A detailed 3D ankle-foot model for simulate dynamics of lower limb orthosis
The objective of this study is to develop a 3D ankle-foot model containing toe expression for designing an AFO (ankle-foot orthosis) with a training function. Two experiments were conducted to (1) show the influence of toes by comparing walking with and without an AFO, and (2) clarify the functions of toes during walking by correlating the activity of the major muscles controlling the ankle and the toes to the sole pressure data during walking. By analyzing the results of these two experiments, the necessary components and conditions of a detailed 3D foot-ankle model for developing an AFO with a training effect were clarified. A model was built and examined with empirical facts, and data were collected from the AFO simulation.
Mobile location estimation has attracted much interest over the past few years. The most challenging issues, which render to reach the required accuracy for the time-based location system, are multipath and non line-of-sight (NLOS) problems. This paper suggests the simple but robust techniques using biased Kalman filter to smooth and mitigate the NLOS effect for TOA measurements. The processed TOAs are then used for DTOA formulation and provided for location estimation. The further tracking stage is shown not to improve the accuracy much but to be necessary to smooth the mobile trajectory. The better accuracy for mobile location is suggested for future work by using the geographical information through searching the match between the path loss measured at multiple BSs and that estimated by ray-tracing techniques.