BACKGROUND: Clarifying the synthesis and regulation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells is of great significance to the research and application of exosomes in the future. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biological characteristics in exosomes derived from different mesenchymal stem cells and the role of these exosomes in the immune regulation, which hopes to find new breakthroughs in the study of exosomes in the future and provide ideas for cell-free therapy. METHODS: The articles were searched on PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang using the keywords of “stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, immunomodulation, inflammatory mediator, biological characteristics of exosomes, biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells, regeneration” in Chinese and English. Finally, 105 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cells that exist widely in various tissues of the body. Mesenchymal stem cells not only have stem cell characteristics, but also play an important role in the immunosuppressive properties. Mesenchymal stem cells had been clinically applied for the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, mesenchymal stem cells were used to manage novel coronavirus pneumonia, and had ideal treatment effect. Exosomes are endosome-derived nanometer-scale vesicles (40–200 nm in diameter). Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have the same immune regulation function as its maternal cells, including that carrying immunosuppressive factors, promoting macrophages polarization into M2 type, preventing differentiation of pro-inflammatory T cell subsets and inhibiting antigen presentation. © 2022, Publishing House of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.
Biological characteristics and immunoregulation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells