---
author:
- Sudhakar Mishra
- Uma Shanker Tiwary
title: 'A Cognition-Affect Integrated Model of Emotion'
---

Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
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Results {#results .unnumbered}
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Discussion {#discussion .unnumbered}
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Earlier model of emotion were more inclined towards classical and deterministic aspects of it [@panksepp2004affective; @ekman1979facial; @fehr1970peripheral]. With the continuous development in understanding [@lazarus1980emotions; @leventhal1980toward; @russell2003core; @lindquist2008constructing; @gendron2009reconstructing; @barrett2013psychological], later proposed models started modeling emotion as a non-deterministic and distributed phenomena. Following the same line of development, we have proposed here a conceptual model of emotion supported by the analytical observations of long-range cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical coactivations, calculated cognitive functions, and description in the framework of brain’s organization (functional asymmetry, the laminar organization, microscopic descriptions). As the laminar organization [@von2009cellular; @barbas1997cortical] and functional asymmetry [@d2016recruitment] are reported to be the general structural and functional organization of the brain, we considered this concept for the processing of emotions too.

The presented layered model (see fig \[fig:model\_\]) signifies the interaction between affect and cognition in loop to construct an event of emotion. Based on our results and the model, we suggest that communications among different brain regions, which are responsible for social context and self related event processing (for example places, objects, goals and so on), salient feature detection, attention, reward/punishment, hedonic value, and physiological sensations (all discussed separately in the next section), takes place to create an event of emotion.

Our model explicitly explains the nature of emotion against the universality of it in a way that emotion itself is part of the process underlying on the brain’s dynamic connectivity organization. And, these dynamic interactions construct an affective subjective experience which is called an emotion. Our model also argues beyond the concept of appraisal model in a way that emotion is not merely reaction to the appraised stimulus but encoded in experience. Our model is inferred from calculated cognitive functions (using neural decoding and MVPA analysis) rather than speculative arguments on the involvement of different cognitive functions unlike in social constructionist model of emotions.

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives {#concluding-remarks-and-future-perspectives .unnumbered}
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**Allostasis:** Brain anticipates needs and provides organism’s physiological infrastructure to fulfil these needs in order to regulate the organism’s internal milieu[@sterling2015principles]. Allostasis is different from homeostasis in that it has experience based variable stable point regulating the organism’s behavior, whereas homeostasis is based on constant setpoint and an error mechanism to regain this constant set point[@sterling2012allostasis].\
**Core Affect:** Core affects are the behavioural-action tendencies with instinctual-arousal tools of nature rather than constructions of nature. Core affects reflect relatively invisible neurodynamics of ancient brain systems. In the words of Jaak Panksepp “at their core, raw affective experiences appear to be pre-propositional gifts of nature—cognitively impenetrable tools for living that inform us about the states of our body, the sensory aspects of the world that support or detract from our survival, and various distinct types of emotional arousal that can inundate our minds. Affects reflect the heuristic value codes that magnificently assist survival, and give ‘value’ to life.”\
**Predictive coding:** A finding by[@rao1999predictive] which signifies top-down and bottom-up processing as feedback and feedforward projections carrying prediction based on the inference from past and prediction error(in terms of predicted minus what is actually observed), respectively.\
**Recurrent Circuits or Microcircuits or Neural ensemble:** A group of excitatory and inhibitory cells which co-activate together in a specific pattern upon receiving a cue and performing specific information processing relevant to a task. For example, neural ensemble creating concepts in the hippocampus, orientation columns in visual cortex and so on.

Methods {#methods .unnumbered}
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Processed Data and Code Availability {#processed-data-and-code-availability .unnumbered}
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All the code and processed data will be made available upon publication.

Ethics declarations {#ethics-declarations .unnumbered}
===================

This study was carried out in compliance with the DEAP data [@koelstra2011deap] (available online) end user license agreement (available on  [@Deap2020Eula]). All the ethical guidelines provided in the above mentioned license agreement form have been rigorously followed. Consent information for each participant is included in the participant questionnaire file (available on  [@Deap2020Data]). The authors also declare no competing interests.

Author contributions statement {#author-contributions-statement .unnumbered}
==============================

S.M and U.S.T. both have developed the presented idea and model. S.M did the coding whereas S.M and U.S.T. both discussed and decided the computational procedure. The interpretation of the calculated results is done by both U.S.T and S.M.. The first draft of the manuscript is prepared by the S.M. U.S.T. and S.M. both refined the manuscript to the presentation and submission level.

Additional information {#additional-information .unnumbered}
======================

The corresponding author is responsible for submitting a [competing interests statement](http://www.nature.com/srep/policies/index.html#competing) on behalf of all authors of the paper.

Figures {#figures .unnumbered}
=======
