CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING ETHICAL WORK CLIMATE: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE ETHICAL CLIMATE INDEX (ECI).
This study describes the development of a new theory and measure of ethical work climate. The author conducted 3 studies to construct the Ethical Climate Index (ECI) to measure the ethical work climate dimensions of collective moral sensitivity (12-items), collective moral judgment (10-items), collective moral motivation (8-items), and collective moral character (6-items). Study 1 and 2 resulted in parsimonious and reliable scales for each of the four dimensions. Results of the 3rd study indicate that the ECI is a reliable instrument and support the convergent and discriminant validity of each. Furthermore, results support the criterion-related validity of the ECI with respect to ethical and unethical behavior. Implications and suggestions for the use of this measure in future research are discussed.
Despite a lack of formal philosophical training and an antipathy to medieval scholasticism, Erasmus possessed not only a certain familiarity with Thomas Aquinas, but also close knowledge of Plato and Aristotle. Erasmus’ interest in some Platonic motifs is well known. But the most consistent philosophical theme in Erasmus’ writings from his earliest to his latest was that of the Epicurean goal of peace of mind, ataraxia. Erasmus, in fact, combined Christianity with a nuanced Epicurean morality. This Epicureanism, when combined in turn with a commitment to the consensus Ecclesiae as well as with an allergy to dogmatic formulations and an appreciation of the Greek Fathers, ultimately rendered Erasmus alien to Luther and Protestantism though they agreed on much.