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Apparentment is the name given to the system , sometimes provided for in elections conducted according to the party-list proportional representation system , which allows parties to specify electoral alliances .. elections. voting system. party-list proportional representation. party-list proportional representation. The system has been used in Switzerland since 1919 .. used in Switzerland. elections in Switzerland. In list PR systems , seats are awarded for each quota of votes obtained .. Any votes excess to the quota are lost .. Under apparentment , parties combine their vote excess , which may yield an additional full quota and candidate elected .. There are two possible types of apparentment  : different parties within a single electoral district combining their results , or the same party competing in different electoral districts combining these results .. The system introduces an element of ordinality .. It is akin to a pre-specified ranking in a preferential voting system like Alternative Vote or Single Transferable Vote , as is used with the above-the-line system in Australian elections .. elections. voting system. Alternative Vote. Instant-runoff voting. Single Transferable Vote. Single Transferable Vote