Libya is the largest country on its continent.
Mammography -LRB- also called mastography -RRB- is the process of using low-energy X-rays -LRB- usually around 30 kVp -RRB- to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening .. kVp. Peak kilovoltage. breast. breast. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer , typically through detection of characteristic masses or microcalcifications .. breast. breast. breast cancer. breast cancer. Like all X-rays , mammograms use doses of ionizing radiation to create images .. ionizing radiation. ionizing radiation. These images are then analyzed for any abnormal findings .. It is normal to use lower-energy X-rays , typically Mo -LRB- K-shell x-ray energies of 17.5 and 19.6 keV -RRB- and Rh -LRB- 20.2 and 22.7 keV -RRB- than those used for radiography of bones .. radiography. radiography. Ultrasound , ductography , positron emission mammography -LRB- PEM -RRB- , and magnetic resonance imaging -LRB- MRI -RRB- are adjuncts to mammography .. Ultrasound. Ultrasound. positron emission mammography. positron emission mammography. magnetic resonance imaging. magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound is typically used for further evaluation of masses found on mammography or palpable masses not seen on mammograms .. Ultrasound. Ultrasound. Ductograms are still used in some institutions for evaluation of bloody nipple discharge when the mammogram is non-diagnostic .. MRI can be useful for further evaluation of questionable findings as well as for screening pre-surgical evaluation in patients with known breast cancer to detect any additional lesions that might change the surgical approach , for instance from breast-conserving lumpectomy to mastectomy .. breast. breast. breast cancer. breast cancer. lumpectomy. lumpectomy. mastectomy. mastectomy. Other procedures being investigated include tomosynthesis .. tomosynthesis. tomosynthesis. For the average woman , the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended -LRB- 2009 -RRB- mammography every two years between the ages of 50 and 74 .. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. United States Preventive Services Task Force. The American College of Radiology and American Cancer Society recommend yearly screening mammography starting at age 40 .. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care -LRB- 2012 -RRB- and the European Cancer Observatory -LRB- 2011 -RRB- recommends mammography every 2 -- 3 years between 50 and 69 .. These task force reports point out that in addition to unnecessary surgery and anxiety , the risks of more frequent mammograms include a small but significant increase in breast cancer induced by radiation .. breast. breast. breast cancer. breast cancer. Additionally , mammograms should not be done with any increased frequency in people undergoing breast surgery , including breast enlargement , mastopexy , and breast reduction .. breast. breast. The Cochrane Collaboration -LRB- 2013 -RRB- concluded that the trials with adequate randomisation did not find an effect of mammography screening on total cancer mortality , including breast cancer , after 10 years .. breast. breast. breast cancer. breast cancer. Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Collaboration. The authors of this Cochrane review write  : `` If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15 % and that overdiagnosis and overtreatment is at 30 % , it means that for every 2000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years , one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women , who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening , will be treated unnecessarily .. breast. breast. breast cancer. breast cancer. Furthermore , more than 200 women will experience important psychological distress including anxiety and uncertainty for years because of false positive findings . ''. The authors conclude that the time has come to re-assess whether universal mammography screening should be recommended for any age group .. They thus state that universal screening may not be reasonable .. The Nordic Cochrane Collection , which in 2012 reviews updated research to state that advances in diagnosis and treatment make mammography screening less effective today .. They state screening is `` no longer effective . ''. They conclude that `` it therefore no longer seems reasonable to attend '' for breast cancer screening at any age , and warn of misleading information on the internet .. breast. breast. breast cancer. breast cancer. Mammography has a false-negative -LRB- missed cancer -RRB- rate of at least 10 percent .. This is partly due to dense tissues obscuring the cancer and the fact that the appearance of cancer on mammograms has a large overlap with the appearance of normal tissues .. dense. optical density. A meta-analysis review of programs in countries with organized screening found 52 % over-diagnosis .