Incorporating energy use into the economic level of Leakage Model
The Economic Level of Leakage (ELL) is the leakage level which minimises the total of the present value cost of leakage management and the present value cost of the water lost through leakage. Reducing the leakage below the ELL would cost a water utility more than the benefits of the leak reduction. This paper describes research which aims to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions associated with management of water leakages in water distribution networks. It adapts an IWA methodology for the determination of an Economic Level of Leakage for a water distribution zone with no history of active leakage management, the city of Zaragoza in Spain, considering the energy externalities associated with the components of water loss management.
In the present work, Von Mises criterion and its distortional energy density interpretation proposed for plastic mechanics is employed to study the effect of temperature on plastic yielding behavior of metal