Study of fuzzy net present value based on structured element
The problem of the net present value with fuzzy annual value and fuzzy discount rate is investigated using fuzzy structured element.In this paper,the structured element theory is briefly described.The formula of the fuzzy net present value and the limit of fuzzy net present value is derived using the relevant theorem of structured element.Therefore the analytical expression form of fuzzy net present value is obtained.A case study demonstrates how to use structured element theory to express fuzzy net present value and make solution simple.
Improving the urban environment in developing countries is now an emerging priority. In that context, valuation is an important source of information to the policy-makers. This paper discusses the application of a multiple choice contingent valuation method to improvements in water supply in Madras, based on a 1996 survey of households in Madras. It is proposed that property rights regimes for the environmental goods concerned can be incorporated into the valuation framework using Sen's entitlements approach. As a step in that direction, a water endowment function has been defined for households in Madras. Issues for policy and research are raised. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.