Animals in Ophthalmic Research: Concepts and Methodologies


Preventive Health-Care Programs and Heredity Tests


title: Separation and Characterization of Leukocytes from the Intestine

text: This chapter discusses the methods for the separation and characterization of leukocytes from the intestine. Intestinal immune mechanisms must be studied directly and incorporated into models based on the observations made using intestinal cells and not just systemic cells. Numerous reports in the literature compare and contrast mucosal and systemic responses; however, despite their tissue-specific variations, the different tissues do interact. The procedures used to isolate cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are traumatic or include enzyme digestion. A technique should be selected that is efficient yet gentle enough to provide viable and functional cells. Moreover, the cells contaminating leukocyte preparations can affect the functional assays. This necessitates that positive controls are put through the procedure or even added to intestinal pieces before isolation. If these cells demonstrate a positive response following this handling, then one is more confident of negative results observed in the isolated intestinal cells.


Feline Myocardial Diseases


The Epidemiology of Viral Infections


title: The Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viruses in Human Lungs

text: Viral infections probably initiate a large percentage of childhood and adult asthmatic attacks based on a history of preceding 'cold', high rates of viral isolation during attacks with lower rates of isolation during symptom-free intervals, and peaks of hospital admissions for asthma coinciding with viral epidemics. Although PCR technology provides a much more sensitive and specific method for detecting viral nucleic acids, its role in diagnosing active viral infection has been only partially explored. The PCR screening procedure for nine common respiratory viruses was performed on lung tissue obtained from both asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. Six additional cases (four lifetime non-smokers and two with remote minimal smoking histories) were added to control for the fact that both the asthmatics and non-asthmatics smoked heavily. Data from two viruses (the adenovirus and RSV) are used to discuss the possible role of latent and persistent viral infection in the pathogenesis of chronic lung inflammation.


Infertility in the Dog and Cat


title: Interferons Alpha, Beta, and Omega

text: Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is a mixture of closely related proteins, termed “subtypes,” expressed from distinct chromosomal genes. Interferon β (IFN-β) is a single protein species and is molecularly related to IFN-α subtypes, although it is antigenically distinct from them. IFN omega (IFN-ω) is antigenically distinct from IFN-α and IFN-β but is molecularly related to both. The genes of three IFN subtypes are tandemly arranged on the short arm of chromosome 9. They are transiently expressed following induction by various exogenous stimuli, including viruses. They are synthesized from their respective mRNAs for relatively short periods following gene activation and are secreted to act, via specific cell surface receptors, on other cells. IFN-α subtypes are secreted proteins and as such are transcribed from mRNAs as precursor proteins, pre-IFN-α, containing N-terminal signal polypeptides of 23 hydrophobic amino acids (aa) mainly. Pre-IFN-β contains 187 aa, of which 21 comprise the N-terminal signal polypeptide and 166 comprise the mature IFN-β protein. IFN-ω contains 195 aa—the N-terminal 23 comprising the signal sequence and the remaining 172, the mature IFN-ω protein. At the C-terminus, the aa sequence of IFN-ω is six residues longer than that of IFN-α or IFN-β proteins. IFN-α, as a mixture of subtypes, and IFN-ω may be produced together following viral infection of null lymphocytes or monocytes/macrophages. The biological activities of IFNs are mostly dependent upon protein synthesis with selective subsets of proteins mediating individual activities. IFNs can also stimulate indirect antiviral and antitumor mechanisms, depending upon cellular differentiation and the induction of cytotoxic activity.


Tourism in the twenty-first century: contemporary tourism in an uncertain world


THE EFFECTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH MONITORING ON TOXICOLOGY STUDIES


Pediatric Infections


title: Current and Future Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies against Bacteria in Veterinary Medicine

text: This chapter discusses the current and future applications of monoclonal antibodies against bacteria in veterinary medicine. It discusses the existing applications of monoclonal antibodies, including the use of pilus-specific monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization of calves and piglets against enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infections as well as the development of rapid diagnostic test kits for field diagnosis of EPEC infections. The potential applications of monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against a variety of veterinary pathogens are passive immunization against Moraxella bovis (pinkeye), Bacteroides nodosus (foot rot), EPEC enterotoxin (enteric colibacillosis), Pasteurella haemolytica (pneumonic pasteurellosis), and Streptococcus equi (strangles). Three main areas of application for monoclonal antibodies against bacterial antigens in veterinary medicine are passive immunization, improved immunodiagnostics, and immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies, because of their specificity, unlimited availability, and high titer, represent excellent passive immunizing agents. However, their potential usefulness in preventing infection must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.


Inflammatory Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract


Drug and Blood Component Therapy and Neonatal Isoerythrolysis


The Presence of Viruses in Uninoculated Tissue Cultures: Sources and Methods of Detection


A Comparative Assessment of Three Southeast Asian Tourism Recovery Campaigns: Singapore Roars: Post SARS 2003, Bali Post-the October 12, 2002 Bombing, and WOW Philippines 2003


Later stages in the eukaryotic secretory pathway


The thin, inappetent cat


Biology and Diseases of Birds


Puppy and Kitten Losses


title: Antibiotics

text: This chapter discusses the bacterial pathogens that cause infective exacerbations, trials of antimicrobial therapy, individual antimicrobial agents, and guidelines for their use in the treatment of both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The relationship between respiratory tract infection, especially viral infection, and exacerbations of airway diseases is very well established. However, research is required to find new ways to distinguish between the colonization and infective exacerbations of COPD to gain a better understanding of the role of infection in the disease. With advances in molecular biology, the antigenic structures of bacteria and the evaluation of the antibody response to antigens can become the basis for identifying an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECB). Most clinical trials of antibiotics were performed for licensing, and patients with pathogens resistant to different antimicrobials were excluded. Future studies of new antimicrobials should examine clinical efficacy more stringently based on a classification system that would help select patients most likely to benefit from an antibiotic. These studies should also include well-defined prospective economic analyses and quality-of-life assessment to ascertain the cost utility of the antibiotic in question.


The yellow cat or cat with elevated liver enzymes


Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Waterborne Microbial Diseases


Major Infectious Diseases


The cat with a head tilt, vestibular ataxia or nystagmus


Passerines and exotic softbills


SEROLOGIC TESTS FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODY TO RODENT VIRUSES


Contemporary Cruise Operations


Inflammation in the Central Nervous System


Pathogenesis: The Spread of Viruses through the Body


Rodent anaesthesia


Work Sectors of Emerging Importance


Enterobacteriaceae


Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage


Tourism policy issues for today


IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND VIRUS INFECTION OF RODENTS


title: Control of SPF Conditions: FELASA Standards

text: Only experimental animals of a good microbiological quality will give any kind of guarantee of an experiment undisturbed by health hazards. It is for this reason that so-called (specific pathogen free) SPF animals are used for animal experiments. Certain requirements are necessary to maintain the desired SPF organism. Physical barriers together with appropriate operating methods aim at preventing contamination with pathogens and penetration by wild rodents. As a consequence, barrier units are not easily accessible for personnel, which is sometimes considered a disadvantage by experimenters. Finally, monitoring programs help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The main purpose of health monitoring is to detect or prevent infections, which might influence physiological characteristics of animals or their health. Appropriate health monitoring helps to avoid imprecise results and allows all the experiments necessary to be carried out with a minimum number of animal. It is found that sufficient number of animals have to be monitored to obtain relevant information on a given population. It is important that the monitoring must be performed on a regular basis to detect unwanted microorganisms in good time. The recommended frequency is every 12 week.


The cat with abdominal distention or abdominal fluid


Virus-Induced Gastroenteritis in Animals


FUTURE PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CONTROL OF VIRAL AND MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS OF LABORATORY RODENTS


Events Occurring Immediately After the Entry of the Microorganism


The Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney (2000)


The cat with hydrothorax


title: Genetics, Pathogenesis and Evolution of Picornaviruses

text: The discovery of viruses heralded an exciting new era for research in the medical and biological sciences. It has been realized that the cellular receptor guiding a virus to a target cell cannot be the sole determinant of a virus's pathogenic potential. Comparative analyses of the structures of genomes and their products have placed the picornaviruses into a large “picorna-like” virus family, in which they occupy a prominent place. Most human picornavirus infections are self-limiting, yet the enormously high rate of picornavirus infections in the human population can lead to a significant incidence of disease complications that may be permanently debilitating or even fatal. Picornaviruses employ one of the simplest imaginable genetic systems: they consist of single-stranded RNA that encodes only a single multidomain polypeptide, the polyprotein. The RNA is packaged into a small, rigid, naked, and icosahedral virion whose proteins are unmodified except for a myristate at the N-termini of VP4. The RNA itself does not contain modified bases. The key to ultimately understanding picornaviruses may be to rationalize the huge amount of information about these viruses from the perspective of evolution. It is possible that the replicative apparatus of picornaviruses originated in the precellular world and was subsequently refined in the course of thousands of generations in a slowly evolving environment. Picornaviruses cultivated the art of adaptation, which has allowed them to “jump” into new niches offered in the biological world.


Diseases of the Liver and Hepatobiliary System


Cruise Geography


The Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, and Mesentery


Tourism and Health Crises


The cat with tremor or twitching


title: The Impact of General Laboratory Animal Health on Experimental Models in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

text: This chapter describes how the poor health of a laboratory animal can adversely the experimental models used in antimicrobial research. Concerns for the health of laboratory animals have mostly focused on spontaneous infections, although disease in laboratory animals may also be caused by genetic or environmental determinants. The presence of various pathogenic microorganisms may cause changes in the organs, resulting in difficulties in the interpretation of the pathological diagnosis included in the evaluation of many microbiological models. The immune system may be modulated by spontaneous infections in the absence of clinical disease. This effect may be either suppressive or activating or both at the same time, but on different parts of the immune system. Some microorganisms have a specific effect on enzymatic, haematological, and other parameters, which are monitored in the animal during an experiment. Organic function disturbances may change the outcome of the experiment without the knowledge of the scientist. Spontaneous infections in an experimental infection model may also compete with the experimental infection, which in the worst cases may fail. Microorganisms present in the animal may contaminate samples and tissue specimens, such as cells and sera. This may complicate the in vitro maintenance of cell lines, and may interfere with experiments performed on cell cultures or isolated organs. To avoid disease, microbial interference, and zoonoses, laboratory animals are produced according to a three-step principle, which include rederivation, barrier protection, and health monitoring. Rederivation means the production of animals to initiate breeding colonies by either caesarian section or embryo transfer.


Diseases of the nervous system


THE RODENT PARVOVIRUSES


Ungulates as Laboratory Animals


The cat with abnormal pupil size, shape or response


title: Xenogenic Adenoviral Vectors

text: This chapter discusses the utility and safety of xenogenic vectors for vaccination or gene delivery. The properties and behavior of these vectors in heterologous situations are also discussed. Ideally, vectors for gene transfer into human cells should be capable of transgene expression without replication or detrimental expression of viral genes. Infection of human cell lines with intact xenogenic adenoviruses established the principle that these viruses are replication defective at the inputs tested, although the molecular basis for defective replication is not understood. Most work with xenogenic vectors is still firmly based in the laboratory and while this is appropriate to demonstrate the utility of a vector the amount of work required for eventual exploitation of a vector in the clinic should not be underestimated. Understanding the biology of these vectors will ultimately lead to an increased choice of gene delivery vectors, providing more options in therapeutic strategy and design.


Animal Parvoviruses: Comparative Aspects and Diagnosis


Astroviridae


Pathogenesis: Nonimmunological Factors and Genetic Resistance


The Marketing Environment for Destinations


Recovering from SARS: The Case of Toronto Tourism


The international business environment


Tourism in Asia-Pacific


The weak and ataxic or paralyzed cat


Diseases of special concern


Biosynthesis and Sorting of Proteins of the Endoplasmic Reticulum


title: Virus purification

text: This chapter describes the proven methods of purifying enveloped versus non-enveloped viruses and labile versus stable viruses as these properties constitute important differences in the methods. The chapter also discusses those criteria used by various laboratories for determining the degree of purity achieved in virus preparations. Viruses need to be purified for many studies in which properties or structure of the virus must be distinguished from those of the host cells or culture medium, such as analyses of structure of viral polypeptides and function of membrane glycoproteins. Ultracentrifugation is the usual technique of choice for the purification of particles of defined size from their contaminating materials. Caesium chloride is one of the materials of choice used for the purification of viruses by a technique referred to as buoyant density-gradient sedimentation, isopycnic centrifugation, or equilibrium density gradient centrifugation.


Gastrointestinal Emergencies


Adenoviruses of Vertebrate Animals


title: Infections

text: Infection, in particular by respiratory viruses, plays an important role in triggering exacerbations and has also been implicated in the etiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This chapter reviews the epidemiological evidence that implicates infectious pathogens as triggers. The chapter also discusses the mechanisms of interaction between the host-pathogen response and preexisting airway pathology resulting in an exacerbation. Much of the treatment of infective exacerbations for both asthma and COPD is symptomatic, consisting of bronchodilators or supportive in the form of oxygen, and in severe cases it includes noninvasive or invasive ventilatory measures. The current therapy for virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD relies on increased treatment of preexisting disease. Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial infections. The effective use of antiviral agents, particularly for influenza viruses, requires viral diagnosis, commencement of treatment early in the course of an exacerbation, or the targeting of high-risk groups for prophylaxis. Alternative strategies for drug development involve the identification of key factors common to exacerbations induced by a range of different viruses. Increased knowledge of the host–virus interaction can help in designing treatments that can increase virus clearance and minimize immunopathology.


title: Proteolytic Enzymes of the Viruses of the Family Picornaviridae

text: This chapter deals with proteolytic enzymes of the viruses of the family picornaviridae. The picornaviral 3C proteinases constitute an ideal target for the rational design of antiviral drugs. The chapter discusses the chymotrypsin-like cysteine proteinases, which constitute a unique class of enzymes with a distinct substrate specificity, and are so far only found in +RNA viruses. Within these viruses the 3C proteinases perform a central and indispensable role during the viral life cycle and 3C proteinase inhibitors have the potential to limit the spread of viral infections. The chapter concludes that there is a wealth of experimental information available for the best-studied examples of the viruses of the Picornaviridae. This information provides an opportunity to design inhibitors against the viral 3C proteinase. Effective inhibitors of the picornaviral 3C proteinase have the potential to become effective antiviral drugs against human diseases such as the common cold, HAV, enteroviral infections, and diseases caused by related + RNA viruses.


title: Acute Exacerbations of COPD

text: This chapter explains the exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its causes, mechanisms, and treatment approaches. COPD exacerbations are an important cause of the significant morbidity and mortality related to COPD. These COPD exacerbations increase with severity of the disease, and frequent exacerbations impact the patient's quality of life and activities of daily living. These exacerbations are also associated with considerable physiological deterioration and increased airway inflammatory changes caused by a variety of factors such as viruses, bacteria, and some common pollutants. Exacerbation of COPD results in an increase in airflow obstruction, which further increases the load on the respiratory muscles and increases the effort in breathing, thereby leading to respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment approaches include the use of corticosteroids, antibiotics, inhaled bronchodilator therapy in certain cases, and ventilatory support. Increased patient education about detecting and treating exacerbations early in the natural history of COPD can be significantly beneficial. Following an exacerbation, the patient's condition should be constantly reviewed, giving attention to risk factors and compliance with therapy.


The cat with a cloudy eye


Safety and Security Issues in Tourism


Transportation Public Relations


The market for recreation, leisure and tourism products


The cat with abnormal iris appearance


INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESEARCH


GTP-Binding Proteins and Formation of Secretory Vesicles


The Liver and Pancreas


title: Politics, Profit and Digital Prospect: Guangdong Provincial Publishing Group as a Case

text: A case study of the Guangdong Provincial Publishing Group has revealed that Chinese publishing groups are still firmly controlled by the party-state. Although regional governments could protect their economic interests in local publishing industry, political control from the central party-state is firmly installed. The propaganda role of the publishing industry may have declined after the onset of economic reforms, but the ability of the party-state to maintain its political control has not been weakened, and may have even been strengthened. In spite of the corporatization, China’s publishing houses were never intended to be pure business entities, and many continue to rely on monopolistic profits or government subsidies for their financial viability. The digital transformation in publishers is heavily shaped and constrained by the institutional problems of the publishing industry.


Immunology


Infectious diseases of the respiratory system


Enzyme Immunoassays for Infectious Diseases


Dogs and Cats as Laboratory Animals


Diarrhea in the foal


Einleitung und Grundlagen


Atemorgane


VIRAL ETIOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A CRITIQUE OF THE EVIDENCE


The Use of Glycosylation Inhibitors to Study Glycoconjugate Function


Colds, Influenza and Performance


The cat with signs of chronic small bowel diarrhea


Safety and Security Issues Affecting Inbound Tourism in the People's Republic of China


The cat with seizures, circling and/or changed behavior


Intestine


Diseases of the respiratory system


title: Electrofusion: Nuclear Reprogramming of Somatic Cells by Cell Hybridization with Pluripotential Stem Cells

text: This chapter examines nuclear programming of somatic cells by cell hybridization with pluripotential stem cells. This chapter describes a practical procedure for electrofusion to produce hybrid cells between pluripotential stem cells and committed somatic cells without the use of virus or chemicals to mediate the fusion. One is required to culture exponentially growing ES cells on the inactivated PEFs with changes of culture medium once or twice a day. Carry out subculturing of the ES cells every 2 days by a 1:4 split. Trypsinize ES cells and remove excess trypsin quickly. Add 3 ml of ES medium to inactivate the trypsin and dissociate the cells into a single-cell suspension by gentle pipetting. Plate them on a new gelatin-coated 60-mm culture dish. Use the automatic operation switch to initiate AC followed by DC. AC is utilized to induce an inhomogeneous or divergent electric field, resulting in cell alignment and pearl chain formation.


The Cell Surface, Virus Modification, and Virus Transformation


title: Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage

text: Cell damage has profound effects if it is the endothelial cells of small blood vessels that are involved. When bacteria invade tissues, they almost inevitably cause some damage, and this is also true for fungi and protozoa. Cell and tissue damage are sometimes due to the direct local action of the microorganism and microbial toxins. They either interfere with the transcription, translation, and DNA synthesis or change the permeability of the cell membrane. Some of the indirect damage brought about by these microbes is through inflammation and immune responses. Host cells are destroyed or blood vessels injured as a direct result of the action of microbes or their toxins. Inflammatory materials are liberated from necrotic cells, whatever the cause of the necrosis. Also many bacteria themselves liberate inflammatory products and certain viruses cause living infected cells to release inflammatory mediators. The expression of the immune response necessarily involves a certain amount of inflammation, cell infiltration, lymph node swelling, even tissue destruction. Sometimes they are very severe, leading to serious disease or death, but at other times they play a minimal part in the pathogenesis of disease. Other indirect mechanisms of damage include stress, hemorrhage, placental infection, and tumors.


RAT CORONAVIRUS


MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS BIOLOGY AND EPIZOOTIOLOGY


title: Environmental and Equipment Monitoring

text: The increased use of inbred and genetically altered mice, often with compromised immune systems, has resulted in the need for stringent environmental conditions and management practices. This in turn has increased the need to thoroughly monitor the environment of mice and the equipment used for their care. Environmental and equipment monitoring are viewed as management tools used to control the quality of mice produced or housed in the facility. Their purpose is to help safeguard the health of the animals and personnel. In its distilled form, much of environmental and equipment monitoring is common sense coupled with a constant awareness that an animal care program is a dynamic organization dependent on the interaction of animals and people with the physical facility. If the animals are to remain healthy and the physical plant is to continue to function properly, there is little room for error. The errors arise neither from the animals nor the equipment but from the people who are responsible for developing a management policy and style that maintains the health of the animals and the integrity of the physical plant, yet at the same time makes it a pleasant and functional place for both mice and people to accomplish their intended tasks.


Safe handling of mammalian cells on an industrial scale


Commonly presented conditions – a problem-oriented approach


MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOGENESIS


Supply chain in emerging markets


Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract


title: Virus Infections and the Immune Responses They Elicit

text: Various classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins have been recognized and their structures and properties elucidated. Interactions of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages in the induction of immune responses have been documented. Reactions of receptor immunoglobulins on B lymphocytes and the mechanism of synthesis of immunoglobulins in their progeny have been analyzed. Products of T lymphocytes activated by antigens and mitogens have been defined, and their effects on macrophages and other cells studied. Components of the complement system have been isolated and characterized, and the alternate path of activation of the complement system has been recognized. Less is known about the biologic importance of the cytotoxic system in which antibody sensitizes virus-infected target cells for destruction by non-specific effector (K) lymphoid cells. This has been shown to occur in vitro with herpesvirus-infected cells and could play a role in immunity and immunopathology. Model systems of viral infections should be useful in defining the importance of this phenomenon.


KEYNOTE ADDRESS


Nutrition—Disease Interrelationships


The Structure and Chemistry of the Virion: A Systematic Survey


title: Virus Origins: Conjoined RNA Genomes as Precursors to DNA Genomes

text: RNA's unprecedented ability to act both as a template for information storage and as an enzymatic molecule has led to the proposal that primitive living systems were based on RNA, with protein synthesis and DNA templates for information storage added later. This chapter reviews the current knowledge about RNA rearrangement and recombination in viruses, and cites evidence for various mechanisms catalyzing these events. RNA recombination can occur in a spontaneous manner, and such a potential, even at low frequency, would expand opportunities for RNA conjunction. The chapter also outlines the significance of work on viroid-like pathogens, circular RNA replication, and their potential relation to early RNA; and relates the early emergence of RNA mosaics to developments leading to today's DNA-based systems of viral gene expression.


title: Infections

text: Wheezing with respiratory infections is extremely common in early childhood. It is estimated that the prevalence of wheezing during the first five years of life varies from 30–60%. In the majority of children who experience wheezing with respiratory infections, these episodes of wheezing become less frequent as the child grows older. However, determining whether the initial episode of wheezing with a viral respiratory illness is an important factor in the eventual development of asthma is an important question. Although a significant body of information suggests an association between respiratory tract illnesses in early life and the later development of airway dysfunction, this relationship is difficult to establish and indicates the complexity of factors that surround the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual expression of asthma. A similarly important issue to resolve is the relationship between respiratory infections and the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. It is apparent that viral, not bacterial, upper respiratory infections (URIs) trigger asthma attacks. With the use of more sensitive techniques to identify respiratory viruses, the relationship between respiratory infections, particularly viral URIs, and asthma has become even more convincing and important.


Testis and Epididymis


The anemic cat


title: Common Diseases

text: Many pathogens have been reported to cause disease in the laboratory rat. This chapter concentrates on the pathology of the more common pathogens of the laboratory rat. Based on serologic surveys, parvo viruses are some of the most common viral pathogens in wild and laboratory rat. In general, there are three main serogroups, including Rat virus (RV), H-1 virus, and Ratparvovirus (RPV). Both RPV and RV are tropic for many of the same tissues and they both may result in a persistent infection. However, RPV is antigenically and genetically distinct from RV, and it apparently does not cause clinical signs or lesions in infant rats. M. pulmonis causes natural disease in rats and mice. The infection in young rats is usually clinically silent. In older rats, there are nonspecific clinical signs such as snuffling, chromodacryorrhea, and face and ear rubbing. Several bacteria of the genus Streptococcus can cause clinical disease in rats. All of the streptococci of concern in rats are Gram-positive cocci, and are catalase-negative, nonfermentative, and generally nonmotile. Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus has been identified in rats. In rats, infection is usually asymptomatic although nonspecific clinical signs, such as weight loss and dyspnea, may be observed.


Infectious diarrhea


The Travel and Tourism Industry and PR's Role in It


title: Bioterrorism

text: Bioterrorism is defined as the deliberate and malicious deployment of microbial agents or their toxins as weapons in a non-combat setting, represents perhaps the most overt example of human behavior impacting epidemic infectious diseases. There is historical precedent for the use of biological agents against both military and civilian populations. The use of biological (and chemical) agents as weapons of war has been well documented. The German biological warfare program during World War I included covert infections of Allied livestock with anthrax and glanders. The Japanese army began conducting experiments on the effects of bacterial agents of biowarfare on Chinese prisoners in occupied Manchuria in 1932 at their infamous Unit 731. The United States began its own offensive biological weapons program in 1942 and, during its 28-year official existence, weaponized and stockpiled lethal biological agents, such as anthrax, as well as incapacitating agents, such as the etiologic agent of Q fever. There are some recent examples of bioterrorism, though not necessarily resulting in attacks causing morbidity or mortality, may serve as harbingers of future events. Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq developed and deployed anthrax and botulinum-laden warheads in the years leading up to the Gulf War. The reasons that these weapons were never used in an actual attack probably had more to do with the implicit threat of overwhelming US retaliation and Iraqi technological deficiencies rather than the regime's reluctance to violate any moral principles. Biological agents have also been used to forward political ideologies: in 1984 a religious cult, intent on influencing voter turnout during a local election, contaminated restaurant salad bars in The Dalles, Oregon.


Diseases of game birds


Rodent and Lagomorph Health Surveillance—Quality Assurance


Crisis, Tourism and Tourism Crisis Management


title: Drift and Conservatism in RNA Virus Evolution: Are They Adapting or Merely Changing?

text: This chapter argues that the vast majority of genetic changes or mutations fixed by RNA viruses are essentially neutral or nearly neutral in character. In molecular evolution one of the remarkable observations has been the uniformity of the molecular clock. An analysis of proteins derived from complete potyvirus genomes, positive-stranded RNA viruses, yielded highly significant linear relationships. These analyses indicate that viral protein diversification is essentially a smooth process, the major parameter being the nature of the protein more than the ecological niche it finds itself in. Synonymous changes are invariably more frequent than nonsynonymous changes. Positive selection exploits a small proportion of genetic variants, while functional sequence space is sufficiently dense, allowing viable solutions to be found. Although evolution has connotations of change, what has always counted is natural selection or adaptation. It is the only force for the genesis of a novel replicon.


title: Human and Animal Viruses

text: This chapter provides an overview of the human and animal viruses. Viruses held to a low number of passages in animals or cell cultures represent a viral population that is similar to that found in nature, and freezing these pools guards against genetic mutations that occur during subsequent passage. Aliquots of viral stocks frozen at a designated passage level can then be used for multiple and repeatable experiments with the same viral population. Furthermore, it is important that consistency should be maintained during the production of viral vaccines; new lots of final product are prepared with frozen viral seed stocks that consistently reproduce the desired immunogenic and attenuation characteristics. To better appreciate the requirements for freezing and freeze drying of human and animal viruses, some consideration is given to understanding the structural and functional organization of this diverse group of microorganisms. The classification of viruses is based on morphological and physiochemical properties. Thus, viruses are divided into those with DNA or RNA genomes and subdivided into families based on size and structural properties. Several methods for preservation of viruses are included in the chapter.


The Digestive System


Political and foreign policy implications of tourism


The cat with lameness


title: Clinical Chemistry of the Laboratory Mouse

text: The frontier of clinical chemistry in the mouse has advanced and expanded because of two major events such as, the increasing reliance on mice in biomedical research, and increasing availability of practical yet sophisticated techniques and instrumentations that have allowed for the detection of a wider variety of biomarkers of disease. The progression of these two events is partially driven by the increasing regulatory demands related to safety/toxicity assessment of novel drug development. The availability of inbred strains has led to major breakthroughs in cancer, biology, and immunology. In addition, outbred stocks continue to be utilized in a wide variety of studies but particularly in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. The power of these models to elucidate the genetic basis of disease cannot be overemphasized. This provided complete nucleotide sequences for each genome allowing investigators to quickly develop the equivalent murine model for many of the inherited human diseases. Transgenic and knockout mice have helped clarify disease pathogenesis in virtually every area of medicine and often elucidated biochemical pathways, previously unknown, which are now subject to testing and quantification.


Membrane Insertion and Transport of Viral Glycoproteins: A Mutational Analysis


Clostridium difficile Infection


Sampling and post-mortem examination of the pig


SYNTHESIS OF MATRIX PROTEIN IN A SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS CELL LINE


THE EFFICACY OF BIOENGINEERED ANTI-TOXINS AND VACCINES FOR ANIMAL HEALTH CARE


Characteristics and Functions of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue


PREVALENCE OF VIRAL AND MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS IN LABORATORY RODENTS


Viral, bacterial and mycotic diseases


Cornea


Diseases of the Large Intestine


Transport of Proteins into and across the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane


THE EFFECTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH MONITORING ON ONCOLOGY STUDIES


Risk management


Key Issues in International Tourism Management


DECISION MAKING, DETECTION, PREVENTION AND CONTROL


EMERGING PROBLEMS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE AND SUGGESTED DIRECTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEBATE


Immune-Mediated Disorders


RECEPTORS IN THE INFECTION PROCESS


ARBOVIRUSES IN NORWAY


Crisis Management in Tourism


Principles of the Design of Enzyme Immunoassays


British Airways


Approach to the Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disease


Coronaviridae


The Multiplication of RNA Viruses


Occupational Infectious Diseases


Immunological Components of Milk: Formation and Function


Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Mucosal Effector Sites


TOXICOLOGY: COMPLICATIONS CAUSED BY MURINE VIRUSES AND MYCOPLASMAS


Colic in Foals


Acute Medical Diseases of the Small Intestine


DEDICATION


title: Metabolism of Bradykinin by Peptidases in Health and Disease

text: This chapter provides an overview of the metabolism of bradykinin (BK) by peptidases in health and disease. The enzymatic breakdown of kinins affects the duration of their biological actions as the plasma half-life of intravenously injected BK is in the range of seconds. Kinins are cleaved in vitro and in vivo by enzymes that belong to families, such as zinc-metallopeptidases, astacin-like metallopeptidases, and catheptic enzymes. Vane noted the importance of the pulmonary circulation in the metabolism of vasoactive substances, such as BK as well as angiotensin 1 and 5- hydroxytryptamine. It is clear after decades of research that angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) on the vascular endothelial cell surface is the most important inactivator of blood-borne BK. BK may act primarily in an autocrine and paracrine fashion, establishing the importance of local regulation of its activity by enzymes on cell surfaces. Thus, the assortment of other enzymes that can inactivate BK is important in a variety of physiological and pathological situations. Most physiological systems have redundant pathways of metabolism so that the abolishment of one pathway is compensated for by the presence of others. This is demonstrated by the pharmacological inhibition of ACE in hypertension.


The cat with signs of chronic vomiting


Determinants of disease


Tourism and Terrorism


title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards

text: Zoonoses refers to the infectious diseases and infestations that are transmissible directly from an animal host to humans. The biomedical literature contains numerous reports of zoonotic diseases and parasitic infestations from laboratory mice and their wild counterparts. The extended maintenance of the laboratory mouse over a number of generations under controlled and increasingly sophisticated laboratory animal housing conditions with veterinary oversight and effective infection control measures has markedly reduced the likelihood that zoonotic agents would be encountered in a modem animal care and use environment. Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated hazards. In addition to the zoonoses, mice are capable of inflicting bites on inadequately trained personnel and are a rich source of allergens for a substantial number of persons predisposed to develop mouse-associated allergic sensitivities. This chapter discusses the mouse-associated zoonotic diseases and other health hazards and explains the strategies that are helpful for reducing or eliminating the risk of personnel exposure to these conditions.


Economic Tourism Crises


Central Nervous System: Viral Infection and Immune-Mediated Inflammation


Role of Carbohydrate in Glycoprotein Traffic and Secretion


Cryptosporidia


Feline Viral Upper Respiratory Disease


Basic microbiology


title: Emerging Viruses: Their Diseases and Identification

text: Diseases caused by microbial infections are present throughout human evolution. Large proportions are the result of virus infections. A commonly cited example of resurgent or recurrent disease is the yearly appearance of new antigenically different influenza viruses. These new variants are able to evoke disease in their host while causing the centuries-old symptoms of influenza. However, conventional virological techniques have failed to identify the agent, even though evidence suggested non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) is caused by a blood-borne, small enveloped virus, readily transmissible to chimpanzees. Modern molecular biology techniques are used to identify completely new viruses. These viruses can be associated with a new disease or associated with a well-characterized disease present in humans for many years. In identifying an emerging virus, one is often presented with epidemiological data and clinical specimens that have no reactivity with diagnostic reagents available for known pathogens. The primary aim therefore is to identify any new infectious agent and build a body of data to support the existence of a causal link between organism and disease.


The blind cat or cat with retinal disease


The gastrointestinal system


The fading kitten


Dermatoses of Pet Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets


Urogenital and Reproductive Emergencies


Diseases of the gastrointestinal system


The cat with ataxia without weakness


Developmental Anomalies


Tourism Development and Propaganda in Contemporary Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China


Reducing the impact of diabetic foot complications with good metabolic control


Jinggangshan Mountain: A Paradigm of China's Red Tourism


Cardiopulmonary Conditions


Recombinant plasmids


Transmission of infectious diseases through breast milk and breastfeeding


Esophageal Disorders


title: Communicating Science

text: Communication is an essential part of life in science. It is about explaining the importance of work to grant panels, funding agencies, and project reviewers; publishing research; and informing and educating the public. It is also involved in building relationships, bringing and keeping teams together, and becoming recognized. This chapter highlights the essentials of communication. The ability to communicate effectively is not an innate quality that one either does or does not possess. It is a set of skills that can be learned and developed, regardless of one's starting point. While some people seem more naturally adept than others, through conscious effort, practice, and constructive feedback, everyone can improve. Being able to speak knowledgeably and fluently is important for effective communication, especially at the beginning of any conversation or presentation because it sets the tone, and can positively influence self-confidence. An important strategy for increasing preparedness and effectiveness as a communicator is to commit to the continual development of skills. Another way to influence how to communicate successfully is to understand the audience—the “receivers” of the message—and to use the information to make the best “connection.”


Acquired Diseases of the Fundus


Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Virus


Introduction to food toxicology


Winter Dysentery of Adult Cattle Virus


title: Cerebrospinal Fluid

text: The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is described as the central nervous system equivalent of the complete blood count and the analogy is a good one. A CSF analysis provides a general index of neurologic health, and it often provides evidence of the presence of disease. Similar to a complete blood count, CSF analysis has reasonable sensitivity but low specificity. The possible alterations of CSF are relatively limited compared to the varieties of neurologic diseases that exist. Additionally, the type and degree of CSF abnormality seems to be related as much to the location of disease as to the cause or the severity of the lesion; meningeal and paraventricular diseases generally produce greater abnormalities than deep parenchymal diseases. Previous therapy may affect the type, degree, and duration of CSF abnormalities as well. The CSF abnormalities identified upon analysis are also dependent on the CSF collection site with respect to lesion location. CSF analysis only occasionally provides a specific diagnosis.


ACUTE INFECTIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT


The Alimentary System


The Liver in Systemic Illness


Canine Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis


Project Phoenix: A Benchmark for Reputation Management in Travel and Tourism


Canine Parvovirus


Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus


Other Hepatitis Viruses


Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Animal Health and Production


Animal health


Bali Bombings: A Whole of Government Response


Acute Respiratory/Enteric Disease in Calves and Sheep


The trade union researcher: Sandeep


Astroviruses


Viral Etiology of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis


Tourism and SARS


The Eye and Ear


Infections and Medical Diseases


Vaccinia Virus Recombinants: Expression Vectors and Potential Vaccines


Safety in the Dive Tourism Industry of Australia


Antimicrobials from animals


Exercise and infection risk


Blood Replacement


Clinical Conditions


title: Introduction and economic overview

text: This chapter presents a study of the valve industry and reviews its markets, technological trends, and major manufacturers on a worldwide basis. This study was conducted by using a combination of personal and telephone interviews with key manufacturers on a worldwide basis, scientific and technical literature searches, and a detailed analysis of international production and trade statistics. An industry overview of the structure of the industry and future trends and a detailed overview of merger and acquisition activities in the valve industry since the fourth quarter of 2000 are presented. A brief economic and industry overview of the world's major countries and geographic regions, and market size estimates for the year 2003, along with forecasts from 2004 to 2009 are also presented in this chapter.


Productive Cough (Acute Bronchitis)


The Spread of Disease in the 20th Century and Lessons for the 21st Century


Viral Gastroenteritis in Ruminants


Livestock Diseases


Current Issues in Tourist Health, Safety and Security


Preventive Medicine


Muslim Pilgrimage


The Borneo Eco-Challenge: GeoSentinel and Rapid Global Sharing of Disease Outbreak Information


title: Respiratory Viruses

text: Acute respiratory disease, including the common cold, influenza-like illness, croup, bronchiolitis, and viral pneumonia, can be caused by a wide variety of viral and non-viral agents. Among the viruses, those with RNA genomes tend to play a more prominent role, particularly among immunologically intact individuals. DNA viruses are also associated with respiratory disease. The characteristics of the viruses most often associated with respiratory disease are described briefly in the chapter. Three distinct types of influenza viruses are recognized, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and influenza C virus, based on antigenic differences in the nucleoprotein and matrix proteins. All three viruses share certain characteristics, including the presence of a viral envelope containing glycoproteins important for viral entry and egress from cells, and a segmented genome. The standard nomenclature for influenza viruses includes the influenza type, place of initial isolation, strain designation, and year of isolation.


DMOs, Disasters and Crises


title: International valve market

text: This chapter presents an overview of the international industrial valve market and provides market size estimates for the year 2003, along with forecasts from 2004 to 2009. The markets in the developed world are now relatively mature and will show little growth for new products in the future. Growth in the developed world is concentrated on the replacement market, which represents over one-third of the total valve market. New sales growth is now concentrated in developing regions such as China, India, and South America. The majority of investment in oil exploration and development will take place in the developing countries in the Middle East, Africa, Central and South America, and South and East Asia. Chemical processing would continue to move its manufacturing to these areas with large populations and growing living standards. These improved living standards would also lead to investment in infrastructure such as extension of piped water supplies and wastewater treatment services and power generation. The major driving force in Europe is the increasing impact of the EU directives upon national legislation in subjects as diverse as water treatment and pressure system design. The major valve application in the Middle East is in the oil and petrochemical industries with the region producing nearly 30% of the world's oil, with an increasing requirement for water treatment such as desalination plants. Most of the valve sales to the region are made through large plant contractors and oil companies.


title: Preclinical and clinical development of the anti-HIV, anti-HBV oxathiolane nucleoside analog emtricitabine

text: Three classes of drugs are available to treat patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) : the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), and the protease inhibitors (PI). Emtricitabine represents one of the most potent anti-HIV agents identified to date, producing two log(10) drop in viral load as monotherapy at a 200 mg qd dose as the affected individual became susceptible to opportunistic infections and specific immune deficiency resulting from the depletion of CD4(+) lymphocytes. The clinical profile of emtricitabine discussed in this chapter demonstrated (1) a plasma half-life of 8-10 hours with linear kinetics, (2) an intracellular emtricitabine 5’-triphosphate half-life greater than 39 hours that supports daily dosing, (3) no significant drug–drug interactions that limits the use of emtricitabine in combination therapy, (4) comparable safety and efficacy to lamivudine, and (5) low incidence of Ml84V mutations. This important observation suggests that emtricitabine can increase the durability of oxathiolane nucleoside analog-containing drug regimens. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) constitutes a major worldwide health threat, as the clinical development program is just entering the pivotal phase. Emtricitabine can be an extremely important drug for the treatment of patients coinfected with HIV and HBV.


Common Pediatric Conditions—East and West


Calicivirus-Like Agents


Pneumonia in Adults


Select Populations: Children


Disorders of the Pharynx


title: Terms: Vocabulary, Taxonomy, and Ontology

text: This chapter discusses the terms: “vocabulary,” “taxonomy,” and “ontology.” Terms and facts are semantic constructs. They are meant to have meaning that is shared by anyone who uses them. These terms are chosen from a much larger palette of possible terms for that industry and context. These terms have to be defined and used consistently by all the people and all the programs that access data referred to by the “terms.” The chapter examines where that chaos comes from and the role that taxonomies and ontologies play to help make definitions more precise and more commonly understood. The chapter examines business vocabularies and various ways they are organized. Vocabulary is the set of symbols (words) to which a given language has ascribed shared meaning. Taxonomy is a form of organized vocabulary. Classically the organization is hierarchic, based on some attributes of the things being classified. Ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how categorization relates to behavior and the power of dynamic categorization.


Breda Virus


Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia


As Travel Medicine Practitioner during the SARS Outbreak in Singapore


title: Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology

text: Blood transfusion is essential and vital in the successful treatment of many malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders. Children with thalassemia, adults with myelodysplastic syndromes, and patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemias, leukemias, or aplastic anemias become chronically dependent on blood transfusions. Modern treatment procedures such as high-dose chemotherapy and progenitor cell transplantation require intensive support with blood components and products. The serological basis of blood transfusion, the available blood components and products, and adverse effects of blood transfusion with special emphasis on infectious disease transmission are discussed in this chapter.


Conveyance and Transportation Issues


Eosinophils and Anti-Pathogen Host Defense


Diagnostik und Management der wichtigsten Reiseund Tropenkrankheiten


Infectious Disease Scenarios


Infektionserkrankungen


PATHOLOGIE INFECTIEUSE


Gastrointestinal Disease


title: Nanotechnologies for early diagnosis, in situ disease monitoring, and prevention

text: Nanotechnology is an enabling technology with great potential for applications in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), an inherently biocompatible and nontoxic nanoparticle, is well suited for such applications. We had developed a prospective isolation method using CD157, CD45, and CD54 to obtain lung stem cells. Labeling of CD45(−)CD54(+)CD157(+) cells with FNDs did not eliminate their abilities for self-renewal and differentiation. The FND labeling in combination with cell sorting, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and immunostaining identified transplanted stem cells allowed tracking of their engraftment and regenerative capabilities with single-cell resolution. Time-gated fluorescence (TGF) imaging in mouse tissue sections indicated that they reside preferentially at the bronchoalveolar junctions of lungs, especially in naphthalene-injured mice. Our results presented in Subchapter 1.1 demonstrate not only the remarkable homing capacity and regenerative potential of the isolated stem cells, but also the ability of finding rare lung stem cells in vivo using FNDs. The topical use of antiretroviral-based microbicides, namely of a dapivirine ring, has been recently shown to partially prevent transmission of HIV through the vaginal route. Among different formulation approaches, nanotechnology tools and principles have been used for the development of tentative vaginal and rectal microbicide products. Subchapter 1.2 provides an overview of antiretroviral drug nanocarriers as novel microbicide candidates and discusses recent and relevant research on the topic. Furthermore, advances in developing vaginal delivery platforms for the administration of promising antiretroviral drug nanocarriers are reviewed. Although mostly dedicated to the discussion of nanosystems for vaginal use, the development of rectal nanomicrobicides is also addressed. Infectious diseases are currently responsible for over 8 million deaths per year. Efficient treatments require accurate recognition of pathogens at low concentrations, which in the case of blood infection (septicemia) can go as low as 1 mL(–1). Detecting and quantifying bacteria at such low concentrations is challenging and typically demands cultures of large samples of blood (∼1 mL) extending over 24–72 h. This delay seriously compromises the health of patients and is largely responsible for the death toll of bacterial infections. Recent advances in nanoscience, spectroscopy, plasmonics, and microfluidics allow for the development of optical devices capable of monitoring minute amounts of analytes in liquid samples. In Subchapter 1.3 we critically discuss these recent developments that will, in the future, enable the multiplex identification and quantification of microorganisms directly on their biological matrix with unprecedented speed, low cost, and sensitivity. Radiolabeled nanoparticles (NPs) are finding an increasing interest in a broad range of biomedical applications. They may be used to detect and characterize diseases, to deliver relevant therapeutics, and to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of nanomaterials. The use of radiotracer techniques in the research of novel NPs offers many advantages, but there are still some limitations. The binding of radionuclides to NPs has to be irreversible to prevent their escape to other tissues or organs. Due to the short half-lives of radionuclides, the manufacturing process is time limited and difficult, and there is also a risk of contamination. Subchapter 1.4 presents the main selection criteria for radionuclides and applicable radiolabeling procedures used for the radiolabeling of various NPs. Also, an overview of different types of NPs that have so far been labeled with radionuclides is presented.


Comment


title: First report of two consecutive respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks by the novel genotypes ON‐1 and NA‐2 in a neonatal intensive care unit()

text: OBJECTIVE: Respiratory syncytial virus is a pathogen frequently involved in nosocomial outbreaks. Although several studies have reported nosocomial outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units, molecular epidemiology data are scarce. Here, the authors describe two consecutive respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks caused by genotypes ON‐1 and NA‐2 in a neonatal intensive care unit in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A prospective search for respiratory syncytial virus was performed after diagnosing the index case and four other symptomatic newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples of all patients in the neonatal intensive care unit were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Genotyping was performed using nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS: From May to August 2013, two different outbreaks were detected in the neonatal intensive care unit. A total of 20 infants were infected with respiratory syncytial virus‐A (ten and 14 with ON‐1 and NA‐2 genotypes, respectively). The mean age of the infants was 10 days, mean birth weight was 1,961 g, and the mean gestational age was 33 weeks. Risk factors (heart disease, lung disease, and prematurity) were present in 80% and 85.7% of infants in the ON‐1 and NA‐2 groups, respectively. In total, 45.8% of infants were asymptomatic and 20.8% required mechanical ventilation. Coinfections were not detected during the outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS: Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit who develop abrupt respiratory symptoms should be tested for respiratory viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus. Even in the absence of severe symptoms, respiratory syncytial virus detection can prevent nosocomial transmission through infection control measures. A better understanding of respiratory syncytial virus molecular epidemiology is essential for developing new vaccines and antiviral drugs against respiratory syncytial virus.


Networked Religion: Metaphysical Redemption or Eternal Regret?


Reimagining the Administrative State in Times of Global Health Crisis: An Anatomy of Taiwan’s Regulatory Actions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic


State Liability for Failure to Control the COVID-19 Epidemic: International and Dutch Law


title: Comparative Modeling of Drug Target Proteins

text: In this perspective, we begin by describing the comparative protein structure modeling technique and the accuracy of the corresponding models. We then discuss the significant role that comparative prediction plays in drug discovery. We focus on virtual ligand screening against comparative models and illustrate the state-of-the-art by a number of specific examples.


title: Haplosamates A and B: New steroidal sulfamate esters from two haplosclerid sponges

text: Two sponges from the Philippines, one a Xestospongia sp. (Haplosclerida, Petrosiidae) and the other an unidentified haplosclerid sponge, both contained the unusual steroidal sulfamate esters, haplosamates A (1) and B (2), the structures of which were determined by interpretation of spectral data. Haplosamates A (1) and B (2) inhibit HIV-1 integrase with IC(50)'s of 50μg/mL and 15μg/mL, respectively.


Gripe y viriasis respiratorias


title: Transmembrane α helices

text: This chapter discusses effects of intrinsic membrane proteins on lipid bilayers and model transmembrane α helices. Incorporation of a protein into a lipid bilayer has significant effects on the properties of the bilayer. The rough surface presented by a protein to the surrounding lipid bilayer tends to produce poor packing unless the lipid fatty acyl chains distort to match the surface of the protein. In a liquid crystalline bilayer the lipid fatty acyl chains are disordered, because the chains undergo extensive wobbling fluctuations. The presence of a rigid protein surface reduces the extent of these motional fluctuations. However, the chains tilt and become conformationally disordered to maximize contact with the rough surface of the protein. The net result is that the presence of a protein leads to decreased order for the chains, with a wide range of chain orientations relative to the bilayer normal, but with reduced extent and rate of motion. Because of the reduced motion, lipids adjacent to membrane proteins are often referred to as being motionally restricted. It is clear that the reasons for the disorder of the bulk lipids and the disorder of the lipids adjacent to the protein are different; for the bulk phospholipids, the disorder is dynamic, whereas, for the boundary lipids the disorder is static.


Indoor Environmental Quality


P1460 – P1884


Laboratory Diagnosis and Test Protocols


title: WILDLIFE

text: This chapter deals with the issue of veterinary participation in managing sick and injured wild animals. There are many financial, ethical, and emotional issues for veterinarians to consider when deciding whether to accept wildlife cases to their practice. Wildlife is not owned and, therefore, does not come with paying caretakers. In many cases, the hospital will be expected to absorb the cost of treatment, although avenues for monetary compensation, including grants and public donations, do exist. Accepting wildlife cases is often perceived by (prospective) clients as a positive reinforcement of a veterinarian's compassion toward animals and can serve, directly or indirectly, as a method of increasing a veterinarian's domestic and exotic pet caseload. One ethical consideration to make with these cases is deciding when intervention may interfere with a natural process occurring in a population. The potential costs of accepting wildlife cases usually include expenses associated with captivity, treatment, release, and failure to reestablish the animal in the wild, as well as the welfare risks to conspeciﬁcs and other species through the possible introduction of infection or competition for resources and the upset in natural selection (for example, treating animals that have increased susceptibility to disease may inadvertently select for less ﬁt animals). The potential benefits associated with working with these animals include the emotional pleasure humans derive from helping a “lesser” species, the potential to educate the public, and the opportunities this type of medicine provides for monitoring threats to wildlife and human populations.


Environmental and safety issues with nanoparticles


title: Rodentia

text: This chapter includes diseases of animals in the order Rodentia, in which there are over 2000 species representing 40% of all mammals. This incredibly diverse order includes members inhabiting every continent, either naturally or in human-made environments. While rodents have been the cause or implicated in disease transmission that has lead to human pandemics, such as the Black Death, and the decimation of certain animal species, like island-dwelling birds; genetically modified rodents have contributed significantly to the advancement of biomedical research and human health. There are more than 50 species of endangered rats, mice, voles, squirrels, and marmots. The recent extinction of the Bramble Cay melomys represents the first human-induced rodent extinction linked to climate change. Rodents are the reservoir host of several human and domestic pathogens of concern listed by OIE. Herein, we highlight those diseases of rodents that lead to clinically important gross and microscopic lesions.


Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy


Antimikrobielle und antiinfektiöse Maßnahmen


The Central Nervous System


Mesures d'isolement septique


Arbeitstechniken


Infections in Returning Travelers


Clinical Management of Large-Scale Cruelty Cases


Extubation and Reintubation of the Difficult Airway


Focal Bacterial Infections


title: The Control of Microbiological Problems

text: Methods used to control microbiological problems are discussed. Good housekeeping and regular inspection of all areas, effective boilouts, and regularly scheduled washups reduce slime development. Conventional slime control methods generally employ combinations of biocides. Alternative control measures use enzymes, biodispersants, bacteriophages, competing organisms, and biological complex formers. Using enzymes for slime control is expected to bring important benefits to the pulp and paper industry. Enzymes represent a clean and sustainable technology: they are nontoxic, readily biodegradable, and are produced using renewable raw materials. Use of enzymes in combination with biodispersants appears to be a promising method for slime control.


title: History of Disaster Epidemiology: 1960–2015

text: Disaster epidemiology is not a new field, and the methods utilized to conduct disaster epidemiology studies are no different than the methods used in everyday applied public health research and investigations. The only difference is the circumstances under which the methods are employed. The challenges of conducting epidemiologic studies during a disaster are many—limited access to study sites and populations; access to reliable electricity, connectivity, and communication systems; and typically a short time frame in which to gather, analyze, and report data to decision-makers so that it can be utilized to prevent morbidity and mortality. However, many innovations have been developed by disaster epidemiologists to meet these challenges. Rapid needs assessments, innovative surveillance and tracking systems, and adapted epidemiologic study designs are some of the innovations that will be discussed in this chapter.


Infectious disease


Female Reproduction


Biology and Diseases of Ferrets


Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes


Infectious Disorders of the GI Tract


Nervous System


Akute Vorstellungsanlässe


Respiratory and Thoracic Medicine


Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System


Eosinophils in Human Disease


Introduction to “Five Years of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction”


Mitigation, Prevention, and Preparedness


Immunopathogenesis of Asthma


Vestibular System: Special Proprioception


Pédiatrie


The distribution of multiple sclerosis


Infektionen, Impfungen, Reisemedizin


title: TRANSPORT OF VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS AND ITS MODULATION BY MONENSIN

text: Distinct pathways of membrane glycoprotein transport exist in polarized epithelial cell monolayers, differing in their sensitivity to monensin, a sodium ionophore. Monensin blocks the transport of secretory and membrane glycoproteins at the level of the Golgi complex, which appears dilated as an effect of the drug. Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein continues to be transported to the surface of monensin-treated cells, is cleaved into HA(1) and HA(2) and is incorporated into budding influenza virus particles. On the other hand, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein appears to accumulate in the membranes of the dilated Golgi apparatus of monensin-treated cells. This chapter discusses the effects of monensin on the kinetics of transport of viral membrane glycoproteins to the cell surface. It also discusses the effect of the ionophore on the directional transport of viral glycoproteins in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells doubly-infected with influenza virus and VSV and on the replication of viruses that are assembled at intracellular membranes.


Passerines


title: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH NANOPARTICLES

text: This chapter evaluates the relationship between nanoparticles and the environment, and describes the trouble caused by nanoparticles as well as the safety issues. The relationship between nanoparticles and the environment is clarified from the viewpoint of the kind of influence nanoparticles generated either artificially or naturally have on the environment, such as in atmosphere, groundwater, wastewaters, and exhaust gases. Indoor nanoparticles originate from the several sources such as products of chemical reactions, nonvolatile residues (NVRs) of liquid droplets, printers/photocopiers, combustion, bioaerosols, and infiltration of outdoor air. The influence of nanoparticles on the indoor environment is discussed in the chapter. It describes the sources of nanoparticle generation in general industrial processes such as grinding processes, and in cleanroom or controlled environment industrial processes, such as exhaled air, ionizers, and haze by chemical reaction on solid surfaces. The chapter discusses safety issues related to nanoparticles such as possibility of dust explosion, health risks and biological effects of nanoparticle materials such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanosized metal oxides, and carbon black. The chapter also discusses methods for removing nanoparticles from gas and liquid as technology to control the influence of nanoparticles on the environment.


The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis


Remyelination as Neuroprotection


Infecciones transmitidas por el aire


Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk


Cardiovascular Diseases


Nose


Mechanisms of Microbial Infections


Skeletal Muscle


Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems


[Image: see text] FERRET BEHAVIOR


Lymph Node Disorders


Respiratory System


Reproductive System


Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity


Gastrointestinal Tract


Advanced Diagnostic Techniques


Developmental abnormalities and liver disease in childhood


Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System


Pulmonary Function Testing


Hals, Nase, Ohren


Extubation and Changing Endotracheal Tubes


Special Senses


title: Digestive System

text: The chapter discusses drug-induced changes in the digestive system. The oral mucosa manifests local or systemic disease and derangements produced by therapeutic agents. A significant proportion of therapy-related oral drug reactions appear to be lichenoid reactions, erythema multiforme, and bullous lesions similar to idiosyncratic or immune-mediated skin reactions. Inflammation of the oral cavity (stomatitis) may involve the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, the tongue, and the peridontal tissues. Stomatitis can be induced by systemic administration of high doses of therapeutic agents. Anticonvulsant drugs may also produce changes in the dentition of humans and experimental animals. Discoloration of the teeth and bone is a well-described adverse effect of tetracycline administration and it has also been reported in patients who were treated with the semisynthetic derivative, minocycline. Drug-induced overgrowth of the gingival tissues is a well-described phenomenon in both humans and laboratory animals, including dogs, cats, and rats. Sessile or pedunculated squamous papillomas and infiltrating squamous carcinomas are occasionally found in the oral cavity of most laboratory animals, including rodents, rabbits, and beagle dogs.


Female Genital System


Systemic or Multifocal Signs


Preventive Health Care for Cats


Vestibular Disorders


Otolaryngologic Disorders


Disorders and Diseases of Pregnancy


The rabbit consultation and clinical techniques


Cardiomyopathy


Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis


Maternale Erkrankungen in der Schwangerschaft


Selected Zoonoses


Rabbits


Biology and Diseases of Swine


Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures


Pulmón


Antimikrobielle Therapie


Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis


Microbial Lectins


Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System


Rabbit Basic Science


Hematopoietic Tumors


Les présentations cliniques


Charts and Tables


X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of the Idiotypic Cascade


Journal of Hospital Infection to move to Article-Based Publishing


Foreword: Colorectal Cancer Screening: Where We Are and Moving Forward


Prise en charge en urgence d’un salarié avec suspicion d’une symptomatologie COVID-19


Questionnements éthiques liés au Covid-19 en ORL


Neonatal COVID-19: little evidence and the need for more information


The intriguing features of COVID-19 in children and its impact on the pandemic


Special issue on FDI and integration of Chinese economy


Editing HBV into oblivion


title: Reflections on the Evolving Terrorist Threat to Luxury Hotels: A Case Study on Marriott International

text: The advent of global terrorist networks represents a challenge to international business (IB) theory. Traditionally conceptualized as a type of political risk experienced by multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in conflictive areas, terrorism has evolved in recent years. The global terrorist networks that dominate the international scene today have different motivations, strategies, tactics, and organizational structures than their secular and ethnic‐separatist predecessors and these differences matter for IB theory and practice. Moreover, these groups have shown themselves adaptive, resilient, and capable of striking targets of strategic and symbolic importance in global business and financial centers. This paper examines the changing nature of the terrorist threat to MNEs and the implications for a sector that has been a target of recent attacks: the luxury hotel industry. Structured as a case study of Marriott International, a leading global hospitality provider, the paper analyzes ways the firm is adapting to the evolving threat and the measures it has introduced to safeguard guests, staff, property, and brand. Implications for IB theory and practice are drawn. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


4 Gastrointestinal opportunistic infections


De la Lutte des Classes à la Lutte des Places – By MICHEL LUSSAULT L'Homme Spatial. La Construction Sociale de l'Espace Humain – By MICHEL LUSSAULT


Abstracts 1090 ‐ 1621


OLIV SIG 2 – Transplantation


title: Characterization and Inhibition of the Main Protease of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

text: The main protease of SARS‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), also called 3C‐like protease (3CL(pro)), is vital for the viral replication. It cleaves the replicase polyproteins at 11 sites and is a promising drug target. Several groups of inhibitors have been identified through high‐throughput screening and rational drug design. In addition to the pharmaceutical applications, a mutant 3CL(pro) (T25G) with an expanded S1′ space has been demonstrated to tolerate larger residues at P1′, facilitating the cleavage behind the recognition sequence. This review summarizes current developments in anti‐SARS agents targeting 3CL(pro) and the application of the mutant protease as a tag‐cleavage endopeptidase.


Animal models of human viral diseases: Relevance to developmental therapeutics


ABSTRACTS I


Respiratory Infectious Diseases SIG: Poster Session


Queensland hosts pioneering holistic veterinary medicine course


Biologically Active Nucleosides


title: Abstracts of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society

text: The 22nd annual meeting of the Willi Hennig Society was held at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, New York from July 20–24. There were 154 participants representing 15 countries and a total of 65 talks, 16 posters, and four software presentations. There were five symposia ranging from sequence alignment to worm biology to biogeography. As with Hennig 21 at Helsinki, there was strong student participation. Student posters represented 13 of the total 16 posters and 23 of 65 oral presentations were by students. Student presentations were part of all symposia. The strength and future of the Willi Hennig Society resides in the students and recent meetings indicate a healthy society for the future. The Student Awards Committee consisted of Jonathan A. Coddington, Arnold G. Kluge and Gunilla Ståhls. The winners were Taran Grant, the Hennig Prize ($1000) for “Insertions and deletions in the evolution of equal‐length DNA fragments”; Johannes Bergsten, the Brundin Prize ($500) for “Acilius Phylogeny (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), Problems with Long‐branch attraction and Morphological Intersexual Coevolution”; and A. R. Lindgren, the Rosen Prize ($250) for “A New Phylogeny of the Cephalopoda Using Total Evidence”.


AUSTRALIA/USSR ANIMAL SCIENCE EXCHANGE


Letter to the Editor


The Human Gene Map 20 October 1982


title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR ANALYSIS OF LISTERIOLYSIN O PRODUCED BY LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

text: Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a heat‐labile hemolysin produced by Listeria mono‐cytogenes. Its hemolytic activity has been evaluated qualitatively by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis and immunoblotting. In this experiment, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for quantitative analysis of LLO by using Streptolysin O (SLO) and antistreptolysin O (ASO) as the reagents. The selected coating and blocking buffers were 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 8.5) and 0.25% casein solution with phosphate‐buffered saline solution + 0.05% Tween 20 (PBS‐T), respectively. A relationship between ASO and antibody was achieved with 5 mg/ml ASO and a 1:1,000 dilution of conjugate. The heat stability of LLO at 48, 62, 72, and 80C was examined by using this method and compared with a traditional hemolysis assay. Although the LLO is inactivated easily at those temperatures, the protein structure was not affected at temperatures lower than 80C for 3 min, pointing to a need for both hemolysis and ELISA to be conducted in determining both the activity and presence of LLO in foods.


American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine


title: Compactness in Spaces of Vector Valued Continuous Functions and Asymptotic Almost Periodicity

text: We characterize the precompact sets in spaces of vector valued continuous functions and use the resulting criteria to investigate asymptotic behaviour of such functions defined on a halfline. This problem arose in the context of a qualitative study of solutions to the abstract Cauchy problem. We give particular consideration to the relationship between vector valued asymptotically almost periodic functions on a subinterval [α, ∞] of the real line and precompactness of the set of its translates. Our compactness criteria are also applied to a question concerning the approximation property for spaces of vector valued continuous functions with topologies induced by weighted analogues of the supremum norm. as well as to obtain nonlinear variants on factorization of compact operators through reflexive Banach spaces.


Centenary Medal winners


European Society for Veterinary Neurology: Research Abstracts of the 16th Annual Symposium September 26–27, 2003, Prague, Czech Republic


Abstracts of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine 2003


title: Ecology of Ectomycorrhizal‐Basidiomycete Communities on a Local Vegetation Gradient

text: To understand the factors that structure ectomycorrhizal—basidiomycete communities at a local scale, we measured the strength of the relations among the fungal communities, the tree communities, and the environment of a series of forest ecosystems in southern Quebec. We collected fruit bodies belonging to ectomycorrhizal—basidiomycete families and genera, sampled the woody vegetation, and described soils and landforms at 11 permanent sampling stations. We first calculated similarity matrices among stations, one for each descriptor (fungal species abundance, woody species abundance, and abiotic variables). We then explored the dependence among these matrices using Mantel and partial Mantel tests, path analysis, and comparisons of ordinations and classifications. Similarity among ectomycorrhizal fungus communities was strongly and significantly correlated with tree community similarity, even when controlling for the effect of environmental similarity. When the tests were made with a similarity matrix based on those tree species that are known to be hosts of ectomycorrhizal fungi, abiotic similarity explained a significant portion of the residual variation in the similarity among fungus communities. To explore this complex relationship further, we analyzed species associations. The preference of fungus associations for different sets of abiotic conditions showed that some factors affecting fungal species distribution were different from those affecting the distribution of their tree hosts. Direct and indirect gradient analyses showed that humus characteristics seemed to be important niche dimensions of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The continuum concept was useful to interpret the complex relations among symbiotic species. Trees were the main component of the realized niche of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes, but the fungal symbionts of a particular tree species followed that tree species for only a part of the abiotic gradients over which the host tree was found. This type of distribution predicts that beta diversity of fungi would be generally higher than beta diversity of ectomycorrhizae—forming trees. It also means that the ratio of fungus species richness to woody species richness would be high for most community gradients. Our results and those of previous mycosynecological studies agree with these predictions. The results have implications for the conservation of biodiversity: site selection for conservation based on vegetation classification or mapping, or on distribution of tree species, may miss important fungal species.


title: Germinal Centres in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Indicate a Certain Clinical Immunological Phenotype

text: Ectopic germinal centers (GCs) can be detected in the salivary glands of approximately 1/5 of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and appear in both primary and secondary SS. Previously, ectopic GC have been associated with increased local autoantibody production. The aim of this study was to determine whether GC in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) defines a distinct seroimmunological phenotype. Retrospectively, a material of 130 haematoxylin and eosin‐stained paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of minor salivary gland tissue from patients with pSS was morphologically screened for the presence of ectopic GC. GC‐like lesions were detected in 33/130 (25%) of the pSS patients. Seventy‐two pSS patients lacking these structures (GC‐) were randomly selected for comparison. Focus score was significantly increased in the GC(+) patients compared to the GC(–) patients (P = 0.035). In the GC(+) group, 54.5% of the patients presented with anti‐Ro/SSA compared to 43.7% in the GC(–) group. Anti‐La/SSB was detected in 31.3% of the GC(+) patients compared to 25.7% of the GC(–) patients. Sixty‐one percentage of GC(+) patients presented with increased levels of IgG, a nonsignificant difference when compared to 39.4% in the GC(–) patients (P = 0.089). Levels of RF, ANA, ENA, IgM and IgA were similar in both patient groups, as were ESR and CRP. In conclusion, patients with ectopic GC have a higher focus score and more often present with autoantibodies and increased levels of IgG compared to pSS patients with regular focal infiltration (GC(–)). Our findings may indicate a certain seroimmunological phenotype and warrant for further prospective studies.


Proceedings 22nd Symposium ESVN‐ECVN Bologna 24th–26th September 2009


SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session


Sequence specificity in transcription and translation


Table of Contents: ChemBioEng Reviews 2/2015


title: Mucosally Targeted Prime‐Boost Vaccination Approaches for Tuberculosis Based on the TLR2/4 Ligand OprI Adjuvant

text: Immunity against tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, depends largely on activation and maintenance of strong cell‐mediated immune responses involving both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the ability to respond with Th1‐type cytokines, particularly IFN‐γ. Recent studies suggested that BCG, the only licensed vaccine against M. tuberculosis, may fail to induce T‐cell responses in the lung mucosa and may therefore not protect against pulmonary TB. A decrease in TB mortality may be achieved by enhancing immunity in the lung. The present study evaluated the induction of antigen‐specific immunity in the lung by intranasal (i.n.) delivery of the lipoprotein I (OprI) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. OprI has shown to be a Toll‐like receptor 2/4 agonist that, when given subcutaneously, induces Type‐1 immune responses against heterologous antigens. Here, a fusion of OprI to Ag85A of Mtb (OprI‐Ag85A) was used as a subunit vaccine in homologous prime‐boost immunizations. In addition, OprI‐Ag85A was combined with an Ag85A‐encoding DNA vaccine (Ag85A DNA) or with BCG in heterologous prime‐boost vaccinations. Intranasal and parenteral delivery with OprI‐Ag85A elicited comparable T‐cell responses in the spleen; in addition, i.n. delivery elicited specific T‐cell responses in the lung lymph nodes (LLNs). Intramuscular delivery of Ag85A DNA induced significant systemic Th1 immune responses. Intranasal boosting with OprI‐Ag85A enhanced this response and in addition induced an antigen‐specific IFN‐γ response in LLN. OprI may therefore be an efficient adjuvant for mucosal boosting. We continue to evaluate the protection induced by OprI‐based prime‐boost vaccinations against pulmonary TB. Results on the immunogenicity and protection against intravenous Mtb H37Rv infection will be presented.


Feline medicine self‐assessment


Poster Session II (Abstracts 730 – 1194)


Accepted Abstracts: 2015 Scientific Symposium of the Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society April 16–18, 2015 New Orleans, Louisiana


Scientific Presentation Abstracts


title: A subtidal transect in Jervis Bay, New South Wales

text: Long‐term variations in the intertidal algal flora of the entire rock platform at Plantation Point, Jervis Bay, are described by May (1981). The study now reported presents similar long‐term changes in the flora of a subtidal region of the same headland, observed within the same period of time. This first detailed report of subtidal macroalgal communities in New South Wales describes a several‐year study of the benthic communities along a transect in the upper sublittoral region of a rocky headland at Plantation Point, Jervis Bay. Eighty‐nine species of algae were recorded, five of which were previously unrecorded for New South Wales. The area studied is dominated by the large brown algae Ecklonia radiata and Phyllospora comosa, large areas of which were cleared periodically by storms. Turf, shade and crustose coralline algal communities also were present. Storms, seasonal variation and longer term changes all affected the abundance and distribution of the algal species growing along the transect and hence the floristic composition of the area.


title: SYSTEMATIC IMPLICATIONS OF SEED COAT MORPHOLOGY IN NAMA (HYDROPHYLLACEAE)

text: Seeds from 37 species of Nama (Hydrophyllaceae) were examined by scanning electron microscopy in order to assess systematic implications of seed coat structure. Generally, seed coat morphology is species specific. Nevertheless, similarities among species in seed coat organization, particularly, outer testa anatomy and wall thickening‐pitting patterns allow the recognition of six groups among examined taxa; furthermore, seed coat features often suggest both intra‐group and inter‐group relationships. Recognized groupings do not correspond well with the more classicial treatments of Nama; rather, they suggest that a restructuring of the infrageneric and even the generic taxonomy of Nama is in order.


title: Immunisation Rates in Older Veterans and War Widows

text: Aim: To study the immunisation rates of veterans and war widows aged 70 years and above in New South Wales and Queensland, as part of the Preventive Care Trial. Method: A trained health care worker assessed subjects at home regarding health, illness and immunisation status. Results: Suboptimal immunisation rate for influenza (72%) and poor rates for pneumococcus (14%) and tetanus (43%) were detected. Conclusion: Subjects in this study were not immunised according to recommended guidelines. Further education campaigns are warranted to improve immunisation rates in older people.


title: First‐instar larva of Palaestra rufipennis (Westwood, 1841) and other Australian blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae, Nemognathinae)

text: This is the first study of Australian blister beetle larvae. The first‐instar larva of one species of the endemic genus Palaestra Laporte de Castelnau, 1840, is described as well as those of other phoretic species without adult association and consequently unplaced to genus. Two main larval types (Groups 1 and 2) are recognised, as are distinct morphotypes within each group. Although both groups are assignable to the Nemognathinae, they are characterised by traits not paralleled by subfamily representatives from other regions of the world. Group 1, which includes Palaestra, is the more distinctive, whereas Group 2 shares most characteristics with members of the cosmopolitan tribe Nemognathini. A tabular comparison of larval groups and morphotypes is included.


Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: ASBMT/CIBMTR 2010 tandem meeting highlights and discussion


ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS


Australian Association of Gerontology 36th National Conference Abstracts


title: ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN NORTH AMERICAN PINES

text: Ecological groups were identified from 34 North American species of pine using multivariate analysis of 18 ecological traits. Five adaptive modes are described: 1) fire‐resistant species that are large, thick‐barked, and have large cones and long needles; 2) tall, fast‐growing mesophytic species with moderately high shade tolerance; 3) stress‐tolerant species with animal‐dispersed seeds, occurring mainly on cold or dry sites where fire is infrequent; 4) fire‐resilient species that are precocious reproducers with small seeds, often in serotinous cones; and 5) species of southern mesic sites with fast growth, strong, heavy wood and short persistence of needles. Intermediates between these modes exist. Convergent evolution has occasionally occurred, as shown by high ecological similarity of species in different taxonomic sections within Pinus. However, the analogies between species are imperfect, suggesting the importance of constraint by shared ancestry and divergence produced by a diversity of environments.


Abstracts TPS


Oral Abstract Session OAS


Poster Session Group I


Poster Discussion Session PDS


POSTER SESSIONS


Poster Sessions 2


Poster Session Group III


title: Executive summary

text: Allergic rhinitis is now recognized as a major cause of morbidity that significantly impairs function and quality of life. Moreover, it is now widely held that the pathophysiologic mechanisms causing nasal allergy contribute, or predispose many individuals, to the development of other airway diseases, including asthma. Allergic rhinitis may well be a factor in 24% of children with otitis media with effusion (OME), and perhaps 28% of cases of chronic sinusitis. As many as 78% of persons with asthma aged 15 to 30 years have elevated serum IgE antibodies to five common aeroallergens. In many instances, nasal allergy signals the presence of more severe disease. Considerable evidence now suggests that early and appropriate intervention can improve the quality of life and productivity of patients with allergic rhinitis, enhance the academic performance of children, and reduce the prevalence of airway complications. The goal of treatment has shifted from mere symptom alleviation to blocking the pathophysiologic mechanisms that cause chronic allergic inflammation and leave patients vulnerable to airway infections. The earlier in a patient's life that this can be accomplished, the better the anticipated consequences. A panel of experts was convened in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, on 2 September 1996, to explore these issues and their impact on allergy prevention and treatment in primary care. Their undertaking was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Schering‐Plough Pharmaceuticals.


Abstracts: Poster session


Book received


PERSONAL


Limitations to the realisation of potential production – neonatal calf disease


title: Overview of Monitoring Techniques for Evaluating Water Quality at Potable Reuse Treatment Facilities

text: Needless to say, the safety of treated water for potable reuse must be definitively ensured. Numerous methods are available for assessing water quality; it's important to understand their challenges and limitations.


title: In this issue – October 2010

text: Computed tomography diagnosis of brain infarction in dogs · Tibial tuberosity advancement in canine stifles · Holter monitoring in dogs with mitral valve disease · Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali · Distal luxation of the patella in a horse · Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotypes in sheep at slaughter · Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the brains of pigs with salt poisoning · Classification of infectious bronchitis viruses in poultry field specimens · Mortality events in sea‐caged yellowtail kingfish


Cytokines in Veterinary Medicine


Origin of SARS remains a mystery


Oral Abstract


title: Africa Research Bulletin, Economic, Financial and Technical Series, January 16th–February 15th 2004 Published March 18th 2004

text: In This Issue FDI Missed Opportunities 15954 Angola Accounting Problems 15957 Ghana Economic Commission's Report 15959 Budget 2004 15966 Malawi Strategies For Growth 15961 Botswana Budget 2004 15963 Nile Treaty Under Threat 15985 Contents Continental Developments 15953 Policy and Practice 15957 Communications and Transport 15972 Commodities 15976 Industries 15982 Economic Aid 15957 15973 Rates 15975 Index 15986


Contributed Abstracts


Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat


The Political Economy of the SARS Epidemic: the impact on human resources in East Asia ‐ by Grace O.M. Lee and Malcolm Warner


title: Detecting Viruses in Water

text: Various and divergent approaches that have been used to concentrate and assay viruses from tap water and environmental freshwaters are summarized and briefly explained. The basic principles behind the different methodologies and descriptions of the most recent developments are emphasized. Comparisons help demonstrate the relative sensitivities of different concentration and assay techniques.


Book Shelf


AAPA Presentation Schedule


UK eyes way medicine is sold


Inaugural Meeting of the International Society of Obstetric Medicine: 21–25 October 2003, Fremantle, Western AustraliaRefereed Abstracts of Original Oral Presentations at the Meeting


Graphisches Inhaltsverzeichnis: Angew. Chem. 34/2007


title: BOOK REVIEWS

text: Book reviewed in this article: Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants Vol 3 Practical Nutrition Veterinary virology: The Professor Margaret Sabine Virology Course. Advances in Veterinary Virology Veterinary biology and medicine of captive amphibians and reptiles: Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians and Reptiles Growth and development in cattle: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle Laboratory data and biochemical values: Veterinary Laboratory Data. B. Rushton Laboratory data and biochemical values: Biochemical Values in Equine Medicine. D. J. Blackmore and D. Brobst Production diseases of farm animals: Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals Veterinary cancer medicine: Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Numerous authors. Eds G. H. Theilen and B. R. Madewell Diseases of cattle: Diseases of Cattle A to Z Tumours in domestic animals: Tumours in Domestic Animals. Ed Jack E. Moulton


AMERICAN TRANSPLANT CONGRESS 2012 ABSTRACTS


THE ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF THIABENDAZOLE (M.K.360)


ZIMBABWE: Warming Up to Dubai


The Feline Patient, 3(rd) Edition ‐ Edited by Norsworthy GD, Crystal MA, Grace S, Tilley LP


Graphical Abstract: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8/2013


INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEONATAL DIARRHOEA


Atlas of Equine Ultrasonography


Protein Crystallography in Drug Discovery. (Series: Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20.). Edited by Robert E. Babine and Sherin S. Abdel‐Meguid.


Marjorie Ann Reid


AAHL joins team to develop SARS tests


title: Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV)—Worldwide, 2012–2013

text: A novel coronavirus has been reported as a cause of severe respiratory illness in patients in the Middle East. The implications for transplant patients are unknown but donors and recipients with unexplained severe respiratory illness and travel to the Arabian peninsula may be infected with this virus.


AFRICAN UNION: 33rd Summit