Relationships Between Reasoning, Verbal Working Memory, and Language in Children with Early Cochlear Implantation: A Mediation Effect
The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between reasoning, working memory, and language in children with cochlear implants. A battery of tests of language, working memory, reasoning tasks, and speech perception tests was administered to each child. The participants were twenty five children with deaf who had cochlear implant surgery before the age of 3. Parallel Mediation Analysis was conducted. The cause of reasoning is the working memory, however this effect is shown with the indirect effects of receptive and expressive language skills. As a result, activities to improve verbal working memory and receptive and expressive language skills might improve reasoning skills of children with cochlear implants.
Using data from 2004 SIPP, matched to job demands from O*Net, we provide new estimates of disability-related wage discrimination. We apply state-of-the-art econometric methods to wage models which include job demands and interactions between demands and functional limitations. The interaction terms are interpreted as measures of how well disabled workers ?match? to jobs which minimize the effects of functional limitations. The results suggest traditional discrimination models underestimate potential effects of disability-related discrimination by penalizing workers for limitations which may not affect their job performance. The bias is greater for men, who generally appear to find better matches than do women.