Cysteine protease that plays essential roles in programmed cell death, axonal degeneration, development and innate immunity (   ). Acts as a non-canonical executioner caspase during apoptosis: localizes in the nucleus and cleaves the nuclear structural protein NUMA1 and lamin A/LMNA thereby inducing nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation ( , ). Lamin-A/LMNA cleavage is required for chromatin condensation and nuclear disassembly during apoptotic execution . Acts as a regulator of liver damage by promoting hepatocyte apoptosis: in absence of phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), catalyzes cleavage of BID, leading to cytochrome c release, thereby participating in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis . Cleaves PARK7/DJ-1 in cells undergoing apoptosis (By similarity). Involved in intrinsic apoptosis by mediating cleavage of RIPK1 . Furthermore, cleaves many transcription factors such as NF-kappa-B and cAMP response element-binding protein/CREBBP (, ). Cleaves phospholipid scramblase proteins XKR4 and XKR9 (By similarity). In addition to apoptosis, involved in different forms of programmed cell death . Plays an essential role in defense against viruses by acting as a central mediator of the ZBP1-mediated pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis), independently of its cysteine protease activity . PANoptosis is a unique inflammatory programmed cell death, which provides a molecular scaffold that allows the interactions and activation of machinery required for inflammasome/pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis . Mechanistically, interacts with RIPK3 and enhances the interaction between RIPK3 and ZBP1, leading to ZBP1-mediated inflammasome activation and cell death . Plays an essential role in axon degeneration during axon pruning which is the remodeling of axons during neurogenesis but not apoptosis (By similarity). Regulates B-cell programs both during early development and after antigen stimulation (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Proteolytically cleaves the N protein of coronoviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV (, ). The cleavage of MERS-CoV N-protein leads to two fragments and modulates coronavirus replication by regulating IFN signaling. The two fragments produced by the cleavage interact with IRF3 inhibiting its nuclear translocation after activation and reduce the expression of IFNB and IFN-stimulated genes . The same mechanism seems to be used by other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to enhance their replication .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus