Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are known as DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid -LRB- -LSB- diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˌkliːɪk ,   - ˌkleɪɪk -RSB- DNA -RRB- is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses .. molecule. molecule. genetic. genetics. reproduction. reproduction. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates -LRB- polysaccharides -RRB- , they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life .. RNA. RNA. lipids. lipids. life. life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix .. biopolymer. biopolymer. double helix. Nucleic acid double helix. The two DNA strands are termed polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides .. monomer. monomer. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases -- cytosine -LRB- C -RRB- , guanine -LRB- G -RRB- , adenine -LRB- A -RRB- , or thymine -LRB- T -RRB- -- a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group .. nucleotide. nucleotide. nitrogen-containing. nitrogenous base. cytosine. cytosine. guanine. guanine. adenine. adenine. thymine. thymine. sugar. monosaccharide. deoxyribose. deoxyribose. phosphate group. phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone .. nucleotide. nucleotide. sugar. monosaccharide. sugar-phosphate backbone. backbone chain. The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules -LRB- A with T , and C with G -RRB- , with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA .. polynucleotide. polynucleotide. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 and weighs 50 billion tonnes .. In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 trillion tons of carbon -LRB- TtC -RRB- .. mass. Biomass ( ecology ). biosphere. biosphere. trillion tons. tonnes#Derived units. carbon. carbon. DNA stores biological information .. information. information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage , and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information .. information. information. This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate .. information. information. A large part of DNA -LRB- more than 98 % for humans -RRB- is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences .. protein. protein. non-coding. non-coding DNA. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel .. antiparallel. antiparallel ( biochemistry ). Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases -LRB- informally , bases -RRB- .. sugar. monosaccharide. It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information .. information. information. sequence. Nucleic acid sequence. RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription .. RNA. RNA. transcription. transcription ( genetics ). Under the genetic code , these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation .. genetic. genetics. RNA. RNA. sequence. Nucleic acid sequence. genetic code. genetic code. translation. translation ( genetics ). Within eukaryotic cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes .. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes .. cell division. cell division. DNA replication. DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms -LRB- animals , plants , fungi , and protists -RRB- store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts .. Eukaryotic organisms. Eukaryote. fungi. Fungus. cell nucleus. cell nucleus. mitochondria. mitochondrion. In contrast prokaryotes -LRB- bacteria and archaea -RRB- store their DNA only in the cytoplasm .. bacteria. bacteria. archaea. archaea. cytoplasm. cytoplasm. Within the eukaryotic chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA .. chromatin. chromatin. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed .. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 .. Friedrich Miescher. Friedrich Miescher. Its molecular structure was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1953 , whose model-building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling , who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin .. James Watson. James Watson. Francis Crick. Francis Crick. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction. Raymond Gosling. Raymond Gosling. Rosalind Franklin. Rosalind Franklin. DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories , such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity .. ergodic theorem. ergodic theorem. elasticity. Elasticity ( physics ). The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro - and nano-fabrication .. molecule. molecule. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials .. DNA origami. DNA origami