Teamwork has been systematically studied in engineering education as an educational method and a learning outcome Based on the recent advances in socially-shared regulation as a framework for teamwork processes, this study explores the impact of the transition to online learning The purpose of this study is to understand if face-to-face and online team dynamics differ concerning the prevalence of personal goals, team challenges, and individual/social strategies The Adaptive Instrument for Regulation of Emotions (AIRE) Questionnaire was used to compare two semesters in project-based learning engineering courses that were face-to-face (2019) and then converted to an online modality (2020) due to the COVID-19 crisis Our results show that both modalities report mostly the same prevalence of goals, challenges, and strategies However, online students tend to manifest a significantly lower prevalence of specific challenges and strategies, suggesting that online teamwork may have involved less group deliberation These results provide evidence for the "equivalency theory" between online and face-to-face learning in a context where all systemic levels transitioned to a digital modality These findings raise the question of whether online teaching encourages the emergence of team conflict and deliberation needed for creative thinking
Is Teamwork Different Online Versus Face-to-Face? A Case in Engineering Education