A recent study by the GRAP Occupational Psychology Clinic and the University of Quebec in Gatineau found that smokers who destroyed cigarettes in a virtual reality experienced a significant reduction in nicotine addiction. A group of 91 smokers who were enrolled in a 12-week anti-smoking support group were split into two treatment groups. One group grasped computer-simulated balls, and the other crushed computer-simulated cigarettes. After 12 weeks, 15 percent of the participants who crushed virtual cigarettes stopped smoking, while only 2 percent of those who grasped virtual balls reported abstinence. The participants were between 18 and 65 years old, with an average age of 44. They were in good general health, smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day and had been smoking for an average of 27 years. They came to the clinic once a week for the first four weeks, then once every two weeks for the last eight weeks of the study. After six months, the researchers called the participants, and 39 percent of the people who had crushed virtual cigarettes said they had not smoked in the previous week, but only 20 percent of the people who had grasped virtual balls exercised the same restraint. The researchers believe further studies must be conducted to explain their results but have hypothesized about self-efficacy, motivation and learning. 