The question of the number of permeability measurements that are required to estimate the mean permeability of a reservoir interval is not generally considered during reservoir evaluation. Permeability sampling is traditionally carried out with core plugs (1.0-1.5 inch or 2.5-3.8 cm cylindrical samples) at a spacing of about 1 foot or 0.3 m. This spacing has evolved from considerations of practicality, cost and the need for core conservation, and takes little account of the underlying rock variability.
An integrated outcrop and subsurface study of permeability variations in the San Andres formation demonstrates the extreme heterogeneity present in this economically important carbonate horizon. Permeability measurements were made with a field permeameter and were compared to subsurface core data. Geostatistical techniques were used to predict variability and scales of spatial correlation. Measured permeability showed substantial variability within units arranged in three correlation scales. Outcrop permeability data exhibited no marked permeability anisotropy in predicted spatial correlation length. Several scales of spatial variability have been observed in an outcrop section, with subsurface results in agreement.
Wireless transmission over 15Gb/s data rate is reported using space diversity MIMO. Multi-diversity planar antennas are designed and fabricated to transmit and receive the radio frequency signal simultaneously in 2 radiation diversities. Reliable 15Gb/s indoor data transmission over 5m distance is demonstrated in the super high frequency band (SHF) of 11.6GHz to 20.4GHz. Low BER is achieved with 2×2 MIMO space time block coded OFDM modulation.