Surgical hand rubbing compared with surgical hand scrubbing: comparison of efficacy and costs.
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of surgical hand rubbing (SHR) with the efficacy of surgical hand scrubbing (SHS), and to determine the costs of both techniques for surgical hand disinfection. A review of studies reported in the literature that compared the efficacy of SHS and SHR was performed using MEDLINE. The costs of SHR and SHS were estimated based on standard hospital costs. The literature showed that SHR had immediate efficacy that was similar to that of SHS, but SHR had a more lasting effect. SHR reduced costs by 67%. In conclusion, SHR is a cost-effective alternative to SHS.
This paper incorporates labor search frictions into a model with lumpy capital to explain a set of stylized facts about the United States labor market dynamics over business cycles. All of these facts are related to …rm size: (1) job creation is procyclical in both small and large …rms; (2) job destruction is countercyclical in large …rms, but, paradoxically, it is procyclical in small …rms; and (3) job creation and job destruction are more volatile in large …rms than in small …rms. The model is calibrated to US data and its predictions are broadly consistent with the facts. The success of the model relies on the interaction between labor search and lumpy capital. Search frictions imply that even if two …rms have the