Because surgery to remove breast cancer often includes the removal of lymph nodes and vessels, the lymphatic fluid normally channeled through this system can get backed up, causing swelling in the affected arm and breast area. The condition can range from mild to severe -- even moving the arm can become difficult -- and can begin during treatment or even years afterward. A study reported Wednesday in The New England Journal of Medicine gives new hope for managing lymphedema. In it, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and elsewhere assigned 141 breast cancer survivors to participate in either a twice-weekly weight-training program or to simply be a part of a control group. The weightlifting women increased the exercises, repetitions and resistance very gradually. They wore compression garments. They were monitored by fitness professionals who knew what they were doing. And, after a year (and contrary to those long-standing fears), they had no greater limb swelling overall than women in the control group. But this is the key: The exercising women were more likely to have a reduction in both the number of lymphedema symptoms and the severity of those symptoms. They were also more likely to have increases in upper- and lower-body strength. Wrote the researchers in a shortened version of their report: 'Weight lifting has generally been proscribed for women with breast-cancer-related lymphedema, preventing them from obtaining the well-established health benefits of weight lifting, including increases in bone density. ... In breast-cancer survivors with lymphedema, slowly progressive weight lifting had no significant effect on limb swelling and resulted in a decreased incidence of exacerbations of lymphedema, reduced symptoms, and increased strength.' They added that a strength of the study was the fact that participants' fitness regimen -- offered at YMCAs -- could easily be offered to others via the LiveStrong at YMCA program (a collaboration of the YMCA and the Lance Armstrong Foundation). Not all YMCAs currently have the program, but that's not to say the regimen can't be spread. An editorial accompanying the new study in The New England Journal of Medicine, from a behavioral science professor at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, states: 'Although no cost analysis was reported, the weight-lifting intervention clearly has the potential to result in cost-savings, not only by reducing direct health care costs but also by potentially reducing the risk of disability and allowing women to return to work at full capacity, either within or outside the home.' 