title: Genomes

text: This chapter emphasizes on the structure and complexity of virus genomes. The chapter describes the diversity of virus genomes, and explains the major genetic mechanisms that affect viruses. The chemistry and structures of virus genomes are more varied than any of those seen in the entire bacterial, plant, or animal kingdoms. Virus genome structures and nucleotide sequences have been intensively studied in the recent decades because the power of recombinant DNA technology has focused a lot of attention in this area. The techniques of molecular biology have been a major influence on the virus genome. It is possible to separate the molecular analysis of virus genomes into two types of approaches: the physical analysis of structure and nucleotide sequence, and a more biological approach to examine the structure–function relationships of intact virus genomes and individual genetic elements. The chapter discusses virus genetics and its mutants, genetic and nongenetic interactions among viruses, small and large DNA genomes, positive and negative-strand RNA viruses, and segmented and multipartite virus genomes. Sequences and structures at the ends of virus genomes are in some ways functionally more significant than the unique coding regions within them. Common patterns of genetic organization seen in virus super-families suggest that many viruses have evolved from common ancestors and that exchange of genetic information among viruses has resulted in solutions to common problems.


title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System

text: This chapter discusses three virus infections affecting the digestive system of mice and their properties: (1) epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM), (2) reovirus 3 infection, and (3) murine hepatitis virus infection (MHV). All three infections may cause serious, debilitating, and sometimes fatal diarrheal disease in nursling and weanling mice. Mice of all ages can be infected by the EDIM virus but overt disease is restricted to animals up to about 12–13 days of age at the time of first exposure. The EDIM virus is worldwide in distribution. Its prevalence is difficult to estimate because serologic tests have not been readily available, and it is not customary to sacrifice animals for the purpose of examining the appearance of their intestinal tract or for electron microscopic visualization of fecal contents. The acute disease of reovirus 3 infection affects mainly sucklings and weanlings, whereas the chronic disease is encountered in animals over 28 days of age. The MHV virus, on the other hand, has been found to affect cotton rats, rats, and hamsters.


Plus-Strand RNA Viruses


Uvea


Human Milk


REPLACEMENT MANAGEMENT, CATTLE | Breeding Standards and Pregnancy Management


Approach to the Patient in the Tropics with Pulmonary Disease


title: Main trends in the design of semi-synthetic antibiotics of a new generation

text: This review summarizes main advances achieved by Russian researchers in the synthesis and characterization of semi-synthetic antibiotics of a new generation in the period from 2004 to 2019. The following classes of compounds are considered as the basis for modification: polycyclic antibacterial glycopeptides of the vancomycin group, classical macrolides, antifungal polyene macrolides, the antitumour antibiotic olivomycin A, antitumour anthracyclines and broad-spectrum antibiotics, in particular, oligomycin A, heliomycin and some other. Main trends in the design of modern anti-infective and antitumour agents over this period are considered in relation to original natural antibiotics, which have been independently discovered by Russian researchers. It is shown that a new type of hybrid structures can, in principle, be synthesized based on glycopeptides, macrolides and other antibiotics, including heterodimers containing a new benzoxaborole pharmacophore. The review addresses the influence of the length of the spacer between two antibiotic molecules on the biological activity of hybrid structures. A combination of genetic engineering techniques and methods of organic synthesis is shown to be useful for the design of new potent antifungal antibiotics based on polyenes of the amphotericin B group. Many new semi-synthetic analogues exhibit important biological properties, such as a broad spectrum of activity and low toxicity. Emphasis is given to certain aspects related to investigation of a broad range of biological activity and mechanisms of action of new derivatives. The bibliography includes 101 references.


Acute Lung Injury: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome


title: Bioterrorism, an Emerging Threat

text: Various books such as Handbook of Viral Bioterrorism and Biodefense (Clercq and Kern, 2003), Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Containing and Preventing Biological Threats (Ryan and Glarum, 2008), and Bioterrorism: Threats and Deterrents (Çankaya and Kibaroǧlu, 2010) have discussed threats, causes, and effects of bioterrosim in different parts of the world. The chapter on “Bioterrorism, an Emerging Threat in Pakistan” focuses on the current situation of bioterrorism in Pakistan. Several examples from all around the world have been quoted to highlight different incidents of bioterrorism across the world. After addressing vicious epidemics, several laboratory methods for detection and surveillance for bioterrorism have been elaborated. The case studies of bioterrorism in terms of warfare highlight use of bioweapons at political fronts. Similarly, the success story of controlling bird flu and advent and persistence of dengue show the status of bioterrorism and Pakistan's preparedness to deal with this menace. Pakistan has strengthened itself to deal with bioterrorism by adopting different national and global tools for governance. However, the rapid decline in environmental quality leads to an increase in biohazards. It is important to address bioterrorism at every forum so that sustainable solutions can be devised to tackle environmental deteriorations.


Economic Studies in Biosurveillance


ARTERIVIRUSES (ARTERIVIRIDAE)


Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens


Laryngitis, Epiglottitis and Pharyngitis


title: Models in Ophthalmology and Vision Research

text: This chapter reviews the anatomy and physiology of the rabbit eye from a comparative perspective. The anatomy of the rabbit eye reflects its niche as a diurnal herbivore. The rabbit has both photopic and scotopic vision without the benefit of a tapetum. Orbits are laterally situated; the rabbit is one of the few animals in which the orbital axis coincides with the visual axis. The shape of the orbit is circular, compared to the cone shaped human orbit. The orbital walls are of bone, except inferiorly, where the wall is formed partially by the muscles of mastication. The superior orbital wall is formed by the frontal bone. The supraorbital process of the frontal bone contains three supraorbital foramina, which are unique feature of the rabbit orbit; the foramina are incisures formed into apertures by a cartilaginous sheet. The optic foramina share a common canal anteriorly with only a thin boney plate to divide them, which disappears posteriorly to form one canal opening into the cranium as a single foramen. Entropion in young rabbits can occur as a primary or as a secondary condition arising from infection. Viral-induced eyelid proliferations can result from infection by the rabbit myxoma and papilloma viruses. The papilloma virus is a part of the papovaviridae and is a DNA virus transmitted by arthropod vectors. The cottontail rabbit in the mid-western United States is most frequently affected, although domestic rabbits are susceptible.


title: Antiviral Gene Therapy: Summary and Perspectives

text: Antiviral gene therapy conveniently relies on use of rationally designed nucleic acids to disable replication of the pathogens. Popular targets for this therapy have been sequences encoding viral proteins and cellular host factors on which viruses depend for their replication. Therefore, availability of technologies that inactivate genes specifically, safely and effectively is crucial. Hence, discovery of RNA interference and advances in gene editing methods have been particularly important to the field. Gene transfer to induce prophylactic and therapeutic immunostimulation is also being developed to manage viral infections. Although promising, progress and ultimate success of antiviral gene therapy is dependent on several factors. These include overcoming problems that are generic to the field and influences of elements that are particular to specific viral infections. Viral and nonviral vectors (NVVs) have been used to deliver antiviral sequences, and both have advantages and drawbacks. Viral vectors are suited to delivering DNA-based expression cassettes, including immunostimulatory and virus-targeting sequences, whereas NVVs may be better applied to carrying therapeutic RNAs such as synthetic short interfering RNAs or mRNAs. Nonviral formulations are appealing because they cause limited immunostimulation, obviate mutagenic effects of DNA, and are amenable to easier dose control and large-scale synthesis. To date, encouraging results have been obtained in preclinical and clinical assessments of gene therapy against HIV-1, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and Ebola viruses, among others. In the long term, widespread application of antiviral gene therapy will be dependent on the technology demonstrating good efficacy and advantages over other antiviral strategies. Access to appropriate material and human resources that are required for implementation of the technologies in various settings will also be important.


HOST GENETIC RESISTANCE


General Introduction to Volume 1 Emergent and Reemergent Viruses: Modern Important Issues


Occupational Infections


Peritoneum


Antibiotic Use in the Mechanically Ventilated Patient


REPLICATION OF VIRUSES


Viral Chip Technology in Genomic Medicine


An Introduction to the Evolutionary Ecology of Viruses


Principles of Parasitism: Host–Parasite Interactions


TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF VIRUSES


Bronchitis and pneumonia


Defense Agents in Milk: A. Defense Agents in Human Milk


Liver and Biliary System


Intestinal Viruses


title: Transmissible Turkey Enteritis Virus

text: This chapter provides an overview of the classification, description, hosts, key developments, diagnostic techniques, and diagnostic reagents for the transmissible turkey enteritis virus. It is a highly infectious agent causing depression, diarrhea, and anorexia in all ages of turkeys, but young stocks are more severely affected. The main host for the virus are turkeys. The virus had not occurred in Western Europe until very recently. Clinical entity of the virus was first described in 1951. Diagnostic techniques for the virus include fluorescent antibody, virus neutralization, and electron microscopy. A cell-mediated immunity in vitro technique has recently been found for the detection of the virus.


The History and Physical Examination


title: Viral Diseases

text: This chapter focuses on the naturally occurring viral diseases of rabbits. Poxviruses cause several important diseases in domestic and wild mammals and birds. Infection with poxviruses usually results in relatively mild disease involving the skin of the infected animals, however, generalized and often fatal disease may also occur, for example, in myxomatosis in rabbits. Close antigenic relationships exist among many poxviruses derived from different animal species. In spite of close antigenic relationships, the poxviruses of rabbits that produce distinct disease syndromes are discussed as separate entities. Virus of the genus Papillomavirus cause papillomas in various animal species and includes two rabbit viruses, the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus and the rabbit oral papillomavirus. The genus Polyomavirus contains one virus of rabbits, the rabbit kidney vacuolating virus. Papillomatosis of wild cottontail rabbits is characterized by the presence of horny warts, usually on the neck, shoulders, or abdomen. The warts begin as red raised areas at the site of infection, grow to become typical papillomas with rough rounded surfaces, and may later develop into large, keratinized horny growths. The rabbit kidney vacuolating virus was isolated in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures from papillomas of cottontail rabbits collected in Kansas. This virus causes vacuolar cytopathic effects in cell cultures. The virus resembles the cottontail rabbit (Shope) papil lomavirus but is a distinct virus. It does not produce papillomas when inoculated into rabbits and does not immunize rabbits against rabbit papillomavirus.


Ophthalmology of Exotic Pets


title: Coronaviridae

text: This chapter describes the properties of coronaviruses and features of the diseases they cause in animals.


High-Rise Security


Detection Methods Using Chemiluminescence


BUFFALO HUSBANDRY | Mediterranean Region


Infections Acquired by Airborne Transmission


Neonatal disorders


Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases


Biology and Diseases of Dogs


title: Foodborne Diseases: Overview of Biological Hazards and Foodborne Diseases

text: Foodborne diseases can occur as single cases or outbreaks and sometimes as in the case of cholera spread around the world to cause pandemics. The burden of foodborne diseases is hard to estimate but is in the billions of dollars for loss of life or reduced quality of life, particularly for diseases that are endemic. The bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents cause gastrointestinal symptoms lasting from a few hours to many months, but some agents trigger sequelae that can cause other adverse effects on the body. Everyone is exposed to these types of agents from time to time, but more frequently where there is poor sanitation and lack of temperature control of food, as it occurs in many parts of the developing world.


Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens and Diseases, and Health Consequences of a Changing Climate


Husbandry and Management of New World Species: Marmosets and Tamarins


Infectious Diseases of Domestic Rabbits


DIARRHEAL DISEASES


Infectious diseases of domestic rabbits


title: Detection and Identification by Immune Electron Microscopy of Fastidious Agents Associated with Respiratory Illness, Acute Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis, and Hepatitis A

text: This chapter discusses detection and identification by immune electron microscopy (IEM) of fastidious agents associated with respiratory illness, acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, and hepatitis A. For Norwalk gastroenteritis and hepatitis A, the IEM technique enabled not only the definitive visualization and identification for the first time of virus-like particles from individuals with these diseases but also enabled researchers to demonstrate for the first time the serological association of an identifiable virus-like agent with each of these diseases. The chapter also explains that a mixture of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and anti-TMV rabbit serum resulted in aggregation of the virus particles, whereas by contrast, such aggregation did not occur when the virus reacted with a control normal rabbit serum. T. F. Anderson and W. M. Stanley demonstrated the electron-microscopic specificity of the reaction by observing the lack of such reactivity between TMV and rabbit antiserum to tomato bushy stunt virus; and between tomato bushy stunt virus and anti-TMV rabbit serum.


Gastrointestinal Diseases


Microbiology and Infectious Disease


Community-Acquired Pneumonia


Impact of Avian Viruses


Respiratory Viral Infections


title: General Considerations Concerning Safety in Biomedical Research Laboratories

text: The safe operation of a laboratory that focuses on biomedical research is difficult. No single source of information can provide all the information and guidance necessary to develop an adequate safety program/plan to protect laboratory personnel from various hazards. Most countries and provinces have regulations related to safety precautions that may need to be followed by laboratories. This chapter draws attention to general considerations concerning safety approaches in biomedical research laboratories in the United States. The operation of biomedical research laboratories requires attention to many complex issues that depend on the goals and activities of each specific laboratory. All laboratories should consider issues in physical, electrical, and fire safety. Safety can be maintained with the careful evaluation of all safety incidents and modification of the safety plan to prevent similar incidents. Regulations specify approaches necessary to protect employees from blood-borne pathogens, general laboratory chemicals, and specific chemicals such as formaldehyde. All employees need to work in order to maintain a safe working environment. This requires establishing a safety infrastructure, developing and monitoring of an effective safety plan, and imparting information about safety hazards associated with special types of laboratory work: biohazards, chemical hazards, and radiation hazards.


Feline Immune System


title: The Medicinal Chemistry of Antihepatitis Agents I: Anti-HAV, Anti-HDV, and Anti-HEV Agents

text: Since viral hepatitis, as discussed in preceding chapters, has emerged as a major public health problem throughout the world affecting several hundreds of millions of people, and since no effective chemotherapy has been developed so far that can completely treat viral hepatitis, attempts are continued to find potential drugs against this disease. In this respect, the development of medicinal chemistry has been rewarding, as it covers all aspects of drug design such as recognition of important drug targets, computational chemistry, optimization of drug activity based on their structure-activity relationship, finding the three-dimensional structures of compounds by X-ray crystallography, NMR, molecular dynamics, and then synthesis of the drugs and evaluating their activity. The present chapter, thus, presents such medicinal chemistry study on anti-HAV, anti-HDV, and anti-HEV drugs.


Fluid Accumulation Disorders


Diseases of the Intestines


INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF MEAT ANIMALS | Production Diseases


Heart


Rotavirus and Other Viral Diarrhoea


Plague


Diarrhea in Kittens


Calls to the medical unit


Issues and Challenges of Public-Health Research in Developing Countries


title: Ebola’s Scorecard: Failure of the WHO and the International Community

text: Ebola’s Curse: 2013–2016 Outbreak in West Africa, a timely, needed and well-presented book by Michael Oldstone and Madeleine Rose Oldstone, unlocks the mysteries of the largest outbreak of one of the world’s most fearsome viruses. What is Ebola? Why did this happen? Here you will find the answers to these questions, while meeting fascinating people thrust into a situation as dramatic as any that could be imagined in a blockbuster novel or movie. By reading this book you will come to understand why the world was unprepared for the outbreak of such a deadly pathogen as Ebola virus and why it still is. You will gain intimate knowledge of a pathogen that spread like a tsunami over a region of the world that lacked the resources to fight it. You will meet a group of people that by chance were already there to fight another deadly virus. You will find out how in a matter of weeks this small group of doctors, nurses, and scientists were overwhelmed and why this matters. You will meet people that fought with limited resources at hand and became heroes that put the possibility of saving their patients ahead of their own lives. In the end you will gain insights into steps that must be taken to ensure that such a horrific virus outbreak never happens again anywhere in the world.


Infectious Uveitis


title: Cellular RNA Helicases Support Early and Late Events in Retroviral Replication

text: Retroviruses commandeer cell RNA helicases (RHs). Cell RHs are necessary for early and late events in retrovirus replication. The provirus is adopted by the cell-endogenous nuclear and cytoplasmic gene expression types of machinery. Whereas retroviruses engender the supportive activity of cell RHs, other RNA viruses provoke theantiviral role of this superfamily of conserved proteins. In this chapter, we contrast retrovirus reliance on host RNA helicases to support their replication cycle, with the virus-encoded helicaseactivity utilized by RNA viruses in cytoplasmic factories. Ironically, RHs are agonists to retroviruses and antagonists to other RNA viruses.


Lung transplantation


Microbiology and medicine


Cardiorespiratory disease


Biology and Diseases of Mice


Clinical Pathology


Responding to Crisis – The Destination Perspective


Emerging and Reemerging Viral Diseases


title: Medical Management and Diagnostic Approaches

text: This chapter reviews the basic principles of medical management of rat colonies and diagnostic approaches to detect infectious diseases of rats. Due to the fact that a comprehensive colony health monitoring program is so vital in protecting the validity and reproducibility of experimental research data, it must be devoted an appropriate priority in terms of budget, personnel, and other resources. The policies and practices should be defined in written plans, and agreement with the principles set forth should be secured by the scientific and administrative leadership of the institution, as well as by the veterinary and animal care group. Programs should be designed to monitor individual animal health through the use of direct methods such as close observation and physical examination. A program created to monitor the overall health status of a colony population often utilizes more indirect methods. Routine testing of selected representative animals (even in the absence of any signs of illness or disease) can provide valuable information regarding the viral, parasitic, and bacterial agents that such animals are either currently harboring or have been exposed to in the past. Risk analysis should be done by any institution planning on holding rodents, a process that should involve a discussion of the relative costs and benefits of the various options available for routine health monitoring as well as quarantine isolation and testing.


Encephalitis, Viral


title: Planning for known and unknown risks

text: This chapter covers standard definitions of duty of care, example case law where employer duty of care was applicable, a variety of sample risks and concerns that employers and travelers should be aware of, in context with a travel risk management program.


Use of Antibiotics for Exacerbations of COPD


ENTERIC VIRUSES


title: Pertussis

text: Pertussis (whooping cough) is the most frequent vaccine-preventable disease in children less than 5 years old in industrialized countries and has become much more prevalent over the time since the acellular pertussis vaccine replaced the whole cell biologic. The infection has increased in different age groups and all of these groups can impact on the frequency of disease in infants. It is this group that contributes most of the significant morbidity and mortality of pertussis. The microbiological, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of Bordetella pertussis infection in man are reviewed and the reasons for this increase in cases including vaccine and pathogen issues are examined.


Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis


Alimentary disorders


Viral Infections


Myelination, Dysmyelination, and Demyelination


Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)


Sports, travel and leisure, and pets


Vaccines in the Tropics


Virology Research


QUASISPECIES


Viruses, Immunity to


Epidemiology and control of community infections


Ophthalmologic Diseases in Small Pet Mammals


Disease Problems of Guinea Pigs


BUFFALO HUSBANDRY | Asia


Immunologic and Plasma Protein Disorders


Mathematical Models in Infectious Disease Epidemiology


title: Public Health Law I: Complications of Federalism

text: This chapter will explain the origins and current operations of public health emergency law, at both the federal and state levels. You will learn how public health law in the United States began as an area entrusted almost entirely to cities and the states. As transportation, and with it the possibility of rapid disease spread, became ever faster and more accessible, the original reliance on local containment mechanisms became outdated. As you will see throughout this chapter, however, public health law in the United States still reflects a strong orientation toward state and local dominance.


Bartonellosis


Biology and Diseases of Guinea Pigs


Populations, Species, and Conservation Genetics


Pediatric Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


Microbiological Quality Control for Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs


Crocodilian Differential Diagnosis


title: Omics Approaches in Viral Biotechnology: Toward Understanding the Viral Diseases, Prevention, Therapy, and Other Applications in Human Betterment

text: Biotechnology deals with the manipulation of genetic material to achieve the desired outputs. Viruses have been popular agents used in biotechnological research and applications. Viruses are compact entities that have the ability to carry the genetic material to the cell and thus facilitate the safe transport and integration of genetic material to the target cell. Therefore viruses are used in various biotechnology applications such as production of vaccines, production of therapeutic proteins, and improvement of crops with the help of plant viruses and also in cancer research. Omics approach takes into account the development and usage of viral biotechnology applications for processes like genome profiling, call-based screening, and vaccine development. These efforts aim at providing high-quality health care for human betterment. Overall, viruses are potent agents of research and applications of biotechnology.


Paediatrics in the Tropics


Tropical Oral Health


The Healthcare System


Traditional stains and modern techniques for demonstrating microorganisms in histology


IMMUNOLOGY OF THE CAT


Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases


Ferrets


STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, RELATED TO FUNCTION


Migrant, Immigrant, and Refugee Health


title: Psychosocial Influences on Immunity and Infectious Disease in Humans

text: This chapter discusses the psychosocial influences on immunity and infectious disease in humans. There is evidence for the plausibility of psychosocial influences on infectious disease in humans as well as evidence for a role of stress in determining susceptibility for a small number of infectious agents. Little is known about the characteristics of psychosocial factors that increase or decrease risk of disease onset and progression and of the nature of behavioral, endocrine, and immune changes that are responsible for psychosocial-induced changes in disease risk. Until there is more empirical evidence for specific mechanisms linking psychosocial factors to infectious disease, there would be little real understanding of the extent to which evidence deriving from present work generalizes to other disease models. It is likely that the following years would result in an understanding of the relations between psychosocial factors and immunity, the mechanisms that link psychosocial influence to immune change, and the range of immune function that is subject to alteration.


CORONAVIRUSES (CORONAVIRIDAE)


ADENOVIRAL VECTORS FOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION


REPLACEMENT MANAGEMENT, CATTLE | Health Management


BODY RECOVERY


Host defenses to viruses


Approach to the Diagnosis and Classification of Blood Cell Disorders


Feline Infectious Peritonitis (Feline Coronavirus)


title: Roniviridae

text: This chapter focuses on Roniviridae family whose sole member genus is Okavirus. The virions are enveloped and bacilliform in shape with rounded ends, where the envelope is studded with prominent peplomers projecting approximately 11 nm from the surface. The nucleocapsids are 20–30 nm in diameter and have a helical symmetry with coil periodicity of 5–7 nm. Long filamentous nucleocapsid precursors occur in the cytoplasm of infected cells and acquire envelopes by budding at endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The virions are sensitive to calcium hypochlorite and sodium dodecyl-sulfate, but sensitivity to other treatments is not known. The virions possess a lipid envelope derived from endoplasmic membranes of host cells. Compared to the genomes of vertebrate nidoviruses, the okavirus genome is unique in that the nucleoprotein gene (ORF2) is located upstream of the glycoprotein gene (ORF3), there is no discrete gene encoding a structural membrane (M) protein, and the virion envelope glycoproteins gp116 and gp64 are generated by proteolysis of a pp3 precursor polyprotein encoded by the ORF3 gene. Okaviruses have been detected only in crustaceans and their geographic range mirrors that of its primary penaeid host, extending across the Indo-Pacific from Eastern Africa, Southern and Southeast Asia, and Australia to islands in the South Pacific. Infections have also been detected recently in blue shrimp (P. stylirostris) from the Gulf of California, and they may be chronic or acute and transmitted horizontally or vertically.


Perinatal Diseases


FISH VIRUSES


RECOMBINATION OF VIRUSES


Case Detection Algorithms


Geography of Infectious Diseases


Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism


title: Maurice Hilleman: Creator of Vaccines That Changed the World

text: Maurice Ralph Hilleman (1919–2005) was one of the greatest microbiologists/vaccinologists of all time. He played a key role in developing vaccines for Asian flu in 1957 and Hong Kong flu in 1968. Over six decades, most of which were spent at Merck & Company, his leadership and innovations blazed new trails in virology, epidemiology, immunology, cancer research, and vaccine development that were unmatched. His work resulted in current vaccines used for the prevention of measles, mumps, hepatitis A and B, chickenpox, meningitis, and pneumonia, which have saved millions of lives across the globe. The need for close cooperation between public and private agencies, including donors, to promote research in vaccinology is reemphasized by recent global health crises such as the Ebola and Zika viruses, as well as the annual influenza virus threats. Eradication of many diseases is feasible, but requires political support for resources, vaccine development and harmonization of vaccination policies, to be achievable. Hilleman worked with many collaborators in academic centers, in industrial management, with which he led his research and development team to produce world-changing achievements.


Coronavirus, Infection and Immunity


Antiviral Agents Against Respiratory Viruses


Diseases of the foal


title: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE | Acute Exacerbations

text: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition characterized by lower respiratory tract symptoms, airflow obstruction, and airway inflammation. The natural history of COPD is punctuated by episodes of acute deterioration in respiratory health termed exacerbations. Exacerbations are responsible for much of the morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with COPD, and also affect the rate of decline in lung function. Most exacerbations are caused by episodes of tracheobronchial infection. The clinical features comprise a worsening in symptoms beyond usual day-to-day variation. Examination may reveal tachypnea and signs of respiratory failure. Pathologically, exacerbations are associated with an increase in airway and systemic inflammation which, at least in more severe disease, is predominantly neutrophilic. Simple investigations are indicated to exclude differential diagnoses and assess exacerbation severity. Treatment aims to support respiratory function whilst drugs aimed at the underlying cause are able to act. The cornerstone of therapy is inhaled bronchodilators, with oral corticosteroids in all but the mildest exacerbations. Antibiotics are indicated if there has been a change in the character of the sputum. Some patients with respiratory failure will require supplemental oxygen or assisted ventilation. Strategies to prevent exacerbations include inhaled corticosteroids, long acting bronchodilators, and influenza vaccination.


Laboratories


title: Biological Warfare: Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism

text: The term biological warfare typically conjures images of medieval warriors tossing dead cattle over city walls or clandestine government agents secretly releasing mysterious microbes into enemy territory. Of course, biological warfare does encompass such activity, but the vast majority of what constitutes biological warfare is far more mundane. Ever since life evolved on earth about 3.8 billion years ago, organisms have constantly devised new ways to kill each other. Any organism that makes use of toxins—from bacteria to snakes—is engaging in a form of biological warfare. Humans who engage in biological warfare do so by taking advantage of these toxin-producing organisms.


Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses


Biology and Diseases of Rabbits


Diarrhea, Infectious


Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle


Special Issues around Veterinary Vaccines


Domestic Cats as Laboratory Animals


Minus-Strand RNA Viruses


Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System


title: Genomes

text: This chapter describes the range and diversity of virus genomes. Structural and chemical diversity, ranging from small, single-stranded RNA genomes of a few kilobases up to large and complex double-stranded DNA genomes bigger than those of simple cells, is unique to viruses and not mirrored in cellular organisms. RNA genomes may be affected by genetic mechanisms distinct from those which operate in cells and this is reflected in the replication and biology of viruses in ways which are discussed in subsequent chapters. By considering representative examples of different types of virus genome we can understand the range of genetic diversity seen in viruses.


title: Nidovirales

text: This chapter focuses on the Nidovirales order whose member families include Arteriviridae, Coronaviridae, and Roniviridae. The nidoviruses genome is an infectious, linear, positive sense RNA molecule, which is capped and polyadenylated. Based on the genome size, they are divided into two groups large and small nidoviruses. The genomes of the large nidoviruses are well over 25 kb in length with size differences in the 5 kb range. Based on the genome size, they can be distinguished into two groups, large and small nidoviruses. The genomes of the large nidoviruses are well over 25 kb in length with size differences in the 5 kb range. Although the structural proteins of the nidoviruses are generally functionally equivalent, there is no firm indication that any single protein species is evolutionary conserved across all of the families. Members of the family Coronaviridae generally possess three or four envelope proteins. The most abundant one is the membrane (M) protein. Though different in sequence, the M proteins of corona-, toro-, and bafiniviruses are alike in size, structure, and presumably also in function. Nidoviruses have lipid envelopes, which are commonly acquired by budding at membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate compartment and/or Golgi complex. In coronaviruses, the S protein is an important target for T cell responses and is the major inducer of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which are elicited by epitopes located mostly in the N-terminal half of the molecule.


title: Angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas: A Brief History

text: Angiotensin-(1-7) is a vasoactive peptide of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which is generated mainly by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and exerts its actions via activation of its receptor Mas. The Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis is nowadays considered to be a main mechanism, which counterbalances the vasoconstrictive actions of classical RAS, which includes renin, ACE, ANG II, and its receptors AT(1) and AT(2). Whereas the classical RAS has been known for more than 100 years, the protective arm of the RAS was relatively recently discovered. Both Mas and Ang-(1-7) were first described almost 30 years ago; however, it took an additional 15 years until the interaction of these components was revealed. Here, we will describe the story of Mas and Ang-(1-7), which was full of errors and uncertainty at the beginning, until the interrelationship between the two was unveiled in 2003.


Biology and Diseases of Rats


Neoplasia


LUTEOVIRUS (LUTEOVIRIDAE)


Gastroenterology 2. Hepatic and intestinal disorders


Subviral Agents


Disease Problems of Small Rodents


The Pre-Travel Consultation


Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control


AVIATION MEDICINE, ILLNESS AND LIMITATIONS FOR FLYING


title: Transportation: Travel by Air, Car, and Train

text: This chapter deals with issues of transportation and how they interact with the world of tourism security. The chapter examines such issues as air transportation security and safety, issues of fire at airport terminals, and issues of health and international travel, both from the perspective of the traveler and from the perspective of the host community. The chapter also examines some of the issues dealing with both train travel and motor coach travel and develops a template for how tourism security professionals need to deal with these issues.


Epidemiology


Otolaryngological aspects of orofacial pain


AVIAN IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DISEASES AND IMMUNE EVASION


Virus–cell interactions


Immunity to Pathogens


title: The Discovery of Marine Natural Products with Therapeutic Potential

text: This chapter highlights the discovery of marine natural products with therapeutic potential. Deep water collections have been made by dredging and trawling. These are both cost-effective collection methods if the substratum does not cause damage to or snag the gear. There are several disadvantages to these approaches. It is difficult to photograph the organisms in their habitat, and encrusting organisms or organisms that grow in crevices, under ledges, or on steep rock faces cannot be easily collected unless the hard substrate that supports the organism is collected as well; dredging and trawling put all collected samples in close contact with each other and therefore, some organisms may chemically contaminate others because of exudations or secretions of various compounds and the environmental impact of dredging or trawling can be detrimental because the sampling is nonselective and habitats can be damaged or destroyed. A controversial facet of marine-derived microorganisms is their putative role with respect to the origin of bioactive natural products from marine macroorganism–microorganisms associations. Symbiotic microorganisms have been repeatedly suggested as being the direct or indirect sources of bioactive metabolites in marine sponges and other invertebrates, tunicates, and bryozoans.


Bioterrorism and Biodefense


Multiple Sclerosis


Safety of Blood Products for the Feline Patient


Functional Requirements for Biosurveillance


title: Cetacea

text: This chapter presents the pathology of cetaceans, a diverse group of mammals restricted exclusively to aquatic habitats. The taxa include the largest mammals on earth, the baleen whales, as well as marine and freshwater toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Pathologies of these species include infectious, toxic, and other disease processes, such as ship strike and entanglements in free-ranging animals. In animals under managed care, concerns include nutritional, degenerative and geriatric processes, such as formation of ammonium urate renal calculi. Due to potential population level effects and individual animal health concerns, viral agents of interest include morbilliviruses, pox virus, and herpes viruses. Both free ranging and captive animals have important neoplasms, including a variety of toxin-related tumors in beluga whales from the St. Lawrence Estuary and oral squamous cell carcinomas in bottlenose dolphins in managed care.


Translating Innovation in Diagnostics: Challenges and Opportunities


Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases


Enteric Viral Disease


Cardiorespiratory Disease


Infections Acquired from Animals Other Than Pets


Viral Pneumonia


title: The Age of Chronic and Late Chronic Diseases: A New View of Diseases

text: Infectious disease epidemics would soon disappear into history, spurred by the improvement of the public health and the development of vaccines and antibiotics. On the other hand, chronic diseases will dominate because they occur due to the relevant gene's maladjustment to the modern living environment. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the incompatibilities between the genes and the living environments and, more importantly, to the impact of changes in the living environment. However, specific chronic disease is not caused by a specific environmental factor but occurs when the systems of the human body are affected by exposure to specific environmental factors and work beyond their normal ranges. Therefore, the concept of treating a patient with a chronic disease by simply eliminating the cause of the disease has some fundamental limitations. Now, the medical practice must be changed from disease-centered medicine to patient- or human-centered medicine.


Infections of the lower respiratory tract


Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Illness: Practical Applications


Respiratory Disease and Pasteurellosis


title: Pinnipediae

text: This chapter reviews common diseases of pinnipeds, including species in the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Phocidae (true seals), and Odobenidae (walrus) families. Much of the knowledge on pathologic conditions of pinnipeds comes from necropsies of stranded animals and those housed in captivity. As such, disease knowledge is biased toward species frequently housed in zoos and aquaria, those that strand more commonly, or those in which free-ranging populations are more easily accessible. Though historically systematic evaluations of wild populations have rarely been accomplished, in the past 10 years, with advances in marine mammal medicine and anesthesia, biologists and veterinarians more frequently completed live animal health field investigations to evaluate health and disease in free-ranging pinniped populations.


Recommandations de la Société Française de Médecine du Travail (SFMT): Avis relatif à l’affectation, dans le contexte de l’épidémie SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19), des professionnels exerçant en milieu de soins et travailleurs assimilés, présentant des maladies inflammatoires / dysimmunitaires traitées par biomédicaments et thérapies ciblées 6 avril 2020


On general principles at the sustainability science-policy interface


Ensuring Effective and Quality Care During a Pandemic


Priorité aux recommandations de l'Institut Robert Koch 22 mars 2020


Recommandations de la Société française de médecine du travail (SFMT) destinées aux médecins du travail des entreprises des secteurs d’activité autres que la santé, 30 mars 2020


Merci à ceux qui sont au front


Exceptional circumstances


Climbing gyms as possible high-risk transmission locations in microbial outbreaks


PPG Plans for 2020 Virtual Annual Meeting of Shareholders


The Day the Earth Stood Still


Asian Paints Commits Rs.35 Crores Towards COVID-19 Relief


Axalta Concludes Review of Strategic Alternatives


Arkema Sets Up Emergency Manufacture of Alcohol-based Solution for Hospitals


PaintExpo Postponed to October 12-15


NACE International Releases Virtual Coating Inspector Program


Kusumgar, Nerlfi & Growney publishes fourth study on the global paint & coatings industry


TiO(2) and the Coronavirus


L’algologie sera-t-elle iPhone compatible ?


Commentary: Echoes of War


title: Specific Considerations for the Protection of Patients and Echocardiography Service Providers When Performing Perioperative or Periprocedural Transesophageal Echocardiography During the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: Council on Perioperative Echocardiography Supplement to the Statement of the American Society of Echocardiography: Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists

text: This statement reflects recommendations based on expert opinion, national guidelines, and available evidence. Our knowledge with regard to COVID-19 continues to evolve, as do our institutional protocols for dealing with invasive and non-invasive procedures and practice of personal protective equipment. Readers are urged to follow national guidelines and their institutional recommendations regarding best practices to protect their patients and themselves. These reports are made available by ASE as a courtesy reference source for its members. The reports contain recommendations only and should not be used as the sole basis to make medical practice decisions or for disciplinary action against any employee. The statements and recommendations contained in these reports are primarily based on the opinions of experts, rather than on scientifically-verified data. ASE makes no express or implied warranties regarding the completeness or accuracy of the information in these reports, including the warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall ASE be liable to you, your patients, or any other third parties for any decision made or action taken by you or such other parties in reliance on this information. Nor does your use of this information constitute the offering of medical advice by ASE or create any physician-patient relationship between ASE and your patients or anyone else.


Procyonids and Viverids


Prenatal Care of the Bitch and Queen


Técnicas virológicas y virología clínica


Camelid Vaccinations


Introduction to Disaster Medicine


Viral Respiratory Infections


title: Market Size and Economics for Biosensors

text: This chapter classifies biosensors into three types: Single use, Intermittent use, and Continuous use. The major resistance that is apparent for the development of biosensors is the lack of mass markets barring a few exceptional cases such as glucose monitoring for diabetes. With a view to a commercial profit, this places a serious hindrance on investment in biosensor technologies. In a program solicitation for proposals, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has attempted to address some of the perceived obstacles that biosensor development is facing. Some of these perceived obstacles include robustness under anticipated manufacturing schemes; quantification of limits of detection, calibration, and interferences; verification of accuracy; miniaturization; manufacture; and human-in-the-loop and closed loop adaptive feedback.


HEPATIC INFECTIONS


Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections


Diagnostic bactériologique des infections gastro-intestinales


Respiratory Tract and Pleura


Retinal Autoimmunity


title: Dietary protein intolerance

text: This chapter discusses dietary protein intolerance. Clinical food intolerance has many causes and many manifestations, including psychological aversion to the sight, smell, or taste of food as well as psychological intolerance to one or more of the many constituents of food. Dietary protein intolerance is the clinical syndrome resulting from the sensitization of an individual to one or more proteins that have been absorbed via a permeable mucosa in the small intestine. Intolerance to various food proteins, especially to cows' milk, has been recognized in children for many years. Such food intolerance may be the result of a variety of causes—for example, a congenital digestive enzyme defect such as sucrase–isomaltase deficiency or an acquired lactase deficiency secondary to small-intestinal mucosal damage, which in turn can be the result of a food allergy. The incidence of gastrointestinal food allergy diseases is greatest in the first few months and years of an infant's life and decreases with age. The acute syndrome is usually characterized by the sudden onset of vomiting, after cows' milk ingestion, occasionally followed by pallor and a shock-like state; however, acute anaphylaxis is rare. Acute abdominal pain seems to be a particular feature of fish hypersensitivity, while peanuts often produce immediate reactions in the oral mucosa as well as abdominal pain.


Infectious Canine Hepatitis


Arbeitssicherheit in der Akutmedizin


Epidemiology, Natural History and Treatment of HIV-2 Infections


title: Proteases

text: Proteases are ubiquitous in biosystems where they have diverse roles in the biochemical, physiological, and regulatory aspects of cells and organisms. Proteases represent the largest segment of the industrial enzyme market where they are used in detergents, in food processing, in leather and fabric upgrading, as catalysts in organic synthesis, and as therapeutics. Microbial protease overproducing strains have been developed by conventional screening, mutation/selection strategies and genetic engineering, and wholly new enzymes, with altered specificity or stability, have been designed through techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution. Complete sequencing of the genomes of key Bacillus and Aspergillus workhorse extracellular enzyme producers and other species of interest has contributed to enhanced production yields of indigenous proteases as well as to production of heterologous proteases. With annual protease sales of about $1.5–1.8 billion, proteases account for 60% of the total enzyme market. Detergent proteases, with an annual market of about $1 billion account for the largest protease application segment. Subtilisin Carlsberg and related subtilisin serine proteases represent the first generation of detergent proteases with pH optima of 9–10. The second generation, having higher pH optima (10–11) and greater temperature stability, is produced from alkalophilic strains including Bacillusclausii and B. halodurans. The third generation consists of detergent proteases whose active sites and/or stability have been modified by protein engineering. The principal applications of proteases in food processing are in brewing, cereal mashing, and beer haze clarification, in the coagulation step in cheese making, in altering the viscoelastic properties of dough in baking and in production of protein hydrolysates. In organic synthesis, proteases have application in synthesis and/or hydrolysis of peptide, ester, and amide bonds involving carboxylic acids and are effective tools for resolution of pairs of enantiomers. Proteases have applications in nutrition as digestive aids and in therapy in thrombosis and cancer treatment. Hyperproteolytic endogenous activity may play significant roles in abnormal physiological functioning as well as in microbial and viral pathophysiological conditions and this has created substantial momentum for development of protease inhibitors as therapeutic agents against disease-causing proteases.


Do Nonventilatory Strategies for Acute Lung Injury and ARDS Work?


Infektionen


The Common Cold


Respiratory Diseases


Geriatrics in the Rest of the World


The Vaccine Industry


Peritonitis


Pathogenic mechanisms of foodborne viral disease


Oropharyngeal and Tonsillar Infections


Diarrhea


INFECTION CONTROL AND BARRIER MATERIALS: AN OVERVIEW


Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats


Differential Diagnosis


Fiches maladies


Respiratory viruses


Rehabilitation and Reconstruction


Public Health and Human-Animal Medicine


Immune responses to viruses


Select Topics for the Exotic Animal Veterinarian


How Hot Will it Get?


Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients


Overview of African Wild Dog Medicine


Diseases of the Respiratory Tract


Rinitis: concepto, clasificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento


Bronchite aiguë et chronique


Acute Colitis in Horses


Introduction to Travel Medicine


Overview of Pneumonia


Expressions Vasculaires des Maladies Infectieuses


Equine Diarrhea Differentials and Diagnostic Tests in Adults and Foals


Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients


Keeping up to date


Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection and Other Viral Enteritides


General Principles in the Diagnosis of Infection


Syndromal tropical dermatology


Careers and Employment


Osteonecrosis


Immunohistochemistry


title: Application of immunofluorescence technique to clinical virology

text: Virologists for many years have striven to achieve the goal of rapid virus diagnosis. This book has described in detail one of the methods. The achievement of success in a method of rapid virus diagnosis cannot, in itself, be a final aim, otherwise the method would degenerate solely into a rapid routine method for identifying virus agents and the virologist would become a biological philatelist. An applied science, to justify itself, must bring benefit to the main clientele, which is in this case the physicians and the patients. In this chapter it is intended to evaluate the applications of rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis in clinical medicine.


Establishing Singapore as the Events and Entertainment Capital of Asia: Strategic Brand Diversification


Hemolysis During Hemodialysis


Neonatology and Neonatal Disorders


Epidemiologische Methoden zur Gewinnung verlässlicher Daten


Clinical Aspects of Evolution in Reptile Medicine


Disaster Risk Management


Microbiologic Diagnosis of Respiratory Illness: Practical Applications


Leukocyte Disorders


Biologic Attack


The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory


Myositis and Myonecrosis


Meningitis, Viral


Law for the protection of the environment


Surge Capacity


Life-Threatening Viral Diseases and Their Treatment


Antidiarrheal Agents


Molecular Mimicry in Multiple Sclerosis: Role of MHC-Altered Peptide Ligands (MAPL)


Microbiology and virology


Acute Bronchitis and Tracheitis


Occupational Health of Animal Workers


Asthma in the Preschool-Age Child


Acute pharyngitis in children


Autopsy Biosafety


Infectious Diseases


Emergency Department Design


Upper Respiratory Tract Infection


Ferret Systemic Coronaviral Disease (FSCD)


Respiratory system/pneumology: Système respiratoire/pneumologie


Classification of Human Viruses


Veterinary Herbal Medicine: A Systems-Based Approach


Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Other Gastroenteritis Viruses


Infectious Diarrhea


Bacterial Infections of the Genitourinary Tract


Mathematical models in infectious disease epidemiology


Canidae


Acute Pneumonia


title: Methods for Virus Recovery from Solids

text: Much work is still needed before one single method can be selected which ensures reliable quantitative methodology. The various types of solids and the composition of the samples influence the results and there is no technique available today which is 100% efficient under varied circumstances. Negative findings may be misleading, because there is no guarantee that the virus cultivation system employed will reveal all the virus types present in the sample. For some sludges it is possible to detect viruses by direct inoculation in cell cultures. Such a method may give 10-50% recovery, essentially depending on a balance between the cell-toxicity of the samples, the tenacity of the virus to stick to the solids and the care given the cell cultures. In most methods viruses are extracted from the sample either by elution by high pH (8.5-11.5), by proteinaceous media, with chelating agents, agitation with solvents or by sonication. Adsorption to polyelectrolytes or precipitation at low pH, in both cases followed by elution by means of glycine, trisbuffer with EDTA, or beef extract has given good recovery from seeded samples and positive results from field work. Decontamination of samples is carried out in various ways.


Coronavirus Infections


Tipps für den anästhesiologischen Arbeitsplatz


Giraffidae


Safety Precautions


Maladies Vasculaires de L'enfant Hors Malformations


Ethics


The Approach to Diarrhea


title: Viral syndromes

text: This chapter focuses on several viral syndromes. The impression that viral infections dominate is strengthened if the abundance of subclinical virus infections is considered, in particular those in children. The most serious medical consequences of viral pneumonia are encountered in the old, the newborn, or the patient with a circulatory or respiratory handicap. Influenza is a cause of increased mortality among the old, while RS virus is the most important respiratory virus infection in small children. Fever and a reddened sore throat are among the most common symptoms of infection, and are seen in association with many virus infections. The predominant number of cases of pharyngitis in children and young adults are because of virus infections. Rotavirus is recognized by its characteristic double-layered capsid with cubical symmetry and by its size, 70 nm in diameter. There are rotaviruses of many different animal species, and some have antigenic and biological properties in common with the three human serotypes.


Pulmonary Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation


Précautions standard – Précautions complémentaires


Diarrhea, Toddler's


Nonmalignant leukocyte disorders


Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Viruses, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma


The development of gene-based vectors for immunization


Emerging Diseases and the International Traveler


Risk Analysis Framework Guidance for Wildlife Health Professionals


History of infection prevention and control


Bovidae (Except Sheep and Goats) and Antilocapridae


Nariz


Infecciones agudas de la vía aérea superior


Acute Infections that Produce Upper Airway Obstruction


Pneumothorax and Barotrauma


Emerging Diseases at the Interface of People, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife


Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis


The EAZWV and AAZV Infectious Diseases Notebooks


Hospital-Associated Infections in the Neonate


Gastrointestinal illness


General Categories of Cytologic Interpretation


Transfusion Therapy


title: Viruses and Virus-Like Particles in Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications

text: Although viruses are simple biological systems, they are capable of evolving highly efficient techniques for infecting cells, expressing their genomes, and generating new copies of themselves. It is possible to genetically manipulate most of the different classes of known viruses in order to produce recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins. Recombinant viruses have been used in gene therapy to deliver selected genes into higher organisms, in vaccinology and immunotherapy, and as important research tools to study the structure and function of these proteins. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome. They have been applied not only as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines but also as vehicles in drug and gene delivery and, more recently, as tools in nanobiotechnology. In this article, basic and advanced features of viruses and VLPs are presented and their major applications are discussed. The different production platforms based on animal cell technology are explained, and their main challenges and future perspectives are explored. The implications of large-scale production of viruses and VLPs are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization, and optimization. The main upstream and downstream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly.


Lawsonia intracellularis


Husbandry of the Neonate


Infectious Diseases and the International Movement of Horses


Pediatric Infection Prevention and Control


Necrotizing Enterocolitis


Bioterrorism: An Overview


Tropical Sprue: Enteropathy


The Liver, Biliary Tract, and Exocrine Pancreas


Infection Prevention in the Health Care Setting


Emerging and re-emerging pathogens and diseases


Responding to a Terrorist Incident


Respiratory Infections


Community-acquired pneumonia


Postmortem Examination of the Puppy and Kitten


NEOPLASIA AND OTHER FORMS OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION


Virale Infektionen


Viral Diseases of the Bovine Respiratory Tract


Future prospects for the pharmaceutical industry


Passive Immunization


Miscellaneous Antiviral Agents (Interferons, Imiquimod, Pleconaril)


Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology


Glomerular Diseases Associated with Infection


Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems


Clinical Signs Approach to Differential Diagnosis


Pneumonie aiguë communautaire grave de l'immunocompétent


Management and medicine of backyard poultry


title: Federal Public Health Law

text: This chapter explains the origins and current operations of public health emergency law, at both the federal and state levels. When the colonies first formed the United States, there was no national public health law. In a time when traveling any significant distance was rare, infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics were often localized, to an extent that is difficult to imagine today. The origin of independent federal public health authority derives from laws designed to provide medical care for eighteenth-century merchant seamen, a group who traveled constantly and often had little access to care when they became ill in unfamiliar cities. Moreover, their illnesses threatened the mercantile trade that was essential to the economy of the fledging nation. The origins of what is now the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) began in 1798, when Congress established a fund to provide treatment for sick and injured merchant seamen. The PHS is now a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The core of federal public health law is found in the statutes that grant authority for various actions to DHHS, PHS, and CDC.


Marburg and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fevers (Filoviruses)


Acute diarrhea


Isolation in Cell Culture


title: Bovine milk immunoglobulins against microbial human diseases

text: Immunoglobulins (Igs), also called antibodies, are present in milk and colostrum of all lactating species. Igs are divided into classes having different physico-chemical structures and biological activities. The major Ig classes in bovine and human milk are IgA, IgG and IgM. Bovine colostral Igs provide the newborn calf with passive immune protection against microbial infections until the calf’s own immune system matures. Colostral Ig preparations designed for farm animals have been commercially available for many years. Potential health benefits attributed to bovine colostrum have increased manufacture and marketing of colostral Ig-based dietary supplements also for human use. Furthermore, specific anti-microbial antibodies can be produced into colostrum by immunizing cows with vaccines made of pathogenic microorganisms. These antibodies can be concentrated and used to formulate so-called immune milk preparations. Such preparations have proven effective in prevention of animal and human infections caused, e.g. by rotavirus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Streptococcus mutans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Helicobacter pylori. Their therapeutic efficacy, however, seems limited. A few immune milk products have been commercialized and more can be expected in the future for use, e.g. as a supportive means in antibiotic treatments and for prevention of hospital infections.


Pathologies respiratoires


Large Intestine


Biosecurity


Utilizing Blood Bank Resources/Transfusion Reactions and Complications


Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract


title: Emergency Preparedness—Planning and Management

text: In general, emergencies can be divided into internal and external situations. Regardless of the nature of the emergency, the organizational response will be quite different when the emergency condition exists within the facility from when it occurs at some distant location. The actual emergency response programs of healthcare facilities indicate that much more effort has gone into a prepared response to external emergencies than to internal emergencies. Exceptions can be found in the areas of fire safety and bomb threat programs, in which various regulatory and accrediting agencies have considerable involvement. The planning and management of emergency incidents and conditions that healthcare organizations face daily come in many sizes, shapes, and colors. While some of these situations are intentionally created by man, others result from unintentional accidents, and still others are weather related. Each and every day, facilities react to a variety of emergency conditions.


Evaluating Camel Health in Kenya—An Example of Conservation Medicine in Action


Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Pathogens


PCR in Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Management


Infections Associated With Group Childcare


Histopathology


Clinical Virology


Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Drugs


Musculoskeletal System


Acute Laryngitis


Approach to the Patient with Diarrhea and Malabsorption


Brazil and Latin America


VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS


Emerging Diseases in Bats


Mass Gatherings


title: Gastroenteritis

text: Acute gastroenteritis is an infectious disease of the alimentary tract that may be caused by one or more bacterial, viral, or protozoal pathogens producing damage, either structural or functional, of variable extent and severity to the mucosa. Acute gastroenteritis is a very common diagnosis in pediatric practices. It is usually a clinical diagnosis. Its most common symptoms are acute vomiting and diarrhea. The most important acute complication of gastroenteritis is dehydration, which occurs when the child's overall output of fluid exceeds input. Insensible water loss is the volume of fluid that leaves the body as a result of the difference in vapor pressure between the skin and lung surfaces and the surrounding atmosphere. The small intestine is the organ principally affected in most children by gastroenteritis but the stomach and colon may also be involved to a varying extent. Most often acute gastroenteritis is a self-limiting illness and may result in full recovery after 24 hours.


Gastrointestinal System


Atemwegsinfekte


Lymphocytosis, Lymphocytopenia, Hypergammaglobulinemia, and Hypogammaglobulinemia


Small Intestine


Otitis Media


title: Pneumonia

text: By nearly any criteria, pneumonia (infection of the pulmonary parenchyma) must be considered one of the most important categories of disease affecting the respiratory system. This chapter is organized primarily as a general discussion of the clinical problem of pneumonia. As appropriate, the focus on individual etiologic agents highlights some characteristic features of each that are particularly useful to the physician. Also covered is a commonly used categorization of pneumonia based on the clinical setting: community-acquired versus nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia. In current clinical practice, the approach to evaluation and management of these two types of pneumonia is often quite different. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of several infections that were uncommon or primarily of historical interest until recently, as the threat of bioterrorism emerged. In addition to reviewing inhalational anthrax, the chapter briefly describes two other organisms considered to be of concern as potential weapons of bioterrorism: Yersinia pestis (the cause of plague) and Francisella tularensis (the cause of tularemia).


The Lungs in Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases


Recreation, leisure and tourism organizations


KAWASAKI DISEASE


Affections de l'encéphale


Bioterrorism and biodefense


Ratites or Struthioniformes: Struthiones, Rheae, Cassuarii, Apteryges (Ostriches, Rheas, Emus, Cassowaries, and Kiwis), and Tinamiformes (Tinamous)


title: Proteases

text: Proteases are ubiquitous in biosystems where they have diverse roles in the biochemical, physiological, and regulatory aspects of cells and organisms. Proteases represent the largest segment of the industrial enzyme market where they are used in detergents, in food processing, in leather and fabric upgrading, as catalysts in organic synthesis, and as therapeutics. Microbial protease overproducing strains have been developed by conventional screening, mutation/selection strategies and genetic engineering, and wholly new enzymes, with altered specificity or stability have been designed through techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution. Complete sequencing of the genomes of key Bacillus and Aspergillus workhorse extracellular enzyme producers and other species of interest has contributed to enhanced production yields of indigenous proteases as well as to production of heterologous proteases. With annual protease sales of about $1.5–1.8 billion, proteases account for 60% of the total enzyme market. Detergent proteases, with an annual market of about $1 billion account for the largest protease application segment. Subtilisin Carlsberg and related subtilisin serine proteases represent the first generation of detergent proteases with pH optima of 9–10. The second generation, having higher pH optima (10–11) and greater temperature stability, is produced from alkalophilic strains including Bacillus clausii and B. halodurans. The third generation consists of detergent proteases whose active sites and/or stability have been modified by protein engineering. The principal applications of proteases in food processing are in brewing, cereal mashing, and beer haze clarification, in the coagulation step in cheese making, in altering the viscoelastic properties of dough in baking and in production of protein hydrolysates. In organic synthesis, proteases have application in synthesis and/or hydrolysis of peptide, ester, and amide bonds involving carboxylic acids and are effective tools for resolution of pairs of enantiomers. Proteases have applications in nutrition as digestive aids and in therapy in thrombosis and cancer treatment. Hyperproteolytic endogenous activity may play significant roles in abnormal physiological functioning as well as in microbial and viral pathophysiological conditions and this has created substantial momentum for development of protease inhibitors as therapeutic agents against disease-causing proteases.


The United States Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT Project—Global Detection of Emerging Wildlife Viral Zoonoses


Infections Associated with Retinal Autoimmunity


Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Diseases


Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, and Procellariformes (Loons, Grebes, Petrels, and Albatrosses)


Geography of infectious diseases


Infections of the Upper and Middle Airways


Disaster Mitigation


Development of Gene-Based Vectors for Immunization


title: Functional nanofibers in sensor applications

text: Over the last decade, the interest in electrospun nanomaterials and their applications has increased. The fascinating and unparalleled properties of electrospun nanomaterials, such as large surface-to-volume ratios and high open porosity, have opened new and unexpected fields of application, especially in ultrasensitive sensors. By exploiting the inherent physical, electrical and mechanical properties of nanomaterials, it is possible to improve the performance of conventional sensors by increasing their sensitivity, selectivity, portability and power efficiency. In this chapter, the recent progress in the development of electrospun nanomaterials is reviewed. In particular, applications in some predominant sensing approaches, such as acoustic wave, resistive, photoelectric, optical and biological, are discussed.


Hepatitis and Cholangiohepatitis


Introduction to Microbial Disease: Host-Pathogen Interactions


Singapore Industrial Relations System in the Globalization Era


Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes


Standards of Care in Pediatrics


Diseases of the Stomach


Hepatobiliary Disease


Cardiovascular Disease, Lymphoproliferative Disorders, and Thymomas


Gastroenteritis


Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract


Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Quarantine


Lactation and Neonatal Care


Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room


List of abbreviations: Liste des abréviations


Canine Viral Respiratory Infections


The Role of the Microbiota in Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease


Other Forms of Immunosuppression


INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE


Sore Throat


Biological Agents


Immunohistology of Infectious Diseases


Occupational Medicine: An Asset in Time of Crisis


Disorders of the Brain


Nonbacterial Pneumonia


Jet Health


Antiviral Therapy (Non-HIV)


Prevention and Treatment of Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients


Acute Kidney Injury


Infectious Diseases and International Movement of Horses


Medicina interna general


title: Concentration of Viruses in Faecal Samples from Patients with Gastroenteritis

text: Faecal samples from 100 patients with gastroenteritis were examined by three methods; a) fluid absorption with polyacrylamide hydrogel, b) ammonium sulphate precipitation and c) ultracentrifugation to compare the concentration of virus particles before examination by negative stain electron microscopy. By all three methods, a similar content and range of viruses were detected, but the hydrogel technique presented some distinct advantages. Factors influencing fluid absorption from faecal extracts are outlined.


FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS


Update on Antiviral Therapies


Infektionsschutz und spezielle Hygienemaßnahmen in klinischen Disziplinen


Management of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease


Stargazing in Lions


Safety precautions


Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease


Ethics in Transplantation: Allotransplantation and Xenotransplantation


Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease


Aids and the Gastrointestinal Tract


Tracking emerging pathogens: the case of noroviruses


Pneumonie infectieuse du patient immunocompétent ou immunodéprimé


Liver and Bile Duct Infections


Diseases of the Small Intestines


Bacterial Pneumonia and Lung Abscess


Biological Attack


Human Coronaviruses


Travel-Acquired Illnesses Associated with Fever


Pinnipedia


Future Biologic and Chemical Weapons


Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage


title: Bronchiolitis

text: Acute viral bronchiolitis is a common viral lower respiratory tract infection in young children. Most typically caused by respiratory syncytial virus in 70% of cases, the condition lasts for 4 to 7 days, with a prolonged cough in many. Children with comorbidity, particularly those born prematurely or with significant congenital heart disease, are at risk of more severe disease. Nasal obstruction progresses over 3 to 4 days to difficulty with feeding and increased work of breathing with hypoxemia. Crackles and/or wheeze may be auscultated. Apnoea may be a presenting sign in those less than 3 months of age. Viral load is highest at peak of symptoms and in those with more severe disease. Approximately 2% to 3% of all children are admitted to hospital with bronchiolitis. The differential diagnosis may include bacterial pneumonia, congenital lesions of the lung or heart, or an interstitial lung disease. There are no effective treatments, and admission is for feeding support (by nasogastric or intravenous fluids) or treatment of hypoxemia. Critical care support is required for some infants experiencing respiratory failure, though mortality rates remain unchanged. Practice within and between countries varies significantly and alignment of practice is a common goal of guidelines. Vaccines for RSV are in advanced development, as are several antiviral therapies for RSV. In most children, acute symptoms improve within 5 to 7 days and cough by 2 weeks. Recurrent wheeze is common following acute bronchiolitis and a good association with a diagnosis of asthma in childhood.


Specific Diseases of the Respiratory System: Upper Airway


Paramyxoviruses in Bats


Tourism today: Why is it a global phenomenon embracing all our lives?


Pneumopathies infectieuses communautaires


List of symptoms, syndromes and diseases: Liste des symptômes, syndromes et maladies


Gastrointestinal Microbiota


title: Political Status of the ROC in Taiwan

text: This chapter reviews the position of the government officials in Taiwan as well as that of foreign governments on the political status of the Republic of China (ROC), or more specifically whether the ROC has become a State, after its move to Taiwan. The chapter begins by detailing the constitution of the ROC and then briefly describes the exile of the ROC government to Taiwan after losing the control of mainland China to the Communists in a civil war. The rule of the ROC in Taiwan is outlined as is the position of the United States and the United Nations towards the international status of the ROC and People’s Republic of China (PRC) in representing the State of China. The chapter then discusses the reforms of the ROC under the Presidency of Lee Teng-hui and the “special state-to-state relationship,” followed by the position of the next President Chen Shui-bian regarding the international status of the ROC. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the positions of Presidents Ma Ying-jeou and Tsai Ing-wen on the political status of the ROC.


Transfusion Medicine


Challenges and potentials of xenotransplantation


Asthma Triggers: What Really Matters?


Endoparasites


Personal Protective Equipment


Clinical Immunology: Immune Senescence and the Acquired Immune Deficiency of Aging


Examens complémentaires


Immunologic Development and Immunization


Tuberculosis and migration


Diarrhée aiguë


title: Respiratory virus disease in the Antarctic: Immunological studies

text: This chapter discusses the reports that men who had returned from 1.5 to 2 years isolation in Antarctica and had suffered severely from acute respiratory infections. It was surmised that this might be because of increased sensitivity to one of the common families of respiratory viruses. Two lines of study were therefore followed. In the first, men were examined at intervals throughout their stay in Antarctica at Stonington Island, and their titers of specific antibody against a wide range of respiratory viruses were measured throughout the isolation period. The second line of study consisted of three clinical trials in which a dose of a known respiratory virus was given to a number of subjects. The clinical and serological responses and the spread of the organism within the community were observed. The results of these investigations were compared with those of similar trials in England carried out at the Common Cold Unit at Salisbury. The results of the study suggested that it is possible to introduce a virus into a closed community, and under primitive conditions, to record its spread and the symptoms it causes.


Updated Vaccination Recommendations for Carnivores


Bioterrorism and the Intensive Care Unit


Infection Control Programs for Dogs and Cats


The South Korean Hotel Sector's Perspectives on the ‘Pre-’ and ‘Post-event’ Impacts of the Co-hosted 2002 Football World Cup


title: Bats

text: The 1100 species of bats constitute 20% of all mammalian species, distributed in all continents except Antarctica. The only mammals capable of self-powered flying, many can catch insects in complete darkness, using sophisticated echolocation. They are ecologically important in controlling insects, pollinating fruit trees, distributing seeds, and are widely eaten. Many viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites have been isolated from bats. In some cases, direct bat-to-human transmission has been confirmed. Lyssavirus infections transmissible to humans by bats include classic rabies, Duvenhage, European bat lyssaviruses, and Australian bat lyssavirus. Vampire bats (Desmodontinae) transmit classic rabies to humans and domestic animals in Latin America. Insectivorous and frugivorous bats are vectors or reservoirs of at least five Lyssaviruses species, Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), Henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah), and some other viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Bat-transmitted rabies infections can be prevented by vaccination. Vampire bat rabies can be controlled by vaccinating the bats or killing them with anti-coagulants.


Viriasis respiratorias


Aircraft Cabin Environment


Epidemiologic Principles


Immunization


Mechanisms of Acute Lung Injury and Repair


title: China

text: This chapter examines e-government in greater China, including Hong Kong and Taiwan. It opens with a survey of how the People's Republic has deployed the internet as part of a transition into a globalized capitalist economy. Although the state has enjoyed some successes such as telemedicine, much e-government is designed to legitimate and enhance the authoritarian rule of the Communist Party, and/or to improve economic efficiency. China has a rich array of municipal e-government programs, led by Shanghai and Beijing. The chapter notes China's severe internet censorship. In contrast, Hong Kong and Taiwan provide sophisticated e-government models that promote citizen participation and enhance the daily quality of life.


SARS-CoV Attack (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)


Introduction to Biological Agents and Pandemics


Dermatologic manifestations of systemic infections


Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation


Immunization in the Asia-Pacific Region


Clostridiosis, Enteric


Infections Related to the Upper and Middle Airways


Viral Diarrhea


Differential Diagnoses by Clinical Signs—Crocodilians


Rotavirus


Feline Leukemia Virus Infection


Angine


Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism Threats


Foreign Travel: Immunizations and Infections


Suidae and Tayassuidae (Wild Pigs, Peccaries)


The immunology of inflammatory demyelinating disease


Cough


Radiographic Signs of Joint Disease in Dogs and Cats


Detecting virus contamination in seafood


Vaccine Manufacturing


Pulmonary Complications of Endocrine Diseases


Critical Care in Public Health Emergencies


Policy Issues in Disaster Preparedness and Response


Biosecurity for Cow-Calf Enterprises


State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management


Introduction to Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics


Index-Volume 1B


Infection and Multiple Sclerosis


Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients


Chiroptera (Bats)


Pulmonary Complications of Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplantation


Bronchiolitis


Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants


Antibiotic Treatment of Diarrhea in Preweaned Calves


Emerging Reptile Viruses


Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal Infections


Emerging Infectious Diseases and the International Traveler


Protection of Travelers


Seizures and Sleep Disorders


Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient: Infections and Malignant Neoplasms


Body Cavity Fluids


The Feline Genome and Clinical Implications


UVEITIS


Enfermedades infecciosas


Unterer Respirationstrakt


Chemical, Biologic, and Nuclear Quarantine


Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases


Immunization in the Asia-Pacific region


Camelids Are Not Ruminants


Syndromal Tropical Dermatology


Animals Hazardous to Humans


Regulation and testing of vaccines


Bacteriología, virosis y micosis. Utilización de antibióticos


Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection


Comportement des furets


Liver Disease Associated with Viral Infections


Evaluation of Acute Diarrhea


Posttransplant infections


Cruise Ship Travel


Future Biological and Chemical Weapons


Infecciones del aparato respiratorio superior


PREGNANCY LOSS


Viral Disease


Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Neonate


title: Hemodialysis-Associated Infections

text: Hemodialysis patients are at increased risk of infections, which are common adverse events among this patient population. We review factors contributing to infections among hemodialysis patients and epidemiology of common infections and outbreaks, including bloodstream infections, vascular access infections, and infections caused by bloodborne pathogens. Recommendations for prevention are discussed with emphasis on essential infection control practices for hemodialysis settings.


Laryngitis, epiglottitis and pharyngitis


Neurologic Disorders in Cheetahs and Snow Leopards


Occupational infections


title: VIRAL INFECTIONS TRANSMITTED THROUGH TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION

text: The incidence of tissue allograft-transmitted infection is unknown and can best be inferred from prospective studies – that have not yet been performed and reported. Viral infections have been transmitted via tissue allografts such as bone, skin, cornea, and heart valves. Bone allografts have transmitted hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and human T-cell leukaemia virus. Corneas have transmitted rabies, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus. Heart valves have been implicated in transmitting hepatitis B. HIV-1 and CMV have been transmitted by skin allografts. Use of comprehensive donor eligibility criteria; excluding potential donors with behaviours risky for HIV-1 and hepatitis infection, and donor blood testing have greatly reduced the risk. Recent reports of HIV transmitted from a seronegative donors prompts the addition of viral nucleic acid testing of the donor. During tissue processing, many allografts are exposed to disinfectants and sterilisation steps such as gamma irradiation, which further reduce or remove the risk of transmitted disease. Some viruses are fairly resistant to gamma irradiation and the high doses needed may be harmful to the tissue allografts. Because the effectiveness of some tissue grafts depends on cellular viability, not all can be subjected to sterilisation steps, and, therefore, the risk of infectious disease transmission remains. For these, preventing the transmission of viral infection relies mostly on careful donor selection and viral testing, but processing with mild disinfectant can be useful. To further assure safety in the use of allografts, the physician and hospital should select tissue banks that follow national professional standards as their source for allografts.


Plasma Cell Disorders


Mustelidae


Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System


Public Health and Disasters


Basic Approach to Veterinary Care


Diseases of Joints and Ligaments


Winter Dysentery


Occupational Lung Disease


Coronaviruses


Viral Upper Respiratory Infection


Basic Virology


Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections


Disorders of the Digestive System


Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications


Introduction to Veterinary Hematology


title: CANTILEVER BIOSENSORS

text: This chapter describes the application of nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (NEMs and MEMs), and more specifically microcantilever structures, as transducers for highly sensitive biosensors. In these devices, named as ‘nanomechanical biosensors,’ a biomolecular interaction produces a change in the mechanical behavior of the transducer (a movement at nanometer scale), which can be measured and analyzed in real time. Microcantilevers translate the molecular recognition of biomolecules into a nanomechanical motion that is commonly coupled to an optical read-out system. This chapter discusses the main aspects regarding the physics of microcantilever as well the optical read-out techniques. It reviews the state-of-the-art, and discusses the prospective future directions of this new family of biosensors. Nanomechanical sensors are derived from the microfabricated cantilevers used in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and are based on the bending or resonance change induced in the cantilever when a biomolecular interaction takes place on one of its surfaces. The cantilever response depends on its mechanical properties, which are determined mainly by their spring constant and resonance frequency. Both parameters depend on the cantilever material and its geometry. The increasing number of applications of microcantilevers as biosensors has established these systems as a versatile platform for real-time and in situmeasurements of physical, chemical, and biochemical interactions. Further research is banked upon to provide information for increasing the biosensor sensitivity.


Wichtige arbeitsmedizinische und hygienische Risiken


Regulation and Testing of Vaccines


Microbiologic Diagnosis of Lung Infection


Enteritis


Alveolar Epithelium and Pulmonary Surfactant


Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses


HealthCare–Associated Infections in the Nursery


Traitement des infections respiratoires basses et hautes


An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East


Felidae


Taxonomies and activities for organisational effectiveness


Human coronaviruses


Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma


Application of Multivalent Mannosylated Dendrimers in Glycobiology


Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Returning Travelers


New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Infection


Role of Electron Microscopy in Modern Diagnostic Surgical Pathology


How Does One Diagnose and Manage Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia?


Pneumonia: Considerations for the Critically Ill Patient


Cryptosporidiosis


Evaluación de la diarrea aguda


Neurological Complications in Critically Ill Patients


Health Care–Associated Infection in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology and Control—Keeping Patients Safe


title: DURABLE AND RECHARGEABLE BIOCIDAL TEXTILES

text: Textile materials, including natural and synthetic fibers, are good media for growth of microorganisms, particularly the drug-resistant bacteria, which have caused great concern to public health. Biocidal properties should be a necessary feature for medical-use textiles. Biocidal functions, different from biostatic functions, include sterilization, disinfection, and sanitization in an order of the strength. According to guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), medical use biocidal functions should be at least at the disinfection level, which can inactivate most infectious microorganisms. In addition, biocidal functions on textile materials should survive repeated laundering if used as uniforms, linens and even reusable surgical scraps and gowns. Among the currently investigated antimicrobial materials, only N-halamines have shown the capability of providing fast and total kill against a wide range of microorganisms without causing resistance from microorganisms. Furthermore, halamine structures can be recharged by chlorine bleaching, a process recommended by CD as well. Thus, biocidal textiles containing the halamine structures have been developed. Recent studies in biocidal polymers have resulted interesting progresses in incorporating halamines to all synthetic fabrics that are widely used as medical and other professional clothing materials. Chemistry and properties of the new processes have been discussed in this presentation.


Collection and Interpretation of Laboratory Data


Renal Modulation: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)


Neonatal Calf Diarrhea


Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees


Technologies to Improve Immunization


Marine Mammal Viruses


title: Microbiology

text: The management and containment of many treatable and preventable infectious diseases in resource-poor countries is limited by the failure to make an accurate diagnosis. Most of the world's population lacks access to accurate, affordable, easy-to-use, quality-assured, reliable, and accessible diagnostic tests and misdiagnosis of infectious diseases is common and compromises patient care. Laboratory diagnostics are also needed for the detection and surveillance of the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance. Accurate clinical diagnosis in resource-poor settings relies strongly on the laboratory service, and the need to support the development of a quality-assured laboratory service in such settings is increasingly recognized. International organizations are actively working with local and national providers to improve laboratory services. The development of laboratory services will contribute to improved health for the local population, protection against emerging pathogens, and ensure better use of scarce health care resources.


FELINE GLOMERULAR DISEASES


Community‐Acquired Pneumonia


Hyaenidae


The Role of Hospitals in Disaster


Diagnostic Laboratory Sample Submission


title: Antimicrobial Nanostructures for Neurodegenerative Infections: Present and Future Perspectives

text: Nanostructures have been widely involved in changes in the drug delivery system. Nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties, e.g., ultrasmall size, large surface area, and the ability to target specific actions. Various nanomaterials, like Ag, ZnO, Cu/CuO, and Al(2)O(3), have antimicrobial activity. Basically, six mechanisms are involved in the production of antimicrobial activity, i.e., (1) destruction of the peptidoglycan layer, (2) release of toxic metal ions, (3) alteration of cellular pH via proton efflux pumps, (4) generation of reactive oxygen species, (5) damage of nuclear materials, and (6) loss of ATP production. Nanomedicine contributes to various pharmaceutical applications, like diagnosis and treatment of various ailments including microbial diseases. Furthermore, nanostructured antimicrobial agents are also involved in the treatment of the neuroinfections associated with neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter focuses on the nanostructure and nanomedicine of antimicrobial agents and their prospects for the possible management of infections associated with neurodegenerative disorders.


Diarrhée


Nicht pharmazeutische Maßnahmen der Infektionsprävention


Pleural Space Disease


title: Respiratory Tract

text: The chapter describes different aspects of the respiratory tract. In preclinical safety studies, pathologies of the respiratory system can be a result of an intercurrent disease or can be induced by systemically administered drugs. Intranasal or inhalation modes of therapy pose particular challenges in terms of the formulations and technologies required to administer a drug. A complex technology is developed to support the assessment of adverse effects of inhaled substances in rodent and nonrodent species, and the extrapolation of experimental findings to humans. The nasal chambers are the structures that are first to be subjected to the effects of inhaled substances, whether microorganisms or chemical substances. In rodents, the relatively small size of the nose and nasal sinuses facilitates a histological examination. Findings show that infectious agents cause inflammation in the nose and nasal sinuses, and this may be associated with inflammation in the conjunctiva, the middle ear, and the oral cavity. It has been observed that a particular response of the rodent nasal mucosa to some irritant substances, including pharmaceutical agents, is the formation of rounded eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium, and to a lesser extent in respiratory and glandular epithelial cells.


Respiratory Tract Viral Infections


Fever


Long-Term Toxicity of Immunosuppressive Therapy


Canine Parvovirus Infections and Other Viral Enteritides


Intra-abdominal Infections


Bronchitis


Abdominal, Thoracic, and Pericardial Effusions


Pneumonia


Fuentes de datos y vigilancia


title: Other herbs and spices: mango ginger to wasabi

text: In this second part of the chapter on underutilized spices, nine spices are discussed briefly. They are mango ginger, fragrant pandan, pink pepper, rue, sumac, savory and wasabi. Morphology, chemical composition, medicinal and culinary uses are given briefly in each of these spices. In addition short notes on 12 lesser known spices are provided; these are blue fenugreek, boldo leaves, chameleon plant, cicely, cresses, epazote, finger root, gale, lemon myrtle, Mexican pepper leaf, Tasmanian pepper and water pepper.


Management of Neonatal Diarrhea in Cow-Calf Herds


Neurology


Viral Diseases


Bronchite aiguë


Blood Donation and Collection


Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology


Infections Associated with Group Childcare


Vaccine manufacturing


Market Trends and Output 2003-2006


Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract


History and Physical Examination


VIRAL DISEASES


Acute Bronchitis


Life-Threatening Viral Disease and Its Treatment


Emerging applications of internet of things, big data, security, and complexity: special issue on collaboration opportunity for IoTBDS and COMPLEXIS


title: A 4D Indicator System of Count, P Rate, G Rate and PG Rate for Epidemiology and Global Health

text: How to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a typical global health question since the impact of HIV/AIDS is global and it cannot be ended without collaborative global effort. In this chapter, a new measurement system is introduced to inform HIV/AIDS control cross the globe. All countries with data available on area size, total population and total number of persons living with HIV (PLWH) were included, yielding a sample of 148 countries. Four indicators, including the total count, population-based p rate, geographic area-based g rate and population and geographic area-based pg rate were used as a 4D system to describe the global HIV epidemic. The total PLWH count provided data informing resource allocation for individual countries to improve HIV/AIDS care; and the top five countries with highest PLWH count were South Africa, Nigeria, India, Kenya, and Mozambique. Information from the remaining three indicators provided a global risk profile of the HIV epidemic, supporting HIV/AIDS prevention programming strategies. Five countries with highest p rates were Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and Zimbabwe; five countries with highest g rates were Swaziland, Malawi, Lesotho, Rwanda, and Uganda; and five countries with highest pg rates were Barbados, Swaziland, Lesotho, Malta, and Mauritius. According to pg rates, two HIV hotspots (south and middle Africa and Caribbean region) and one HIV belt across Euro-Asian were identified. In addition to HIV/AIDS, the 4D measurement system can be used to describe morbidity and mortality for many diseases across the globe. We recommend the use of this measurement system in research to address significant global health and epidemiologic issues.


Recommandations de la Société française de médecine du travail (SFMT) : avis relatif à l’âge et à l’affectation des travailleurs en milieu de soins : risques d’apparition de formes sévères et de décès chez les personnels soignants atteints par le COVID par classe d’âge, 6 avril 2020


Preface: Advances in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation