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Osthoff 's law is an Indo-European sound law which states that long vowels shorten when followed by a resonant -LRB- Proto-Indo-European language -LRB- PIE -RRB- * m , * n , * l , * r , * y , * w -RRB- , followed in turn by another consonant -LRB- i.e. in a closed syllable environment -RRB- .. sound law. sound law. Proto-Indo-European language. Proto-Indo-European language. It is named after German Indo-Europeanist Hermann Osthoff , who first formulated it .. Indo-Europeanist. Indo-European studies. Hermann Osthoff. Hermann Osthoff. The law operated in most of the Proto-Indo-European daughter languages , with notable exceptions being the Indo-Iranian and Tocharian branches in which the difference between long and short PIE diphthongs was clearly preserved .. Indo-Iranian. Indo-Iranian languages. Tocharian. Tocharian languages. Compare  :. PIE * dyews `` skyling , sky god '' > Vedic Sanskrit dyaus , but Ancient Greek Ζευς #Ancient Greek , with ordinary diphthong .. Vedic Sanskrit. Vedic Sanskrit. Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek language. PIE * bʰerHgeh ₂ `` birch '' > PBSl .. * berzas -LRB- laryngeal regularly dropped and root vowel lengthened -RRB- > * berzas > Lithuanian berzas #Lithuanian , Serbo-Croatian breza #Serbo - Croatian -LRB- by liquid metathesis -RRB- .. liquid metathesis. liquid metathesis. The term Osthoff 's law is usually properly applied to the described phenomenon in Ancient Greek , which itself was an independent innovation from similar developments occurring in Latin and other Indo-European languages .. Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek language. Latin. Latin language. However , often it is used in a loose sense , as a cover term referring to all shortening of long diphthongs in closed syllables .. Osthoff 's law was in some versions valid for Greek , Latin , Celtic and Balto-Slavic , but not for Indo-Iranian and Tocharian .. Indo-Iranian. Indo-Iranian languages. Tocharian. Tocharian languages. Latin. Latin language. It also probably applied in Germanic , although there is very little evidence to support or refute that claim .