Pavlovian influences on goal-directed behavior in mice: The role of cue-reinforcer relations
Two experiments refined procedures to study Pavlovian influences on goal-directed behavior in mice and studied the effects of CS–US relations in Pavlovian-instrumental interactions. Independent groups of mice underwent Pavlovian training to associate either a 10-sec or 2-min auditory stimulus (CS) with reward. We next assessed the ability of the response-contingent CS presentations to reinforce novel instrumental responding (conditioned reinforcement; CRf) or the ability of noncontingent CS presentations to increase ongoing instrumental responding (Pavlovian-instrumental transfer; PIT). Whereas 10-sec training conditions produced strong CRf (and no PIT), 2-min training conditions produced robust PIT (but no CRf).
A Cournot model with an arbitrary nonlinear demand function and where firms do notobserve their rival's actions directly is shown to allow mistaken beliefs to persist. Thesealter the original equilibrium state and, in a range of beliefs, destroy its stability and createcycles. The dynamics of the Cournot model are therefore fundamentally affected. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 1999