Hiroshima: 71 Years Ago Today, The US Govt Carried Out One of the Worst Terrorist Acts in HistoryBy Matt Agorist We have a shared responsibility to look directly in the eye of history. We must ask what we must do differently to curb such suffering again, Obama said in a speech at the memorial on Friday. The location of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was once the citys busiest downtown commercial and residential district. However, the devastating atomic blast from the U.S. bomb that killed over 100,000 innocent civilians left the clearing in which the monument now sits. The United States, with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed more than a hundred thousand innocent civilians, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history. The United States holding the largest stock of nuclear weapons in the world is as ironic as it is terrifying. On August 6, the U.S. dropped a uranium gun-type atomic bomb (Little Boy) on the city of Hiroshima. American President Harry S. Truman called for Japans surrender 16 hours later. Truman then told the Japanese, in psychopathic fashion, to expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Three days later, on August 9, the U.S. dropped a plutonium implosion-type bomb (Fat Man) on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,00080,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. In both cities, most of the dead were innocent civilians, including tens of thousands of children. While the Japanese monument in Hiroshima was specifically built to remember the horror of Americas nuclear bombs and the murderous devastation left in their wake, Japan is quite literally covered in lesser-known silent monuments from dozens of firebombings carried out on its cities by the United States military before the atomic blasts. One bombing campaign,in Tokyo alone, killed nearly as many innocent civilians as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. On the night of March 9, 1945, four months before the nuclear attack, the U.S. launched one of the most murderous and horrifying bombing campaigns in the history of the world. That night marked the beginning of a several weeks-long wave of firebomb and napalm attacks across more than 60 Japanese cities. Many of these bombings were just as bad as the two atomic bomb attacks. However, when adding the sum total of innocence slain by U.S. bombs, the deaths in those five dozen cities eclipses the total deaths in both atomic bombings by several magnitudes. While Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been deeply engraved on the consciousness of humanity and commemorated in monuments, museums, films, novels and textbooks, the firebombing and napalming of civilians of many other Japanese and Asian cities has largely disappeared from consciousness, except for the victims. In Tokyo alone, U.S. bombers dropped 300,000 incendiary bombs, completely destroying 16 square miles of neighborhoods killing more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians. Some survivor accounts detail flaming napalm seeping into bomb shelters and burning entire families alive. One of the reports from the bombers stated that the firestorm was so vast and hot that it caused a B-29 bomber weighing 60 tons to be thrust upward by 600 meters as it flew over. Tokyo was one of more than 60 cities in which hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians were burned alive as they sought cover from the death raining down from above. During what some historians refer to asThe Forgotten Holocaust,the U.S. dropped millions of incendiary bombs, napalm, and even fastenedbombs to live bats that were trained to fly up underneath roofs to explode and set houses on fire. Some historians have calculated the total dead from the U.S. bombing campaigns in Japan to upwards of one million innocent civilians. It is no wonder youve never heard about these attacks in your high school history class as it shows the true face of American terror. In 2003, Errol Morris won an Academy Award for his documentary film,The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara.The film consisted mostly of interviews with Robert McNamara, one of which described his role in the bombings. McNamarawas an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, during which time he played a major role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Following that, he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981. McNamara also consolidated intelligence and logistics functions of the Pentagon into two centralized agencies: the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Defense Supply Agency. So, when this well-connected military industrial complex insider talks about U.S. war crimes, you should listen. Apparently knowing that he could not be prosecuted for his previous war crimes in World War II and Vietnam, McNamara spoke candidly in the film about strategizing with General Curtis LeMay to, quite literally, set Japan on fire. In the brief excerpt from the documentary below, McNamara explains how LeMay said that If wed lost the war, wed all have been prosecuted as war criminals. And I think hes right, says McNamara. He, and Id say I, were behaving as war criminals, McNamara continued. LeMay recognized that what he was doing would be thought immoral if his side has lost. But what makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win? pondered the now deceased McNamara. McNamara was unapologetic in his testimony, and it seemed as if he really believed that since the U.S. won the war, their horrifyingly murderous track record was somehow just. By this same logic, had Hitler won, history should revere him as a hero instead of a murderous sociopath. Sadly, McNamara is right had Germany been successful, they could very well be written into history by themselves as the saviors of the free world. Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past. the political ideology of the totalitarian government of Oceania in George Orwells dystopian 1984. Below is that powerful video in which McNamara compares the Japanese cities sizes to that of American ones to illustrate the sheer size of destruction. To put the initial bombing of Tokyo into perspective, it would have been the equivalent of burning half of New York City, and all of its inhabitants, to the ground. Please share this article with your friends and families to let them know the real history behind Americas exceptionalism. Matt Agorist is the co-founder of TheFreeThoughtProject.com, where this article first appeared. He is an honorably discharged veteran of the USMC and former intelligence operator directly tasked by the NSA. This prior experience gives him unique insight into the world of government corruption and the American police state. Agorist has been an independent journalist for over a decade and has been featured on mainstream networks around the world. Follow @MattAgorist. Pearl Harbor ring a bell? I like how youre comparing this to an attack on a military target. You are astoundingly dense, Ill bet you can catch neutrinos in your hands. Lets not forget how Roosevelt and Churchill mercilessly fire bombed many, many german cities. Dresden is one such German city (famously written about by Kurt Vonnegut in Slaughter House 5 ) that had no military target. The heat from the firebombing was so intense that people would just be liquified were they stood. Theres some truth there. The ruling elite compartmentalize the realities. The vast majority of Americans were traumatized by Pearl Harbor (as planned) and saw the US entry into WWII as an act of self-defense. Several of my family members who served in the war came back deeply scarred with PTSD, others maimed, and some didnt come back at all. Dropping the bomb was rationalized and Americans didnt see themselves as the aggressors. You have been watching too many Hollywood war movies. The Americans were well aware of the attack on Pearl Harbor before it happened. The war mongers in D.C. needed Pearl Harbor so the American sheeple would back Roosevelt entering the war. The ships that were destroyed in the harbor were old navy ships that were to be decommissioned while the bulk of the 5th Fleet conveniently sailed out to the open sea a couple days before December 7. Exactly. And Obummer didnt apologize because both WW2 and the bombs were dropped to continue the work to create a fascist global elite World Government. Thats why Truman was carrying a Tennyson poem in his pocket the day he gave the order, one that he had been constantly carrying in his wallet and re-reading since he was a young man, a poem that described the ghastly death and destruction following the dropping of new weapons of mass destruction that world force the world to submit to a federation of mankind the common term in that era for world government. FDR another globalist criminal, murdered Patton who announced we had been fighting the wrong enemy all along. Thus sprach OBarnum! Didnt Kissinger get a Nobel Peace Prize before Obama? Kissinger is evil incarnate, Satan on earth if there is such a thing. Rudy is a revisionist amateur historian, and wrong. The battle ships at Pearl were old but hardly about to be decommissioned. Try talking to the surviving relatives of the crews of those soon to be decommissioned ships about thier deceased kin. The ships sailed out were carriers delivering planes to wake and midway islands. They were not sent to sea for no reason as Rudy suggests. The Empire of Japan started a war and lost. The weapons used make no difference, dead is dead. The best two things to come of the use of the bomb were peace and an example of how devastating nuclear weapons are. Maybe thats why we have not used them again. Baronskippy thinks it was terrible because Pearl was a military target and Hiroshima supposedly wasnt. Another revisionist idiot. Take a look how at how that war was fought. Everyone and thing were a target. Hiroshima had an Japanese army division stationed there and produced war material. It was a legitimate target. Try reading more and watching less garbage. Obama probably visited because he wanted to get a sense of what he could do to Aleppo. American propaganda resolutely ignores the carnage our high tech militaary imposes on civilian populations, declaring that our intentions by definition are good and that such killings and maimings are merely collateral damage, such obfuscation is intrinsic to the world of imperialism and its handmaiden militarism. Chalmers Johnson, Sorrows of Empire p. 28 One of those horrific days in the history of the USA, one of its most disgusting actions, and yet there are those that still will defend it. Perhaps this was the point of no return for she seems to have really gotten off the path of good since this action. Not that she was ever great, one look back at her history with the American Indian and more, but there comes a breaking point. They purposely used the Japanese psyche against them to drop these bombs, so as to show the world and or send a message. I can think of no other time in the history of mankind where this many innocent people died in not just the first instant, but for decades to come, and yet those that did it seem to relish in it and will not admit they were so wrong. Anyone that uses the old line of it saved lives knows not their history, nor have they or will they take the time to learn the truth, and that makes you just as guilty as if you dropped it yourself. Shame on The USA for this Shame on its people that faithfully follow the lie, and shame on the USA for the way they provoked the Japanese into this so they could enter the war. The two bombs were just an experiment to evaluate blast initiation and destructive power, plus to send a message to Stalin. Sucks to have your childrens lives sacrificed on the alter of military science. People still go along with our countrys immoral military apparatus. The Japanese people are arguably the most honest people in the world. The AMERICANS, who dropped this horrible weapon, have shown that they can be lead around by the nose to do the horrible things for those who buy our politicians. This evil action by Harry Truman has defined us as the scum of the Earth. Should we ever fall victim to a horrible disaster, we deserve no one to come to our aid. Spoken by someone who has never worked directly for them (5 years two different Corporations). NUCLEAR WEAPONS ARE FAKE. More and more evidence is coming to light to prove this fact. Those of you who have not by now suffered cognitive dissonance and even know what the two words mean should read the series of articles at the Daily Bell web site. Hiroshima was fire bombed like Tokyo. ALL stone buildings were still standing including the Bank of Japan which was under the hoax ground zero and the bank is still in operation today. Ever thought why Atom bombs were not used in Vietnam when the USA was losing the war? The US used all other types of hideous weapons so why not Atom bombs? sheeple follow the govt lies to excuse this atrocity. just as they find excuses for the attack on the uss liberty and the attacks on the wtc on 9/11. its the same around the world, Operation Gladio, FSB Moscow false flag apartment bombings, etc. denial and accepting the lies of govt propaganda you guys are as bad as the liberal lame stream mediare-write history and not get a single fact straightnice agenda dumasses Theres a big psychological operation underway to demonize the US rather than demonize the global elite who long ago captured and perverted America and all the other nations. That way the global elites solution to end their engineered conflicts will be to give more power to the UN and an Orwellian system of world government (aka global governance). Dont let them get away with it, give the power to the people. The only good Zionist is a Ever wonder why FDR threw in with the defeated Brits Japan was ready to throw in the towel in January 1945, and would have given a chance. So there was no need for either the atomic bomb or a full scale invasion in the first place. In fact, there was no need for the war either. The US actually helped topple the pro US peace party in power to bring in the anti US war party. After that, the US government deliberately tried to provoke war with both Japan and Germany. The Japanese made several attempts to surrender through various diplomatic channels. I know its been written about by at least a couple of good researchers, one of whom is an older retired physician. I can probably find a link or two if theres any interest You make a good point. There is enough blood on the hands of tyrants the world over to remind us democide is what we need to fight. Communist leaders (typically globalist puppets) have murdered some 97 million dissenters and tortured countless others, Russia, China, S. America, and then there are the Fascists, engineered wars However, what you dont know is the Japanese rulers at the time, who were no saints (i.e. authorization brutal medical human experimentation) attempted to surrender to the US through diplomatic channels. The deaths of the poor helpless pawns of war is a true sin. For some perspective: Tell me all about itThe Rape of NankingThe Bataan the March..The fight to death on Okinawa.How else were you going to get those bas*ards to surrendertell me all about it.. By naval blockade. You said,,, when adding the sum total of innocence slain by U.S. bombs, the deaths in those five dozen cities eclipses the total deaths in both atomic bombings by several magnitudes. Your the same little sicky that blames Israel for defending them selves when bombs are dropped on them. was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children. If the United States had been willing to wait, said Admiral Ernest King, US Chief of Naval Operations, the effective naval blockade would, in the course of time, have starved the Japanese into submission through lack of oil, rice, medicines, and other essential materials. Leo Szilard, a Hungarian-born scientist who played a major role in the development of the atomic bomb, argued against its use. Japan was essentially defeated, he said, and it would be wrong to attack its cities with atomic bombs as if atomic bombs were simply another military weapon. In a 1960 magazine article, Szilard wrote: If the Germans had dropped atomic bombs on cities instead of us, we would have defined the dropping of atomic bombs on cities as a war crime, and we would have sentenced the Germans who were guilty of this crime to death at Nuremberg and hanged them. US Strategic Bombing Survey Verdict After studying this matter in great detail, the United States Strategic Bombing Survey rejected the notion that Japan gave up because of the atomic bombings. In its authoritative 1946 report, the Survey concluded: The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs did not defeat Japan, nor by the testimony of the enemy leaders who ended the war did they persuade Japan to accept unconditional surrender. The Emperor, the Lord Privy Seal, the Prime Minister, the Foreign Minister, and the Navy Minister had decided as early as May of 1945 that the war should be ended even if it meant acceptance of defeat on allied terms The mission of the Suzuki government, appointed 7 April 1945, was to make peace. An appearance of negotiating for terms less onerous than unconditional surrender was maintained in order to contain the military and bureaucratic elements still determined on a final Bushido defense, and perhaps even more importantly to obtain freedom to create peace with a minimum of personal danger and internal obstruction. It seems clear, however, that in extremis the peacemakers would have peace, and peace on any terms. This was the gist of advice given to Hirohito by the Jushin in February, the declared conclusion of Kido in April, the underlying reason for Koisos fall in April, the specific injunction of the Emperor to Suzuki on becoming premier which was known to all members of his cabinet Negotiations for Russia to intercede began the forepart of May 1945 in both Tokyo and Moscow. Konoye, the intended emissary to the Soviets, stated to the Survey that while ostensibly he was to negotiate, he received direct and secret instructions from the Emperor to secure peace at any price, notwithstanding its severity It seems clear that air supremacy and its later exploitation over Japan proper was the major factor which determined the timing of Japans surrender and obviated any need for invasion. Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Surveys opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945 and in all probability prior to 1 November 1945 [the date of the planned American invasion], Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated. Historians Views In a 1986 study, historian and journalist Edwin P. Hoyt nailed the great myth, perpetuated by well-meaning people throughout the world, that the atomic bomb caused the surrender of Japan. In Japans War: The Great Pacific Conflict (p. 420), he explained: The fact is that as far as the Japanese militarists were concerned, the atomic bomb was just another weapon. The two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were icing on the cake, and did not do as much damage as the firebombings of Japanese cities. The B-29 firebombing campaign had brought the destruction of 3,100,000 homes, leaving 15 million people homeless, and killing about a million of them. It was the ruthless firebombing, and Hirohitos realization that if necessary the Allies would completely destroy Japan and kill every Japanese to achieve unconditional surrender that persuaded him to the decision to end the war. The atomic bomb is indeed a fearsome weapon, but it was not the cause of Japans surrender, even though the myth persists even to this day. In a trenchant new book, The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb (Praeger, 1996), historian Dennis D. Wainstock concludes that the bombings were not only unnecessary, but were based on a vengeful policy that actually harmed American interests. He writes (pp. 124, 132): By April 1945, Japans leaders realized that the war was lost. Their main stumbling block to surrender was the United States insistence on unconditional surrender. They specifically needed to know whether the United States would allow Hirohito to remain on the throne. They feared that the United States would depose him, try him as a war criminal, or even execute him Unconditional surrender was a policy of revenge, and it hurt Americas national self-interest. It prolonged the war in both Europe and East Asia, and it helped to expand Soviet power in those areas. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of US Army forces in the Pacific, stated on numerous occasions before his death that the atomic bomb was completely unnecessary from a military point of view: My staff was unanimous in believing that Japan was on the point of collapse and surrender. General Curtis LeMay, who had pioneered precision bombing of Germany and Japan (and who later headed the Strategic Air Command and served as Air Force chief of staff), put it most succinctly: The atomic bomb had nothing to do with the end of the war. From The Journal of Historical Review, May-June 1997 (Vol. 16, No. 3), pages 4-11. As Winston Churchill stated, History is written by the victor. With that in mind, for you that have been DUPED into thing the bombs saved American lives, to the point that some even recklessly suggesting it saved Japanese lives [!] please read: [And Im not justifying the horrific action of WW II, Pre-WW II, or Japanese atrocities!!!] Why the Atomic Bombings Could Have Been Avoided By Mark Weber On August 6, 1945, the world dramatically entered the atomic age: without either warning or precedent, an American plane dropped a single nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion utterly destroyed more than four square miles of the city center. About 90,000 people were killed immediately; another 40,000 were injured, many of whom died in protracted agony from radiation sickness. Three days later, a second atomic strike on the city of Nagasaki killed some 37,000 people and injured another 43,000. Together the two bombs eventually killed an estimated 200,000 Japanese civilians. Between the two bombings, Soviet Russia joined the United States in war against Japan. Under strong US prodding, Stalin broke his regimes 1941 non-aggression treaty with Tokyo. On the same day that Nagasaki was destroyed, Soviet troops began pouring into Manchuria, overwhelming Japanese forces there. Although Soviet participation did little or nothing to change the military outcome of the war, Moscow benefitted enormously from joining the conflict. In a broadcast from Tokyo the next day, August 10, the Japanese government announced its readiness to accept the joint American-British unconditional surrender declaration of Potsdam, with the understanding that the said declaration does not compromise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler. A day later came the American reply, which included these words: From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the State shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. Finally, on August 14, the Japanese formally accepted the provisions of the Potsdam declaration, and a cease fire was announced. On September 2, Japanese envoys signed the instrument of surrender aboard the US battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Apart from the moral questions involved, were the atomic bombings militarily necessary? By any rational yardstick, they were not. Japan already had been defeated militarily by June 1945. Almost nothing was left of the once mighty Imperial Navy, and Japans air force had been all but totally destroyed. Against only token opposition, American war planes ranged at will over the country, and US bombers rained down devastation on her cities, steadily reducing them to rubble. What was left of Japans factories and workshops struggled fitfully to turn out weapons and other goods from inadequate raw materials. (Oil supplies had not been available since April.) By July about a quarter of all the houses in Japan had been destroyed, and her transportation system was near collapse. Food had become so scarce that most Japanese were subsisting on a sub-starvation diet. On the night of March 9-10, 1945, a wave of 300 American bombers struck Tokyo, killing 100,000 people. Dropping nearly 1,700 tons of bombs, the war planes ravaged much of the capital city, completely burning out 16 square miles and destroying a quarter of a million structures. A million residents were left homeless. On May 23, eleven weeks later, came the greatest air raid of the Pacific War, when 520 giant B-29 Superfortress bombers unleashed 4,500 tons of incendiary bombs on the heart of the already battered Japanese capital. Generating gale-force winds, the exploding incendiaries obliterated Tokyos commercial center and railway yards, and consumed the Ginza entertainment district. Two days later, on May 25, a second strike of 502 Superfortress planes roared low over Tokyo, raining down some 4,000 tons of explosives. Together these two B-29 raids destroyed 56 square miles of the Japanese capital. Even before the Hiroshima attack, American air force General Curtis LeMay boasted that American bombers were driving them [Japanese] back to the stone age. Henry H. (Hap) Arnold, commanding General of the Army air forces, declared in his 1949 memoirs: It always appeared to us, atomic bomb or no atomic bomb, the Japanese were already on the verge of collapse. This was confirmed by former Japanese prime minister Fumimaro Konoye, who said: Fundamentally, the thing that brought about the determination to make peace was the prolonged bombing by the B-29s. Japan Seeks Peace Months before the end of the war, Japans leaders recognized that defeat was inevitable. In April 1945 a new government headed by Kantaro Suzuki took office with the mission of ending the war. When Germany capitulated in early May, the Japanese understood that the British and Americans would now direct the full fury of their awesome military power exclusively against them. American officials, having long since broken Japans secret codes, knew from intercepted messages that the countrys leaders were seeking to end the war on terms as favorable as possible. Details of these efforts were known from decoded secret communications between the Foreign Ministry in Tokyo and Japanese diplomats abroad. In his 1965 study, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (pp. 107, 108), historian Gar Alperovitz writes: Although Japanese peace feelers had been sent out as early as September 1944 (and [Chinas] Chiang Kai-shek had been approached regarding surrender possibilities in December 1944), the real effort to end the war began in the spring of 1945. This effort stressed the role of the Soviet Union In mid-April [1945] the [US] Joint Intelligence Committee reported that Japanese leaders were looking for a way to modify the surrender terms to end the war. The State Department was convinced the Emperor was actively seeking a way to stop the fighting. [Because of the length of this article, Ive been forced to divide it into parts. This is part one.] Here is part two to the Mark Webers article. Japan Seeks Peace Months before the end of the war, Japans leaders recognized that defeat was inevitable. In April 1945 a new government headed by Kantaro Suzuki took office with the mission of ending the war. When Germany capitulated in early May, the Japanese understood that the British and Americans would now direct the full fury of their awesome military power exclusively against them. American officials, having long since broken Japans secret codes, knew from intercepted messages that the countrys leaders were seeking to end the war on terms as favorable as possible. Details of these efforts were known from decoded secret communications between the Foreign Ministry in Tokyo and Japanese diplomats abroad. In his 1965 study, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (pp. 107, 108), historian Gar Alperovitz writes: Although Japanese peace feelers had been sent out as early as September 1944 (and [Chinas] Chiang Kai-shek had been approached regarding surrender possibilities in December 1944), the real effort to end the war began in the spring of 1945. This effort stressed the role of the Soviet Union In mid-April [1945] the [US] Joint Intelligence Committee reported that Japanese leaders were looking for a way to modify the surrender terms to end the war. The State Department was convinced the Emperor was actively seeking a way to stop the fighting. A Secret Memorandum It was only after the war that the American public learned about Japans efforts to bring the conflict to an end. Chicago Tribune reporter Walter Trohan, for example, was obliged by wartime censorship to withhold for seven months one of the most important stories of the war. In an article that finally appeared August 19, 1945, on the front pages of the Chicago Tribune and the Washington Times-Herald, Trohan revealed that on January 20, 1945, two days prior to his departure for the Yalta meeting with Stalin and Churchill, President Roosevelt received a 40-page memorandum from General Douglas MacArthur outlining five separate surrender overtures from high-level Japanese officials. (The complete text of Trohans article is in the Winter 1985-86 Journal, pp. 508-512.) This memo showed that the Japanese were offering surrender terms virtually identical to the ones ultimately accepted by the Americans at the formal surrender ceremony on September 2 that is, complete surrender of everything but the person of the Emperor. Specifically, the terms of these peace overtures included: Complete surrender of all Japanese forces and arms, at home, on island possessions, and in occupied countries. The authenticity of the Trohan article was never challenged by the White House or the State Department, and for very good reason. After General MacArthur returned from Korea in 1951, his neighbor in the Waldorf Towers, former President Herbert Hoover, took the Trohan article to General MacArthur and the latter confirmed its accuracy in every detail and without qualification. Peace Overtures In April and May 1945, Japan made three attempts through neutral Sweden and Portugal to bring the war to a peaceful end. On April 7, acting Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu met with Swedish ambassador Widon Bagge in Tokyo, asking him to ascertain what peace terms the United States and Britain had in mind. But he emphasized that unconditional surrender was unacceptable, and that the Emperor must not be touched. Bagge relayed the message to the United States, but Secretary of State Stettinius told the US Ambassador in Sweden to show no interest or take any initiative in pursuit of the matter. Similar Japanese peace signals through Portugal, on May 7, and again through Sweden, on the 10th, proved similarly fruitless. By mid-June, six members of Japans Supreme War Council had secretly charged Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo with the task of approaching Soviet Russias leaders with a view to terminating the war if possible by September. On June 22 the Emperor called a meeting of the Supreme War Council, which included the Prime Minister, the Foreign Minister, and the leading military figures. We have heard enough of this determination of yours to fight to the last soldiers, said Emperor Hirohito. We wish that you, leaders of Japan, will strive now to study the ways and the means to conclude the war. In doing so, try not to be bound by the decisions you have made in the past. By early July the US had intercepted messages from Togo to the Japanese ambassador in Moscow, Naotake Sato, showing that the Emperor himself was taking a personal hand in the peace effort, and had directed that the Soviet Union be asked to help end the war. US officials also knew that the key obstacle to ending the war was American insistence on unconditional surrender, a demand that precluded any negotiations. The Japanese were willing to accept nearly everything, except turning over their semi-divine Emperor. Heir of a 2,600-year-old dynasty, Hirohito was regarded by his people as a living god who personified the nation. (Until the August 15 radio broadcast of his surrender announcement, the Japanese people had never heard his voice.) Japanese particularly feared that the Americans would humiliate the Emperor, and even execute him as a war criminal. On July 12, Hirohito summoned Fumimaro Konoye, who had served as prime minister in 1940-41. Explaining that it will be necessary to terminate the war without delay, the Emperor said that he wished Konoye to secure peace with the Americans and British through the Soviets. As Prince Konoye later recalled, the Emperor instructed him to secure peace at any price, notwithstanding its severity. The next day, July 13, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo wired ambassador Naotake Sato in Moscow: See [Soviet foreign minister] Molotov before his departure for Potsdam Convey His Majestys strong desire to secure a termination of the war Unconditional surrender is the only obstacle to peace On July 17, another intercepted Japanese message revealed that although Japans leaders felt that the unconditional surrender formula involved an unacceptable dishonor, they were convinced that the demands of the times made Soviet mediation to terminate the war absolutely essential. Further diplomatic messages indicated that the only condition asked by the Japanese was preservation of our form of government. The only difficult point, a July 25 message disclosed, is the formality of unconditional surrender. Summarizing the messages between Togo and Sato, US naval intelligence said that Japans leaders, though still balking at the term unconditional surrender, recognized that the war was lost, and had reached the point where they have no objection to the restoration of peace on the basis of the [1941] Atlantic Charter. These messages, said Assistant Secretary of the Navy Lewis Strauss, indeed stipulated only that the integrity of the Japanese Royal Family be preserved. Navy Secretary James Forrestal termed the intercepted messages real evidence of a Japanese desire to get out of the war. With the interception of these messages, notes historian Alperovitz (p. 177), there could no longer be any real doubt as to the Japanese intentions; the maneuvers were overt and explicit and, most of all, official acts. Koichi Kido, Japans Lord Privy Seal and a close advisor to the Emperor, later affirmed: Our decision to seek a way out of this war, was made in early June before any atomic bomb had been dropped and Russia had not entered the war. It was already our decision. In spite of this, on July 26 the leaders of the United States and Britain issued the Potsdam declaration, which included this grim ultimatum: We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces and to provide proper and adequate assurance of good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction. Commenting on this draconian either-or proclamation, British historian J.F.C. Fuller wrote: Not a word was said about the Emperor, because it would be unacceptable to the propaganda-fed American masses. (A Military History of the Western World [1987], p. 675.) Americas leaders understood Japans desperate position: the Japanese were willing to end the war on any terms, as long as the Emperor was not molested. If the US leadership had not insisted on unconditional surrender that is, if they had made clear a willingness to permit the Emperor to remain in place the Japanese very likely would have surrendered immediately, thus saving many thousands of lives. The sad irony is that, as it actually turned out, the American leaders decided anyway to retain the Emperor as a symbol of authority and continuity. They realized, correctly, that Hirohito was useful as a figurehead prop for their own occupation authority in postwar Japan. This is part three of Mark Webers article Justifications President Truman steadfastly defended his use of the atomic bomb, claiming that it saved millions of lives by bringing the war to a quick end. Justifying his decision, he went so far as to declare: The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. This was a preposterous statement. In fact, almost all of the victims were civilians, and the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (issued in 1946) stated in its official report: Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as targets because of their concentration of activities and population. If the atomic bomb was dropped to impress the Japanese leaders with the immense destructive power of a new weapon, this could have been accomplished by deploying it on an isolated military base. It was not necessary to destroy a large city. And whatever the justification for the Hiroshima blast, it is much more difficult to defend the second bombing of Nagasaki. All the same, most Americans accepted, and continue to accept, the official justifications for the bombings. Accustomed to crude propagandistic portrayals of the Japs as virtually subhuman beasts, most Americans in 1945 heartily welcomed any new weapon that would wipe out more of the detested Asians, and help avenge the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. For the young Americans who were fighting the Japanese in bitter combat, the attitude was Thank God for the atom bomb. Almost to a man, they were grateful for a weapon whose deployment seemed to end the war and thus allow them to return home. After the July 1943 firestorm destruction of Hamburg, the mid-February 1945 holocaust of Dresden, and the fire-bombings of Tokyo and other Japanese cities, Americas leaders as US Army General Leslie Groves later commented were generally inured to the mass killing of civilians. For President Harry Truman, the killing of tens of thousands of Japanese civilians was simply not a consideration in his decision to use the atom bomb. Critical Voices Amid the general clamor of enthusiasm, there were some who had grave misgivings. We are the inheritors to the mantle of Genghis Khan, wrote New York Times editorial writer Hanson Baldwin, and of all those in history who have justified the use of utter ruthlessness in war. Norman Thomas called Nagasaki the greatest single atrocity of a very cruel war. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the President, was similarly appalled. A leading voice of American Protestantism, Christian Century, strongly condemned the bombings. An editorial entitled Americas Atomic Atrocity in the issue of August 29, 1945, told readers: The atomic bomb was used at a time when Japans navy was sunk, her air force virtually destroyed, her homeland surrounded, her supplies cut off, and our forces poised for the final stroke Our leaders seem not to have weighed the moral considerations involved. No sooner was the bomb ready than it was rushed to the front and dropped on two helpless cities The atomic bomb can fairly be said to have struck Christianity itself The churches of America must dissociate themselves and their faith from this inhuman and reckless act of the American Government. A leading American Catholic voice, Commonweal, took a similar view. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the magazine editorialized, are names for American guilt and shame. Pope Pius XII likewise condemned the bombings, expressing a view in keeping with the traditional Roman Catholic position that every act of war directed to the indiscriminate destruction of whole cities or vast areas with their inhabitants is a crime against God and man. The Vatican newspaper Osservatore Romano commented in its August 7, 1945, issue: This war provides a catastrophic conclusion. Incredibly this destructive weapon remains as a temptation for posterity, which, we know by bitter experience, learns so little from history. Part four of Mark Webers article.Authoritative Voices of Dissent American leaders who were in a position to know the facts did not believe, either at the time or later, that the atomic bombings were needed to end the war. When he was informed in mid-July 1945 by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson of the decision to use the atomic bomb, General Dwight Eisenhower was deeply troubled. He disclosed his strong reservations about using the new weapon in his 1963 memoir, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (pp. 312-313): During his [Stimsons] recitation of the relevant facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of face. The Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasnt necessary to hit them with that awful thing I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon, Eisenhower said in 1963. Shortly after V-J Day, the end of the Pacific war, Brig. General Bonnie Fellers summed up in a memo for General MacArthur: Neither the atomic bombing nor the entry of the Soviet Union into the war forced Japans unconditional surrender. She was defeated before either these events took place. Similarly, Admiral Leahy, Chief of Staff to presidents Roosevelt and Truman, later commented: It is my opinion that the use of the barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children. If the United States had been willing to wait, said Admiral Ernest King, US Chief of Naval Operations, the effective naval blockade would, in the course of time, have starved the Japanese into submission through lack of oil, rice, medicines, and other essential materials. Leo Szilard, a Hungarian-born scientist who played a major role in the development of the atomic bomb, argued against its use. Japan was essentially defeated, he said, and it would be wrong to attack its cities with atomic bombs as if atomic bombs were simply another military weapon. In a 1960 magazine article, Szilard wrote: If the Germans had dropped atomic bombs on cities instead of us, we would have defined the dropping of atomic bombs on cities as a war crime, and we would have sentenced the Germans who were guilty of this crime to death at Nuremberg and hanged them. Because of the length of the cited article, Ive had to divide Mark Webers article into five posting. My introductory comments are in part one. The Usurped States military is a mercenary force for the satanic leeches that kontrol the CONgress. Since 1913 the traitor Woodrow Wilson gave the keys of the unfederal b.s bank to the scum owners. Since then perpetual wars and depressions followed by recessions followed by misery for all. 1914 the unconstitutional IRS thug extortion agency was put into to place. BTW: It seems out of character for Truman. If you believe the propaganda. My father had left Europe and was training for the invasion, and was happy he didnt end up on he mainland of Japan. However, Japan was already on its last legs and was near capitulation anyway. 