Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) . Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (By similarity). Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (By similarity). Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity). Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity). Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity). Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity). May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR), an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection . Inhibits HIV-1 entry in cells coexpressing CD4 and APLNR . Apelin-36 has a greater inhibitory activity on HIV infection than other synthetic apelin derivatives .
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Secreted, Extracellular space
Abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Lower level in milk. Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk.
Expressed in the brain with highest levels in the frontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain . Secreted by the mammary gland into the colostrum and the milk.