Quantification of Congestion – Calculating Benefits
This paper presents the different methods of measuring and quantifying costs of congestion for Canadian cities used to quantitatively assess these congestion mitigating strategies. The paper examines the positives and negatives of these processes, including the improved ability to link planning, operational and design decisions. The findings and results for the various strategies are then documented in terms of the fiscal analysis and business cases. One such case is the application of these models to the intersection of Highway 7 and Keele Street. The intersection routinely experiences congestion for substantial portions of the day. The study identifies and evaluated over a dozen congestion mitigating strategies for the area.
A purely deterministic approach to the LMS (least mean square)-Newton algorithm for adaptive filters is proposed. A QR-decomposition method for solving the algorithm's equations is described. Simulations using fixed-point arithmetic are provided, which confirm the good numerical characteristics of the method. A variable convergence factor is also discussed which is optimum in the sense that the output a posteriori error is zero. >