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The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions .. working conditions. working conditions. social model. social model. living standards. living standards. Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .. Tony Judt. Tony Judt. American way of life. American way of life. social model. social model. European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics .. social model. social model. These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy .. full employment. full employment. social inclusion. social inclusion. Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing .. universal health care. universal health care. The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives  : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion .. working conditions. working conditions. social protection. social protection. Treaty of the European Community. Treaties of Rome. Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .. The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom .. social model. social model. post-war boom. Post-World War II economic expansion. Tony Judt lists a number of causes  : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States .. Tony Judt. Tony Judt. protectionism. protectionism. baby boom. Post-World War II baby boom. living standards. living standards. The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy .. social model. social model. In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .. social model. social model. globalisation. globalisation. Europeanisation. Europeanisation. ageing population. Ageing of Europe