Rabies virus (RABV) is a lethal neurotropic virus that causes 60,000 human deaths every year around the world. A typical feature of RABV infection is the suppression of type I and III interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. However, molecular mechanisms leading to RABV sensing by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) to initiate IFN signaling remain elusive. Here, we showed that RABV RNAs are recognized by RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) sensor resulting in an IFN response of the infected cells but that this global feature was differently modulated according to the type of RABV used. RNAs from pathogenic RABV strain, THA, were poorly detected in the cytosol by RIG-I and therefore mediated a weak antiviral response. On the opposite, we revealed a strong interferon activity triggered by the RNAs of the attenuated RABV vaccine SAD strain mediated by RIG-I. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) combined with bioinformatics tools, we characterized two major 5’copy-back defective interfering (5’cb DI) genomes generated during SAD replication. Furthermore, we identified a specific interaction of 5’cb DI genomes and RIG-I that correlated with a high stimulation of the type I IFN signaling. This study indicates that RNAs from a wild-type RABV poorly activate the RIG-I pathway, while the presence of 5’cb DIs in vaccine SAD strain serves as an intrinsic adjuvant that strengthens its efficiency by enhancing RIG-I detection and therefore strongly stimulates the IFN response. Highlights RABV pathogenic strain replication in vitro is characterized by the absence of defective interfering genomes thus induces a weak RLR-mediated innate immunity antiviral response. RABV vaccine attenuated strain shows a high release of 5’ copy-back defective interfering genomes during replication in vitro and therefore enhances a strong antiviral response upon infection. RIG-I is the main sensor for RABV RNA detection within cells.
Recognition of copy-back defective interfering rabies virus genomes by RIG-I triggers the antiviral response against vaccine strains