10.13125/caster/4116
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2532-1110
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Piero Bartoloni
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Cartagine. Studi e Ricerche
Book review: Carthago. Il mito immortale. The exibition and the book
Text.Serial.Journal
https://ojs.unica.it/index.php/caster
5
Recensioni
2020-05-31
2020-05-13
2020-01-05
2020-05-31
1
Piero Bartoloni
2020/05/31
10.13125/caster/4116
2532-1110
en
Book review: Carthago. Il mito immortale. The exibition and the book
https://ojs.unica.it/index.php/caster/article/download/4116/3759
5
Cartagine. Studi e Ricerche, 5 (2020)                          Sezione: Recensioni
Rivista della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Cartagine        Articolo presentato il 12/05/2020
http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/caster/index                     Accettato in data 15/05/2020
issn 2532-1110; doi: 10.13125/caster/4116                      Pubblicato in data 31/05/2020




                                                                                                        CaSteR, 5 (2020)




Book review: Carthago. Il mito immortale (Colosseo, Foro Romano; 27 settembre 2019-29
marzo 2020). La mostra / The Exhibition, Alfonsina Russo, Francesca Guarneri, Paolo Xella
e José Ángel Zamora López (a cura di), Electa : Milano, 2019; 172 p.:ill; 21x28 cm; ISBN
9788891825247
Carthago. Il mito immortale, Alfonsina Russo, Francesca Guarneri, Paolo Xella e José Ángel
Zamora López (a cura di), Electa : Milano, 2019; 312 p.:ill; 21x28 cm; ISBN 9788891825223

                                                                                Zweite Aufzug, Dreyßigster Auftritt,
                                                              Sarastro, «Die Strahlen der Sonne vertreiben die Nacht,
                                                                        Zernichten der Heuchler erschlichene Macht».
                                                                           J. E. Schikaneder, Die Zauberflöte, 1791.


    Founded according to some scholars
around the middle of the 9th c. BC, Carthage
was one of the cities that the Phoenicians
established as settlements during their west-
ward movement. From the following century
onwards, the African metropolis forged trade
connections with the homeland, and with
the Phoenician settlements of Sicily, Sardinia
and the Iberian peninsula. Later on, the city,
having founded colonies along the North
African coast, allied itself with the Etruscan
town of Caere, in a successful attempt to
prevent the Greeks from creating colonies in
Corsica and in Sardinia. Once it had gained
control over Western Sicily, Sardinia and the
Balearic Islands, Carthage reached the Iberi-
an Peninsula and its silver mines. The com-
mercial supremacy of the African metropolis
very soon clashed with the growing ambi-
tions of Rome, and after a long conflict, that
lasted about 120 years, the city was forced to Cover of Carthago. La mostra / The Exhibition, Alfon-
cede domination of the Mediterranean to the sina Russo, Francesca Guarneri, Paolo Xella e José Án-
Romans.                                        gel Zamora López (a cura di), Electa : Milano, 2019


cc-by-nd
                                                          1
                                            Recensioni


    Little more than thirty years has passed           It was organised on the basis of the archaeo-
since the great exhibition on “the Phoeni-             logical research conducted in the ancient city,
cians” was organised in Palazzo Grassi in              first by Friedrich Ludwig Rakob and then by
Venice, curated by Sabatino Moscati. This al-          Hans Georg Niemeyer with the organisation
lowed the research into this ancient people to         of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
emerge from strictly academic circles, and in-             In that splendid and unforgettable under-
volved the participation of numerous special-          taking in Venice, Sabatino Moscati involved
ists from many different disciplines relating          almost all the researchers of the Istituto per
to the field. These specialists came from Uni-         la Civiltà fenicia e punica of the Consiglio
versities, Research Institutes and Institutions        Nazionale delle Ricerche, of which he was
dedicated to scientific research and the pro-          President of the Scientific Committee. He
tection of cultural heritage in all the regions        also encouraged the involvement of both
on the shores of the Mediterranean. The                Italian and foreign scholars, who were called
Venetian Exhibition attracted no fewer than            to participate according to their respective
750,000 visitors, a remarkable number con-             scientific skills and their activities on the var-
sidering its antiquarian subject matter, one           ious regions of the Mediterranean that were
certainly not easy to match. Furthermore, no           involved in the Phoenician diaspora in antiq-
fewer than 80,000 catalogues were sold. This           uity. Some of the scholars that participated
catalogue was composed of 764 pages, of                at that time on the Committee of the Venice
which 580 were dedicated to various themes             Exhibition and in the editing of the relative
and the remaining 184 to the catalogue itself,         catalogue are also present on the occasion of
which illustrated the 966 artefacts on display,        the new exhibition dedicated to Carthage,
all of which were photographically recorded.           held in Rome within the Colosseum and
    Given the success of the Exhibition in Pala-       the Roman Forum and inaugurated in 2019:
zzo Grassi, other institutions aimed to repeat         those in question are Maria Giulia Amada-
the achievement with similar Expositions on            si, Maria Eugenia Aubet, Sandro Filippo
the theme of Phoenician and Punic archae-              Bondì, Giovanni Brizzi, Mhamed H. Fantar
ology: amongst several, we may cite the Ba-            and Vassos Karageorghis, the latter included
dischen Landesmuseum in Karlsruhe with its             solely on the Scientific Committee. In fact,
exhibition “Hannibal ad portas. Macht und              on this occasion they have participated, to-
Reichtum Karthagos”, held between the 25th             gether with other scholars, in the realisation
of September 2004 and 30th January 2005,               of a volume dedicated to Carthage entitled
with a 400-page catalogue, published in                “Carthago. Il mito immortale” [Carthage.
2004 and l’Institut du Monde Arabe with the            The immortal myth] edited by A. Russo, F.
exhibition “La Méditerranée de Phéniciens”,            Guarnieri, P. Xella and J. Á. Zamora López,
held in Paris from 6th November 2007 to 20th           Mondadori Electa, Milano 2019, 312 p. This
April 2008, also accompanied by a catalogue,           volume, which is clearly not a catalogue, as
numbering 410 pages, published in 2007.                declared on p. 7 in the colophon, was pub-
The latter exhibition mainly concerned the             lished on the occasion of the aforementioned
Phoenician world in the East, thanks also              exhibition. At the same time as the volume
to the materials brought to Paris by Ernest            containing the essays, another was published,
Renan during the archaeological expedition             which was entitled: “Carthago. Il mito im-
carried out in the Lebanon in 1860, artefacts          mortale. La mostra” [Carthage. The immor-
that are now conserved in Musée du Lou-                tal myth. The exhibition]. This contained se-
vre. The former exhibition mainly regarded             lected images, provided with detailed infor-
Carthage in the Hellenistic Era, on the eve            mation, of many of the artefacts on display
of the Punic Wars, hence the city at its peak.         at the Exhibition.

                                                   2
                                                   Recensioni


    The graphic artists employed by Electa,                   clear that the curators have made choices
which published the aforementioned volume                     and have decided to highlight some of the
“Carthago. Il mito immortale” on the occa-                    most famous of the objects produced by the
sion of the Exhibition, have done an excellent                Phoenician-Punic culture, all of which have
job, as for the cover of the volume they have                 already been exhibited in the similar events
chosen a photo that reproduces the group of                   that preceded it. On the other hand, they
heads in polychrome glass paste conserved                     have not taken into account the most recent
at the Musée National de Carthage1, also on                   archaeological discoveries, not only those of
display in the Exhibition and illustrated in                  the Pan-Mediterranean Phoenician world,
the relative catalogue (76-77). The techni-                   but even those made in the very same North
cians have worked in such a way that on the                   African capital. For example, there is no sign
spine of the volume there peeps a small head                  of finds uncovered in Sulky, a Phoenician
in white and blue glass paste, which is also                  town in Sardinia, the modern-day Sant’An-
very similar to that used for the cover of the                tioco, a settlement that, on the basis of the
volume relating to the Exhibition “The Phoe-                  most recent archaeological research3, appears
nicians” in Palazzo Grassi, creating as sort of               to have been the earliest Phoenician settle-
combination that perhaps intends to suggest                   ment in Sardinia. It is surprising that this
continuity.                                                   exhibition does not display a single object
    As mentioned above, precisely in the wake                 from this ancient town, that had a primary
of the great success enjoyed by the Exhibition                role in the commercial exchanges of the cen-
in Venice on “The Phoenicians” and its rela-                  tral Mediterranean from the end of the 9th
tive catalogue, the discipline left the strictly              c. BC onwards, throughout the whole of the
academic circle to address a wider audience,                  Roman Era.
thanks also to the exceptional capacity for                       Numerous authors have contributed to
scientific dissemination possessed by Sabati-                 the volume, including experts from many
no Moscati. Even the volume published on                      disciplines, however, not all are specialists in
this last occasion2, is in fact composed of a                 the sector of Phoenician-Punic archaeology,
collection of contributions whose main aim                    at least not on the basis of their published
is by and large dissemination. The collection                 works. Alfonsina Russo, is an expert on Etrus-
has the objective, according to the organisers,               can studies - she is the Director of MiBACT
of representing the current and most up-to-                   and conducts research on southern Etruria,
date knowledge concerning the Phoenicians                     and in particular, the area of Vulci; Franc-
and the Carthaginians.                                        esca Guarnieri graduated in Phoenician-Pu-
    As regards the material on display, the ar-               nic archaeology at the University of Viterbo
tefacts are well known to the majority of the                 with a thesis on the onomastics written on
experts in the sector; in the lack of a complete              Punic stelae, hence not only archaeological
catalogue of the works exhibited, the visitor                 by also epigraphic – she is currently an offi-
is guided through the Exhibition by way of                    cial at the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle
panels placed next to the displayed objects,                  Arti e Paesaggio per l’area Metropolitana di
as well as by the small volume referred to                    Roma, la Provincia di Viterbo e l’Etruria me-
above, which, as we have already noted, does                  ridionale [Department for Archaeological,
not contain all the artefacts in display. It is               Fine Arts and Landscape Heritage for the
                                                              Metropolitan Area of Rome, the Province of
   1
       Carthago Catalogo (2019), 76-77; Haevernick            Viterbo and Southern Etruria]; Paolo Xella,
(1977), nn. 1, 4, 77, 81, 93, fundort b, 153, 157, 159,
162; Seefried (1982), 3-186, figs. 1, tables II, CIII,
III, DI.                                                         3
                                                                     Guirguis (2005), 13-29; Del Vais (2010), 188-
     2
       Carthago Presentazione (2019).                         259.


                                                          3
                                              Recensioni


is a historian of religions in the area of the           data so as to contribute to a reconstruction of
Near East and gained professional experience             the history of the ancient world.
with the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche                  The exhibition also partially conforms to
[National Research Board]; while José Ángel              the recent pop tendencies in exhibitions: the
Zamora López is an expert on the epigraphy               presumed god Moloch, which never existed
of the Phoenician-Punic area who works at                in the Phoenician and Punic contexts4, for
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientí-              example, is portrayed at the entrance to the
ficas.                                                   Exhibition in the section hosted in the Col-
    On the other hand, several scholars who              osseum in the version presented in the 1914
have worked on Phoenician-Punic archaeol-                film Cabiria. While on one hand it has the
ogy for many years in Sardinia and Sicily are            purpose of involving the general public emo-
not present. A theme that is notably absent,             tionally, on the other hand, one risks convey-
or at the very least treated in cursory fashion,         ing messages that are scientifically unproven,
it that of the relations between the Carthagin-          if not downright incorrect.
ians (and broadly speaking, the Phoenicians)                 Returning to the volume: the topics treat-
and the local populations. This topic is to-             ed are many and unfortunately, amongst
day one of the most widely debated amongst               these there are several oversights, perhaps
scholars for the potential of reconstructing             mere typos, which, probably in the case of
the settlement patterns and autonomous cul-              the authors for whom Italian is not their
tural developments of the West, overcoming               mother tongue, may be justified as transla-
old ideas connected with elusive processes of            tion errors. Inter alia we may cite the type of
“acculturation”. These ideas instead seem to             Carthaginian amphora T-5.2.3 ½, which is
re-surface in the presentation of Carthage as            inexistent (Bechtold 2019, 158-60), indicat-
emerges from the contents conveyed by the                ed in the caption on p. 159.
exhibition, or more precisely by the way in                  Unfortunately one also may observe the
which they have been selected. Research that             re-emergence and perpetuation of common
I have conducted for many years into the re-             misconceptions, long since debunked by a
lations between the Phoenicians and the local            comparison between geographical data and
populations displays that the contribution of            an accurate interpretation of the ancient
the local cultures constituted a fundamental             written sources. Stefano Medas, who is in
enrichment for the Phoenician civilisation.              possession of notable experience in the field
    Dissemination is an excellent and indis-             of ancient seafaring, sustains that one of the
pensable activity, but it is a difficult practice,       favoured routes of the Phoenician sailors was
as one is always at risk of banalisation. The            that to the south, skirting the African coast
volume in question, which was realised to                from Lebanon to Tangier. In reality, the Gulf
accompany the Exhibition at the Colosseum                of Sidra, which is devoid of shelter, is charac-
comes close to reaching its declared aims, but           terised by long periods of windlessness, alter-
the archaeology section in reality fails to pro-         nating with moments of stormy weather. The
vide adequate coverage of the state-of-the-art           Mistral, the prevailing wind that rises in the
of the studies, and hence the bibliography is            Gulf of Lion, blows without meeting obsta-
necessarily incomplete. On the other hand, it            cles towards the south-east, hitting the Gulf
is understandable that limitations in terms of           of Sidra and the Cyrenaica area, where it also
space may have led to a particularly cursory             generates storm surges, heightened by the
treatment of some of the various subjects. As               4
                                                              Moscati (1989), 99-100; Moscati (1991), 11-24;
is well-known, archaeology is not science fic-           Moscati, Ribichini (1991), 1-44; D’Andrea (2014),
tion: it must avail of a critical analysis of the        31-32.


                                                     4
                                            Recensioni


notable “fetch” that gives rise to great wave          dara, where a fair number of the temples
movement.                                              dedicated to Astarte are portrayed. These
     Furthermore, the ancient sources, al-             were notorious for being places of worship in
though they treat the subject fleetingly, all          which trading activities8 took place under the
agree on denying the possibility of sailing            protection of the gods9, along with the provi-
along the Gulf of Sidra. On the subject, Sal-          sion of the indispensable naval supplies. This
lust expresses the following: “Id oppidum              was a well-known route, dominated by the
ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus               islands10, which touched on the land mass-
profugos ob discordias civilis nauibus in eos          es generally located to the south of the three
locos venisse, ceterum situm inter duas Syr-           large peninsulas of the Mediterranean, but
tis, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo               nevertheless still markedly far from the Afri-
sunt sinus prope in extrema Africa, impares            can coast. Amongst other things, the finding
magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima               of this mosaic resolved a query posed by Vas-
terrae praealta sunt, cetera uti fors tulit alta       sos Karageorghis concerning the presence of
alia, alia in tempestate uadosa. Nam ubi mare          a sanctuary dedicated to Astarte on Naxos.
magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit. limum            This was posed cautiously on the basis of the
harenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt:           discovery of some gold plaques with portray-
ita facies locorum cum ventis simul mutat-             als of the goddess11. The places of worship in-
ur”5. Furthermore, that the waters of the              dicated in the mosaic are twelve in number,
Sidra were not very transitable is also suggest-       as this was a “magic” number, but they were
ed by the statement that to reach the coast            more numerous. Amongst the various other
of the Cyrenaica it was necessary to skirt the         localities, we may note the island of Malta,
southern coast of the island of Crete. The             with the Temple of Ashtart at Tas-Silġ, close
legend of the Philaeni brothers, which arose           to the modern-day port of Marsaxlokk, at
due to this situation, is not to be forgotten.         the southern tip of the island, and the tem-
The same Sallust adds as follows: “Qua tem-            ple of Ashtart um (Mother Astarte)12 at Capo
pestate Carthaginienses pleraque Africa im-            Sant’Elia, at the heart of the Gulf of Cagliari.
peritabant, Cyrenenses quoque magni atque              Furthermore, ever along the continuation of
opulenti fuere. Ager in medio harenosus, una           the same route westwards, one may note the
specie; neque flumen neque mons erat, qui              sanctuary of Cova des Culleram at Eivissa13
finis eorum discerneret…Ceterum solet in               and that found in Gorham Cave14 that opens
illis locis tempestas haud secus atque in mari         to the east of the Rock of Gibraltar15. It is
retinere. Nam ubi per loca aequalia et nuda            no mere coincidence that the earliest place of
gignentium ventus coortus harenam humo                 worship dedicated to a great Phoenician di-
excitauit, ea magna vi agitata ora oculosque           vinity, Melqart, was situated at Cadiz, in the
implere solet: ita prospectu impedito morari           extreme west, beyond the Columns of Her-
iter”6.                                                cules, opposite Tyre the motherland. In con-
     Amongst other things, the correct route           clusion, as can be noted, none of the places
is suggested to us, at least from the MMIA
onwards on the basis of finds recovered from              8
                                                              Aubet (2006), 35-47.
the Aegean7, that was crossed also according              9
                                                              Bejaoui (1997), 825-858; Bejaoui (1998), 87-
to what is suggested by a 3rd c. AD mosaic             94; Bejaoui (2002), 503-508.
found in the middle of the 90’s at Ammae-                  10
                                                              Moscati (1993), 87-90.
                                                           11
                                                              Karageorghis (1998), 121-126.
                                                           12
                                                              Bartoloni (2009), 47.
   5
       Bell. Iug., 78.                                     13
                                                              Marín Ceballos et al. (2014), 85-114.
   6
       Bell. Iug., 79.                                     14
                                                              Gutiérrez López et al. (2019), 1783-1816.
   7
       Niemeier (1998), 37, fig. 13.                       15
                                                              Bravo Jiménez (2011), 73-95.


                                                   5
                                               Recensioni


of worship dedicated to Astarte are located               places, with the guarantee and protection of
on the southern coast of the Mediterranean.               the divinities. Concerning this, the scholar
    The tessera hospitalis, which appeared as             claims that only one cretula, which he cites,
an incipit also in the illustrated article on the         comes from Sardinia. In reality, numerous
very same Exhibition that recently appeared               examples have been found in archaeological
in the magazine Archeo16, found in Rome in                excavations and they all appear in the litera-
the area of Sant’Omobono, bears on its poste-             ture21.
rior an Etruscan inscription “Araz Silqetenas                 Concerning the small heads in glass paste,
Spurianas”, probably a name, a family name                including those portrayed on the cover of
and a second family name17. In particular,                the volume, perhaps due to a translation er-
Silqetenas has been interpreted as “from Sul-             ror, the author of Chapter IV.2.5 The Glass,
cis”18, i.e. a citizen of the town of Sulky, on the       Hélène Le Meaux states that “The female
island of Sant’Antioco in Sardinia, referred to           heads can be recognised by way of the ear-
above. This is an archaeological find of nota-            rings...”22, while, in reality also the heads that
ble importance if it could be demonstrated                are clearly male, sporting flowing beards, at
that there was a link between the Phoenician              the base of the ears, display not earlobes, but
town in Sardinia and the city of Rome at the              small yellow spheres, undoubtedly highly
eve of the Republic, as is suggested by the               reminiscent of gold earrings23, and they are
discovery of the tessera. The two tesserae hos-           interpreted as being so by Monique See-
pitales found in Rome and Carthage, both                  fried24. Furthermore, even if they do not re-
of Etruscan manufacture, suggest that pacts               produce gold earrings, and the small spheres
of alliance were made in preparation for the              below the ears appear to be of other colours,
battle of Alalia, confirmed by the Pyrgi Ta-              they probably represent earrings made from
bles; likewise, they would appear to testify to           other materials. Of great interest in relation
a pro-Carthage party in Rome getting strong-              to this topic is the information offered by
er with time, and probably still active at the            finds made in Cyprus, where Antoine Her-
dawn of the Punic Wars. Given the impor-                  mary and Évangéline Markou have studied
tance of this documentation, it is important              the earrings as male jewellery in Cyprus and
to repeat that in the Exhibition in question              in the Eastern Mediterranean from the 7th to
there is not a single object from the Phoeni-             the 4th c. BC.25. For that matter, the close-to-
cian town of Sulky on display, a settlement               lifesize male masks, together with the female
that, as already mentioned, is the object of              masks, often feature suspension holes and oc-
numerous archaeological investigations still
underway, amongst the latest of which are
                                                             21
                                                                 Marras (1990), 52, 58; Olianas (2014), 119-
                                                          120, 233, 263, table VI, 1-5.
those carried out under the auspices of the                   22
                                                                 Le Meaux (2019), 142.
University of Tübingen.                                       23
                                                                 Haevernick (1977), 152-231, tables 1, 46, 93,
    José Ángel Zamora López also deals with               480, 2, 2, 5, 8, 14; Barreca (1986), 238-239, figs.
Carthaginian cretulae19, which, as is well-               217a-218; Uberti (1988), 480-481; Uberti (1993),
known, are pieces of clay upon which were                 nn. 62-63, 65, 136; Spanò (2008), n. 67, 119-120,
                                                          157, tav. IX; Muscuso (2017), n. 325, 445.
impressed a seal, which closed documents                      24
                                                                 Seefried (1982), Type BII, nn. 11, 13-14, 16,
written on parchment or on papyrus20, doc-                91-92, Type BIII, nn. 13, 32, 96, 99, Type CI, nn. 3,
uments that were later archived in sacred                 7, 12, 16-17, 21, 100-102, Type CII, nn. 2, 4, 6, 103-
                                                          104, Type CIII, nn. 1, 7, 14, 16, 23, 25, 27, 35-36,
   16
        Almonte et al. (2019), 50-69.                     38-39, 41, 46, 51-53, 105-107, 109-113, Type CIV,
   17
        Zucca (2004), 50.                                 nn. 3-5, 116-117, Type CV, n. 2, 117, Type DI, n. 2,
   18
        Adornato 2003, 809-835.                           119, Type FI, nn. 4, 10, 34, 145-146, 149, figs. 1, 3,
   19
        Zamora López (2019), 124.                         5-6, 8, 11-12, 15, 19, 47/2, 47/4, 47/6.
   20
        Brandl (1993), 129-142.                               25
                                                                 Hermary, Markou (2003), 211-236.


                                                      6
                                                   Recensioni


casionally conserve so-called “leech” earrings                the mid 6th c. BC. On the same occasion
in bronze, silver or gold.                                    the author conducted an archaeo-zoological
    As regards the pottery, which, whether                    analysis, but the results were only partially
we like it or not, is the only reliable bench-                inserted in the thesis, and in some cases in a
mark for archaeology, unfortunately we have                   misleading way. For this reason it is deemed
missed out on the chance to interpret the                     necessary to return to the work; one which
changes in diet that can be traced from the                   has shown itself to be of particular impor-
pottery shapes; in fact, on the basis of the ti-              tance in light of the scarcity of studies on fau-
tle of the chapter on the kitchenware (162-                   na present in these contexts”29. Furthermore,
63), Lorenza Campanella was supposed to                       it is appropriate to mention that I, way back
deal with this subject; instead there is a mere               in 1988, conducted an autoptic analysis of
illustration of some recipes with no reference                the bone remains contained in several urns of
to the pottery used for the preparation of                    the tophet in Sulky30, highlighting the urns
food. In reality the chapter builds on what                   without contents (8 vessels), those with the
has already been dealt with in the preceding                  bones of children (2 vessels) and those that
chapter of the same volume by Carlos Gómez                    instead contained animal bones, mostly of
Bellard. In the whole volume, the only pot-                   lamb (6 vessels).
tery types that are examined are those of the                     The bibliography, which is organised in
transport amphorae, in sections written by                    alphabetical order, can not be described as
Joan Ramon26 and Babette Bechtold27.                          insufficient, as the aim of the volume is pri-
    In Chapter IV.6.5 on the osteological                     marily that of dissemination. However, there
analyses, Valentina Melchiorri writes: “In                    are some misprints that are hard to compre-
Sulci the first archaeo-osteological analyses,                hend. Amongst these, for example, are those
started by V. Melchiorri in collaboration                     relating to the author Cintas, who is placed
with L. Usai and B. Wilkens in 2008, are still                between the authors Ilari and Jahn: his work,
ongoing”28. Although this may not be par-                     Manuel d’Archéologie Punique I, published in
ticularly relevant to the aims of the research,               1970, is dated to 1907.
the authors of this project do not appear to
see things in the same light. In fact, Barbara                    This is all for the collective volume. What
Wilkens, palaeozoologist and researcher at                    follows concerns the exhibition and its cat-
the University of Sassari, in 2012 states the                 alogue. The former consists of a series of
following: “The material examined comes                       display cases placed within the second ring
from the excavations of the tophet of Sulky,
which were carried out from 1998 onwards
                                                                  29
                                                                      Wilkens (2012), 45-59: “Il materiale in stu-
                                                              dio proviene dagli scavi del tofet di Sulky, effettuati
by Paolo Bernardini. The pottery containers                   a partire dal 1998 da Paolo Bernardini. I contenitori
that were used as cinerary urns have been                     ceramici che fungevano da urne cinerarie sono stati
studied by Valentina Melchiorri [2] for her                   studiati da Valentina Melchiorri [2] in occasione della
PhD thesis, while the anthropological re-                     tesi di dottorato, mentre i resti antropologici sono sta-
mains have been studied by Licia Usai, and                    ti studiati da Licia Usai e in parte citati nella tesi. Tutte
                                                              le urne appartengono alla fase arcaica, dalla metà del
in part cited in the thesis. All the urns date                secolo VIII alla metà del VI a.C. Nella stessa occasione
to the archaic phase, from the mid 8th c. to                  è stato intrapreso anche lo studio archeozoologico da
                                                              parte della scrivente, ma i risultati sono stati inseriti
   26
       Ramon (2019), 156-158.                                 nella tesi solo parzialmente e in qualche caso in modo
   27
       Bechtold (2019), 158-160.                              fuorviante. Per questo motivo si ritiene opportuno ri-
    28
       Melchiorri (2019), 184: “A Sulci le prime ricer-       prendere il lavoro che si è mostrato di particolare im-
che archeo-osteologiche, avviate da V. Melchiorri in          portanza per la scarsità degli studi sulla fauna presente
collaborazione con L. Usai e B. Wilkens nel 2008,             in questo tipo di contesti”.
sono tuttora in corso”.                                            30
                                                                      Bartoloni (1988), 171.


                                                          7
                                                 Recensioni


of the Flavian Amphitheatre, containing                     rectly called “Domestic amphorae”, as they
artefacts that are more than well-known, as                 are clearly kraters33, It is well-known that the
they are always used for exhibitions. They are              shape of the amphora and the shape of the
aligned in a way that I would define exces-                 krater are characteristic and quite distinct:
sively sterile and anonymous, as I find they                the amphora has a neck, which is absent in
have not been properly contextualised from                  the krater. The latter instead is characterised
a historical point of view. By this I mean that             by a high rim and hands that starting from
they have not been inserted in the cultural                 the shoulder, reach the rim. Furthermore,
dynamics of the peoples that contributed to                 while the amphora, whose handles were nev-
the formation of the civilisations that ani-                er placed on the rim, but on the neck, had the
mated the Mediterranean in the first millen-                function of containing generic liquids, the
nium BC. It is immediately clear that not                   krater, as is well-known, was used specifically
all the objects on display appear in the bi-                for mixing water and wine, for use above all
lingual catalogue (Italian and English) with                during banquets, also in honour of the dead.
colour images, and the reason for these ab-                 The difference between the amphora and the
sences is not clear. In connection with this                krater is not only formal, but above all funda-
I would like to highlight a pottery fragment                mental, as the krater, precisely due to its spe-
displayed next to other similar potsherds also              cific function, was considered to relate to the
from the Maltese sanctuary dedicated to As-                 ritual sphere and for this reason it was used
tarte, in the locality of Tas Silġ. The fragment            as a cinerary urn that usually contained the
is exposed but not in the catalogue. This find              burnt bones of the dead person34. It is no co-
is presented with the following caption: 1.                 incidence that in a recent review of Phoeni-
Base-wall of a cup with a Punic inscription                 cian pottery by Dalit Regev, it was included
(dedication to Astarte) from Tas Silġ. Clay.                amongst the ritual vessels35. Furthermore, it is
2nd-1st c. BC31 La Valletta, National Museum                appropriate to mention that the function of
of Archaeology. Yet the potsherd is not in                  the krater was common to the cosmopolitan
the Catalogue, to the contrary of the others                archaic environment of the central Mediter-
in the same display case. Furthermore, it is                ranean, as is attested to by the material record
necessary to highlight that the dedication to               not only of the Phoenician world, but also
the aforementioned divinity is to say the least             by that of the Etruscans36. Other vessels that
dubious, as one of the letters is highly com-               have nothing to do with amphorae or kraters
promised by the presence of a fracture that                 are also called “table amphorae”. These are
crosses the fragment obliquely. Furthermore,                pottery containers that are bundled togeth-
the caption appears to be erroneous on two                  er with these vessels merely on the basis of
counts: firstly, the fragment does not belong               there being two handles. In reality they are
to a cup, but to a lopas32 with its characteristic          vases that do not have a neck and are decorat-
internal lip, hence it is not a drinking cup,               ed with geometric patterns and figures that
but a cooking vessel, and secondly it is not                suggest links with the sacred sphere, having
part of the bottom of the vessel, but the lip.              nothing to do with the consumption of wine
    Further indications both on the captions                or other liquids. I refer to the two vessels re-
of the exhibition and in those of the cata-                 produced on pages 116 and 117, respectively,
logue, regard other types of pottery incor-                 the captions for which are as follows: Domes-
                                                            tic Amphora, used as an urn. From Tharros,
   31
        ‟Coppa (frammento del fondo parete) con
iscrizione punica (dedica ad Astarte) da Tas Silġ Ar-          33
                                                                    Carthago Catalogo (2019), 34-35, 43-44,
gilla. II-I sec a.C.”.                                         34
                                                                    Bartoloni (2017), 326-333.
     32
        Rotroff (2006), 179-186, figs. 82-83; Peig-            35
                                                                    Regev (2020), 149-152.
nard-Giros (2009), 252-253, fig. 8.                            36
                                                                    Iaia (2016), 31-54.


                                                        8
                                                  Recensioni


Tophet Clay; 17,1x21,6x15,5 cm, 7th-6th c.                   magistrates or from individuals qualified as
BC Cagliari, Museo Archeologico Nazionale;                   “sons of Carthage”. The language and writing
inv. 9200837. The second caption differs only                of these stele are also Punic, and this reveals
with regards to the measurements of the ves-                 that there was a community at Tyre that kept
sel, which are: 26,9x24x20. In reality, these                close relations with Carthage, maintaining
are not vessels that can be dated to the 7th-6th             the awareness of their own Carthaginian ori-
c. BC, as indicated in the caption, but rather,              gins, and even flaunting them.] At least judg-
they are later examples that can by no means                 ing by this caption, the Curators seem to be
be dated to any time before the first years of               convinced that not only were there close con-
the 4th c. BC; hence vases that were realised at             nections between Tyre and its ancient North
least 200 years later than the proposed chro-                African colony, but that these were contin-
nology.                                                      ued in time, at least until the 4th-3rd c. BC.
    One of the lexical issues relating to the                Instead, given that the Mediterranean was
geographical spread of the Phoenician and                    dotted with cities called Qartḥadasht or Ne-
Punic settlements and the timescale, in con-                 apolis, meaning “new city”, why opt for the
junction with historical events, was resolved                North African Carthage, in the interpretation
thanks to Sabatino Moscati, who more than                    of the last two lines of writing on this stele
thirty years ago examined and resolved the                   that mention the sons of Carthage? Why not
problem38 arising from the simultaneous                      opt for the Qartḥadasht of Cyprus39, which
use of the terms “Phoenician”, “Punic” and                   is far more probable and nearer to the home-
“Carthaginian”. In fact, “Carthaginian” is                   land. The island, where the Phoenicians of
usually used to indicate that pertaining to the              Tyre had founded colonies, such as Kition, is
African metropolis, while the term “Punic”                   not far from the coast of Phoenicia. Hence, it
indicates all that which regards the settle-                 does not appear to be correct to use the term
ments belonging to that civilisation from the                “Punic”, as this specifically regards the cities
end of the 6th c. BC onwards, i.e. those cit-                included in the chora of Carthage after the
ies that were by now under the dominion of                   end of the 4th c. BC.
Carthage. The term “Phoenician” is instead                       Regarding the chronology, it is oppor-
usually used to indicate the settlements in                  tune to comment on the choice made by the
the western Mediterranean belonging to this                  Curators, that is indicated in the margin on
civilisation from the origins to the whole of                p. 14, which in Italian and English goes: In
the 6th c. BC. For the eastern area, the term                compiling the captions for the illustrations,
“Phoenician” is accompanied by a geograph-                   any indications of chronology, materiai, size,
ical and chronological indication.                           technique and provenance for the finds are
    But precisely for this reason: what                      based on information supplied by the cu-
Carthage are we talking about? The questions                 rators of the lending Museums and Organ-
begs itself in relation to the stele displayed               izations. The editorial team has made this
and reproduced in the catalogue (p. 46). In                  information systematic, as far as was possi-
fact the caption, entitled “Stele puniche in                 ble, and completed any that was missing or
Fenicia” [Punic Stele in Phoenicia] reads:                   was not given. In the chronology, except for
[In the region of Tyre there have been found                 specific cases, broader indications have been
three stele referring to defunct individu-                   provided40. While I cannot but agree with
als who descended from Carthaginian high
                                                                39
                                                                    Soyez (1987), 369-375.
   37
        ‟Anfora da mensa, usata come urna. Da Thar-             40
                                                                    ‟Nella compilazione delle didascalie delle illu-
ros, tofet Argilla; 17,1x21,6x15,5 cm VII-VI sec. a.C.       strazioni, per quanto riguarda cronologia, materiali,
Cagliari, Museo Archeologico Nazionale; inv. 92008”.         dimensioni, tecnica e provenienza dei reperti, ci si
    38
        Moscati (1988), 3-13.                                è basati sulle indicazioni fornite dai responsabili dei


                                                         9
                                                   Recensioni


the prudence applied, I ask myself, on the              ing from the late Republican Roman Era43,
other hand, what the scholarly work under-              similar to other representations of the god
taken by the experts who collaborated with              found at Cagliari and at Maracalagonis and
the exhibition consisted of. This public event          relating to two temples of Isis, one in the area
could have aimed at an appropriate homog-               of the modern day botanical gardens, the
enisation of the data and at several indispen-          other in an imprecise location in the town
sable clarifications in the scientific field. For       to the east of Cagliari44. Coincidentally, the
the purposes of exemplification I refer to the          same incongruous and excessively wide chro-
chronology of the grave goods from the ne-              nology (from the 4th to the 2nd centuries BC)
cropolis of Al-Bass, that is indicated as: Iron         has been attributed to another polychrome
Age II (c. 950-600 BC). In fact, since one              statue portraying the same divinity. In fact,
may avail of detailed treatment in the litera-          the statue, known generically to be from
ture41, which by the way is never mentioned             Cagliari, was found just after the middle of
in the two volumes dedicated to the exhibi-             the last century in a hypogeum tomb close to
tion, it appears to me little more than mean-           the necropolis of Tuvixeddu, but in a differ-
ingless to cite a date ranging over no fewer            ent sector, which is near Via Is Maglias and
than 350 years. In fact, as is indicated in the         characterised by burials, all of which contain
bibliography, the burials for the necropolis            pottery that can be dated to periods no ear-
regard above all the period between the sec-            lier than the 2nd c. BC45. The renewed pop-
ond half of the 9th to the second half of the           ularity of this exotic divinity was due to the
8th centuries BC.                                       Roman conquest of Egypt, which took place
    Furthermore, it appears clear that the              in 30 BC46.
choice regarding the chronologies adopted                   Another caption that would appear to be
by the Curators does not coincide with the              incongruous is that indicating a so-called Pil-
state of the art in the field, that in many cases       grim Flask: in the Punic tradition, with sigla
does not seem to be adequately registered by            in Latin letters (an S and a V with a broken
museum staff. I make specific reference to the          vertical stroke) scratched on the upper front
monumental statue of the god Bes, displayed             section. From the Nuragic village of Ruinas
within a meagre glass case, without the feath-          - Oliena (NU) Clay; 38 x 26.50 x 17 cm. It
er headdress normally present in the Museo              is impossible to tell whether the letters were
Nazionale di Cagliari, and not visible on this          incised later or whether the flask actually
premises. The lifesize statue comes from the            comes from the period of Roman occupation
homonymous temple found at Bitia by An-                 (3rd-2nd) when Punic types began to reappear.
tonio Taramelli in 193242. In actual fact, the          Nuoro, National Archaeological Museum
statue is implicitly indicated as being Punic           “G. Asproni”, inv. 25099/15043. The incon-
of the Hellenistic Age, as in the context of            sistency derives from the statement that it is
the exhibition, it is dated to between the 4th          not a Punic vessel, a definition that would
and the 2nd centuries BC, however, studies              indicate a period between the end of the 6th
that are not even that recent classify it as be-        c. and the middle of the 2nd c. BC, while the
                                                        vessel imitates a Phoenician and Cypriot pot-
Musei e degli Enti prestatori. L’intervento redazionale tery shape, imitated later on in the successive
ha provveduto alla sistemazione dei dati e, nella misu- Punic Era. In particular, the vessel has been
ra del possibile, all’integrazione di quelli mancanti o cited on another occasion and attributed to
non pervenuti. Circa le datazioni, salvo casi specifici,
si è optato per l’indicazione ampia per secoli pieni”.          43
                                                                     Agus (1983), 41-47.
     41
        Núñez (2004), 63-203; Núñez (2014), 261-                44
                                                                     Gavini (2014), 21-37.
371.                                                            45
                                                                     Pesce (1961), 262, 264, fig. 109.
     42
        Taramelli (1933-1934), 288-291.                         46
                                                                     Faoro (2016).


                                                           10
                                                   Recensioni


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