Relapse situations and self-efficacy: An integrative model☆☆☆
Abstract Researchers studying relapse for an addictive behavior have employed two different conceptual models. Researchers concerned with typologies of relapse situations have developed a variety of discrete classes of high risk situations. Researchers who have employed a Self-efficacy approach have typically assessed different situations but scored the measure as a single general construct. Using structural modeling, this paper evaluates five alternative measurement models, representing alternative conceptualizations. A hierarchical model which integrates the previously competing models provided the best fit to the data and serves to explain a large body of previous findings. The model includes three first order constructs (Positive/Social; Negative/Affective; and Habit/Addictive) and one general second-order factor. The results were replicated across two different response formats and two different subject samples.
Objective To measure the distribution of the government subsidy among different economic groups in Zhe- jiang Province,and estimate their equity.Methods Used the data of National Health Service Survey of Zhejiang Province in 2003 and the Benefit Incidence Analysis(BIA).Results From the absolute equity side,either the in-patient and out- patient or total subsidy,the absolute equity of subsidies was bad;From the relative equity side,the relative equity of the in-patient subsidies was good,but the out-patient subsidy was bad.Conclusion There was some distance between the practical result and the ideal objective.The real beneficiary was not the poor but the better-off.