law: The Income-Tax Act, 1961
  44. Insurance business.-
  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the provisions of this Act relating to the computation of income chargeable under the head "Interest on securities", "Income from house property", "Capital gains" or "Income from other sources", or in section 199 or in 2[section 28 to 43B], the profits and gains of any business of insurance, including any such business carried on by a mutual insurance company or by a co-operative society, shall be computed in accordance with the rules contained in the First Schedule.
  2. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 126, for "section 28 to 43A" (w.e.f 1-4-1989).
  3[44A. Special provision for deduction in the case of trade, professional or similar association.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, where the amount received during a previous year by any trade, professional or similar association (other than an association or institution referred to in clause (23A) of section 10) from its members, whether by way of subscription or otherwise (not being remuneration received for rendering any specific services to such members) falls short of the expenditure incurred by such association during that previous year (not being expenditure deductible in computing the income under any other provision of this Act and not being in the nature of capital expenditure) solely for the purposes of protection or advancement of the common interests of its members, the amount so fallen short (hereinafter referred to as deficiency) shall, subject to the provisions of this section, be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the association assessable for the relevant assessment year under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" and if there is no income assessable under that head or the deficiency allowable exceeds such income, the whole or the balance of the deficiency, as the case may be, shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the association assessable for the relevant assessment year under any other head.
  (2) In computing the income of the association for the relevant assessment year under sub-section (1), effect shall first be given to any other provision of this Act under which any allowance or loss in respect of any earlier assessment year is carried forward and set off against the income for the relevant assessment year.
  (3) The amount of deficiency to be allowed as a deduction under this section shall in no case exceed one-half of the total income of the association as computed before making any allowance under this section.
  (4) This section applies only to that trade, professional or similar association the income of which or any part thereof is not distributed to its members except as grants to any association or institution affiliated to it.]
  3. Ins. by Act 5 of 1964, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1964).
  1[44AA. Maintenance of accounts by certain persons carrying on profession or business.-
  (1) Every person carrying on legal, medical, engineering or architectural profession or the profession of accountancy or technical consultancy or interior decoration or any other profession as is notified by the Board in the Official Gazette shall keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as may enable the 2[Assessing Officer] to compute his total income in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
  (2) Every person carrying on business or profession [not being a profession referred to in sub-section (1)] shall,-
  (i) if his income from business or profession exceeds 3[one lakh twenty thousand] rupees or his total sales, turnover or gross receipts, as the case may be, in business or profession exceed or exceeds 4[ten lakh] rupees in any one of the three years immediately preceding the previous year; or
  (ii) where the business or profession is newly set up in any previous year, if his income from business or profession is likely to exceed 3[one lakh twenty thousand] rupees or his total sales, turnover or gross receipts, as the case may be, in business or profession are or is likely to exceed 4[ten lakh] rupees, 5[during such previous year; or
  (iii) where the profits and gains from the business are deemed to be the profits and gains of the assessee under 6[section 44AE] 7[or section 44BB or section 44BBB], as the case may be, and the assessee has claimed his income to be lower than the profits or gains so deemed to be the profits and gains of his business, as the case may be, during such 8[previous year; or]]
  9[(iv) where the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 44AD are applicable in his case and his income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax in any previous year,] keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as may enable the 2[Assessing Officer] to compute his total income in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
  10[Provided that in the case of a person being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, the provisions of clause (i) and clause (ii) shall have effect, as if for the words "one lakh twenty thousand rupees", the words "two lakh fifty thousand rupees" had been substituted:
  Provided further that in the case of a person being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, the provisions of clause (i) and clause (ii) shall have effect, as if for the words "ten lakh rupees", the words "twenty-five rupees" had been substituted.]
  (3) The Board may, having regard to the nature of the business or profession carried on by any class of persons, prescribe, by rules, the books of account and other documents (including inventories, wherever necessary) to be kept and maintained under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), the particulars to be contained therein and the form and the manner in which and the place at which they shall be kept and maintained.
  (4) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (3), the Board may prescribe, by rules, the period for which the books of account and other documents to be kept and maintained under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be retained.]
  1. Ins. by Act 41 of 1975, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1976).
  2. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 2, for Income-tax Officer" (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  3. Subs. by Act 21 of 1998, s. 20, for "forty thousand" (w.e.f. 1-4-1999).
  4. Subs. by s. 20, ibid., for "five hundred thousand" (w.e.f. 1-4-1999).
  5. Subs. by Act 26 of 1997, s. 10, for "during such previous year" (w.e.f. 1-4-1998).
  6. Subs. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 18, for "section 44AD or section 44AE or section 44AF" (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  7. Ins. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 22 (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  8. Subs. by Act 33 of 2009. S. 18, for "previous year" (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  9. Subs. by Act 28 of 2016, s. 24, for clause (iv) (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  10. Ins. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 19 (w.e.f. 1-4-2018).
  1[44AB. Audit of accounts of certain persons carrying on business or profession.-
  Every person,- (a) carrying on business shall, if his total sales, turnover or gross receipts, as the case may be, in business exceed or exceeds 2[one crore rupees] in any previous year 3***; or
  (b) carrying on profession shall, if his gross receipts in profession exceed 4[fifty lakh rupees] in any 5[previous year; or
  (c) carrying on the business shall, if the profits and gains from the business are deemed to be the profits and gains of such person under 6[section 44AE] 7[or section 44BB or section 44BBB], as the case may be, and he has claimed his income to be lower than the profits or gains so deemed to be the profits and gains of his business, as the case may be, in any 8[previous year; or] 3***]
  9[(d) carrying on the 10[profession] shall, if the profits and gains from the 10[profession] are deemed to be the profits and gains of such person 11[under section 44ADA] and he has claimed such income to be lower than the profits and gains so deemed to be the profits and gains of his 10[profession] and his income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax in any 12[previous year; or]]
  13[(e) carrying on the business shall, if the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 44AD are applicable in his case and his income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax in any previous year,] get his accounts of 14[such previous year] audited by an accountant before the specified date and 15[furnish by] that date the report of such audit in the prescribed form duly signed and verified by such accountant and setting forth such particulars as may be prescribed:
  16[Provided that this section shall not apply to the person, who declares profits and gains for the previous year in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 44AD and his total sales, turnover or gross receipts, as the case may be, in business does not exceed two crore rupees in such previous year:]
  17[18[Provided further that] this section shall not apply to the person, who derives income of the nature referred to in 19*** section 44B or 20[section 44BBA], on and from the 1st day of April, 1985 or, as the case may be, the date on which the relevant section came into force, whichever is later:
  1[Provided also] that] in a case where such person is required by or under any other law to get his accounts audited 2***, it shall be sufficient compliance with the provisions of this section if such person gets the accounts of such business or profession audited under such law before the specified date and 3[furnishes by] that date the report of the audit as required under such other law and a further report 4[by an accountant] in the form prescribed under this section.
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (i) "accountant" shall have the same meaning as in the Explanation below sub-section (2) of section 288;
  5[(ii) "specified date", in relation to the accounts of the assessee of the previous year relevant to an assessment year, means 6[the due date for furnishing the return of income under sub-section (1) of section 139].]]
  1. Ins. by Act 21 of 1984, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
  2. Subs. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 13, for "sixty lakh rupees" (w.e.f. 1-4-2013).
  3. The words and figures "or years relevant to the assessment year commencing on the first day of April, 1985, or any subsequent assessment year" omitted by Act 26 of 1988, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  4. Subs. by Act 28 of 2016, s. 25, for "twenty-five lakh rupees" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  5. Subs. by Act 26 of 1997, s. 11, for "previous year" (w.e.f. 1-4-1998).
  6. Subs. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 19, for "section 44AD or section 44AE or section 44AF" (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  7. Ins. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 23 (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  8. Subs. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 19, for "previous year," (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  9. Ins. by s. 19, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  10. Subs. by Act 28 of 2016, s. 25, for "Business" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  11. Subs. by s. 25, ibid., for "under section 44AD" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  12. Subs. by s. 25, ibid., for "previous year" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  13. Ins. by s. 25, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  14. Subs. by Act 26 of 1988, s. 14, for "such previous year or years" (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  15. Subs. by Act 22 of 1995, s. 13, for "obtain before" (w.e.f. 1-7-1995).
  16. Ins. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  17. Subs. by Act 18 of 1992, s. 20, for "Provided that" (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
  18. Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 20, for "Provided that" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  19. The words, figures and letters "section 44AC or" omitted by Act 22 of 1995, s. 13 (w.e.f. 1-7-1995).
  20. Subs. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 23, for "section 44BB or section 44BBA or section 44BBB" (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  1. Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 20, for "Provided further" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  2. The words "by an accountant" omitted by Act 32 of 1985, s. 13 (w.e.f. 1-4-1985).
  3. Subs. by Act 22 of 1995, s. 13, for "obtains before" (w.e.f. 1-7-1995).
  4. Ins. by Act 14 of 2001, s. 28 (w.e.f. 1-4-2001).
  5. Subs. by s. 28, ibid., for clause (ii) (w.e.f. 1-4-2001).
  6. Subs. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 13, for "the 30th day of September of the assessment year" (w.e.f. 1-4-2012).
  44AC. [Special provision for computing profits and gains from the business of trading in certain goods.] Omitted by the Finance Act, 1992 (18 of 1992), s. 21 ( w.e.f. 1-4-1993).
  7[44AD. Special provision for computing profits and gains of business on presumptive basis.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 43C,in the case of an eligible assessee engaged in an eligible business, a sum equal to eight per cent of the total turnover or gross receipts of the assessee in the previous year on account of such business or, as the case may be, a sum higher than the aforesaid sum claimed to have been earned by the eligible assessee, shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".
  8[Provided that this sub-section shall have effect as if for the words "eight per cent.", the words "six per cent." had been substituted, in respect of the amount of total turnover or gross receipts which is received by an account payee cheque or an account payee bank draft or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account during the previous year or before the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139 in respect of that previous year.]
  (2) Any deduction allowable under the provisions of sections 30 to 38 shall, for the purposes of sub-section (1), be deemed to have been already given full effect to and no further deduction under those sections shall be allowed:
  *
  *
  *
  *
  (3) The written down value of any asset of an eligible business shall be deemed to have been calculated as if the eligible assessee had claimed and had been actually allowed the deduction in respect of the depreciation for each of the relevant assessment years.
  10[(4) Where an eligible assessee declares profit for any previous year in accordance with the provisions of this section and he declares profit for any of the five assessment years relevant to the previous year succeeding such previous year not in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1), he shall not be eligible to claim the benefit of the provisions of this section for five assessment years subsequent to the assessment year relevant to the previous year in which the profit has not been declared in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1).
  (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section, an eligible assessee to whom the provisions of sub-section (4) are applicable and whose total income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax, shall be required to keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (2) of section 44AA and get them audited and furnish a report of such audit as required under section 44AB.]
  1[(6) The provisions of this section, notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions, shall not apply to-
  (i) a person carrying on profession as referred to in sub-section (1) of section 44AA;
  (ii) a person earning income in the nature of commission or brokerage; or
  (iii) a person carrying on any agency business.]
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (a) "eligibleassessee" means,-
  (i) an individual, Hindu undivided family or a partnership firm, who is a resident, but not a limited liability partnership firm as defined under clause (n) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009); and
  (ii) who has not claimed deduction under any of the sections 10A, 10AA, 10B, 10BAor deduction under any provisions of Chapter VIA under the heading "C. - Deductions in respect of certain incomes" in the relevant assessment year;
  (b) "eligible business" means,-
  (i) any business except the business of plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages referred to in section 44AE; and
  (ii) whose total turnover or gross receipts in the previous year does not exceed an amount of 2[two crore rupees].]
  7. Subs. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 20, for section 44AD (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  8. Ins. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 21 (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  9. The proviso omitted by Act 28 of 2016, s. 26 (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  10. Subs. by s. 26, ibid., for sub-sections (4) and (5) (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  2. Subs. by Act 28 of 2016, s. 26, for "one crore rupees" (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  3[44ADA. Special provision for computing profits and gains of profession on presumptive basis.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in sections 28 to 43C, in the case of an assessee, being a resident in India, who is engaged in a profession referred to in sub-section (1) of section 44AAand whose total gross receipts do not exceed fifty lakh rupees in a previous year, a sum equal to fifty per cent. of the total gross receipts of the assessee in the previous year on account of such profession or, as the case may be, a sum higher than the aforesaid sum claimed to have been earned by the assessee, shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such profession chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".
  (2) Any deduction allowable under the provisions of sections 30 to 38shall, for the purposes of sub-section (1), be deemed to have been already given full effect to and no further deduction under those sections shall be allowed.
  (3) The written down value of any asset used for the purposes of profession shall be deemed to have been calculated as if the assessee had claimed and had been actually allowed the deduction in respect of the depreciation for each of the relevant assessment years.
  (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section, an assessee who claims that his profits and gains from the profession are lower than the profits and gains specified in sub-section (1) and whose total income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax, shall be required to keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (1) of section 44AA and get them audited and furnish a report of such audit as required under section 44AB.]
  3. Ins. by s. 27, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  1[44AE. Special provision for computing profits and gains of business of plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 43A, in the case of an assessee, who owns not more than ten goods carriages 2[at any time during the previous year] and who is engaged in the business of plying, hiring or leasing such goods carriages, the income of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" shall be deemed to be the aggregate of the profits and gains, from all the goods carriages owned by him in the previous year, computed in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2).
  3[(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the profits and gains from each goods carriage,-
  (i) being a heavy goods vehicle, shall be an amount equal to one thousand rupees per ton of gross vehicle weight or unladen weight, as the case may be, for every month or part of a month during which the heavy goods vehicle is owned by the assessee in the previous year or an amount claimed to have been actually earned from such vehicle, whichever is higher;
  (ii) other than heavy goods vehicle, shall be an amount equal to seven thousand five hundred rupees for every month or part of a month during which the goods carriage is owned by the assessee in the previous year or an amount claimed to have been actually earned from such goods carriage, whichever is higher.]
  (3) Any deduction allowable under the provisions of sections 30 to 38shall, for the purposes of sub-section (1), be deemed to have been already given full effect to and no further deduction under those sections shall be allowed:
  4[Provided that where the assessee is a firm, the salary and interest paid to its partners shall be deducted from the income computed under sub-section (1) subject to the conditions and limits specified in clause (b) of section 40.]
  (4) The written down value of any asset used for the purpose of the business referred to in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to have been calculated as if the assessee had claimed and had been actually allowed the deduction in respect of the depreciation for each of the relevant assessment years.
  (5) The provisions of sections 44AA and 44ABshall not apply in so far as they relate to the business referred to in sub-section (1) and in computing the monetary limits under those sections, the gross receipts or, as the case may be, the income from the said business shall be excluded.
  5[(6) Nothing contained in the foregoing provisions of this section shall apply, where the assessee claims and produces evidence to prove that the profits and gains from the aforesaid business during the previous year relevant to the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of April, 1997 or any earlier assessment year, are lower than the profits and gains specified in sub-sections (1) and (2), and thereupon the Assessing Officer shall proceed to make an assessment of the total income or loss of the assessee and determine the sum payable by the assessee on the basis of assessment made under sub-section (3) of section 143.]
  1[(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section, an assessee may claim lower profits and gains than the profits and gains specified in sub-sections (1) and (2), if he keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (2) of section 44AA and gets his accounts audited and furnishes a report of such audit as required under section 44AB.]
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  2[(a) the expressions "goods carriage", "gross vehicle weight" and "unladen weight" shall have the respective meanings assigned to them in section 2 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988;
  (aa) the expression "heavy goods vehicle" means any goods carriage, the gross vehicle weight of which exceeds 12000 kilograms;']
  (b) anassessee, who is in possession of a goods carriage, whether taken on hire purchase or on instalments and for which the whole or part of the amount payable is still due, shall be deemed to be the owner of such goods carriage.]
  1. Ins. by Act 32 of 1994, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-4-1994).
  2. Ins. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 24 (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  3. Subs. by Act 13 of 2018, s. 16, for sub-section (2) (w.e.f. 1-4-2019). Earlier it was substituted by Act 25 of 2014, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-4-2015).
  4. Ins. by Act 26 of 1997, s. 13 (w.e.f. 1-4-1994).
  5. Ins. by Act 11 of 1999, s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-4-1997).
  1. Ins. by Act 27 of 1999, s. 30 (w.e.f. 1-4-1998).
  2. Subs. by Act 13 of 2018, s. 16, for clause (a) (w.e.f. 1-4-2019) which was earlier substituted by Act 25 of 2014, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-4-2015).
  3[44AF. Special provisions for computing profits and gains of retail business.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 43C,in the case of an assessee engaged in retail trade in any goods or merchandise, a sum equal to five per cent of the total turnover in the previous year on account of such business or, as the case may be, a sum higher than the aforesaid sum as declared by the assessee in his return of income shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession":
  Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply in respect of an assessee whose total turnover exceeds an amount of forty lakh rupees in the previous year.
  (2) Any deduction allowable under the provisions of sections 30 to 38 shall, for the purposes of sub-section (1), be deemed to have been already given full effect to and no further deduction under those sections shall be allowed:
  Provided that where the assessee is a firm, the salary and interest paid to its partners shall be deducted from the income computed under sub-section (1) subject to the conditions and limits specified in clause (b) of section 40.
  (3) The written down value of any asset used for the purpose of the business referred to in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to have been calculated as if the assessee had claimed and had been actually allowed the deduction in respect of the depreciation for each of the relevant assessment years.
  (4) The provisions of sections 44AA and 44AB shall not apply in so far as they relate to the business referred to in sub-section (1) and in computing the monetary limits under those sections, the total turnover or, as the case may be, the income from the said business shall be excluded.]
  4[(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section, an assessee may claim lower profits and gains than the profits and gains specified in sub-section (1), if he keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (2) of section 44AA and gets his accounts audited and furnishes a report of such audit as required under section 44AB.]
  5[(6) Nothing contained in this section shall apply to any assessment year beginning on or after the 1st day of April, 2011.]
  3. Ins. by Act 26 of 1997, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-4-1998).
  4. Ins. by Act 27 of 1999, s. 31 (w.e.f. 1-4-1998).
  5. Ins. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 22 (w.e.f. 1-4-2009).
  1[44B. Special provision for computing profits and gains of shipping business in the case of non-residents.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 43A, in the case of an assessee, being a non-resident, engaged in the business of operation of ships, a sum equal to seven and a half per cent of the aggregate of the amounts specified in sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".
  (2) The amounts referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following, namely:-
  (i) the amount paid or payable (whether in or out of India) to the assessee or to any person on his behalf on account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods shipped at any port in India; and
  (ii) the amount received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assessee on account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods shipped at any port outside India.]
  2[Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-section, the amount referred to in clause (i) or clause (ii) shall include the amount paid or payable or received or deemed to be received, as the case may be, by way of demurrage charges or handling charges or any other amount of similar nature.]
  1. Ins. by Act 25 of 1975, s. 8 (w.e.f. 1-4-1976).
  2. Ins. by Act 26 of 1997, s. 15 (w.e.f. 1-4-1976).
  3[44BB. Special provision for computing profits and gains in connection with the business of exploration, etc., of mineral oils.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 41 and sections 43 and 43A, 4[in the case of an assessee, being a non-resident,] engaged in the business of providing services or facilities in connection with, or supplying plant and machinery on hire used, or to be used, in the prospecting for, or extraction or production of, mineral oils, a sum equal to ten per cent of the aggregate of the amounts specified in sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession":
  Provided that this sub-section shall not apply in a case where the provisions of section 42 or section 44D or 5[section 44DA or] section 115A or section 293A apply for the purposes of computing profits or gains or any other income referred to in those sections.
  (2) The amounts referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following, namely:-
  (a) the amount paid or payable (whether in or out of India) to the assessee or to any person on his behalf on account of the provision of services and facilities in connection with, or supply of plant and machinery on hire used, or to be used, in the prospecting for, or extraction or production of, mineral oils in India; and
  (b) the amount received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assessee on account of the provision of services and facilities in connection with, or supply of plant and machinery on hire used, or to be used, in the prospecting for, or extraction or production of, mineral oils outside India.
  6[(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), an assessee may claim lower profits and gains than the profits and gains specified in that sub-section, if he keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (2) of section 44AA and gets his accounts audited and furnishes a report of such audit as required under section 44AB, and thereupon the Assessing Officer shall proceed to make an assessment of the total income or loss of the assessee under sub-section (3) of section 143 and determine the sum payable by, or refundable to, the assessee.]
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (i) "plant" includes ships, aircraft, vehicles, drilling units, scientific apparatus and equipment, used for the purposes of the said business;
  (ii) "mineral oil" includes petroleum and natural gas.]
  3. Ins. by Act 11 of 1987, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1983).
  4. Subs. by Act 26 of 1988, s. 16, for "in the case of an assessee" (w.e.f. 1-4-1983).
  5. Ins. by Act 14 of 2010, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  6. Ins. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 25 (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  1[44BBA. Special provision for computing profits and gains of the business of operation of aircraft in the case of non-residents.-
  (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 43A, in the case of an assessee, being a non-resident, engaged in the business of operation of aircraft, a sum equal to five per cent. of the aggregate of the amounts specified in sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".
  (2) The amounts referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following, namely:-
  (a) the amount paid or payable (whether in or out of India) to the assessee or to any person on his behalf on account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods from any place in India; and
  (b) the amount received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assessee on account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods from any place outside India.]
  1. Ins. by Act 11 of 1987, s. 12 (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  2[44BBB. Special provision for computing profits and gains of foreign companies engaged in the business of civil construction, etc., in certain turnkey power projects.-
  3[(1)] Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained insections 28 to 44AA, in the case of an assessee, being a foreign company, engaged in the business of civil construction or the business of erection of plant or machinery or testing or commissioning thereof, in connection with a turnkey power project approved by the Central Government in this behalf 4***, a sum equal to ten per cent. of the amount paid or payable (whether in or out of India) to the said assessee or to any person on his behalf on account of such civil construction, erection, testing or commissioning shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".]
  5[(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), an assessee may claim lower profits and gains than the profits and gains specified in that sub-section, if he keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (2) of section 44AA and gets his accounts audited and furnishes a report of such audit as required under section 44AB, and thereupon the Assessing Officer shall proceed to make an assessment of the total income or loss of the assessee under sub-section (3) of section 143 and determine the sum payable by, or refundable to, the assessee.]
  2. Ins. by Act 13 of 1989, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-4-1990).
  3. The existing section numbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act 32 of 2003, s. 26 (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  4. The words "and financed under any international aid programme" omitted by s. 26, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  5. Ins. by s. 26, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  6[44C. Deduction of head office expenditure in the case of non-residents.-
  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 43A, in the case of an assessee, being a non-resident, no allowance shall be made, in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession", in respect of so much of the expenditure in the nature of head office expenditure as is in excess of the amount computed as hereunder, namely:-
  (a) an amount equal to five per cent of the adjusted total income; or
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  (c) the amount of so much of the expenditure in the nature of head office expenditure incurred by the assessee as is attributable to the business or profession of the assessee in India, whichever is the least:
  Provided that in a case where the adjusted total income of the assessee is a loss, the amount under clause (a) shall be computed at the rate of five per cent.of the average adjusted total income of the assessee. Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (i) "adjusted total income" means the total income computed in accordance with the provisions of this Act, without giving effect to the allowance referred to in this section or in sub-section (2) of section 32or the deduction referred to in section 32Aor section 33or section 33A or the first proviso to clause (ix) of sub-section (1) of section 36 or any loss carried forward under sub-section (1) of section 72 or sub-section (2) of section 73 or 2[sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) of section 74] or sub-section (3) of section 74A or the deductions under Chapter VI-A;
  (ii) "average adjusted total income" means,-
  (a) in a case where the total income of the assessee is assessable for each of the three assessment years immediately preceding the relevant assessment year, one-third of the aggregate amount of the adjusted total income in respect of the previous years relevant to the aforesaid three assessment years;
  (b) in a case where the total income of the assessee is assessable only for two of the aforesaid three assessment years, one-half of the aggregate amount of the adjusted total income in respect of the previous years relevant to the aforesaid two assessment years;
  (c) in a case where the total income of the assessee is assessable only for one of the aforesaid three assessment years, the amount of the adjusted total income in respect of the previous year relevant to that assessment year;
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  (iv) "head office expenditure" means executive and general administration expenditure incurred by the assessee outside India, including expenditure incurred in respect of-
  (a) rent, rates, taxes, repairs or insurance of any premises outside India used for the purposes of the business or profession;
  (b) salary, wages, annuity, pension, fees, bonus, commission, gratuity, perquisites or profits in lieu of or in addition to salary, whether paid or allowed to any employee or other person employed in, or managing the affairs of, any office outside India;
  (c) travelling by any employee or other person employed in, or managing the affairs of, any office outside India; and
  (d) such other matters connected with executive and general administration as may be prescribed.]
  6. Ins. by Act 66 of 1976, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-6-1976).
  1. Clause (b) omitted by Act 38 of 1993, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1993).
  2. Subs. by Act 11 of 1987, s. 74, for "sub-section (1) of section 74" (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  3. Clause (iii) omitted by Act 38 of 1993, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1993).
  1[44D. Special provisions for computing income by way of royalties, etc., in the case of foreign companies.-
  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sections 28 to 44C, in the case of an assessee, being a foreign company,-
  (a) the deductions admissible under the said sections in computing the income by way of royalty or fees for technical services received 2[from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by the foreign company with Government or with the Indian concern] before the 1st day of April, 1976, shall not exceed in the aggregate twenty per cent of the gross amount of such royalty or fees as reduced by so much of the gross amount of such royalty as consists of lump sum consideration for the transfer outside India of, or the imparting of information outside India in respect of, any data, documentation, drawing or specification relating to any patent, invention, model, design, secret formula or process or trade mark or similar property;
  (b) no deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance shall be allowed under any of the said sections in computing the income by way of royalty or fees for technical services received [from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by the foreign company with Government or with the Indian concern] after the 31st day of March, 1976 3[but before the 1st day of April, 2003;]
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  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (a) "fees for technical services" shall have the same meaning as in 5[Explanation 2 to clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 9] ;
  (b) "foreign company" shall have the same meaning as in section 80B;
  (c) "royalty" shall have the same meaning as in 6[Explanation 2 to clause (vi) of sub-section (1) of section 9];
  (d) royalty received 2[from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by a foreign company with Government or with the Indian concern] after the 31st day of March, 1976, shall be deemed to have been received in pursuance of an agreement made before the 1st day of April, 1976, if such agreement is deemed, for the purposes of the proviso to clause (vi) of sub-section (1) of section 9, to have been made before the 1st day of April, 1976.]
  1. Ins. by Act 66 of 1976, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-6-1976).
  2. Subs. by Act 11 of 1983, s. 19, for certain words (w.e.f. 1-6-1983).
  3. Ins. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 27 (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  4. Clause (c) and (d) omitted by Act 32 of 1994, s. 17 (w.e.f. 1-4-1995).
  5. Subs. by Act 29 of 1977, s. 29, for "the Explanation to, clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 9" (w.e.f. 1-4-1977).
  6. Subs. by s. 29, ibid., for "the Explanation to clause (vi) of sub- section (1) of section 9" (w.e.f 1-4-1977).
  7[44DA. Special provision for computing income by way of royalties, etc., in case of nonresidents.-
  (1) The income by way of royalty or fees for technical services received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by a non-resident (not being a company) or a foreign company with Government or the Indian concern after the 31st day of March, 2003, where such non-resident (not being a company) or a foreign company carries on business in India through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs professional services from a fixed place of profession situated therein, and the right, property or contract in respect of which the royalties or fees for technical services are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed place of profession, as the case may be, shall be computed under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" in accordance with the provisions of this Act:
  Provided that no deduction shall be allowed,-
  (i) in respect of any expenditure or allowance which is not wholly and exclusively incurred for the business of such permanent establishment or fixed place of profession in India; or
  (ii) in respect of amounts, if any, paid (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to its head office or to any of its other offices :
  1[Provided further that the provisions of section 44BB shall not apply in respect of the income referred to in this section.]
  (2) Every non-resident (not being a company) or a foreign company shall keep and maintain books of account and other documents in accordance with the provisions contained in section 44AA and get his accounts audited by an accountant as defined in the Explanation below sub-section (2) of section 288 and furnish along with the return of income, the report of such audit in the prescribed form duly signed and verified by such accountant.
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (a) "fees for technical services" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 9;
  (b) "royalty" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vi) of sub-section (1) of section 9;
  (c) "permanent establishment" shall have the same meaning as in clause (iiia) of section 92F.]
  2[44DB. Special provision for computing deductions in the case of business reorganization of cooperative banks.-
  (1) The deduction under section 32, section 35D, section 35DD or section 35DDA shall, in a case where business reorganisation of a co-operative bank has taken place during the financial year, be allowed in accordance with the provisions of this section.
  (2) The amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor co-operative bank under section 32, section 35D, section 35DD or section DDA shall be determined in accordance with the formula-
  where A = the amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor co-operative bank if the business reorganisation had not taken place;
  B = the number of days comprised in the period beginning with the 1st day of the financial year and ending on the day immediately preceding the date of business reorganisation; and
  C = the total number of days in the financial year in which the business reorganisation has taken place
  (3) The amount of deduction allowable to the successor co-operative bank under section 32, section 35D, section 35DD or section 35DDA shall be determined in accordance with the formula-
  where A = the amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor co-operative bank if the business reorganisation had not taken place;
  B = the number of days comprised in the period beginning with the date of business reorganisation and ending on the last day of the financial year; and
  C = the total number of days in the financial year in which the business reorganisation has taken place.
  (4) The provisions of section 35D, section 35DD or section 35DDA shall, in a case where an undertaking of the predecessor co-operative bank entitled to the deduction under the said section is transferred before the expiry of the period specified therein to a successor co-operative bank on account of business reorganisation, apply to the successor co-operative bank in the financial years subsequent to the year of business reorganisation as they would have applied to the predecessor co-operative bank, as if the business reorganisation had not taken place.
  (5) For the purposes of this section,-
  (a) "amalgamated co-operative bank" means-
  (i) a co-operative bank with which one or more amalgamating co-operative banks merge; or
  (ii) a co-operative bank formed as a result of merger of two or more amalgamating co-operative banks;
  (b) "amalgamating co-operative bank" means-
  (i) a co-operative bank which merges with another co-operative bank; or
  (ii) every co-operative bank merging to form a new co-operative bank;
  (c) "amalgamation" means the merger of an amalgamating co-operative bank or banks with an amalgamated co-operative bank, in such manner that-
  (i) all the assets and liabilities of the amalgamating co-operative bank or banks immediately before the merger (other than the assets transferred, by sale or distribution on winding up, to the amalgamated co-operative bank) become the assets and liabilities of the amalgamated co-operative bank;
  (ii) the members holding seventy-five per cent or more voting rights in the amalgamating co-operative bank become members of the amalgamated co-operative bank; and
  (iii) the shareholders holding seventy-five per cent or more in value of the shares in the amalgamating co-operative bank (other than the shares held by the amalgamated co-operative bank or its nominee or its subsidiary, immediately before the merger) become shareholders of the amalgamated co-operative bank;
  (d) "business reorganisation" means the reorganisation of business involving the amalgamation or demerger of a co-operative bank;
  (e) "co-operative bank" shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (cci) of section 5 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);
  (f) "demerger" means the transfer by a demerged co-operative bank of one or more of its undertakings to any resulting co-operative bank, in such manner that-
  (i) all the assets and liabilities of the undertaking or undertakings immediately before the transfer become the assets and liabilities of the resulting co-operative bank;
  (ii) the assets and the liabilities are transferred to the resulting co-operative bank at values (other than change in the value of assets consequent to their revaluation) appearing in its books of account immediately before the transfer; (iii) the resulting co-operative bank issues, in consideration of the transfer, its membership to the members of the demerged co-operative bank on a proportionate basis;
  (iv) the shareholders holding seventy-five per cent or more in value of the shares in the demerged co-operative bank (other than shares already held by the resulting bank or its nominee or its subsidiary immediately before the transfer), become shareholders of the resulting cooperative bank, otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the assets of the demerged cooperative bank or any undertaking thereof by the resulting co-operative bank;
  (v) the transfer of the undertaking is on a going concern basis; and
  (vi) the transfer is in accordance with the conditions specified by the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, having regard to the necessity to ensure that the transfer is for genuine business purposes;
  (g) "demerged co-operative bank" means the co-operative bank whose undertaking is transferred, pursuant to a demerger, to a resulting bank;
  (h) "predecessor co-operative bank" means the amalgamating co-operative bank or the demerged co-operative bank, as the case may be;
  (i) "successor co-operative bank" means the amalgamated co-operative bank or the resulting bank, as the case may be;
  (j) "resulting co-operative bank" means-
  (i) one or more co-operative banks to which the undertaking of the demerged co-operative bank is transferred in a demerger; or
  (ii) any co-operative bank formed as a result of demerger.]
  7. Ins. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 28 (w.e.f 1-4-2004)
  1. Ins. by Act 14 of 2010, s. 17 (w.e.f. 1-4-2011).
  2. Ins. by Act 22 of 2007, s. 15 (w.e.f. 1-4-2008).