In response to the worldwide outbreak of the coronavirus disease COVID-19, a variety of nonpharmaceutical interventions such as face masks and social distancing have been implemented A careful assessment of the effects of such containment strategies is required to avoid exceeding social and economical costs as well as a dangerous ‘second wave’ of the pandemic In this work, we combine a recently developed dynamical density functional theory model and an extended SIRD model with hysteresis to study effects of various measures and strategies using realistic parameters Depending on intervention thresholds, a variety of phases with different numbers of shutdowns and deaths are found Spatiotemporal simulations provide further insights into the dynamics of a second wave Our results are of crucial importance for public health policy
Containing a pandemic: nonpharmaceutical interventions and the ‘second wave’