n\n\n\u2013 What is your full name?\n\u2013 Do you work or study?\n\u2013 Do you think that your job is too hard?\n\u2013 What do you usually do after work?\n\u2013 Did you go to parks during your childhood?\n\u2013 How often do you go to the parks now?\n\u2013 Do you think parks are important for people?\n\u2013 What do you do to relax?\n\u2013 Do you think people have enough time to relax?\n\nCue Card\n\nDescribe an advertisement that makes you want to buy a product. Please say\n\n\u2013 What was the product?\n\u2013 What was the advertisement about?\n\u2013 Why did it make you want to buy this product?\n\n\n\u2013 What kinds of media are available for advertising?\n\u2013 Are there any traditional kinds of media for advertising other than TV and newspapers?\n\u2013 What products are usually advertised using these media types?\n\nShare this to help your friends do better in IELTS!\n\n\n\n  \u2022 Top 25 IELTS Blogs Winner Award\n  \u2022 Best Australian Blogs 2014 Competition - People's Choice Winner\n\n\nOnline course\n\nPractice tests\n\nSite Search\n\nNew Services\n\nLatest Posts:
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