Somalia’s Peace-Keeping On A Budget

THE Islamist group al-Shabab, that controls large parts of central and southern Somalia, has recently suffered significant defeats at the hands of Amisom, the African Union force that has been fighting the al-Qaeda-allied militants. The BBC’s Gabriel Gatehouse is in Mogadishu and has been travelling with them.

“Every day they attack, but without success,” a Burundian soldier says as he takes us to see his new front line, on the outskirts of Mogadishu.

“Shabab, finished!” shouts a new Somali recruit, as he heaves himself into his “technical” – a modified pickup truck with an anti-aircraft gun welded to the back, bullet belts slung around his neck.

African Union forces have been hitting al-Shabab hard.

Together with their allies in the Somali national army (mostly former militiamen like the young fighter in the “technical”), Ugandan and Burundian soldiers took the key town of Afgoye at the end of April.

It is about 30 km (18.5 miles) from Mogadishu, and had been a crucial stronghold for the Islamist fighters, as well as a centre of their bomb-making activities.

Almost simultaneously, Kenyan forces have been advancing on the al-Shabab stronghold of Kismayo in the south. And Ethiopian troops are squeezing the Islamists in the west, near the town of Baidoa.

Col Kayanja Muhanga, the Ugandan officer in charge of the assault on Afgoye, says it has been a tough battle. He says he and his men have been aided by a steady trickle of defectors.

“They have had a lot of losses,” he says at his camp outside Afgoye.

“And when the enemy is defeated, some of them report to you. They have been giving us very useful information.”

We meet a young man by the name of Abu Khalit. He is 24 years old and had deserted from al-Shabab only the previous week.

He says he joined the Islamists four years ago. He would have risked certain death if he had been caught as a defector.

“I realised al-Shabab were not bringing freedom to the people,” he said.

“I realised it wasn’t about religion. These people just want to fight. The real enemy here is al-Qaeda.”

Al-Shabab’s recent losses have had an effect on morale.

“They have all fled this area. Their morale has died. Everyone is looking for somewhere to hide.”

Over the past 20 years, there have been numerous attempts to bring peace to Somalia by force.

The United States failed, culminating in the now-infamous 1993 incident in the battle for Mogadishu dubbed “Black Hawk Down”.

Other UN-backed international missions also failed. But this time, Col Muhanga says, it is different.

“This is Africans solving their own problems. Africans solving African problems. The Somalis identify more with us because we are neighbours, we are Africans. They identify more with us than the foreign forces that have been here before.”

Col Muhanga’s assessment of the situation is accurate, up to a point.

As their armoured convoys rumble through the streets of Mogadishu, reactions from local residents are by and large positive, with waves and cheers from the shops and stalls that have re-emerged in the capital since Amisom pushed out al-Shabab.

But Amisom is almost exclusively financed not by African nations, but by the big Western powers, notably the US and the EU.

Ugandan troops receive training from US forces inside Uganda. In Mogadishu itself, Amisom officers are “mentored” by a group of international private security contractors, mostly from Europe or the US, some of them veterans of decades of African conflicts.

All of this leaves the Amisom mission vulnerable to being labelled a “proxy war”.

The AU mission is ultra-low-budget. For example, Amisom does not have a single helicopter, a fact that contributed to heavy losses among Burundian forces during last year’s battle for Mogadishu.

The operation costs a fraction of other UN-led peacekeeping missions, for example the UN mission in DR Congo, which is widely seen as ineffectual, not to mention the US-led missions in Iraq and Afghanistan.

So is Amisom a model for future conflict resolution in Africa and elsewhere?

It could be, says Augustine Mahiga, the UN Special Representative to Somalia.