The Washington Monument is harder than marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss.
This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies .. global warming. global warming. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. scientific consensus. scientific consensus. As approximately 97 % of publishing climate scientists support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change , this list represents a minority viewpoint .. The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century .. scientific consensus. scientific consensus. average surface temperature. Instrumental temperature record. Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -LRB- IPCC -RRB- .. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Scientific opinion on climate change. Scientific opinion on climate change. Third Assessment Report. IPCC Third Assessment Report. The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows  :. global warming. global warming. The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 ° C since the late 19th century , and 0.17 ° C per decade in the last 30 years .. average surface temperature. Instrumental temperature record. Celsius. `` There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities '' , in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane .. attributable to human activities. Attribution of recent climate change. If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue , with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 ° C to 5.8 ° C between 1990 and 2100 .. Celsius. greenhouse gas. greenhouse gas. Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise .. sea level rise. sea level rise. The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming .. global warming. global warming. These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations ; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous .. The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science .. There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists , including a 2008 US senate minority report , the Oregon Petition , and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute , all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds .. Oregon Petition. Oregon Petition. Heartland Institute. Heartland Institute. For the purpose of this list , a `` scientist '' is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences , although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology .. peer-reviewed. peer-reviewed. Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report , each has made a clear statement in his or her own words -LRB- as opposed to the name being found on a petition , etc. -RRB- disagreeing with one or more of the report 's three main conclusions .. Third Assessment Report. IPCC Third Assessment Report. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles .. Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature ; most are from other sources such as interviews , opinion pieces , online essays and presentations .. peer-reviewed. peer-reviewed. NB  : Only individuals who have their own Wikipedia article may be included in the list .