Augustus died.
Augustus -LRB- -LSB- Imperator , Imperator Caesar Divi filius , Divi Filius Augustus -LRB- honorific -RRB- , Augustus -RSB- Classical Latin spelling and reconstructed Classical Latin pronunciation of the names of Augustus  :. reconstructed Classical Latin pronunciation. Latin spelling and pronunciation. -LSB- ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ɔkˈtaː.wi.ʊs -RSB-. -LSB- ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae.sar ɔk.taː.wiˈaː.nʊs -RSB-. -LSB- ɪm.pɛˈraː.tɔr ˈkae.sar ˈdiː.wiː ˈfiː.li.ʊs auˈgʊs.tʊs -RSB-. The spelling , indicating the pronunciation -LSB- aˈgʊs.tʊs -RSB- , occurs in inscriptions .. -LSB- Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus , -RSB- means `` Commander Caesar , Son of the God -LSB- Julius Caesar -RSB- , the Venerable '' .. Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar. 23 September 63 BC -- 19 August 14 AD -RRB- was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Roman emperor , controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 .. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Principate. Principate. Roman emperor. Roman emperor. The dates of his rule are contemporary dates ; Augustus lived under two calendars , the Roman Republican until 45 BC , and the Julian after 45 BC .. Due to departures from Julius Caesar 's intentions , Augustus finished restoring the Julian calendar in March AD 4 , and the correspondence between the proleptic Julian calendar and the calendar observed in Rome is uncertain before 8 BC .. Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar. Rome. Rome. proleptic Julian calendar. proleptic Julian calendar. -LRB- Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003  : 670 -- 1 -RRB-. He was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia .. Gaius Octavius. Gaius Octavius ( proconsul ). equestrian branch. equites. plebeian. plebs. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC , and Octavius was named in Caesar 's will as his adopted son and heir , then known as Octavianus -LRB- Anglicized as Octavian -RRB- .. Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar. assassinated. assassination of Julius Caesar. adopted. Adoption in ancient Rome. Anglicized. Anglicisation. He , Mark Antony , and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar .. Mark Antony. Mark Antony. Marcus Lepidus. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus ( triumvir ). Second Triumvirate. Second Triumvirate. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi , the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators.As part of the Triumvirate , Octavian ruled the Western provinces , Antony ruled the Eastern provinces , and Lepidus ruled Africa .. Roman Republic. Roman Republic. Battle of Philippi. Battle of Philippi. military dictators. military dictatorship. Africa. Africa ( Roman province ). The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members .. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position , and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC .. Battle of Actium. Battle of Actium. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate , Augustus restored the outward facade of the free Republic , with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate , the executive magistrates , and the legislative assemblies .. Second Triumvirate. Second Triumvirate. Roman Senate. Roman Senate. executive magistrates. Roman magistrate. legislative assemblies. Roman assemblies. In reality , however , he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator .. dictator. Roman dictator. By law , Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate , including supreme military command , and those of tribune and censor .. supreme military command. commander-in-chief. tribune. tribune. censor. Roman censor. It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule .. He rejected monarchical titles , and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis -LRB- `` First Citizen of the State '' -RRB- .. Princeps. Princeps. The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate , the first phase of the Roman Empire .. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Principate. Principate. constitutional framework. Constitution of the Roman Empire. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana -LRB- The Roman Peace -RRB- .. Pax Romana. Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries , despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire 's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the `` Year of the Four Emperors '' over the imperial succession .. Year of the Four Emperors. Year of the Four Emperors. Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire , annexing Egypt , Dalmatia , Pannonia , Noricum , and Raetia ; expanding possessions in Africa ; expanding into Germania ; and completing the conquest of Hispania .. Egypt. Egypt ( Roman province ). Dalmatia. Dalmatia ( Roman province ). Pannonia. Pannonia. Noricum. Noricum. Raetia. Raetia. Africa. Africa ( Roman province ). Germania. Germania. Hispania. Hispania. Beyond the frontiers , he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy .. Parthian Empire. Parthian Empire. He reformed the Roman system of taxation , developed networks of roads with an official courier system , established a standing army , established the Praetorian Guard , created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome , and rebuilt much of the city during his reign .. Rome. Rome. networks of roads. Roman roads. courier. courier. Praetorian Guard. Praetorian Guard. police. cohortes urbanae. fire-fighting services. vigiles. Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75 .. He probably died from natural causes , although there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him .. Livia. Livia. He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son -LRB- also stepson and former son-in-law -RRB- Tiberius .. Tiberius. Tiberius. adopted. Adoption in ancient Rome