Translation of Small Open Reading Frames: Roles in Regulation and Evolutionary Innovation
The translatome can be defined as the sum of the RNA sequences that are translated into proteins in the cell by the ribosomal machinery. Until recently, it was generally assumed that the translatome was essentially restricted to evolutionary conserved proteins encoded by the set of annotated protein-coding genes. However, it has become increasingly clear that it also includes small regulatory open reading frames (ORFs), functional micropeptides, de novo proteins, and the pervasive translation of likely nonfunctional proteins. Many of these ORFs have been discovered thanks to the development of ribosome profiling, a technique to sequence ribosome-protected RNA fragments. To fully capture the diversity of translated ORFs, we propose a comprehensive classification that includes the new types of translated ORFs in addition to standard proteins.
This literature review was carried out as part of the Future Library project. The recommendations focus on the following key areas: ::: ::: - Increased focus on the quality of ebooks that we provide access to; lobbying publishers to improve their digital interfaces and seeking to reduce barriers to use of content in our context e.g. by identifying resources with enabling rights management in our learning context ::: - Continued work on usability testing and exploring the learner experience of digital content and ebooks ::: - Developing our academic skills offer to support effective use of digital content and ebooks; including work with students on developing good study habits and techniques for reading and concentration in an increasingly digital environment ::: - Reviewing our enquiry services to make sure that all our staff are able to support our students to use all our digital resources and technologies in our spaces