The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the related disorder i.e. “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19) has encouraged researchers to unravel the molecular mechanism of disease severity. Several lines of evidence support the impact of “cytokine storm” in the pathogenesis of severe forms of the disorder. We aimed to assess expression levels of nine cytokine coding genes in COVID-19 patients admitted in a hospital. We collected clinical data of patients from their medical reports. Then, we assessed expression of genes using real-time PCR. Expression levels of IFN-G, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-B, IL-8, and IL-1B were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls and in both female and male patients compared with sex-matched controls. However, expression level of TNF-A was not different between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Expression of none of these cytokines was different between ICU-admitted patients and other patients except for IL-6 whose expression was lower in the former group compared with the latter (ratio of means = 0.33, P value = 4.82E-02). Then, we assessed diagnostic power of cytokine coding genes in differentiating between COVID-19 patients and controls. The area under curve (AUC) values ranged from 0.94 for IFN-G to 1.0 for IL-2 and IL-1B. After combining the transcript levels of all cytokines, AUC, sensitivity, and specificity values reached 100%, 100%, and 99%, respectively. For differentiation between ICU-admitted patients and other patients, IL-4 with AUC value of 0.68 had the best diagnostic power among cytokine coding genes. Expression of none of cytokine coding genes was correlated with the available clinical/demographic data including age, gender, ICU admission, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)/C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. This study provides further evidence for contribution of “cytokine storm” in the pathobiology of moderate/severe forms of COVID-19.
Abnormal Transcript Levels of Cytokines Among Iranian COVID-19 Patients