law: The Income-Tax Act, 1961
  144. Best judgment assessment.-
  1[(1)] If any person-
  (a) fails to make the return required 2[under sub-section (1) of section 139] and has not made a return or a revised return under sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) of that section, or
  (b) fails to comply with all the terms of a notice issued under sub-section (1) of section 142 3[or fails to comply with a direction issued under sub-section (2A) of that section], or
  (c) having made a return, fails to comply with all the terms of a notice issued under sub-section (2) of section 143, the 4[Assessing Officer], after taking into account all relevant material which the 4[Assessing Officer] has gathered, 5[shall, after giving the assessee an opportunity of being heard, make the assessment] of the total income or loss to the best of his judgment and determine the sum payable by the assesse 6*** on the basis of such assessment:
  7[Provided that such opportunity shall be given by the Assessing Officer by serving a notice calling upon the assessee to show cause, on a date and time to be specified in the notice, why the assessment should not be completed to the best of his judgment:
  Provided further that it shall not be necessary to give such opportunity in a case where a notice under sub-section (1) of section 142 has been issued prior to the making of an assessment under this section.]
  8[(2) The provisions of this section as they stood immediately before their amendment by the Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act, 1987 (4 of 1988), shall apply to and in relation to any assessment for the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of April, 1988, or any earlier assessment year and references in this section to the other provisions of this Act shall be construed as references to those provisions as for the time being in force and applicable to the relevant assessment year.]
  1. Section 144 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act 36 of 1989, s. 17 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  2. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 49, for "by any notice given under sub-section (2) of section 139" (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  3. Ins. by Act 41 of 1975, s. 44 (w.e.f. 1-4-1976).
  4. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 2, for "Income-tax Officer" (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  5. Subs. by s. 49, ibid., for "shall make the assessment" (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  6. The words "or refundable to the assess" omitted by s. 49, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  7. Ins. by s. 49, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  8. Ins. by Act 36 of 1989, s. 17 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  9[144A. Power of 10[Joint Commissioner] to issue directions in certain cases.-
  11*** A 10[Joint Commissioner] may, on his own motion or on a reference being made to him by the 4[Assessing Officer] or on the application of an assessee, call for and examine the record of any proceeding in which an assessment is pending and, if he considers that, having regard to the nature of the case or the amount involved or for any other reason, it is necessary or expedient so to do, he may issue such directions as he thinks fit for the guidance of the 4[Assessing Officer] to enable him to complete the assessment and such directions shall be binding on the 4[Assessing Officer]:
  Provided that no directions which are prejudicial to the assessee shall be issued before an opportunity is given to the assessee to be heard.
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this 12[section] no direction as to the lines on which an investigation connected with the assessment should be made, shall be deemed to be a direction prejudicial to the assessee.
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  9. Ins. by Act 41 of 1975, s. 45 (w.e.f. 1-4-1976).
  10. Subs. by Act 21 of 1998, s. 3, for "Deputy Commissioner" (w.e.f.1-10-1998). Earlier the quoted words were substituted by Act 4 of 1988, s. 2, for "Inspecting Assistant Commissioner" (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  11. The brackets and figures "(1)" omitted by Act 4 of 1988, s. 126 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  12. Subs. by Act 3 of 1989, s. 22, for "sub-section" (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  13. Sub-section (2) omitted by Act 4 of 1988, s. 50 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  [144B. Reference to Deputy Commissioner in certain cases].-Omitted by the Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act, 1987 (4 of 1988), s. 51 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).]]
  1[144BA. Reference to 2[Principal Commissioner orCommissioner] in certain cases.-
  (1) If, the Assessing Officer, at any stage of the assessment or reassessment proceedings before him having regard to the material and evidence available, considers that it is necessary to declare an arrangement as an impermissible avoidance arrangement and to determine the consequence of such an arrangement within the meaning of Chapter X-A, then, he may make a reference to the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] in this regard.
  (2) The 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] shall, on receipt of a reference under sub-section (1), if he is of the opinion that the provisions of Chapter X-A are required to be invoked, issue a notice to the assessee, setting out the reasons and basis of such opinion, for submitting objections, if any, and providing an opportunity of being heard to the assessee within such period, not exceeding sixty days, as may be specified in the notice.
  (3) If the assessee does not furnish any objection to the notice within the time specified in the notice issued under sub-section (2), the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] shall issue such directions as he deems fit in respect of declaration of the arrangement to be an impermissible avoidance arrangement.
  (4) In case the assessee objects to the proposed action, and the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] after hearing the assessee in the matter is not satisfied by the explanation of the assessee, then, he shall make a reference in the matter to the Approving Panel for the purpose of declaration of the arrangement as an impermissible avoidance arrangement.
  (5) If the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] is satisfied, after having heard the assessee that the provisions of Chapter X-A are not to be invoked, he shall by an order in writing, communicate the same to the Assessing Officer with a copy to the assessee.
  (6) The Approving Panel, on receipt of a reference from the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] under sub-section (4), shall issue such directions, as it deems fit, in respect of the declaration of the arrangement as an impermissible avoidance arrangement in accordance with the provisions of Chapter X-A including specifying of the previous year or years to which such declaration of an arrangement as an impermissible avoidance arrangement shall apply.
  (7) No direction under sub-section (6) shall be issued unless an opportunity of being heard is given to the assessee and the Assessing Officer on such directions which are prejudicial to the interest of the assessee or the interests of the revenue, as the case may be.
  (8) The Approving Panel may, before issuing any direction under sub-section (6),-
  (i) if it is of the opinion that any further inquiry in the matter is necessary, direct the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] to make such inquiry or cause the inquiry to be made by any other income-tax authority and furnish a report containing the result of such inquiry to it; or
  (ii) call for and examine such records relating to the matter as it deems fit; or
  (iii) require the assessee to furnish such documents and evidence as it may direct.
  (9) If the members of the Approving Panel differ in opinion on any point, such point shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority of the members.
  (10) The Assessing Officer, on receipt of directions of the 2[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] under sub-section (3) or of the Approving Panel under sub-section (6), shall proceed to complete the proceedings referred to in sub-section (1)in accordance with such directions and the provisions of Chapter X-A.
  (11) If any direction issued under sub-section (6) specifies that declaration of the arrangement as impermissible avoidance arrangement is applicable for any previous year other than the previous year to which the proceedings referred to in sub-section (1) pertains, then, the Assessing Officer while completing any assessment or reassessment proceedings of the assessment year relevant to such other previous year shall do so in accordance with such directions and the provisions of Chapter XA and it shall not be necessary for him to seek fresh direction on the issue for the relevant assessment year.
  (12) No order of assessment or reassessment shall be passed by the Assessing Officer without the prior approval of the 1[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner], if any tax consequences have been determined in the order under the provisions of Chapter X-A.
  (13) The Approving Panel shall issue directions under sub-section (6) within a period of six months from the end of the month in which the reference under sub-section (4) was received.
  (14) The directions issued by the Approving Panel under sub-section (6) shall be binding on-
  (i) theassessee; and
  (ii) the 1[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] and the income-tax authorities subordinate to him, and notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of the Act, no appeal under the Act shall lie against such directions.
  (15) The Central Government shall, for the purposes of this section, constitute one or more Approving Panels as may be necessary and each panel shall consist of three members including a Chairperson.
  (16) The Chairperson of the Approving Panel shall be a person who is or has been a judge of a High Court, and-
  (i) one member shall be a member of Indian Revenue Service not below the rank of 2[Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner] of Income-tax; and
  (ii) one member shall be an academic or scholar having special knowledge of matters, such as direct taxes, business accounts and international trade practices.
  (17) The term of the Approving Panel shall ordinarily be for one year and may be extended from time to time up to a period of three years.
  (18) The Chairperson and members of the Approving Panel shall meet, as and when required, to consider the references made to the panel and shall be paid such remuneration as may be prescribed.
  (19) In addition to the powers conferred on the Approving Panel under this section, it shall have the powers which are vested in the Authority for Advance Rulings under section 245U.
  (20) The Board shall provide to the Approving Panel such officials as may be necessary for the efficient exercise of powers and discharge of functions of the Approving Panel under the Act.
  (21) The Board may make rules for the purposes of the constitution and efficient functioning of the Approving Panel and expeditious disposal of the references received under sub-section (4).
  Explanation.-In computing the period referred to in sub-section (13), the following shall be excluded-
  (i) the period commencing from the date on which the first direction is issued by the Approving Panel to the 1[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] for getting the inquiries conducted through the authority competent under an agreement referred to in section 90 or section 90A and ending with the date on which the information so requested is last received by the Approving Panel or one year, whichever is less;
  (ii) the period during which the proceeding of the Approving Panel is stayed by an order or injunction of any court:
  Provided that where immediately after the exclusion of the aforesaid time or period, the period available to the Approving Panel for issue of directions is less than sixty days, such remaining period shall be extended to sixty days and the aforesaid period of six months shall be deemed to have been extended accordingly.]
  1. Ins. by Act 17 of 2013, s. 39 (w.e.f. 1-4-2016). Earlier s. 144BA omitted by Act 17 of 2013, s. 38 (w.e.f. 1-4-2014) which was inserted by Act 23 of 2012, s. 62 (w.e.f. 1-4-2014).
  2. Subs. by Act 25 of 2014, s. 4, for "Commissioner" (w.e.f. 1-6-2013).
  1. Subs. by Act 25 of 2014, s. 4, for "Commissioner" (w.e.f. 1-6-2013).
  2. Subs. by s. 4, ibid., for "Chief Commissioner" (w.e.f. 1-6-2013).
  1[144C. Reference to dispute resolution panel.-
  (1) The Assessing Officer shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, in the first instance, forward a draft of the proposed order of assessment (hereafter in this section referred to as the draft order) to the eligible assessee if he proposes to make, on or after the 1st day of October, 2009, any variation in the income or loss returned which is prejudicial to the interest of such assessee.
  (2) On receipt of the draft order, the eligible assessee shall, within thirty days of the receipt by him of the draft order,-
  (a) file his acceptance of the variations to the Assessing Officer; or
  (b) file his objections, if any, to such variation with,-
  (i) the Dispute Resolution Panel; and
  (ii) the Assessing Officer.
  (3) The Assessing Officer shall complete the assessment on the basis of the draft order, if-
  (a) theassessee intimates to the Assessing Officer the acceptance of the variation; or
  (b) no objections are received within the period specified in sub-section (2).
  (4) The Assessing Officer shall, notwithstanding anything contained 2[in section 153 orsection 153B], pass the assessment order under sub-section (3) within one month from the end of the month in which,-
  (a) the acceptance is received; or
  (b) the period of filing of objections under sub-section (2) expires.
  (5) The Dispute Resolution Panel shall, in a case where any objection is received under sub-section (2), issue such directions, as it thinks fit, for the guidance of the Assessing Officer to enable him to complete the assessment.
  (6) The Dispute Resolution Panel shall issue the directions referred to in sub-section (5), after considering the following, namely:-
  (a) draft order;
  (b) objections filed by the assessee;
  (c) evidence furnished by the assessee;
  (d) report, if any, of the Assessing Officer, Valuation Officer or Transfer Pricing Officer or any other authority;
  (e) records relating to the draft order;
  (f) evidence collected by, or caused to be collected by, it; and
  (g) result of any enquiry made by, or caused to be made by, it.
  (7) The Dispute Resolution Panel may, before issuing any directions referred to in sub-section (5),-
  (a) make such further enquiry, as it thinks fit; or
  (b) cause any further enquiry to be made by any income-tax authority and report the result of the same to it.
  (8) The Dispute Resolution Panel may confirm, reduce or enhance the variations proposed in the draft order so, however, that it shall not set aside any proposed variation or issue any direction under subsection (5) for further enquiry and passing of the assessment order.
  1[Explanation.-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the power of the Dispute Resolution Panel to enhance the variation shall include and shall be deemed always to have included the power to consider any matter arising out of the assessment proceedings relating to the draft order, notwithstanding that such matter was raised or not by the eligible assessee.]
  (9) If the members of the Dispute Resolution Panel differ in opinion on any point, the point shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority of the members.
  (10) Every direction issued by the Dispute Resolution Panel shall be binding on the Assessing Officer.
  (11) No direction under sub-section (5) shall be issued unless an opportunity of being heard is given to the assessee and the Assessing Officer on such directions which are prejudicial to the interest of the assessee or the interest of the revenue, respectively.
  (12) No direction under sub-section (5) shall be issued after nine months from the end of the month in which the draft order is forwarded to the eligible assessee.
  (13) Upon receipt of the directions issued under sub-section (5), the Assessing Officer shall, in conformity with the directions, complete, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained 2[insection 153 or section 153B], the assessment without providing any further opportunity of being heard to the assessee, within one month from the end of the month in which such direction is received.
  (14) The Board may make rules for the purposes of the efficient functioning of the Dispute Resolution Panel and expeditious disposal of the objections filed under sub-section (2) by the eligible assessee.
  3[(14A)The provisions of this section shall not apply to any assessment or reassessment order passed by the Assessing Officer with the prior approval of the 4[Principal Commissioner or Commissioner] as provided in sub-section (12) of section 144BA.]
  (15) For the purposes of this section,-
  (a) "Dispute Resolution Panel" means a collegium comprising of three 4[Principal Commissioner or Commissioners] of Income-tax constituted by the Board for this purpose;
  (b) "eligibleassessee" means,-
  (i) any person in whose case the variation referred to in sub-section (1) arises as a consequence of the order of the Transfer Pricing Officer passed under sub-section (3) of section 92CA; and
  (ii) any foreign company.]
  1. Ins. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 56 (w.r.e.f. 1-4-2009).
  2. Subs. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 63, for "in section 153" (w.r.e.f. 1-10-2009).
  1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 63 (w.r.e.f. 1-4-2009).
  2. Subs. by s. 63, ibid., for "in section 153" (w.e.f. 1-10-2009).
  3. Ins. by Act 17 of 2013, s. 40 (w.e.f. 1-4-2016). Earlier sub-section (14A) omitted by Act 17 of 2013, s. 40 (w.e.f. 1-4-2013) which was inserted by Act 23 of 2012, s. 63 (w.e.f. 1-4-2013).
  4. Subs. by Act 25 of 2014, s. 4, for "Commissioner" (w.r.e.f. 1-6-2013).