Precursor of a pore-forming protein that plays a key role in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals ( ). This form constitutes the precursor of the pore-forming protein: upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-D, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering pyroptosis ( ).
Promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals (  , ). Produced by the cleavage of gasdermin-D by inflammatory caspases CASP1, CASP4 or CASP5 in response to canonical, as well as non-canonical (such as cytosolic LPS) inflammasome activators ( ). After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane where it strongly binds to inner leaflet lipids, including monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine ( ). Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the release of mature interleukin-1 (IL1B and IL18) and triggering pyroptosis ( , ). Gasdermin pores also allow the release of mature caspase-7 (CASP7) (By similarity). In some, but not all, cells types, pyroptosis is followed by pyroptotic cell death, which is caused by downstream activation of ninjurins (NINJ1 or NINJ2), which mediate membrane rupture (cytolysis) (, ). Also forms pores in the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol (By similarity). Gasdermin-D, N-terminal released from pyroptotic cells into the extracellular milieu rapidly binds to and kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, without harming neighboring mammalian cells, as it does not disrupt the plasma membrane from the outside due to lipid-binding specificity . Under cell culture conditions, also active against intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes (By similarity). Also active in response to MAP3K7/TAK1 inactivation by Yersinia toxin YopJ, which triggers cleavage by CASP8 and subsequent activation (By similarity). Strongly binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin . Does not bind to unphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine nor phosphatidylcholine .
Transcription coactivator produced by the cleavage by CASP3 or CASP7 in the upper small intestine in response to dietary antigens (By similarity). Required to maintain food tolerance in small intestine: translocates to the nucleus and acts as a coactivator for STAT1 to induce the transcription of CIITA and MHC class II molecules, which in turn induce type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in upper small intestine (By similarity).
Produced by the cleavage by papain allergen . After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane and homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the specific release of mature interleukin-33 (IL33), promoting type 2 inflammatory immune response .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Inflammasome
In response to a canonical inflammasome stimulus, such as nigericin, recruited to NLRP3 inflammasone with similar kinetics to that of uncleaved CASP1 precursor.
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Secreted, Mitochondrion membrane
Released in the extracellular milieu following pyroptosis.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol
(Microbial infection) Upon infection by M.tuberculosis, localization to cell membrane is prevented by M.tuberculosis phosphatase PtpB that catalyzes dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, thereby inhibiting the membrane targeting of Gasdermin-D, N-terminal and subsequent cytokine release and pyroptosis.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol
Expressed in the suprabasal cells of esophagus, as well as in the isthmus/neck, pit, and gland of the stomach, suggesting preferential expression in differentiating cells.