Cause and Prevention of Abnormal Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Bridges
In construction of reinforced concrete bridges,abnormal cracks are composed of the following cracks such as temperature cracks,contraction cracks,deformation cracks,rusty cracks,freezing and expanding cracks,material cracks,and construction cracks.Under different circumstances,some measures should be adopted in order to prevent cracks.
Abstract This study aims at the formulations of double-layer clad sheet compression forming based on the upper bound and the slab methods. Assuming the frictions between the upper and lower dies and the clad sheet are constant shear friction, which can be different. Making use of the upper bound method can get the shape of the outer surface, the effective strain distribution, and the compression force. However, the stress distributions just can be obtained by the slab method. In this study, effects of various compression conditions such as the clad thickness ratio, the shear yield stress ratio, the frictional factor ratio, the ratio of width thickness, the frictional factor on the compression characteristics are found by the two methods. It is noted that the comparisons between two methods with compression force are performed in order to realize the feasibility of the two analytical models. The effective knowledge can be offered to forging industries.