The 66th Primetime Emmy Awards was hosted by an American comedian born in 1973.
The effective number of parties is a concept introduced by Laakso and Taagepera -LRB- 1979 -RRB- which provides for an adjusted number of political parties in a country 's party system .. political parties. political parties. party system. party system. The idea behind this measure is to count parties and , at the same time , to weight the count by their relative strength .. weight. Weight function. The relative strength refers to their vote share -LRB- `` effective number of electoral parties '' -RRB- or seat share in the parliament -LRB- `` effective number of parliamentary parties '' -RRB- .. This measure is especially useful when comparing electoral systems across countries , as is done in the field of political science .. political science. political science. The number of parties equals the effective number of parties only when all parties have equal strength .. In any other case , the effective number of parties is lower than the actual number of parties .. The effective number of parties is a frequent operationalization for the fragmentation of a party system .. party system. party system. There are two major alternatives to the effective number of parties-measure .. John K. Wildgen 's index of `` hyperfractionalization '' accords special weight to small parties .. weight. Weight function. Juan Molinar 's index gives special weight to the largest party .. weight. Weight function. Dunleavy and Boucek provide a useful critique of the Molinar index .