This study was conducted at the National Park of El Kala (Algeria) which has a mosaic of habitats, and located in north-eastern Algeria. This rich landscape induces another one; it is the ecological biodiversity of the park. We are interested in a particular species of mammal that is the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and specifically in identifying different species of parasites that her little body homes and vehicles. The Black Rat’s skin is very noisy. We identified mites (Dermanysus bacoti), ticks (Ixodes ricinus), fleas (Nosopsyllus fasciatus and Xenopsylla chiopis), lice (Poluplax sp) and sandflies (Flebotomus sp.).
Summary Flea-borne infections are emerging or re-emerging throughout the world, and their incidence is on the rise. Furthermore, their distribution and that of their vectors is shifting and expanding. This publication reviews general flea biology and the distribution of the flea-borne diseases of public health importance throughout the world, their principal flea vectors, and the extent of their public health burden. Such an overall review is necessary to understand the importance of this group of infections and the resources that must be allocated to their control by public health authorities to ensure their timely diagnosis and treatment.
We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.