Nicholas Brody is also called Nick.
In statistics , shrinkage has two meanings  :. statistics. statistics. In relation to the general observation that , in regression analysis , a fitted relationship appears to perform less well on a new data set than on the data set used for fitting .. regression analysis. regression analysis. In particular the value of the coefficient of determination ` shrinks ' .. coefficient of determination. coefficient of determination. This idea is complementary to overfitting and , separately , to the standard adjustment made in the coefficient of determination to compensate for the subjunctive effects of further sampling , like controlling for the potential of new explanatory terms improving the model by chance  : that is , the adjustment formula itself provides `` shrinkage . ''. coefficient of determination. coefficient of determination. overfitting. overfitting. But the adjustment formula yields an artificial shrinkage , in contrast to the first definition .. To describe general types of estimators , or the effects of some types of estimation , whereby a naive or raw estimate is improved by combining it with other information -LRB- see shrinkage estimator -RRB- .. estimator. estimator. shrinkage estimator. shrinkage estimator. The term relates to the notion that the improved estimate is at a reduced distance from the value supplied by the ` other information ' than is the raw estimate .. In this sense , shrinkage is used to regularize ill-posed inference problems .. regularize. Regularization ( mathematics ). ill-posed. ill-posed problem. inference. statistical inference. A common idea underlying both of these meanings is the reduction in the effects of sampling variation .