Transport in Belgium
Transport in Belgium is facilitated with well-developed road, air, rail and water networks. The rail network has  of electrified tracks. There are  of roads, among which there are  of motorways,  of main roads and  of other paved roads. There is also a well-developed urban rail network in Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi. The ports of Antwerp and Bruges-Zeebrugge are two of the biggest seaports in Europe. Brussels Airport is Belgium's biggest airport.

Railways
 

Rail transport in Belgium was historically managed by the National Railway Company of Belgium, known as SNCB in French and NMBS in Dutch. In 2005, the public company was split into 2 companies: Infrabel, which manages the rail network and SNCB/NMBS itself, which manages the freight and passenger services.  There is a total of , ( double track (as of 1998)), of which  are electrified, mainly at 3,000 volts DC but with  at 25 kV 50 Hz AC (2004) and all on standard gauge of . In 2004 the National Railway Company of Belgium, carried 178.4 million passengers a total of 8,676 million passenger-kilometres. Due to the high population density, operations are relatively profitable, so tickets are cheap and the frequency of services is high. The SNCB/NMBS is continually updating its rolling stock.

The network currently includes four high speed lines, three operating up to , and one up to . HSL 1 runs from just south of Brussels to the French border, where it continues to Lille, and from there to Paris or London. HSL 2 runs from Leuven to Liège. HSL 3 continues this route from Liège to the German border near Aachen. HSL 4 runs from Antwerp to Rotterdam by meeting HSL-Zuid at the border with Netherlands.

Electrification is at 3 kV DC, with the exception of the new high-speed lines, and of two recently electrified lines in the south of the country which are at 25 kV AC. Trains, contrary to tram and road traffic, run on the left.

Rail links with adjacent countries
 France — voltage change 3 kV DC – 25 kV AC
 LGV 1 —  voltage remains at 25 kV AC.
 via France to the UK on HSL 1, LGV 1, Channel Tunnel and CTRL (Channel Tunnel Rail Link) —  voltage remains at 25 kV AC.
 Germany —  voltage change 3 kV DC – 15 kV AC
 HSL 3 —  voltage remains at 25 kV AC.
 Netherlands —  voltage change 3 kV DC – 1500 V DC
 HSL-Zuid —  voltage remains at 25 kV AC.
 Luxembourg —  no voltage change at the border (the line Hatrival (Libramont)-Luxembourg is at 25 kV AC and the line Gouvy-Luxembourg is at 25 kV AC)

Urban rail

An urban commuter rail network, Brussels RER (, ), is operational in the Brussels-Capital Region and surrounding areas.

Metros and light rail

In Belgium an extensive system of tram-like local railways called vicinal or buurtspoor lines crossed the country in the first half of the 20th century, and had a greater route length than the main-line railway system. The only survivors of the vicinal/buurtspoor system are the Kusttram (covering almost the entire coast from France to the Netherlands, being the longest tram line in the world) and some sections of the Charleroi Pre-metro. Urban tram networks exist in Antwerp (the Antwerp Pre-metro), Ghent and Brussels (the Brussels trams), and are gradually being extended. The only rapid transit system in Belgium is the Brussels Metro. Some heavy metro infrastructures were built in Brussels, Antwerp and the Charleroi area, but these are currently used by light rail vehicles, and their conversion to full metro is not envisaged at present due to lack of funds.

Regional transport in Belgium is operated by regional companies: De Lijn in Flanders operates the Kusttram and the Antwerp pre-metro and tram, and the tram in Gent, as well as a bus network both urban and interurban, TEC in Wallonia operates the Charleroi pre-metro as well as a bus network and MIVB/STIB in the Brussels Capital-Region operates the Brussels metro as well as the Brussels tram and bus network. Despite this regional organization, some bus and tram routes operated by STIB/MIVB go beyond the regional border, and some bus routes operated by TEC or De Lijn transport passengers from the Flemish or Walloon regions to the capital city or in the other regions.

Road transport

Road network

The road network in Belgium is managed by regional authorities, meaning that a road section in Flanders is managed by the Flemish Government, a road section in Brussels by the Brussels government and a road section in Wallonia by the Walloon Government. This explains that road signs in Flanders are written in Dutch, even when referring to a Walloon region, and conversely, which can be confusing for foreigners who do not know the different translations of Flemish or Walloon cities in the other language. The road network in Belgium is made of highways, national (or regional) roads (the secondary network) and communal roads (or streets). Communal roads are managed at the municipal level. There are also a number of orbital roads in Belgium around major cities.

 total: 152,256 km (2006)
 country comparison to the world: 35
 paved: 119,079 km (including 1,763 km of expressways)
 unpaved: 33,177 km

Belgian road numbering evolved during the middle decades of the twentieth century, in a relatively inconsistent way. Road number allocations became less systematic during the surge in road building that took place in the 1960s and 70s. Frequently downgraded and deteriorating older national roads retained two digit numbers while newer major roads were identified with less instantly memorable three digit numbers, if only because the shorter numbers were already taken. 1985 saw a comprehensive renumbering of the "N" (National) roads which now followed the scheme described below.

Highways

The highways in Belgium are marked with a letter A and a number. Most often however the European numbering system for the international E-road network is used. There is however not always a one-on-one relationship between the two numbering systems along the whole length of the highways.

A1 (E19): Brussels - Antwerp - Breda
A2 (E314): Leuven - Lummen - Genk
A3 (E40): Brussels - Leuven - Liège - Aachen
A4 (E411): Brussels - Wavre - Namur - Arlon - Luxembourg
A10 (E40): Brussels - Ghent - Bruges - Ostend
A12 (Brussels - Boom - Antwerp - Netherlands (Bergen op Zoom):(includes a section not yet fully upgraded to motorway standard)
A13 (E313): Antwerp - Beringen - Hasselt - Liège
A14 (E17): Lille - Kortrijk - Ghent - Antwerp
A15 (E42): Charleroi - Namur - Huy - Liège
A17 (E403): Bruges - Kortrijk - Tournai
A18 (E40): Bruges - Veurne - Dunkerque

Ringways
The ringways (or orbital roads) around bigger cities have their own series of numbers. The names start with a R then a first digit indicating the (old) province, and sometimes a second digit to further differentiate in between different ringways.

Some major examples are:
R0 is the outer ringway around Brussels. The R20 and R22 are (parts of) inner ringways around Brussels.
R1 is the southern half ringway and R2 is the northern half ringway around Antwerp.
R3 is the outer ringway and R9 is the inner ringway around Charleroi. The inner ring is counterclockwise-only.
R4 is the outer ringway and R40 is the inner ringway around Ghent.
R6 is the outer ringway and R12 is the inner ringway around Mechelen.
R8 is the outer ringway and R36 is the inner ringway around Kortrijk.
R23 is the ringway around Leuven.
R30 is the inner ringway around Bruges.

National roads

The national roads were renumbered in 1985 according to a national scheme and are identified with the letter N followed by a number.

The principal national roads fan out from Brussels, numbered in clockwise order:
N1: Brussels - Mechelen - Antwerp
N2: Brussels - Leuven - Diest - Hasselt - Maastricht
N3: Brussels - Leuven - Tienen - Sint-Truiden - Liège - Aachen
N4: Brussels - Wavre - Namur - Marche-en-Famenne - Bastogne - Arlon
N5: Brussels - Charleroi - Philippeville
N6: Brussels - Halle - Soignies - Mons
N7: Halle - Ath - Tournai
N8: Brussels - Ninove - Oudenaarde - Kortrijk - Ypres - Veurne - Koksijde
N9: Brussels - Aalst - Ghent - Eeklo - Bruges - Ostend

Secondary national roads intersect these.

National roads have an N plus 1, 2 or 3 digits. National roads numbered with 3 digits are provincial roads, their first number indicating the province in which the road begins:
 N1xx Province of Antwerp
 N2xx Provinces of Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant
 N3xx Province of West Flanders
 N4xx Province of East Flanders
 N5xx Province of Hainaut
 N6xx Province of Liège
 N7xx Province of Limburg
 N8xx Province of Luxembourg
 N9xx Province of Namur

Cars

Changes
Between 1993 and 2012 the average age of the passengers cars registered as running in Belgium increased from just over 6 years and 4 months to 8 years and 17 days. 2012 data for other European countries are not yet available, but in 2010 the average age of car Belgium was 7.9 years against a European Union average of 8.3 years. Government policy provides an important clue as to one reason for the relative newness of the national car parc. Despite recent high-profile plant closures by Ford and Renault, Belgium remains an important centre for automobile component and passenger car production, with important plants operated by Volvo and Audi, and this is reflected in a relatively benign taxation environment whereby company cars are a still a popular and relatively tax efficient element in many remuneration packages.

Water

Ports and harbours

Sea ports
Antwerp - Port of Antwerp  (one of the world's busiest ports)
Bruges (Zeebrugge) - Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge  (one of the busiest in Europe)
Ghent - Port of Ghent 
Ostend - Port of Ostend

Main inland ports
Brussels - Port of Brussels  (also accessible for ocean-going ships)
Liège - Port of Liège  (one of the busiest in Europe)

European portuary context
European Sea Ports Organisation ESPO
European Federation of Inland Ports FEPI
Inland Navigation Europe INE
2002 ranking of world ports by tonnage and by container volume (in TEU) Port ranking

Merchant marine

Waterways
The Belgian waterway network has 2,043 km, 1,532 km of which is in regular commercial use. The main waterways are the Albert Canal connecting Antwerp to Liège, the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal through the port of Ghent connecting Ghent with the Westerschelde, the Boudewijn Canal through the port of Bruges-Zeebrugge connecting Bruges with the North Sea, the Brussels-Charleroi Canal, Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal and Scheldt connecting Charleroi to Antwerp, the Nimy-Blaton-Péronnes Canal and Scheldt connecting the Borinage to Antwerp, the connection between the North Sea and Antwerp and the connection between Dunkerque and Liège via the Nimy-Blaton-Péronnes Canal, the Canal du Centre, the lower Sambre and the Meuse. Waterways are managed on a regional level in Belgium. The region of Brussels only managed 14 km of waterways from the Anderlecht lock to the Vilvoorde bridge. In Flanders, the management of waterways is outsourced to 4 companies: NV De Scheepvaart, Departement Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken, Agentschap voor Maritieme Dienstverlening en Kust and Waterwegen en Zeekanaal NV.

Air transport

According to the 2009 CIA World Factbook, there are a total of 43 airports in Belgium, 27 of which have paved runways. Airplane passengers in Belgium can use 5 airports, the largest of which being the Brussels Airport. The other airports are the Ostend-Bruges International Airport, the Brussels-South Charleroi Airport, the Liège Airport and the Antwerp International Airport. Other airports are military airports or small civil airports with no scheduled flights. Well-known military airports include the Melsbroek Air Base and the Beauvechain Air Base.

The Belgian national airline used to be Sabena from 1923 to 2001, until it went into bankruptcy. A new Belgian airline named SN Brussels Airlines was subsequently founded by business man Étienne Davignon. The company was then renamed as Brussels Airlines in 2006. In 2016, Air Belgium was founded by Nicky Terzakis, former CEO of TNT Airways, with the goal of connecting Belgium offering long-haul flights. In 2019, Brussels Airlines became a subsidiary of German airline Lufthansa.

See also 
 Transport in France
 Transport in Germany
 Transport in the Netherlands
 List of tunnels in Belgium
 Plug-in electric vehicles in Belgium

References

Further reading

External links
Transport at Belgium.be