We maximized the information transmission for an integrating photosensor by optimizing the integration time. As a case study, experimentally determined reset, readout and photocurrent shot noise was used to determine the capacity of a differential active pixel sensor as a function of illumination level and integration time. Experimentally derived data show that the information rate is poor at both small and large integration times, with a maximum information rate occurring between these extremes. This maximum occurs at different integration times for different illumination levels and is used to determine the optimal integration time for the sensor.
Noise measurements of the 1/f noise in PMOS and NMOS transistors for analog applications are reported under wide bias conditions ranging from subthreshold to saturation. Two "low noise" CMOS processes of 2 /spl mu/m and 0.5 /spl mu/m technologies are compared and it is found that the more advanced process, with 0.5 /spl mu/m technology, exhibits significantly reduced 1/f noise, due to optimized processing. The input referred noise and the power spectral density (PSD) of the drain current 1/f noise are modeled in saturation as well as in subthreshold and are compared with the common empirical approaches such as the SPICE models. The results of this study are useful to the design and modeling of 1/f noise of CMOS analog circuits.
We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.