Background {#Sec1}
==========

Infectious diseases (IDs) are some of the most common causes of death worldwide \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Overall the trend of infectious diseases in developed countries is a decline, such as in the US; infectious diseases accounted for 797:100,000 population in 1900 and declined to 97:100,000 population in 1996 \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\]. In contrast, when focusing on elderly populations in 1990--2002, the rate of hospital admission for IDs increased to 13% \[[@CR5]\]. One epidemiological study of elderly emergency department (ED) patients with IDs showed a resulting hospital admission rate of 57.2% \[[@CR6]\]. Likewise, an Israeli study from 2011 found an increased rate of hospital admission among older patients to 14.2% and the most common disease was lower respiratory tract infection, accounting for 41%. A study in the Netherlands found the oldest-old populations (age ≥ 85 years) who were independent in activities of daily living (ADL) beacame less able in ADLs with a diagnosis of infectious disease \[[@CR7]\]. One study in Canada which assessed the temporal trend of *salmonella* infection found the incidence of infection in seniors could increase by 16% by 2018 \[[@CR8]\].

Accelerated population aging is now well-established in many middle-income countries leading to an increased number of older adults. Thailand, a middle-income country, has an aging population will account for one-third of its total population in 2040 \[[@CR9]--[@CR11]\]. IDs were the second most common causes of death for Thai people. The mortality rate was 41:100,000 population in 2009 \[[@CR12]\]. Lower respiratory tract infection was the most common infection \[[@CR12]\]. Most Thai research on IDs has focused on specific diseases and in-hospital admission may limit the importance of follow-up ED visits \[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\].

To address the gap, we conducted a study to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases and risk factors for one-year mortality in elderly ED patients in one middle-income country.

Methods {#Sec2}
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Design and setting {#Sec3}
------------------

This was a retrospective cohort study. We reviewed data of all patients aged 65 and older who had a diagnosis related to infectious disease between 1 January 2016 and 30 June 2016 and received treatment at one ED of a university hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Our hospital has approximately 50,000 ED visits per year and 18% of them are aged over 65 years. Patients with infectious diseases were identified initially by searching the hospital's electronic database using International Classification of Diseases 10th (ICD-10). The ICD-10 code were defined in supplement 1.

Exclusion criteria were patients with unspecified diagnoses such as fever unspecified, diarrhea unspecified, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), patients who transferred to other hospitals, patients triaged in ED as a non-urgent.

Definitions {#Sec4}
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Polypharmacy was defined as the number of patients' medications ≥5.

Sepsis fast track at this hospital was defined as patients who had at least 2 from 3 points of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria at triage; nurses then activated fast track by notifying EPs. SIRS at triage was defined as 1. body temperature \< 36 °C or \> 38 °C; 2. heart rate \> 90 beats/min; and 3. respiratory rate (RR) \> 20/min.

Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) was defined as 1. systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤ 100 mmHg; 2. respiratory rate ≥ 22/min; and 3. glasgow coma scale (GCS) \< 15.

Data collection process {#Sec5}
-----------------------

The data collection was done by a third-year emergency resident, medical students in their sixth year, and a registered nurse who had three years' practicing experience in ED. Data were extracted from electronic medical records (EMR), which included ED diagnosis, laboratory information system, and ICD-10 codes. For in-hospital patients, we extracted diagnostic data from summaries of the notes of resident doctors who were in charge of each ward. Our hospital has a policy that attending physicians recheck diagnoses.

Research assistants training process {#Sec6}
------------------------------------

Medical students and the registered nurse \[research assistants (RAs)\] were trained to collect data under supervision of the principle investigator (PI). This included three hours' training for data collection and identifying medical terms. RAs met the principle investigator once a month to clarify terms and data that were not clear. Furthermore, they could contact PI directly if they had problems with the terms or were unsure about data abstraction. The PI randomly selected 5% of medical records to test for interrater reliability between RAs for the subjective variables such as ED diagnosis. Kappa statistic was 0.84.

The collected data consisted of age, gender, educations level, underlying diseases, number of medications, type of medications, Charlson co-morbidity index \[[@CR15]\], activities of daily living (ADL) \[[@CR16]\], modified Canadian triage level \[[@CR17]\], activated sepsis fast track, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) \[[@CR18]\], vital signs, hemoculture, lactate, other specimen cultures such as sputum, urine, time to receive antibiotic, hospital admission rate, and in-hospital mortality rate. One-year mortality rate was determine by using database from Thailand Office of Central Civil Registration and hospital database, where available. All Thai people are registered to the system after their birth and given an identification number; after death the government also records this in the system.

Patients' informed consent was waived by the ethics committee of our hospital, since approval is not considered necessary for analyzing anonymous data for quality management. This study was approved by the hospital's institutional review board.

Statistical analysis {#Sec7}
--------------------

Quantitative values such as age, charlson comorbidity index score were presented using mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) where appropriate. The relationship between factors was determined by using student's t-test if the data were normally distributed or Mann Whitney u test if the data were non-normally distributed. The calculation was statistically significant when *p*-value was less than 0.05. Qualitative values such as gender, hospital admission rate, and mortality rate were presented using percentages. Chi-square was used to test a relationship between factors, with *p*-value less than 0.05 being statistically significant. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with one-year mortality rate. The variables with a *p*-value \< 0.1 from univariate analysis were chosen for the final model and analyzed using backward selection methods. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit was used to determine the fit of the model. All statistical calculations found in this study were calculated by STATA software version 13.0.

Results {#Sec8}
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There were 3,467 elderly patients who visited ED between 1st January 2016 and 30th June 2016. 3,196 patients were triaged as urgent, emergency and resuscitation. There were 594 patients who had diagnosis of infectious diseases following ICD-10. This study excluded 67 patients with non-infectious diseases, 59 patients with unspecified infection and 5 patients were transferred to other hospitals. Finally, 463 elderly patients were diagnosed with infectious diseases, accounting for 14.5% (463/3,196) of all elderly ED patients' visits (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 1Enrollment of patients to study

Median age was 78 years (IQR 72--84). Most of the elderly patients arrived by family car \[341 (73.7%) patients\]. 146 (31.5%) patients had engagement in sepsis fast track. Median charlson co-morbidity index was 5 (IQR 4--6) (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Baseline characteristics, physical examination and investigationVariable (*n* = 463)N(%)Gender, male204(44.1)Age, median (IQR) years7872--84Patient's insurance 30 Baht healthcare scheme^a^226(48.8) Social security9(1.9) Government employee163(35.2) Self-pay65(14.0)Mode of arrival Family car341(73.7) Ambulance68(14.7) Others54(11.6)Triage level Urgent253(54.6) Emergency181(37.8) Resuscitation36(7.8)Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)54--6Polypharmacy (≥ 5 medications)175(37.8)Sepsis fast track146(31.5)Temperature (°C), *n* = 451 36--38 °C297(65.9)  \< 36 or \> 38 °C154(34.1)Heart rate (beat/min), *n* = 462  \> 90 /min252(54.3)  ≤ 90/min211(45.7)Respiratory rate (/min), *n* = 455  \> 20/min291(64.0)  ≤ 20/min164(36.0)Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), *n* = 462  ≤ 10053(11.5)  \> 100409(88.5)Oxygen saturation, *n* = 406  \< 90%54(13.3) 90--93%51(12.6)  ≥ 94%301(74.1)Systemic inflammatory response syndrome \[SIRS (points)\] 0--1169(36.5) 2132(28.5) 3107(23.1) 455(11.9)Quick sequential organ failure assessment \[qSOFA (points)\] 0--1373(80.5) 275(16.2) 315(3.2)Hemoglobin (mg/dl), *n* = 450  \< 722(4.9)Platelet (cells/cm^3^), *n* = 449  \< 100,00028(6.2)Creatinine (mg/dl), *n* = 444  ≥ 278(17.6)Creatinine clearance \[CrCl (ml/min)\], *n* = 445  \> 50254(57.1) 10--50173(38.9)  \< 1018(4.0)Blood glucose (mg/dl), *n* = 345  ≥ 18097(28.1)Sodium (mmol/dl), *n* = 441  \< 135141(32.0) 135--145283(64.1)  \> 14517(3.9)Total bilirubin (mg/dl), *n* = 225  ≥ 226(11.6)International normalized ratio (INR), *n* = 240  \> 1.525(10.4)Lactate (mmol/l), *n* = 361  ≥ 2220(60.9)  ≥ 459(16.3)^a^30 Baht healthcare scheme: Thailand has universal coverage healthcare which covers all medical expenses for the Thai populations

The most common diseases diagnosed by emergency physicians (EPs) were: pneumonia \[151 (32.6%) patients\]; followed by pyelonephritis \[107 (23.1%) patients\]; and intestinal infection \[53 (11.4%) patients\]. Pneumonia \[103 (36.0%) patients\] was the most common cause for hospital admission, followed by pyelonephritis \[63 (23.4%) patients\] and intestinal infection \[29 (10.1%) patients\] (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).Table 2Ten most commonly diagnosed infectious diseases in elderly ED patients and in-hospital diagnosis (n = 463 patients)DiagnosisTotalAge (years)65--7475--84\> 85N%N%N%N%ED diagnosis 1. Pneumonia151(32.6)48(10.4)69(14.9)34(7.3) 2. Pyelonephritis107(23.1)38(8.2)45(9.7)24(5.2) 3. Intestinal infection53(11.4)29(6.3)16(3.5)8(1.7) 4. Skin and soft tissue infection41(8.9)13(2.8)14(3.0)14(3.0) 5. Other lower respiratory tract infection38(8.2)9(1.9)18(3.9)11(2.4) 6. Sepsis19(4.1)10(2.2)8(1.7)1(0.2) 7. Cholecystitis9(1.9)4(0.9)4(0.9)1(0.2) 8. Lower urinary tract infection9(1.9)3(0.6)3(0.6)3(0.6) 9. Complication from medicine or surgery6(1.3)2(0.4)3(0.6)1(0.2) 10. Pulmonary tuberculosis5(1.1)1(0.2)3(0.6)1(0.2)Hospital admission diagnosis 1. Pneumonia103(36.0)24(8.4)49(17.1)30(10.5) 2. Pyelonephritis67(23.4)21(7.3)30(10.5)16(5.6) 3. Intestinal infection29(10.1)14(4.9)9(3.1)6(2.1) 4. Other lower respiratory tract infection22(7.7)4(1.4)11(3.8)7(2.4) 5. Skin and soft tissue infection19(6.6)8(2.8)7(2.4)4(1.4) 6. Sepsis14(4.9)7(2.4)6(2.1)1(0.3) 7. Cholecystitis8(2.8)3(1.0)4(1.4)1(0.3) 8. Complication from medicine or surgery5(1.7)0(0.0)4(1.4)1(0.3) 9. Pulmonary tuberculosis3(1.0)1(0.3)1(0.3)1(0.3) 10. Appendicitis3(1.0)2(0.7)0(0.0)1(0.3)

82/329 (20.9%) patients had a positive of hemoculture. 128/136 (94.1%) had a positive sputum culture. Urine cultures were positive in 162/251 (64.5%) patients, while pus cultures were positive in 9/9 (100%) patients. Influenza screening was positive in 5/30 (16.7%) patients.

Two-hundred and eighty-six (61.8%) patients were admitted during the study period. Median hospital length of stay was 8 days (IQR 5--15). The in-hospital mortality rate was 65 (22.7%) patients. 181(39.1%) patients died within 1 year (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}).Table 3Outcomes of infectious elderly ED patientsVariablesN (%)ED disposition Home95 (20.5) ED observation65 (14) Other hospitals13 (2.8) Hospital admission286 (61.8) Death1 (0.2) Other3 (0.6)Hospital admission, *n* = 286 patients Hospital length of stay, median (IQR)8 (5--15) Hospital disposition, *n* = 286  Home219 (76.6)  Refer to other hospital2 (0.7)  Death65 (22.7)Mortality rate at 1 year Death181 (39.1) Causes of death  Pneumonia46 (26.4)  Cancer26 (14.9)  Urinary tract infection6 (3.4)  Sepsis20 (11.4)  Unknown76 (43.7)

Our multivariate analysis showed that age 85 years and older \[odds ratio (OR) = 1.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36--2.63, *p*-value \< 0.001\], charlson co-morbidity index score ≥ 5 (OR = 3.51; 95% CI2.14--5.77, *p*-value \< 0.001), lactate ≥4 mmol/l (OR = 2.66;95%CI 1.32--5.38, *p*-value \< 0.001), quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score ≥ 2 (OR = 5.46; 95% CI 2.94--10.12, *p*-value =0.025), and platelet count \< 100,000 cells/mm^3^ (OR = 3.19; 95% CI 1.15--8.83, *p* value \< 0.001) were associated with 1-year mortality (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}).Table 4Factors associated with one-year mortality rate (*N* = 370)FactorsDeath at one yearOdds~adj~YesNoOdds 95% CI (crude)95% CIN%N%Gender, male91(44.6)113(55.4)1.501.03--2.18----Age ≥ 85 years56(54.4)47(45.6)2.241.44--3.491.891.36--2.63Charlson co-morbidity index ≥5142(52.4)129(47.6)4.322.82--6.603.512.14--5.77Polypharmacy85(39.1)135(61.4)0.950.72--1.65----Received antibiotic \> 3 h33(35.1)61(64.9)0.680.42--1.11----Body temperature \< 36 °C or \> 38 °C56(36.4)98(63.6)0.830.56--1.24----Heart rate \> 90 beats/min103(40.9)149(59.1)1.170.81--1.72----Respiratory rate \> 20 /min135(46.4)156(53.6)2.511.65--3.82----Systolic blood pressure ≤ 100 mmHg35(64.8)19(35.2)3.501.90--6.40----Oxygen saturation \< 90%35(64.8)19(35.2)2.991.64--5.45----SIRS ≥2 points124(42.2)170(57.8)1.430.97--2.12----qSOFA ≥2 points69(75.8)22(24.2)7.284.29--12.355.462.94--10.12Hemoglobin \< 7 mg/dl15(68.2)7(31.8)3.381.35--8.47----Sodium (Na) \< 135 mmol/dl67(47.5)74(52.5)1.511.01--2.28Platelet \< 100,000 cells/cm^3^21(75.0)7(25.0)4.892.03--11.773.191.15--8.84Creatinine ≥2 mg/dl43(55.1)35(44.9)2.031.24--3.33----Blood sugar \> 180 mg/dl40(41.3)57(58.7)0.870.54--1.39----Bilirubin ≥2 mg/dl16(61.5)10(38.5)1.160.70--3.73----INR \> 1.514(56.0)11(44.0)1.170.51--2.69----Lactate ≥4 mmol/l41(69.5)18(30.5)3.261.79--5.952.661.32--5.38

Discussion {#Sec9}
==========

The prevalence of infectious diseases among elderly ED patients in one middle-income country was 14.5%. Three most common infections were pneumonia, pyelonephritis and intestinal infection. This finding was similar to that of Goto T, et al., who studied infectious disease--related ED visits of elderly adults in the United States, 2011--2012 \[[@CR6]\]. They found the prevalence of infectious diseases in elderly ED patients was 13.5% and the two most common infections were lower respiratory tract infection (26.2%) and urinary tract infection (25.3%). In contrast, the rate of intestinal infection in our study was higher than Goto's study. The explanation may be due to the tropical climate that grows more organisms, such as *vibrio cholerae* \[[@CR19]\]. The prevalence of elderly ED infection was less than a cohort study from The Netherlands, which found a 17% rate of infectious disease in patients aged equal to or more than 70 years \[[@CR20]\].

Hospital admission rate in this study accounted for 61.8%, similar to Goto T, et al. (57.1%). On the other hand, the top three common causes of infection among admitted patients in this study were pneumonia (36%), pyelonephritis (23%), and intestinal infection (10%), whereas Goto's study found sepsis (32%), lower respiratory tract infection (28%), and urinary tract infection (17%) were the top three causes of infection among admitted patients. Despite the utilization of the sepsis fast track system, 22% of admission patients still died in this study, exactly comparable with Rebelo M, et al., who studied in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with bacteremia admitted to an internal medicine ward in Portugal and also found a rate of 22% \[[@CR21]\]. This contrasts with Goto T, et al. whose study found only 4% died in-hospital. These findings may be a reflection on healthcare systems with the culture and environment differ.

Thirty-nine percent of infectious elderly ED patients died within one year.

Age ≥ 85 were associated with one-year mortality rate. IDs among elderly patients are different from younger patients because of the immune response that reduces complement activity, decreases Naïve T-cells, as well as anatomic and physiological changes with aging such as decreased acid-base in gastric secretions, decreased estrogen in menopause, increased risk of urinary tract infection, and polypharmacy. Multiple comorbidities increase older adults' susceptibility to IDs \[[@CR22]--[@CR24]\]. Charlson co-morbidity index \> 5 predicted one-year mortality rate in our study, which was comparable with the results Murray SB, et al. \[[@CR25]\] who found charlson co-morbidity index \> 5 had a 40% one-year mortality rate. Platelet count less than 100,000 cells/cm^3^ also predicted one-year mortality rate, as noted in studies by Vincent JL, et al. \[[@CR18]\] and Singer M, et al. \[[@CR23]\]. qSOFA ≥2 points was associated with one-year mortality rate in this study, which was comparable with Singer M, et al. whose study found qSOFA predicted mortality in Sepsis-3\[[@CR26]\]. Lactate concentration ≥ 4 mmol/l was associated with increased 1-year mortality rate, which was comparable to a study by Audren et al., which found lactate concentrations \> 4 mmol/L had a specificity of 96% in predicting mortality in hospitalized non-hypotensive patients \[[@CR27]\]. Other studies found higher serum lactate levels were associated with higher mortality rate \[[@CR28]--[@CR30]\]. Clinically, hyperlactatemia (≥ 4 mmol/l) can be considered a warning signal for organ dysfunction and a guide for medical intervention among elderly patients.

Although our hospital has a sepsis fast track, following the sepsis-3 recommendations, still one-fifth of older adults died within 1 year. Sepsis guidelines for elderly ED patients that focus on and oldest-old population with charlson co-morbidity index \> 5, lactate concentration ≥ 4 mmol/l and qSOFA ≥2 points may be beneficial.

Limitations {#Sec10}
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Due to the retrospective nature of this study, we could not know some information such as patients taking other medications besides those on the hospital record form and frailty informations. Our hospital did not performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment as a part of treatment on that time, the results may not generalized. We could not evaluate all causes of death as some of the data came from Thailand Office of Central Civil Registration, which records only the date of death. This study was a single-center study, the results may not be generalized. In multiple logistic regression analysis, we did not impute missing data because it may have widened CI if not missing completely at random (MCAR).

Conclusion {#Sec11}
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In one middle-income country, infectious diseases accounted for 14.5% in elderly ED patients. Pneumonia was the most common infection. Two thirds of these patients were admitted to hospital. One third of elderly ED patients died within 1 year. Age ≥ 85 years, charlson co-morbidity Index score ≥ 5, lactate concentration ≥ 4 mmol/l, qSOFA score ≥ 2, and platelet count \< 100,000 cells/mm^3^ predicted 1-year mortality rate. Future research should focus on interventions to reduce mortality from infectious diseases in elderly ED patients.

Appendix 1 {#Sec12}
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ICD-10 for inclusion; code A00-A09, A15-A19, A20-A28, A30-A99, B00-B09, B15-B99, G00-G09, G73.4, G94.0, H03, H13, H19.2, H22.0, H32.0, H60, H75.0, H94.0, I00-I02, I68.1, I98.0--0.1, J00-J06, J09-J18, J20-J22, J85-J86, K35-K37, K67, K75.0, K77.0, K81, L00-L08, L30.3, M00-M03, M60.0, N08.0, N10-N12, N13.6, N16.0, N29.1, N39.0, N45, N70, N74, N77.0--0.1.ICD-10 codesDefinitionsA00-A-09Intestinal infectious diseasesA15-A19TuberculosisA20-A28Certain zoonotic and bacterial diseasesA30-A99A30-A40 Other bacterial diseasesA50-A64 Infections with a predominantlysexual mode of transmission A65-A69 Other spirochaetal diseasesA70-A74 Other diseases caused by chlamydiaeA75-A79 RickettsiosesA80-A89 Viral infections of the central nervous systemA90-A99 Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic feversB00-B09Viral infections characterized by skin and mucous membrane lesionsB15-B99B15-B 99Viral hepatitisB20-B24 Human immunodeficiency virus \[HIV\] diseaseB25-B34 Other viral diseasesB35-B49 MycosesB50-B64 Protozoal diseasesB65-B83 HelminthiasesB85-B89 Pediculosis, acariasis and other infestationsB90-B94 Sequelae of infectious and parasitic diseasesB95-B98 Bacterial, viral and other infectious agentsB99-B99 Other infectious diseasesG00-G09Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous systemG73.4Myopathy in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereG94.0Hydrocephalus in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereH03Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbitH13Disorders of conjunctiva in diseases classified elsewhereH19.2Keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis in other infectious and parasite diseases classified elsewhereH22.0IridocyclitisH32.0Chorioretinal inflammation in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereH60Otitis mediaH75.0Mastoiditis in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereH94.0Acoustic neuritis in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereI00-I02Acute rheumatic feverI68.1Cerebral arteritis in infectious and parasite diseases classified elsewhereI98.0--0.1Cardiovascular syphilisJ00-J06Acute upper respiratory infectionsJ09-J18Influenza and pneumoniaJ20-J22Other acute lower respiratory infectionsJ85-J86Suppurative and necrotic conditions of lower respiratory tractK35-K37Diseases of appendixK67Disorder of peritoneum in infections disease classified elsewhereK 75.0Other inflammatory liver diseasesK77.0Liver disorders in infections and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereK81CholecystitisL00-L08Infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissueL30.3Infective dermatitisM00-M03Infectious arthropathiesM60.0MyositisN08.0Glomerular disorders in diseases classified elsewhereN10-N12Acute tubule-interstitial nephritisN13.6PyonephrosisN 16.0Renal tubulo-interstitial disorders in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereN29.1Other disorders of kidney and ureter in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereN39.0Urinary tract infection unspecifiedN45Orchitis, epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis with abscessN70Salpingitis and oophoritisN74Female pelvic inflammatory disorders in diseases classified elsewhereN 77.0--0.1Ulceration of vulva in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhereVaginitis, vulvitis and vulvovaginitis in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere

Appendix 2 {#Sec13}
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Table 5Outcomes of infectious elderly ED patientsVariablesN (%)ED disposition Home95 (20.5) ED observation65 (14) Other hospitals13(2.8) Hospital admission286 (61.8) Death1 (0.2) Other3(0.6)Hospital admission, n = 286 patients Hospital length of stay, median (IQR)8 (5--15) Hospital disposition, n = 286  Home219 (76.6)  Refer to other hospital2 (0.7)  Death65 (22.7)Mortality rate at 1 year Death181 (39.1) Causes of death  Pneumonia46 (26.4)  Cancer26 (14.9)  Urinary tract infection6 (3.4)  Sepsis20 (11.4)  Unknown76 (43.7)

ADL

:   Activity of daily living

CI

:   Confidence interval; OR: odds ratio

ED

:   Emergency department

EPs

:   Emergency physicians

ICD-10

:   International Classification of Diseases 10th

IDs

:   Infectious diseases

IQR

:   Interquartile range

PI

:   Principle investigator

qSOFA

:   quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment

RAs

:   Research assistants

RR

:   Respiratory rate

SBP

:   Systolic blood pressure

SD

:   Standard deviation

SIRS

:   Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

SpO~2~

:   Oxygen saturation

**Publisher's Note**

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The authors would like to thank all patients for taking part in this study. We indepted to Mr. Jason Cullen for English editing. We acknowledge the support of nursing and medical staff of Vajira Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

Competing of interests {#FPar1}
======================

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

MI, AV, SR, and JS conceived and design a study. JS, MI acquisition of the data. JS, MI analyses and interpretation of the data. JS, and MI drafted of the manuscript, JS, MI, AV, SR, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and statistical expertise. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.

This study had fully supported by Vajira Research Foundation Grant for Research Development. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The study was approve by Ethic Review Board of Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University. The COA number is 16/2560. The Faculty of medicine, Vajira hospital, Navamindradhiraj University IRB permissions were required to access the raw data.

Not applicable
