The Visigoths converted from Arianism to Nicene Christianity in 589 under Reccared I.
John Bachmann , Sr. -LRB- 1814 -- 1896 -RRB- was a Swiss-born lithographer and artist best known for his bird 's - eye views , especially of New York City .. lithographer. lithographer. He was a journeyman lithographic artist in Switzerland and Paris until 1847 .. Switzerland. Switzerland. His first known American print -LRB- credited to `` C Bachmann '' as artist and `` J Bachmann '' as publisher -RRB- appeared in 1848 , a view from an imagined point above Union Square in New York , looking south toward The Battery .. Union Square in New York. Union Square ( New York City ). The Battery. Battery Park. In 1849 and 1850 , he created and published a series of American views , including views of Boston , New York , Philadelphia , New Orleans and Havana .. Boston. Boston. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. New Orleans. New Orleans. Havana. Havana. Both directly copied and used as a primary source by other lithographers at home and in Europe , these were the first major bird 's eye views -LRB- drawn from an imagined perspective -RRB- , as opposed to panoramic views -LRB- views drawn directly from the artists experience -RRB- in the United States -LRB- smaller views had appeared as early as the 1820s -RRB- .. Although best known for his views of New York , his name is attached to a variety of prints , including the well-known `` Bird 's Eye View of the Seat of War '' series produced during the American Civil War , which show the theater of war in six sections , each a perspective view of entire states or sets of states .. American Civil War. American Civil War. Bachmann married and had four children , the eldest of whom , John Bachmann , Jr. also became a lithographer .. lithographer. lithographer. Except for two brief sojourns in Philadelphia , he appears to have remained in the Heights neighborhood of Jersey City from the late 1850s until his death in 1896 .. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Jersey City. Jersey City. Most of his views of New York City manage to sneak in his home neighborhood in Jersey City .. Jersey City. Jersey City. His last known work , a view of Havana , is now in the collection of the Library of Congress .. Havana. Havana. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. The one other known painting by Bachmann , a version of one of his views of Philadelphia , hangs in the Free Library of Philadelphia .. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Free Library of Philadelphia. Free Library of Philadelphia