Degree of microleakage of a self-etch sealantDegree of microleakage of a self-etch sealant
The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of a new self-etch sealant (Enamel Loc), with and without acid etching, to a traditional sealant (UltraSeal XT Plus) with acid etching in occlusal fissures. The self-etch sealant had significantly more microleakage than the traditional sealant or the self-etch sealant with acid-etching of the enamel.
The Economic Level of Leakage (ELL) is the leakage level which minimises the total of the present value cost of leakage management and the present value cost of the water lost through leakage. Reducing the leakage below the ELL would cost a water utility more than the benefits of the leak reduction. This paper describes research which aims to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions associated with management of water leakages in water distribution networks. It adapts an IWA methodology for the determination of an Economic Level of Leakage for a water distribution zone with no history of active leakage management, the city of Zaragoza in Spain, considering the energy externalities associated with the components of water loss management.