law: The Income-Tax Act, 1961
  94. Avoidance of tax by certain transactions in securities.-
  (1) Where the owner of any securities [in this sub-section and in sub-section (2) referred to as "the owner"] sells or transfers those securities, and buys back or reacquires the securities, then, if the result of the transaction is that any interest becoming payable in respect of the securities is receivable otherwise than by the owner, the interest payable as aforesaid shall, whether it would or would not have been chargeable to income-tax apart from the provisions of this sub-section, be deemed, for all the purposes of this Act, to be the income of the owner and not to be the income of any other person.
  Explanation.-The references in this sub-section to buying back or reacquiring the securities shall be deemed to include references to buying or acquiring similar securities, so, however, that where similar securities are bought or acquired, the owner shall be under no greater liability to income-tax than he would have been under if the original securities had been bought back or reacquired.
  (2) Where any person has had at any time during any previous year any beneficial interest in any securities, and the result of any transaction relating to such securities or the income thereof is that, in respect of such securities within such year, either no income is received by him or the income received by him is less than the sum to which the income would have amounted if the income from such securities had accrued from day to day and been apportioned accordingly, then the income from such securities for such year shall be deemed to be the income of such person.
  (3) The provisions of sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall not apply if the owner, or the person who has had a beneficial interest in the securities, as the case may be, proves to the satisfaction of the 1[Assessing Officer]-
  (a) that there has been no avoidance of income-tax, or
  (b) that the avoidance of income-tax was exceptional and not systematic and that there was not in his case in any of the three preceding years any avoidance of income-tax by a transaction of the nature referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2).
  (4) Where any person carrying on a business which consists wholly or partly in dealing in securities, buys or acquires any securities and sells back or retransfers the securities, then, if the result of the transaction is that interest becoming payable in respect of the securities is receivable by him but is not deemed to be his income by reason of the provisions contained in sub-section (1), no account shall be taken of the transaction in computing for any of the purposes of this Act the profits arising from or loss sustained in the business.
  (5) Sub-section (4) shall have effect, subject to any necessary modifications, as if references to selling back or retransferring the securities included references to selling or transferring similar securities.
  (6) The 1[Assessing Officer] may, by notice in writing, require any person to furnish him within such time as he may direct (not being less than twenty-eight days), in respect of all securities of which such person was the owner or in which he had a beneficial interest at any time during the period specified in the notice, such particulars as he considers necessary for the purposes of this section and for the purpose of discovering whether income-tax has been borne in respect of the interest on all those securities.
  2[(7) Where-
  (a) any person buys or acquires any securities or unit within a period of three months prior to the record date;
  3[(b) such person sells or transfers-
  (i) such securities within a period of three months after such date; or
  (ii) such unit within a period of nine months after such date;]
  (c) the dividend or income on such securities or unit received or receivable by such person is exempt, then, the loss, if any, arising to him on account of such purchase and sale of securities or unit, to the extent such loss does not exceed the amount of dividend or income received or receivable on such securities or unit, shall be ignored for the purposes of computing his income chargeable to tax.]
  1[(8) Where-
  (a) any person buys or acquires any units within a period of three months prior to the record date;
  (b) such person is allotted additional units without any payment on the basis of holding of such units on such date;
  (c) such person sells or transfers all or any of the units referred to in clause (a) within a period of nine months after such date, while continuing to hold all or any of the additional units referred to in clause (b), then, the loss, if any, arising to him on account of such purchase and sale of all or any of such units shall be ignored for the purposes of computing his income chargeable to tax and notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act, the amount of loss so ignored shall be deemed to be the cost of purchase or acquisition of such additional units referred to in clause (b) as are held by him on the date of such sale or transfer.]
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-
  (a) "interest" includes a dividend;
  2[(aa) "record date" means such date as may be fixed by-
  (i) a company for the purposes of entitlement of the holder of the securities to receive dividend; or
  (ii) a Mutual Fund or the Administrator of the specified undertaking or the specified company as referred to in the Explanation to clause (35) of section 10, for the purposes of entitlement of the holder of the units to receive income, or additional unit without any consideration, as the case may be;
  (b) "securities" includes stocks and shares;
  (c) securities shall be deemed to be similar if they entitle their holders to the same rights against the same persons as to capital and interest and the same remedies for the enforcement of those rights, notwithstanding any difference in the total nominal amounts of the respective securities or in the form in which they are held or in the manner in which they can be transferred;
  2[(d) "unit" shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (b) of the Explanation to section 115AB.]
  1. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 2, for "Income-tax Officer" (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  2. Ins. by Act 14 of 2001, s. 50 (w.e.f. 1-4-2002).
  3. Subs. by Act 23 of 2004, s. 25, for clause (b) (w.e.f. 1-4-2005).
  1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2004, s. 25 (w.e.f. 1-4-2005).
  2. Ins. by Act 14 of 2001, s. 50 (w.e.f. 1-4-2002).
  3[94A. Special measures in respect of transactions with persons located in notified jurisdictional area.-
  (1) The Central Government may, having regard to the lack of effective exchange of information with any country or territory outside India, specify by notification in the Official Gazette such country or territory as a notified jurisdictional area in relation to transactions entered into by any assessee.
  (2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, if an assessee enters into a transaction where one of the parties to the transaction is a person located in a notified jurisdictional area, then-
  (i) all the parties to the transaction shall be deemed to be associated enterprises within the meaning of section 92A;
  (ii) any transaction in the nature of purchase, sale or lease of tangible or intangible property or provision of service or lending or borrowing money or any other transaction having a bearing on the profits, income, losses or assets of the assessee including a mutual agreement or arrangement for allocation or apportionment of, or any contribution to, any cost or expense incurred or to be incurred in connection with a benefit, service or facility provided or to be provided by or to the assessee shall be deemed to be an international transaction within the meaning of section 92B, and the provisions of sections 92, 92A, 92B, 92C except the second proviso to sub-section (2), 92CA,92CB, 92CD, 92E and 92F shall apply accordingly.
  (3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, no deduction,-
  (a) in respect of any payment made to any financial institution located in a notified jurisdictional area shall be allowed under this Act, unless the assessee furnishes an authorisation in the prescribedform authorisingthe Board or any other income-tax authority acting on its behalf to seek relevant information from the said financial institution on behalf of such assessee; and
  (b) in respect of any other expenditure or allowance (including depreciation) arising from the transaction with a person located in a notified jurisdictional area shall be allowed under any other provision of this Act, unless the assessee maintains such other documents and furnishes such information as may be prescribed, in this behalf.
  (4) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, where, in any previous year, the assessee has received or credited any sum from any person located in a notified jurisdictional area and the assessee does not offer any explanation about the source of the said sum in the hands of such person or in the hands of the beneficial owner (if such person is not the beneficial owner of the said sum) or the explanation offered by the assessee, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, is not satisfactory, then, such sum shall be deemed to be the income of the assessee for that previous year.
  (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provisions of this Act, where any person located in a notified jurisdictional area is entitled to receive any sum or income or amount on which tax is deductible under Chapter XVIIB, the tax shall be deducted at the highest of the following rates, namely:-
  (a) at the rate or rates in force;
  (b) at the rate specified in the relevant provisions of this Act;
  (c) at the rate of thirty per cent.
  (6) In this section,-
  (i) "person located in a notified jurisdictional area" shall include,-
  (a) a person who is resident of the notified jurisdictional area;
  (b) a person, not being an individual, which is established in the notified jurisdictional area; or
  (c) a permanent establishment of a person not falling in sub-clause (a) or sub-clause (b), in the notified jurisdictional area;
  (ii) "permanent establishment" shall have the same meaning as defined in clause (iiia) of section 92F;
  (iii) "transaction" shall have the same meaning as defined in clause (v) of section 92F.]
  3. Ins. by Act 8 of 2011, s. 15 (w.e.f. 1-6-2011).
  1[94B. Limitation on interest deduction in certain cases.--
  (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, where an Indian company, or a permanent establishment of a foreign company in India, being the borrower, incurs any expenditure by way of interest or of similar nature exceeding one crore rupees which is deductible in computing income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" in respect of any debt issued by a nonresident, being an associated enterprise of such borrower, the interest shall not be deductible in computation of income under the said head to the extent that it arises from excess interest, as specified in sub-section (2):
  Provided that where the debt is issued by a lender which is not associated but an associated enterprise either provides an implicit or explicit guarantee to such lender or deposits a corresponding and matching amount of funds with the lender, such debt shall be deemed to have been issued by an associated enterprise.
  (2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the excess interest shall mean an amount of total interest paid or payable in excess of thirty per cent. of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation of the borrower in the previous year or interest paid or payable to associated enterprises for that previous year, whichever is less.
  (3) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to an Indian company or a permanent establishment of a foreign company which is engaged in the business of banking or insurance.
  (4) Where for any assessment year, the interest expenditure is not wholly deducted against income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession", so much of the interest expenditure as has not been so deducted, shall be carried forward to the following assessment year or assessment years, and it shall be allowed as a deduction against the profits and gains, if any, of any business or profession carried on by it and assessable for that assessment year to the extent of maximum allowable interest expenditure in accordance with sub-section (2):
  Provided that no interest expenditure shall be carried forward under this sub-section for more than eight assessment years immediately succeeding the assessment year for which the excess interest expenditure was first computed.
  (5) For the purposes of this section, the expressions--
  (i) "associated enterprise" shall have the meaning assigned to it in sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 92A;
  (ii) "debt" means any loan, financial instrument, finance lease, financial derivative, or any arrangement that gives rise to interest, discounts or other finance charges that are deductible in the computation of income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession";
  (iii) "permanent establishment" includes a fixed place of business through which the business of the enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.'.]
  1. Ins. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 43 (w.e.f. 1-4-2018).