law: The Income-Tax Act, 1961
  40. Amounts not deductible.-
  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in 3[section 30 to 38], the following amounts shall not be deducted in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession",-
  (a) in the case of any assessee-
  4[(i) any interest (not being interest on a loan issued for public subscription before the 1st day of April, 1938), royalty, fees for technical services or other sum chargeable under this Act, which is payable,-
  (A) outside India; or
  (B) in India to a non-resident, not being a company or to a foreign company, on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid 5[on or before the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139]:
  6[Provided that where in respect of any such sum, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but paid after the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139, such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid.]
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-clause,-
  (A) "royalty" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vi) of sub-section (1) of section 9;
  (B) "fees for technical services" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 9;
  (ia) 7[thirty per cent of any sum payable to a resident], on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XVII-B and such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, 8[has not been paid on or before the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139:]
  9[Provided that where in respect of any such sum, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but paid after the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139, 10[thirty per cent of] such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid:]
  1[Provided further that where an assessee fails to deduct the whole or any part of the tax in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVII-B on any such sum but is not deemed to be an assessee in default under the first proviso to sub-section (1) of section 201, then, for the purpose of this sub-clause, it shall be deemed that the assessee has deducted and paid the tax on such sum on the date of furnishing of return of income by the resident payee referred to in the said proviso.]
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-clause,-
  (i) "commission or brokerage" shall have the same meaning as in clause (i) of the Explanation to section 194H;
  (ii) "fees for technical services" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 9;
  (iii) "professional services" shall have the same meaning as in clause (a) of the Explanation to section 194J;
  (iv) "work" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation III to section 194C;
  2[(v) "rent" shall have the same meaning as in clause (i) to the Explanation to section 194-I;
  (vi) "royalty" shall have the same meaning as in Explanation 2 to clause (vi) of sub-section (1) of section 9;]
  3[(ib) any consideration paid or payable to a non-resident for a specified service on which equalisation levy is deductible under the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Finance Act, 2016, and such levy has not been deducted or after deduction, has not been paid on or before the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139:
  Provided that where in respect of any such consideration, the equalisation levy has been deducted in any subsequent year or has been deducted during the previous year but paid after the due date specified in sub-section (1) of section 139, such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such levy has been paid;]]
  4[(ic) any sum paid on account of fringe benefit tax under Chapter XIIH;]
  (ii) any sum paid on account of any rate or tax levied on the profits or gains of any business or profession or assessed at a proportion of, or otherwise on the basis of, any such profits or gains.
  5[Explanation 1.-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that for the purposes of this sub-clause, any sum paid on account of any rate or tax levied includes and shall be deemed always to have included any sum eligible for relief of tax under section 90 or, as the case may be, deduction from the Indian income-tax payable under section 91.]
  1[Explanation 2.-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that for the purposes of this sub-clause, any sum paid on account of any rate or tax levied includes any sum eligible for relief of tax under section 90A;]
  2[(iia) any sum paid on account of wealth-tax.
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-clause, "wealth-tax" means wealth-tax chargeable under the Wealth-tax Act, 1957 (27 of 1957), or any tax of a similar character chargeable under any law in force in any country outside India or any tax chargeable under such law with reference to the value of the assets of, or the capital employed in, a business or profession carried on by the assessee, whether or not the debts of the business or profession are allowed as a deduction in computing the amount with reference to which such tax is charged, but does not include any tax chargeable with reference to the value of any particular asset of the business or profession;]
  3[(iib) any amount-
  (A) paid by way of royalty, licence fee, service fee, privilege fee, service charge or any other fee or charge, by whatever name called, which is levied exclusively on; or
  (B) which is appropriated, directly or indirectly, from, a State Government undertaking by the State Government.
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-clause, a State Government undertaking includes-
  (i) a corporation established by or under any Act of the State Government;
  (ii) a company in which more than fifty per cent of the paid-up equity share capital is held by the State Government;
  (iii) a company in which more than fifty per cent of the paid-up equity share capital is held by the entity referred to in clause (i) or clause (ii) (whether singly or taken together);
  (iv) a company or corporation in which the State Government has the right to appoint the majority of the directors or to control the management or policy decisions, directly or indirectly, including by virtue of its shareholding or management rights or shareholders agreements or voting agreements or in any other manner;
  (v) an authority, a board or an institution or a body established or constituted by or under any Act of the State Government or owned or controlled by the State Government;]
  4[(iii) any payment which is chargeable under the head "Salaries", if it is payable-
  (A) outside India; or
  (B) to a non-resident, and if the tax has not been paid thereon nor deducted therefrom under Chapter XVII-B;]
  (iv) any payment to a provident or other fund established for the benefit of employees of the assessee, unless the assessee has made effective arrangements to secure that tax shall be deducted at source from any payments made from the fund which are chargeable to tax under the head "Salaries";
  1[(v) any tax actually paid by an employer referred to in clause (10CC) of section 10;]
  2[(b) in the case of any firm assessable as such,-
  (i) any payment of salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called (hereinafter referred to as "remuneration") to any partner who is not a working partner; or
  (ii) any payment of remuneration to any partner who is a working partner, or of interest to any partner, which, in either case, is not authorised by, or is not in accordance with, the terms of the partnership deed; or
  (iii) any payment of remuneration to any partner who is a working partner, or of interest to any partner, which, in either case, is authorised by, and is in accordance with, the terms of the partnership deed, but which relates to any period (falling prior to the date of such partnership deed) for which such payment was not authorised by, or is not in accordance with, any earlier partnership deed, so, however, that the period of authorisation for such payment by any earlier partnership deed does not cover any period prior to the date of such earlier partnership deed; or
  (iv) any payment of interest to any partner which is authorised by, and is in accordance with, the terms of the partnership deed and relates to any period falling after the date of such partnership deed in so far as such amount exceeds the amount calculated at the rate of 3[twelve per cent.] simple interest per annum; or
  (v) any payment of remuneration to any partner who is a working partner, which is authorised by, and is in accordance with, the terms of the partnership deed and relates to any period falling after the date of such partnership deed in so far as the amount of such payment to all the partners during the previous year exceeds the aggregate amount computed as hereunder:-
  4[(a) on the first Rs. 3,00,000 of the Rs. 1,50,000 or at the rate of 90 per cent. book-profit or in case of a loss of the book-profit, whichever is more;
  (b) on the balance of the book-profit at the rate of 60 per cent:]
  Provided that in relation to any payment under this clause to the partner during the previous year relevant to the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of April, 1993, the terms of the partnership deed may, at any time during the said previous year, provide for such payment.
  Explanation 1.-Where an individual is a partner in a firm on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person (such partner and the other person being hereinafter referred to as "partner in a representative capacity" and "person so represented", respectively),-
  (i) interest paid by the firm to such individual otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause;
  (ii) interest paid by the firm to such individual as partner in a representative capacity and interest paid by the firm to the person so represented shall be taken into account for the purposes of this clause.
  Explanation 2.-Where an individual is a partner in a firm otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, interest paid by the firm to such individual shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause, if such interest is received by him on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person.
  Explanation 3.-For the purposes of this clause, "book-profit" means the net profit, as shown in the profit and loss account for the relevant previous year, computed in the manner laid down in Chapter IV-D as increased by the aggregate amount of the remuneration paid or payable to all the partners of the firm if such amount has been deducted while computing the net profit.
  Explanation 4.-For the purposes of this clause, "working partner" means an individual who is actively engaged in conducting the affairs of the business or profession of the firm of which he is a partner;]
  1[(ba) in the case of an association of persons or body of individuals [other than a company or a co-operative society or a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), or under any law corresponding to that Act in force in any part of India], any payment of interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, made by such association or body to a member of such association or body.
  Explanation 1.-Where interest is paid by an association or body to any member thereof who has also paid interest to the association or body, the amount of interest to be disallowed under this clause shall be limited to the amount by which the payment of interest by the association or body to the member exceeds the payment of interest by the member to the association or body.
  Explanation 2.-Where an individual is a member of an association or body on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person (such member and the other person being hereinafter referred to as "member in a representative capacity" and "person so represented", respectively),-
  (i) interest paid by the association or body to such individual or by such individual to the association or body otherwise than as member in a representative capacity, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause;
  (ii) interest paid by the association or body to such individual or by such individual to the association or body as member in a representative capacity and interest paid by the association or body to the person so represented or by the person so represented to the association or body, shall be taken into account for the purposes of this clause.
  Explanation 3.-Where an individual is a member of an association or body otherwise than as member in a representative capacity, interest paid by the association or body to such individual shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause, if such interest is received by him on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person.]
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  3. Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for "section 30 to 39" (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  4. Subs. by Act 23 of 2004, s. 11, for sub-clause (i) (w.e.f. 1-4-2005).
  5. Subs. by Act 25 of 2014, s. 14, for certain words, brackets and figures (w.e.f. 1-4-2015).
  6. Subs. by s. 14, ibid., for the proviso (w.e.f. 1-4-2015).
  7. Subs. by s. 14, ibid., for certain words and brackets (w.e.f. 1-4-2015).
  8. Subs. by Act 14 of 2010, s. 12, for certain words, brackets and figures (w.e.f. 1-4-2010).
  9. Subs. by s. 12, ibid., for proviso (w.e.f. 1-4-2010).
  10. Ins. by Act 25 of 2014, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-4-2015).
  1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-2013).
  2. Ins. by Act 29 of 2006, s. 8 (w.e.f. 1-4-2006).
  3. Ins. by Act 28 of 2016, s. 22 (w.e.f. 1-6-2016).
  4. Ins. by Act 18 of 2005, s. 13 (w.e.f. 1-4-2006).
  5. Ins. by Act 21 of 2006, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-4-2006).
  1. Ins. by Act 21 of 2006, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-6-2006).
  2. Ins. by Act 41 of 1972, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-4-1962).
  3. Ins. by Act 17 of 2013, s. 8 (w.e.f. 1-4-2014).
  4. Subs. by Act 32 of 2003, s. 19, for sub-clause (iii) (w.e.f. 1-4-2004).
  1. Ins. by Act 20 of 2002, s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-4-2003).
  2. Subs. by Act 18 of 1992, s. 16, for clause (b) (w.e.f. 1-4-1993). Earlier amended by Act 67 of 1984, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-4-1985), Act 4 of 1988, s. 13 and 3 of 1989, s. 95 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  3. Subs. by Act 20 of 2002, s. 20, for "eighteen per cent." (w.e.f. 1-6-2002).
  4. Subs. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 15, for Items (1) and (2) (w.e.f. 1-4-2010).
  1. Ins. by Act 3 of 1989, s. 9 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  2. Clause (c) omitted by Act 4 of 1988, s. 13 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  3. Clause (d) omitted by Act 26 of 1988, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  1[40A. Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances.-
  (1) The provisions of this section shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of this Act relating to the computation of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".
  (2) (a) Where the assessee incurs any expenditure in respect of which payment has been or is to be made to any person referred to in clause (b) of this sub-section, and the 2[Assessing Officer] is of opinion that such expenditure is excessive or unreasonable having regard to the fair market value of the goods, services or facilities for which the payment is made or the legitimate needs of the business or profession of the assessee or the benefit derived by or accruing to him therefrom, so much of the expenditure as is so considered by him to be excessive or unreasonable shall not be allowed as a deduction:
  3[Provided that 4[for an assessment year commencing on or before the 1st day of April, 2016] no disallowance, on account of any expenditure being excessive or unreasonable having regard to the fair market value, shall be made in respect of a specified domestic transaction referred to in section 92BA, if such transaction is at arm's length price as defined in clause (ii) of section 92F.]
  (b) The persons referred to in clause (a) are the following, namely:-
  (i) where the assessee is an individual any relative of the assessee;
  (ii) where the assessee is a company, any director of the company, partner of the firm, firm, association of persons or or member of the association or family, or any Hindu un-divided family relative of such director, partner or member;
  (iii) any individual who has a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any relative of such individual;
  (iv) a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family having a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee or any director, partner or member of such company, firm, association or family, or any relative of such director, partner or member 5[or any other company carrying on business or profession in which the first mentioned company has substantial interest;]
  (v) a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family of which a director, partner or member, as the case may be, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee; or any director, partner or member of such company, firm, association or family or any relative of such director, partner or member;
  (vi) any person who carries on a business or profession,-
  (A) where the assessee being an individual, or any relative of such assessee, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of that person; or
  (B) where the assessee being a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family, or any director of such company, partner of such firm or member of the association or family, or any relative of such director, partner or member, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of that person.
  Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-section, a person shall be deemed to have a substantial interest in a business or profession, if,-
  (a) in a case where the business or profession is carried on by a company, such person is, at any time during the previous year, the beneficial owner of shares (not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a right to participate in profits) carrying not less than twenty per cent of the voting power; and
  (b) in any other case, such person is, at any time during the previous year, beneficially entitled to not less than twenty per cent of the profits of such business or profession.
  1[(3) Where the assessee incurs any expenditure in respect of which a payment or aggregate of payments made to a person in a day, otherwise than by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft, 2[or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account, exceeds ten thousand rupees], no deduction shall be allowed in respect of such expenditure.
  (3A) Where an allowance has been made in the assessment for any year in respect of any liability incurred by the assessee for any expenditure and subsequently during any previous year (hereinafter referred to as subsequent year) the assessee makes payment in respect thereof, otherwise than by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft 3[or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account], the payment so made shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of business or profession and accordingly chargeable to income-tax as income of the subsequent year if the payment or aggregate of payments made to a person in a day, exceeds 4[ten thousand rupees]:
  Provided that no disallowance shall be made and no payment shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of business or profession under sub-section (3) and this sub-section where a payment or aggregate of payments made to a person in a day, otherwise than by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft, 2[or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account, exceeds ten thousand rupees], in such cases and under such circumstances as may be prescribed, having regard to the nature and extent of banking facilities available, considerations of business expediency and other relevant factors:]
  5[Provided further that in the case of payment made for plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages, the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (3A) shall have effect as if for the words 4[ten thousand rupees], the words "thirty-five thousand rupees" had been substituted.]
  6[(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract, where any payment in respect of any expenditure has to be made by 7[an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft] 3[or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account] in order that such expenditure may not be disallowed as a deduction under sub-section (3), then the payment may be made by such cheque or draft; 8[or electronic clearing system] and where the payment is so made or tendered, no person shall be allowed to raise, in any suit or other proceeding, a plea based on the ground that the payment was not made or tendered in cash or in any other manner.]
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  2[(7) (a) Subject to the provisions of clause (b), no deduction shall be allowed in respect of any provision (whether called as such or by any other name) made by the assessee for the payment of gratuity to his employees on their retirement or on termination of their employment for any reason.
  (b) Nothing in clause (a) shall apply in relation to any provision made by the assessee for the purpose of payment of a sum by way of any contribution towards an approved gratuity fund, or for the purpose of payment of any gratuity, that has become payable during the previous year.
  Explanation.-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that where any provision made by the assessee for the payment of gratuity to his employees on their retirement or termination of their employment for any reason has been allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the assessee for any assessment year, any sum paid out of such provision by way of contribution towards an approved gratuity fund or by way of gratuity to any employee shall not be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the assessee of the previous year in which the sum is so paid.]
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  4[(9) No deduction shall be allowed in respect of any sum paid by the assessee as an employer towards the setting up or formation of, or as contribution to, any fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), or other institution for any purpose, except where such sum is so paid, for the purposes and to the extent provided by or under clause (iv) 5[or clause (iva)] or clause (v) of sub-section (1) of section 36, or as required by or under any other law for the time being in force.
  (10) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (9), where the 6[Assessing Officer] is satisfied that the fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society or other institution referred to in that sub-section has, before the 1st day of March, 1984, bona fide laid out or expended any expenditure (not being in the nature of capital expenditure) wholly and exclusively for the welfare of the employees of the assessee referred to in sub-section (9) out of the sum referred to in that sub-section, the amount of such expenditure shall, in case no deduction has been allowed to the assessee in respect of such sum and subject to the other provisions of this Act, be deducted in computing the income referred to in section 28 of the assessee of the previous year in which such expenditure is so laid out or expended, as if such expenditure had been laid out or expended by the assessee.
  (11) Where the assessee has, before the 1st day of March, 1984, paid any sum to any fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society or other institution referred to in sub-section (9), then, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law or in any instrument, he shall be entitled-
  (i) to claim that so much of the amount paid by him as has not been laid out or expended by such fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society or other institution (such amount being hereinafter referred to as the unutilised amount) be repaid to him, and where any claim is so made, the unutilised amount shall be repaid, as soon as may be, to him;
  (ii) to claim that any asset, being land, building, machinery, plant or furniture acquired or constructed by the fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society or other institution out of the sum paid by the assessee, be transferred to him, and where any claim is so made, such asset shall be transferred, as soon as may be, to him.]
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  2[(13) No deduction or allowance shall be allowed in respect of any marked to market loss or other expected loss, except as allowable under clause (xviii) of sub-section (1) of section 36.]
  1. Ins. by Act 19 of 1968, s. 7 (w.e.f 1-4-1968).
  2. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 2, for "Income-tax Officer" (w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  3. Ins. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 12 (w.e.f. 1-4-2013).
  4. Ins. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 15 (w.e.f. 1-4-2017).
  5. Ins. by Act 23 of 2012, s. 12 (w.e.f. 1-4-2013).
  1. Subs. by Act 18 of 2008, s. 11, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-4-2009).
  2. Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 15, for "exceeds twenty thousand rupees" (w.e.f. 1-4-2018).
  3. Ins. by s. 15, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2018).
  4. Subs. by s. 15, ibid., for "twenty thousand rupees" (w.e.f. 1-4-2018).
  5. Ins. by Act 33 of 2009, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-10-2009).
  6. Ins. by Act 14 of 1969, s. 5 (w.e.f. 1-4-1969).
  7. Subs. by Act 29 of 2006, s. 9, for the words "a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft" (w.e.f. 13-7-2006).
  8. Ins. by Act 7 of 2017, s. 15 (w.e.f 1-4-2018).
  1. Sub-sections (5) and (6) omitted by Act 4 of 1988, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-4-1989).
  2. Subs. by Act 27 of 1999, s. 23, for sub-section (7) (w.e.f. 1-4-2000).
  3. Sub-section (8) omitted by Act 32 of 1985, s. 12 (w.e.f. 1-4-1986).
  4. Ins. by Act 21 of 1984, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-4-1980).
  5. Ins. by Act 8 of 2011, s. 8 (w.e.f. 1-4-2012).
  6. Subs. by Act 4 of 1988, s. 2 for "income-tax officer"(w.e.f. 1-4-1988).
  1. Sub-section (12) omitted by Act 18 of 1992, s. 17 (w.e.f. 1-4-1993.)
  2. Ins. by Act 13 of 2018, s. 11 (w.r.e.f. 1-4-2017).