In this study, we utilize the least squares formulation to solve the real-time buried object detection problem. Least squares estimation is used to estimate the next ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal from previous samples, where there is no underground object. If the measured GPR signal is considerably different than the estimated signal, presence of an underground object is concluded. In order to attain real-time performance, Cholesky factorization is used when solving the linear systems. The proposed approach is tested on an extensive data set of different surrogate mines and other objects that are commonly encountered under the ground. The data are collected from three different terrains with different soil types to reveal the true performance of the method. It is demonstrated that our approach achieves almost 100% performance with a false alarm rate of approximately 10% on real GPR data collected with a handheld GPR system.
A method of forming cooling ducts in the windings of a liquid cooled electrical transformer without adding permanent duct formers to the winding, and without requiring an additional manufacturing step to remove duct formers. Plastic tubes dissolvable in the liquid dielectric are utilized as the duct formers. Thermal siphon flow of the liquid through the tube openings when the transformer is energized dissolves the tubes and enlarges the cooling ducts to the outside dimensions of the tubes.
Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights.