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In physics and engineering the quality factor or Q factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how under-damped an oscillator or resonator is , and characterizes a resonator 's bandwidth relative to its center frequency .. physics. physics. engineering. engineering. dimensionless. Dimensionless quantity. under-damped. damping. oscillator. harmonic oscillator. resonator. resonator. bandwidth. bandwidth ( signal processing ). Higher Q indicates a lower rate of energy loss relative to the stored energy of the resonator ; the oscillations die out more slowly .. resonator. resonator. A pendulum suspended from a high-quality bearing , oscillating in air , has a high Q , while a pendulum immersed in oil has a low one .. Resonators with high quality factors have low damping so that they ring or vibrate longer .. damping. damping