Federal aid was not found to stimulate spending for cities in Oregon during 1984-1989. Oregon cities relied primarily on their own-source revenues to finance spending increases. The exception was capital spending, where receipt offederal aid in 1989positively influenced the rate ofspending change. This most likely reflected lower spending by those cities that did not receive competitivefederal grants. The amount offederal aid received is greatly influenced by the grants skill available to the community. Growth in total direct current spending was significantly associated with increases in user fees and charges. A closer look at specific spending categories revealed a hierarchy of reliance on cities' ownsource revenues. Cities increased user fees and other benefit charges where possible, and seemingly only resorted to property-tax increases when these other revenues were inappropriate.
An earlier study found that certain Minnesota state aid programs stimulated city property tax levies to a high degree. If this is accurate, it suggests potentially serious problems with state property tax relief efforts. This article re-examines this question and finds that most aid programs have little direct effect on property tax levies. However, certain aid formulas that reduce the effective price of property taxes do indirectly stimulate property taxes. Therefore, states need to be careful in designing aid programs intended to reduce property taxes.
Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child.