[Pregnancy hypertension].
Hypertension occurs in 6-8% of pregnancies, preeclampsia in 2%, found to be "severe" in 0.6%. Preeclampsia remains a major cause of foetal, and even maternal, mortality. Two different aspects are described: "maternal" preeclampsia is related to pre-existent vascular lesions in the mother, "placental" preeclampsia is due to a primary defect in early placentation. The earliest disorder seems to be a "materno-foetal immune maladaptation", characterized by a defective cooperation between uterine NK cells and foetal HLA-C. Defective angiogenesis is also involved, which has been accounted for by an abnormal production of soluble receptors for angiogenic factors and TGF-beta. The resulting placental ischemia is responsible for an increased shedding of trophoblastic debris in the maternal circulation, an inflammatory syndrome, and finally generalized endothelial dysfunction, which is the clue to maternal symptoms. Clinical presentations range from benign isolated hypertension to life-threatening severe preeclampsia, which entails a major risk of maternal complications and foetal death. Antihypertensive treatment does not improve the foetal or maternal prognosis, in spite of blood pressure lowering. Very early preventive treatments have been developed, which seem largely more promising. Research is very active in this field. Finally, women who had preeclampsia are more prone to future hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or coronary disease.
PubMed Abstracts
PubMed Abstracts