Abstract Background COVID-19 is currently a global pandemic, but the response of human immune system to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unclear Noncoding RNAs serve as immune regulators and thus may play a critical role in disease progression Methods We performed multi-transcriptome sequencing of both noncoding RNAs and mRNAs isolated from the red blood cell depleted whole blood of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients The functions of noncoding RNAs were validated by analyses of the expression of downstream mRNAs We further utilized the single-cell RNA-seq data of COVID-19 patients from Wilk et al and Chua et al to characterize noncoding RNA functions in different cell types Results We defined four types of microRNAs with different expression tendencies that could serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 progress We also identified miR-146a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-142-3p, and miR-15b-5p as potential contributors to the disease pathogenesis, possibly serving as biomarkers of severe COVID-19 and as candidate therapeutic targets In addition, the transcriptome profiles consistently suggested hyperactivation of the immune response, loss of T-cell function, and immune dysregulation in severe patients Conclusions Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive view of the noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of peripheral immune cells during COVID-19, furthering our understanding and offering novel insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis
The noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of the peripheral immune response in patients with COVID-19