Accurate broadband RLCG-parameter extraction with TRL calibration
In this paper we analyze the impact of systematic errors in TRL calibration on the extracted equivalent circuit parameters of the measured device. We mainly focus on extraction of RLCG-parameters (resistance, inductance, capacitance, conductance) of transmission lines and inductors. We show how the uncertainties in measured S-parameters and in determined characteristic impedance propagate into RLCG-parameters. In particular, we emphasize the importance and the difficulty of an accurate determination of the imaginary part of characteristic impedance. We use the results of our sensitivity analysis to estimate the accuracy of RLCG-parameter extraction of a coplanar transmission line and a 2.2 nH spiral inductor. Finally, we propose an alternative method for determination of certain RLCG-parameters based on causal relationships.
We describe preliminary results from an effort to quantify the uncertainties in parton distribution functions and the resulting uncertainties in predicted physical quantities. The production cross section of the $W$ boson is given as a first example. Constraints due to the full data sets of the CTEQ global analysis are used in this study. Two complementary approaches, based on the Hessian and the Lagrange multiplier method respectively, are outlined. We discuss issues on obtaining meaningful uncertainty estimates that include the effect of correlated experimental systematic uncertainties and illustrate them with detailed calculations using one set of precision DIS data.