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S-Nitrosylation specifically attaches to a thiol group to form an S-nitrosothiol -LRB- SNO -RRB- .. thiol. thiol. Where the thiol group belongs to a subset of specific cysteine residues in proteins , the resulting SNO is an S-nitrosoprotein .. thiol. thiol. cysteine. cysteine. S-Nitrosylation is a form of post-translational protein modification with similarities to phosphorylation .. post-translational protein modification. Posttranslational modification. S-Nitrosylation meets the criteria for validation as a signaling mechanism in that it is stimulus evoked , precisely targeted , reversible , spatiotemporally restricted and necessary for specific cell responses .. The first protein whose activity was shown to be regulated by S-nitrosylation in this fashion was the NMDA-type glutamate receptor in the brain .. S-Nitrosylation has since been shown to be ubiquitous in biology , having been demonstrated to occur in all phylogenetic Kingdoms and has been described as the prototypic redox-based signalling mechanism , hypothesized to have evolved on primordial Earth .. phylogenetic Kingdoms. Kingdom ( biology ). The reverse process of S-nitrosylation is termed denitrosylation , which in addition to occurring spontaneously in the presence of metal ions and under conditions of photolysis , has recently been demonstrated to be an enzymically controlled process .. photolysis. Photodissociation. S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase -LRB- GSNOR -RRB- , which accelerates the decomposition of S-nitrosoglutathione -LRB- GSNO -RRB- and other SNO-proteins , is an alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme which has been shown to be conserved from bacteria to humans .. Similarly , the thioredoxin / thioredoxin reductase system catalyzes the denitrosylation of a number of S-nitrosoproteins Aberrant or dysregulated denitrosylation or S-nitrosylation has been associated with stroke -LRB- cerebral ischemia -RRB- and a number of chronic degenerative diseases , including Parkinson 's and Alzheimer 's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -LRB- ALS -RRB- .. thioredoxin. thioredoxin. There is an emerging role of S-nitrosylation in cancer biology .. S-Nitrosylation of EGFR and Src activates an oncogenic signaling network in human basal-like breast cancer