The Greek language is spoken in the Mediterranean.
Deductive pragmatism is a research method aiming at helping researchers communicate qualitative assumptions about cause-effect relationships -LRB- causality -RRB- , elucidate the ramifications of such assumptions and drive causal inferences from a combination of assumptions , experiments , observations and case studies .. research method. research method. causality. causality. Deductive pragmatism was invented in 2000 by Khaled Yassin at the University of Bielefeld during his study of the public health impact of the World Bank 's structural adjustment programs in developing countries .. Khaled Yassin. Khaled Yassin. University of Bielefeld. University of Bielefeld. structural adjustment. structural adjustment. public health. public health. The methodology came basically as a response to the fact that conventional epidemiological models for causation have serious limitations as a source of causal inference .. causal inference. causal inference. This is particularly true for complex situations such as the impact of structural adjustment on health .. structural adjustment. structural adjustment. Such an issue involves several reciprocally interacting variables that can not be accurately accounted for by conventional correlational or associational approaches .. Furthermore , a big part of the literature on the impact of structural adjustment encompasses subjective and qualitative assumptions , which lack a sound empirical base in most of the cases .. structural adjustment. structural adjustment. This unique methodology couples the affirmative nature of causal effects tracing measures -LRB- such as correlational or associational studies -RRB- with the interpretive nature of process tracing schemes usually found in case studies and other qualitative methods .. causal effects. causal effects. Furthermore , it bridges the gap between the academic interests of research and the prescriptive demands of policy-making .. Deductive pragmatism consists of three basic steps ;. 1 -RRB- Hypotheization of causal relations ,. causal relations. causal relations. 2 -RRB- Verification of causal effects , and. causal effects. causal effects. 3 -RRB- Tracing of causal processes .. causal processes. causal processes. The invention of this new methodology represented a watershed for research in complicated public health issues .. public health. public health. It liberated public health research from medical and clinical research methods that have been restricted to situations of single or few etiological factors and single or few outcomes .. public health. public health. public health research. public health research. clinical research. clinical research. And it has , therefore , opened the door wide for public health research to conveniently and accurately assess the complexities of health-related phenomenon and dilemmas .. public health. public health. public health research. public health research