Background: An elevated incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with COVID-19 without traditional risk factors for IPA has been recently reported around the world This co-infection has been described in patients requiring treatment in an intensive care unit The risk factors for its development are still unclear Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study using the COVID-19 registry of the ARMII study group, based in the Centro Médico ABC, a private hospital in Mexico City We included all patients that required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) from March 12 to June 15, 2020, and excluded patients without serum galactomannan measurements or bronchial secretion cultures We used the modified definition of IPA proposed by Schauwvlieghe et al for IPA in influenza patients The control group was formed by patients with ruled-out IPA (negative galactomannan and secretion cultures) We compared both groups to identify risk factors for IPA using the chi-squared test or the Mann-Whitney U test as applicable Results: Out of a total 239 patients, 54 met the inclusion criteria We identified 13 patients with IPA (24 07%) that met the definition of IPA (2 with positive cultures and 11 with positive galactomannan) and 41 without IPA Only three patients with IPA had important comorbidities (COPD, chronic kidney disease, and HIV) Patients with IPA tended to have a higher median age (64 6 vs 53 59, p=0 075) and a higher serum glucose at their arrival (145 vs 119, p=0 028) All patients with IPA presented to the hospital with ARDS (100% vs 72 5%, p=0 034), but ultimately did not have a higher requirement for mechanical ventilation (100% vs 82 93%, p=0 110) There were no statistical significant differences in use of Tocilizumab, use of glucocorticoids, mortality (23 07% vs 17 50%, p=0 563) or length of stay Conclusion: It has been previously described that patients with acute respiratory disease syndrome triggered by viral infection, like the influenza virus, are prone to invasive aspergillosis even in the absence of underlying immunodeficiency The use of antifungals to prevent aspergillosis in COVID-19 patients should be assessed because of the gravity presented in the patients with this co-infection
Invasive aspergillosis in COVID-19 patients in an intensive care unit in Mexico City