[ ]amidst this technological revolution, the field of vaccinology faces challenges in keeping up with evolving viral pathogens and adverse vaccine response outcomes due to human genetic diversity [ ]antivaccination attitudes create a higher incidence of vaccine hesitation and rejection Global health is facing challenges from evolving existing pathogens that are becoming multidrug resistant and thus reducing the available therapeutic interventions that can be employed [ ]novel pathogens are emerging, such as the current pandemic of SARS-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) Successful vaccinology depends partly on the vaccines interacting with the immune system and producing an immune response similar to that produced by the natural infection, but usually not creating clinical disease symptoms and potential complications 2 Vaccines can be in the form of live attenuated pathogen, virus-like particles, killed sub-unit, killed virus and viral components such as polysaccharide and protein3 that result in long-term protection that requires the persistence of vaccine antibodies and/or the generation of immune memory cells that are capable of rapid and effective reactivation upon subsequent exposure to the pathogen 3 Genetic diversity in populations is essential as high levels of diversity usually correspond to fitness or adaptability to environments [ ]any change in the environment will most likely have a corresponding adaptive genome already present in the population
Enhanced education on vaccines can reduce the scourge of vaccine rejection and hesitation