Q:

How to profile combined python and c code

I have an application that consists of multiple python scripts. Some of these scripts are calling C code. The application is now running much slower than it was, so I would like to profile it to see where the problem lies. Is there a tool, software package or just a way to profile such an application? A tool that will follow the python code into the C code and profile these calls as well?
Note 1: I am well aware of the standard Python profiling tools. I'm specifically looking here for combined Python/C profiling.
Note 2: the Python modules are calling C code using ctypes (see http://docs.python.org/library/ctypes.html for details).
Thanks!

A:

Stackshots work. Since you have combined Python and C you can handle them separately. For Python, you can hit Ctrl-C while it's being slow to examine the stack. Do this several times. That will expose anything you can fix in the python code. For the C code, run the whole thing under a debugger like GDB and hit Ctrl-C to get a stack trace in C. Several of those will expose anything you can fix in the C code. I'm told OProfile can also do this. (Another way is to use lsstack if it is available.)
This is a little-known method that works on this principle: Suppose you have an infinite loop or a nearly infinite loop. How would you find it? You would halt the program and see what it was doing, right? Suppose the program only took twice as long as necessary. Each time you halted it, the chance that you would catch it doing the unnecessary thing is 50%. So all you have to do is halt it a number of times. As soon as you see it doing something that could be improved, on as few as 2 samples, you know you can fix that for a healthy speedup. Then you can repeat it to get the next problem. Measuring is not the point. Catching things you can improve is the point.

