Ligatures usually replace consecutive characters sharing common components and are part of a more general class of glyphs called "contextual forms", where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or proximity to the end of a line. By way of example, the common ampersand ("&") represents the Latin conjunctive word et, for which the English equivalent is the word "and". The ampersand's symbol is a ligature, joining the old handwritten Latin letters e and t of the word et, so that the word is represented as a single glyph.[1]
Macron. The opposite is the breve 〈˘〉, which marks a short or light syllable or a short vowel.

Uses[edit] Syllable weight[edit] Vowel length[edit] The following languages or transliteration systems use the macron to mark long vowels: Tone[edit] Omission[edit] Sometimes the macron marks an omitted n or m, like the tilde:
Hook (diacritic)
It could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter J from the letter I, or the letter Eng (ŋ) from the letter N, however these letters are usually not identified as being formed with the hook.

Most letters with hook are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and many languages use them (along with capitals) representing the same sounds. The hook often attaches to the top part of the letter, sometimes replacing the ascender. If it attaches to the bottom part of the letter, it can curl to the left (and could be a palatal hook), or to the right (and could be a retroflex hook). Unicode has the combining diacritics U+0321 ̡ combining palatized hook below (HTML: &#801;) and U+0322 ̢ combining retroflex hook below (HTML: &#802;) but these are not recommended to be used with letters, and should be used to illustrate the hooks themselves. Instead Unicode recommends the use of characters that already include the hook.

List of Unicode characters. Bar (diacritic)
A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme.

It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others. It can take the form of a vertical bar, slash, or crossbar. In phonetic transcription, a stroke through a letter often indicates that the sound is a fricative.
[citation needed] For the specific usages of various letters with bars and strokes, see their individual articles.
Currency sign. A currency symbol is a graphic symbol used as a shorthand for a currency's name, especially in reference to amounts of money.

They typically employ the first letter or character of the currency, sometimes with minor changes such as ligatures or overlaid vertical or horizontal bars. Today, ISO 4217 codes are used instead of currency symbols for most official purposes,[citation needed] though currency symbols may be in common use in many other contexts. Few currencies in the world have no shorthand symbol at all.

Although many former currency symbols were rendered obsolete by the adoption of the euro, having a new and unique currency symbol – implementation of which requires the adoption of new unicode and type formats – has now become a status symbol for international currencies. The European Commission considers the global recognition of the euro sign € part of its success.

Epsilon. In essence, the uppercase form of epsilon looks identical to Latin E.

The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval Greek handwriting. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like a reversed "3". The other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,[1][2] looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them.[1] In Unicode, the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. ) denotes the lunate form, while \varepsilon ( ) denotes the inverted-3 form.
Диакритические знаки. Диакрити́ческие зна́ки (др.

After major revisions and expansions in 1900 and 1932, the IPA remained unchanged until the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989. Extensions to the IPA for speech pathology were created in 1990 and officially adopted by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994.[11] Description[edit] A chart of the full International Phonetic Alphabet, expanded and re-organized from the official chart.