Radial diffusion of relativistic electrons in Neptune's magnetosphere
Measurements of ≳1 MeV electrons in Neptune's magnetosphere from L ≈ 4 to 14 are well represented by solutions of a model radial diffusion equation that includes losses due to absorption by the satellite Proteus. The model provides estimates of the radial diffusion coefficient, which is 5 × 10^(−8)(L/5)^8 s^(−1), and the outer boundary energy spectrum, which is an exponential with an e-folding energy of 0.1 MeV. The diffusion coefficient is consistent with theoretical estimates based on the assumption that diffusion is driven by atmospheric neutral winds.
Abstract The distribution and abundance of the canopy-forming kelp Nereocystis luetkeana is of increasing concern for environmental management and conservation in coastal regions due to its importance as a foundation species. Mapping kelp forests aids in understanding their health, productivity, and response to environmental conditions. Remote sensing using satellites is an increasingly accessible tool for mapping nearshore habitats allowing for applications such as long-term monitoring and large- and small-scale surveys. This paper provides a review of passive optical remote sensing techniques for detection and mapping of floating macro-algae, and adapts these techniques for detecting Nereocystis luetkeana , demonstrating their application through a comprehensive case study, from imagery acquisition to map validation. This review with associated case study communicates to non-remote sensing experts a road map to use remote sensing technology for mapping kelp habitats.