2 Chemistry and Characterization of Portland Cement
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the physical and chemical properties, and the performance of the remarkable material, which are crucial to every facet of well cementing technology. The chapter reviews the manufacture, chemical composition, hydration chemistry, and classification of Portland cements. Well cementing exposes Portland cement to conditions far different from those anticipated by its inventor. Cement systems must be designed to be pumped under conditions ranging from below freezing in permafrost zones to greater than 1,000° F (538°C) in some thermal recovery wells. After placement, the cement systems preserve their integrity and provide zonal isolation during the life of the well. It is possible to accommodate such a wide range of conditions through the development of additives which modify the available Portland cements for individual well requirements.
Application of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors for odor sensing has been an important research topic. Proper performance of odor sensing systems with QCM sensors requires good discrimination among odor samples. Recently we have been studying pegylated lipopolymers - composed of lipid and poly(ethylene glycol). (PEG) The materials allowed for very good discrimination among odorants of different functional groups. Here we study lipopolymers with various molecular weight of PEG moiety. Our results indicate that the PEG chain length is an important factor influencing lipopolymer's sensing properties.