Cooperation is vital for the survival of a swarm$^1$. Large scale cooperation allows murmuring starlings to outmaneuver preying falcons$^2$, shoaling sardines to outsmart sea lions$^3$, and homo sapiens to outlive their Pleistocene peers$^4$. On the micron-scale, bacterial colonies show excellent resilience thanks to the individuals' ability to cooperate even when densely packed, mitigating their internal flow pattern to mix nutrients, fence the immune system, and resist antibiotics$^{5-14}$. Production of an artificial swarm on the micro-scale faces a serious challenge $\frac{\;\;}{\;\;}$ while an individual bacterium has an evolutionary-forged internal machinery to produce propulsion, until now, artificial micro-swimmers relied on the precise chemical composition of their environment to directly fuel their drive$^{14-23}$. When crowded, artificial micro-swimmers compete locally for a finite fuel supply, quenching each other's activity at their greatest propensity for cooperation. Here we introduce an artificial micro-swimmer that consumes no chemical fuel and is driven solely by light. We couple a light absorbing particle to a fluid droplet, forming a colloidal chimera that transforms light energy into propulsive thermo-capillary action. The swimmers' internal drive allows them to operate and remain active for a long duration (days) and their effective repulsive interaction allows for a high density fluid phase. We find that above a critical concentration, swimmers form a long lived crowded state that displays internal dynamics. When passive particles are introduced, the dense swimmer phase can re-arrange and spontaneously corral the passive particles. We derive a geometrical, depletion-like condition for corralling by identifying the role the passive particles play in controlling the effective concentration of the micro-swimmers.
Cooperation in a fluid swarm of fuel-free micro-swimmers