Impact of sleep on ventilation and gas exchange in chronic lung disease.
Sleep has many effects on breathing, all potentially adverse, ranging from the respiratory centre to the lower airways and chest wall. The overall effect is to diminish ventilation with consequent hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. These physiological changes can have major adverse effects on patients with chronic lung disease, particularly if already hypoxaemic. Patients with obstructive airway disease are particularly adversely affected during sleep with hypoventilation and reduced tidal volume, whereas patients with interstitial disease maintain overall ventilation although respiratory frequency falls. Sleep-related effects are most pronounced in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and can have significant cardiovascular consequences including sleep-related cardiac arrhythmias and pulmonary hypertension and can also predispose to nocturnal death, particularly during acute exacerbations.
Abstract To quantify the risk and impact of CO2 seepage to the marine ecosystem, the Quantifying and Monitoring Potential Ecosystem Impacts of Geological Carbon Storage project is now undergoing in a bay in Scotland. In advance of the field experiment of this project, we conducted the numerical simulation of CO2 seepage. From this numerical study, we predicted how CO2 behave in the bay and how the condition of the sea changes.