1629–1631 Italian plague

The Italian Plague of 1629–1631 was a series of outbreaks of bubonic plague which ravaged northern and central Italy. This epidemic, often referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, claimed possibly one million lives, or about 25% of the population. This episode is considered one of the later outbreaks of the centuries-long pandemic of bubonic plague which began with the Black Death.

Outbreaks
German and French troops carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629, as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).  Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the infection. 

In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's major commercial center. Although the city initiated effective public health measures, including quarantine and limiting the access of German soldiers and trade goods, the plague smoldered. A major outbreak in March 1630 was due to relaxed health measures during the carnival season. This was followed by a second wave in the spring and summer of 1631. Overall, Milan suffered approximately 60,000 fatalities out of a total population of 130,000.

East of Lombardy, the Republic of Venice was infected in 1630–31. The city of Venice was severely hit, with recorded casualties of 46,000 people out of a population of 140,000. Some historians believe the drastic loss of life, and its impact on commerce, ultimately resulted in the downfall of Venice as a major commercial and political power. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.

Later, outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630–1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656–57.

Population before the plague and death toll, selected cities:

A 2019 study found that the plague of 1629–1631 led to lower growth in several cities affected by the plague and "caused long‐lasting damage to the size of Italian urban populations and to urbanization rates. These findings support the hypothesis that seventeenth‐century plagues played a fundamental role in triggering the process of relative decline of the Italian economies."

Literature
The 1630 plague in Milan is the backdrop for several chapters of Alessandro Manzoni's 1840 novel The Betrothed (). Although a work of fiction, Manzoni's description of the conditions and events in plague-ravaged Milan are completely historical and extensively documented from primary sources researched by the author.

An expunged section of the book, describing the historical trial and execution of three alleged "plague-spreaders", was later published in a pamphlet entitled Storia della colonna infame (History of the pillar of infamy).

See also
List of epidemics
Santa Maria della Salute, a church in Venice built as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from the plague
Lazzaretto Vecchio, small island in the Venetian lagoon used as a cemetery for plague victims

References

 
 

Category:Second plague pandemic
Category:Health disasters in Italy
*
Category:17th-century health disasters
Category:1629 in Italy
Category:1630 in Italy
Category:1631 in Italy
Category:Duchy of Milan
Category:17th century in the Republic of Venice
Category:1629 disasters
Category:1630 disasters
Category:1631 disasters
Category:17th-century epidemics
Category:History of Milan
Category:Thirty Years' War