In vivo length change patterns of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments along the flexion path of the knee
Purpose ::: The knowledge of the function of the collateral ligaments—i.e., superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL), deep medial collateral ligament (dMCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL)—in the entire range of knee flexion is important for soft tissue balance during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The objective of this study was to investigate the length changes of different portions (anterior, middle and posterior) of the sMCL, dMCL and LCL during in vivo weightbearing flexion from full extension to maximal knee flexion.
By using a Kaleckian model with firms’ debt accumulation, we investigate how in- creased shareholder power defined by a decrease in firms’ retention ratio and a mone- tary policy defined by interest controlled by a central bank a?ect macroeconomic vari- ables. The long-run equilibrium can be stable even if the short-run equilibrium exhibits debt-burdened growth. In addition, the long-run equilibrium can be unstable even if the short run equilibrium exhibits debt-led growth. Increased shareholder power can increase both rentiers and workers’ income shares. A monetary easing policy has an expansionary e?ect on the economy. However, it decreases both workers and rentiers’ income shares and thus has a negative e?ect on income distribution.