Effector of necroptotic and pyroptotic programmed cell death that mediates plasma membrane rupture (cytolysis) ( , ). Acts downstream of Gasdermin (GSDMA, GSDMB, GSDMC, GSDMD, or GSDME) or MLKL during pyroptosis or necroptosis, respectively: oligomerizes in response to death stimuli and promotes plasma membrane rupture by introducing hydrophilic faces of 2 alpha helices into the hydrophobic membrane, leading to release intracellular molecules named damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that propagate the inflammatory response ( , ). Acts as a regulator of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during systemic inflammation; directly binds LPS . Involved in leukocyte migration during inflammation by promoting transendothelial migration of macrophages via homotypic binding (By similarity). Promotes the migration of monocytes across the brain endothelium to central nervous system inflammatory lesions . Also acts as a homophilic transmembrane adhesion molecule involved in various processes such as axonal growth, cell chemotaxis and angiogenesis ( ). Promotes cell adhesion by mediating homophilic interactions via its extracellular N-terminal adhesion motif (N-NAM) . Involved in the progression of the inflammatory stress by promoting cell-to-cell interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells ( ). Plays a role in nerve regeneration by promoting maturation of Schwann cells (, ). Acts as a regulator of angiogenesis . Promotes the formation of new vessels by mediating the interaction between capillary pericyte cells and endothelial cells (By similarity). Promotes osteoclasts development by enhancing the survival of prefusion osteoclasts (By similarity). Also involved in striated muscle growth and differentiation (By similarity).
Secreted form generated by cleavage, which has chemotactic activity (By similarity). Acts as an anti-inflammatory mediator by promoting monocyte recruitment, thereby ameliorating atherosclerosis .
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Synaptic cell membrane
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Widely expressed in both adult and embryonic tissues, primarily those of epithelial origin.