Joint actions of social organizations have been frequently seen and continuously optimized since the outbreak of the COVID-19 This article is aimed to identify and explore the typical forms and development trends of collaborative networks of social organizations Given the case studies on joint actions of social organizations, it builds an analysis framework based on actor-network theory (ANT) Research findings are as follows First, there are, among social organizations in their joint actions against COVID-19, “loose”, “vertical”, “decentralized” and other typical forms of collaborative network, with “decentralized” collaboration showing quite a high degree of initiative Second, “complex needs” and “political opportunities” that emerge in times of emergency response, “social entrepreneurship” and “bridging connective social capital” that accumulate in normal times, among other factors, have combined to drive vertical collaborative networks towards decentralization The above three forms of collaboration, each with irreplaceable functions, together comprise an ecosystem of joint actions of social organizations This article calls the landscape of dynamic practice of joint actions of social organizations a “ladder of collaboration” © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021
The ladder of collaboration: Research on joint actions of social organizations against the covid-19 epidemic