The new direct oral anticoagulants directly targeting thrombin (factor IIa) or factor-Xa, are currently used for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (rivaroxaban, Xarelto) or for the prevention of systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (rivaroxaban; dabigatran, Pradaxa; Apixaban, Eliquis).