Nonviral gene transfer strategies to promote bone regeneration
Despite the inherent ability of bone to regenerate itself, there are a number of clinical situations in which complete bone regeneration fails to occur. In view of shortcomings of conventional treatment, gene therapy may have a place in cases of critical-size bone loss that cannot be properly treated with current medical or surgical treatment. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of gene therapy in general, nonviral techniques of gene transfer including physical and chemical methods, RNA-based therapy, therapeutic genes to be transferred for bone regeneration, route of application including ex vivo application, and direct gene therapy approaches to regenerate bone. ©2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A:3009-3018, 2013.
In this article, we propose relay node placement for providing k-connectivity to randomly deployed sensor nodes with energy efficacy using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Here, we also explain the basic step of GA with suitable examples. Also, we carried out the extensive simulations to study proposed algorithm’s performance with existing one in terms of number of deployed nodes and lifetime of the network.