A vision model is designed using low-level vision principles so that it can perform as a human observer model for camouflage assessment. In a camouflaged-object assessment task, using military patterns in an outdoor environment, human performance at detection and recognition is compared with the human observer model. This involved field data acquisition and subsequent image calibration, a human experiment, and the design of the vision model. Human and machine performance, at recognition and detection, of military patterns in two environments was found to correlate highly. Our model offers an inexpensive, automated, and objective method for the assessment of camouflage where it is impractical, or too expensive, to use human observers to evaluate the conspicuity of a large number of candidate patterns. Furthermore, the method should generalize to the assessment of visual conspicuity in non-military contexts.
China military has been one of the most powerful in the world. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the existing China military camouflages using camouflage algorithm, Camouflage Similarity Index (CSI). CSI ranges from 0 to 1 and the best value 0 is achieved if the selected camouflage perfectly merges with the environment. Eight existing China military camouflages were evaluated under six different backgrounds (20x50 pixels). Post-hoc Tukey test found that there was no significant difference between each existing military camouflage indicating that all camouflages had the same level of concealment in the selected backgrounds. This study represents the first attempt to investigate the effectiveness of China military and the results can be very useful for China military organizations, textile manufacturers, and academicians particularly related to the enhancement of the existing design.
Oppression is defined and identified as the basis of a considerable range of psychopathology. An exploratory transcultural model of counseling based on oppression is introduced with the goal of serving both oppressed and oppressive clients. Perception, as perspicacity, is the key to this exploratory model. The authors suggest that oppressed persons generally possess a considerable degree of perception of their oppressors even though they may be unaware of it. Research from the literature on depressive realism is used to infer support. Counseling approaches to oppressed persons are introduced including a new approach to cognitive therapy and an emphasis on liberation rather than adjustment. Counseling approaches to oppressors are also discussed based on the rehabilitation of empathy and perception.