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Electoralism is a term first used by Terry Karl , professor of political science at Stanford University , to describe a `` half-way '' transition from authoritarian rule toward democratic rule .. Terry Karl. Terry Karl. political science. political science. Stanford University. Stanford University. authoritarian. authoritarian. democratic. democracy. As a topic in the dominant party system political science literature , electoralism describes a situation where the transition out of hard-authoritarian rule is initiated and managed by the incumbent regime .. political science. political science. authoritarian. authoritarian. dominant party system. dominant party system. However , due to the dominant position of the incumbent regime throughout the transition process , the transition fails to attain the institutional qualities of liberal democracy .. liberal democracy. liberal democracy. Other terms , such as guided transition or managed transition have been used to describe this process .. Under electoralism , the regime essentially conducts the electoral aspects of democratic governance in a relatively ` free and fair ' manner .. democratic. democracy. Massive acts of voting fraud and election-day intimidation are essentially absent .. voting fraud. voting fraud. However , other features of democracy , such as the rule of law and institutional separation of powers , are absent under electoralism .. rule of law. rule of law. separation of powers. separation of powers. The entire election process is skewed in favor of the incumbent regime .. The media tends to ignore or paint the opposition in a negative light , the high court and election commission tends to make judgements in favor of the incumbent , and on some occasions , opposition rallies are denied or canceled by the police .. Some examples include  :. Tanzania after 1992. Tanzania. History of Tanzania#United Republic of Tanzania. Turkey after 2002. Turkey. History of Turkey#Republic of Turkey. Kenya after 1991. Kenya. History of Kenya#Independent Kenya. Mexico between late the 1980s and 2000 .. Mexico. History of Mexico#The end of PRI's hegemony. Russia after 1991. Russia. History of Russia