Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection and convalescence has been widely studied since March 2020. In this review, we summarize literature on humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 with focus on spike, nucleocapsid, and the receptor-binding domain antigens as targets of antibody responses. We highlight serological studies during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss the clinical relevance of antibody levels in COVID-19 progression. Antibody responses in pediatric COVID-19 patients are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss antibody responses during convalescence and their role in protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
Coronavirus antigens as targets of antibody responses