Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Fractures in Children and Adolescents
Schlienger RG, Jick SS, Meier CR. Pediatrics . 2004;114:469–473 ::: ::: To determine if children or adolescents who are exposed to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) (ie, beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone) are at a higher risk of having bone fractures compared with nonexposed individuals. ::: ::: This was a population-based study using the United Kingdom General Practice Research database that contains data for >3 million people. ::: ::: Within a base population of 273 456 individuals …
Abstract ::: After prolonged selection, two hybrid strains of Culex tarsalis were evolved that were highly resistant to infection following ingestion of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. These strains were greater than 25,000-fold more resistant than the most susceptible parental strain when fed on viremic chicks. Resistance was associated with a mesenteronal barrier since both refractory and parental strains were equally susceptible to infection by intrathoracic inoculation. Susceptibility was dominant, possibly incompletely dominant, over resistance. Inheritance was probably polyfactorial but this could not be determined with certainty since a small proportion of individuals appeared to become infected by nongenetic mechanisms.