Measurement and the Quantum World
The quantum theory of measurement and its development are explained. The basis for viewing measurement in quantum mechanics as a genuine physical, rather than psychophysical process or a process that depends on consciousness or the mental, is given and defended against the critiques of Bell and others. The notion of quantum measurement as the actualization of quantum potentiality as grounded in the related versions advocated by Heisenberg and Shimony is explicated in the context of the theory of positive-operator-valued measures. Quantum interference is discussed as a process of interference of quantum potentialities in contradistinction to the interference of some material substance or the interference of probability waves. This provides the basis for a valid realist interpretation of quantum theory.
The generation and behavior of the fractal Koch array factor from a Kaiser window generator is studied. The main advantage of using Kaiser windows is that pattern parameters become much more flexible through altering the Kaiser window. The mainlobe width, current distribution, side-lobe ratio are now adjustable. Different reduced array structures can be obtained by using different threshold levels. Higher threshold values result in a highly reduced number of elements but they may highly distort the pattern and, hence, the multiband behavior. Finally, we study the effect of quantization of the feeding values. Quantization is necessary for implementation and simplification purposes. Several configurations of current distributions with the corresponding patterns are illustrated for different quantization levels. It is shown that moderate quantization keeps the same interesting similarity properties at several bands.