Background {#Sec1}
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An important focus of type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment is to keep blood sugar level within a target range and to avoid glycemic variability. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia over time is associated with the development of micro and macrovascular complications \[[@CR1]\].

To achieve these goals, T1D patients need to, monitor their blood sugar frequently and regularly, and address the effects of carbohydrate consumption and exercise to keep levels of blood sugar at acceptable levels.

Living with T1D, the demands of glycemic control and dealing with the possibility of developing complications combine to increase diabetes-related distress (DD). High DD has been shown to reduce self management and affect glycemic control \[[@CR2]--[@CR5]\]. Concerns about emotional and behavioral aspects related to metabolic control, remain challenging to researchers and clinicians.

High DD has been shown to be quite prevalent among T1D adults \[[@CR6]--[@CR8]\]. DD may be defined as a group of reactions and emotional responses to life with diabetes, specifically associated with treatment, diet and self-management demands. It is related to sadness, frustration, anger, disappointment, fatigue, disorganization and "burnout" related to diabetes management \[[@CR9]\] and it is the result of personal experiences of people dealing with diabetes \[[@CR9]\]. DD is distinct from clinical depression and is directly linked to poor glycemic control \[[@CR10]\].

DD may hamper the ability of patients to manage their disease and reach treatment goals. Studies have shown the importance of correctly diagnosing DD to help develop strategies aimed at efficient management of disease in clinical practice \[[@CR7], [@CR11]\].

An important tool to evaluate DD is the "type 1 diabetes distress scale"---T1DDS, that addresses the distress associated with self-monitoring, insulin adjustment, fears about hypoglycemia, family and social perceptions of disease, among others \[[@CR12]\].

The T1DDS was developed in the USA, by Fisher et al. \[[@CR12]\] following a qualitative study that reported the high prevalence of DD and the common sources of DD in this population, e.g., feelings of powerlessness, concerns about management, fears of hypoglycemia, etc. \[[@CR13]\]. Initial potential items for T1DDS were developed by the authors in consultation with adults with T1D and diabetes health care professionals.

Over 50 items were originally identified and they were administered to a large sample of T1D patients. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses reduced the number of items and demonstrated item clusters that formed individual subscales. T1DDS differs from other previously applied scales for proposing questions more related to T1D patients lives.

To utilize the T1-DDS in other countries and with other languages, translation and cross cultural adaptation are required. Brazil is a country with considerable social and cultural diversity, including families of different incomes, health care and food choices \[[@CR14]\]. Thus, the aim of this study was to translate and adapt the T1-DDS for use with T1D adults in Brazil.

Methods {#Sec2}
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This study was performed according to proceedings for instruments translation and transcultural validation \[[@CR14]\].

Subjects {#Sec3}
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40 T1D patients followed at type 1 diabetes clinic of the State University of Campinas hospital, a tertiary university hospital, in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated, between September 2016 and February 2017. They were invited to take part on the study during routine consultations.

Inclusion criteria were: age 18 years and older with diagnosis of T1D for at least 6 months. Exclusion criteria were cognitive impairment that could harm the patients' ability to answer the scale questions, history of major psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia, drug addiction, dementia) and patients with severe diabetes-related complications (blindness, need for hemodialysis, major limb amputations and stroke).

Procedure {#Sec4}
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The translation and cultural adaptation followed the steps suggested by Guillemin et al. \[[@CR14]\]. All the steps were carefully taken into account to produce a scale capable of measuring the same phenomena as the original scale, without losing its relevance or reliability (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 1Process to translate and adapt instruments according literature

After authorization from original author, the translation of T1DDS was made by two qualified professionals fluent in English, whose native language is Brazilian Portuguese. One professional had clinical experience with DD and the other did not. The second translator was advised to carry out a semantic translation and not just a literal one, as well as to modify the text to include language appropriate for Brazilian culture.

This process resulted in two forward translations: versions 1 (T1) and 2 (T2). Where differences occurred, the translators discussed both translations and a consensus resulted in a reconciled version (T1, 2). This step was called synthesis. Subsequently, the reconciled version was translated into English by two English language native professionals, resulting in back translation (back translation BT1 and BT2). These back translations were discussed with the original author and compared to the original text to correct discrepancies.

The final version was reviewed by three endocrinologists, one psychiatrist, one nutritionist, and one T1 patient. Differences in this committee's review were resolved by consensus.

The final translated scale was then administered to 40 adults with T1D recruited from type 1 diabetes clinic of the State University of Campinas hospital.

Cronbach was performed to evaluate the internal consistency of the scale.

Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing T1DDS---Brazilian version to other diabetes distress scale validated in Brazilian culture---problem areas in diabetes---Brazilian version---B-PAID \[[@CR15]\]. Twenty-five of these patients were completed a re-test of the scale 1--3 weeks later to evaluate test re-test reliability.

Measures {#Sec5}
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Demographic measures included age, gender, education (years), marital status, income, time of disease (years) and age at diagnosis. Diabetes status included clinic-recorded HbA1c, within 3 months.

The T1-DDS has 28 items and utilizes a 6 point-likert scale, in which the patient circles a number to indicate the degree to which this is or is not a problem for them, from "not a problem" to a "serious problem."

The original scale has 7 subscales: powerlessness (5 items), management distress (4 items), hypoglycemia distress (4 items), negative social perceptions (4 items), eating distress (3 items), physician distress (4 items), and friend/family distress (4 items).

*Powerlessness* could be described as a sense of feeling discouraged about diabetes. Example: "feeling that no matter how hard I try with my diabetes, it will never be good enough" \[[@CR12]\].

*Negative social perceptions* refer to concerns about possible negative judgments of others. Example: "feeling that people treat me differently when they find out I have diabetes" \[[@CR12]\].

*Physician distress* is related to disappointment with current health care professionals. Example: "feeling that I can't tell my diabetes doctor what is really on my mind" \[[@CR12]\].

*Friend/family distress* considers there is too much focus on diabetes amongst loved ones. Example: "feeling that my friends or family act like "diabetes police" (bother me too much)" \[[@CR12]\].

*Hypoglycemia distress* concerns about severe hypoglycemic events. Example: "I can't ever be safe from the possibility of a serious hypoglycemic event" \[[@CR12]\].

*Management distress* is about disappointment with one's own self-care efforts. Example: "I don't give my diabetes as much attention as I probably should" \[[@CR12]\].

*Eating distress* concerns that one's eating is out of control. Example: "feeling that I don't eat as carefully as I probably should" \[[@CR12]\].

Alpha coefficients of original scale indicated good total scale reliability (total scale = 0.91, sub scale range 0.76--0.88), and 9-month test--retest reliability was excellent (total scale *r* = 0.74) \[[@CR12]\].

Statistics analyses {#Sec6}
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Descriptive analyses were done with measures of mean values for numerical variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables.

The relation between two numerical variables was measured by Spearman's correlation coefficient.

To evaluate test/re-test confidence interval inter class was used (ICC) \[[@CR16]\].

Internal consistency was performed by Cronbach alpha \[[@CR17]\].

All analyses were done with SAS version 9.2 for Windows \[[@CR18]\]. Statistical significance was 0.05.

Results {#Sec7}
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Of all patients, 72.5% were women, 42,5% were married, 67,5% had income bellow 3 Brazilian minimum wage and mean HbA1c was 9%. The demographic, clinical and laboratorial characteristics of T1D patients are summarized in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}.Table 1Clinical and laboratory characteristics of T1D patientsVariableNMeanMedS.D.MinMaxAge3932.1831.009.7619.0055.00Scholarity3911.5912.003.632.0012.00Time of disease3915.8714.009.181.0037.00Age of onset3914.8514.007.791.0035.00HbA1c400.090.090.020.060.14B-PAID-score3932.7728.0019.310.0075.00B-T1DDS-score4069.1863.0029.0933.00162.00*HbA1C* glycosilated hemoglobin; *B-PAID score* problem areas in diabetes, Brazilian version score; *B-T1DDS score* type 1 diabetes distress scale, Brazilian version score

During the back translation the word "slight" ("a slight problem" in the original scale) was changed by "a little problem".

During evaluation of specialists committee, a few words were suggested to be modified: on question 1 the word "managing" was changed by "taking care". On question 5, the word "numbers" was changed by "values". On question 8 the expression "much as" was changed by "quantity" and on question 21, "managing" was changed by "controlling".

The Cronbach alpha of T1DDS Brazilian version was 0.93. The Cronbach alpha of subscales ranges from 0.61 to 0.84. The results are summarized in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Table 2T1DDS-Cronbach alpha of total scale and subscalesSubscalesNumber of itemsAlphaPowerlessness50.83Negative social perception40.81Physician distress40.61Friend/family distress40.84Hypoglycemia distress40.70Management distress40.70Eating distress30.83Total distress280.93T1DDS subscales, number of items of each subscales and Cronbach alpha of total scale and each subscales

The Spearman's coefficient between T1DDS, Brazilian version and B-PAID, Brazilian version was (0.7781); (**p \< 0.0001**) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2*Scatter plot matrix* relation between type 1 diabetes distress scale-T1DDS and problemas areas in diabetes-PAID

Test re-test: total-ICC: 0.94 (0.87--0.97) (ICC: 95%). The results are summarized in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}.Table 3T1DDS-relation between test and retest (ICC-95%)SubscalesICC1Powerlessness0.86 (0.72--0.93)2Negative social perception0.67 (0.44--0.85)3Physician distress0.84 (0.69--0.92)4Friend/family distress0.95 (0.90--0.98)5Hypoglycemia distress0.82 (0.65--0.92)6Management distress0.60 (0.35--0.81)7Eating distress0.87 (0.75--0.94)TotalTotal distress0.94 (0.87--0.97)Relation between test and retest of T1DDS scale and each subscale*ICC 95%* intraclass correlation coefficientSubscale 1: high concordance; subscale 2: moderate concordance; subscale 3: high concordance; subscale 4: high concordance; subscale 5: high concordance; subscale 6: moderate concordance; subscale 7: high concordance; total scale: high concordance

Potential for improvement {#Sec8}
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The T1 DDS, translated and adapted to Brazilian culture could be useful in clinical care to evaluate diabetes related distress in Brazilian population.

This tool could be helpful to identify patiens at risk for emotional distress who should be prioritized in psychosocial intervention.

This scale might be used in clinical research, allowing data to be collected in a padronized and trustable way.

Discussion {#Sec9}
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Given the clinical importance of DD in the ongoing care of adults with T1D, we translated and culturally adapted the original English version of the T1-DDS into Brazilian Portuguese. We used a systematic and comprehensive set of procedures to insure adequate translation that was adapted for use in Brazilian culture.

The translated and adapted scale was considered understandable and relevant, and required only a short time period for administration.

Furthermore, it displayed adequate psychometric properties and stability over time.

Current literature suggests the importance of addressing DD in clinical care for adults with T1D \[[@CR7], [@CR11]\] because DD has been shown to be significantly related to disease management and glycemic control \[[@CR10], [@CR12]\]. We view DD not as a co-morbidity of T1D, but, like Fisher et al. \[[@CR19]\], as an expected part of living with T1D over time. Clinically, according to Fisher et al., the T1DDS can be used to start a clinical conversation between provider and patient to acknowledge the presence of emotional distress, describe it, verbalize it, normalize it, and seek active ways of addressing it \[[@CR20]\]. So the scale can be used not only to assess DD in these patients, but also as a clinical tool to start the process of addressing it.

In Brazil, almost 70% of T1D patients with low income receive their care in public tertiary hospitals \[[@CR21]\]. These patients experience considerable socio-economic stress and have few community resources to help them manage their disease. For patients with low income, the demands for good managing of T1D are even more challenging and, at times, distressing. These patients frequently do not have access to modern tools and adequate professional support to help them to manage their disease so that high DD may be even more prevalent in this population than has been reported elsewhere. Consequently, we see DD as an important part of an educational and clinical program for T1D patients to help them deal with the ongoing demands of diabetes management in a resource-limited environment \[[@CR10], [@CR21]\].

We hope that this study might contribute to help planning psychological approaches to Brazilian T1D patients to cope and manage their disease.

Study limitations {#Sec10}
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Study limitations include the following. First, it was conducted at a single diabetes clinic in a tertiary care hospital. Hence, it may not reflect the experience of the larger Brazilian T1D population. Second, Brazil includes several different cultural groups that may require additional scale adaptations. Third, replication with a larger sample would be helpful.

Conclusions {#Sec11}
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Translation and cultural adaptation of T1DDS into Brazilian culture was undertaken to allow for use of the scale within the Brazilian T1D population.

The T1DDS Brazilian version is a reliable tool to evaluate DD in type1patients in Brazilian Culture.

T1DDS

:   type 1 diabetes distress scale

T1D

:   type 1 diabetes

DD

:   diabetes distress

B-PAID

:   problem areas in diabetes, Brazilian version

ICC

:   confidence interval inter class

T2D

:   type 2 diabetes

MSVMS developed the study, applied the scales to the patients, initial data interpretation and text writing. TGB administered the scales to the patients. PFO performed statistic analyses. EJP contributed to scale development and text review. LF contributed to the study design and analytic review. All the authors participated approved the final manuscript for submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements {#FPar1}
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Maria Cândida Ribeiro Parisi, MD, Ph.D., Arnaldo Moura Neto, MD, Ph.D. Tânia Maron Vicki Freire de Melo, MD, Ph.D., Randolfo Abade, MD (specialists committee).

Andrei Carvalho Sposito, MD, Ph.D. for critical suggestions on statistics and Clinical Research Center, FCM-Unicamp.

Competing interests {#FPar2}
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials {#FPar3}
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The corresponding author can be contacted for any information related to this study.

Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar4}
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This study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the University Ethics in Research Committee in August 2016 (Ethics Committee on Research-CEP--Unicamp; CAEE Number: 57731716.9.0000.5404). All the forty patients who agreed to participate in this study signed the Consent Form.

Funding {#FPar5}
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No funding take part on design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Publisher's Note {#FPar6}
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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
