Neural responses to maternal praise and criticism: Relationship to depression and anxiety symptoms in high-risk adolescent girls
Background ::: The parent-child relationship may be an important factor in the development of adolescent depressive and anxious symptoms. In adults, depressive symptoms relate to increased amygdala and attenuated prefrontal activation to maternal criticism. The current pilot study examined how depressive and anxiety symptoms in a high-risk adolescent population relate to neural responses to maternal feedback. Given previous research relating oxytocin to maternal behavior, we conducted exploratory analyses using oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genotype.
The effect of adding a feedback and self charting condition to a tutoring program was investigated using a multiple baseline design. Three elementary school children referred because of reading problems were tu tored by undergraduates. After a baseline tutoring condition Ss were given a green chip for each sentence read correctly and a red chip for each sentence which contained an error. At the end of each session the Ss counted their chips and recorded them on a graph. The results indicated feedback and self charting substantially in creased the rate of sentences read correctly and for two Ss reduced their error rate.