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Magnesium batteries are batteries with magnesium ion as the working ion of an electrochemical cell .. magnesium. magnesium. electrochemical cell. electrochemical cell. Both non-rechargeable primary cell and rechargeable secondary cell chemistries have been investigated .. primary cell. primary cell. secondary cell. secondary cell. Magnesium primary cell batteries have been commercialized and have found use as reserve and general use batteries .. primary cell. primary cell. reserve. reserve battery. Rechargeable magnesium batteries are an active research topic , specifically as an alternative to lithium ion based battery chemistries .. magnesium. magnesium. lithium ion based battery chemistries. Lithium-ion battery. lithium. lithium. Since magnesium ion is doubly charged and still has a low molecular weight , a solid magnesium metal anode provides a higher volumetric energy density than lithium metal -LRB- 3833 mAh cm − 3 vs. 2036 mAh cm − 3 for Li metal , -RRB- , although its specific energy is under half that of lithium -LRB- 18.8 MJ / kg vs. 42.3 MJ / kg -RRB- .. magnesium. magnesium. energy density. energy density. lithium. lithium. specific energy. specific energy. In comparison to metallic lithium anodes , magnesium anodes have not exhibited dendrite formation during charging , which may allow magnesium metal to be used without an intercalation compound at the anode ; eliminating the intercalation layer raises the theoretical maximum relative volumetric energy density to around 5 times that of a lithium ion cell .. magnesium. magnesium. energy density. energy density. lithium. lithium. dendrite. Dendrite ( metal ). intercalation. Intercalation ( chemistry ). Magnesium batteries may have an added cost advantage over lithium due to the higher abundance of magnesium on earth .. magnesium. magnesium. lithium. lithium. Potential uses of Mg-based batteries were recognised as early as the 1990s and the first prototype of a magnesium-ion rechargeable cell was reported in 2000 , based on a Chevrel-type Mo6S8 cathode with a magnesium organohaloaluminate / THF electrolyte .. magnesium. magnesium. However , such battery operated at relatively low voltage -LRB- approx .. 1.2 V -RRB- and provided low energy density -LRB- 110mAh / g -RRB- , unable to compete with lithium-ion battery systems .. energy density. energy density. lithium. lithium