No Pain, No Gain: Effort and Productivity in Professional Soccer
Several determinants of player values like productivity and human capital have been investigated in previous research; however, the influence of individual effort has been neglected. This study assumes that effort could be a signaling device and analyzes the effect of effort on market values of soccer players. Secondary data on player statistics and market values from the 2011/2012 season and the first half of the 2012/2013 season of the German Bundesliga were collected (n=877). Technical innovations that record routes and running distances in soccer allow using total running distance and number of intensive runs as effort measures. The results showed that effort had an insignificant or negative impact on logged market values and changes in market values. Only the interaction between intensive runs and tackling rate had a positive effect on logged market values, but not on changes in market values.
Through the analysis of ecological sports tourism resources and its characteristics, we investigated the key ecological sports tourism resources from the angle of regional planning, industrialization programming, design and so on in the present paper and put forward novel countermeasure for sustainable development.