Serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating inflammatory responses to foreign agents (       ). Following activation of toll-like receptors by viral or bacterial components, associates with TRAF3 and TANK and phosphorylates interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) IRF3 and IRF7 as well as DDX3X (  , ). This activity allows subsequent homodimerization and nuclear translocation of the IRFs leading to transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory and antiviral genes including IFNA and IFNB ( , ). In order to establish such an antiviral state, TBK1 form several different complexes whose composition depends on the type of cell and cellular stimuli ( ). Plays a key role in IRF3 activation: acts by first phosphorylating innate adapter proteins MAVS, STING1 and TICAM1 on their pLxIS motif, leading to recruitment of IRF3, thereby licensing IRF3 for phosphorylation by TBK1 (, ). Phosphorylated IRF3 dissociates from the adapter proteins, dimerizes, and then enters the nucleus to induce expression of interferons . Thus, several scaffolding molecules including FADD, TRADD, MAVS, AZI2, TANK or TBKBP1/SINTBAD can be recruited to the TBK1-containing-complexes . Under particular conditions, functions as a NF-kappa-B effector by phosphorylating NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha/NFKBIA, IKBKB or RELA to translocate NF-Kappa-B to the nucleus (, ). Restricts bacterial proliferation by phosphorylating the autophagy receptor OPTN/Optineurin on 'Ser-177', thus enhancing LC3 binding affinity and antibacterial autophagy . Phosphorylates SMCR8 component of the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex, promoting autophagosome maturation . Phosphorylates ATG8 proteins MAP1LC3C and GABARAPL2, thereby preventing their delipidation and premature removal from nascent autophagosomes . Phosphorylates and activates AKT1 . Seems to play a role in energy balance regulation by sustaining a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation in obesity, wich leads to a negative impact on insulin sensitivity (By similarity). Attenuates retroviral budding by phosphorylating the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-I (ESCRT-I) subunit VPS37C . Phosphorylates Borna disease virus (BDV) P protein . Plays an essential role in the TLR3- and IFN-dependent control of herpes virus HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in the central nervous system . Acts both as a positive and negative regulator of the mTORC1 complex, depending on the context: activates mTORC1 in response to growth factors by catalyzing phosphorylation of MTOR, while it limits the mTORC1 complex by promoting phosphorylation of RPTOR (, ).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Upon mitogen stimulation or triggering of the immune system, TBK1 is recruited to the exocyst by EXOC2.
Ubiquitous with higher expression in testis. Expressed in the ganglion cells, nerve fiber layer and microvasculature of the retina.