Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries (all date ranges are inclusive): 
This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February (the bissextum (twice sixth) or bissextile day) until the late Middle Ages. The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 (assumed to exist before 1582). 
14 days 
Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries (all date ranges are inclusive): 
The following equation gives the number of days (actually, dates) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar, called the secular difference between the two calendars. A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar.[27] 
The general rule, in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian, is as follows: 
The general rule, in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian, is as follows: 
Beginning of the year 
Country Start numbered year on 1 January Adoption of Gregorian calendar Denmark Gradual change from 13th to 16th centuries[30] 1700 Venice 1522 1582 Holy Roman Empire (Catholic states) 1544 1583 Spain, Poland, Portugal 1556 1582 Holy Roman Empire (Protestant states) 1559 1700 Sweden 1559 1753 France 1564[31] 1582[n 1] Southern Netherlands 1576[32] 1582 Lorraine 1579 1682 Dutch Republic 1583 1582 Scotland 1600[33][34] 1752 Russia 1700[35] 1918 Tuscany 1721 1750 Great Britain and the British Empire except Scotland 1752[33] 1752 
Beginning of the year 
For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) till 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). 
Charles I 
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.[36] The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present. 
1752 
During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December (supposed Nativity of Jesus), 25 March (Annunciation), or Easter (France),[37] while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.[38] 
new year 
In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,[39] but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day).[40] So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),[41] although modern histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.[42] 
Annunciation 
In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries a specific year when a 1 January-year became the norm can be identified. In other countries the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. 
Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 
In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries a specific year when a 1 January-year became the norm can be identified. 
In other countries the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. 
Supputatio Romana 
Dual dating 
During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.[44] 
English speakers sometimes remember the number of days in each month by memorising a traditional mnemonic verse: 
mnemonic 
Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, Which hath but twenty-eight days clear, And twenty-nine in each leap year. 
Months of the year 
English speakers sometimes remember the number of days in each month by memorising a traditional mnemonic verse: 
−0001 
Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, Which hath but twenty-eight days clear, And twenty-nine in each leap year. 
The knuckle mnemonic. 
Thirty days hath September 
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). 
This method also works by starting the sequence on the right hand's little knuckle, then continuing towards the left. It can also be done using just one hand: after counting the fourth knuckle as July, start again counting the first knuckle as August. A similar mnemonic can be found on a piano keyboard: starting on the key F for January, moving up the keyboard in semitones, the black notes give the short months, the white notes the long ones. 
mnemonic 
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). 
The origins of English naming used by the Gregorian calendar: 
January: Janus (Roman god of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings) February: Februus (Etruscan god of death) Februarius (mensis) (Latin for "month of purification (rituals)" it is said to be a Sabine word, the last month of ancient pre-450 BC Roman calendar). It is related to fever.[49][50][51] March: Mars (Roman god of war) April: The Romans thought that the name Aprilis derived from aperio, aperire, apertus, a verb meaning "to open". Varro and Cincius both reject the connection of the name to Aphrodite, and the common Roman derivation from aperio may be the correct one.[52] May: Maia Maiestas (Roman goddess of springtime, warmth, and increase)[53] June: Juno (Roman goddess, wife of Jupiter) July: Julius Caesar (Roman dictator) (month was formerly named Quintilis, the fifth month of the calendar of Romulus) August: Augustus (first Roman emperor) (month was formerly named Sextilis, the sixth month of Romulus) September: septem (Latin for seven, the seventh month of Romulus) October: octo (Latin for eight, the eighth month of Romulus) November: novem (Latin for nine, the ninth month of Romulus) December: decem (Latin for ten, the tenth month of Romulus) 
semitones 
The origins of English naming used by the Gregorian calendar: 
Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week. ISO 8601, in common use worldwide, starts with Monday=1; printed monthly calendar grids list Mondays in the first (left) column of dates and Sundays in the last. Software often starts with Sunday=0, which places Sundays in the left column of a monthly calendar page. 
Accuracy 
Week 
Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar). 
The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long.[54] This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, the error with respect to the vernal equinox (which occurs, on average, 365.24237 days apart near 2000[55]) is 1 day every 7,700 years. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days). 
Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week. ISO 8601, in common use worldwide, starts with Monday=1; printed monthly calendar grids list Mondays in the first (left) column of dates and Sundays in the last. Software often starts with Sunday=0, which places Sundays in the left column of a monthly calendar page. 
Accuracy 
In the 19th century, Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years, instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period.[56] This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days. Herschel's proposal would make the year 4000, and multiples thereof, common instead of leap. While this modification has often been proposed since, it has never been officially adopted.[57] 
On time scales of thousands of years, the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons because the slowing down of the Earth's rotation makes each day slightly longer over time (see tidal acceleration and leap second) while the year maintains a more uniform duration. 
This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons. 
The y-axis is the date in June and the x-axis is Gregorian calendar years. 
This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons. 
The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year. Centurial years are ordinary years, unless they are divisible by 400, in which case they are leap years. This causes a correction in the years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300. 
For instance, these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice, and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice—2.25 days of variation compared with the seasonal event. 
Proposed reforms 
The following are proposed reforms of the Gregorian calendar: 
For instance, these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice, and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice—2.25 days of variation compared with the seasonal event. 
proposed reforms 
Notes 
Opus Majus 
United States Naval Observatory 
Calendars 
References 
External links 
The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely used civil calendar.[1][2][3] It is named for Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582. 
Western calendar 
The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar[4] amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. 
The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius.[5] His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform. 
The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's scheme of leap years as follows: 
Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the year 2000 is.[6] 
In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year, the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year's position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March. 
To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.). 
The Gregorian calendar continued to use the previous calendar era (year-numbering system), which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity (Anno Domini), originally calculated in the 6th century by Dionysius Exiguus.[8] This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today.[9] 
Description 
A year is divided into twelve months No. Name Length in days 1 January 31 2 February 28 or 29 3 March 31 4 April 30 5 May 31 6 June 30 7 July 31 8 August 31 9 September 30 10 October 31 11 November 30 12 December 31 
where is the secular difference and is the year using astronomical year numbering, that is, use (year BC) − 1 for BC years. means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer. Thus during the 1900s, 1900/400 = 4, while during the −500s, −500/400 = −2. 
In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years.[10] 
Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers.[11] The cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years.[12][13] Of these 400 years, 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days. A calendar mean year is 365 days = 365.2425 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.[14] 
A calendar date is fully specified by the year (numbered by some scheme beyond the scope of the calendar itself), the month (identified by name or number), and the day of the month (numbered sequentially starting at 1). Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December, at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar (see the "beginning of the year" section below). 
Gregorian reform 
Inter gravissimas 
The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582.[4] The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).[15] 
Camillo Rusconi 
Inter gravissimas 
Background 
Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox (until 342) and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon.[16] In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. 
Metonic cycle 
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.[17] 
Parilia 
Worse, the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19-year cycle. That approximation built up an error of one day every 310 years, so by the 16th century the lunar calendar was out of phase with the real Moon by four days. 
Bede 
Preparation 
This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted.[18] The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).[5] 
lunar calendar 
Compendium 
Giambattista Benedetti 
Lilius's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years. He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform. 
Aloysius Lilius 
Lilius's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years. 
He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform. 
Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March. 
Prutenic tables 
Lilius's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued, 800-page volume. He would later defend his and Lilius's work against detractors. Clavius's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move, and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory. 
The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple, rule-based calendar. Lilius's formula was a 10-day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea, and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4. The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well. 
The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2500 years) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years (i.e., 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc.). In fact, a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced. 
When the new calendar was put in use, the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days. The Julian calendar day Thursday, 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 (the cycle of weekdays was not affected). 
years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well 
Adoption 
Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. 
The bull Inter gravissimas became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant Churches, Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged. 
Papal States 
A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.[24] 
Orthodox Churches 
Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.[25] 
Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij 
Many Protestant countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. 
Britain and the British Empire (including the eastern part of what is now the United States) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, followed by Sweden in 1753. 
Protestant 
by Sweden 
Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates 
Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.[26] Gregorian range Julian range Difference From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 10 days From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800 11 days From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900 12 days From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100 13 days From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200 14 days 
Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.[26] Gregorian range Julian range Difference From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 10 days From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800 11 days From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900 12 days From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100 13 days From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200 14 days 
Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. 
Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.[1] Charles Darwin recognized the small number of traits that made domestic species different from their wild ancestors. He was also the first to recognize the difference between conscious selective breeding in which humans directly select for desirable traits, and unconscious selection where traits evolve as a by-product of natural selection or from selection on other traits.[2][3][4] There is a genetic difference between domestic and wild populations. There is also such a difference between the domestication traits that researchers believe to have been essential at the early stages of domestication, and the improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations.[5][6][7] Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates, and were selected during the initial episode of domestication of that animal or plant, whereas improvement traits are present only in a proportion of domesticates, though they may be fixed in individual breeds or regional populations.[6][7][8] 
The dog was the first domesticant,[9][10][11] and was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era, well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals.[10] The archaeological and genetic data suggest that long-term bidirectional gene flow between wild and domestic stocks – including donkeys, horses, New and Old World camelids, goats, sheep, and pigs – was common.[7][12] Given its importance to humans and its value as a model of evolutionary and demographic change, domestication has attracted scientists from archaeology, palaeontology, anthropology, botany, zoology, genetics, and the environmental sciences.[13] 
Etymology 
Domestication (from the Latin domesticus) means 'belonging to the house'.[14] 
Definitions 
Domestication 
Domestication has been defined as "a sustained multi-generational, mutualistic relationship in which one organism assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another organism in order to secure a more predictable supply of a resource of interest, and through which the partner organism gains advantage over individuals that remain outside this relationship, thereby benefitting and often increasing the fitness of both the domesticator and the target domesticate."[1][15][16][17][18] This definition recognizes both the biological and the cultural components of the domestication process and the impacts on both humans and the domesticated animals and plants. All past definitions of domestication have included a relationship between humans with plants and animals, but their differences lay in who was considered as the lead partner in the relationship. This new definition recognizes a mutualistic relationship in which both partners gain benefits. 
This biological mutualism is not restricted to humans with domestic crops and livestock but is well-documented in nonhuman species, especially among a number of social insect domesticators and their plant and animal domesticates, for example the ant–fungus mutualism that exists between leafcutter ants and certain fungii.[1] 
Domestication of animals 
Sheep with an ear tag that is part of a national livestock identification system 
The domestication of animals is the scientific theory of the mutual relationship between animals with the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction.[1] Charles Darwin recognized the small number of traits that made domestic species different from their wild ancestors. He was also the first to recognize the difference between conscious selective breeding in which humans directly select for desirable traits, and unconscious selection where traits evolve as a by-product of natural selection or from selection on other traits.[2][3][4] There is a genetic difference between domestic and wild populations. There is also such a difference between the domestication traits that researchers believe to have been essential at the early stages of domestication, and the improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations.[5][6][7] Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates, and were selected during the initial episode of domestication of that animal or plant, whereas improvement traits are present only in a proportion of domesticates, though they may be fixed in individual breeds or regional populations.[6][7][8] 
Domestication should not be confused with taming. Taming is the conditioned behavioral modification of a wild-born animal when its natural avoidance of humans is reduced and it accepts the presence of humans, but domestication is the permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans.[21][22][23] Certain animal species, and certain individuals within those species, make better candidates for domestication than others because they exhibit certain behavioral characteristics: (1) the size and organization of their social structure; (2) the availability and the degree of selectivity in their choice of mates; (3) the ease and speed with which the parents bond with their young, and the maturity and mobility of the young at birth; (4) the degree of flexibility in diet and habitat tolerance; and (5) responses to humans and new environments, including flight responses and reactivity to external stimuli.[18]:Fig 1[24][25][26] 
The beginnings of animal domestication involved a protracted coevolutionary process with multiple stages along different pathways.[7] It is proposed that there were three major pathways that most animal domesticates followed into domestication: (1) commensals, adapted to a human niche (e.g., dogs, cats, fowl, possibly pigs); (2) prey animals sought for food (e.g., sheep, goats, cattle, water buffalo, yak, pig, reindeer, llama and alpaca); and (3) targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse, donkey, camel).[7][12][18][27][28][29][30][31][32] The dog was the first domesticant,[10][11] and was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era, well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals.[10] Humans did not intend to domesticate animals from, or at least they did not envision a domesticated animal resulting from, either the commensal or prey pathways. In both of these cases, humans became entangled with these species as the relationship between them, and the human role in their survival and reproduction, intensified.[7] Although the directed pathway proceeded from capture to taming, the other two pathways are not as goal-oriented and archaeological records suggest that they take place over much longer time frames.[13] 
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[33][34] The archaeological and genetic data suggest that long-term bidirectional gene flow between wild and domestic stocks – including donkeys, horses, New and Old World camelids, goats, sheep, and pigs – was common.[7][12] One study has concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars into pigs and created domestication islands in the genome. The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals.[35][36] 
Domestication of plants 
The initial domestication of animals impacted most on the genes that controlled their behavior, but the initial domestication of plants impacted most on the genes that controlled their morphology (seed size, plant architecture, dispersal mechanisms) and their physiology (timing of germination or ripening).[18][37] 
Farmers with wheat and cattle - Ancient Egyptian art 1,422 YBP 
Industrialized wheat harvest - North America today 
Wild wheat falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. There is evidence that this change was possible because of a random mutation that happened in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Wheat with this mutation was harvested more frequently and became the seed for the next crop. 
The earliest human attempts at plant domestication occurred in South-Western Asia. There is early evidence for conscious cultivation and trait selection of plants by pre-Neolithic groups in Syria: grains of rye with domestic traits have been recovered from Epi-Palaeolithic (c. 11,050 BCE) contexts at Abu Hureyra in Syria,[39] but this appears to be a localised phenomenon resulting from cultivation of stands of wild rye, rather than a definitive step towards domestication.[39] 
Domestication 
By 10,000 BCE the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) plant, used as a container before the advent of ceramic technology, appears to have been domesticated. The domesticated bottle gourd reached the Americas from Asia by 8000 BCE, most likely due to the migration of peoples from Asia to America.[40] 
The Middle East was especially suited to these species; the dry-summer climate was conducive to the evolution of large-seeded annual plants, and the variety of elevations led to a great variety of species. As domestication took place humans began to move from a hunter-gatherer society to a settled agricultural society. This change would eventually lead, some 4000 to 5000 years later, to the first city states and eventually the rise of civilization itself. 
Continued domestication was gradual, a process of trial and error that occurred intermittently. Over time perennials and small trees began to be domesticated including apples and olives. Some plants were not domesticated until recently such as the macadamia nut and the pecan. 
Songwriting credits 
Awards and nominations 
References 
Comment 
External links 
Filmography 
Films 
Television dramas 
Variety shows 
Radio Shows 
Music video appearances 
Park Chanyeol (born (1992-11-27)November 27, 1992), is a South Korean singer and actor who is a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy group EXO and its sub-unit EXO-K. [1][2] 
Early life 
Park Chanyeol was born on (1992-11-27)November 27, 1992 in Seoul, South Korea. He attended Hyundai High School in Apgujeong-dong, Seoul. He has a sister named Park Yoora, who is an Announcer at MBC Broadcasting Station in South Korea. 
Chanyeol was admitted to a private acting institution when he was sixteen years old, where he became good friends with Block B's P.O.[3] He is currently a student majoring in Culture and Art Management at Kyung Hee Cyber University alongside some of his fellow EXO members of Suho, Baekhyun, and Kai.[4] 
After watching School of Rock in elementary school, Chanyeol became interested in music and he soon began playing the drums. When he was a first year student in middle school, he joined a band with his best friends and played with them for about three years. He was accepted as a trainee under SM Entertainment after coming in second place in the 2008 Smart Model Contest. 
In 2016, during the two-day EXO'luXion concerts in Manila from January 23–24, he revealed that he had stayed in the Philippines in 2007 to study English, which is a very popular destination choice for Koreans wanting to learn the language.[5] 
Career 
Chanyeol was accepted into S.M. Entertainment during his first year of high school after winning second place in the 2008 Smart Model Contest. During this time, he was involved in his school's band, "Siren". He made several media appearances prior to his debut with EXO, including TVXQ's music video "HaHaHa Song" in 2008. 
Chanyeol was the last member of EXO to be formally introduced to the public, on February 23, 2012. He cites Jason Mraz and Eminem as his biggest influences, though he was a fan of rock bands like Muse, Green Day, Nirvana, and X-Japan in middle school.[6] 
Solo activities 
In 2013, Chanyeol guest starred in an episode of the sitcom Royal Villa.[7][8] In 2014, he became a member of SBS's Law of the Jungle in Micronesia[9] and the first season of Roommate, but left in September because of scheduling conflicts.[10] He made his big screen debut in the 2015 film Salut d'Amour along with Moon Ga-young, who he also co-starred with in the web-drama EXO Next Door.[11] He was also featured in the 2015 show Dating Alone. 
On May 15, 2015, Chanyeol, along with fellow members Baekhyun and Chen, and other artists such as Girl's Day, Sistar, Niel, and Ailee, sung the KBS1's Special Program 'I Am Korea' theme song, "The Day We Met", for Gwangbok 70th Anniversary.[12] 
During his filming in Brunei Darussalam, he made a solo song titled, "Last Hunter" to honor his visit to Brunei. It later became the OST of The Law of The Jungle - Hidden Kingdom Special in Brunei. 
Songwriting 
In 2014, Chanyeol wrote the rap for the EXO-K version of "Run" from their Overdose EP and in 2015 co-wrote the Korean version of the song "Promise (EXO 2014)" with Chen. The song appeared in the album "Love Me Right" which was the repackaged version of EXO’s second full-length album EXODUS.[13] He later wrote the rap for EXO's star wars collaboration single, Lightsaber. The song also appeared in EXO's 2015 EP Sing For You. 
Discography 
Chanyeol at the EXO The Lost Panet Concert in Xian, China on August 2, 2014 
As featured artist 
Solo songs 
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis.[1] In countries where tuberculosis is common one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible.[1] Babies with HIV/AIDS should not be vaccinated.[2] In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only babies at high risk are typically immunized while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed to drug resistant tuberculosis may be immunized as well.[1] 
Rates of protection vary widely and protection lasts between ten and twenty years.[1] Among children it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected it protects half from developing disease.[3] The vaccine is given by injection into the skin.[1] Additional doses are not supported by evidence.[1] It may also be used in the treatment of some types of bladder cancers.[4] 
Often there is redness, swelling, and mild pain at the site of injection. A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after healing. Side effects are more common and potentially more severe in those with poor immune function. 
The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale cost is 0.16 USD a dose as of 2014.[6] In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD.[7] Each year the vaccine is given to about 100 million children.[1] 
Medical uses 
Tuberculosis 
The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally.[8] BCG vaccination is recommended to be given intradermally. A previous BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test, although a very high-grade reading is usually due to active disease. 
The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials conducted in the UK have consistently shown a protective effect of 60 to 80%, but those conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator.[9][10] 
A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting TB by about 50%.[9] There are differences in effectiveness, depending on region, due to factors such as genetic differences in the populations, changes in environment, exposure to other bacterial infections, and conditions in the lab where the vaccine is grown, including genetic differences between the strains being cultured and the choice of growth medium.[11][12] 
A systematic review and meta analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19–27% and reduced progression to active TB by 71%.[13] The studies included in this review were limited to those that used Interferon gamma release assay. 
The duration of protection of BCG is not clearly known. In those studies showing a protective effect, the data are inconsistent. The MRC study showed protection waned to 59% after 15 years and to zero after 20 years; however, a study looking at Native Americans immunized in the 1930s found evidence of protection even 60 years after immunization, with only a slight waning in efficacy.[14] 
BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary TB or TB meningitis,[15] so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. 
Reasons 
A number of possible reasons for the variable efficacy of BCG in different countries have been proposed. None have been proven, some have been disproved, and none can explain the lack of efficacy in both low-TB burden countries (US) and high-TB burden countries (India). The reasons for variable efficacy have been discussed at length in a WHO document on BCG.[16] 
Whether this natural immune response is protective is not known.[20] An alternative explanation is suggested by mouse studies; immunity against mycobacteria stops BCG from replicating and so stops it from producing an immune response. This is called the block hypothesis.[21] Interference by concurrent parasitic infection: In another hypothesis, simultaneous infection with parasites changes the immune response to BCG, making it less effective. As Th1 response is required for an effective immune response to tuberculous infection, concurrent infection with various parasites produces a simultaneous Th2 response, which blunts the effect of BCG.[22] 
Mycobacteria 
Leprosy: BCG has a protective effect against leprosy in the range of 26 to 41% based on controlled trials. The protective effect is somewhat larger based on case control and cohort studies—about 60%.[23][24] However BCG vaccine is not used specifically to control leprosy. Buruli ulcer: BCG may protect against or delay the onset of Buruli ulcer.[25] 
Cancer 
Micrograph showing granulomatous inflammation of bladder neck tissue due to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin used to treat bladder cancer, H&E stain 
Since the late 1970s, evidence has become available that instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of immunotherapy in this disease.[26] While the mechanism is unclear, it appears a local immune reaction is mounted against the tumor. Immunotherapy with BCG prevents recurrence in up to 67% of cases of superficial bladder cancer. BCG has been evaluated in a number of studies as a therapy for colorectal cancer.[27] The US biotech company Vaccinogen is evaluating BCG as an adjuvant to autologous tumour cells used as a cancer vaccine in stage II colon cancer. 
Method of administration 
An apparatus (4–5 cm length, with 9 short needles) used for BCG vaccination in Japan, shown with ampules of BCG and saline 
A reactive tuberculin skin test is a contraindication to BCG. Someone with a positive tuberculin reaction is not given BCG, because the risk of severe local inflammation and scarring is high, not because of the common misconception that tuberculin reactors "are already immune" and therefore do not need BCG. People found to have reactive tuberculin skin tests should be screened for active tuberculosis. 
If BCG is accidentally given subcutaneously, then a local abscess may form (a "BCG-oma") that can sometimes ulcerate, and may require treatment with antibiotics immediately, otherwise without treatment it could spread the infection causing severe damage to vital organs. However, it is important to note an abscess is not always associated with incorrect administration, and it is one of the more common complications that can occur with the vaccination. Numerous medical studies on treatment of these abscesses with antibiotics have been done with varying results, but the consensus is once pus is aspirated and analysed, provided no unusual bacilli are present, the abscess will generally heal on its own in a matter of weeks.[28] 
The characteristic raised scar BCG immunization leaves is often used as proof of prior immunization. This scar must be distinguished from that of small pox vaccination, which it may resemble. 
Adverse effects 
The main adverse effects are keloids—large, raised scars. The insertion of deltoid is most frequently used because the local complication rate is smallest when that site is used. Nonetheless, the buttock is an alternative site of administration because it provides better cosmetic outcomes. 
If given subcutaneously, it may induce local infection and spread to the regional lymph nodes, causing either suppurative and nonsuppurative lymphadenitis. Conservative management is usually adequate for nonsuppurative lymphadenitis. If suppuration occurs, it may need needle aspiration. 
Uncommonly, breast and gluteal abscesses can occur due to haematogenous and lymphangiomatous spread. Regional bone infection (BCG osteomyelitis or osteitis) and disseminated BCG infection are rare complications of BCG vaccination, but potentially life-threatening. Systemic antituberculous therapy may be helpful in severe complications.[30] 
If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient (e.g., an infant with SCID), it can cause disseminated or life-threatening infection. The documented incidence of this happening is less than one per million immunizations given.[31] In 2007, The WHO stopped recommending BCG for infants with HIV, even if there is a high risk of exposure to TB,[32] because of the risk of disseminated BCG infection (which is approximately 400 per 100,000 in that higher risk context).[33][34] 
Usage 
The age of the person and the frequency with which BCG is given has always varied from country to country. 
Previously, the vaccine was also given at ages 8 and 15, although this is no longer common practice.[41] Norway: In Norway the BCG vaccine was mandatory from 1947 to 1995. It is still available and recommended for high-risk groups.[42] Philippines: BCG vaccine started in the Philippines in 1979 with the Expanded Program on Immunization South Africa: In South Africa, the BCG Vaccine is given routinely at birth, to all newborns, except those with clinically symptomatic AIDS. The vaccination site in the right shoulder.[43] Sri Lanka: In Sri Lanka, The National Policy of Sri Lanka is to give BCG vaccination to all newborn babies immediately after birth. 
Manufacturer 
Because the living bacilli evolve to make the best use of available nutrients, they become less well-adapted to human blood and can no longer induce disease when introduced into a human host. Still, they are similar enough to their wild ancestors to provide some degree of immunity against human tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine can be anywhere from 0 to 80% effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years; however, its protective effect appears to vary according to geography and the lab in which the vaccine strain was grown.[11] 
This may result in different product characteristics. OncoTICE, used for bladder instillation for bladder cancer, was developed by Organon Laboratories (since acquired by Schering-Plough, and in turn acquired by Merck, Inc.). Pacis BCG, made from the Montréal (Institut Armand-Frappier) strain,[48] was first marketed by Urocor in about 2002. 
Evans Vaccines (a subsidiary of PowderJect Pharmaceuticals). Statens Serum Institut in Denmark markets BCG vaccine prepared using Danish strain 1331.[49] Japan BCG Laboratory markets its vaccine, based on the Tokyo 172 substrain of Pasteur BCG, in 50 countries worldwide. Sanofi Pasteur's BCG vaccine products, made with the Glaxo 1077 strain,[50] were recalled in July 2012 due to noncompliance in the manufacturing process.[51] 
Preparation 
A weakened strain of bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis is specially subcultured in a culture medium, usually Middlebrook 7H9. 
Dried 
Sometimes the powder are sealed with vacuum in a glass ampoule. Such a glass ampoule has to be opened slowly to prevent the airflow from blowing out the powder. Then the powder has to be diluted with saline water before injecting. 
History 
Jean Antoine Villemin first recognized bovine tuberculosis in 1854 and transmitted it, and Robert Koch first distinguished Mycobacterium bovis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Following the success of vaccination in preventing smallpox, established during the 18th century, scientists thought to find a corollary in tuberculosis by drawing a parallel between bovine tuberculosis and cowpox: it was hypothesized that infection with bovine tuberculosis might protect against infection with human tuberculosis. In the late 19th century, clinical trials using M. bovis were conducted in Italy with disastrous results, because M. bovis was found to be just as virulent as M. tuberculosis. 
Albert Calmette, a French physician and bacteriologist, and his assistant and later colleague, Camille Guérin, a veterinarian, were working at the Institut Pasteur de Lille (Lille, France) in 1908. Their work included subculturing virulent strains of the tubercle bacillus and testing different culture media. They noted a glycerin-bile-potato mixture grew bacilli that seemed less virulent, and changed the course of their research to see if repeated subculturing would produce a strain that was attenuated enough to be considered for use as a vaccine. 
Public acceptance was slow, and one disaster, in particular, did much to harm public acceptance of the vaccine. In the summer of 1930 in Lübeck, 240 infants were vaccinated in the first 10 days of life; almost all developed tuberculosis and 72 infants died. It was subsequently discovered that the BCG administered there had been contaminated with a virulent strain that was being stored in the same incubator, which led to legal action against the manufacturers of the vaccine.[53] 
In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations (predecessor to the WHO). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely used after World War II. From 1945 to 1948, relief organizations (International Tuberculosis Campaign or Joint Enterprises) vaccinated over 8 million babies in eastern Europe and prevented the predicted typical increase of TB after a major war. 
BCG is very efficacious against tuberculous meningitis in the pediatric age group, but its efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis appears to be variable. As of 2006, only a few countries do not use BCG for routine vaccination. Two countries that have never used it routinely are the USA and the Netherlands (in both countries, it is felt that having a reliable Mantoux test and being able to accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a condition that is now relatively rare there).[54][55] 
Other names include "Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin vaccine" and "Bacille de Calmette et Guérin vaccine". 
Research 
Tentative evidence exists for a beneficial non-specific effect of BCG vaccination on overall mortality in low income countries, or for its reducing other health problems including sepsis and respiratory infections when given early,[56] with greater benefit the earlier it is used.[57] 
Other tuberculosis vaccines 
See: Tuberculosis vaccines 
Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis.[1] The vaccines are more than 90% effective. How long this protection lasts is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[1] 
Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common. In those with HIV/AIDS or those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used. Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas areas where the disease is common is recommended.[1] 
The vaccines are relatively safe. Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection. As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available:some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus.[1] 
The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[3] In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD for a course of immunizations.[4] 
2014 
The International 2014 
On March 31, 2014, Valve announced The International 2014, which would take place from July 18 to July 21 at the KeyArena, which is a venue with a significantly larger capacity than Benaroya Hall from the previous two years. Unlike the previous three events, there would be three tiers for admissions, including general admission, floor seating and VIP passes.[22] For The International 2014, eleven teams would receive direct invites, with an additional four spots determined by regional qualifiers taking place between May 12 and May 25. The sixteenth spot would be determined by a wild card qualifier between the runners-up from the regional competitions.[23] The tickets for the event were sold out within an hour of going on sale on April 4, 2014.[24] 
The prize pool for the tournament broke records for being the largest in eSports by reaching the $10,000,000 (USD) mark on June 27, almost three weeks prior to the start of the tournament.[25] At the end of the tournament, with a final total prize pool of $10,931,103 and over $5 million split amongst the five players of the 1st place team, eight Dota 2 players became the highest ranking players in terms of prize money won, surpassing the highest ranking player at the time, StarCraft player Lee "Jaedong" Jae-dong.[26] All 5 members of champion team Newbee became the top 5 highest ranking players in terms of prize money won and Chen "Hao" Zhihao became the highest ranking player at that time.[27] 
Place Team Prize money 1st Newbee $5,028,308 2nd Vici Gaming $1,475,699 3rd Evil Geniuses $1,038,455 4th Team DK $819,833 5/6th Cloud9 $655,866 LGD Gaming $655,866 7/8th Natus Vincere $519,227 Invictus Gaming $519,227 9/10th Team Liquid $49,190 Titan eSports $49,190 11/12th Mousesports $38,259 Alliance $38,259 13/14th Team Empire $21,862 Fnatic $21,862 
2015 
The first details pertaining to The International 2015 were revealed on January 5, 2015, with the preliminary announcement of the tournament. Sixteen teams attended the event, which took place from August 3 to August 8 at Seattle, WA.[29] The prize pool totalled more than US$18 million, of which US$16.4 million was contributed by players.[30] 
The invited teams are:[31] 
The winners and runners-up of the regional qualifiers are:[31] 
Place Team Prize money 1st Evil Geniuses $6,616,014 2nd CDEC Gaming $2,848,562 3rd LGD Gaming $2,205,338 4th Vici Gaming $1,562,114 5/6th Virtus Pro $1,182,011 EHOME $1,182,011 7/8th Team Secret $818,316 MVP Phoenix $818,316 9-12th compLexity Gaming $218,217 Cloud9 $218,217 Team Empire $218,217 Invictus Gaming $218,217 13-16th NewBee $54,554 Fnatic $54,554 Natus Vincere $54,554 MVP.HOT6ix $54,554 
Media coverage 
The primary medium for The International coverage is through the Internet. Throughout each year, tournament coverage is done by a selection of online gaming and electronic sports organizations who provide live streaming, commentary and articles surrounding games in the progress, similar to sports commentators and analysts.[21] On July 17, 2014, Valve announced that the coverage of The International 2014 would be presented in collaboration with ESPN on its live multi-screen sports network, ESPN3. In addition, an exclusive show previewing the final match was presented on ESPN2.[32] 
Notes 
References 
External links 
The first tournament took place in Cologne, Germany at Gamescom from August 17–21, 2011 and was held shortly after the reveal of Dota 2, with a total prize pot of $1.6 million and a grand prize of one million dollars. The second International took place from August 31–September 2, 2012 at Benaroya Hall in Seattle, Washington and retained the same $1.6 million prize structure. For the third International, again at Benaroya Hall, Valve introduced an interactive, digital "compendium" which fans could purchase to follow the event and contribute to the prize pool; TI3 spanned August 7–11, 2013 and reached a $2.8 million prize pool with $1.2 million added from compendium purchases. 
The fifth and most recent International took place on August 3–8, 2015, also at KeyArena. The prize pool totaled over $18 million,[2] making it the largest eSports prize pool to date for a single tournament.[3] 
Tournament history 
The International tournament area at Gamescom 2011 
2011 
Valve announced the first edition of The International on August 1, 2011. 16 teams were invited to compete in the tournament, which would also serve as the first public viewing of Dota 2, and it was streamed online with commentary in four languages; English, Chinese, German, and Russian. The tournament was funded by Valve, including the $1 million USD grand prize, with Nvidia supplying the hardware.[4][5] It took place at Gamescom in Cologne from August 17 to 21 the same year.[6] 
The tournament started with a group stage in which the winners of each of the four groups were entered into a winner's bracket, and the other teams entered the loser's bracket. The rest of the tournament was then played as a double-elimination tournament.[7] The final of this first tournament was between Ukrainian team Natus Vincere and Chinese team EHOME, with Natus Vincere winning the grand prize after beating EHOME in three out of the four matches.[8] Runner's up EHOME won a second place prize of $250,000 USD and the other top eight teams split the remaining prize pool of $350,000 USD.[9] 
The International 2011 was the central focus of the 2014 documentary Free to Play, which explores the lives of three of the players.[10] 
Place Team Prize money 1st Natus Vincere $1,000,000 2nd EHOME $250,000 3rd Scythe Gaming $150,000 4th MeetYourMakers $80,000 5/6th Invictus Gaming $35,000 Moscow Five $35,000 7/8th MiTH.Trust $25,000 Online Kingdom.Nirvana int $25,000 
2012 
A crowd watches as the grand finals of The International 2012 commence in Benaroya Hall, Seattle, Washington. 
The International 2012 was announced in May 2012 and held during PAX Prime.[11] The event was held at the 2,500 seat Benaroya Hall in Seattle from 31 August to 2 September, with teams situated in glass booths on the main stage.[12] The total prize pool remained $1.6 million USD, with $1 million USD for the winning team, and it was again broadcast in multiple languages.[13][14] 
The previous winners, Natus Vincere, were beaten 3-1 by Chinese team Invictus Gaming in the final.[15] In November 2012 Valve released a documentary following the event online for free featuring interviews with the teams and following them from the preliminary stages through to the finale.[16] 
Place Team Prize money 1st Invictus Gaming $1,000,000 2nd Natus Vincere $250,000 3rd LGD Gaming $150,000 4th Team DK $80,000 5/6th EHOME $35,000 Team Zenith $35,000 7/8th TongFu Team $25,000 Orange eSports $25,000 
2013 
Sixteen teams participated, thirteen of which received invitations, and the final three being decided in two qualifying tournaments and a match at the start of the tournament.[17] On May 6, it was announced that an interactive compendium would be available for purchase, detailing and cataloging the progression of The International, in addition to allowing for extensive interactivity to be made. A quarter of the revenue from the compendium was added to the original $1.6 million prize pool for the tournament, thereby extending the winnings of the participating teams.[18] Via the sales of interactive compendiums, The International reclaimed its previous title as the largest prize pool in electronic sports history, exceeding the two million dollar prize pool from the League of Legends Season 2 World Championship.[19] The total prizepool awarded to the winners was $2,874,381. KCPQ news anchor Kaci Aitchison acted as a host to The International 2013 and provided behind-the-scenes commentary and interviews with professional players and analysts.[20] The International 2013 was viewed by over one million concurrent online viewers with many utilizing live streaming websites such as Twitch.tv.[21] 
Place Team Prize money 1st Alliance $1,437,190 2nd Natus Vincere $632,364 3rd Orange Esports $287,438 4th TongFu Team $201,207 5/6th Team DK $114,975 Invictus Gaming $114,975 7/8th Fnatic $43,116 Team Liquid $43,116 
Polio vaccines, are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).[1] One type uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection (IPV), while the other type uses weakened poliovirus and is given by mouth (OPV). 
Measles vaccine is a vaccine that is very effective at preventing measles.[1] After one dose 85% of children nine months of age and 95% over twelve months of age are immune.[2] Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When rates of vaccination within a population are greater than 93% outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if rates of vaccination decrease. The vaccine's effectiveness lasts many years. 
This may include pain at the site of injection or mild fever. Anaphylaxis has been documented in about one per hundred thousand people. Rates of Guillain–Barré syndrome, autism and inflammatory bowel disease do not appear to be increased.[1] 
This includes with the rubella vaccine and mumps vaccine to make the MMR vaccine,[1] first made available in 1971.[3] The addition of the varicella vaccine against chickenpox to these three in 2005 gave the MMRV vaccine.[4] The vaccine works equally well in all formulations. The World Health Organization recommends it be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is not common, giving it at twelve months is reasonable. 
About 85% of children globally have received this vaccine as of 2013.[5] In 2008 at least 192 countries offered two doses.[1] It was first introduced in 1963.[2] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6] The vaccine is not very expensive with a wholesale cost of about 0.70 USD per dose as of 2014.[1][7] 
External links 
Symptoms are similar to other flaviviruses such as dengue fever or the alphavirus chikungunya,[1] but are milder in form and usually last four to seven days. Most cases (60–80%) are asymptomatic.[2] The main clinical symptoms in symptomatic patients are low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, transient arthritis/joint pain (mainly in the smaller joints of the hands and feet) and maculopapular rash that often starts on the face and then spreads throughout the body.[1] In general the disease symptoms are mild and short-lasting (2–7 days). Health officials studying the 2015 Brazilian outbreak suspect that the disease may undergo mother-to-child transmission in the womb and cause microcephaly, a major birth defect.[3] However, there are very few case reports in the literature.[4] Hemorrhagic manifestations have been documented in only one instance, hematospermia (blood in semen).[5] During the outbreak in French Polynesia there was also noted to be a concomitant increase in cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome which could have been due to Zika but this association remains unproven.[1][2][6] 
In November 2015, reports from the Brazilian Health Ministry alerted people to a previously unknown connection between the Zika virus and cases of newborn microcephaly in Northeastern Brazil based on two cases of severely affected fetuses in whom amniocentesis confirmed the presence of the Zika virus in the amniotic fluid.[7][8][9][10] The ultrasound findings in these two fetuses, as reported on 5 January 2016, showed that both have a small head circumference (microcephaly) due to the destruction of different parts of the brain.[11] One of the fetuses was also found to have intraocular calcifications and microphthalmia. The Brazilian Ministry later confirmed[12][13] the previously suspected connection between Zika infection of pregnant women and newborn microcephaly, with at least 2,400 suspected cases of microcephaly in the country in 2015 as of 12 December, and 29 fatalities.[14][15] According to a CNN report, Brazilian health officials were also recommending that parents consider putting off pregnancy due to the sharp increase in cases of microcephaly.[16] 
Signs and symptoms 
The most common signs and symptoms of Zika fever are fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis (red eyes), muscle and joint pain and headache, which are similar to signs and symptoms of dengue and chikungunya fever.[17] The incubation period, or time from exposure to the virus from a mosquito bite to onset of symptoms, is not well characterized as yet but is probably a few days to a week.[18] The disease lasts for several days to a week and is sufficiently mild that hospitalization is not usually required. Death is rare. 
Transmission 
Transmission is via the bite of mosquitoes from the Aedes genus, primarily Aedes aegypti in tropical regions. It has also been isolated from A. africanus, A. coargenteus, A. luteocephala,[27] A. vitattus and A. furcifer.[22] During the 2007 outbreak on Yap Island in the South Pacific, Aedes hensilli was the vector, while Aedes polynesiensis spread the virus in French Polynesia in 2013.[21] 
There have also been confirmed reports of two cases of sexual transmission and cases of vertical perinatal transmission.[28] Like other flaviviruses it could potentially be transmitted by blood transfusion and several affected countries have developed strategies to try and screen blood donors.[29] 
Prevention 
There is currently no vaccine, but development is a priority of the National Institutes of Health.[19][20][30] The virus is spread by mosquitoes, making vector control and avoidance an essential element to disease control. The US Centers for Disease Control recommends that individuals:[31] 
Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Use an insect repellent Always follow product directions and reapply as directed: If you are also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen first, let it dry, then apply insect repellent. Follow package directions when applying repellent on children. 
Treatment 
There is currently no specific treatment for Zika virus infection. Care is supportive with treatment of pain, fever, and itching.[21] Some authorities have recommended against using aspirin and other NSAIDs as these have been associated with hemorrhagic syndrome when used for other flaviviruses.[20] Additionally, aspirin use is generally avoided in children when possible due to the risk of Reye syndrome.[34] 
References 
Remaining temple gate 
Remaining temple gate 
Central Vietnam 
In 1301 king of Tran Dynasty, Trần Nhân Tông visited this temple, then called Tri Kien Temple. Nguyen Phuc Chu, a lord of Nguyen family renamed this temple Kính Thiên Tự (Kinh Thien Temple) in 1716. King Minh Mang of Nguyen Dynasty visited this temple in 1821 and renamed this temple Hoằng Phúc Tự (Han tu: 弘福寺), colloquially called chùa Trạm or Chùa Quan (Tram Temple or Quan Temple). 
The pagoda has been rebuilt several times. It was severely devastated by a tropical hurricane in 1985, nothing much remained but the gate and the foundation of the temple and its 80-kg bell, some old Budda statues. [2] The temple was included in the list of Quang Binh provincial relics. 
In December 2014, the reconstruction of the pagoda started.[3] On 16 January 2016, the new pagoda was inaugurated with the participation of several officials from the government of Vietnam, members of the Buddhist Shanghas of Vietnam and Myanmar, Cambodian King of the Monk Tep Vong, and Buddhist followers across Vietnam. Hoang Phuc pagoda is recognized as a national historical relic of Vietnam.[4] On the inaugural day, The Myanmar Buddhist Sangha presented Buddha's sarira from Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon to Hoang Phuc Pagoda.[5][6] [7] 
Hoang Phuc Pagoda 
Retrieved 2014-12-20. ↑ "Quang Binh's Hoang Phap pagoda recognized as national historical relic". vietnambreakingnews.com. 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2016-01-18. ↑ "Myanmar presents Lord Buddha's sarira to Vietnamese pagoda". 
"Quang Binh province: Reconstruction of main facilities of Hoang Phuc pagoda completed". religion.vn. 
2016-01-12. 
Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox.[1] One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine is more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it prevents most cases of disease. 
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routine vaccination only if a country can keep more than 80% of people vaccinated. If only 20 to 80% of people are vaccinated it is possible that more people will get the disease at an older age and outcomes overall may worsen. Either one or two doses of the vaccine is recommended.[2] In the United States two doses are recommended starting at twelve to fifteen months of age.[1] As of 2012 most European countries either recommend it for all children or just those at high risk,[3] but not all countries provide the vaccine due to its cost.[4] 
The vaccine is very safe. Minor side effects may include pain at the site of injection, fever, and rash.[1] Severe side effects are rare and occurred mostly in those with poor immune function. Its use in people with HIV/AIDS should be done with care.[2] It is not recommended during pregnancy; however, the few times it has been given during pregnancy no problems resulted.[1][2] The vaccine is available either by itself or along with MMR vaccine.[2] It is made from weakened virus.[1] 
The chickenpox vaccine first became commercially available in 1984.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD.[6] 
Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection.[1] In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis.[1] 
It is recommended by both the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[1][2] Two or three doses should be given before six months of age. The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with four weeks between doses. If only two doses are used, another dose later in life is recommended. 
About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever. There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions. The Hib vaccine is available by itself, in combination with the diptheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine, and in combination with the hepatitis B vaccine, among others. 
An initial Hib vaccine was developed in 1977 which was replaced by a more effective formulation in the 1990s. As of 2013, 184 countries include it in their routine vaccinations.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3] The wholesale cost of a pentavalent vaccine which includes Hib was 15.40 USD per dose as of 2014.[4] In the United States it costs about 25 to 50 USD per dose.[5] 
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus.[1] Available vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV.[1][2] All vaccines protect against at least HPV 16 and 18 that cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that they may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and possibly some mouth cancer.[3][4][5] They additionally prevent some genital warts with the vaccines against 4 and 9 HPV types providing greater protection.[1] 
Vaccinating girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended. The vaccines provide protection for at least eight years. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.[1] Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated.[6] In those already infected the vaccines do not help.[1] 
Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people. Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur. No link to Guillain-Barre syndrome has been found.[1] 
The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. As of 2014, 58 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls.[1] They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication recommended for a basic health system.[7] The wholesale cost is about 47 USD a dose as of 2014.[8] In the United States it cost more than 200 USD.[9] Vaccination may be cost effective in the developing world.[10] 
TVC 
Year Title Note 2545-2546 Toothpaste "Colgate" (Shoot in Singapore) Shampoo "Life Boy" (Shoot and On air in Indonesia) Detergent "Breeze" 2 TVC Ovaltine malt calcium - Pepsi Football 2010 - Wafer "Shiang Hai" - Motorcycle "Yamaha Fino" - 4 Powder "Babi Mild Sweety Pink" - Soybean milk "Mew" - Pepsi Bodyslam vs. Suckseed - Powder "Babi Mild Sweety Pink Plus" CAT 009 - 
References 
External links 
Jirayu La-ongmanee (Thai: จิรายุ ละอองมณี; rtgs: Chirayu La-ongmani; born 29 October 1995), nicknamed Kao (Thai: เก้า), is a Thai actor. He has starred in several Thai soap operas and films, and has done advertising and modelling work as well. 
Biography 
He then began acting in several television soap operas (lakorn), becoming widely noted for his role as Santi, a difficult child, in 2005's Fa Krachang Dao. He was then invited to try for a cinematic role in King Naresuan, in which he played the role of young Boonthing. He has since acted in four other feature films and has numerous television, advertising and modelling works.[1][2] And Last "Jirayu" with the music, "Wi Na Tee Diew Tao Nan"(Just a Second Only) after the song. 
Filmography 
List of acting performances in film Title Year Role Notes Jan Bin (UFO) 2005 King Naresuan Part 1 2007 Young Boonthing King Naresuan Part 2 2007 Young Boonthing Love of Siam, TheThe Love of Siam 2007 Young Tong BitterSweet BoydPod The Short Film 2008 Kao (Past.It's crazy) Phobia 2 2009 Pey (segment "Novice") Nomination, Best Actor, Thailand National Film Association Awards Winner, Best Rising Actor (cinema), Top Awards (TV Pool Magazine / Suan Dusit Poll) Winner, Best Supporting Actor, Starpics Awards (Starpics Magazine) Love Julinsee 2011 Yok SuckSeed 2011 Ped Ma Mha 2 2012 Jher(Dog), voice only Seven Something 2012 Puanz Yokee Last Summer 2013 Singh Chiang Khan Story 2014 Tukkae Rak Pang Mak 
Jirayu La-ongmanee 
Drama & TV Series 
List of acting performances in television Title Year Role Notes Pin Prai 2001 Phee Khee Ngao 2003 Little ghost "Han-Sa" Tep Sam Rue Doo 2003 Young Phra Pi-roon Duen Dued 2004 Nam Yen Kru Whai Jai Rai 2004 Som-Chai Puen Rak with Renante Reloza 2005 Phu-Chong Fah Kra Jang Dao 2005 San-Ti Kaew Tah Pee 2006 A-Maj Pheo Fai Nai Fan 2006 Young Ku-Lhab Phik Tai Kub Bai Khao 2008 Young Bai-Khao Kho Ma Had Sa Jan 2008 Pom Sood Tae Jai Ja Khwai Khwa 2008 Porn-Pood Khae Roi Rak 2008 Phien-Fah Mae Kha Ka Nhom Waan 2009 Thong-Yhod Butterfly and Flowers 2010 Hu Yan TV series, 12 episodes Winner, Best Actor (television), Kom Chad Luek Awards (Kom Chad Luek) Khu Khaen Saen Rak 2011 Iaw TV series 
Meningococcal vaccine refers to any of the vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis.[1] Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, C, W135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years.[1] They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used.[2][3] They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[1] 
The World Health Organization recommends that countries with a moderate or high rate of disease or with frequent outbreaks should routinely vaccinate.[1][4] In countries with a low risk of disease, they recommend that high risk groups should be immunized.[1] In the African meningitis belt efforts to immunize all people between the ages of one and thirty with the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine are ongoing.[4] In Canada and the United States the vaccines effective against all four types of meningococcus are recommended routinely for teenagers and others who are at high risk.[1] They are also required for people travelling to Mecca for Hajj.[1] 
Safety is generally good. Some people develop pain and redness at the site of injection.[1] Use in pregnancy appears to be safe.[4] Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in a million doses.[1] 
The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6] The wholesale cost is between 3.23 and 10.77 USD per dose as of 2014.[7] In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD for a course.[8] 
Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.[1] Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[1] 
This includes those with HIV/AIDS. The recommended three or four doses are between 71 and 93% effective at preventing severe disease. The polysaccharide vaccines, while effective in healthy adults, are not effective in children less than two years old or those with poor immune function.[1] 
With the conjugate vaccine about 10% of babies develop redness at the site of injection, fever, or change in sleep. Fever may also occur. Severe allergies are very rare.[1] 
The first pneumococcal vaccine was developed in the 1980s.[1] They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[2] The wholesale cost is about 17 USD per dose as of 2014.[3] In the United States it is between 25 and 100 USD.[4] 
Rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections.[2] These viruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children.[2] The vaccines prevent 15 to 34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37 to 96% of severe diarrhea in the developed world.[3] The vaccines appear to decrease the risk of death among young children due to diarrhea.[2] Immunizing babies appears to decrease rates of disease among among older people and those who have not been immunized.[4] 
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rotavirus vaccine be included in routine vaccinations especially in areas where the disease is common. This should be done along with promoting breastfeeding, handwashing, clean water and good sanitation. It is given by mouth and requires two or three doses. 
A prior version of the vaccine was linked to intussusception, but the current versions are not clearly linked. Due to a potential risk they are not recommended in babies who have had intussusception. The vaccines are made from weakened rotavirus.[2] 
The vaccine first became available in the United States in 2006.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale cost is between 6.96 and 20.66 USD per dose as of 2014.[6] In the United States it is more than 200 USD.[7] As of 2013 there are two types of vaccine available globally, Rotarix and RotaTeq, with a number of others available in certain countries.[2] 
Rotavirus vaccine 
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE).[1] The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. More than 87% of people who receive the vaccine develop immunity.[2] It is not useful following the bite of an infected tick. It is given by injection into a muscle.[1] 
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunizing all people in areas where the disease is common. Otherwise the vaccine is just recommended for those who are at high risk. Three doses are recommended followed by additional doses every three to five years. 
Minor side effects may include fever, and redness and pain at the site of injection. Older formulations were more commonly associated with side effects. The vaccine appears to be safe during pregnancy.[1] 
The first vaccine against TBE was developed in 1937.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication recommended for a basic health system.[3] It costs between 50 and 70 British Pounds.[4] The vaccine is not available in the United States.[5] 
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever.[1] There are two types that are widely available: Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (an injectable subunit vaccine).[1] They are about 30 to 70% effective for during the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question.[2] 
Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk. Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease. Depending on the situation additional doses are recommended every one to seven years.[1] In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travellers to areas of the world where the disease is common.[3] 
Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection. The injectable vaccine is safe in HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present. Safety of the oral vaccine during pregnancy is unclear.[1] 
The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle.[4] Due to side-effects newer formulations are currently recommended.[1] Typhoid vaccines are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale cost is about 4.44 USD per dose as of 2014.[6] In the United States they cost 25 to 50 USD.[7] 
Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever.[1] Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs in Africa and South America. About 99% of people develop immunity within one month of vaccination and this appears to be lifelong. The vaccine can be used to control outbreaks of disease. 
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routine immunization in all countries where the disease is common. This should typically occur between nine and twelve months of age. Those travelling to areas where the disease occurs should also be immunized.[1] Additional doses after the first are generally not needed.[2] 
Mild side effects may include headache, muscle pains, pain at the injection site, fever, and rash. Severe allergies occur in about eight per million doses, serious neurological problems occur in about four per million doses, and organ failure occurs in about three per million doses. It is likely safe in pregnancy and therefore recommended among those who will be potentially exposed.[1] It should not be given to those with very poor immune function.[3] 
Yellow fever vaccine came into use in 1938.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale price is between 4.30 and 21.30 USD per dose as of 2014.[6] In the United States it costs between 50 and 100 USD.[7] The vaccine is made from weakened yellow fever virus.[1] 
Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against influenza.[2] A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes.[2] Most provide modest to high protection against influenza; however, each year this varies.[2][3] Evidence in adults over 65 years old is poor.[4][5] They decrease the number of missed days of work by a half day on average.[6] Vaccinating children may protect those around them.[2] 
Both the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends nearly all people over the age of 6 months get the vaccine yearly.[2][7] This is especially true for pregnant women, children between six months and five years of age, those with other health problems, Native Americans, and those who work in healthcare.[1][2] 
In certain years, the vaccine causes Guillain-Barre syndrome in older people in about one per million doses. It should not be given to those with severe allergies to eggs or to previous versions of the vaccine. The vaccines come in both inactive and weakened viral forms. 
Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s with large scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications recommended for a basic health system.[10] The wholesale price is about 5.25 USD per dose as of 2014.[11] In the United States it costs less than 25 USD.[12] 
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded on April 29, 1961, working in the field of the biodiversity conservation, and the reduction of humanity's footprint on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. 
It is the world's largest conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300[5] conservation and environmental projects. WWF is a foundation,[6] with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.[3] 
The iPhone (retroactively labeled the Original iPhone and often referred to as iPhone 1, iPhone 1G, or iPhone 2G) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the first generation of iPhone that was announced on January 9, 2007[7] after years of rumors and speculation.[8] 
It was introduced in the United States on June 29, 2007 and featured quad-band GSM cellular connectivity with GPRS and EDGE support for data transfer. 
On June 9, 2008, Apple announced its successor, the iPhone 3G. The original iPhone has not received software updates from Apple after iPhone OS (now iOS) 3.1.3. 
Since June 11, 2013, the original iPhone has been considered "obsolete" in Apple retail stores, "vintage" by other service providers in the US, and "obsolete" in all other regions.[9] Apple does not service vintage or obsolete products, and replacement parts for obsolete products are not available to service providers.[10] 
History 
In 2005, Apple CEO Steve Jobs conceived an idea of using a multi-touch touchscreen to interact with a computer in a way in which he could type directly onto the display, essentially removing the physical keyboard and mouse, the same as a tablet computer. Jobs recruited a group of Apple engineers to investigate the idea as a side project.[11] When Jobs reviewed the prototype and its user interface, he conceived a second idea of implementing the technology onto a mobile phone.[12] The whole effort was called Project Purple 2 and began in 2005.[13] 
Apple created the device during a secretive and unprecedented collaboration with AT&T, formerly Cingular Wireless. The development cost of the collaboration was estimated to have been $150 million[14] over a thirty-month period. Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful collaboration with Motorola. 
The original iPhone was introduced by Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007 in a keynote address at the Macworld Conference & Expo held in Moscone West in San Francisco, California.[17] In his address, Jobs said, "I have been looking forward to this for two and a half years", and that "today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone."[18] Jobs introduced the iPhone as a combination of three devices: a "widescreen iPod with touch controls"; a "revolutionary mobile phone"; and a "breakthrough Internet communicator".[19] 
Release 
The iPhone was released on June 29, 2007 in the United States where thousands of people were reported to have waited outside Apple and AT&T retail stores days before the device's launch;[20] with many stores reporting stock shortages within an hour. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and even a shooting, off-duty police officers were hired to guard stores overnight.[21] 
It was later made available in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland and Austria in November 2007. 
Six out of ten Americans surveyed said they knew the iPhone was coming before its release.[22] 
Seventeen-year-old George Hotz sold the first unlocked iPhone in the United States for three locked iPhones and a Nissan 350Z.[23] 
Post-release 
The iPod Touch, a touchscreen device with the media and internet abilities and interface of the iPhone, but without the ability to connect to a cellular network for phone functions or internet access, was released on September 5, 2007. At the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8 GB model (from $599 to $399, still requiring a 2-year contract with AT&T) while discontinuing the 4 GB model.[24] Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release.[25] After receiving "hundreds of emails...upset" about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters.[26] 
A 16 GB model was released on February 5, 2008.[27] Apple released an SDK on March 6, 2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11.[28] The original iPhone was discontinued at that time; total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units. 
While most Apple literature simply called the device "iPhone," the term "the original iPhone" appears in a press release from July 2010.[29] 
Software 
During release, the iPhone was marketed as running "OS X". The name of the operating system was revealed as iPhone OS with the release of the iPhone SDK. The original iPhone supports three major versions: iPhone OS 1, 2, and 3. 
Software history 
The original operating system for the original iPhone was iPhone OS 1, marketed as OS X, and included Visual Voicemail, multi-touch gestures, HTML email, Safari web browser, threaded text messaging, and YouTube. However, many features like MMS, apps, and copy and paste were not supported at release, leading hackers jailbreaking their iPhones to add these features. Official software updates slowly added these features. 
iPhone OS 2 was released on July 11, 2008, at about the same time as the release of the iPhone 3G, and introduced third-party applications, Microsoft Exchange support, push e-mail, and other enhancements. 
iPhone OS 3 was released on June 17, 2009, and introduced copy and paste, Spotlight search for the Home Screen, and new YouTube features. This version of OS updated the software of the original iPhone as well as the iPhone 3G; however, not all features of iPhone OS 3.0 were supported on the original iPhone. 
iPhone OS 3.1.3 was the last version of iPhone OS (now iOS) to be released for the original iPhone. 
Reception 
The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal published positive, but cautious, reviews of the iPhone, their primary criticisms being the relatively slow speed of the AT&T's 2.5G EDGE network and the phone's inability to connect using 3G services. The Wall Street Journal's technology columnist, Walt Mossberg, concluded that "despite some flaws and feature omissions, the iPhone is, on balance, a beautiful and breakthrough handheld computer."[30] Time magazine named it the Invention of the Year in 2007.[31] 
Timeline of models 
CDEC Gaming is a Chinese professional Dota 2 esports team based in Shanghai. The team got second place at The International 2015, which they qualified for with a wildcard. The achievement was considered a major upset.[1] At TI CDEC also won their group stage and beat LGD Gaming and eventual winners Evil Geniuses in bracket.[2] CDEC is an abbreviation for Chinese Dota Elite Community 
History 
Roster 
Former 
Tournament results 
The iPhone 3G is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the second generation of iPhone, and was introduced on June 9, 2008, at the WWDC 2008 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, United States. 
The iPhone 3G is internally similar to its predecessor, but includes several new hardware features, such as GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. The device was originally loaded with the concurrently launched iPhone OS 2.0. In addition to other features (including push email and turn-by-turn navigation), this new operating system introduced the App Store—Apple's new distribution platform for third-party applications.[10] 
History 
On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G across twenty-two countries in two storage options, 8GB and 16GB. The 16GB model was produced in either black or white.[11][12] 
Following the release of the successor iPhone 3GS model one year later, the iPhone 3G remained on sale but became Apple's budget phone offer, with its price cut in half. This $99 iPhone 3G required a two-year contract and was available only in black and with 8 GB of storage, but came bundled with updated iPhone OS 3.0 software.[13] On June 7, 2010, the iPhone 3G was finally discontinued, and replaced as Apple's budget phone by an 8 GB iPhone 3GS selling for the same price of $99 with a 2-year contract. 
Software 
The iPhone 3G came preloaded with the latest version of iPhone OS, and continued to receive updates to its software for over two years, with major iterations released on an annual basis. However, the phone had access to a decreasing proportion of new features with each update as its hardware became superseded by later models. 
At launch in July 2008, the iPhone 3G came preloaded with iPhone OS 2.0. This introduced the App Store, Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync support, Apple’s MobileMe service, and push email support, along with other new features and bug fixes. 
In June 2009, iPhone 3G users received the iPhone OS 3.0 software update, which introduced the long-awaited MMS feature, copy and paste, landscape support for more applications, Bluetooth stereo support, and other improvements. 
Unlike its successor models, the iPhone 3G does not support important features of iOS 4.0 such as multitasking, the ability to set a home screen wallpaper, or Bluetooth keyboard support. However, it does provide access to a unified mailbox feature, homescreen folders to better organize apps, playlist creation, and other enhancements. This update was widely criticized for slow performance on iPhone 3G, though September 2010's iOS 4.1 release improved this problem. 
On November 22, 2010, the iPhone 3G received the iOS 4.2 software update, which introduced features such as YouTube voting, and security fixes. However, the iPhone 3G is unable to use many features included in this update, such as AirPlay and Safari Text Search. 
The last release of iOS to support the 3G model is 4.2.1, released on November 22, 2010. iOS 4.3, released on March 11, 2011, does not support the iPhone 3G, with Apple discontinuing further updates, due to hardware limitations and performance issues.[15] 
App Store 
A key enhancement introduced with iPhone OS 2.0, and therefore an important feature of the iPhone 3G, is the App Store, an iconic way to find and install third-party applications. Before this feature was introduced, the only way to install custom applications on the device was via jailbreaking, which is strongly discouraged and unsupported by Apple. There were 500 applications available for download at the launch of the App Store, though this amount has grown dramatically since then. 
Hardware 
Design 
A rear view of the original iPhone (left) made of aluminum and plastic, and the iPhone 3G, made entirely from a hard plastic material.[16] 
The iPhone 3G's back featured a redesigned plastic polycarbonate housing, replacing the aluminum back of the first generation. Buttons were changed from plastic to metal, and the edges of the phone were tapered, providing a better grip. The iPhone 3G introduced the first official color options for the outer casing, with the 16GB version available in black and white. 
The dimensions of the iPhone 3G were slightly larger than those of the original iPhone. It was 116 millimetres (4.6 in) high, 62 millimetres (2.4 in) wide, and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) deep, compared to its predecessor, which was 110 millimetres (4.3 in) high, 61 millimetres (2.4 in) wide, and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) deep (HVGA) resolution at 163 ppi, with scratch-resistant glass sitting on top of the display. The capacitive touchscreen was designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. 
The proximity sensor (which deactivates the display during calls when the face is near) was repositioned to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user’s face and ears. An ambient light sensor was included to adjust the display brightness for different lighting conditions, which helps save battery power. A 3-axis accelerometer was included to sense the orientation of the phone and change the screen accordingly, allowing the user to easily switch between portrait and landscape mode. 
Processor and memory 
Most of the iPhone 3G's internal hardware is based on the original iPhone. It still includes a Samsung 32-bit RISC ARM11 620 MHz processor (underclocked to 412 MHz), a PowerVR MBX Lite 3D GPU, and 128 MB of package on package (PoP) DRAM. 
Rear camera 
On the rear of the device, the iPhone 3G features the same fixed-focus 2.0 megapixel camera of its predecessor. It doesn't have optical zoom, flash, autofocus, or native video recording (though various applications became available to allow video recording on the device). The iPhone 3G's operating system also now supports the geotagging of photographs. 
Connectivity 
In addition to EDGE, the iPhone 3G supports Assisted GPS, 3G data, and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. These enhancements allow faster data downloads and turn-by-turn navigation with maps compared to previous devices. 
Like its predecessor and recent iPods, the iPhone 3G features a proprietary 30-pin dock connector for charging the device. It can also be used to synchronize the device with a computer and to connect various accessories. 
The iPhone 3G features a flush-mounted 3.5 mm headphone jack instead of the recessed headphone jack that is included on the original iPhone; it could therefore be used with headphones other than those provided by Apple. 
Battery 
The iPhone 3G features an internal rechargeable battery rated at 1150 mAh, which, like its predecessor, is not user-replaceable. Apple stated that the iPhone 3G’s battery is capable of providing up to six hours of web browsing via Wi-Fi, or five hours via 3G, or 25 hours of audio playback. Alternatively, it is said to provide 300 hours of standby time. 
Reception 
The battery life of the iPhone 3G was criticized by several technology journalists as insufficient, and less than claimed by Apple.[citation needed] This was also reflected by a J.D. Power and Associates customer satisfaction survey, which gave the “battery aspects” of the device its lowest rating of 2 out of 5 stars, even after firmware updates.[citation needed] 
Issues 
Battery drain 
iOS 4, which was still compatible with the iPhone 3G, was released on June 21, 2010. An article in the Wall Street Journal's Digits column on July 28, 2010 reported that iPhone 3G phones updating to iOS 4 responded slowly, had diminished battery life, and became excessively hot.[17] 
References 
Virtus.pro or Virtus Pro is an esports team from Russia with competing teams in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, World of Tanks and Starcraft II. In November 2015 the team got an investment of over $100,000,000 USD from Alisher Usmanovof's USM Holdings.[1][2] 
2014 
Virtus pro won EMS One Katowice 2014 by beating Ninjas in Pyjamas in the finals.[3] The team then got 5-8 at ESL One Cologne 2014.[4] 
2015 
Virtus Pro won at ESEA 18th season in April.[5] Virtus pro beat Natus Vincere to win CEVO Season 7 in July.[6] 
On October 2 it was announced that Virtus pro had joined an esports team trade union along with a dozen other teams.[7] 
Roster 
Results 
Dota 2 
Attended The International 2014. 
2015 
Got 5-6 at The International 2015. 
Roster 
Team DK was a Chinese esports team that fielded Dota 2 and StarCraft II teams. The Dota 2 team finished 4th at The International 2014.[1] It folded in November 2015 citing difficulty competing with more well-financed teams.[2] 
Former players 
Tournament results 
References 
Syed Sumail Hassan (born February 13, 1999) (حسن سمائل سید), often simply known by his in-game name Suma1L, is an Pakistani-born American professional Dota 2 player who plays for Evil Geniuses. Suma1L was a member of the EG team that won The International 2015, alongside Clinton "Fear" Loomis, Kurtis "AUI_2000" Ling, and Peter "ppd" Dager.[1] Due to his young age, he has been often considered a child prodigy.[2] 
In 2015, EG also won the Dota 2 Asian Championships in Shanghai.[3] The Guinness Book of World Records recognized Sumail as the youngest gamer to surpass $1 million USD in tournament prize money winnings.[4] 
Personal life 
He was born in Pakistan on February 13, 1999 to Syed Tatheer Mumtaz and Syeda Zill-e-Huma.[5] He has six siblings, one of whom, Yawar "YawaR" Hassan, is also a professional Dota player who currently plays for Digital Chaos. 
Sumail's family moved from Karachi to Rosemont, Illinois in 2012. 
Notable tournament results 
External links 
Evil Geniuses (EG) is an eSports organization based in the San Francisco, California, United States. Founded in 1999 by Alexander Garfield, the organization fields players in various fighting games, Dota 2, League of Legends, StarCraft II, World of Warcraft, and Halo. Evil Geniuses was also considered as one of the best Quake clans in the late 90s. 
It is a subsidiary of GoodGame Agency, which in turn is owned by Amazon.com Inc. through its division Twitch.[2][3] GoodGame Agency also owns Alliance, a similar eSports team for primarily European teams. 
History 
Evil Geniuses was founded as a Counter-Strike team in Canada in 1999. Philadelphia native and future CEO Alex Garfield started working for the team in 2004.[4] 
Evil Geniuses acquired a Defense of the Ancients (Dota) roster on April 12, 2008, made up of players transferring from team eMg.[5] EG entered the StarCraft: Brood War scene on April 25, 2009, with the recruitment of World Cyber Games USA champions Geoff "iNcontroL" Robinson, and Dan "Nyoken" Eidson, along with Eric "G5" Rothmuller, Jake "LzGaMeR" Winstead, and Bryce "Machine" Bates.[6] EG saw its North American DotA squad depart on December 3, 2009, following two months of minimal practice and insufficient exposure.[7] 
EG expanded into StarCraft II during the game's launch year of 2010 with the recruitment of top American player Gregory "IdrA" Fields as well as the well-known commentator and player Nick "Tasteless" Plott on September 9.[8] In a controversial move, EG acquired the brand of fellow North American gaming organization, Loaded, on October 9, 2010, but the deal only constituted the company sponsors, team owner and their Heroes of Newerth squad.[9] 
Dota 2 
EG acquired Kurtis "Aui 2000" Ling from C9 in December 2014.[21] 
On August 8, 2015, Evil Geniuses beat CDEC Gaming to win The International 2015, securing a first-time championship and winning a total of $6,616,014, the largest first place prize ever awarded in eSports and the first United States-based team to win the 1st place of The International.[20][22] 
Current roster 
Former members 
References 
Year Domestic International Total Change% 2008 5,043,235 5,043,235 0.46 2009 2,466,997 2,466,997 51.1% 2010 2,999,867 2,999,867 21.6% 2011 3,424,915 3,424,915 14.2% 2012 5,983,141 74.7% 2013 11,190,783 5,288,444 16,479,227 472.70% 2014 15,556,627 5,989,941 21,546,568 30.75% 2015 21,133,502 9,170,681 30,304,183 29.76% 
The airport is considered to be one of the world's oldest international airports and Asia's oldest operating airport.[3] It was officially opened as a Royal Thai Air Force base on 27 March 1914, although it had been in use earlier. Commercial flights began in 1924, making it one of the world's oldest commercial airports. The first commercial flight was an arrival by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.[4] Don Mueang Airport closed in 2006 following the opening of Bangkok's new Suvarnabhumi Airport, before reopening on 24 March 2007 after renovations. 
At its peak, it served most[clarification needed] air traffic for the entire country, with 80 airlines operating 160,000 flights and handling over 38 million passengers and 700,000 tons of cargo in 2004. It was then the 14th busiest airport in the world and 2nd in Asia by passenger volume. Currently, Don Mueang is the main hub for Nok Air, Thai AirAsia, Thai Lion Air, and Orient Thai Airlines. 
History 
Early years 
FAA diagram 
Three years earlier, Thailand had sent three army officers to France to train as pilots. On completion of their training in 1911, the pilots were authorized to purchase eight aircraft, four Breguets and four Nieuports, which formed the basis of the Royal Thai Air Force. Sa Pathum airfield was established in February 1911 with an arrival by Orville Wright, seven years after the invention of the first airplane by the Wright brothers on 17 December 1903.[6] 
In 1933, the airfield was the scene of heavy fighting between royalists and government forces during the Boworadet Rebellion. The airfield was used by the occupying Japanese during World War II, and was bombed and strafed by Allied aircraft on several occasions. 
After the war had finished in September 1945 the airfield was occupied the RAF during the brief British occupation of Thailand until March 1946. 
During the Vietnam War, Don Mueang was a major command and logistics hub of the United States Air Force. 
Before the opening of Suvarnabhumi, the airport used the IATA airport code BKK and the name was spelled "Don Muang". After Suvarnabhumi opened for commercial flights, the spelling was changed and as "Don Mueang" it now uses the airport code DMK, though it still retains the ICAO airport code VTBD. The traditional spelling is still used by many airlines and by most Thais. 
Closure 
The night of 27–28 September 2006 was the official end of operations at Don Mueang airport. The last commercial flights were: 
International departure: Although scheduled for Kuwait Airways KU414 to Kuwait at 02:50,[7] Qantas flight QF302 to Sydney, originally scheduled for 18:00, was delayed for more than nine hours before finally taking off at 03:12, about ten minutes after the Kuwait flight. Qantas claimed that QF302 was an extra flight.[8] International arrival: Kuwait Airways from Jakarta at 01:30[9] Domestic departure: Thai Airways TG124 to Chiang Mai at 22:15 (coincidentally, when Thai moved domestic operations back to Suvarnabhumi again on 28 March 2009, their last departure was also a 22:15 flight to Chiang Mai) Domestic arrival: TG216 from Phuket at 23:00 
Reopening 
But the higher operating costs of the new airport and safety concerns over cracked runways at the new airport caused many to seek a return to Don Mueang. Low-cost airlines led demands for a reopening of the airport. Airports of Thailand released a report at the end of 2006 which furthered this effort. 
On 30 January 2007, the Ministry of Transport recommended temporarily reopening Don Mueang while touch up work proceeded on some taxiways at Suvarnabhumi. The recommendation was subject to approval by the Thai cabinet. On 25 March 2007, the airport officially reopened for some domestic flights. 
Because of the 2011 Thailand floods that affected Bangkok and other parts of Thailand, the airport was closed as flood waters flowed onto the runways and affected the lighting.[11][12] Don Mueang reopened on 6 March 2012. 
On 16 March 2012, the Government of Thailand and Prime Minister Yingluck ordered all low-cost, chartered, and non-connecting flights to relocate to Don Mueang. This ended the single-airport policy.[13] Airports of Thailand was ordered to encourage low-cost carriers to shift to Don Mueang to help ease congestion at Suvarnabhumi Airport.[14][15] Suvarnabhumi airport was designed to handle 45 million passengers per year,[14] but it processed 48 million in 2011 and number is expected to reach 53 million in 2012. Some ten airlines may relocate to Don Mueang. 
Currently Terminal 1 is capable of handling 18.5 million passengers annually.[17] On 7 September 2013, Airports of Thailand announced its three billion baht renovation to reopen Terminal 2 as early as May 2014. Terminal 1's passengers in 2013 will likely reach 16 million against its capacity of 18.5 million. Completion of Terminal 2 will raise Don Mueang's passenger capacity to 30 million a year.[18] 
Terminals 
Don Mueang International Airport has two terminals. Terminal 1 is used for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights. The opening of Terminal 2 has raised the airport's capacity to 30 million passengers per year.[19] 
Airlines and destinations 
A Thai Lion Air Boeing 737-900ER bound for Hat Yai. 
A taxiing Thai AirAsia X Airbus A330-300. 
A Thai Smile Airbus A320 with sharklets. 
A Nok Air Boeing 737-800 at the gate. 
Don Mueang International Airport 
A Thai AirAsia Airbus A320. 
A Thai Lion Air Boeing 737-900ER. 
Passenger 
Traffic statistics 
Thai Airways aircraft at the airport before their relocation to Suvarnabhumi Airport 
Main hall of Terminal 1 
Total passenger traffic through Don Mueang jumped 40.7 percent to 30.3 million in 2015, with international numbers rising 53.1 percent to 9.17 million and domestic passengers increasing 35.9 percent to 21.1 million. Aircraft movements rose by 29.8 percent to 224,074, including 158,804 domestic (up 26.2 percent) and 65,270 international (up 39.3 percent).[26] 
Calendar year Passengers Change from the previous Movements Cargo (tons) 2008 5,043,235 – – – 2009 2,466,997 051.1% – – 2010 2,999,867 021.6% – – 2011 3,424,915 014.2% 51,301 – 2012 5,983,141 074.7% 65,120 7,329 2013 16,479,227 0472.70% 154,827 25,657 2014[27] 21,546,568 030.75% 172,681 29,086 2015[28] 30,304,183 029.76% 224,074 45,488 Source: Airports of Thailand PLC 
Terminals 
Airlines and destinations 
Passenger 
Ground transportation 
Inter-terminal transportation 
Aerotrain station in Satellite Building 
Cargo 
Statistics 
Rail 
Kuala Lumpur International Airport is linked to the KL Sentral transportation hub in the city centre by the 57 km long Express Rail Link (ERL). There are two ERL stations at the airport: KLIA station at the Main Terminal Building and klia2 station at Gateway@klia2. The airport is served by two rail services on the ERL: 
The Aerotrain is an automated people mover (APM) that connects the airside of KLIA Main Terminal Building (MTB) and the Satellite Building. Each 250-person capacity train can transport 3,000 passengers per hour in each direction at up to 56 km/h (35 mph). These three-car driverless trains run on elevated rail and under the taxiways. 
KLIA Transit and KLIA Ekspres provides landside connections between klia2 and KLIA Main Terminal Building (MTB), and vice versa. This inter-terminal journey takes 3-minutes to connect both terminals before proceeding onwards to KL Sentral.[46] 
External connections 
Expansion and developments 
Plans 
KLIA Aeropolis Masterplan 
Taxis and limousine 
The taxis and limousines are readily available at the Taxi and Limousine counters. They run from airport itself to destinations in Klang Valley and Greater Klang Valley. The fares are to be paid at the counter and are charged according to the destinations' zone. 
Bus 
Both public and private buses connect KLIA and klia2 to several points in Kuala Lumpur and beyond. 
Phase 3 2011 New Low Cost Carrier Terminal will be constructed to accommodate additional 30 million (55 million) passengers Per Annum, Current Low Cost Carrier Terminal converted to cargo usage. Not fixed Satellite Terminal B will be constructed to handle maximum of 75 million passengers. (One terminal accompanied by 2 satellite terminal and one low cost carrier terminal) Phase 4 Not fixed Terminal 2 and Satellite Terminal C will be constructed so that the airport is capable to handle 97.5 million passengers. 
Gallery 
Panoramic view of Main Terminal Building and Contact Pier 
References 
Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) (IATA: KUL, ICAO: WMKK) is Malaysia's main international airport and one of the major airports in South East Asia. Built at a cost of US$3.5 billion[3] in Sepang district of Selangor, it is located approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Kuala Lumpur city centre and serves the Greater Klang Valley conurbation. 
KLIA is the largest and busiest airport in Malaysia. In 2015, it handled 48,938,424 passengers and 726,230 tonnes of cargo. It is the world's 23rd-busiest airport by total passenger traffic. 
The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports (MAHB) Sepang Sdn Bhd and is the major hub of Malaysia Airlines, MASkargo, AirAsia, AirAsia X, Malindo Air, UPS Airlines and Gading Sari. 
History 
Background 
KLIA Main terminal architecture 
The ground breaking ceremony for Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) took place on 1 June 1993[citation needed] when the government under Mahathir Mohamad decided that the existing Kuala Lumpur airport, then known as Subang International Airport (now Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport) could not handle future demand. The construction of the airport was done mainly by a few state owned construction companies as well as Ekovest Berhad – helmed by Tan Sri Datuk Lim Kang Hoo. It was created as part of the Multimedia Super Corridor, a grand development plan for Malaysia. 
Upon KLIA's completion, Subang Airport's Terminal 1 building was demolished. Malaysia Airports agreed to redevelop the remaining Terminal 3 to create a specialist airport for turboprop and charter planes surrounded by a residential area and a business park. The IATA airport code KUL was transferred from Subang Airport, which currently handles only turboprop aircraft, general aviation and military aircraft. 
Current site 
The airport's site spans 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) 2,[3] of former agricultural land and is one of the world's largest airport sites. An ambitious three-phase development plan anticipates KLIA to have five runways and two terminals each with two satellite terminals.[4] Phase One involved the construction of the main terminal and one satellite terminal, giving a capacity of 25 million passengers, and two full service runways. The Phase One airport had sixty contact piers, twenty remote parking bays with eighty aircraft parking positions, four maintenance hangars and fire stations. 
Grand opening 
The first domestic arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1263 from Kuantan (Kuantan Airport) at 07:10 MST. The first international arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH188 from Malé International Airport at 07:30 MST. The first domestic departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1432 to Langkawi (Langkawi International Airport) at 07:20 MST; the first international departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH84 to Beijing (Beijing Capital International Airport) at 09:00 MST.[5] 
Inauguration 
Inside the main terminal building. 
The Jungle boardwalk, a recreational walk path located at the centre core of the KLIA satellite terminal. 
The inauguration of the airport was marked with problems. Aerobridge and bay allocation systems broke down, queues built up throughout the airport and baggage handling broke down. Bags were lost and there were waits of over five hours.[6] Most of these issues were remedied eventually, though baggage handling system was plagued with problems until it was put up for a complete replacement tender in 2007. 
The airport suffered greatly reduced traffic with the general reduction in economic activity brought about by the East Asian financial crisis, SARS, bird flu epidemic (Avian flu), the global financial crisis and the swine flu pandemic. 1998 saw a reduction of passenger numbers as some airlines, including All Nippon Airways (recommencing on 1 September 2015), British Airways (resumed on 28 May 2015), Lufthansa (later reinstated) and Northwest Airlines, terminated their loss making services to KLIA. KLIA's first full year of operations in 1999, in its Phase One manifestation (capacity of 25 million passengers per year), saw only 13.2 million passengers.[7] Passenger numbers eventually increased to 21.1 million in 2004 and 23.2 million in 2005 — though short of the originally estimated 25 million passengers per year by 2003. 
Runways 
Kuala Lumpur International Airport has three parallel runways (one for Terminal 1, one for KLIA Terminal 2, and one runway that can be used for both terminals[8]). Two KLIA operational runways are located 2 kilometres from each other, which are designed for simultaneous take-offs and landings. Terminal 1 runways are monitored by the main Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tower, which was the tallest ATC tower in the world (currently 3rd, behind KLIA 2 and Bangkok Suvarnabhumi). 
Operations and infrastructure 
Infrastructure Passenger terminal buildings Totals Current Floor area 737,249 m2 Handling capacity 70 million passengers per annum Parking bays 114 (aerobridge) 48 (remote) Main Terminal Building 1 & Contact Pier Opened 27 June 1998 Floor area 336,000 m2 Handling capacity 5 million passengers per annum Parking bays 20 (aerobridge) 23 (remote) Satellite Terminal A Opened 27 June 1998 Floor area 143,404 m2 Handling capacity 20 million passengers per annum Parking bays 26 (aerobridge) 15 (remote) klia2 Opened 2 May 2014 Floor area 257,845 m2 Handling capacity 45 million passengers per annum Parking bays 68 (aerobridge) 10 (remote) Bunga Raya Complex Opened 27 June 1998 Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays 1 
Heho Airport (Burmese: ဟဲဟိုးလေဆိပ်; (IATA: HEH, ICAO: VYHH) is an airport serving Heho,[1] a town in Kalaw Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Burma. It is the main airport serving Inle Lake, one of the top tourist destinations of Burma. 
History 
The airport served as an airbase both for the Allies and the Japanese during World War II. The airbase was heavily bombed by the Allies. Evidence of aircraft bunker revetments and bomb craters can still be seen on the southern end of the airfield, especially noticeable from the air. 
Facilities 
The airport resides at an elevation of 3,858 feet (1,176 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 8,500 by 100 feet (2,591 m × 30 m).[1] The original airport had a runway length of 5500 feet. It was recently expanded to accommodate jet aircraft. 
Airlines and destinations 
Accidents and incidents 
On 25 December 2012, Air Bagan Flight 11, crashed short of the runway at Heho Airport. One passenger on board the aircraft plus one person on the ground were killed in the accident. 
References 
Thandwe Airport (IATA: SNW, ICAO: VYTD) is an airport serving Thandwe, a town in the Rakhine State of Burma. 
Airlines and destinations 
Accidents and incidents 
On 16 August 1972, a Douglas C-47B, registration XY-ACM of Burma Airways crashed shortly after take-off on a scheduled passenger flight. Twenty-eight people on board were killed and only 3 survived.[3] On 17 February 2012, Air KBZ ATR-72-500, XY-AIT overran the runway at Thandwe Airport but no injuries reported.[4] 
Asian Wings Airways is an airline based in Myanmar. It began service on 27 January 2011.[2] The airline operates three ATR 72-500 aircraft that can accommodate about 70 passengers and a single Airbus A321-100.[3] Asian Wings currently offers regular flights to all major tourist destinations in Myanmar. 
Asian Wings Airways is owned and operated by Sun Far Travels and Tours Company, Limited.[4] 
All Nippon Airways announced in 2013 that it would purchase a 49% stake in Asian Wings Airways for around 3 billion Japanese yen, the first foreign investment in a Myanmar-based airline since democratization,[5] but in 2014 ANA declared that its board of directors had agreed to cancel the investment citing “intensified” competition in the aviation sector.[6] 
Fleet 
Asian Wings Airways Aircraft In Fleet Orders Options Notes Airbus A321-112 1 0 0 ex-Alitalia ATR 72-500 3 0 0 Total 4 0 0 
Destination 
Myanmar Bagan - Nyaung U Airport Heho - Heho Airport Mandalay - Mandalay International Airport Hub Naypyidaw - Naypyidaw International Airport Dawei - Dawei Airport Kawthaung - Kawthaung Airport Sittwe - Sittwe Airport Tachilek - Tachilek Airport Kyaingtong - Kyaingtong Airport Lashio - Lashio Airport Thandwe - Thandwe Airport Monywa - Monywa Airport Homalin - Homalin Airport Thandwe - Thandwe Airport Yangon - Yangon International Airport Main Hub 
See also 
List of airlines of Burma 
References 
Lashio Airport (IATA: LSH, ICAO: VYLS) is an airport in Lashio, Burma. it is near the headquarters of Northeast Military Command. Passengers have to walk from airport building to entrance of airport compound. There is no X ray equipment. 
Airlines and destinations 
Accidents and incident 
On 23 May 1969, Douglas DC-3 XY-ACR of Union of Burma Airways crashed on approach to Lashio Airport killing all six people on board. The aircraft was operating a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight.[1] 
References 
Putao Airport (IATA: PBU, ICAO: VYPT) is an airport in Putao, Burma. The airport was originally part of Fort Hertz, which served as an isolated British outpost during the Burma Campaign in World War II.[1] 
Airlines and destinations 
Bhamo Airport (IATA: BMO, ICAO: VYBM) is an airport serving Bhamo (Banmaw),[1] a city in the Kachin State in northern Burma. It is also known as Banmaw Airport. 
History 
Built as a Japanese Air Force base in 1942, the airport was attacked numerous times by Allied forces before being seized in May 1945. It was repaired by the 1891st Engineer Aviation Battalion then was used as a combat resupply and casualty evacuation airfield by Tenth Air Force, which moved elements of the 1st Combat Cargo Group to the field. It was also used as a communications relay station as well as a base for forward air controllers (51st Fighter Control Squadron). 
Facilities 
The airport resides at an elevation of 370 feet (113 m) above mean sea level. It has 1 runway designated 15/33 with a bituminous surface measuring 1,677 by 31 metres (5,502 ft × 102 ft).[1] 
Airlines and destinations 
In November 2015, Bangkok Airways announced plans to expand it's its footprint in China, Vietnam, and Myanmar.[21] 
Fleet 
Codeshare agreements 
Bangkok Airways has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: 
Bangkok Airways Public Company Limited (Thai: บางกอกแอร์เวย์) is a regional airline based in Bangkok, Thailand.[3] It operates scheduled services to destinations in Thailand, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Laos, Maldives, Burma, India, and Singapore. Its main base is Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok.[4] Bangkok Airways is currently an official sponsor of Bangkok Glass FC, Chiangrai UTD, Chiang Mai FC, Trat FC,[5] Lampang FC, Sukhothai FC and Bangkok Christian College FC. Airline ranking company Skytrax has consistently ranked Bangkok Airways very highly, currently giving them a four-star rating.[6] 
The Bangkok Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:[22] 
As of December 2015, the Bangkok Airways fleet consists of the following:[23] 
Bangkok Airways Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes C Y Total Airbus A319-100 11 5 12 0 0 108 144 138 120 144 138 Airbus A320-200 8 0 0 162 162 ATR 72-500 8 0 0 70 70 ATR 72-600[24] 4 5 0 70 70 Deliveries to be completed in 2017[25] Total 31 10 
Previously operated 
References 
History 
It began scheduled services in 1986, becoming Thailand's first privately-owned domestic airline. It re-branded to become Bangkok Airways in 1989. The airline is owned by Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth (92.31 percent), Sahakol Estate (4.3 percent), Bangkok Dusit Medical Services (1.2 percent), and other shareholders (2.19 percent). 
It built its own airport on Ko Samui, which was opened in April 1989 and offers direct flights between the island and Chiang Mai, Hong Kong, Krabi, Pattaya, Phuket, and Singapore.[7] The airline opened its second airport at Sukhothai Province in 1996. A third airport was built in Trat Province, opening in March 2003 to serve the burgeoning tourism destination of Ko Chang. 
The airline made its first foray into jet aircraft in 2000, when it started adding Boeing 717s to its fleet. Up until then, Bangkok Airways had flown propeller-driven aircraft, primarily the ATR-72. It had also operated the De Havilland Canada Dash 8, the Shorts 330 and for a short time, a Fokker F100. 
Bangkok Airways plans to order wide-body aircraft as part of its ambition to expand its fleet. It wants to add its first wide-body jets in 2006 to serve longer-haul destinations such as London, India, and Japan and is looking at Airbus A330, Airbus A340 and Boeing 787 aircraft. In December 2005, Bangkok Airways announced it had decided to negotiate an order for six Airbus A350-800 aircraft in a 258-seat configuration, to be delivered to the airline commencing 2013 but the order of the aircraft was cancelled in 2011 due to the further delay of the Airbus plane.[8][9] 
Destinations 
Bangkok Airways serves the following destinations (as of December 2012):[11] 
Hub Future Focus City Terminated route 
City Country IATA ICAO Airport Refs Bagan Myanmar NYU VYBG Nyaung U Airport Bangkok Thailand DMK VTBD Don Mueang International Airport Bangkok Thailand BKK VTBS Suvarnabhumi Airport Bangalore India BLR VOBL Bengaluru International Airport Chiang Mai Thailand CNX VTCC Chiang Mai International Airport Chiang Rai Thailand CEI VTCT Chiang Rai International Airport Da Nang Viet Nam DAD VVDN Da Nang International Airport (begins 25 May 2016)[12] Dhaka Bangladesh DAC VGHS Shahjalal International Airport Fukuoka Japan FUK RJFF Fukuoka Airport Hangzhou People's Republic of China HGH ZSHC Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport Hat Yai Thailand HDY VTSS Hat Yai International Airport [13] Hiroshima Japan HIJ RJOA Hiroshima Airport Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam SGN VVTS Tan Son Nhat International Airport Hong Kong Hong Kong HKG VHHH Hong Kong International Airport Hua Hin Thailand HHQ VTPH Hua Hin Airport Jinghong People's Republic of China JHG ZPJH Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport Koh Samui Thailand USM VTSM Samui Airport Krabi Thailand KBV VTSG Krabi Airport Kuala Lumpur Malaysia KUL WMKK Kuala Lumpur International Airport Lampang Thailand LPT VTCL Lampang Airport Loei Thailand LOE VTUL Loei Airport Luang Prabang Laos LPQ VLLB Luang Prabang International Airport Macau Macau MFM VMCC Macau International Airport Mae Hong Son Thailand HGN VTCH Mae Hong Son Airport Mandalay Myanmar MDY VYMD Mandalay International Airport Malé Maldives MLE VRMM Ibrahim Nasir International Airport Mumbai India BOM VABB Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Naha Japan OKA ROAH Naha Airport Nanjing People's Republic of China NKG ZSNJ Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand NAK VTUQ Nakhon Ratchasima Airport Naypyidaw Myanmar NYT VYNT Naypyidaw International Airport Pakse Laos PKZ VLPS Pakse International Airport Pattaya Thailand UTP VTBU U-Tapao International Airport Phnom Penh Cambodia PNH VDPP Phnom Penh International Airport Phuket Thailand HKT VTSP Phuket International Airport Rayong Thailand UTP VTBU U-Tapao International Airport Shenzhen People's Republic of China SZX ZGSC Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Siem Reap Cambodia REP VDSR Siem Reap International Airport Singapore Singapore SIN WSSS Singapore Changi Airport Sukhothai Thailand THS VTPO Sukhothai Airport Surat Thani Thailand URT VTSB Surat Thani Airport Trang Thailand TST VTST Trang Airport Trat Thailand TDX VTBO Trat Airport Udon Thani Thailand UTH VTUD Udon Thani Airport Vientiene Laos VTE VLVT Wattay International Airport Xi'an People's Republic of China XIY ZLXY Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Yangon Myanmar RGN VYYY Yangon International Airport Zhengzhou People's Republic of China CGO ZHCC Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport 
Business Class 
Business class cabins are available on all SilkAir flights. The business-class cabins offer a seat pitch of between 39 to 40 inches and legroom of 19.3 inches. Business class passengers now receive leather seats which are on all Airbus 319s, and most Airbus 320s. 
Cabins 
There are two classes of cabins available on all SilkAir flights—Business class and Economy class. 
SilkAir A320-200 Economy Class cabin 
SilkAir offers a selection of magazine titles on board and screens a series of short features on their 11-inch inflight screens. The Silkwinds inflight magazine is complimentary for all passengers. In-seat audio is also available on the Boeing 737-800 aircraft. 
Economy Class 
All economy class cabins on SilkAir have a seat pitch of 31 inches and legroom of 12 inches. Economy class now features a new autumn colour scheme—the older seats found in some of the older A320s are blue-green. 
On-board amenities 
Dining 
SilkAir offers Oriental and Western menus. Light snacks are available on selected flights of less than two and a half hours. 
Entertainment 
Incidents and accidents 
On 19 December 1997, SilkAir Flight 185, operated by a Boeing 737-300 and piloted by Captain Tsu Way Ming, plunged into the Musi River in Sumatra during a routine flight from Jakarta to Singapore, killing all 104 people on board. The crash was investigated by various groups, with different results. The Indonesian NTSC, who were lead investigators, stated that they were unable to determine the cause, while the US NTSB concluded that the crash resulted from an intentional act by a pilot, most likely the captain.[23][24] A civil lawsuit case against Parker Hannifin, the manufacturer of the PCU-dual servo unit essential in the 737's rudder control—and also suspected in causing the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427 under similar flight-event parameters, had provided the NTSB the initial test results of the recovered PCU-dual servo unit from Flight 185 in 1997, but was later further independently investigated for litigation on behalf some families of Flight 185 passengers in a civil lawsuit against Parker Hannifin.[25] The jury under the Superior Court in Los Angeles in 2004, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB conclusions, decided that the crash was caused by a prominent issue inherent in other 737 crashes: a defective servo valve inside the Power Control Unit (PCU) which controls the aircraft's rudder, causing a rudder hard-over and a subsequent uncontrollable crash. 
SilkAir (Singapore) Private Limited[2] is a regional airline with its head office in Airline House in Singapore;[3] previously it was on the fifth storey of the SIA Superhub in Singapore.[4] It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Singapore Airlines and operates scheduled passenger services from Singapore to 44 cities in Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, China and Australia. As the regional wing of Singapore Airlines, it serves the short-haul destinations in the Singapore Airlines Group network. From March 2013 to March 2014, the airline flew 3.411 million passengers and made an operating profit of S$34.5 million. 
As of 31 March 2014, SilkAir employs 1,462 staff. 
History 
SilkAir A320-200 at Siem Reap International Airport. 
The airline had its roots as a regional air-charter company as Tradewinds Charters formed in 1975,[5] serving leisure destinations using planes predominantly leased from parent airline Singapore Airlines. Scheduled services were introduced as Tradewinds Airlines on 21 February 1989, when it leased McDonnell Douglas MD-87 aeroplanes for services to 6 destinations: Bandar Seri Begawan, Pattaya, Phuket, Hat Yai and Kuantan from Singapore's Changi International Airport and Tioman from Singapore's Seletar Airport. As the carrier matured, regional business destinations such as Jakarta, Phnom Penh and Yangon were added to its network, thereby broadening the airline's appeal beyond the holiday-maker to include the business traveller. 
The re-branded airline utilised up to six of the new Boeing 737-300s introduced just a year earlier. The mid-1990s saw two Airbus A310-200 aircraft in use and the expansion of services to India as well as mainland China. It was the first Asian carrier to offer handheld portable video-on-demand (VOD) in-flight entertainment in the form of the DigEplayer 5500, available on flights to selected countries.[6] 
On 10 April 2015, SilkAir launched a new collection of uniforms, the fourth uniform change in over 26 years. There are two variations of the uniform - aqua-blue for junior crew and a plum-red version for senior crew. Both variations are accompanied by a dark blue skirt.[7] 
Business trends 
SilkAir flight and cabin crew standing under the wings of one of the airlines' Airbus aircraft, photo taken at its hub. 
The key business trends for SilkAir are shown in the following table, for each financial year ending 31 March: 
Destinations 
SilkAir currently flies from Singapore to 50 destinations within an approximate six-hour radius around the region. 
Codeshare agreements 
SilkAir has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: 
Air New Zealand Bangkok Airways[13] Garuda Indonesia Malaysia Airlines Shenzhen Airlines[14] Singapore Airlines Virgin Australia Vistara 
Fleet 
SilkAir Airbus A320 at Davao International Airport, Philippines. 
SilkAir at Yangon International Airport. 
SilkAir A320-200 at Singapore Changi Airport. 
SilkAir began operations with two leased McDonnell Douglas MD-87 aircraft in 1989, before investing in its own fleet of six Boeing 737-300s, the first of which began operations in 1997. It operated two Airbus A310-200s for a brief period from 1993 to 1995 before they were transferred to Singapore Airlines, and two Fokker 70s from 1995 to 2000. It began replacing its Boeing fleet with Airbus aircraft when the first Airbus A320-200 arrived on 18 September 1998, and retired all Boeing aircraft a year later.[15] Soon after its first A320 was delivered, SilkAir took delivery of its first A319-100 aircraft on 3 September 1999. 
On 3 August 2012, SilkAir had signed a letter of intent with Boeing for a purchase of 68 aircraft. The agreement includes a firm order for 23 Boeing 737-800s and 31 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, and purchase rights for another 14 aircraft.[17] On 14 November 2012, the commitment was then converted to a firm order.[18] The 737 aircraft will be used to replace the older A320 fleet and for the expansion of the airline. On 4 February 2014, SilkAir received its first Boeing 737-800 aircraft.[19] 
As of 29 February 2016, the SilkAir fleet consists of the following aircraft:[20] 
Aerial view of the airport's runways and southern part of the city 
Chiang Mai International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานเชียงใหม่) (IATA: CNX, ICAO: VTCC) is an international airport serving Chiang Mai, the capital city of Chiang Mai Province in Thailand. It is a major gateway to the north of Thailand, and currently the fourth busiest airport in the country. 
History 
The airport was established in 1921 as Suthep Airport. 
As a result of the temporary closure of Suvarnabhumi Airport in 2008 due to the protests, Chiang Mai became the alternative stop-over for China Airlines' Taipei-Europe flights and for Swiss International Airlines' Singapore-Zurich flights in the interim. On 24 January 2011, the airport became a secondary hub for Thai AirAsia.[4] 
In 2013, 19 airlines operated at CNX, serving more than 5.3 million passengers, 43,000 flights and 18,000 tonnes of cargo.[5] 
Upgrades in 2014 included expanding the apron for larger planes, extending operating hours to 24/7 (effective April 2014), and enlarging the international arrival hall and domestic departure hall.[6] 
Facilities 
The airport resides at an elevation of 316 metres (1,037 ft) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,100 by 45 metres (10,171 ft × 148 ft).[2] There are two terminals, one for domestic passengers and the other for international flights. 
Airlines and destinations 
U-Tapao–Pattaya International Airport[3] (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติอู่ตะเภา) (IATA: UTP, ICAO: VTBU) also spelled Utapao and U-Taphao, is a joint civil–military public airport serving Rayong and Pattaya cities in Thailand. It is in Ban Chang District of Rayong Province. 
It also serves as the U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, home of the Royal Thai Navy First Air Wing. U-Tapao is the home of a large Thai Airways maintenance facility, servicing that airline's aircraft as well as those of other customers.[4] Due to the blockade of Bangkok's airports by opposition protesters, U-Tapao briefly became the main air gateway to Thailand between 26 November and 5 December 2008. As both of Bangkok's international airports essential to the country's tourist boom are operating beyond capacity as of 2015,[5][6] U-tapao in particular has been eyed as an alternate international gateway due to relative proximity to the capital. 
Location 
U-Tapao lies approximately 90 miles (140 km) southeast of Bangkok, south of Rte 3 (Thanon Sukhumvit) at km189, near Sattahip on the Gulf of Thailand, about a 45-minute drive from Pattaya (Thailand's most popular beach resort). 
History 
Vietnam War 
During the Vietnam War U-Tapao was a military base for United States Air Force B-52 Stratofortress bombers, called "Bee-hasip-sawng" (B-52) by the local Thais. U-Tapao was a front-line base along with the other US bases at Korat, Udon, Ubon, Nakhon Phanom, and Takhli. The USAF B-52s made regular sorties over North Vietnam and North Vietnamese-controlled areas in Laos, carrying an average of 108 50-pound and 750-pound bombs per mission. 
November 2008 protests in Bangkok 
With the closure of Suvarnabhumi Airport and Don Mueang Airport in late November 2008 due to mobs, U-Tapao became for a time Thailand's main supplementary international gateway. 
Airlines including AirAsia (Malaysia), Air China (China), Air France (France), Air Madagascar (Madagascar), Aeroflot (Russia), All Nippon Airways (Japan), Asiana Airlines (South Korea), Austrian Airlines (Austria), Bangkok Airways (Thailand), British Airways (United Kingdom), Cathay Pacific (Hong Kong), Cebu Pacific (Philippines), China Airlines (Taiwan), China Eastern Airlines (China), China Southern Airlines (China), El Al (Israel), Emirates (United Arab Emirates), Etihad Airways (United Arab Emirates), Ethiopian Airlines (Ethiopia), EVA Air (Taiwan), Finnair (Finland), Garuda Indonesia (Indonesia), Hong Kong Express (Hong Kong), Iberworld (Spain), Indian Airlines (India), Iran Air (Iran), Japan Airlines (Japan), Jet Airways (India), Jetstar Airways (Australia), Kenya Airways (Kenya), KLM (Netherlands), Korean Air (South Korea), Kuwait Airways (Kuwait), LTU International (Germany), Lufthansa (Germany), Myanmar Airways International (Myanmar), Mahan Air (Iran), Malaysia Airlines (Malaysia), Nok Air (Thailand), Northwest Airlines (United States), Orient Thai Airlines (Thailand), Philippine Airlines (Philippines), Qantas (Australia), Qatar Airways (Qatar), S7 Airlines (Russia), Scandinavian Airlines (Denmark), Singapore Airlines (Singapore), Swiss International Air Lines (Switzerland), Thai Airways International (Thailand), Turkish Airlines (Turkey), Thai AirAsia (Thailand), Tiger Airways (Singapore), Transaero Airlines (Russia), United Airlines (United States), Vietnam Airlines (Vietnam), Vladivostok Avia (Russia), and Xiamen Airlines (China) arranged special flights from and to U-Tapao to ferry international passengers stranded because of the seizure of the Suvarnabhumi Airport.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Several governments including Italy, Macau and Spain also sent chartered flights to evacuate residents. 
As many as 100,000 passengers were stranded in Thailand until early December. Although its runway can accommodate large aircraft, U-Tapao's terminals are not designed to handle more than a few flights a day. Travellers were subject to many hardships, and since the security was not up-to-date, some US-bound flights were diverted to Japan in order to make the passengers go through a supplementary security check.[11] 
2015 International expansion 
With Thai AirAsia looking to provide for expansions and the capital's two international airports as well as Phuket all operating beyond capacity and capacity expansions to not be completed in the near term, U-tapao has been promoted as an alternative gateway so as to maximize tourist access. 
Airlines and destinations 
Accidents and incidents 
On 28 October 1977, a Douglas DC-3 of Air Vietnam was hijacked to U-Tapao International Airport, where the four hijackers surrendered. Two people on the aircraft were killed in the hijacking. The airliner was on a flight from Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City to Phu Quoc Airport, Duong Dong.[21] 
Notes 
Myeik Airport is an airport in Myeik, Burma (IATA: MGZ, ICAO: VYME). 
Airlines and destinations 
References 
Major Shareholders 
References 
Nok Air (SET: NOK, Thai: นกแอร์, derived from nok (นก), the Thai word for bird) is a low-cost airline in Thailand operating mostly domestic services out of Bangkok's Don Mueang Airport.[3] Nok Air is the budget airline of Thai Airways International. 
History 
The airline was established in February 2004 under Sky Asia Co., Ltd. and started operations on 23 July 2004. It had 130 employees in March 2007 and around 1,400 in 2014.[3] Nok Air began its first international service on 31 May 2007, with daily flights to Bangalore, India. 
Nok Air serves the largest number of domestic routes within Thailand (24 routes).[4] This strategy has been successful. In 2013, Nok Air generated 1,066 million baht in net profit on revenues of 11.3 billion baht. 
To gain greater control of Nok Air, Thai Airways has tried to purchase the shares of other shareholders, notably Krung Thai Bank. Although Thai Airways and Krung Thai Bank are both state enterprises under the control of the finance ministry, Krung Thai Bank refused to sell its shares in Nok Air to Thai Airways. The purchase would have lifted Thai Airways' stake in Nok Air from 39 to 49 percent.[5] 
Due to the preparation process to be listed in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), the company name had been changed to "Nok Airlines Company Limited" on 16 January 2006. Then, at its initial entry to Thailand's stock market, it was renamed "Nok Airlines Public Company Limited" (since 18 January 2013) with trading symbol "NOK".[6] 
In 2014 Nok Air announced a joint venture with Scoot Airlines (a low-cost subsidiary of Singapore Airlines) to form NokScoot, a low-cost regional airline based out of Don Mueang Airport in Bangkok. 
Destinations[10] 
Domestic 
From Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport (Primary Hub) 
Buriram - Buriram Airport Chiang Mai – Chiang Mai International Airport Chiang Rai – Mae Fah Luang International Airport Chumphon (Pathio) - Chumphon Airport with onward ferry connections to Ko Tao, Ko Phangnan and Ko Samui. 
Hat Yai – Hat Yai International Airport Khon Kaen - Khon Kaen Airport Krabi - Krabi Airport Lampang - Lampang Airport Loei - Loei Airport Mae Hong Son - Mae Hong Son Airport Mae Sot - Mae Sot Airport Nakhon Phanom - Nakhon Phanom Airport Nakhon Si Thammarat – Nakhon Si Thammarat Airport Nan - Nan Airport Phrae - Phrae Airport Phitsanulok - Phitsanulok Airport Phuket – Phuket International Airport Ranong - Ranong Airport Roi Et - Roi Et Airport Sakon Nakhon - Sakon Nakhon Airport Surat Thani – Surat Thani Airport Trang – Trang Airport Ubon Ratchathani – Ubon Ratchathani Airport Udon Thani – Udon Thani International Airport 
From Chiang Mai – Chiang Mai International Airport 
Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport Udon Thani – Udon Thani International Airport 
International 
Myanmar 
Yangon - Yangon International Airport 
Vietnam 
Ho Chi Minh City – Tan Son Nhat International Airport Hanoi - Noi Bai International Airport 
Singapore 
Singapore - Singapore Changi Airport (operated in conjunction with Scoot Airlines) 
Fleet 
Nok Air Boeing 737-800, Phuket International Airport. 
Nok Air ATR 72-200, Chiang Mai International Airport. 
Nok Air operates more than 20 aircraft. As of 22 August 2015, the Nok Air fleet consisted of the following leased aircraft.[11] [12] 
Nok Air fleet Aircraft Total Orders Passengers Notes C <abbr title=Nok Eco/Flex>Y Total Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 NextGen 6 — 86 86 Launch customer for high-density variation ATR 72-500 2 — — 66 66 Boeing 737 MAX 8 0 8 — — — Boeing 737-800 20[13] 6 — 189 189 Total 28 14 
Pakokku Airport is an airport in Pakokku, Myanmar administered by the Ministry of Transportation. 
Khamti Airport (IATA: KHM, ICAO: VYKI), also known as Hkamti Airport, is an airport serving Khamti (Hkamti), a town in the Khamti (Hkamti) District of the Sagaing Division in northwestern Burma. 
Facilities 
The airport resides at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,829 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway which measures 1,280 by 26 metres (4,199 ft × 85 ft).[1] The runway was extended in 2005.[2] 
Airlines and destinations 
References 
Loikaw Airport (IATA: LIW, ICAO: VYLK) is an airport in Loikaw, Burma. 
Airlines and destinations 
Myanma Airways (Yangon) 
References 
Thai AirAsia (SET: AAV, Thai: ไทยแอร์เอเชีย) is a joint venture of Malaysian low-fare airline AirAsia (Thai: แอร์เอเชีย) and Thailand's Asia Aviation. It serves AirAsia's regularly scheduled domestic and international flights from Bangkok and other cities in Thailand. 
Thai AirAsia was the only low-cost airline operating both domestic and international flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport.[8] The airline transferred all operations from Suvarnabhumi Airport to Don Mueang International Airport effective 1 October 2012.[1] 
According to FlightStats, as of 2013, Thai AirAsia is the second best on-time airline in Asia, with an estimated 96.08% of flights arriving on time.[9] 
History 
Thai AirAsia launched domestic operations on February 2004. 
In May 2007, Thai AirAsia's management acquired 100% of Asia Aviation. Today, Thai AirAsia is 55% owned by Asia Aviation and 45% owned by AirAsia International. 
Destinations 
Fleet 
As of November 2015[update], the Thai AirAsia fleet consists of the following aircraft with an average age of 4.3 years:[10] 
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Airbus A320-200 45 18 180 Airbus A320neo 180 
Fleet gallery 
Hover over each photo to view label detail Airbus A320-200 with Sharklets Airbus A320-200 
Sponsorship 
The airline sponsors of Leicester City, Queens Park Rangers, the Thai Fight Muay Thai, the Thai football teams Bangkok Glass, Buriram United, SCG Muangthong United, Chonburi, Osotspa Samut Prakan, BEC Tero Sasana, Chainat, Sisaket, Air Force Central, Port, TTM Customs, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Gulf Saraburi, Ayutthaya, Khon Kaen, Samut Prakan CUTD, Nakhon Phanom, Loei City, Trang, Phayao, Ubon UMT United, The referee of FAT, Coke Cup and Thailand Volleyball Association.[11] 
References 
The airport is located 24.5 km (15.2 mi) northeast of the city center in a graded mountainous area about 2,100 m (6,900 ft) above sea level. The airport opened at 08:00 (UTC+8) on June 28, 2012,[1] replacing the old Kunming Wujiaba International Airport, which will be demolished. As a gateway to Southeast and South Asia,[2] Changshui Airport is a hub for China Eastern Airlines, Kunming Airlines, Lucky Air, Sichuan Airlines and Ruili Airlines. 
The new airport has two runways (versus the single runway at Wujiaba), and handled 33,027,694 passengers in 2014. In 2020, it is expected to handle 43 million passengers . 
Kunming Changshui International Airport and Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport, known as China's two national gateway hub airport. The main terminal was designed by architectural firm SOM with engineering firm Arup. 
Terminal 
The main 548,300 m2 (5,902,000 sq ft) terminal of Changshui Airport is the second largest terminal building in China.[3] The terminal has 66 gates with jet bridges. Total number of 88 gates are available. 
Construction 
Construction began in 2009 and at the time was reported to be named the Zheng He International Airport. The very short construction time was marred by two separate incidents. The first incident occurred on January 3, 2010, when 7 construction workers died as an incomplete overpass collapsed.[4] In another incident on June 28, 2011, 11 workers were injured when a tunnel that was under construction collapsed.[5] Construction of the airport's main terminal was completed by July 2011.[6] 
Transportation 
The airport is the terminus of Line 6 of the Kunming Metro, which opened on the same day as the airport. It is also connected to Kunming by a 13 km toll highway, as well as Provincial Road S101. 
Airlines and destinations 
The new terminal under construction in April 2011 
Curbside 
Interior view 
Check-in facilities 
Passenger 
72-hour visa-free transit 
Kunming offers transit without visa 72 hours for foreign visitors with third countries visas to transit at Kunming. This applies to holders of passports issued by 51 countries.[citation needed] 
References 
Hat Yai International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานหาดใหญ่) (IATA: HDY, ICAO: VTSS) is the major southern hub airport in Thailand near the city of Hat Yai. It is under the management of Airports of Thailand, PLC (AOT), It is an important airport for Muslims on the pilgrimage to Mecca. Annually, it handles more than 1,500,000 passengers, 9,500 flights and 12,000 tons of cargo. 
Overview 
Highway 4135 (Sanambin Panij Road) links to the airport. Its service hours are 06:00–24:00. The runway can handle 30 flights per hour and its durability is rated at PCN 60/F/C/X/T. There are seven taxiways and an apron area of 56,461 m2. 
Airlines and destinations 
Accidents and incidents 
During the 2005 Songkhla bombings, a bomb planted at the departure lounge by Pattani separatists exploded on 3 April 2005, killing one passenger and injuring 10. [7] 
References 
Mae Fah Luang–Chiang Rai International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานแม่ฟ้าหลวง เชียงราย) (old name: Chiang Rai International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานเชียงราย)) (IATA: CEI, ICAO: VTCT) is in the city of Chiang Rai in northern Thailand.[2] The airport is about 10 km from city centre. Since 1998 it has been managed by the Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT). In 2013 the airport handled over 1,000,000 passengers and 7,000 passenger flights.[1] The airport has international flight facilities, but only serves one international route to Kunming Changshui International Airport. 
Airlines and destinations 
Kengtung Airport is an airport in Kengtung, Myanmar (IATA: KET, ICAO: VYKG). 
Airlines and destinations 
References 
Kawthaung Airport (Burmese: ကော့သောင် လေဆိပ်; (IATA: KAW, ICAO: VYKT)) is an airport in Kawthaung, Burma. The airport has a very small terminal with no gates. The airport has an 1800 x 50 meter runway. 
Airlines and destinations 
References 
Sittwe Airport (IATA: AKY, ICAO: VYSW) is an airport in Sittwe, Rakhine State, Burma. 
4 feet thick asphalt concrete layer was placed on the 6000x150 feet runway, the 525x75 feet taxiway and the 600x300 feet apron and opened on 20 May 2009 for use of F-28 jets. It is equipped with HF, VHF, NDB, Night Landing Facilities such as airfield lighting, approach light and remote control air ground machines. It admits over 90,000 passengers in 2010-11 and it is expected to accommodate 150,000 passengers for arrival and departure yearly.[1] 
Airlines and destinations 
References 
Nay Pyi Taw Football Club (Burmese: နေပြည်တော် ဘောလုံးအသင်း) is a Professional Football Club, based at Paung Laung Stadium in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Owned by a prominent businessmen Dr. Phyo Ko Ko Tint San, the club was founded in 2010 and finished as runners-up in MNL Cup 2012. 
Nay Pyi Taw F.C. was founded in 2009 and played as an amateur club (ACE FC) in Myanmar League which was the highest football league in Myanmar. The first ever manager was Zaw Win and coach was San Lwin. Since 2010, ACE FC (now Nay Pyi Taw) Football Club changed as a professional football club to play in Myanmar National League (Professional League) which was changed from Myanmar League. 
History 
Nay Pyi Taw FC is a Myanmar professional football team, established in 2010. While initially based in Yangon, the team was relocated to the capital Nay Pyi Taw in 2011. In that year, Nay Pyi Taw FC football team renovated the Paung Laung Stadium as a modern 15000 capacity stadium and uses it as its home field. 
Nay Pyi Taw FC won by 6 goals over Zwegabin United FC (2010 April 5) as their first ever professional football match Winning. Their first ever professional Hat-trick goal was produced by Aruna who scored his first professional goal against Zwegabin United FC. The 2013 Myanmar National League was a breakthrough season for the club where the team finished as runners-up, its highest position ever, and qualified for the 2014 AFC Cup. 
Sponsorship 
Jung & Myo Hlaing Win (Monthly awards 2013) 
Zaw Lin (Nay Pyi Taw FC Midfielder) 
Season Player Name Against Result Date 2010 Aruna Zwekapin Utd 6–0 000000002010-05-05-00005 May 2010 2013 Min Min Tun Rakhine Utd 4–2 000000002013-05-10-000010 May 2013 
Player of the Year Award 
Year Name Type of Award 2011 Zaw Lin MFF Young Player of the Year Year Name Type of Award 2014 Aung Kyaw Naing MFF Young Player of the Year 
Seasons 
The flag of Moscow, in the Russian Federation, is a dark red banner of arms charged as the arms of the city in the centre. It displays Saint George wearing armor and a blue cape with a golden lance in his right hand riding on a silver horse. He is shown stabbing a Zilant with the lance. 
The flag was adopted on February 1, 1995. The proportions are 2:3. 
References 
In 1856 the coat of arms was modified slightly, which left the traditional image of the halberd-carrying bear as it was, but added an imperial crown surmounted on top of the shield. In addition to his a sprig of golden oak leaves was added to surround the shield, intertwined with the blue ribbon of the Order of Saint Andrew. This form of the coat of arms was then left unaltered until 1918, just after the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the October Revolution. 
Symbols 
Yaroslavl currently has a coat of arms and a flag which are both made up of two heraldic symbols. Both of these items are intrinsically linked with the legend surrounding the foundation of the city; the bear and halberd. 
The flag of Yaroslavl[39] was adopted on May 22, 1996. It is a simple design which simply depicts the coat of arms of the city (1995 version), which must take up at least one third of the flag's entire size, upon a light blue background. The whole flag is rectangular in shape. 
Architecture 
Travel and culture 
Yaroslavl is one of the eight cities of Russia's Golden Ring, a group of touristic, historic towns around Moscow. Yaroslavl is situated on the north-eastern side of this 'ring' and is the largest city in its chain. Whilst the city is best known for its architectural merits, it also has a relatively large repertoire of cultural attractions. 
Despite the effects of the Russian Civil War and a number of air-raids during World War II, the city of Yaroslavl has managed to retain a great deal of its 17th, 18th and 19th century urban substance. This has helped make the city recognizable as a monument to the architectural development and style of the Russian Tsardom. The center of the city, which covers an area of around 600 hectares has around 140 individual federally-protected architectural monuments.[45] Since 2005, this ensemble, along with the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery has been included on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 
Transportation 
The M8 (Moscow–Yaroslavl–Vologda–Arkhangelsk) links the city to Moscow and also onwards to the north in the direction of Arkhangelsk. One major railway bridge and two automotive bridges (Oktyabrsky and Yubileyny Bridge) traverse the Volga River. The Kotorosl River is crossed by as many as four bridges for automobiles and one for railway traffic (built in 1896). 
Sports 
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl is an association football club based in Yaroslavl. It plays in the Russian First Division. 
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl is the city's ice hockey team, which was the champion of Russia in 1996–1997, 2001–2002, and 2002–2003 seasons. On 7 September 2011 all players on the team were killed, when the plane in which they were travelling for their first match of the season crashed on take off from Yaroslavl airport.[67] As tribute to the team, the city co-hosted the 2012 Canada–Russia Challenge with Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
Twin towns and sister cities 
Yaroslavl has twin town ties with: 
Yaroslavl (Russian: Ярослáвль; IPA: [jɪrɐˈslavlʲ]) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located 250 kilometers (160 mi) northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that has played an important role in Russian history. 
Geography 
Location 
The nearest large towns are Tutayev (34 kilometers or 21 miles to the northwest), Gavrilov-Yam (37 kilometers or 23 miles to the south), and Nerekhta (47 kilometers or 29 miles to the southeast). The historic center of Yaroslavl lies to the north of the mouth of the Kotorosl River on the right bank of the larger Volga River. The city's entire urban area covers around 205 square kilometers (79 sq mi)[citation needed] and includes a number of territories south of the Kotorosl and on the left bank of the Volga. 
Climate 
A completely frozen Volga River in Yaroslavl (winter 2006) 
Yaroslavl and its local area have a typical temperate continental climate, in comparison to central and western Europe. This makes for a climate with more snowy, colder, but dry winters and typically temperate, warm summers. 
The summer often reaches its hottest point during the months of June/July, with a mean daily temperature of +23.3 °C (73.9 °F) and often days over +30 °C (86 °F). From September begins the two-month-long fall, which is characterized by relatively high humidity, fewer sunny days, and unpredictable temperatures (it is possible to first see ground frost in September). The average amount of precipitation during a year is 591 millimeters (23.3 in), of which 84 millimeters or 3.3 inches (the most precipitation in one month) falls in July. 
History 
Preceded by Viking sites such as Timerevo from the 8th or 9th centuries, the city of Yaroslavl is said to have been founded in 1010 as an outpost of the Principality of Rostov Veliky, and was first mentioned in 1071.[citation needed] Capital of an independent Principality of Yaroslavl from 1218, it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1463. In the 17th century, it was Russia's second largest city, and for a time (during the Polish occupation of Moscow in 1612), the country's de facto capital. Today, Yaroslavl is an important industrial center (petrochemical plant, tire manufacturing plant, diesel engines plant and many others) and lies at the intersection of several major highways, railways, and waterways. 
The oldest settlement in the city is to be found on the left bank of the Volga River in front of the Strelka (a small cape at the confluence of the Volga and Kotorosl) and belongs to the 5th–3rd millennium BCE. In the 9th century the so-called Russian Khanate formed, near Yaroslavl, a large Scandinavian-Slavic settlement, known nowadays for a range of burial mounds, in Timerevo. When excavations were carried out a large number of artifacts including Scandinavian weapons with runic inscriptions, chess pieces and the largest collection of Arabian coins (treasure) in northern Europe, (the earliest were struck in the first Idrisid) were found.[18][19] In Timerevo the fourth set of Scandinavian brooches ever found in Russia was discovered.[20] Apparently, this "proto-Yaroslavl" was a major center for the Volga trade route.[21] Soon after the founding of Yaroslavl, the settlement went into decline, probably in connection with the termination of the operation of the Volga trade route.[22] Upstream of the Volga River, just outside the boundaries of the modern city, archaeologists have studied a large necropolis with a predominance of ordinary graves of the Finno-Ugric-type.[23] 
Foundation of the city 
On this spot which was well protected from attack by the high, steep banks of the Volga, Kotorosl and Medveditsa Rivers, Yaroslavl and his men began to set about building the first Yaroslavl Kremlin. The first recorded event of Yaroslavl occurred as a result of famine, it was recorded as the Rostov Uprising of 1071. The name of the city is traditionally linked to that of its founder: Yaroslav. 
(1) Shwe Kyet Yet 388 (2) Ya Ta Na Gu 387 (3) Amarapura 386 (4) Myo Haung 382 3/4 (Junction to Lashio) 
(5) Shanzu 389 (6) Mandalay 390 1/2 
Yangon-Mandalay Line 
(6) Mandalay 390 1/2 (5) Shanzu 389 (4) Myohaung 382 3/4 (Junction to Lashio) (7) Ta Gun Daing 380 1/2 (8) Myitnge 377 1/4 (9) Paleik 374 1/4 (444) (Junction to Myingyan) (10) Sintgaing 369 (11) Be Lin 363 1/2 (12) Kyaukse 359 1/4 (13) Minsu 352 1/2 (14) Myittha 347 (15) Ku Me Lan 341 1/2 (16) Tha Pyay Taung 336 1/4 (17) Odokkon 332 1/4 (18) Sa Mun 329 (19) Khin Ban 325 3/4 (20) The Daw 322 1/4 (21) Da Hat Taw 318 1/4 (22) Han Za 315 1/2 (23) Ywa Pale 310 1/2 309/9 to Thazi 306 (Division 4) 
(16) Thaton 138 (70) Lay Taing 141/20 (Spur Line to Tyre Plant) (71) Du Yin Seik 145/6 Don Tha Mi River Bridge (72) Myaing Ka Lay (Hpa-An) 160/14 
Hpa-An Branch Line 
Thilwa Port Line (Syriam) 
Htone Gyi 30 1/4 (Division 6) 
Dagon University Line (4.96 miles, opened in 2006) 
(42) Togyaunggalay 7 1/4 (46) Dagon University 12.21 
(45) Dar Pein 22 1/2 (53) Yee Lay 25 1/2 (54) In Taing 30 1/2 (55) Ye Mwan 35 1/2 (56) Ma Daw Pin 38 (57) Ye Twin - (58) Sa Pu Taung - (59) Na Pa Htun - (60) Hlehlaw-In 44 
(42) Togyaunggalay 7 1/4 (47) Industrial Estate (Zone 1) 9 Thanlyin Bridge (48) Aung Thu Kha 13/11 (49) Oak Po Su 14/13 Branch Line to (52) University of East Yangon (opened in 2006) (50) Ja Ma - (51) Thilwa - 
Hlehlaw-In Line 
Yangon-Pyay Line 
(21) Da Nyin Gon 12 3/4 (Junction for Yangon Circular Rail Line) (61) Industrial Zone (Sehmu Zone) 13 1/2 (62) Shwe Pyi Tha 14 1/4 (63) Tha Du Kan 15 1/4 (64) Hlaw Ga 17 1/2 (Spur Line to Computer University) (65) Mo Gyoe Pyit 20 3/4 (66) Hmaw Bi 24 3/4 (67) Auk Wa Net Chaung 27 3/4 (68) Wa Net Chaung 29 3/4 (69) Let Pa Dan Su 32 3/4 (70) Phu Gyi 35 1/2 (71) Pa Tauk Tan 38 1/4 (72) Taik Kyi 41 1/2 (73) Tha Nat Chaung 46 1/2 (74) Pa Lon 51 1/2 (75) Oak Kan 56 1/2 Bago Region 60/12 
Sat Thwar Chon 73 3/4 (Division 6) 
Nga Hpyu Ka Lay 61 1/4 (Division 6) 
Division 8 Mawlamyine[8] 
Mileage 324.25 miles Railway Track 386.75 miles Bridges 832 Stations 82 (only 72 shown on the map) 
Yangon-Bago-Mawlamyine-Ye-Dawei Line 
Sittaung River Bridge 77/19 (1) Thein Za Yat 78 3/4 (2) Tha Hton Su 82 (3) Moke Pa Lin 84 1/2 (4) Sut Pa Nu 88 (5) Kyaik Ka Tha 90 1/2 (6) Bo Yar Gyi 95 (7) Kyaikto 98 3/4 (8) Ma Yan Kone 104 (9) Taung Sun 105 1/2 (10) Ah Naing Pun 113 3/4 (11) Hnin Pale 116 3/4 --> Spur Line to Phaya Kwin (abandoned ?) and Bilin Sugar mill (12) Don Wun 121 1/2 (13) Thein Seik 126 3/4 (14) Naung Bo 129 1/4 (15) Naung Ku Lar 133 1/4 (16) Thaton 138 (Junction to Myaing Ka Lay, Hpa-An) (17) Aung Saing 141 3/4 (18) Yin Nyein 146 1/2 (19) Ka Tun 150 3/4 (20) Zin Kyaik 154 1/4 (21) Paung 159 (22) Kyway Gyan 161 3/4 (23) Moke Ta Ma 172 3/4 Thanlwin River Bridge (Mawlamyaing Bridge) (24) Mawlamyaing (Old Station) 178 (25) Mawlamyaing 182 1/4 (26) Kawt Kha Ni 185 3/4 (27) Hpar Auk 189 (28) Hmein Ga Nein 194 (29) Mudon 197 1/2 (30) Taw Ku 202 1/2 (31) Ka Mar Wet 206 (32) Ka Lawt Thawt 209 (33) Kun Hlar 213 1/2 (34) Thanbyuzayat 217 1/4 (Junction to Payathonzu) (35) Pa Nga 223 1/4 (36) Ka Yoke Pi 226 (37) An Khe 229 1/2 (38) Htin Shu 233 1/2 (39) Ah Nin 239 1/2 (40) Hnit Kayin 246 (41) Lamaing 252 (42) Taung Bon 258 (43) Paing Wan 261 1/4 (44) Pa Yan Maw - (45) Pa Laing Kee 266 1/4 (46) Ye 271 1/2 Ye River Bridge (47) Chaung Taung 272/11 (with very small ? 
Ø 20 feet turntable) (48) Kalawt Kyi - (49) Koe Maing 279/19 (50) Pauk Pin Kwin 288/5 (51) Nat Kyi Zin 296/23 (52) Sein Bon 299.62 (53) Yae Ngan Gyi 301.77 (54) Sin Swei 303.17 (55) Min Tha 308/22 (56) Hsin Ku 309.70 (57) Ein Da Ra Za 318/22 (58) Gan Gaw Taung 320 (59) In Hpya - (60) Kalein-Aung 333/0 (61) Yae Pone - (62) Hein Ze 341/20 (63) Tha Ke Kwa 350/6 (64) Dauk Lauk - (65) Yebyu 362/19 (66) Nyin Htway 365/13 (67) Maung Mei Shaung 368/? (68) Za Har 371/0 (69) Dawei 373/12 
(4) Myo Haung 382 3/4 (24) Thoe Gyan 385 1/4 (Junction) to Tha Ye Ze (25) Tonbo 392 3/4 Spur Line to the quarry (26) Sedaw 396 1/4 Spur Line to the quarry (27) Sa Tu Ta Lun Hto 400 1/4 Zig Zag railway (28) Zi Pin Gyi 405 (29) Thondaung 411 (30) Anisakan 415 (31) Pyin U Lwin 422 1/2 (32) Pwe Kaul 427 3/4 (33) Wet Wun 433 1/2 (34) Sin Lan Su 438 1/4 (35) Hsam Ma Hse 444 (36) Nawnghkio 456 (37) Gokteik 463 Gokteik Viaduct (38) Nawngpeng 472 1/4 (39) Sa Khan Tha 482 (40) Kyaukme 490 (41) Loi Hkaw 496 (42) Taw Gyi 504 (43) Hsipaw 509 1/2 (44) Ta Hpa Le 521 (45) Sun Lon - (46) Se-eng 529 1/4 (47) Man Sam Ye Da Gun (Man Sam Waterfall) 537 1/4 (48) Man Pwe 543 (49) Thi Ri Shan Hkai 545 1/4 (50) Nam-yau 547 3/4 (Junction) to Namtu Mine Railway (51) Lashio 560 3/4 
Myingyan Line 
(9) Paleik 444 (374 1/4) (Junction) (52) La Tha - (53) Tha Bet Hswe - (54) Tada-U 436/5 Branch Line to (55) Tada-U Airport - (56) Thu Nge Daw - (57) Pyu Kan 431/2 (58) Myin Thei 430/7 (59) Sa Ka Tha - (60) Kan Gyi 428/15 (61) Ta Naung Gaing - (62) Pyi Tha Ya 424/3 (63) Ywa Thit 421/8 (64) Myo Tha 417/16 (65) Aung Chan Tha - (66) Su Hpyu Kone 409/75 (67) Wet Lu 405/19 (68) Daung U - (69) Hnget Pyaw Aing - (70) Tha Min Be - (71) Natogyi 394/11 (72) Shaw Byu 390/1 (73) Pin Ywa Lay - (74) Ywa Gyi 385/8 (75) Nyaung Pin Tha - (76) San Bya - 376/12 to Myingyan 375/18 (Division 11) 
Tha Ye Ze Line 
(24) Thoe Gyan 385 1/4 (Junction) (77) Kanthaya 386 (78) Aung Pin Le 387 1/4 (79) Yin Pyan 388 3/4 (80) Nanshe 389 1/2 (81) Dawna Bwar 391 1/4 (82) Nwe Ni 393 (83) Oh Bo 389 (Junction) (84) Tha Ye Ze 387 
Madaya Line 
(83) Oh Bo 389 (Junction) (85) Mya Na Nwa 391 1/2 (86) Ka Baing 392 (87) Taung Pyone 394 (88) Lun Taung 395 3/4 (89) Kyon Ywa - (90) Kan Beit 397 3/4 (91) Wa Yin Dauk 399 1/4 (92) Ale Bon - (93) Madaya 402 1/2 
Division 4 Kalaw[4] 
Mileague: 465.33 Miles Railroad Track: 572.73 Miles Bridges: 1406 Stations: 115 (Only 102 Stations shown on map) Kalaw-Thazi Line 
(1) Kalaw 369 (2) Myin Daik 361 (3) Hsin Taung 357 1/4 (4) Khway Yok 352 (5) Pa Ta Ma Lun Hto 347 (6) Le Byin 343 3/4 (7) Ye Bu 341 1/2 (8) Pyi Nyaung 334 3/4 (9) Yin Ma Pin 329 (10) Pa Ya Nga Zu 319 1/4 Spur Line to the quarry (11) Hlaing Tet 314 3/4 (12) Thazi 306 (Junction) to Mandalay and Pyinmana (13) Kun Chan Yi 309 1/2 (14) Kyaik Pu Le 313 1/4 (15) Taw Ma 316 3/4 
Meiktila 320 Continued to Myingyan (Division 11) 
Loikaw Line 
(1) Kalaw 369 (18) Aungpan 376 (Junction) to Lawksawk, Moene (19) Nan On 380 (20) In Wun 384 1/2 (21) Baw Nin Gon 389 (22) Nan Taing 391 1/2 (23) Chaung Pwet - (24) Ton 397 (25) Nawng Mun - (26) Hti Ji 398 1/2 (27) Hle Gon - (28) Bu Ya Me 400 (29) Ta Te 404 (30) Naungtayar 410 1/2 (31) Nye Pin 412 1/4 (32) Ta Ku Myo 413 1/2 (33) Hti Yun 415 (34) Thit Pin Gyi 416 3/4 (35) Saung Hsi 418 (36) Pin Laung Ze - (37) Pinlaung 424 1/2 (38) Wa Lee 428 1/2 (39) Pin Hkun 430 3/4 (40) Nan Hta - (41) Hsaung Pyaung 439 3/4 (42) Ka Ya 445 1/2 (43) Me Za Lan 448 1/4 (44) Ka The 453 (45) Pe Kon 455 3/4 (46) Hkaung Mong 463 1/2 (47) Mong Pya 467 1/2 (48) Wa Li Su Pa Laing - (49) Wi The Ku 470 (50) Nan Me Hkun 473 1/4 (51) Loikaw 478 
Yangon-Mandalay Line 
Ywa Pa Le 310 1/2 (Division 3) (12) Thazi 306 (16) Nwa Do 302 1/4 (17) Nyaung Yan 299 1/4 295/14 
Shan Ywa 292 3/4 Continued to Pyinmana (Division 5) 
Division 9 Hinthada[9] 
Kalaw-Lawksawk Line 
(1) Kalaw 369 (18) Aungpan 376 (Junction) to Loikaw 478 (52) Kan Na 384 3/4 (53) He Ho 392 3/4 Spiral railroad (54) Shwe Nyaung 404 (Junction) to Moene (55) He Ke 407 1/4 (56) Taung Ni 410 1/2 (57) Yae Pu - (58) Kwin Lon 418 3/4 (59) Ban Kan - (60) Htee Hkan 422 3/4 (61) Pin Hpyit 426 1/4 (62) Yadana Pon 430 1/4 (63) Nyaung Htan Pin - (64) Yae Hpyu 435 1/4 (65) Lawksawk (Yat Sauk) 441 1/2 
Shwe Nyaung-Taunggyi-Nansan-Mong Nai Line 
(54) Shwe Nyaung 404 (Junction) to Lawksauk 441 1/2 (66) Aye Tha Ya 408 3/4 (67) Paw Mu 413 1/2 (68) Hti Thin - (69) Ye Twe-U - (70) Taunggyi 424 1/2 (71) Hpa Mun - (72) Naung Kar - (73) Hang Si - (74) Kek Ku - (75) Naung Ae - (76) Ban Yin 459 3/4 (77) Loi Hsan Sit - (78) Hsaik Hkaung - (79) Loi Pu - (80) Kaung Ke - (81) Pyin Tha Ya - (82) Mi Ye - (83) Thi Yi - (84) Pwin Chaung - (85) Pu Ya Sin - (86) Thi Pin - (87) Nam Hu - (88) Kaung Maing - (89) Naung Mo - (90) Hwe Hse - (91) Maing Sit - (92) Haing Na Nge La - (93) Ma Lan Hkam - (94) Ah Hma 5 Ywa - (95) Nansang - (96) Ah Hma 6 Ywa - (97) Nan Kyu - (98) Haik Hpa - (99) Wan Ye - (100) Pang Au - (101) Na Hkan - (102) Mong Nai (Moene) - 
Division 5 Taungoo[5] 
Yangon-Mandalay Line 
Mileague: 174.75 Miles Railroad Track: 289.80 Miles Bridges: 593 Stations: 41 (Now 42; Nay Pyi Taw included) 
Nyaung Yan 295/14 (Division 3) 
(1) Shan Ywa 292 3/4 (2) Pyawbwe 287 1/2 (3) Shwe Da 282 1/2 (4) In Gyin Kan 278 1/2 (5) Yamethin 274 1/2 (6) Inn Gon 270 3/4 (7) Hnge Taik 268 (8) Nyaung Lunt 261 1/2 (9) Ma Gyi Bin 257 1/2 (10) Tatkon 253 1/2 (11) Sin The 251 (12) Shwe Myo 246 3/4 (13) Sin Byu Gyun 243 1/2 (14) Pyok Kwe 240 1/2 (15) Kyihtaunggan 235 1/4 (16) Nay Pyi Taw 233/0 Inaugurated on 5 July 2009 (17) Ywataw 230 (18) Pyinmana 225 (Junction) to Taungdwingyi (19) Pyi Win 219 1/4 (20) Ela 216 3/4 (21) Htein-In 214 (22) Tha Wat Ti 210 (23) Yae Ni 206 1/2 (24) Myo Hla 201 1/4 (25) Tha Yet Kone 197/23-24 (26) Thar Ga Ya 195 1/2 (27) Swar 191 1/2 (28) Kone Gyi 187 1/4 (29) Ye Da She 183 1/4 (30) Kay Tu Ma Ti 180 1/2 (31) Kyun Kone 175 1/2 (32) Kyee Taw 171 1/2 (33) Taungoo 166 163/24 
Thaung Taing Kone 161 3/4 (Division 6) 
Pyinmana-Taungdwingyi Line 
(18) Pyinmana 225 (Junction) (34) Pyu Twin 229 1/4 (35) Baw Ti Gon 232 3/4 (36) Le We 235 3/4 (37) Chaung Kyoe - (38) Kan Thar 241 1/4 (39) Win Te Gu 243 1/4 (40) Thit Poke Pin 247 3/4 (41) Min Pyin 252 1/2 (42) Da Lant Chun 261 1/2 263/11 
Dar Pein 22 1/2 (junction to Hlehlaw-In 44) (Division 7) 
Oh Bauk 266 3/4 (Division 11) 
Division 6 Yangon Division[6] 
Mileage 327.86 Miles Railway 529.75 Track Miles Bridges 994 Bridges Stations 91 Stations 
Yangon-Mandalay Line 
(1) Kawt Che 27 (2) Htone Gyi 30 1/4 (3) Kyauk Tan 34/1 (4) Tar Wa 38 1/4 (5) Payathonzu 42 1/2 (6) Pegu (Bago) 46 1/2 (Junction to Mawlamyine and Spur Line to (36) Hanthawaddy Airport (Project suspended)) (7) Shwe Hlay 51 3/4 (8) Shwe Tan 53 1/2 (9) Hpa Ya Gyi 57 (10) Hpa Ya Ka Lay 59 1/4 (11) Wan Be Inn - (12) Pyin Pon 64 3/4 (13) Kyaik Sa Kaw 68 (14) Ka Toke 71 (15) Phaung Daw The 75 3/4 (16) Daik-U 81 1/4 (17) Pyun Ta Sa 87 3/4 (18) Nga Dat Kyi 90 1/4 (19) Nyaung Le Bin 92 3/4 (Junction to Madauk 109) (20) Taw Wi 97 1/2 (21) Pein Za Loke 100 3/4 (22) Thu Htay Kone 106 (23) Kyauk Ta Ka 108 3/4 (24) Yin Taik Kone 111 1/2 (25) Pe Nwe Gon 114 1/4 (26) Taw Kywe Inn 119 (27) Ka Nyut Kwin 123 3/4 (28) Nyaung Pin Thar 128 1/2 (29) Phyu 134 1/4 (30) Zay Ya Wa Di 138 1/4 (31) Nyaung Chay Htauk 143 1/4 (32) Kywe Pwe 149 1/4 (33) Bant Bway Kone 152 3/4 (34) Ok Twin 158 1/4 (35) Thaung Taing Kone 161 3/4 163/24 
Taungoo 166 (Division 5) 
Nyaung Le Bin - Madauk Branch Line 
(19) Nyaung Le Bin 92 3/4 (37) Pu Zun Myaung 96 3/4 (38) Inn Waing 100 1/2 (39) Sa Hkan Tha - (40) Madauk 109 
Bago-Sittaung River Bridge Line 
(6) Pegu(Bago) 46 1/2 (41) Ka Lay 49 1/4 (42) Shan Ywar Gyi 52 1/2 (43) Naung Pat Ta Yar 56 1/2 (44) Kyaik Hla 59 1/2 (45) Waw 63 1/2 (46) Ka Thi Win - (47) Ah Byar 70 1/2 (Branch Line to (49) Nyaung Ka She 76/6 ) (48) Sat Thwar Chon 73 3/4 Sittaung River Bridge 77/19 ( to Division 8) 
Yangon-Pyay Line 
Oak Kan 56 1/2 (Division 7) 
Bago Region 60/12 (50) Nga Hpyu Ka Lay 61 1/2 (51) Thonse 65 3/4 (52) Thonse Myoma 66 1/4 (53) Thayarwady 68 3/4 (54) Inn Ywar 73 (55) Chin Thayt Kone 74 3/4 (56) Letpadan 77 1/4 (Junction to Tharawaw 100 3/4) (57) Wet Hla Ka Lay 81 1/2 (58) Wet Hla Ka Lay Ywar Ma 83 (59) Sit Kwin 85 (60) Sin Aing 88 3/4 (61) Minhla 91 1/4 (62) Oe Thei Kone 95 1/2 (63) Okpho Ma Gyi Pin 99 (64) Okpho 101 1/2 (65) Thin Pan Kone 104 (66) Gyobingauk 109 (67) Hkunhni Ywa 111 1/2 (68) Zigon 116 (69) Nattalin 124 (70) Paungde 129 1/2 (71) Taung Boet Hla 133 (72) Launt Gyi 133 1/4 (73) Pu Tee Kone 136 (74) Thea Kyaw 138 (75) Thegon 141 1/4 (76) Oe Tin Kone 144 1/2 (77) Sin Mi Zwe 149 1/4 (78) Ywa Tha Gon 152 1/4 (79) Hmaw Za 155 3/4 (Junction to Aunglan-Taungdwingyi and Nay Pyi Taw) (80) Ngagattaya 158 1/4 (81) Pyay 161 
(78) Hmaw Za 155 3/4 (Junction to Pyay) (82) Shwe Ti Hka 157 /21 (83) Ti Tut 164/0 Magway Region 175/12 (Division 11) 
Letpadan-Tharawaw Branch Line 
(56) Letpadan 77 1/4 (84) Nyaung Waing 81 3/4 (85) Kyauk Aing 84 1/2 (86) Kha Mon Seik 87 (87) Than Byu Yon 94 (88) Ka Nyin To 94 3/4 (89) Zee Hpyu Kone 95 1/2 (90) Zee Hpyu Kone Ywa Mar 96 3/4 (91) Tharawaw 100 3/4 <--Ferry--> Hinthada 109 1/2 (Division 9) 
Division 7 Yangon (Central)[7] 
Mileage 155.80 Miles Rail Track 312.14 Miles Bridges 448 Bridges Stations 75 Stations 
Yangon Circular Rail Line 38 Stations 29 1/2 Miles 
(1) Yangon 0/0 (2) Hpaya Lan (Pagoda Road) 3/4 (3) Lan Ma Daw 1 (4) Pyay Lan (Pyay Road) 1 1/2 (5) Shan Lan (Shan Road) 2 (6) Ah Lone Lan (Ahlone Road) 2 1/2 (7) Pan Hlaing Lan (Pan Hlaing Road) 3 (8) Kye Maing Daing (Kemmendine) 3 1/2 (9) Hanthawaddy 4 1/2 (10) Hletaw 4 3/4 (11) Kamayut 5 3/4 (12) Thi Ri Myaing 6 3/4 (13) Ok Kyin 7 (14) Tha Maing 7 1/4 (15) Tha Maing Myo Thit 7 3/4 (16) Gyo Gon 8 1/4 (17) Insein 9 (18) Ywa Ma 10 1/4 (19) Hpaw Kan 11 (20) Aung San Myo 11 1/2 (21) Da Nyin Gon 12 3/4 (Junction to Pyay) (22) Gaw Gwin (Golf Course) 13 1/2 (23) Kyaik Ka Le 15 1/4 (24) Min Ga La Don Zei (Mingaladon Bazaar) 17 (25) Min Ga La Don 17 1/2 (26) We Ba Gee 18 1/2 (27) Ok Ka La Pa 19 1/2 (28) Pa Ywet Seik Kon 20 (29) Kyauk Ye Dwin 20 3/4 (30) Ta Da Ka Le 21 1/2 (31) Ye Gu 22 1/2 (32) Par Ya Mee 23 1/4 (33) Kan Be 24 (34) Bauk Taw 25 (35) Ta Mwe 25 3/4 (36) Myit Ta Na Yunt 26 1/2 (37) Mah Lwa Gon 27 1/4 (38) Pa Zun Daung 28 1/2 (1) Yangon 29 1/2 
Yangon-Mandalay Line 
(1) Yangon 0/0 (39) Hnin Si Kone 4 (40) Thin Gan Gyun 4 1/2 (41) Nga Moe Yeik 5 1/4 (42) Togyaunggalay 7 1/4 (Junction to Thilwa and Dagon University) (43) Ywar Thar Gyi 12 3/4 (44) Lay Daunt Kan 16 (45) Dar Pein 22 1/2 (Branch Line to Hlehlaw-In 44) 26/12 
Mileage 147.00 Miles Rail Track 191.70 Miles Bridges 236 Bridges Stations 42 Stations Kyangin-Hinthada-Pathein Line 
(1) Kyangin 174 1/4 Spur Line to Limestone Quarry - (2) Myan Aung 169 (3) San Ni Chaung 164 1/4 (4) Te Gyi Kone 161 1/4 (5) Tha Yet Kone 158 (6) In Pin 153 1/2 (7) Ka Nyin Ngu 150 1/4 (8) Ta Bye Gwin - (9) Htu Gyi 145 Spur Line to Mt.Tha Pyay Pin Quarry (10) Me Za Li Gon 138 3/4 (11) Zaung Dan 135 1/2 (12) Ingabu 132 1/2 (13) Ta Bin Gon 128 Myo Kwin Bridge No.48 (14) Myo Kwin 125 1/2 (15) Dan Bi 122 1/2 (16) Ywa Thar 119 1/2 (17) Hpa Ya Kone 116 3/4 (18) Tar Gwa 113 (19) Hinthada 109 1/2 (miles from Yangon) <--Ferry--> Tharawaw 100 3/4 (Division 6) (20) Nat Maw - (21) Neik Ban 120 (22) Yon Tha Lin 124 1/4 (23) Ka Mauk Su 127 1/2 (24) Daik Pyet 131 (25) Za Yat Hla 136 1/4 (26) Ze Kone 138 3/4 (27) Ye Gyi 142 1/4 (28) Kwin Gyi 147 1/2 (29) Ah Thok 153 (30) Yo Da Ya Det 157 1/2 (31) Hle Seik 161 (32) Gon Min 166 (33) Apin Hni Hse (Milestone 20) - (34) Dar Ka 170 3/4 (35) Kwin Yar 174 (36) Be Ga Yet 177 1/2 (37) Khon Zin Kone 180 1/2 (38) Ta Kone Gyi 183 3/4 (39) Koe Su 187 (40) Myat Toe 189 (41) Shwe Wut Hmoe - (42) Pathein 191 3/4 
Division 10 Pakokku[10] 
Mileague 240.47 Miles Railway Track 274.04 Miles Bridges 1026 bridges Stations 65 Stations 
Ma Gyi Bok - (Division 2) Taw Gyaung Gyi 454 3/4 
Pakokku-Kalay Line Sin Phyu Shin Bridge (Chindwin River) 
(1) Auk Oh 457 Spur Line to (2) Min Ywa 455/23 (3) Ma Au 460 1/2 (4) War Yar 76-Ywa 462 (5) Ye Sa Gyo 467 (6) Taung Oh 471 1/2 (7) Pa Khan Gyi 474 3/4 (8) Si Thar 477 1/2 (9) Kyauk Hle Ga 482 (10) Pa Daing Chon 484 (11) Kyee Ywa 486 (12) Pakokku 489 Spur Line to (13) Shwe Tan Tit (14) Hpone Kan 492 1/4 (15) Kyauk Hpu 499 1/4 (16) War Kan 502 1/2 (17) Paik Thin 507 (18) Daung Oh 513 3/4 (19) Myaing 516 1/4 (20) Myo Soe 523 1/2 (21) Taung Yoe 526 3/4 (22) Te Gyi 530 1/4 (23) Kan Thit 533 (24) Hpa Lan Kaing 536 3/4 (25) Thit Kyi Taw 539 1/4 (26) Wun Tin 544 1/2 (27) Dat Taw 547 (28) Nyaung Yin 549 1/4 (29) Zee Pyar 551 (30) Min Kaing 553 (31) Gaung Paung 560 (32) Kyauk Ka Sin 562/21 (33) Kyaw Thar 565 1/2 (34) Tha Yet Chin Lwin Hto 570 1/2 (35) War Pin 576 1/4 (36) Kyet Yoe 578 1/2 (37) Zan Hmway 580 1/2 (38) Kyaw 582 1/2 
Railroad underconstruction 
(39) Yae Myet Ni 595 3/4 (40) Nyaung Lel 599 (41) Gaung Ton 603 (42) Me 607 3/4 (43) Lel Ma 612 3/4 (44) Pyit Ma 614 3/4 (45) Gan Gaw 618 1/4 (46) Lar Boet 623 (47) Myin Zar 627 (48) Let Pan 632 (49) Kan 639 1/4 (50) Mwayt Lel 644 3/4 (51) Ye Hla - (52) Hnan Khar 650 1/2 (53) Taung Khin Yan 655 1/4 (54) Myauk Khin Yan 658 1/2 (55) Koke Kar - (56) Han Thar Wa Di (Chin) 663 1/4 (57) Man Taw 668 3/4 (58) Se Taw 674 1/4 (59) Si Haung 678 1/4 (60) Than Bo 680 1/2 (61) He Loke 683 3/4 (62) Nat Chaung 687 3/4 (63) Htauk Kyant 693 1/2 (64) Hto Mar 695 1/2 (65) Thar Si Le 697 1/2 (66) Kalay 701 1/2 
Mileague 371.41 Miles Railway Track 435.88 Miles Bridges 1,283 Bridges Stations 81 Stations (91 stations shown on map) 
Division 11 Bagan[11] 
Min Kan 175/0 (Division 6) 
Aunglan Line opened 1999 
(1) Da Yin Da Bo 175/12 (2) Pya Loet 183 (3) Bwet Kyi 190 (4) Htauk Kyant Taing 191 1/2 (5) Than Ywa 193 1/2 (6) Aung Lan 198 1/2 (7) Moe Kaung 203 1/2 (8) Zaung Lya Chin 207 1/4 (9) Tha Ya Gon 209 3/4 (10) Aye Ka Rit - (11) Gway Cho 218 (12) Hlay Wun 223 (13) Hpo Sut - (14) Koe Pin 229 1/4 (15) Thet Kei Kyin 234 3/4 (16) Pa Yet Kye 239 1/2 (17) Wet Ka The 244 (18) Sat Thwar Junction (at 248/11) 
Da Lant Chun 261 1/2 (Division 5) 
Taungdwingyi-Bagan Line 
(19) Oe Pauk 266 3/4 (20) Ku Lar Ma 270 1/2 (21) Koke Ko Kone 273 1/2 (22) Taung Lyaung 278 1/2 (18) Sat Thwar 282 3/4 (Junction to Aunglan-Pyay) (23) Chaung Net 285 1/2 (24) Taung Dwin Gyi 292 (Junction to Magway) (25) Sa Don Chaung 296 1/4 (26) Sa Don Gon Kyi - (27) Myo Lu Lin 301 1/2 (28) Myo Thit 307 3/4 (29) Shwe Pan Pin 312 3/4 (30) Nat Mauk 317 (31) Let Khoke Pin 320 1/4 (32) Lay Ein 325 1/4 (33) Thar Hmya 334 1/4 (34) Gway Kone 338 1/4 (35) Sin Thay Kan 342 (36) Pin Chaung 346 (37) Nyaung Hto 352 3/4 (38) In Taw Kyei 356 3/4 (39) Kyauk Pa Daung 363 1/2 (Junction to Kyee Ni) (40) Kan Tha Yar 368 3/4 (41) Nga Min May 375 (42) Su Ti 380 (43) Taung Zin 383 1/2 (44) Shin Mein 389 1/4 (45) Bagan 393 1/4 (46) Pu Lin 398 3/4 (47) Thit Htaunt 403 (48) Hpet Tan 405 3/4 (49) Let Htoke 408 1/4 (50) Nyaung Hla 409 (51) Kyaw Zi 414 1/2 (52) Kyar Poet Kan Daw 415 3/4 (53) Ta Maik Tha 417 1/4 (54) Kan Ywa 419/21-22 (55) Ta Pin Kan 422 1/4 (56) Nyaung Kan 424 1/4 (57) Sar Khar Junction (at 428/4) 
Taw Ma 316 3/4 (Division 4) 
Meiktila-Myingyan Line 
319/12 (58) Meik Ti La 320 (59) In Gyin Su 325 1/4 (60) Yae Cho 330 1/2 (61) Tha But Kone 335 (62) Ma Hlaing 341 3/4 (63) Yae Zin 342 1/2 (64) Pan Aing 345 (65) Yon Sin Gyi 350 1/4 (66) Aung Thar 356 3/4 (67) Taung Tha 361 3/4 (68) Chon Gyi 364 3/4 (69) Hpa Yar Hla 366 (70) Hpet Taw 368 (57) Sar Khar 371 3/4 Junction to Bagan (71) Myin Gyan 375/18 376/12 
Kin Ma Gan - (Division 3) 
(24) Taung Dwin Gyi 292 (77) Hin Ga Yaw - (78) Bi Tha Noe 301/12-13 (79) Pya Tu 305/5-6 (80) Jau Pyi Kone (Quarry) - (81) Yin Nar Thar Si 308/11-12 (82) Myin Sain 310/21-22 (83) Than Pin San 314/10-11 (84) Kan Ni Le 316/21-22 (85) Nga Na Po Lan Gway 321/22-23 (86) Shar Saung Kan 326/24 (87) Tha Yet Lay Pin 330/12-13 (88) Shar Pin Hla 332/3-4 (89) Khaung Taw U 334/2-3 (90) Pu Htoe San 338 (91) Magway 343/17 Branch Line to Kanbya 
Kyaukpadaung-Kyeeni Branch Line 
(39) Kyauk Pa Daung 363 1/2 (72) Twin Hpyu 367 1/2 (73) Than Chay Kan - (74) Gway Jo 373 1/4 (75) Dan Ywa 379 1/2 (76) Kyee Ni 387 1/4 
Taungdwingyi-Magway Line 
See also 
Myanmar Railways Rail transport in Burma History of rail transport in Burma Yangon Circular Railway 
Magway-Kanbya Line 8 miles completed 2011 
(91) Magway 343/17 (--) TTC - (--) University of Medicine - (--) Kanbya - 
Proposed 
References 
Myanmar Railway Maps 
External links 
Division 1 Myitkyina[1] 
Myanmar Railways station map Division 1 Myitkyina 
Mileage: 169.25 Miles Railroad Track: 199.90 Miles Bridges: 438 Station: 33 
(1) Myitkyina 722 3/4 miles from Yangon (2) Nam Koi 715/0 Spur Line to Nampon Airport (3) Pyi htaung 710 3/4 (4) Malika - (5) Nam Hkam 701 (6) Mayam 698 1/4 (7) Nanmati 692 Spur Line to Sugar Mill (8) Mogaung 686 (9) Hto Pu 680 3/4 (10) Sar Hmaw 675 1/4 Spur Line to Sugar Mill (11) Taung Ni 670 (12) Min Gon 667 1/4 (13) Pin Baw 661 1/4 (14) Nam Khwin 657 1/2 (15) Kya Gyi Kwin 655 1/2 (16) Hopin 651 3/4 (17) Ta Kwin 649.5 (18) Myo Thit Ka Lay 647 1/4 (19) Namma 641 3/4 (20) Nyaung Kone 637 1/4 (21) Mohnyin 633 3/4 (22) Kadu 628 (23) Maw Han 618 (24) Nam Si Aung 611 3/4 (25) Maw Lu 606 (26) Pin Wei 597 (27) Naba (Junction) 590 Branch Line to Katha 605 (28) Indaw 585 3/4 (29) Se Ywa 581 3/4 (30) Me Zar 575 3/4 
Me Zar River Bridge 574/ 20 
Bon Chaung 566 1/2 (Division 2) 
Naba-Katha Line 
(27) Naba (Junction) 590 (31) Lan Gwa 599 1/4 (32) Nat Yae Twin - (33) Katha 605 
Division 2 Ywa-Htaung[2] 
Mileague: 338.66 Miles Railroad Track: 379.82 Miles Bridges: 825 Stations: 75 
Me Zar 575 3/4 (from Division 1) 
(1) Bon Chaung 566 1/2 (2) Nan Khan 559 1/4 (3) Gyo Daung 552 (4) Kin 547 (5) Wun Tho 543 3/4 (6) Win Gyi Pin 540 3/4 (7) Kawlin 535 3/4 (8) Kya Khat Aing 530 (9) Koe Taung Boet 527 1/2 (10) Sin Gaung 521 1/2 (11) Pauk Sein Kone 520 1/2 (12) Kan Gyi 519 1/4 (13) Chat Thin 516 1/4 (14) Chet Gyi 511 3/4 (15) Pin Tha 506 1/2 (16) Kyunhla 498 3/4 (17) Kanbalu 490 1/4 (18) Nyaung Pin 484 3/4 (19) Htan Kan 480 3/4 (20) Nyaung Zin 475 /16 (21) Thaya Kone 474 /4 (22) Htan Ta Pin 469 3/4 (23) Ma Daung Lu 464 1/4 (24) Khin-U 458 1/4 (Junction) To Ye-U (25) Myin Ka Tha 450 3/4 (26) Shwebo 444 1/2 (27) Hput Hlaing - (28) Moke Soe Chon 435 3/4 (29) Kyee Pin Kan - (30) Tha Khut Taw 430 (31) Wetlet 428 1/4 (32) Tha Hlaing-Yone Tha 423/17 (33) Pauk Kan 418 (34) Htan Gyi - (35) Khet Kha 411 3/4 (36) Padu 407 3/4 (37) Kan Gyi Kone 404 (38) Kyauk Pa Nan 403/5 (39) Sa Ye 400 1/4 (40) Ywa-Htaung 394 (Junction) To Chaung-U (41) Sagaing 392 Spur Line to (42) Sagaing Port 391/12 Sagaing Bridge 390/20 To Mandalay (Division 3) 
Lashio Line 
(40) Ywa-Htaung 394 (Junction) (43) Nga Ta Yaw 404 1/4 (44) Ywa Thit Gyi 407 1/2 (45) Nyaung Pin Wun 414 1/2 (46) Myinmu 421 1/2 (47) Alakatpa 427 3/4 (48) Nat Yae Kan 435 (49) Chaung-U 441 3/4 (Junction) To Pakokku (50) Kyeh Mon 448 1/2 (51) Than Bo Dwe Mo Nyin 450 3/4 (52) Monywa 459 3/4 (53) Za Loke 464 1/2 (54) Kan Swei 470 (55) Son Kone 474 1/2 (56) Budalin 479 (57) Nga Pu Yin - (58) Sin Yan - (59) Se Gyi - (60) Kan Pya - (61) On Din - (62) In Daing Ga Lay - (63) Tin Tein Yan - (64) Chan Tha - (65) Za Wa - (66) Ye-U - Mu River Bridge (67) In Bat - (68) Tha Ga Ya Myo Thit - (69) Myit Taw - (70) Kan Thar Yar Lay - (24) Khin-U 458 1/4 (Junction) 
(49) Chaung-U 441 3/4 (Junction) (71) Hman Cho 445 (72) Nga Lone Tin 448 (73) Ma Gyi Gwa 451 (74) Ma Gyi Boke 453 3/4 (75)Taw Kyaung Gyi 454 3/4 Chindwin River Bridge (Sin Phyu Shin Bridge) 
Min Ywa, Ma Au (Division 10 Pakokku) 
Division 3 Mandalay[3] 
Mileague: 376.95 Miles Railroad Track: 461.47 Miles Bridges: 1386 Stations: 93 
Sagaing Bridge 390/20 (from Division 2 Ywa-Htaung) 
Mawlamyine Railway Station (Burmese: မော်လမြိုင် ဘူတာ) is a railway station located in Mawlamyine, Mon State, Myanmar on Myanmar Railways' Bago-Mawlamyine-Dawei line. The two-story station is 290 feet (88 m) long and 110 feet (34 m) wide, and has a total floor area of 638,000 square feet.[1] 
History 
The line from Yangon stopped at Mottama (Martaban), and passengers had to take a ferry over the Thanlwin River (Salween River) to Mawlamyine. Only in 2006, with the opening of the Thanlwin Bridge, did a direct link to the rest of the national rail network become possible. A new station, reportedly built to the standards of an "ASEAN railway station", was opened on 17 April 2006.[2] The station is located in Myenigon, approximately 3 km east of the city's main market, Zegyi.[3] 
The station is part of the country's 5,068-kilometre (3,149 mi) national rail network.[4] Myanmar Railways, the country's sole railway operator, offers two trains services per day, the first leaving Yangon at 7:00 am and arriving Mawlamyine at 5:00 pm, and the next service leaving Yangon 10:00 am and arriving Mawlamyine at 9:00 pm. For the return journey back to Yangon, the morning service departs Mawlamyine at 6:00 am and arrives Yangon at 5:00 PM and the next train departs Mawlamyine at 8:30 am and arrives Yangon at 8:00 pm.[3] 
External links 
Mawlamyine Train Station 
References 
Oh Sehun Sehun at the 29th Golden Disk Awards Native name 오세훈 Born Oh Se-hun (1994-04-12) April 12, 1994 (age 21) Seoul, South Korea Occupation Singer dancer actor Musical career Genres K-pop Years active 2012—present Labels S.M. Entertainment Associated acts EXO EXO-K SM Town Website EXO EXO-K Instagram Korean name Hangul 오세훈 Hanja 吳世勳 Revised Romanization Oh Sehun Signature 
Oh Se-hun (born (1994-04-12)April 12, 1994),[1] simply known as Sehun, is a South Korean singer, dancer, and actor. He is a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy group EXO, and its sub-group EXO-K. 
Early life 
Sehun was born in Jungnang-gu, Seoul, South Korea. He graduated high school from School of Performing Arts Seoul in February 2013. All 11 other EXO members attended his graduation. 
Career 
Oh Se-hun (singer) 
Thai Smile Air (Thai:การบินไทยสมายล์) is the regional airline and wholly owned subsidiary of Thai Airways.[1] Based in Thailand, it began operations in July 2012. 
History 
On 20 May 2011, the Thai Airways board announced plans to create a new lower-cost airline, at the time dubbed Thai Wings.[2] The creation of the airline was announced by Ampon Kittiampon, the chairman of Thai's board of directors, on 19 August 2011.[3] It is planned to begin operations in July 2012.[3] According to Ampon, Thai Smile is intended to serve the market gap between low-cost carriers and full service airlines.[3] The name Thai Smile was chosen from a pool of 2,229 entries in a contest to name the airline.[3] 
According to an official at Thai Airways, Thai Smile is planned to begin showing an annual profit of about five million baht within two years of the start of operations.[3] 
Destinations 
Thai Smile currently flies to the following destinations:[4][5] 
Cambodia 
Siem Reap – Siem Reap International Airport 
China 
Changsha – Changsha Huanghua International Airport 
Macau 
Macau – Macau International Airport 
Myanmar 
Yangon – Yangon International Airport 
Thailand 
Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport Bangkok - Suvarnabhumi Airport Chiang Mai - Chiang Mai International Airport Chiang Rai - Chiang Rai International Airport Hat Yai - Hat Yai International Airport Khon Kaen - Khon Kaen Airport Krabi - Krabi Airport Narathiwat - Narathiwat Airport Phuket - Phuket International Airport Surat Thani - Surat Thani Airport Ubon Ratchathani - Ubon Ratchathani Airport Udon Thani - Udon Thani International Airport 
Fleet 
Thai Smile Airbus A320-200 
‘Smile Plus’ in the first rows of the aircraft features 30 seats with additional space and enhanced inflight service. Four aircraft were delivered in 2012 with the first arrival in June. THAI Smile plans to expand its fleet to 20 Airbus A320s within three years and add services to neighboring countries and southern China.[6] 
THAI Smile Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes Airbus A320-200 15 — 162 Total 15 — 
References 
FMI Air is a charter and scheduled airline based in Yangon, Myanmar. FMI provides scheduled air services to Myanmar's Capital Naypyidaw with 19 flights per week. FMI Air offers charter flights to 20 destinations within Myanmar. 
History 
In September 2012 an ATR 42 took off from Yangon Airport. The event marked the start of a new chapter in Myanmar’s aviation history, as it was the first commercial flight of FMI Air Charter. 
FMI Air Charter currently operates about 19 flights a week between the commercial hub, Yangon International Airport and Naypyidaw International Airport. 
In addition to our scheduled flights FMI Air Charter also provides bespoke charter services to over 20 airports within Myanmar, enabling customers to tailor their air travel schedule to fit their specific needs.[1] 
Destinations 
FMI currently offers scheduled services to: 
Myanmar Mandalay Region Naypyidaw - Naypyidaw International Airport Rakhine State Sittwe - Sittwe Airport Yangon Region Yangon - Yangon International Airport 
Fleet 
FMI AIR fleet included the following aircraft as of 23 October 2015:[2] 
FMI AIR Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Notes Bombardier challenger 800SE 1 0 Bombardier CRJ200 2 0 Total 3 0 
References 
Coco Island Airport is an airport located on Great Coco Island in Burma. 
References 
Kanbawza Bank Limited (KBZ) (Burmese: ကမ္ဘောဇဘဏ်လီမိတက်) is a private commercial bank in Myanmar. It is one of five major private commercial banks in Burma (Myanmar Universal Bank, Yoma Bank, Myanmar May Flower Bank, and the Asia Wealth Bank are the others).[1] The bank was established on 1 July 1994 in Taunggyi, Shan State. KBZ is part of the Myanmar Billion Group conglomerate (founded by Aung Ko Win aka Saya Kyaung) which is involved in the mining industry and is regarded to be close to former SPDC Deputy-Chairman Maung Aye. 
In February 2010, the bank bought an 80% share in Myanmar Airways International, Myanmar's international airline.[3] On 1 April 2011, the bank launched Air KBZ, one of four privately owned domestic airlines in Burma, with plans to expand to international flights in the near future.[4] 
References 
External links 
Yoma Bank Limited (Burmese: ရိုးမဘဏ်; Chinese: 祐瑪銀行; pinyin: Yòumǎ Yínháng) is one of Myanmar's (Burma) largest commercial banks. 
Foundation and first years 
Yoma Bank was founded in May 1993[3] by entrepreneur Serge Pun of the First Myanmar Investment Company (FMI). After receiving a full commercial banking license, Yoma Bank opened its first branch in August 1993.[4] Since 1996,Yoma Bank expanded and has become one of the largest private banks in Myanmar.[5] In 1999 Yoma was Myanmar’s first bank with a computerized accounting system and to use wireless communication to connect to all of its branches via satellite.[6] In 2001 Yoma Bank provided 41 branches in 24 cities.[7] 
Banking crisis 
After the Myanmar banking crisis in 2003, Yoma Bank’s license was limited,[8] stopping the bank from accepting deposits or issuing loans. Yoma Bank focused on fee-based services such as remittances.[5] 
Full operations 
Yoma Bank, Yangon 
In August 2012, the Central Bank of Myanmar reinstated Yoma Bank with a full banking license.[1] Yoma Bank Chairman Pun stated the goal for the future development of the bank is "to be of international standard [yet a] local bank.”[5] To accomplish this, Yoma Bank began employing foreign managers and returning Burmese from abroad[9] and focusing its service on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).[10] The International Finance Corporation (IFC), member of the World Bank Group, announced in May 2014 the long term plan to promote the Yoma Bank in its SME lending program with a loan of over $30 million.[11] 
In August 2014 Yoma Bank employed more than 2,200 employees in 51 branches.[1] After signing the contract with the IFC, the bank received the first $5 million for its SME program in September 2014. Additionally the IFC agreed to assist Yoma Bank with installing a new core banking system and improving the bank's risk management and corporate governance.[12] 
In November 2014 Yoma Bank and the telecommunications firm, Telenor Myanmar announced their cooperation to provide mobile banking to Myanmar.[13] The aim of the cooperation is to provide the non banked access to financial services.[14] 
For the transformation of their core banking system, Yoma Bank decided in March 2015, to utilize "FusionBanking Essence" software from the British provider Misys.[15] 
Because of Yoma Bank’s access to SMEs and international banking standards, the German development agency GIZ selected Yoma Bank in May of 2015 as a partner for its program to promote SMEs in Myanmar.[16] 
Aung Thu (Burmese: အောင်သူ; born 22 May 1996) is a footballer from Burma, and a Striker for the Myanmar U-19 national football team and Yadanarbon FC.He was born in Pyinmanar, Nay Pyi Taw. In 2009, he joined the Myanmar Football Academy in Mandalay.He had played for U-16 and now he is playing in U-19 football team. Aung Thu first appeared in national under 16 team that took part in 2011 AFF U-16 Youth Championship. 
Myanmar's 19-year-old promising striker,Aung Thu,is the product of Myanmar Football Academy(Mandalay). Born in Pyinmanar, middle Myanmar, he surprisingly represented Pyinmanar town at the age of 13 in U-19 Division Tournament and scored 3 goals.Later he was selected to attend the Myanmar Football Academy(Mandalay) and started his international career at U-16 tournament in 2011. In 2014, he scored a crucial deciding goal against U-19 Vietnam at the match of Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy tournament in Brunei and Myanmar was crowned champion for the first time. 
International goals 
Scores and results list Myanmar's goal tally first. 
Awards 
References 
External links 
Panorama of Huacachina Oasis, Peru 
Huacachina is a village in southwestern Peru, built around a small oasis surrounded by sand dunes. It is in the Ica Province, about five kilometers the city of Ica in the Ica District.[1] The oasis features on the back of the 50 Nuevo Sol note. Huacachina has a permanent population of around 100[2] although it hosts many tens of thousands of tourists each year. 
Huacachina is built around a small natural lake in the desert. Called the "oasis of America," it serves as a resort for local families from the nearby city of Ica, and increasingly as an attraction for tourists drawn by the sports of sandboarding and taking dune buggy rides on sand dunes that stretch several hundred feet high. 
Legend holds that the lagoon was created when a beautiful native princess was apprehended at her bath by a young hunter. She fled, leaving the pool of water she had been bathing in to become the lagoon. The folds of her mantle, streaming behind her as she ran, became the surrounding sand dunes. 
Private landowners near the oasis have installed wells, which has reduced the level of water in the oasis. To compensate for this water loss, and preserve the oasis as an aesthetically pleasing destination for tourists, the city began a process of artificially pumping water into the oasis.[4][5] 
References 
External links 
Yangon Circular Railway (Burmese: ရန်ကုန် မြို့ပတ် ရထား [jàɴɡòʊɴ mjo̰baʔ jətʰá]) is the local commuter rail network that serves the Yangon metropolitan area. Operated by Myanmar Railways, the 45.9-kilometre (28.5 mi) 39-station loop system connects satellite towns and suburban areas to the city. The railway has about 200 coaches, runs 20 times and sells 100,000 to 150,000 tickets daily.[1][2][3] The loop, which takes about three hours to complete, is a way to see a cross section of life in Yangon. 
The service hours are from 3:45 am to 10:15 pm daily. The cost of a ticket for a distance of 15 miles is two hundred kyats (~eighteen US cents), and that for over 15 miles is four hundred kyats (~37 US cents).[6] Tickets on air-conditioned trains are slightly more expensive (100 MMK) and are sold at all stations, In Yangon central station Platform 7 they are available in a little ticket office on the platform. 
History 
Yangon Circular Railway was built during colonial times by the British.[7] The double track railway was built in 1954.[8] 
In July 2011, the Ministry of Rail Transportation announced that it intended to privatize the Yangon Circular Railway, since the government-run system operates at a loss for the government, with monthly operating costs about 260 million kyats (US$325,000) and monthly revenues about 42 million kyats (US$52,500).[9] Ticket prices have been kept low because of ministry subsidies.[10] 
In December 2012, Japan International Cooperation Agency began its collaboration with Yangon City Development Committee to develop a master plan for the Greater Yangon region, including the issue of public transport.[11] 
Stations 
The loop network consists of 39 stations, linking various parts of Yangon. Map from train is shown to the right, with approximate location of stations. 
The loop begins from Yangon Central Railway Station to Mingaladon Railway Station near Yangon International Airport, via Insein to the west and Okkalapa in the east. 
The major stations are as follows:[12] 
Yangon Central Dagon University Danyingon Hlawga Insein Mingaladon Okhposu Paywetseikkon Thilawa Togyaunggalay Ywathagyi University of Computer Studies, Yangon 
Gallery 
References 
Yangon Circular Railway 
1 2 "The Irrawaddy News Magazine [Covering Burma and Southeast Asia]" . ↑ Khin Maung Soe (November 2006). 
The Irrawaddy. |access-date= requires |url= (help) 1 2 "Kandawmin Gardens- the tombs of prominent Burmese people" . 
ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. ↑ "MYANMAR: United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon prays for Myanmar reforms at mausoleum of Burmese former U.N. chief U Thant, before travelling to the capital Naypyitaw" . ↑ "The Irrawaddy News Magazine [Covering Burma and Southeast Asia]" . ↑ "Suu Kyi Pays Tribute to Her Mother" . ↑ "Peace Eludes U Thant" . 
Stop motion animation 
A clay animation scene from a Finnish television commercial 
Further reading 
External links 
2D animation 
A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain 
Computer animation 
3D animation 
3D terms 
Mechanical animation 
Other animation styles, techniques and approaches 
Production 
Criticism 
Awards 
See also 
Notes 
References 
Retrieved 20 July 2014. ↑ Thomas & Johnston 1981, pp. 277–279 ↑ Laybourne 1998, p. 203 ↑ White 2006, pp. 195–201 ↑ White 2006, p. 394 1 2 Culhane 1990, p. 296 1 2 Williams 2001, pp. 52–57 ↑ Solomon 1989, pp. 63–65 ↑ Beckerman 2003, p. 80. ↑ Culhane 1990, p. 71 ↑ Culhane 1990, pp. 194–195 ↑ Crafton 1993, p. 158 ↑ Laybourne 1998, pp. 163–164 ↑ Laybourne 1998, pp. 162–163 ↑ Beck 2004, pp. 18–19. 
Retrieved 9 March 2016. ↑ Parent 2007, pp. 22-23. ↑ Kenyon, Heather (February 1, 1998). 
"How'd They Do That?: Stop-Motion Secrets Revealed". 
Animation World Network. 
Retrieved 2 March 2016. ↑ Faber & Walters 2004, p. 1979 ↑ Pilling 1997, p. 222 ↑ Carbone, Ken (February 24, 2010). 
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and change[Note 1] by means of the rapid display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. 
Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a flip book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation and digital video. To display animation, a digital camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. 
Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures. Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24, 25, 30, or 60 frames per second. 
Reproduction of drawing on a pottery vessel found in Burnt City 
A phenakistoscope disc by Eadweard Muybridge (1893) 
Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion into a still drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are often depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.[1] 
An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5,200-year-old Burnt City in southeastern Iran, depicts what could possibly be the world's oldest example of animation.[2] The artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree.[3][4] 
Ancient Chinese records contain several mentions of devices that were said to "give an impression of movement" to human or animal figures,[5] these accounts are unclear and may only refer to the actual movement of the figures through space.[6] 
In the 19th century, the phenakistoscope (1832), zoetrope (1834) and praxinoscope (1877).[7] The common flip book were early animation devices that produced an illusion of movement from a series of sequential drawings, animation did not develop further until the advent of motion picture film and cinematography in the 1890s.[8] 
The cinématographe was a projector, printer, and camera in one machine that allowed moving pictures to be shown successfully on a screen which was invented by history's earliest film makers, Auguste and Louis Lumière, in 1894.[9] The first animated projection (screening) was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud,[10] who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888.[11] On 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris.[12] This film is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip. 
A projecting praxinoscope, 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene 
The first film that was recorded on standard picture film and included animated sequences was the 1900 Enchanted Drawing,[13] which was followed by the first entirely animated film - the 1906 Humorous Phases of Funny Faces by J. Stuart Blackton,[14] who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation. 
The first animated film created by using what came to be known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation - the 1908 Fantasmagorie by Émile Cohl 
Charlie in Turkey (1916), an animated film by Pat Sullivan for Keen Cartoon Corporation. 
In Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie.[15] The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, a wine bottle that transforms into a flower.[16] There were also sections of live action in which the animator's hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look.[15] 
The author of the first puppet-animated film (The Beautiful Lukanida (1912)) was the Russian-born (ethnically Polish) director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich.[17] 
More detailed hand-drawn animation, requiring a team of animators drawing each frame manually with detailed backgrounds and characters, were those directed by Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, including the 1911 Little Nemo, the 1914 Gertie the Dinosaur,[18] and the 1918 The Sinking of the Lusitania.[19] 
During the 1910s, the production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own and cartoon shorts were produced for showing in movie theaters. The most successful producer at the time was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.[20][21] 
El Apóstol (Spanish: "The Apostle") was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the world's first animated feature film.[22][23] Unfortunately, a fire that destroyed producer Frederico Valle's film studio incinerated the only known copy of El Apóstol, and it is now considered a lost film. 
Computer animation has become popular since Toy Story (1995), the first feature-length animated film completely made using this technique.[24] 
In 2008, the animation market was worth US$68.4 billion.[25] Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the mid-2010s, because well-made animated projects can find audiences across borders and in all four quadrants. Animated feature-length films returned the highest gross margins (around 52%) of all film genres in the 2004–2013 timeframe.[26] 
Techniques 
Traditional animation 
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th century photos 
The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels,[27] which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings.[28] The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film.[29] 
The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system.[30] Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects.[31] The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media with digital video. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years.[32] Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technologies. 
Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940),[33] Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and The Illusionist (British-French, 2010). Traditionally animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994), The Prince of Egypt (US, 1998), Akira (Japan, 1988),[34] Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), The Triplets of Belleville (France, 2003), and The Secret of Kells (Irish-French-Belgian, 2009). 
Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement,[35] having a smooth animation.[36] Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works those produced by the Walt Disney studio (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the Warner Bros. animation studio. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works, The Secret of NIMH (US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007). 
Limited animation involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or "skippy" movement animation. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing-Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and the anime produced in Japan. 
Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons). Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame.[37] The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings,[38] as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some other examples are: Fire and Ice (US, 1983), Heavy Metal (1981), and Aku no Hana (2013). 
The Red Hacker Alliance (中国红客联盟) is an informal group of Chinese hackers that at one time had over 80,000 members, making it one of the largest hacking groups in the world.[1] In December 2004, the group took down their website and became inactive until March 2005, when it regrouped and relaunched its site.[2] Computer World Australia and InformationWeek both reported that members of the Red Hacker Alliance were involved in a planned DDOS attack against CNN.com on April 19, 2008.[3][4] CNN reported that they took preventative measures after news broke of the impending attack.[5] 
A time zone is a region that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time. 
Most of the time zones on land are offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by a whole number of hours (UTC−12 to UTC+14), but a few are offset by 30 or 45 minutes (for example Newfoundland Standard Time is UTC−03:30, Nepal Standard Time is UTC+05:45, and Indian Standard Time is UTC+05:30). Some higher latitude countries use daylight saving time for part of the year, typically by changing clocks by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding nautical time zones. 
Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. 
Daylight saving time 
Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as "Summer Time") during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring" forward, "fall" back). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. 
Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect). 
Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[17] whereas the US version shows Eastern Time.[18] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. 
Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[19] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time. 
As of Java 8 new DATE TIME API is there that can help converting timezones. Java 8 Date Time 
Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.[22] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. 
While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database is updated whenever timezone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[23] 
As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[24] This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database.[25] 
History 
There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for daylight saving variations. 
The DateTime object supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.[26] 
The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone, and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.[27] As noted there, the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb. 
The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.[28] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. 
Before clocks were first invented, it was common practice to mark the time of day with apparent solar time (also called "true" solar time) – for example, the time on a sundial – which was typically different for every settlement. 
When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,[citation needed] each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) because of the non-circular shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun (Eccentricity) and the tilt of the Earth's axis (Obliquity). Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two averages to zero after a year. 
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established in 1675 when the Royal Observatory was built as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time when each city in England kept a different local time. 
Local solar time became increasingly awkward as rail transport and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by an amount corresponding to the difference in their geographical longitude, which varied by four minutes of time for every degree of longitude. For example, Bristol is about 2.5 degrees west of Greenwich (East London), so when it is solar noon in Bristol, it is about 10 minutes past solar noon in London.[1] The use of time zones accumulates these differences into longer units, usually hours, so that nearby locales can share a common standard for timekeeping. 
About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some old British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.[2] 
The improvement in worldwide communication further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places that adopted time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed. 
On November 2, 1868, the then-British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.[3] 
Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time. 
Worldwide time zones 
Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centered on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy.[7][8] 
In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable". 
By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some "standard offset" from GMT/UTC. 
Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. North Korea, Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Burma, Sri Lanka, the Marquesas, as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the Chatham Islands, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, most notably China and India, use a single time zone, even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude. 
Definition 
Until 1972 all time zones were specified as an offset from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which was the mean solar time at the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. Since 1972 all official time services have broadcast radio time signals synchronized to UTC, a form of atomic time that includes leap seconds to keep it within 0.9 seconds of this former GMT, now called UT1. Many countries now legally define their standard time relative to UTC, although some still legally refer to GMT, including the United Kingdom itself. 
Time zones are based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)[citation needed], the mean solar time at longitude 0° (the Prime Meridian). The time derived from atomic clocks is adjusted because the rate of rotation of the Earth is not constant. In January 1972 Coordinated Universal Time was introduced with the length of the second equal to the second of atomic time. 
Because the length of the average day is currently 0.002 seconds more than 24 hours of atomic time, leap seconds are periodically inserted into Coordinated Universal Time to make it approximate to UT1. Because the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, leap seconds will need to be added more frequently in the future. However, from one year to the next the rotation rate is slightly irregular, so leap seconds are not added unless observations of Earth's rotation show that one is needed. 
If the time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), add a "Z" directly after the time without a space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". 
UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is the ICAO spelling alphabet code word for "Z". 
So if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This is appended to the time in the same way that 'Z' was above. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, would be "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summer. 
Abbreviations 
Time zones are often represented by abbreviations such as "EST, WST, CST" but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is not recommended. Such designations can be ambiguous. For example, "ECT", could be interpreted as "Eastern Caribbean Time" (UTC−4h), "Ecuador Time" (UTC−5h) or "European Central Time" (UTC+1h). 
UTC±00:00 is the following time: 
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the basis for the world's civil time. Western European Time (Ireland, Portugal and UK). 
Western European Time (Northern Hemisphere winter only) 
Europe Alderney Canary Islands; observes European Union DST rules Faroe Islands Guernsey Herm Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Portugal (with the exception of the Azores, which use UTC−01 with DST) Sark United Kingdom (GMT / BST) Africa Morocco 
Summer Time (Northern Hemisphere summer only) 
Greenland - an eastern region around Ittoqqortoormiit (Scoresbysund) Portugal - the Azores only 
As standard time (all year round) 
The following is a list of places that use UTC as their standard time and do not observe Daylight saving time: 
West Africa 
Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Western Sahara 
Greenland northeastern Danmarkshavn and surrounding area Iceland Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha (to UK) 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica 
References 
The UTC offset is the difference in hours and minutes from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) for a particular place and date. It is generally shown in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh][mm], or ±[hh]. So if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the UTC offset would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". 
Daylight saving time 
Several regions in North America, Europe and Australia use daylight saving time (DST). The UTC offset during observation of DST is typically obtained by adding one hour to standard time. Central European Time UTC+01:00 is replaced by Central European Summer Time UTC+02:00, and Pacific Standard Time UTC-08:00 is replaced by Pacific Daylight Time UTC-07:00. 
See also 
ISO 8601 - international standard for representing dates and times. List of UTC time offsets 
External links 
References 
External links 
UTC+01:00 is a time offset that adds 1 hour to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). 
This time is used in: 
Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time British Summer Time Irish Standard Time Romance Standard Time (Microsoft Windows Control panel) Swatch Internet Time 
In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2016-04-28T00:16:28+01:00. 
Central European Time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
Western European Summer Time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
Alderney Faroe Islands Guernsey[3] Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Morocco Portugal – except Azores Sark Spain – Canary Islands only United Kingdom (GMT / BST) 
The Republic of Ireland[4] uses the term "standard time"[5] in reference to the summer months and "winter time" during what the rest of the time zone calls "standard time". This is the reverse of the practice of most countries in the EU, but provides the same end results. 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
Namibia[6] 
As standard time (all year round) 
Algeria Angola Benin[7] Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kwango Kwilu Mai-Ndombe Bas-Congo Équateur Nord-Ubangi Sud-Ubangi Mongala Tshuapa Kinshasa Equatorial Guinea Gabon Niger Nigeria Tunisia 
UTC+02:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +02. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2016-04-29T04:44:36+02:00. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
Europe 
Russia - Kaliningrad Time 
Central Africa Time 
Botswana Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern half) Kasai, Kasai-Central, Kasai-Oriental,Sankuru, Lomami, Haut-Katanga, Lualaba, Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Ituri, Haut-Uele, Bas-Uele, Tshopo, Sud-Kivu Lesotho Libya Rwanda Malawi Mozambique South Africa (SAST – South Africa Standard Time) Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe 
North Africa 
Egypt 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter only) 
Eastern European Time – Territories observing European Union DST rules 
Bulgaria Cyprus Estonia Finland (including Åland) Greece Latvia Lithuania Moldova Romania Turkey Ukraine 
Territories observing other DST rules 
Egypt (from 7 July onwards)[1] Israel Jordan Lebanon Palestinian territories Syria 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer only) 
Central European Summer Time 
Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Gibraltar (UK) Hungary Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway, including: Svalbard and Jan Mayen Poland San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain (except Canary Islands) Sweden Switzerland Vatican City 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer only) 
Namibia[2] 
References 
External links 
UTC+03:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +03. In areas using this time offset, the time is three hours later than the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Following the ISO 8601 standard, a time with this offset would be written as, for example, 2016-05-03T00:09:10+03:00 (boldface only here to be clear). 
Some areas in the world use UTC+03:00 all year, other areas only part of the year. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Europe 
Further-eastern European Time (FET) 
Most of European Russia, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov on Don, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land. From October 26, 2014 Moscow and most other parts of European Russia started using UTC+3 again, all year around. [1] 
Besides the names mentioned above, the name 'Eastern Europe Forward Time' (EEFT) is sometimes used. 
Russia - Moscow Time all railroad time in Russia, including railroad in Kaliningrad Oblast. 
East Africa Time 
Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mayotte (France) and Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (Bassas da India, Europa Island, Juan de Nova Island) Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda 
Arabia Standard Time 
Arabia Standard Time, or AST, is used by some countries in the Middle East. As this time zone is predominantly in the equatorial region, there is no significant change in day length throughout the year, so daylight saving time is not observed. Arabia Standard Time is used by the following countries:[2] 
Bahrain Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Yemen Qatar 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer only) 
Eastern European Summer Time - Territories observing European Union DST rules 
Bulgaria Cyprus (including Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) Estonia Finland (including Åland) Greece Latvia Lithuania Ukraine Moldova Romania Turkey 
Middle East - observing various DST rules 
Egypt (starting from 7 July)[3] Israel Jordan Lebanon Syria 
References 
Phnom Penh International Airport (IATA: PNH, ICAO: VDPP) (Khmer: អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិភ្នំពេញ French: Aéroport International de Phnom Penh), is the largest airport in Cambodia containing land area of 400 hectares. It is located 10 kilometres (5.4 NM) west of Phnom Penh, the nation's capital. 
History 
Phnom Penh airport's former name was Pochentong International Airport. 
On 6 July 1995, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) signed a concession agreement with the French–Malaysian joint venture company Société Concessionaire d'Aéroport (SCA), to operate Phnom Penh (PNH) – Pochentong International Airport. In return for a 20-year concession, SCA—70 percent owned by Groupe GTM and 30 percent by Muhibbah Masterron of Malaysia—committed to a $100 million improvement program that includes the construction of a new runway, terminal and cargo buildings, hangars, installation of a Cat III level Instrument Landing System (ILS) and associated approach lighting. 
Facilities 
The airport is at an elevation of 40 feet (12 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 05/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,000 by 50 metres (9,840 ft × 160 ft).[1][2] 
The airport has two terminal buildings – one for international and one for domestic operations. Recently, it added a new facility for VIP service. The international terminal has 5 airbridges built in 2003. 
Future development 
Cambodia Airports group plan to extend the Phnom Penh international airport passenger terminal building and increase the capacity of passenger visits and transit through this destination up to 3 million per year in the future. The construction started in 2013 and is expected to finish by late 2015. 
Airlines and destinations 
Cambodia national air carrier Cambodia Angkor Air at Phnom Penh International Airport. 
Passenger 
25 airlines are served by Phnom Penh International Airport with 20 destinations. 
Cargo 
Statistics 
Statistics for Phnom Penh International Airport[8][9] Year Total passengers Total aircraft movements 1998 600,000 6,000 1999 700,000 8,000 2000 800,000 9,000 2001 900,000 17,000 2002 900,000 18,000 2003 900,000 16,000 2004 1,200,000 18,000 2005 1,081,745 17,035 2006 1,322,267 19,282 2007 1,598,424 20,881 2008 1,691,870 20,383 2009 1,587,986 20,352 2010 1,673,421 20,156 2011 1,839,892 21,365 2012 2,077,282 22,534 2013 2,393,680 26,583 2014 2,665,894 27,936 2015 3,079,068 31,409 
Phnom Penh International Airport 
International terminal profile 
Total capacity: 2 million passengers Surface: 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft) Waiting lounges: 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) VIP Lounge: 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) Food & Beverage: 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) Duty Free: 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft) Seat capacity: 500 Check-in counters: 20 Visa, Immigration and Customs counters: 20 Number of gates: 5 with airbridges, 10 with bus access Baggage conveyors: 5 (International) Car parking: 500 
Domestic terminal profile 
Departure side 
Handling capacity Domestic Departures Terminal: 1000 passengers per hour. Floor surface Boarding gates 
Arrival side (open space concept) 
Floor surface Garden Total capacity: 1 million passengers/year 
UTC+06:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +06:30. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
Southeast Asia 
Myanmar - Myanmar Standard Time 
Indian Ocean 
External links 
UTC+04:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +04. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2016-05-03T02:00:49+04:00. This time is used in: 
Persian Gulf Standard Time uses UTC+04. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Eastern Europe 
Russia - Samara Time 
Western Asia 
Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan Time Georgia - Time in Georgia Georgia moved from zone UTC+04 to UTC+03 on June 27, 2004,[1] then back to UTC+04 on March 27, 2005 Armenia[2] United Arab Emirates - United Arab Emirates Standard Time Oman 
Africa 
Seychelles[3] - Seychelles Time Mauritius - Mauritius Time Mauritius tried DST in 2008 but decided not to continue[4] Réunion (France) - Time in France 
References 
UTC+04:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +04:30. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
Central Asia 
Afghanistan - Time in Afghanistan 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
Middle East 
Iran - Iran Daylight Time (IRDT) 
UTC+05:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:00. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Yekaterinburg Time 
Central Asia 
Kazakhstan (western part) - Time in Kazakhstan Aktobe Region, Atyrau Region, Mangystau Region, West Kazakhstan Region Uzbekistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan 
South Asia 
Pakistan - Pakistan Standard Time 
Indian Ocean 
Maldives France - Time in France French Southern and Antarctic Lands Australia - Time in Australia Heard and MacDonald Islands 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica. 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer only) 
Eastern Europe 
Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan Summer Time 
External links 
UTC+03:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +03:30. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2016-05-03T01:43:57+03:30. This time is only used in Iran. 
As standard time - Northern Hemisphere winter 
South Asia 
Iran - Iran Standard Time (IRST) 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+03:30 
UTC+05:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:30. This time is used in India[1] and Sri Lanka.[2] It is 5 and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. 
As standard time (all year round) 
South Asia 
India (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai) - Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Standard Time 
References 
UTC+05:45 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:45. This time is used in Nepal. 
As standard time (all year round) 
South Asia 
Nepal - Nepal Time since 1986 This is an approximation of Kathmandu mean time, which is 5:41:16 ahead of UTC. 
UTC+06:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +06:00. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Omsk Time 
Central Asia 
Kazakhstan - Time in Kazakhstan most of country (including Astana and Almaty) Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyzstan Time 
East Asia 
China - Xinjiang (unofficially, see Time in China) 
South Asia 
Bhutan - Bhutan Time Bangladesh previously used this as standard time and UTC+07:00 as daylight saving time in 2009 British Indian Ocean Territory including Chagos Archipelago and Diego Garcia 
UTC+07:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +07:00. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2016-05-03T05:08:45+07:00. 
Also known as Indochina Time (ICT), it is used in: 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
East Asia 
It is considered the westernmost time zone in East Asia. 
Mongolia (western part) - Time in Mongolia Western part including Hovd[1] 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Krasnoyarsk Time 
Southeast Asia 
Vietnam - Standard Time Laos Cambodia Thailand - Thailand Standard Time Indonesia - Indonesia Western Time Central Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra, West Kalimantan Australia - Christmas Island Time Christmas Island 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica. 
Discrepancies between official UTC+07 and geographical UTC+07 
Since legal, political and economic in addition to physical or geographical criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, it follows that official time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The UTC+07 time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 97°30′ E and 112°30′ E. As a result, there are Asian locales that despite lying in an area with a "physical" UTC+07 time, actually use another time zone. Conversely, there are Asian areas that have gone for UTC+07, even though their "physical" time zone is UTC+06 (westernmost part of Indonesia). 
Areas located within UTC+07 longitudes using other time zones 
This concerns areas within 97°30′ E to 112°30′ E longitude. 
Using UTC+06:30 
A part of Myanmar 
Using UTC+08 
Many parts of China, including for example Guangxi Province and Hainan Island Most of central Mongolia including the capital Ulaanbaatar Peninsular Malaysia Western part of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo including Kuching Singapore 
Areas located outside UTC+07 longitudes using UTC+07 time 
Areas between 82°30′ W and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+06) 
Areas between 102°30′ W and 117°30′ E ("physical" UTC+08) 
References 
External links 
Asian time zones 
UTC+08:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +08:00. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2016-05-03T06:04:12+08:00. 
With an estimated population of 1.708 billion living within the time zone, roughly 24% of the world population, it is the most populous time zone in world, as well as a possible candidate for ASEAN Common Time. 
This time zone is used in all Chinese-speaking countries, giving international Chinese websites the same time. 
The southern-half of Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) was formerly part of this time zone prior to the communist takeover of the South on April 30, 1975, making it 1 hour ahead of North Vietnam. After 1975, the whole country came under the North Vietnamese time zone, UTC+07:00. 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
East Asia 
Mongolia (most of the country) - Time in Mongolia 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
East Asia 
Mongolia (western part) - Time in Mongolia Western part including Hovd[1] 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Irkutsk Time 
East Asia 
China (Mainland) - China Standard Time (Beijing Time) Hong Kong - Hong Kong Time (Hong Kong Standard Time) Macau - Macau Time (Macau Standard Time) Taiwan - National Standard Time 
Southeast Asia 
Philippines - Philippine Standard Time Brunei - Brunei Darussalam Standard Time Malaysia - Malaysia Standard Time Singapore - Singapore Standard Time Indonesia (Central areas) - Indonesia Central Time East and South Kalimantan Lesser Sunda Islands Sulawesi 
Oceania 
Australia - Western Standard Time (AWST) Western Australia 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica. 
Discrepancies between official UTC+08 and geographical UTC+08 
Areas located within UTC+08 longitudes using other time zones 
This concerns areas within 112°30′ E to 127°30′ E longitude. 
Areas located outside UTC+08 longitudes using UTC+08 time 
Areas between 127°30′ E and 142°30′ E ("physical" UTC+09) 
Areas between 97°30′ E and 112°30′ E ("physical" UTC+07) 
Areas between 82°30′ E and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+06) 
Areas between 67°30′ E and 82°30′ E ("physical" UTC+05) 
References 
External links 
History of Hong Kong Time Service 
UTC+08:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +08:30. This time is used in: 
UTC+08:30 was used for Changpai Time Zone in the Republic of China. 
UTC+08:30 was Standard Time of South Korea from 1954 to 1961.[1] 
On 15 August 2015, North Korea replaced Korea Standard Time by adopting Pyongyang Time, which is UTC+08:30. 
As standard time (all year round) 
East Asia 
North Korea - Pyongyang Standard Time 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+08:30 
UTC+09:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +09. 
During Japan occupations (of Borneo, Burma, Hong Kong, Dutch East Indies, Malaya, Philippines, Singapore, and French Indochina), it was used as a common time with Tokyo until the fall of Empire of Japan. 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
East Asia 
Mongolia (most of the country) - Time in Mongolia 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Yakutsk Time 
East Asia 
Japan - Japan Standard Time South Korea - Korea Standard Time 
Oceania 
Palau 
Southeast Asia 
Indonesia (eastern) - Indonesia Eastern Time Moluccas Papua and West Papua (Indonesian New Guinea) East Timor - Time in East Timor 
References 
UTC+09:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +09:30. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
Australia - Central Standard Time (ACST) Northern Territory[1] 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
Oceania 
Australia - Central Standard Time (ACST) New South Wales - Yancowinna County (including Broken Hill)[1] South Australia[1] 
References 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+09:30 
UTC+10:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +10. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Vladivostok Time 
Oceania 
United States - Chamorro Time Zone Guam (territory) Northern Mariana Islands (commonwealth) Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk, Yap and surrounding area Papua New Guinea Australia - Eastern Standard Time (AEST) Queensland 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica. 
As standard time (Southern hemisphere winter only) 
Oceania 
Australia - Eastern Standard Time (AEST) Australian Capital Territory New South Wales (except Broken Hill and Lord Howe Island) Tasmania Victoria 
References 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+10 
UTC+10:30 is an identifier for a +10:30 time offset from UTC. This time is used in: 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
Oceania 
Australia Lord Howe Island 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) 
Oceania 
Australia - Central Daylight Time (ACDT) New South Wales - Broken Hill only South Australia 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+10:30 
UTC+11:00 is an identifier for a +11 hour time offset from UTC. This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Srednekolymsk Time 
Oceania 
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae, Pohnpei and surrounding area New Caledonia Norfolk Island[1] Solomon Islands Vanuatu 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) 
Oceania 
Australia - Eastern Daylight Time (AEDT) Australian Capital Territory New South Wales (except Broken Hill; but including Lord Howe Island, which is UTC+10:30 in winter) Tasmania Victoria 
References 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+11 
UTC+11:30 is an identifier for a +11:30 hour time offset from UTC. This timezone has been used as standard time in Norfolk Island and New Zealand, but is no longer used as a time zone anywhere. 
Historical use 
It was based on the longitude 172° 30' East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time (NZMT).[1] Today this would be around the same zone covered by UTC+11:30. New Zealand changed from NZMT to New Zealand Standard Time (NZST) as GMT+1200 in 1946 (after using this timezone as a daylight saving time since 1928, including permanent daylight saving from 1941).[2] It was officially changed to 12 hours in advance of UTC in 1974.[3] 
Norfolk Island's standard time (NFT) was on UTC+11:30 until 4 October 2015, when it was changed to UTC+11:00.[4] 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+11:30 
References 
UTC+12:00 is an identifier for a +12 hour time offset from UTC. 
As standard time (all year round) 
North Asia 
Russia - Kamchatka Time Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Kamchatka Krai 
Oceania 
Wake Island (US) - Time in the United States[1] Marshall Islands[1] Kiribati Gilbert Islands and Banaba Nauru[1] Tuvalu[1] Wallis and Futuna (France) - Time in France[1] 
As standard time (winter in Southern Hemisphere) 
Oceania 
Fiji New Zealand (except for the Chatham Islands) - New Zealand Standard Time 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica, including McMurdo and South Pole. See also Time in Antarctica. 
Historical changes 
References 
UTC+12:45 is an identifier for a +12:45 time offset from UTC. 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
Oceania 
New Zealand - Chatham Standard Time Chatham Islands 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+12:45 
UTC+13:00 is an identifier for a +13 hour time offset from UTC. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
Kiribati Phoenix Islands (only Kanton Island is inhabited) (Phoenix Islands Time) Tokelau - Time in Tokelau[1] Tonga 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
Oceania 
Samoa[2][3] - Time in Samoa 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) 
Oceania 
Fiji New Zealand - New Zealand Daylight Time 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica, in particular South Pole and McMurdo Station. These places are the first in the world to see the sun at New Year, since the sun is up at midnight at that time of the year. 
History 
The Republic of Kiribati introduced a change for its eastern half on 1 January 1995, from time zones −11 and −10 to +13 and +14, to avoid having the country divided by the International Date Line. 
Tonga has been on UTC+13 for many years. Daylight saving time was used in the southern summer seasons from 1999 to 2002.[4] 
UTC+13 was used as a daylight time (summer in Northern Hemisphere) in the parts of very eastern Russia (Chukotka and Kamchatka) that used the former Kamchatka Time. Since March 2010 these regions have switched to using Magadan Time instead. 
References 
UTC+14:00 is an identifier for a +14 hour time offset from UTC. This is the highest time zone, meaning that areas in this zone are the first to see a new day, and therefore the first to celebrate a New Year. 
UTC+14 stretches as far as 30° east of the 180° longitude line and creates a large fold in the International Date Line. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
Kiribati Line Islands - including Kiritimati (Christmas Island) The IANA time zone database zone identifier is Pacific/Kiritimati. 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) 
Oceania 
Samoa - Time in Samoa 
History 
References 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC+14 
UTC−01:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of −01. This time is used in: 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Greenland Eastern Greenland (Ittoqqortoormiit and surrounding area – observes European Union DST rules) 
Atlantic Ocean 
Portugal Azores since 1966, except in 1992–1993 winter (WET/UTC+00:00 used instead) 
As standard time (all year round) 
Atlantic Ocean 
Cape Verde 
UTC−02:00 is a time offset that subtracts 2 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
Greenland - West Greenland Time most of island, including south, west and northwest coasts, including Qaanaaq (except Thule Air Base) [1] - observes European Union DST rules Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) - observes North American DST rules - sometimes called PMST, Pierre & Miquelon Standard Time 
As standard time (all year round) 
Atlantic Ocean 
Brazil Atlantic Islands - Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, etc. 
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) 
South America 
Brazil Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo 
Reference 
UTC−03: Blue (January), Orange (July), Yellow (all year round), Light Blue UTC−03:00 is a time offset that subtracts 3 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Greenland - West Greenland Time most of island, including south, west and northwest coasts, including Qaanaaq (except Thule Air Base) - observes European Union DST rules Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) - observes North American DST rules - sometimes called PMST, Pierre & Miquelon Standard Time 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
Greenland - Atlantic Time Zone Thule Air Base - observes North American DST rules Canada - Atlantic Time Zone Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Labrador except the southeastern tip south of Black Tickle, and the easternmost portions of Quebec Bermuda (UK) 
As standard time (all year round) 
South America 
Suriname French Guiana Brazil - Northern and Northeastern States Alagoas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe, Tocantins Argentina Chile mainland Falkland Islands Uruguay 
Antarctica 
Some bases on the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands. See also Time in Antarctica 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
South America 
Brazil - Southern, Southeastern States Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo 
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) 
South America 
Brazil - Southwestern States Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul Paraguay 
Antarctica 
Some bases on the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands. See also Time in Antarctica 
Places using UTC−03:00, located outside the 45°W ± 7.5° range 
Qaanaaq, Greenland (69°13′W corresponding to UTC-04:37) Upernavik, Greenland (56°08′W corresponding to UTC-03:44) Kulusuk, Greenland (37°11′W corresponding to UTC-02:28) Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (56°12′W corresponding to UTC-03:44) Paramaribo, Suriname (55°10′W corresponding to UTC-03:40) Recife, Brazil (34°54′W corresponding to UTC-02:19) Buenos Aires, Argentina (58°22′W corresponding to UTC-03:53) El Chaltén, Argentina (72°53′W corresponding to UTC-04:51) 
References 
UTC−03:30 is a time offset that subtracts 3 1/2 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It is used in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador as Newfoundland Time Zone.[1] 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Canada - Newfoundland Time Zone Labrador (southeastern), Newfoundland 
References 
External links 
Find cities currently in UTC−03:30 
Production 
Sons of Anarchy is an American crime drama television series created by Kurt Sutter. It follows the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming, a fictional town in California's Central Valley. The show stars Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller, initially the vice president of the club, who begins questioning the club and himself. 
Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 3, 2008, on cable network FX. The series' third season attracted an average of 4.9 million viewers per week, making it FX's highest rated series ever, surpassing FX's other hits The Shield, Nip/Tuck, and Rescue Me. The season 4 and 5 premieres were the two highest-rated telecasts in FX's history.[1] 
Series overview 
Each season involves two parallel plot lines that intertwine and overlap: the first centers on the personal life of Jackson "Jax" Teller (Charlie Hunnam) and his immediate family while the second deals with SAMCRO (Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original). 
Season 1 (2008) 
Jax's mother, Gemma (Katey Sagal), visits Wendy in the hospital and tells her she will kill her if Wendy attempts to gain custody of Abel. Since Wendy took drugs during pregnancy, Gemma would see to it that the baby "will never call you mommy". A broken-hearted Wendy overdoses on crystal meth, given to her in a needle stashed in a bible, by Gemma when she visits her in the hospital after the birth. 
Main 
UTC−04:00 is a time offset that subtracts 4 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It is observed in the Eastern Time Zone (e.g., Canada and the United States) during the warm months of daylight saving time. The Atlantic Time Zone observes it during standard time (cold months). 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Greenland (Denmark) - Atlantic Time Zone Thule Air Base (observes United States daylight saving time rules) Canada - Atlantic Time Zone all of New Brunswick (legally offset from GMT[1]), Nova Scotia (legally offset from GMT[2]), Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador - most of Labrador Bermuda (UK) - Atlantic Time Zone 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
Canada - Eastern Time Zone Nunavut (eastern), most of Ontario and most of Quebec United States - Eastern Time Zone All of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia Most of Florida, Indiana, Michigan Eastern parts of Kentucky, Tennessee Unofficial use in several communities in Russell County, Alabama, including Phenix City. 
Caribbean 
Bahamas Cuba Haiti Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) 
As standard time (all year round) 
North America 
Canada Quebec (east of the 63°W longitude) 
Eastern Caribbean 
Anguilla (UK) Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Montserrat (UK) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago British Virgin Islands (UK) 
US territories 
Puerto Rico (US) U.S. Virgin Islands (US) 
Other Caribbean 
Aruba (Netherlands) Curaçao (Netherlands) Dominican Republic Guadeloupe (France) Martinique (France) Sint Maarten (Netherlands) 
South America 
Bolivia Brazil Amazonas (except southwestern portion), Rondônia, Roraima[3][4] Guyana Venezuela[5] 
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) 
South America 
Brazil Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul[3][4] Falkland Islands Paraguay 
Antarctica 
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica 
References 
UTC−05:00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, and in the Central Time Zone during the other eight months (see Daylight saving time). The western Caribbean uses it year round. 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Canada - Eastern Time Zone Nunavut (eastern), most of Ontario and most of Quebec United States - Eastern Time Zone All of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia Most of Florida, Indiana, and Michigan Eastern parts of Kentucky and Tennessee Unofficial use in several communities in Russell County, Alabama, including Phenix City. 
Caribbean 
The Bahamas Turks and Caicos Islands Cuba 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
Canada - Central Time Zone Manitoba, Nunavut (central), Ontario (western) United States - Central Time Zone All of Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin Most of Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas Western portions of Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, and Michigan Mexico - Central Zone Central and eastern areas (most of country except Quintana Roo). In most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U.S. border that observe Central Time follow the U.S. daylight time schedule. 
Standard time all year round 
North America 
Canada - Eastern Time Zone Southampton Island only Mexico - Southeast zone Quintana Roo 
Caribbean 
Cayman Islands (UK) Jamaica Haiti 
Central and South America 
Panama Colombia Ecuador mainland, excluding Galápagos Peru - Time in Peru Brazil Acre and southwestern part of Amazonas state, around Eirunepé Chile Easter Island 
References 
UTC−06:00 is a time offset that subtracts 6 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In North America, it is observed in the Central Time Zone during standard time, and in the Mountain Time Zone during the other 8 months (see Daylight saving time). Several Latin American countries and a few other places use it year round. 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
CST is standard time in the 6th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 90th meridian; used in North America in some parts of Canada, Mexico and the United States.[1] 
Canada - Central Time Zone Manitoba Nunavut (central) Ontario (western) United States - Central Time Zone Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Wisconsin, Oklahoma most of Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, most of Tennessee, most of Texas western portions of Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan small portions of Indiana Mexico - Central Zone All of the states, plus the Federal District 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
Canada - Mountain Time Zone Alberta British Columbia (southeastern region) Northwest Territories (most of territory) Nunavut (western) Saskatchewan – only Lloydminster and surrounding area United States - Mountain Time Zone Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming Navajo Nation, extending into Arizona Most of Idaho (southern section) Western parts of Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas Southwestern parts of North Dakota Small parts in east of Oregon and Nevada Mexico - Pacific Zone Baja California Sur Chihuahua Nayarit (most of state) Sinaloa 
As standard time (all year round) 
North America 
Canada Saskatchewan (except Lloydminster and surrounding area) 
Central America 
Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua 
East Pacific 
Ecuador Galápagos Province 
References 
UTC−07:00 is a time offset that subtracts 7 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In North America, it is observed in the Mountain Time Zone during standard time, and in the Pacific Time Zone during the other 8 months (see Daylight saving time). A few places use it year round. 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Canada - Mountain Time Zone Alberta British Columbia (southeastern region) Northwest Territories (most of territory) Nunavut (western) Saskatchewan - only Lloydminster and surrounding area United States - Mountain Time Zone All of Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming All of Navajo Nation, extending into Arizona Most of Idaho (southern section) Western parts of Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Texas Southwestern parts of North Dakota Small parts in east of Oregon and Nevada Mexico - Pacific Zone Baja California Sur Chihuahua (adopted UTC−07 in 1998) Nayarit (most of state) Sinaloa 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
Canada - Pacific Time Zone British Columbia (most of province) Yukon United States - Pacific Time Zone All of California and Washington Most of Nevada and Oregon Northern section of Idaho Mexico - Northwest Zone Baja California 
As standard time (all year round) 
North America 
Canada - Mountain Time Zone The portion of the Peace River Valley in British Columbia United States - Mountain Time Zone Arizona, except the Arizona Navajo Nation, which does observe DST Mexico - Pacific Zone Sonora Revillagigedo Islands except Clarion Island 
An assortment of caryopses 
In botany, a caryopsis (plural caryopses) is a type of simple dry fruit — one that is monocarpellate (formed from a single carpel) and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) [1] and resembles an achene, except that in a caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat. 
The caryopsis is popularly called a grain and is the fruit typical of the family Poaceae (or Gramineae), which includes wheat, rice, and corn.[2] 
The term grain is also used in a more general sense as synonymous with cereal (as in "cereal grains", which include some non-Poaceae). Considering that the fruit wall and the seed are intimately fused into a single unit, and the caryopsis or grain is a dry fruit, little concern is given to technically separating the terms "fruit" and "seed" in these plant structures. In many grains, the "hulls" to be separated before processing are actually flower bracts. 
Wheat spikelet with the three anthers sticking out. 
Caryopsis cross-section 
References 
The hypocotyl (short for "hypocotyledonous stem",[1] meaning "below seed leaf") is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root). 
Dicots 
As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root and penetrates down into the soil. After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons) and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves. The hypocotyl is the primary organ of extension of the young plant and develops into the stem. 
Monocots 
The early development of a monocot seedling like cereals and other grasses is somewhat different. A structure called the coleoptile, essentially a part of the cotyledon, protects the young stem and plumule as growth pushes them up through the soil. A mesocotyl—that part of the young plant that lies between the seed (which remains buried) and the plumule—extends the shoot up to the soil surface, where secondary roots develop from just beneath the plumule. 
Not all monocots develop like the grasses. The onion develops in a manner similar to the first sequence described above, the seed coat and endosperm (stored food reserve) pulled upwards as the cotyledon extends. Later, the first true leaf grows from the node between the radicle and the sheath-like cotyledon, breaking through the cotyledon to grow past it. 
Storage organ 
In some plants, the hypocotyl becomes enlarged as a storage organ. Examples include cyclamen, gloxinia and celeriac. In cyclamen, this storage organ is called a tuber. 
Epicotyl Monocotyledon Dicotyledon 
UTC−08:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of −08. This time is used in: 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
Canada - Pacific Time Zone British Columbia (most of province) Yukon United States - Pacific Time Zone California Idaho (northern section) Nevada (most of state) Oregon (most of state) Washington Mexico - Northwest Zone Baja California 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
United States - Alaska Time Zone Alaska (except for Aleutian Islands) 
As standard time (all year round) 
North America 
Canada - Pacific Time Zone Northwest Territories Tungsten and the associated Cantung Minemafe 
Oceania 
UTC−09:00 is a time offset that subtracts 9 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). This time is used in: 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
United States - Alaska Time Zone Alaska (except for the Aleutian Islands lying west of −169.5° (169°30' W) longitude) Samalga Island, at longitude 169°12′W, is the westernmost area of Alaska that observes UTC−9, but is far west of the theoretical zone limits (−142.5° to -127.5° longitude). 
As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) 
North America 
United States - Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone Aleutian Islands 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
UTC−09:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of −09:30. This time is used in French Polynesia. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands 
It grows rapidly showing hypogeal germination and extends the stem above the soil surface. Epicotyls also form a hook during hypogeal germination. The epicotyl will expand and form the shoot apex and leaf primordia or "first true leaves"; but the cotyledon will stay below the ground. 
In most plants the epicotyl will eventually develop into the leaves of the plant. In dicots, the hypocotyl is what appears to be the base stem under the spent withered cotyledons, and the shoot just above that is the epicotyl. In monocot plants, the first shoot that emerges from the ground or from the seed is the epicotyl, from which the first shoots and leaves emerge. 
Lengthening of the epicotyl is thought to be controlled by the phytochrome photoreceptors. 
See also 
Hypocotyl 
UTC−10:00 is a time offset that subtracts 10 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). This time is used in: Hawaii, Alaska, French Polynesia and Cook islands (CKT[1]) 
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) 
North America 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
United States - Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone Hawaii Johnston Atoll New Zealand Cook Islands French Polynesia Society Islands including Tahiti Tuamotu Archipelago Austral and Bass Islands 
References 
UTC−11:00 is a time offset that subtracts 11 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). This time is used in: 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
UTC−12:00 is a time offset that subtracts 12 hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Therefore the last to celebrate a New Year. 
As standard time (all year round) 
Oceania 
United States Baker Island and Howland Island (uninhabited islands belonging to the United States) 
UTC−12 is a nautical time zone comprising the high seas between 180° and 172°30′W longitude. Subtract twelve hours from Coordinated Universal Time to obtain the time for this zone. Ships using this time are the last to begin each calendar day. 
References 
Guite (Burmese: ဂွေးတဲ) is the name of a major family-group among the so-called Zomi, known as Kuki alias Mizos in India and also as Chins in Myanmar (Burma). Depending on local pronunciation, the clan was also called differently such as Nguite,[1] Vuite,[2] and was also recorded even as Gwete,[3] Gwite,[4] Nwite.[5] In accord with the claim of their solar origin, the Guite clan has been called nampi, meaning noble or major or even dominant people, of the region in local dialect in the past.[6] 
Gokhothang, Raja (c. 
1821–1872) was a powerful prince from the noble Guite family of the so-called Zomi, also known as Chins in Myanmar (Burma) and Paite in India.[1] He was known as the then leader of all Zo people as Carey and Tuck also noted him as the Yo (correct Zo people) Chief of Mwelpi (correct Mualpi).[2] According to his documentary video presentation released in 2006, he was born in Tedim-Lamzang of present Chin State (Myanmar-Burma), one of the then political centers of the Guite dynasty. He succeeded his father, his lordship Prince Mang Suum II, in 1855, and moved the capital to fortified city of Mualpi of present Tonzang township of Chin State. 
54 University Avenue is a house in Bahan Township, Yangon. It is the residence of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician and incumbent State Counsellor of Myanmar. The house is situated on the University Avenue Road, adjacent to Inya Lake. 
History 
In 1953, following the death of her elder brother, Aung San Suu Kyi, her mother Khin Kyi and her eldest brother Aung San Oo moved from their house on Tower Lane, near Kandawgyi Lake to this colonial-era villa facing Inya Lake, on University Avenue Road.[1] 
Political significance 
A meeting in the dining room 
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Aung San Suu Kyi on the east lawn in 2011 
Aung San Suu Kyi met people of various backgrounds, political views and religions in the house during 1988 uprisings. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010 in the house. 
On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of the house to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks during the Saffron revolution.[2] 
On 2 May 2008, after the Cyclone Nargis, the roof of the house was damaged and Aung San Suu Kyi lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity. She used candles at night as she was not provided any generator set. The house was renovated in August 2009.[3] 
On 4 May 2009, an American citizen John Yettaw trespassed the house two weeks before her scheduled release from house arrest on 27 May.[4][5][6] It is illegal in Myanmar to have a guest stay overnight at one's home without notifying the authorities first.[7] This illegal visit prompted Aung San Suu Kyi's arrest on 13 May 2009 and sentenced to eighteen months of house arrest, which effectively meant that she was unable to participate in the 2010 elections. 
On 13 November 2010, she waved from behind the gate of the house to her supporters who rushed to the house when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces, celebrating the end of her house arrest.[8] 
Ownership lawsuit 
Portrayal in film 
References 
Postpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth.[1] Some have added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume for the condition to exist.[2] Signs and symptoms may initially include: an increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, and an increased breath rate.[3] As more blood is lost the women may feel cold, their blood pressure may drop, and they may become restless or unconscious.[3] The condition can occur up to six weeks following delivery.[2] 
Not all of the placenta being delivered, a tear of the uterus, or poor blood clotting are other possible causes. It occurs more commonly in those who: already have a low amount of red blood, are Asian, with bigger or more than one baby, are obese or are older than 40 years of age. It also occurs more commonly following caesarean sections, those in whom medications are used to start labor, and those who have an episiotomy.[1] 
Prevention involves decreasing known risk factors including if possible procedures associated with the condition and giving the medication oxytocin to stimulate the uterus to contract shortly after the baby is born. Misoprostol may be used instead of oxytocin in resource poor settings. Treatments may include: intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, and the medication ergotamine to cause further uterine contraction. 
In the developing world about 1.2% of deliveries are associated with PPH and when PPH occurred about 3% of women died.[1] Globally it results in 44,000 to 86,000 deaths per year making it the leading cause of death during pregnancy.[1][4] About 0.4 women per 100,000 deliveries die from PPH in the United Kingdom while about 150 women per 100,000 deliveries die in sub-Saharan Africa. Rates of death have decreased substantially since at least the late 1800s in the United Kingdom.[1] 
Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force/RTT/Simple postpartum hemorrhage 
Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when, even though the uterus is contracting normally, the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth due to being physically blocked.[1] Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. It increases the risk of the mother getting an infection, having uterine rupture, or having post-partum bleeding.[2] Long term complications for the mother include obstetrical fistula. Obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour, when the active phase of labour is longer than twelve hours.[1] 
The main causes of obstructed labour include: a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia were the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone.[1] Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency.[3] It is also more common in adolescence as the pelvis may not have finished growing.[2] Problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors.[1] A partograph is often used to track labour progression and diagnose problems.[2] This combined with physical examination may identify obstructed labour.[4] 
The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. Other measures include: keeping the women hydrated and antibiotics if the membranes have been ruptured for more than 18 hours.[5] In Africa and Asia obstructed labor effects between two and five percent of deliveries.[6] In 2013 about 5.1 cases of obstructed labour occurred.[7] This resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy).[1][8] Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world.[2] 
References 
This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia. It includes titles Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, Grand Prince of Vladimir, Grand Prince of Moscow, Tsar of All Rus', and Emperor of All Russia. The list started with a semi-legendary Prince of Novgorod Rurik sometime in the mid 9th century (862) and ended with the Emperor of All Russia Nicholas II who abdicated in 1917, and was executed with his family in 1918. 
The vast territory known today as Russia covers an area that has been known historically by various names, including Rus', Kievan Rus',[1][2] the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Russian Empire, and the sovereigns of these many nations and throughout their histories have used likewise as wide a range of titles in their positions as chief magistrates of a country. Some of the earliest titles include Kniaz and Velikiy Kniaz, which mean "Prince" and "Great Prince" respectively but are often rendered as "Duke" and "Grand Duke" in Western literature; then the title of Tsar, meaning "Caesar", which was disputed to be the equal of either a king or emperor; finally culminating in the title of Emperor. The full title of the Russian Emperors, according to Article 59 of the 1906 Russian Constitution, was given as: 
Princes of Rus', 862–1547 
By the 12th century, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir became the dominant principality, adding its name to those of Novgorod and Kiev, culminating with the rule of Alexander Nevsky. After Alexander Nevsky, the region once again broke up into petty states, though the Grand Duchy of Moscow, founded by Alexander Nevsky's youngest son Daniel, began to consolidate control over the entire Russian territory in the 15th century. Following the Mongol conquests of the 13th century, all of the Russian principalities paid tribute to the Golden Horde, effectively operating as vassals of the Mongol state. 
Princes of Novgorod 
Grand Princes of Kiev 
List of Russian rulers 
Grand Princes of Vladimir 
The state of Vladimir-Suzdal (formally the Grand Duchy of Vladimir) became dominant among the various petty principalities to form from the dissolution of the Kievan Rus' state; the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir became one of the three titles (along with Kiev and Novgorod) possessed by the most important rulers among the Russian nobility. While Vladimir enjoyed hegemony for a time, it too would disintegrate into a series of petty states, the most important of which became Grand Duchy of Moscow, which itself would eventually evolve into the Tsardom of Russia. 
After 1331, the title of the Grand Princes of Vladimir was assigned to the Princes of Moscow. 
Grand Princes of Moscow 
Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir, placed his youngest son Daniel in charge of the territory around Moscow, and establishing the state of Muscovy, originally a vassal state to Vladimir-Suzdal. Daniel's son Ivan I assumed the title of Vladimir himself, establishing Muscovy as the premier principality among the various Russian states. Later rulers of Muscovy would consolidate power, culminating with Ivan III who threw off the Mongol yoke and conquered most of the other Russian states. 
Tsars of Russia, 1547–1721 
From the rule of Ivan III, the Grand Duchy of Moscow effectively became the dominant Russian state, overthrowing the Golden Horde, consolidating all remaining Russian principalities under itself, and conquering lands far from its roots in the city of Moscow. While Ivan III became effective ruler over the entirety of Russia, the situation was not formally recognized until his grandson Ivan the IV assumed the title Tsar in 1547, that the state of Russia (apart from its constituent principalities) came into formal being. 
Time of Troubles 
During this period, foreign powers deeply involved themselves in Russian politics, under the leadership of the Vasa monarchs of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania, including Sigismund III Vasa and his son Władysław IV Vasa. As a child, Władysław was even chosen as Tsar by the Seven Boyars, though he was prevented by his father from formally taking the throne. The Time of Troubles is considered to have ended with the election of Michael Romanov to the throne, who established the Romanov dynasty that would rule Russia until the Russian Revolution of 1917. 
House of Romanov 
Michael officially reigned as Tsar, though his father, the Patriarch Philaret (died 1633) initially held the real power. However, Michael's descendents would rule Russia, first as Tsars and later as Emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725), a grandson of Michael Romanov, reorganized the Russian state along more Western lines, establishing the Russian Empire in 1721. 
Emperors of Russia, 1721–1917 
Peter (who would rule as Peter III) spoke little Russian, having been a German prince of the House of Holstein-Gottorp before arriving in Russia to assume the Imperial title. He and his German wife Sophia changed their name to Romanov upon inheriting the throne. Peter was ill-liked, and he was assassinated within six months of assuming the throne, in a coup orchestrated by his wife, who became Empress in her own right and ruled as Catherine the Great (both Peter and Catherine were descended from the House of Rurik). 
Jung Eun-ji (born Jung Hye-rim, on August 18, 1993), is a South Korean idol singer, actress and songwriter. She is best known as the main vocalist of the South Korean girl group Apink. Jung made her acting debut in the coming-of-age drama, Reply 1997 in 2012. 
Solo works 
Music and lyric composition 
Pyelonephritis /paɪəloʊnəˈfraɪtɪs/ (from Greek πύελο|ς pýelo|s, "basin" + νεφρ|ός nepʰrós, "kidney" + suffix -itis suggesting "inflammation") is an inflammation of the kidney tissue, calyces, and renal pelvis.[1] It is commonly caused by bacterial infection that has spread up the urinary tract or travelled through the bloodstream to the kidneys.[2] 
Pyelonephritis presents with fever, accelerated heart rate, painful urination, abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side. Pyelonephritis that has progressed to urosepsis may be accompanied by signs of septic shock, including rapid breathing, decreased blood pressure, violent shivering, and occasionally delirium. Pyelonephritis requires antibiotic therapy, and sometimes surgical intervention such as ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, as well as treatment of any underlying causes to prevent its recurrence. 
Signs and symptoms 
Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a few hours or a day. It can cause high fever, pain on passing urine, and abdominal pain that radiates along the flank towards the back. There is often associated vomiting.[5] 
References 
Thailand follows UTC+7, which is seven hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time and Coordinated Universal Time. The local mean time in Bangkok was originally GMT+06:42:04.[1] Thailand used this local mean time until 1920, when it changed to Indochina Time, GMT+07:00. 
History 
Chiang Mai Province and two other provinces each had an observatory, hence, each province had its own distinct local mean time, with minutes of difference between the three locations. On 1 April 1920 the mean time of the 105th meridian was adopted by Siam as the new standard time. The mean time of the 105th meridian is UTC+07:00 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (i.e., local mean time at the Greenwich Royal Observatory near London, United Kingdom). 
Period in use Time offset from GMT Name of time (unofficial) 1 January 1880 - 31 March 1920 UTC+06:42:04 Bangkok Mean Time 1 April 1920 – present UTC+07:00 Indochina Time (ICT) 
Standardisation of time in Thailand 
Thailand declared that people would move their clocks ahead by 17 minutes, 56 seconds to match the time in use in Southeast Asia (UTC+06:42:04 hrs and UTC+07:00:00 ahead of Greenwich Mean Time) on 31 March 1920. The time was switched on 1 April 1920 at 06:00 (old time) to 06:17:56 (new time). 
Timekeeper 
On 1 January 1990, the Thai cabinet appointed the Royal Thai Navy as the official timekeeper for Thailand. Thai Standard Time is derived from five atomic clocks maintained by the Royal Thai Navy. 
References 
The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. 
Names 
1950, the endonym Lolo was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reason has sometimes been avoided. Shafer (1966–1974) used the term "Burmic" for the Lolo-Burmese languages. The Chinese term is Mian–Yi, after the Chinese name for Burmese and one of several words for Tai, reassigned to replace Lolo by the Chinese government after 1950.[2] 
Possible languages 
The position of Naxi (Moso) within the family is unclear, and it is often left as a third branch besides Loloish and Burmish. Lama (2012) considers it to be a branch of Loloish, while Guillaume Jacques has suggested that it is a Qiangic language. 
The Pyu language that preceded Burmese in Burma is sometimes linked to the Lolo-Burmese family, but there is no good evidence for any particular classification, and it is best left unclassified within Sino-Tibetan. 
However, the unclassified Mru language is thought to be more likely to be related to Lolo-Burmese. 
Pai-lang, attested from the 3rd century, is Lolo-Burmese, perhaps Loloish. 
External relationships 
Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)[3] argue for a Burmo-Qiangic branch with two primary subbranches, Na-Qiangic (i.e. Naxi-Qiangic) and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, David Bradley (2008)[4] also proposes an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes the two subbranches of Burmic (AKA Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. 
Internal classification 
Bradley (1997, quoted in Peiros 1997) gives the following classification for the Lolo-Burmese languages. 
Lolo-Burmese Mru Core Lolo-Burmese Ugong–Burmish Ugong Burmish Loloish 
Lama (2012), in a study of 36 languages, finds the Mondzish cluster (Mondzi–Maang, Mantsi–Mo'ang) to be divergent. He did not include Mru or Ugong. 
Lolo-Burmese (Niso-Burmic) Mondzish Core Lolo-Burmese Burmish (Burmic) Loloish (Nisoic) 
References 
Bibliography 
Lolo-Burmese languages 
Burmic 
The Arakanese language retains r- separate from y-, whereas the two fall together in most Burmese dialects and indeed most Burmish languages. Tavoyan has kept kl- distinct. No dialect has kept ry- distinct from r-, but this may be an independent innovation in the various dialects. 
Burmese language (incl. Standard Burmese and Arakanese) Achang (Huang et al. 
1992, Wannemacher 1995-7) Xiandao (Huang et al. 
1992) ?Hpon/Hpun (Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Henderson 1986) Danu 
Maruic 
Atsi (Zaiwa) (Burling 1967, Dai 1981, Yabu 1982, Xu and Xu 1984, Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Dai 1986, Huang et al. 
1992, Edmondson 1992) Lashi (Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Huang et al. 
1992; Wannemacher 1995-7) Maru (Lhao Vo) (Clerk 1911, Burling 1967, Luce 1985: Charts S, T, V; Okell 1988; Dai et al.: 1991; Huang et al. 
1992; Wannemacher 1995-7) Chashan also goes here 
Bradley (1997) 
David Bradley places aberrant Ugong with Burmish rather than with Loloish: 
Ugong–Burmish Ugong Burmish Burmese Burmish Hpun Core Burmish Maru, Atsi Lashi, Achang; Bola; Chintau (= Xiandao) 
References 
"The vowel systems of Arakanese and Tavoyan." 
L1 speakers of Burmish languages and other Sino-Tibetan languages according to Ethnologue 
The Burmish languages are Burmese, including Standard Burmese, Arakanese and other Burmese dialects such as the Tavoyan dialects as well as non-literary languages spoken across Myanmar and South China such as Achang, Lhao Vo, Lashi, and Zaiwa. 
Names 
Many Burmish names are known by various names in different languages (Bradley 1997). 
Names of Burmish languages Autonym Jinghpaw name Burmese name Chinese name Lawngwaw Maru Maru Làngsù 浪速 Tsaiwa Atsi Zi Zǎiwǎ 载瓦 Lachik Lashi Lashi Lāqí 喇期, Lèqí 勒期 Ngochang - Maintha Āchāng 阿昌 Pela - - Bōlā 波拉 
In China, the Zaiwa 载瓦 (local Chinese exonym: 小山), Lhao Vo 浪速 (local Chinese exonym: Lang'e 浪峨), Lashi 勒期 (local Chinese exonym: Chashan 茶山), and Pela 波拉 are officially classified as Jingpo people (Bolayu Yanjiu). The local Chinese exonym for the Jingpho proper is Dashan 大山. 
Footnotes 
Burmish languages 
Autonyms are:[2] 
Languages 
Lama (2012) 
Based on innovations in their tonal systems, Lama (2012: 177–179) classifies the languages as follows: 
Burmish Burmese cluster (Southern Burmish) Achang–Zaiwa (Northern Burmish) Achang cluster Achang Zaiwa cluster Pela (Bola) Leqi–Zaiwa Lashi (Leqi) Langsu (Maru), Zaiwa (Atsi) 
Nishi (1999) 
Based on distinct treatment of the pre-glottalized initials of proto-Burmish, Nishi (1999: 68-70) divides the Burmish languages into two branches, Burmic and Maruic. The Burmic languages changed voiceless preglottalized stops into voiceless aspirate stops and preglottalized voiced sonorants into voiceless sonorants. The Maruic languages in contrast reflect voiceless preglottalized and affricate consonants as voiceless unaspirated and affricates with largyngealized vowels, and voiced preglottalized sonorants as voiced sonorants with laryngealized vowels. 
Android Froyo is a discontinued version of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google, spanning versions between 2.2 and 2.2.3.[1] Unveiled on May 20, 2010, during the Google I/O 2010 conference. 
One of the most prominent changes in the Froyo release was USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality.[2] Other changes include support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push notifications, Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation[3] and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. 
As of November 2, 2015, statistics issued by Google indicate that 0.2% of all Android devices accessing Google Play run Froyo.[4] 
Features 
New features introduced by Froyo include the following: 
See also 
Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Amazon.com. 
Mobile devices include smartphones, handheld tablet computers and personal digital assistants 
This page lists and links to information on the various versions of Microsoft Windows, a major computer operating system developed by Microsoft. 
The plot blends the history and folklore of Vlad Țepeș and his fictional equivalent Count Dracula. Kostova's father told her stories about Dracula when she was a child, and later in life she was inspired to turn the experience into a novel. She worked on the book for ten years and then sold it within a few months to Little, Brown and Company, which bought it for US$2 million. 
The Historian 
The airport consists of two passenger terminals. Terminal 1 serves domestic flights, and the newly-built Terminal 2 (inaugurated on the 4th of January 2015) serves all international flights to and from Hanoi. The airport is currently the main hub of the country's flag carrier Vietnam Airlines, as well as a major hub of low-cost carriers Vietjet Air and Jetstar Pacific. 
The airport is located in Phu Minh Commune in Soc Son District, about 35 kilometres (21 miles) northeast of downtown Hanoi, via the new Nhật Tân Bridge (also inaugurated on the 4th of January 2015).[2] It can also be reached by National Road 3, which connects it with the eastern suburbs of Hanoi. The airport is also close to some satellite cities of Hanoi such as Vinh Yen, Bac Ninh and Thai Nguyen. The airport served a total of 13 million passengers in 2013, despite having a capacity of only 9 million at the time.[1] The new international terminal, which had its first commercial flight on the 25th of December 2014[3] and went into full operation on 31 December 2014, has boosted the total capacity of the airport to 19 million passengers per year.[4] 
History 
The airport was developed immediately south of the Phúc Yên Air Base and opened on 2 January 1978. The terminal 1 building was completed and became operational in 2001. 
In 2005 Tiger Airways started thrice-weekly flights between Hanoi and Singapore after launching direct flights between Hồ Chí Minh City and Singapore becoming the first budget airline to operate in Vietnam. It was later joined by low-cost carrier AirAsia when they launched direct flights between Hanoi and Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur. 
The second runway (1B – 11R/29L) opened in 2006 and the following year the airport hosted an Airbus A380 for the first time, although no scheduled A380 services are operated from the airport. 2013 saw the first arrival of a Cargolux Boeing 747-8F. In 2014 the airport received its first scheduled service with the newest generation of commercial aircraft when All Nippon Airways started using a Boeing 787-8 on services between Hanoi and Tokyo. 
Terminals and facilities 
New terminal building 
Terminal 1, completed in 2001, had one main section for international flights with a new terminal extension (denoted Lobby E) for domestic flights, which was completed in late 2013. Together with the extension, terminal 1 is capable of handling 9 million passengers per annum.[7] Following the inauguration of Terminal 2 in January 2015, Terminal 1 is solely used for domestic flights. The construction of the new terminal (Terminal 2) next to the existing one with a designed capacity of 10 million passengers per annum started in March 2012. 
The airport has a 3,800-meter paved runway (CAT II – 11R/29L) which opened in August 2006 and an older 3,200-meter paved runway (CAT I – 11L/29R). The older runway is closed for upgrades for 4 months from August to December 2014. The distance between the two runways is only 250 metres, so the airport currently restricts the maximum passenger capacity in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organisation safety regulations. 
Passenger 
Terminal 1 check-in area 
Terminal 2 check-in area 
You may be looking for: 
Mirror (computing) Fork (software development) 
Wattay International Airport (IATA: VTE, ICAO: VLVT) is one of the few international airports in Laos. It is located 3 km (2 mi) outside of the city centre of its capital, Vientiane. The airport consists of an old and small domestic terminal and a new international terminal. 
The head office of the Department of Civil Aviation is on the airport property.[2] The head office of Lao Air is on the airport property.[3] Lao Airlines is revising flying to Yangon. 
Airlines and destinations 
Facilities 
Banks Bars Restaurants Duty-free shop Post office Shops Internet café 
The airport has a bonded warehouse building for air cargo passing through the airport. The facility is operated by Lao-Japan Airport Terminal Building Service Co. Ltd. 
Ground transportation 
Access to airport by taxi, car and tuk-tuk. A taxi rank is located outside the main arrival hall. 
References 
Lao Airlines State Enterprise[1] is the national airline of Laos, headquartered in Vientiane. It operates domestic as well as international services to countries such as Cambodia, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, and Korea. Its main operating base is Wattay International Airport in Vientiane.[2] It is subordinate to the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.[1] 
In September 1976 the Civil Aviation Company was formed from the merger of existing airlines Royal Air Lao and Lao Air Lines.[3] The company became Lao Aviation in 1979. The national carrier initially started with a mixed fleet of Western aircraft, including the Douglas DC-3 and DC-4, operating on international and domestic routes, as well as a fleet of helicopters for more remote regions. Reflecting the country's closer links with its Eastern neighbours, a re-equipment exercise was undertaken in the 1980s, with the fleet then primarily composed of aircraft from China and the Soviet Union. 
A joint venture with China Yunnan Airlines and the Lao government was formed, which re-nationalized Lao Aviation in 2000. In 1994, the airline upgraded its fleet with ATR-42 turboprop aircraft and by 1995 had acquired an ATR-72 aircraft, adding Xian Y-7 and Harbin Y-12 aircraft to its fleet. 
In 2003, the airline was re-branded to become Lao Airlines and on 8 November 2011 took delivery of the first of two Airbus A320 aircraft ordered from Airbus, the second A320 arriving in December 2011. The A320s are the first jet aircraft to be purchased by Lao Airlines and feature a two-class layout seating 126 passengers in the main cabin and 16 in Business Class and are powered by CFM International CFM56 engines.[4] 
Destinations 
Lao Airlines ATR 72-500 at Wattay International Airport, Vientiane. 
Lao Airlines ATR 72 (RDPL-34132) with plumeria livery at Pakse International Airport, Laos. 
Lao Airlines Airbus A320-200 at Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok. 
As of February 2014, Lao Airlines operates scheduled flights to the following destinations:[5] 
Laos Luang Namtha - Louangnamtha Airport Luang Prabang - Luang Prabang International Airport Focus City Oudomxay - Oudomsay Airport Pakse - Pakse International Airport Savannakhet - Savannakhet Airport Vientiane - Wattay International Airport Base Xieng Khuang - Xieng Khouang Airport Cambodia Phnom Penh - Phnom Penh International Airport Siem Reap - Siem Reap International Airport China Guangzhou - Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Kunming - Kunming Changshui International Airport Jinghong - Xishuangbanna Gasa International Airport Chengdu - Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Singapore Singapore Changi Airport Thailand Bangkok - Suvarnabhumi Airport Chiang Mai - Chiang Mai International Airport Vietnam Hanoi - Noi Bai International Airport Ho Chi Minh City - Tan Son Nhat International Airport South Korea Seoul - Incheon International Airport Busan - Gimhae International Airport 
Codeshare agreements 
Lao Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[6] 
Thai Airways Vietnam Airlines 
Fleet 
As of 1 July 2015, the Lao Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft: 
Lao Airlines Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A320-200 4 — 16 126 142 International and domestic flights. ATR 72-500 4 — — 70 70 ATR 72-600 3 1 — Total 11 1 
Brunei International Airport (Malay: Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Brunei; Jawi: لاڤڠن تربڠ انتارابڠسا بروني ) (IATA: BWN, ICAO: WBSB) is the primary airport in the nation of Brunei. It serves as the home base for Royal Brunei Airlines. The Royal Brunei Air Force is also based at the Rimba Air Base, which is located within the airport's area. 
History 
Commercial air transport in Brunei began in 1953, with the establishment of air service links connecting Bandar Seri Begawan with Anduki in the Belait District. Initial flights to Malaysia were made to accommodate travellers from Labuan, and Lutong in Sarawak. Airport services were operated from the Berakas area at an old runway site built by the Japanese during World War II. 
The growth in popularity of air travel in the 1970s resulted in a significant increase in civil aviation. Suddenly, the old airport was swamped with activity, operating beyond its capacity. This situation prompted the government to scout for a new site to build a modern airport. 
A new airport was constructed in Mukim Berakas in the Brunei-Muara District, because this location was easily accessible from all areas of the country. The airport became operational in 1974 and opened Brunei to the world. 
In the 1980s, the airport's runway was one of the longest runways in the far east. 
In 2008, it was announced that a study to review necessary expansions and modifications was completed, and a masterplan was written up soon after.[3] The master plan consists of different phases, and Phase 1, which includes upgrading the existing passenger terminal building and the cargo terminal, is targeted to be completed by end of 2014. At the moment, Phase 1A was already completed on 1 Oct 2013 with the opening of the new arrival hall. The capacity of the airport will be increased to 3 million by end of 2014. 
Facilities 
The airport consists of an international terminal which can handle up to two million passengers, a cargo terminal with a capacity of 50,000 tonnes of cargo, and a royal terminal where the sultan's flights are based. In 2005, Brunei International Airport handled 1.3 million passengers.[4] 
Airlines and destinations 
Passenger 
Statistics 
Busiest destinations from Brunei International Airport Rank Destination Country Frequency (Weekly) 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 22 2 Singapore Singapore 17 3 Kota Kinabalu Malaysia 16 4 Manila Philippines 10 5 Bangkok Thailand 8 6 Melbourne Australia 7 7 Dubai United Arab Emirates 7 8 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7 9 Jakarta Indonesia 5 10 Denpasar Indonesia 5 11 Ho Chi Minh Vietnam 4 12 Shanghai-Pudong China 3 
References 
Scoot Pte Ltd. is a Singaporean low-cost long-haul airline owned by Singapore Airlines. 
It launched flights in 2012 on medium and long-haul routes from Singapore, predominantly to Australia and China. It is distinct from other Singapore Airlines-owned airlines, SilkAir which is a regional airline serving short-haul destinations, and Tigerair which is a budget airline. Initially, Scoot's fleet consisted of Boeing 777 aircraft obtained from Singapore Airlines. 
History 
2011-13: Inception 
In May 2011, Singapore Airlines announced its intention to establish a low-cost subsidiary airline for medium and long-haul routes.[4][5] In July 2011, Singapore Airlines announced Campbell Wilson as the founding CEO of the new airline.[6] On 1 November 2011, the airline was named as "Scoot".[7] In 2012, Scoot announced that its IATA code would change from OQ to TZ.[1] On 4 June 2012, Scoot began its first flight to Sydney Airport in Australia. On 12 June 2012, Scoot started flying to Gold Coast, its second Australian destination. On 24 October 2012, Scoot announced that its parent company Singapore Airlines will be transferring the 20 Boeing 787-9 Dreamliners they had on order to Scoot to replace their current fleet of Boeing 777-200s and help with its ongoing expansion and future growth.[8] Scoot began to consider having a mixed fleet of Boeing 787s instead of it all being an all Boeing 787-9 fleet.[9] On October 26, 2012, Scoot announced that passengers can now purchase "Interline" tickets with Singapore's Tigerair. 
On 31 January 2013, Scoot announced it would increase its fleet by taking delivery of a fifth Boeing 777-200 by the end of May or early June, to add two or three more routes to the network. This is an additional plane to what was initially announced during the launch of the airline. The airline has also introduced ScooTV streaming inflight entertainment for passengers and iPads for rent.[10] On 21 March 2013, Scoot would launch a thrice-weekly Singapore-Taipei-Seoul flight come 12 June 2013.[11] The route offers the first low-cost flight between Singapore and Seoul, and as part of the launch campaign, Scoot is letting customers determine the launch fares through a social media campaign.[12] The next day, Scoot announced that the 20 Boeing 787 Dreamliners they have on order would be split between 10 Boeing 787-8s and 10 Boeing 787-9s.[13] In June 2013, Scoot started its Singapore-Taipei-Seoul flight. 
2014-present: Expansion 
In September 2014, Scoot announced the introduction of the 787-9s in Sydney, Perth and Hong Kong from 29 March 2015.[14] Bangkok and Gold Coast will follow in late April, destinations Tianjin Binhai International Airport, Shenyang and Qingdao are due to follow in May. On 9 December 2014, Scoot announced that it will launch services from Singapore to Melbourne from 1 November 2015 using Boeing 787 aircraft.[15] On 16 December 2014, Scoot announced its new long haul carrier in Thailand, NokScoot, a joint venture between Scoot and Nok Air. The new airline started commercial flights from Bangkok's Don Mueang airport in the second half of 2014. 
Scoot's first Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, nicknamed Dream Start (9V-OJA), on final approach at Singapore Changi Airport on its delivery flight 
Corporate Affairs 
Headquarters 
The airline's head office is located at Changi Airport Terminal 1.[24] 
Livery 
The aircraft are painted in a yellow-white livery.[25] On 11 January 2012, Scoot unveiled its cabin crew uniform with a black and yellow theme, designed by ESTA.[26][27] 
Affiliate airlines 
NokScoot 
NokScoot is a Bangkok based low-cost long-haul airline which was founded in 2015 and is a joint venture of Thailand's Nok Air and Scoot with the later holding a 49% stake. It commenced operation on 20 May 2015 with Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport as its hub.[28] 
Fleet 
A Scoot Boeing 787-9 in SG50 livery taking off from Sydney Airport (July 2015) 
Scoot Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Boeing 777-200ER 2 — 32 370 402 Being replaced by Boeing 787 Dreamliner Boeing 787–8 5 5[34] 21 314 335[18][35] Boeing 787–9 6 4[34] 35 340 375[18] Total 13 9 
See also 
Singapore Airlines Silkair Tigerair NokScoot 
Siem Reap International Airport (IATA: REP, ICAO: VDSR) (Khmer: អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិសៀមរាប French: Aéroport International de Siem Reap) is Cambodia's busiest airport[1] serving Siem Reap, a popular tourist destination due to nearby Angkor Wat. It is the busiest airport in Cambodia in terms of passenger traffic. The airport's new terminal was inaugurated on 28 August 2006.[citation needed] The Cambodian government has plans to replace the airport with a new one, 60 km from Siem Reap.[2] 
Facilities 
The airport resides at an elevation of 60 feet (18 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 05/23 with a concrete surface measuring 2,550 by 45 metres (8,366 ft × 148 ft).[3][4] 
Airlines and destinations 
Bangkok Airways A320 at the airport. 
SilkAir A320 at the airport. 
Statistics 
Interior view of Siem Reap International Airport 
Passengers and aircraft movements as of 2015:[8] 
Year Passengers Aircraft movements 2001 449,700 12,400 2002 572,700 13,600 2003 551,300 12,000 2004 799,700 15,500 2005 1,038,100 16,900 2006 1,360,400 18,900 2007 1,732,400 22,000 2008 1,531,800 20,000 2009 1,255,200 18,200 2010 1,581,309 20,447 2011 1,826,118 23,415 2012 2,223,029 26,248 2013 2,663,337 31,590 2014 3,018,669 35,696 2015 3,296,513 37,296 
See also 
Phnom Penh International Airport Sihanoukville International Airport 
Aircraft Movement 
Freight (Unit :Tonne) 
Busiest international routes 
Busiest domestic routes 
The airport plays a major role in Thailand's tourism industry, as Phuket Island is a popular resort destination. It is the third busiest airport in Thailand in terms of passengers, after Suvarnabhumi Airport and Don Mueang International Airport in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The airport set a record 11.3 million arrivals and departures in 2013, up 18.8 percent from 2012.[5] 
Facilities 
The airport has two terminals: Terminal 1 is used for international flights, and Terminal 2 for domestic flights. Terminal X for charter flights opened in February 2014. 
Due to record-setting passenger numbers, the airport has undergone a 5.14 billion baht expansion and renovation which will be completed in March 2016.[6] A test flight will use the new terminal on 14 February. Testing will be conducted through May, and the terminal will be officially opened on 1 June. The capacity of the new international terminal is five million passengers per year.[7] The expansion increases airport capacity to 12.5 million passengers a year from its previous capacity of 6.5 million. 
The airport is at an elevation of 82 feet (25 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 09/27 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,000 by 45 metres (9,843 ft × 148 ft).[3] 
Airport facts: 
Airport service hours : 06:00- 24:00 Runway : 09/27, 3,000 metres long and 45 metres wide. 
An additional runway is under consideration.[citation needed] Capacity : 30 flights per hour Characteristics : asphaltic concrete Durability : PCN 60/F/C/X/T Taxiways : Seven Apron Area : 56,461 m² Aircraft Parking Stand : Seven parking stands provided for aircraft which are Two parking stands with contact gates. Five remote parking bays. 
Airlines and destinations 
Passenger 
Traffic statistics 
Passenger Movement 
Statistics 
Penang International Airport (IATA: PEN, ICAO: WMKP), previously known as the Bayan Lepas International Airport, is situated outside the Bayan Lepas suburb in Southwest Penang Island, Penang, Malaysia. The airport is located 14 km (8.7 mi)[1] south of George Town, the capital city of Penang. It is the oldest airport in the country, being opened in 1935 when Penang was part of the Straits Settlements. 
Penang International Airport is a medium-sized airport with good connections to major cities in South East Asia. The airport serves as the main airport for the northern region of Malaysia. Passengers arriving or departing from the north will have a view of George Town, Butterworth, and both the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge. 
In 2013, over 5.48 million passengers transited through the Penang International Airport. 60,020 aircraft movements were registered.[2] Penang International Airport is the third busiest airport in the country, after Kuala Lumpur International Airport and Kota Kinabalu International Airport, and second busiest in terms of international passenger and cargo traffic after Kuala Lumpur International Airport. 
The airport is the hub of two low-cost carriers, namely Airasia and Firefly.[3] 
Penang International Airport won the Best Emerging Airport (Asia) award in the 23rd annual Asian Freight and Supply Chain Awards 2009 (AFSCA) and Airport of the Year (below 15 million passenger annually) in the 2009 Frost and Sullivan Asia Pacific Aerospace and Defence Awards. 
Facilities 
Passenger terminal after renovation in 2012 
There are ongoing discussions between airport operator, Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (MAHB), Ministry of Transportation, and Asia's largest low cost carrier, AirAsia about setting up Malaysia's third low cost carrier terminal at the airport.[4] In October 2008, Firefly was urged by the Chief Minister of Penang, Lim Guan Eng to build a budget terminal, termed "community terminal" to better cater for the needs of budget travellers. He also called on the Federal Government and MAHB to consider renovating the current airport terminal to higher standards.[5] 
The airport has been a source of contention between the Penang state government and the Malaysian federal government. In recent years, calls by the Penang state government to expand the airport largely went unheeded by the Malaysian federal government, even though the airport is reaching its maximum capacity of 6.5 million passengers.[6] 
Passenger check-in counters 
Airlines and destinations 
Cargo Terminal 
Traffic and statistics 
References 
NokScoot Airlines Company Limited, trading as NokScoot, is a Thailand-based low-cost medium to long-haul airline. It plans to operate international services out of Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport. 
NokScoot is a joint venture of Thailand's Nok Air and Singapore based Scoot.[1] The new airline has started commercial flights out of Don Mueang International Airport since 20 May 2015.[2] 
Scoot announced on December 16, 2013, the signing of a memorandum of understanding with Nok Air to establish a new carrier in Bangkok. NokScoot will operate medium and long-haul routes with a fleet of Boeing 777-200 aircraft.[3] 
Ownership 
Nok Air owns 51% of NokScoot, with Scoot, part of Singapore Airlines, owning the remaining 49%, the Thai statutory limit for foreign ownership. The airline will have an initial capital of 2 billion baht.[4] 
Destinations 
NokScoot serves the following destinations as of July 2016 
Country City Airport Notes Ref Thailand Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport China Chongqing Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport [5] China Nanjing Nanjing Lukou International Airport [6] China Qingdao Qingdao Liuting International Airport [7] China Shenyang Shenyang Taoxian International Airport [8] Taiwan Taipei Taoyuan International Airport [9] China Tianjin Tianjin Binhai International Airport [10] Japan Tokyo Narita International Airport Seasonal Charter [11] 
Fleet 
NokScoot Boeing 777-200ER landing at Narita International Airport 
As of June 2015, the NokScoot fleet consists of the following aircraft: 
Scoot Fleet[12] Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Boeing 777-200ER 3 — 24 391 415 Total 3 — 
Thai Vietjet Air is a Thai low-cost airline and subsidiary of Vietnamese Vietjet Air. Thai VietJet Air received its Air Operator's Certificate in November 2014.[1] The carrier commenced operations on 29 March 2015 from its hub in Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport to Phuket International Airport. The airline plans to launch services to Udon Thani and Krabi later. 
The airline started operations on 5 December 2014 with a charter flight from Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport to Gaya. 
Destinations 
India 
Fleet 
Thai Vietjet Air Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A320-200 2 — — 180 180 Total 2 — 
The Golden Ring (Russian: Золото́е кольцо́) is a ring of cities northeast of Moscow, the capital of Russia. They formerly comprised the region known as Zalesye. 
These ancient towns, which also played a significant role in the formation of the Russian Orthodox Church, preserve the memory of the most important and significant events in Russian history. The towns have been called "open-air museums" and feature unique monuments of Russian architecture of the 12th–18th centuries, including kremlins, monasteries, cathedrals, and churches. These towns are among the most picturesque in Russia and prominently feature Russia's famous onion domes. 
Cities included 
Kotorosl River in Yaroslavl 
The Resurrection Church of Kostroma (1652) is a superb example of the 17th-century Russian art (color photograph, Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, 1910, Library of Congress) 
There is no official list of which cities make up part of the Golden Ring with the exception of the eight principal cities of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Suzdal, Vladimir, Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Rostov Veliky. In addition to this other old cities in the Ivanovo, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions also considered themselves as part of the ring, including Palekh, Plyos and Shuya (Ivanovo Region) Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny, Murom, Yuriev-Polsky (Vladimir Region) and Rybinsk, Tutaev and Uglich (Yaroslavl Region). 
Sergiyev Posad the only city in the Moscow Region to be included in the Golden Ring is Sergiev Posad which is closely linked with the UNESCO-protected Troitse-Sergieva Lavra which was founded in the 14th century by St Sergius of Radonezh. The Lavra is now one of the most important religious sites in Russian and St Sergius is one of the most revered native Russian saints. Pereslavl-Zalesskiy is famed for being the birthplace of Aleksandr Nevsky – a celebrated Russian hero, prince and saint. 
Golden Ring 
Many of these cities are to be found along the M8 highway or can be reached from Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow. 
External links 
Golden Ring of Russia route: overview, day trips, guides, tourist maps.(English) Golden ring of Russia: photos, guide, maps (Russian) Golden Ring travel overview Jeffrey Tayler, Escape to Old Russia: The Golden Ring, northeast of Moscow, offers a respite from the capital and an immersion in the past, The Atlantic, October 2006. Golden ring of Russia in English & Russian Golden ring cruises Golden ring of Russia: afisha (Russian) Golden Ring travel guide from Wikivoyage 
Deadshot (real name Floyd Lawton) is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of Batman.[1] He has traditionally been portrayed as a supervillain, but has more recently taken the role of an antihero. The character first appears in Batman #59 (June/July 1950) and was created by Bob Kane, David Vern Reed and Lew Schwartz.[2] As the world's deadliest and most accurate marksman, Deadshot has become a staple member of both the Suicide Squad and Secret Six. 
IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time ranked Deadshot as #43.[3] The character will be portrayed by Will Smith in the upcoming film Suicide Squad. 
Fictional character biography 
1993 zone boundary changes 
1995 zone boundary changes 
2002 zone boundary changes 
2010 zone boundary changes 
Daylight saving time 
History of zone boundaries 
List of zones 
References 
Prior to 2011, Russia moved its clocks backward and forward on the same annual cycle as Europe. On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+4 permanently.[4] On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer Daylight Time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+3 permanently.[5] 
In 1992, the Government of Russia issued a resolution establishing the borders of the eleven time zones dividing the country's territory.[6] 
In November 2009, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev proposed reducing the number of time zones spanning the country,[7] as well as the abolition of daylight saving time. 
On 23 May 1993 00:00:00, Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.[8] 
On 28 May 1995 00:00:00, Altai Krai and Altai Republic changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.[9] 
On 1 May 2002 03:00:00, Tomsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.[10] 
On 28 March 2010, the following changes were introduced, which, in particular, led to abolition of two of the eleven time zones. 
The Udmurt Republic and Samara Oblast started using Moscow Time, thus eliminating Samara Time (MSK+1 or UTC+4 without DST).[11][12] Kemerovo Oblast started using Omsk Time.[13] Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatka Krai started using Magadan Time, thus eliminating Kamchatka Time (MSK+9 or UTC+12 without DST).[14] 
There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00. Daylight saving time is not used in Russia (since March 2011). 
Since 4 December 2016, the time zones are as follows:[1][2] 
Retrieved November 7, 2014. ↑ "Behaving Badly Movie Review & Film Summary (2015) | Roger Ebert". rogerebert.com. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ↑ Browde, Ric (14 June 2014). 
"The Blockbuster Premiere of Behaving Badly". Retrieved 3 August 2014. ↑ Ford, Rebecca (April 1, 2013). 
Entertainment Weekly. ↑ "The Fundamentals of Caring reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 25, 2016. ↑ "James Franco Assembles Cast for Adaptation of 'In Dubious Battle'". 
Selena Marie Gomez (/səˈliːnə məˈriː ˈɡoʊmɛz/ sə-LEE-nə mə-REE GOH-mez;[3] Spanish pronunciation: [seˈlena ˈɣomes];[4] born July 22, 1992) is an American singer and actress. Having appeared as a child in the children's television series Barney & Friends, Gomez rose to fame as the leading role in the Disney channel series Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–12). Due to the success of the series, Gomez worked on various films, television shows, and musical collaborations for the network in the following years. 
The Joker is a fictional supervillain created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman (April 25, 1940) published by DC Comics. Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design, while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman. 
The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions, and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzzers, and acid-spraying lapel flowers. Although the Joker sometimes works with other supervillains such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, these relationships often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. 
Creation and development 
Modern Age 
Character biography 
Rebbeca Marie Gomez[2] (born March 2, 1997),[3] better known by her stage name Becky G, is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, actress and model. Gomez first gained recognition in 2011 when she began posting videos of herself covering popular songs online. One of her videos caught the attention of producer Dr. Luke, who subsequently offered her a joint record deal with Kemosabe Records and RCA Records. 
Gomez achieved mainstream success with the release of "Shower" (2014), which went on to enter the top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The single would go on to receive a multi platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting two million unites sold in the country. Following the success of "Shower", Gomez released "Can't Stop Dancin'" (2014) and "Break a Sweat" (2015) as singles from her forthcoming album; neither matched the commercial performance of their predecessor. 
Bunny Phyoe (Burmese: ဘန်နီဖြိုး; also spelt Bunny Phyo; born Pyae Phyo Paing; born 9 July 1992) is a well-known Burmese singer, songwriter, and actor in Myanmar. He is best known for his R&B Music. 
Early life and education 
He is an eldest son of two siblings. He studied at Basic Education High School No. 6 Botataung, and passed his matriculation examination in 2008. He graduated, majoring in English, from Eastern Yangon University.[1] [self-published source] 
Career 
Music career 
He has had a great interest in music since he was young. When he was in Grade 5, he recomposed a song called Ta Yauk Htae from the album of Nga Ko Chit Mae Thu sung by R Zarni, by adding some hip-hop lyrics. He participated in Myanmar Traditional and Cultural Performing Arts Competition in 2000 and 2012 respectively. 
Bunny Phyoe 
The Lower Paunglaung Dam is a rock-fill embankment dam on the Paunglaung River, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east of Pyinmana in Naypyidaw Union Territory, Burma. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it had been under study since 1953. Construction began in 1996 and the first generators were commissioned in 2004 and the last in 2005. 
References 
Kyaukme dam ( Upper Yeywa Hydropower Project) is a dam in Burma. This 140 MW hydroelectric dam is built across Myitnge River near Taungchay Village in Kyaukme Township, 65 miles (105 km) upstream of Yeywa Hydropower Project[1][2] The project was initiated by the Chinese firm Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. 
(YMEC). 
References 
Adam Weishaupt (1748–1830), founder of the Bavarian Illuminati 
Historically, the name usually refers to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-era secret society founded on 1 May 1776. The society's goals were to oppose superstition, obscurantism, religious influence over public life and abuses of state power. "The order of the day," they wrote in their general statutes, "is to put an end to the machinations of the purveyors of injustice, to control them without dominating them".[1] The Illuminati—along with Freemasonry and other secret societies—were outlawed through edict, by the Bavarian ruler, Charles Theodore, with the encouragement of the Roman Catholic Church, in 1784, 1785, 1787 and 1790.[2] In the several years following, the group was vilified by conservative and religious critics who claimed that they continued underground and were responsible for the French Revolution. 
Many influential intellectuals and progressive politicians counted themselves as members, including Ferdinand of Brunswick and the diplomat Xavier von Zwack, who was the Order's second-in-command.[3] It attracted literary men such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and the reigning dukes of Gotha and Weimar.[4] 
In subsequent use, "Illuminati" refers to various organisations which claim or are purported to have links to the original Bavarian Illuminati or similar secret societies, though these links are unsubstantiated. They are often alleged to conspire to control world affairs, by masterminding events and planting agents in government and corporations, in order to gain political power and influence and to establish a New World Order. Central to some of the most widely known and elaborate conspiracy theories, the Illuminati have been depicted as lurking in the shadows and pulling the strings and levers of power in dozens of novels, films, television shows, comics, video games, and music videos. 
NGC 520 is a pair of colliding spiral galaxies about 90 million light-years away[2] in the constellation Pisces. It has a H II nucleus.[3] 
Gallery 
References 
Uncertain 
In observational astronomy, a double star is a pair of stars that appear close to each other in the sky as seen from Earth when viewed through an optical telescope. 
This can happen either because the pair forms a binary star, i.e. a binary system of stars in mutual orbit, gravitationally bound to each other, or because it is an optical double, a chance alignment of two stars in the sky that lie at different distances.[1][2] Binary stars are important to stellar astronomers as knowledge of their motions allows direct calculation of stellar mass and other stellar parameters. 
Since the beginning of the 1780s, both professional and amateur double star observers have telescopically measured the distances and angles between double stars to determine the relative motions of the pairs.[3] If the relative motion of a pair determines a curved arc of an orbit, or if the relative motion is small compared to the common proper motion of both stars, it may be concluded that the pair is in mutual orbit as a binary star. Otherwise, the pair is optical.[2] Multiple stars are also studied in this way, although the dynamics of multiple stellar systems are more complex than those of binary stars. 
There are three types of paired stars: 
Optical Doubles are unrelated stars that appear close together through chance alignment with Earth. Visual Doubles are stars whose binary status was deduced through more esoteric means, such as occultation (eclipsing binaries), spectroscopy (spectroscopic binaries), or anomalies in proper motion. (astrometric binaries). 
Visual Binaries are gravitationally-bound stars that are separately visible with a telescope. 
Conceptually, there is no difference between the two visual categories, and improvements in telescopes can shift previously double stars into visual binaries, as happened with Polaris in 2006.[citation needed] Thus it is only the inability to telescopically observe or detect orbital motion in the visual double stars that differentiates these two groups. 
History 
Mizar, in Ursa Major, was observed to be double by Benedetto Castelli and Galileo.[4] The identification of other doubles soon followed: Robert Hooke discovered one of the first double-star systems, Gamma Arietis, in 1664,[5] while the bright southern star Acrux, in the Southern Cross, was discovered to be double by Fontenay in 1685.[1] Since that time, the search has been carried out thoroughly and the entire sky has been examined for double stars down to a limiting apparent magnitude of about 9.0.[6] At least 1 in 18 stars brighter than 9.0 magnitude in the northern half of the sky are known to be double stars visible with a 36-inch (910 mm) telescope.[7] 
When Mizar was found to be a binary, it was quite difficult to determine whether a double star was a binary system or only an optical double. Improved telescopes, spectroscopy,[8] and photography are the basic tools used to make the distinction. After it was determined to be a visual binary, Mizar's components were found to be spectroscopic binaries themselves.[9] 
Observation of double stars 
Visual double stars are defined as double stars which are visible in an optical telescope. This is the majority of all known double stars.[11] If visual doubles show similar properties, such as similar proper motion through space, trigonometric parallaxes, or radial velocities, this is evidence that they are gravitationally attached and form a binary system; in this case, the visual double star is called a visual binary.[2][11] 
Double star 
Examples 
Visual binaries 
Optical doubles 
References 
See also 
In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force (also called a 'fictitious' or 'pseudo' force) directed away from the axis of rotation that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating reference frame. 
The concept of the centrifugal force can be applied in rotating devices such as centrifuges, centrifugal pumps, centrifugal governors, centrifugal clutches, etc., as well as in centrifugal railways, planetary orbits, banked curves, etc. when they are analyzed in a rotating coordinate system. 
The term has historically sometimes also been used to refer to the reaction force to a centripetal force. 
Introduction 
The centrifugal force is an outward force apparent in a rotating reference frame; it does not exist when measurements are made in an inertial frame of reference.[1] 
All measurements of position and velocity must be made relative to some frame of reference. For example, if we are studying the motion of an object in an airliner traveling at great speed, we could calculate the motion of the object with respect to the interior of the airliner, or to the surface of the Earth.[2] An inertial frame of reference is one that is not accelerating (including rotation). The use of an inertial frame of reference, which will be the case for all elementary calculations, is often not explicitly stated but may generally be assumed unless stated otherwise. 
In terms of an inertial frame of reference, the centrifugal force does not exist. All calculations can be performed using only Newton's laws of motion and the real forces. In its current usage the term 'centrifugal force' has no meaning in an inertial frame. 
Ltd, operating as "Kan Air" (IATA: K8, ICAO: KND, Call sign: Kan Air), is a domestic airline with its hub in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Kan Air operates charter and scheduled services in Thailand. As of September 2016 Kan Air flew nine routes.[1] Flights from Chiang Mai are to Mae Hong Son, Pai, Nan, Khon Kaen, Ubon Ratchathani, Phitsanulok, Hua Hin, Chiang Rai, and U-Tapao. 
History 
It was founded by Captain Somphong Sooksanguan as president and Mrs Saychon Sibmong as CEO. The authorized capital is 200,000,000 Thai baht. The company provides domestic passenger service and freight services on both domestic and international routes. 
Destinations 
Kan Airlines currently operates charter and scheduled flight services with Cessna Grand Caravan C208B, Beechcraft Premier I, and ATR 72-500: 
Chiang Mai – Chiang Mai International Airport (base) Chiang Rai – Chiang Rai International Airport Hua Hin - Hua Hin Airport Khon Kaen - Khon Kaen Airport Mae Hong Son - Mae Hong Son Airport Nan - Nan Airport Pai - Pai Airport Phitsanulok - Phitsanulok Airport Ubon Ratchathani - Ubon Ratchathani Airport Mae Sot - Mae Sot Airport Pattaya - U-Tapao International Airport 
Fleet 
Kan Air ATR 72-500, Khon Kaen Airport, (December 2014) 
As of September 2016, the Kan Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft: 
Aircraft Total Seats Note ATR 72-500 1 66 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan[3] 1 12 Beechcraft Premier I[3] 1 6 
Heho (Burmese: ဟဲဟိုး) is a small town in Kalaw Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State of Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is the primary air gateway to tourist areas such as Inle Lake. 
History 
The village grew into a town in the 1920s when the single-line railway line was extended from Aungban to Shwenyaung, and Heho was determined to be a convenient intermediate stop and transfer point. Later an airport was built, 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of the town. The airport served as an airbase both for the Allies and the Japanese during World War II. 
The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the current flagship devices in the iPhone series.[10] Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous worldwide countries throughout September and October 2016.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] 
The iPhone 7's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S, but introduces new color options, water and dust resistance, a new capacitive, static home key, and the removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack. The device's internal hardware also received upgrades, including a heterogeneous quad-core system-on-chip with improved system and graphics performance, and upgraded 12 megapixel rear-facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities. 
Specifications 
Hardware 
The "jet black" color is a dark shade, high-gloss black finish. It is created through a multi-step process, beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide, and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound, absorbed by aluminum oxide. The process is concluded with an "ultra-fine particle bath" for additional finishing; the entire process takes less than an hour.[10][18] iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant.[19] 
iPhone 7's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push-button, as on previous models.[20] Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator; the button is also pressure-sensitive.[21] iPhone 7 retains the "3D Touch" system introduced on the iPhone 6S, providing pressure-sensitive touchscreen input.[10] 
Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 (top) and iPhone 7 (bottom) 
The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack; it was replaced by a second grille that houses the phone's new Taptic Engine vibration feedback system.[22] A Lightning-to-3.5-mm connector adapter, as well as in-ear headphones that use the Lightning connector, are bundled with the device; replacements for the former are sold separately.[10][23] iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64-bit system-on-chip, which consists of two low-power cores and two high-power cores (only two cores are used at any point in time[24]). The A10 chip also features a hexa-core graphics chip capable of "console-level gaming".[25] As with prior models, iPhone 7 is available in two sizes: one with a 4.7-inch screen, and a "Plus" variant with a 5.5-inch screen.[26] The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S, but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness.[10][27] Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple's motion coprocessor, the M10.[28] Unlike previous iPhone models, internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB.[29] iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM, more than any other previous iPhone,[24] the 4.7-inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB.[30] 
iPhone 7 Plus with dual-lens camera 
The iPhone 7 includes a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with a quad-LED "True Tone" flash; its aperture was widened to f/1.8, and the standard-size phone model adds optical image stabilization – a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models. The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12-megapixel telephoto lens, which can be used to achieve 2× optical zoom, and up to 10× digital zoom. The front-facing camera was upgraded to a 7-megapixel sensor.[19][31][32] 
Timeline of iPhone models 
Notes 
References 
The CPC is the sole governing party of China, although it coexists alongside eight other legal parties that comprise the United Front; these parties, however, hold no real power or independence from the CPC. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. The party grew quickly, and by 1949 the CPC had driven the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government from mainland China after the Chinese Civil War, thus leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. 
The CPC is, officially, organized on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician Vladimir Lenin which entails democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed upon policies. The highest body of the CPC is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body, but since the body meets normally only once a year, most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee. 
Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 
Thai Lion Air ไทยไลอ้อนแอร์ IATA ICAO Callsign SL TLM MENTARI Founded 4 December 2013 Hubs Don Mueang International Airport Alliance Lion Group Fleet size 22 Destinations 12 Company slogan Freedom to Fly Parent company National Aerospace & Defence Industries Sdn Bhd (51%)[1] Headquarters 89/46 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Sanam Bin Sub-district, Don Mueang District, Bangkok, Thailand Key people Atsawin Yangkiratiwon (CEO) Website www.lionairthai.com 
Thai Lion Mentari Co. Ltd, trading as Thai Lion Air (Thai: ไทยไลอ้อนแอร์), is a Thai low-cost airline,[1] operating with Thai partners as an associate company of Lion Air based in Indonesia.[2] The carrier operates from Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport,[3] with plans to serve domestic and international scheduled flights from other cities in Thailand. Its head office is in the Don Mueang District, Bangkok.[4] 
Its inaugural flight was on December 4, 2013 on Bangkok - Chiang Mai route, with full services one day later. Thai Lion Air concluded the agreement with fellow Lion Air subsidiary Malindo Air on December 10, 2013, allowing both carriers to serve the flight between Kuala Lumpur–International and Bangkok. 
Destinations 
China 
Guangzhou - Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport 
Indonesia 
Jakarta - Soekarno–Hatta International Airport 
Myanmar 
Yangon - Yangon International Airport 
Singapore 
Singapore - Singapore Changi Airport 
Vietnam 
Ho Chi Minh City – Tan Son Nhat International Airport 
Thailand 
Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport (Primary Hub) Chiang Mai - Chiang Mai International Airport Chiang Rai - Mae Fah Luang International Airport Hat Yai - Hat Yai International Airport Krabi - Krabi Airport Nakhon Si Thammarat - Nakhon Si Thammarat Airport Phuket - Phuket International Airport Surat Thani - Surat Thani Airport Udon Thani - Udon Thani International Airport Ubon Ratchathani - Ubon Ratchathani Airport 
Fleet 
The Thai Lion Air fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of August 2016):[6] 
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Notes Boeing 737-800 8 8 189 Boeing 737-900ER 14 — 215 Total 22 8 
Fleet gallery 
Gong Yoo Born Gong Ji-cheol (1979-07-10) July 10, 1979 Busan, South Korea[1] Education Kyung Hee University (Theater) Occupation Actor Years active 2001-present Agent Management Soop Website Korean name Hangul 공유 Hanja 孔劉 Revised Romanization Gong Yu McCune–Reischauer Kong Yu Birth name Hangul 공지철 Hanja 孔地哲 Revised Romanization Gong Ji-cheol McCune–Reischauer Kong Chi-ch'ŏl 
Zlatan Ibrahimović Ibrahimović with Manchester United in 2016 Personal information Full name Zlatan Ibrahimović[1] Date of birth (1981-10-03) 3 October 1981 Place of birth Malmö, Sweden Height 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)[2] Playing position Striker Club information Current team Manchester United Number 9 Youth career Malmö BI FBK Balkan Malmö FF Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 1999–2001 Malmö FF 40 (16) 2001–2004 Ajax 74 (35) 2004–2006 Juventus 70 (23) 2006–2009 Inter Milan 88 (57) 2009–2011 Barcelona 29 (16) 2010–2011 → Milan (loan) 29 (14) 2011–2012 Milan 32 (28) 2012–2016 Paris Saint-Germain 122 (113) 2016– Manchester United 14 (8) National team 1999 Sweden U18 4 (1) 2001 Sweden U21 7 (6) 2001–2016 Sweden 116 (62) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 11 December 2016. 
Retrieved 8 August 2016. ↑ "World's Highest Paid Footballer's Revealed". Talksport. Retrieved 6 November 2011. ↑ "Zlatan IBRAHIMOVIC". 
Retrieved 31 May 2015. 1 2 3 Austin, Jack (23 November 2016). "Manchester United news: Zlatan Ibrahimovic awarded his own statue in Sweden". 
Zlatan Ibrahimović (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈslaːtan ɪbraˈhiːmɔvɪtɕ], Bosnian: [zlǎtan ibraxǐːmoʋitɕ]; born 3 October 1981) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester United. Primarily a striker, he is best known for his great heading ability, strength and immense shooting. He was also a member of the Sweden national team, making his senior international debut in 2001 and serving as captain from 2010 until he retired from international football in 2016.[3] 
Zlatan Ibrahimović 
Train to Busan English-language theatrical release poster Hangul 부산행 Hanja 釜山行 Revised Romanization Busanhaeng Directed by Yeon Sang-ho Produced by Lee Dong-ha Written by Park Joo-suk Starring Gong Yoo Ma Dong-seok Jung Yu-mi Kim Su-an Kim Eui-sung Choi Woo-shik Ahn So-hee Music by Jang Young-gyu Cinematography Lee Hyung-deok Edited by Yang Jin-mo Production company Next Entertainment World RedPeter Film Distributed by Next Entertainment World Release dates 13 May 2016 (2016-05-13) (Cannes) 20 July 2016 (2016-07-20) (South Korea) Running time 118 minutes[1] Country South Korea Language Korean Box office US$99.32 million[2] 
Train to Busan (Hangul: 부산행; RR: Busanhaeng) is a 2016 South Korean zombie apocalypse horror thriller film directed by Yeon Sang-ho and starring Gong Yoo, Jung Yu-mi and Ma Dong-seok.[3] The film had its premiere in the Midnight Screenings section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on 13 May.[4][5][6][7] 
British Board of Film Classification. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. 
Retrieved Sep 16, 2016. ↑ Kay, Jeremy (9 June 2016). "Well Go USA Entertainment boards 'Train To Busan'". Screen Daily. 
Cite web URL https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201_203819.html Title 'Train to Busan' to screen at Cannes Website [[The Korea Times]] ↑ "Zombies fail to impress in 'Train to Busan'". 19 July 2016. Cite web URL http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/141_209780.html Title Zombies fail to impress in 'Train to Busan' Source date 19 July 2016 ↑ Chen, Heather (3 August 2016). 
"Train to Busan: Zombie film takes S Korea by storm". BBC News. Retrieved 22 August 2016. ↑ notclaira (2016-08-07). 
""Train To Busan" Is The First Korean Film Of 2016 To Break This Audience Record". Soompi. Retrieved 2016-08-07. 
Cite web URL http://www.soompi.com/2016/08/07/train-busan-first-korean-film-2016-top-10-million/ Title “Train To Busan” Is The First Korean Film Of 2016 To Break This Audience Record Last name notclaira Source date 2016-08-07 Website Soompi URL access date 2016-08-07 ↑ Byun, Hee-won. "Korean Movies Prove Box-Office Gold". The Chosun Ilbo. 
Retrieved 6 September 2016. Cite web URL http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/08/08/2016080801532.html Title Korean Movies Prove Box-Office Gold Last name Byun First name Hee-won Website The Chosun Ilbo Publisher Chosun Media URL access date 6 September 2016 ↑ Begum, Mumtaj. "'Train to Busan' speeds away to box-office record". 
"Train To Busan is No. 1 at Singapore box office and top Korean movie to date". The Straits Times. Retrieved October 19, 2016. ↑ "Zombie Movie 'Train to Busan' Passes 11 Million-Viewer Mark". 
Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ↑ Jagernauth, Kevin. "Korean Zombie Thriller 'Train To Busan' Needs More Brains [Review]". 
Cite news URL http://en.yibada.com/articles/155848/20160831/tvns-goblin-starring-gong-yoo-kim-go-eun-begins-test.htm Source title tvN's 'Goblin' starring Gong Yoo, Kim Go-Eun begins test shooting Last name E. First name Maolen Source date 2016-08-31 Newspaper Yibada URL access date 2016-10-14 ↑ "[단독] 김고은, 공유의 여자 된다..김은숙 신작 주인공". Retrieved 2016-10-14. Cite news URL http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110422941 Source title [단독] 김고은, 공유의 여자 된다..김은숙 신작 주인공 URL access date 2016-10-14 ↑ "Gong Yoo confirmed for 'Descendants of the Sun' writer's next project! | allkpop.com". 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ by (2016-11-29). "This 6-minute-long Goblin preview is everything!". Dramafever.com. 
Retrieved 2016-12-03. ↑ "공유, 김은숙 차기작 '도깨비' 출연 확정…11월 tvN 첫방송 [공식입장]". 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "[단독] 김고은, 공유의 여자 된다…김은숙 신작 주인공". 네이트뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "tvN 측 "육성재·유인나 '도깨비' 출연 확정"(공식입장)". 뉴스1. 
2016-08-29. Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ Kim, E. (2016-08-29). "Yook Sungjae And Yoo In Na To Join Gong Yoo And More In tvN Fantasy Drama". 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ Charmaine. "Kim Min Jae to also cameo in Goblin!". Kpop Fighting!. 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ K, J. (2016-09-26). "Kim So Hyun To Make Cameo In Gong Yoo And Kim Go Eun's Upcoming Drama". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "김소현 측 "'도깨비' 특별출연… 캐릭터 비중 높다" [공식입장]". Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ E., Maolen (2016-09-08). "'Moonlight Drawn by Clouds' star Kwak Dong-Yeon to make special appearance in 'Goblin'". 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "극구 부인하던 tvN ´도깨비´, 결국 ´태후´ 이응복 PD가 연출 - 일간스포츠". Isplus.live.joins.com. 2016-08-29. 
Retrieved 2016-12-03. ↑ "'Descendants' writer, director team up for new fantasy piece". The Korea Herald. 2016-11-22. 
Retrieved 2016-12-03. ↑ "'도깨비', 1·2회 90분 특별 편성". Retrieved 2016-12-01. ↑ "'도깨비' 대본리딩 현장, 공유-김고은 케미 어땠나". Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "'도깨비' 공유, '찬란하神' 장군 눈빛...데뷔 첫 사극 연기 도전". 
Retrieved 2016-11-15. ↑ Hong, C. (2016-10-07). "Gong Yoo Is The Prettiest 'Goblin' Ever In New Drama Stills". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "'도깨비' 공유, 우수에 찬 첫 촬영 포착…몽환적 분위기". Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "Overseas K-drama Filming Sends Goblin to Canada and Man to Man Heads to Hungary | A Koala's Playground". koalasplayground.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ "Le "Brad Pitt" de la Corée du Sud en tournage à Québec | David Rémillard | Cinéma". 
La Presse (in French). Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Arts -. "Tournage d'une méga série sud-coréenne à Québec". 
Radio-Canada.ca (in French). 
Retrieved 2016-10-14. ↑ Cumulative sales for "Stay With Me": "Gaon Download Chart - Week 49". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved 2016-12-08. 
"Gaon Download Chart - Week 50". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved 2016-12-15. ↑ "Gaon Download Chart - Week 50". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved 2016-12-15. ↑ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". 
AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). 
Retrieved July 11, 2016. ↑ ": TNMS 홈페이지에 오신 것을 환영합니다. :". www.tnms.tv. 
Retrieved 2016-09-27. ↑ "박보검·조정석·'도깨비', '2017 대한민국 퍼스트브랜드' 특별상". Retrieved 2016-12-17. ↑ "KOREA'S HOTTEST NEW SERIES 'GOBLIN' TO PREMIERE ON OH!K". Turner. 
2016-11-24. Retrieved 2016-12-09. ↑ "iflix - Set a date with Goblin, starts this Saturday...". 
2016-11-30. 
Retrieved 2016-12-04. ↑ "iflix - Is immortality a blessing or a curse? Find out...". Facebook. 
2016-12-01. 
Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ "Iflix Maldives - Is immortality a blessing or a curse?...". 
Facebook. 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ https://hype.my/2016/127358/iflix-wildly-popular-new-k-drama-goblin-%EB%8F%84%EA%B9%A8%EB%B9%84-now-available-on-iflix/ 
Guardian: The Lonely and Great God Also known as Goblin Genre Fantasy Romance Drama Created by Yoon Ha-rim Written by Kim Eun-sook Directed by Lee Eun-bok Starring Gong Yoo Lee Dong-wook Kim Go-eun Yoo In-na Yook Sung-jae Ending theme "Stay With Me" by Chanyeol and Punch Composer(s) Nam Hye-seung Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer(s) Kim Beom-rae Producer(s) Joo Kyung-ha Kim Ji-yeon Location(s) Gimje, South Korea Gangwon-do, South Korea Quebec City, Canada Cinematography Park Sung-yong Kang Yoon-soon Editor(s) Lee Sang-rok Running time 90 mins (1-3) 60 mins (4-16) Production company(s) Hwa and Dam Pictures Studio Dragon Distributor tvN Release Original network tvN Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital First shown in South Korea Original release December 2, 2016 (2016-12-02) – present External links Website 
Guardian: The Lonely and Great God[1] (Hangul: 도깨비; RR: Dokkaebi; lit. Goblin) is a South Korean television series starring Gong Yoo, Lee Dong-wook, Kim Go-eun, Yoo In-na and Yook Sung-jae. It airs on cable network tvN every Friday and Saturday at 20:00 starting December 2, 2016.[2][3] 
He lives together with an amnesiac grim reaper (Lee Dong-wook) who is in charge of taking deceased souls. Together the two of them see the dead off into the afterlife. One day Kim Shin meets a girl, Ji Eun-tak (Kim Go-eun) who is destined to be his bride. 
Gong Yoo as Kim Shin, also known as Goblin[6] 
A 938-year-old immortal goblin and protector of souls looks for his bride (the only one who can remove the sword he was killed with) to end his immortality and rest in peace. 
Lee Dong-wook as Wang Yeo, also known as Grim Reaper[7] 
A good-looking, amnesiac grim reaper 
Kim Go-eun as Ji Eun-tak Han Seo-jin as young Ji Eun-tak 
An optimistic high school student who falls in love with Kim Shin. She is also the legendary goblin's bride with the ability to see and speak to dead spirits. 
Yoo In-na as Kim Sun-hee, also known as Sunny[8] 
A bright and attractive owner of a chicken shop who falls in love with Wang Yeo. 
Yook Sung-jae as Yoo Deok-hwa[9] Jung Ji-hoon as young Yoo Deok-hwa 
Kim Shin's companion (all Yoo generation's grandsons have promised to look after/ be a companion to the goblin). He is also a rebellious chaebol heir 
The series was written by Kim Eun-sook, who also wrote the popular series The Heirs (2013) and Descendants of the Sun (2016). It is Kim's second collaboration with director Lee Eun-bok after both working on Descendants.[14][15] 
The first script-reading was held at Nuri Dream Square in Sangam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, on 30 August 2016.[16][17] The sageuk scenes were filmed on September 22 in Gimje, North Jeolla Province, South Korea.[18][19][20] The cemetery scenes were shot in Quebec City, Canada in October.[21][22][23] 
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. 
Guardian: The Lonely and Great God 
Yook Sung-jae At World Friends Music Festival, in September 2016 Native name 육성재 Born Yook Sung-jae (1995-05-02) May 2, 1995 Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea Occupation Singer Actor Host Musical career Genres K-pop dance-pop R&B Years active 2012–present Labels Cube Entertainment Associated acts BtoB Big Byung 
↑ 2016-07-11 Sungjae、Hyunsik、Eunkwang Chinese autograph ↑ ［RADIO STAR］라디오스타 - Today's special DJ, Yook Sungjae 20160928 on YouTube ↑ "[spotlight] BTOB│③ 일훈, 성재's story". ize.co.kr (in Korean). 10 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ↑ Park, Ah-reum (28 May 2015). "육성재 父, 알고보니 IT회사 대표 반전스펙 "최시원급은 안되지만…"(라스)". 
Retrieved 31 July 2016. ↑ "Sungjae on Peniel's Vlog "Request Award Concert" (3:15)". 7 May 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ↑ Lee, Ji-hyun (11 February 2014). "비투비 육성재 "추억 많지않아 아쉬워" 졸업소감". 
Retrieved 31 July 2016. ↑ "비투비(BTOB), "'본 투 비트' 세계를 압도하는 그룹 될것"". 21 March 2012. ↑ Park, Hyun-min (21 March 2012). "BTOB′s First Album Will Feature Two Title Songs". enewsworld. 
Translated by Ju Ahn Lee. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ↑ "Amber, Kang In and Yook Sung Jae are the new MCs of A Song For You Season 3'". Soompi. 
Retrieved 10 June 2014. ↑ Jung, Ji Won (9 June 2014). "Kangin, Amber and Yook Sung Jae Selected to Host 'A Song For You'". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2015-05-22. ↑ "[MV] Big Byung(빅병) _ Stress Come on! (스트레스 컴온!)". 
"BTOB's Yook Sung Jae Shares Members' Response to Upcoming Drama". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-09-01. ↑ Jeong, Jee Won (19 November 2014). "BTOB's Yook Sung Jae, Lim Hyung Jun and Kim Dong Hyun to Re-Appear on 'Real Man'". mwave. 
Retrieved 2015-05-22. ↑ Kwon, Ji-youn (22 April 2015). "'Who Are You' to deal with mysteries of youth". Korea Times. 
Retrieved 2015-05-22. ↑ Kim, Min-ji (31 March 2015). "Yook Sung Jae Confirmed as Male Lead of School 2015". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2015-04-06. ↑ Chu, Yanchingsally (27 April 2015). 
"'Who Are You: School 2015' Released Greeting Video of Yook Sung Jae". BNTNews. Retrieved 2015-05-22. ↑ "Who Are You - School 2015 OST Part 8". 
July 6, 2016. ↑ "BTOB's Sungjae revealed to have scored a total of 8 endorsement deals after 'School 2015'!". allkpop.com. Retrieved 2015-09-25. ↑ "'복면가왕' 반전의 육성재 "비투비 막내가 이 정도라는 것을"". 10 May 2016. ↑ "Moon Geun-young, Yook Sung-jae to star in mystery drama". 
Retrieved 3 June 2015. ↑ Jeong, Yuna (7 May 2016). "'우결4' 육성재♥조이, 아주 특별한 이별 콘서트" (in Korean). ↑ Park, So-hyun (7 May 2016). "'우결' 육성재♥조이, 눈물로 11개월 마무리 "쀼 안녕"" (in Korean). ↑ "'우결' 쀼커플 조이-육성재, 이별 앞두고 폭탄 고백" (in Korean). 6 May 2016. ↑ f(x)'s Amber, BTOB's Sungjae, and more pick up rookie awards at '2015 MBC Entertainment Awards' ↑ "SBS Drama Awards". allkpop. Retrieved December 31, 2015. ↑ "KBS Drama Awards". allkpop. 
Retrieved December 31, 2015. ↑ "긱스 루이X비투비 육성재, 깜짝 콜라보 예고". 16 April 2016. ↑ "'우결' 측 "조이♥육성재, '어린애(愛)' 뮤비+음원 16일 공개"". 15 April 2016. ↑ "조이♥육성재, '어린애(愛)'". 
16 April 2016. ↑ "비투비 육성재 세종학당 홍보대사 된다 20일 위촉식" (in Korean). 15 May 2016. ↑ Yoo, Jin-hyeong (20 May 2016). "육성재 '무더위 날리는 시원한 미소'". My Daily (in Korean). ↑ Sungjae confirmed to join star-studded cast of 'Goblin' ↑ "Gaon Download Chart". 
Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved 7 February 2016. ↑ an0ya. "BTOB's Yook Sungjae and Actor Lim Hyung Joon Join Official Cast of "Real Men"". 
Retrieved 2016-02-04. ↑ Sora Ghim (10 February 2015) "Yook Sung Jae Is Coming To ‘Invisible Man’" BNTNews ↑ "'듀엣가요제' 육성재·윤하·조pd·전효성, 다채로운 무대 펼친다". 5 May 2016. ↑ Choi, Bo-ran (5 September 2016). "[단독] 육성재, '라스' 스페셜 MC 낙점…양세형 이어 2번째". Sports Chosun. 
Yook Sung-jae (Hangul: 육성재; born (1995-05-02)May 2, 1995), better known by the mononym Sungjae, is a South Korean singer, actor and host. He is a member of the boy band BtoB and is known for starring in dramas Plus Nine Boys (2014), Who Are You: School 2015 (2015) and The Village: Achiara's Secret (2015). 
Sungjae was born on May 2, 1995 in Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea. He has one older sister and his father is a CEO of an IT company that deals with semiconductors.[3][4] 
He briefly studied for a month each in England and the Philippines.[5] He attended Hanlim Multi Art School and graduated in 2014.[6] 
Sungjae debuted as a vocalist of boy-group BTOB in 2012. The group made their official debut with "Insane" on March 21, 2012.[7][8] The group has released a total of 1 studio album, and 8 extended plays since debut. 
In July 2014, Sungjae became a presenter for the program, A Song For You with Kangin of Super Junior and Amber of f(x).[9][10] Later that year, Yook Sungjae was casted in variety series, Hitmaker as member of Hyundon and Defconn's parody project boy group, Big Byung. He was given the stage name of YookDuk and was also joined by Got7's Jackson, VIXX's N and Hyuk. The group released two singles "Stress Come On" and "Ojingeo Doenjang".[11][12] He received his first acting lead role in Plus Nine Boys as a 19-year old Judo athlete named Kang Min-gu.[13] In late 2014, he became a cast in reality variety show Real Men and left in 2015.[14] 
On 2015, Sungjae received his biggest break when he landed a leading role in the teen drama, Who Are You: School 2015 as Gong Tae-kwang who is an idiotic but problematic child of the Sekang High School's director. He acted alongside Kim So-hyun and Nam Joo-hyuk.[15][16][17] He also released an OST for the show, "Love Song", with Park Hye-soo.[18] After the series ended, he was able to land in a total of 4 solo endorsements including mobile app Cash Slide, clothing brand Black Yak with Jo In-sung, Hazzy's Accessories with his co-star Kim So-hyun, and a shopping website named G-Market.[19] 
Yook Sung-jae 
Lee Dong-wook Born (1981-11-06) November 6, 1981 Seoul, South Korea Education Joongbu University - Broadcasting and Media Arts Occupation Actor Years active 1999–present Agent King Kong Entertainment Korean name Hangul 이동욱 Hanja 李棟旭 Revised Romanization I Dong-uk McCune–Reischauer I Tong'uk 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Han, Sang-hee (23 June 2009). "Friends, Lawyers to Hit Small Screen". The Korea Times. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Oh, Jean (24 June 2009). "Legal wars and blood brothers hit TV". 
The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2013-07-10. ↑ "ONE Exclusive Interview - Lee Dong Wook". ONE TV ASIA. December 2011. 
Retrieved 2013-08-04. ↑ Noh, Hyun-gi (3 January 2012). 
"Lee Si-young to play tomboy who falls in love". 
The Korea Times. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Hong, Lucia (1 January 2012). "Lee Dong-wook pulled off all action scenes for new series because of Lee Si-young". 
10Asia. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Lee, Kyung-nam (13 February 2014). 
"Lee Dong Wook to Reunite with Lee Da Hae in New Drama Hotel King". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-02-13. ↑ Lee, Min-ji (27 March 2014). "Hotel King Lee Dong Wook and Lee Dae Hae Praise Each Other". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2014-03-30. ↑ Hong, Lucia (22 November 2011). "Lee Dong-wook signs with a new talenthouse". 10Asia. 
Retrieved 2012-12-01. Cite news URL http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011112208563795212 Source title Lee Dong-wook signs with a new talenthouse Last name Hong First name Lucia Source date 22 November 2011 Newspaper 10Asia URL access date 2012-12-01 ↑ Hong, Lucia (15 March 2012). "Lee Dong-wook becomes new host of SBS' Strong Heart". 
10Asia. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Choi, Eun-hwa (15 March 2012). "Lee Dong Wook to be New Host for Strong Heart". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Ho, Stewart (9 April 2012). "Lee Dong Wook Successfully Completes First Shoot for Strong Heart". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Lee, Dong-hyun (11 April 2012). 
"Lee Dong Wook Debuts as Strong Heart MC". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ "Mighty Heart talk show to go silent". Korea JoongAng Daily. 11 January 2013. 
Retrieved 2013-01-11. ↑ Jeon, Su-mi (13 February 2013). "Lee Dong Wook Says He Learned More about Variety on the Last Episode of Strong Heart". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2013-02-13. ↑ Kim, Min-jin (4 June 2014). "Roommate reveals its additional posters". The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2015-06-09. ↑ "Lee Dong Wook comments on the end of SBS Roommate". Allkpop. 15 April 2015. 
Retrieved 2015-06-09. ↑ 이동욱, 뮤비 감독 데뷔…조조 '민들레' 제작 [Lee Dong-wook makes his directorial debut]. Segye (in Korean). 13 April 2010. 
Lee Dong-wook (born November 6, 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the television dramas My Girl (2005), Scent of a Woman (2011), Hotel King (2014) and Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016). 
Lee Dong-wook made his acting debut in 1999, and went on to appear in a number of TV series before hitting stardom with 2005 romantic comedy My Girl. The drama series became a hit during its run both domestically and across Asia, and made Lee a Korean Wave star. He has since starred as the male lead in noir La Dolce Vita (2008),[1] courtroom dramedy Partner (2009),[2][3] melodrama Scent of a Woman (2011),[4] baseball rom-com Wild Romance (2012),[5][6] period thriller The Fugitive of Joseon (2013), and revenge drama Hotel King (2014).[7][8] 
In November 2011, Lee signed with talent agency King Kong Entertainment, which also manages fellow actors Lee Kwang-soo, Park Min-young, Lee Chung-ah and Kim Sun-a.[9] 
Lee and comedian Shin Dong-yup took over as MCs of talk show Strong Heart from April 2012 to January 2013.[10][11][12][13][14][15] Lee also joined the reality show Roommate, which aired from 2014 to 2015.[16][17] 
In 2016, Lee was cast alongside Gong Yoo in Kim Eun-sook's fantasy-romance drama Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. The drama started airing on tvN in December. 
Lee Dong-wook 
Early life 
↑ "Tatsuya Fujiwara to wed girlfriend of 9 years". www.channelnewsasia.com. May 31, 2013. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. 
Retrieved November 17, 2015. ↑ "Death Note's Tatsuya Fujiwara Getting Married". Jpopasia.com. 2013-06-01. 
Retrieved 2013-09-20. ↑ Takashi Kondo (May 30, 2014). "Through the eyes of Tatsuya Fujiwara". the-japan-news.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. 
Retrieved November 17, 2015. ↑ Gray, Jason (September 23, 2007). "Tatsuya Fujiwara (Japan)". EMAP. 
Screen International. Retrieved April 4, 2010. Cite web URL http://www.screendaily.com/tatsuya-fujiwara-japan/4034844.article Title Tatsuya Fujiwara (Japan) Last name Gray First name Jason Source date September 23, 2007 Website EMAP Publisher Screen International URL access date April 4, 2010 ↑ "Fujiwara Tatsuya announces birth of first child". 
Cite web URL http://aramajapan.com/news/fujiwara-tatsuya-announces-birth-of-first-child/59925/ Title Fujiwara Tatsuya announces birth of first child Source date 2016-06-16 URL access date 2016-08-30 ↑ "星洲网". Sinchew-i.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20. ↑ MrDisgusting (April 20, 2010). 
"Trapped in a House with a Madman in 'The Incite Mill'". bloody-disgusting.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ↑ "Tatsuya Fujiwara and Meisa Kuroki do voiceover for IRIS". allkpop.com. 
Retrieved 2013-09-20. ↑ "'아이리스' 일본판 더빙에 톱스타 총 출동 - 중앙일보 연예". Article.joins.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20. ↑ "日배우 후지와라 타츠야 결혼 '3살 연상녀와 9년열애 결실' - 중앙일보 연예". 
2013-05-31. Retrieved 2013-09-20. ↑ "Death Note's Tatsuya Fujiwara Added to New Live-Action Rurouni Kenshin Films' Cast - News". Anime News Network. 
"Live Action RUROUNI KENSHIN To Become A Trilogy | Twitch". Twitchfilm.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20. ↑ 藤原竜也、１２年ぶり主役で挑む「ハムレット」 英国でも公演 「のるかそるか大勝負」 ↑ ハムレット | 梅田芸術劇場 ↑ Barbican - Ninagawa Company : Hamlet 
Tatsuya Fujiwara Born (1982-05-15) May 15, 1982 Saitama, Japan Occupation Actor Years active 1997–present Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Website www.horipro.co.jp/fujiwaratatsuya/ 
Horipro agency profile (Japanese) Tatsuya Fujiwara at the Internet Movie Database 
Tatsuya Fujiwara (藤原 竜也, Fujiwara Tatsuya, born May 15, 1982) is a Japanese actor. Internationally, he is best known for his leading roles as Shuya Nanahara in the Battle Royale films, Light Yagami in the Death Note films, Kaiji Ito in the Kaiji films, and Rikuhiko Yuki in Hideo Nakata's The Incite Mill. In 2014, he portrayed the villain Shishio Makoto in the live action Rurouni Kenshin films.[1][2][3] 
Born in Saitama, Fujiwara has had an interest in acting from a young age.[4] Since 2013, he is married with his long-term girlfriend and since summer 2016, they are parents. The name and sex of the child is unknown. [5] 
He is famous for acting the part of Shuya Nanahara in Kinji Fukasaku's controversial 2000 film Battle Royale. He continues the character as a leader of the Wild Seven in the sequel, Battle Royale II: Requiem. 
Fujiwara portrayed Death Note's main protagonist Light Yagami in the live-action movie. Fujiwara stated during filming that it was difficult to portray a character with such restrained emotions. During the filming of Death Note: The Last Name, Tatsuya became close friends with Kenichi Matsuyama, who plays L. Matsuyama mentioned that Tatsuya had done a good job. 
In theatrical works, he is known for collaborating with Yukio Ninagawa, one of the most influential directors in Japan. He started his career in theatre, before screen debut, with the title role of Shintoku-maru, the boy who has an obsessive relationship with his step mother. 
He has also acted in Shakespeare plays, including Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.[6] Fujiwara played one of the lead roles in Hideo Nakata's psychological thriller film The Incite Mill.[7] Fujiwara has also done voice dubbing for IRIS along with Meisa Kuroki, Yuu Shirota and his Death Note co-star Hikari Mitsushima when Fujiwara plays Kim Hyun-jun played by Lee Byung-hun[8][9][10][11] 
He portrayed the role of Shishio Makoto in the sequels of Rurouni Kenshin in 2014.[12][13][14] From January to February 2015, he will appear in Hamlet directed by Yukio Ninagawa at Sai-no-Kuni Saitama Arts Theater in Saitama and at Umeda Arts Theater in Osaka for the first time in 12 years. After that, he is schduled to play the role in Taiwan in March and at Barbican Theatre in May 2015.[15][16][17] 
Tatsuya Fujiwara 
External links 
History 
Malaysian Standardisation 
Singapore Standard Time (SST) or Waktu Piawai Singapura (WPS) (Chinese: 新加坡标准时间) is used in Singapore and is 8 hours ahead of GMT (UTC+08:00). 
As part of British Malaya, Singapore adopted the Malayan time which was 7 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. 
Following the Japanese occupation, Malaya adopted Tokyo time of GMT+9 on 15 February 1942. Although official appointments were made according to Tokyo time it was common practice to keep two separate times: the pre-Occupation time at home and Tokyo time on personal watches. 
At the end of World War II and the return of Malaya to the British, Singapore reverted to its pre-war timezone. 
Singapore elected to follow suit, citing business and travel schedules. The change took effect on 1 January 1982, when Singapore moved half an hour forward, creating "Singapore Standard Time" (SST). SST is eight hours ahead of GMT and is synchronized with Hong Kong, Taipei, Beijing, Manila and Perth. 
Period in use Time offset from GMT 1 June 1905 – 31 December 1932 UTC+07:00 1 January 1933 – 31 August 1941 UTC+07:20 1 September 1941 – 15 February 1942 UTC+07:30 15 February 1942 – 11 September 1945 UTC+09:00 12 September 1945 – 31 December 1981 UTC+07:30 1 January 1982 - present UTC+08:00 
Justin Bieber Bieber during his Purpose World Tour, in 2015 Born Justin Drew Bieber (1994-03-01) March 1, 1994 London, Ontario, Canada Nationality Canadian Occupation Singer songwriter Years active 2008–present Home town Stratford, Ontario, Canada Religion Christianity[1][2] Parent(s) Patricia Mallette Jeremy Jack Bieber Musical career Genres Teen pop[3] R&B Instruments Vocals guitar[4] Labels Island Teen Island RBMG School Boy Def Jam Associated acts Carly Rae Jepsen Skrillex Usher Website justinbiebermusic.com Signature 
Y-MATHS is a database based mathematical computing and information website to give easy, useful, fast and effectiveness on learning of mathematics and research. The main process of system is the computing, calculating and conversations of mathematical problems. Like online calculators and converters, the system has ready used calculation formulas to calculate or convert easily with the help of mathematical algorithms. 
A Muse and Rising fame 
Career 
Early life and education 
Personal life 
Return to the screen 
Television debut 
1 2 Lee, Claire (2 May 2012). "Jung Ji-woo talks on his new film, new muse". The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. 1 2 3 "Unknown Starlet Gets Big Break as Korean Lolita". The Chosun Ilbo. 
21 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/04/21/2012042100308.html Title Unknown Starlet Gets Big Break as Korean Lolita Source date 21 April 2012 Website [[The Chosun Ilbo]] URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ "Stars from Korea National University of Arts". 
Hancinema. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-18. 
Cite web URL http://www.hancinema.net/stars-from-korea-national-university-of-arts-42641.html Title Stars from Korea National University of Arts Source date 17 May 2012 Website Hancinema URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ Lee, Claire (27 March 2012). "Park Hae-il back on the big screen as poet". The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://www.koreaherald.com/entertainment/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20120327000995 Title Park Hae-il back on the big screen as poet Last name Lee First name Claire Source date 27 March 2012 Website The Korea Herald URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ "Eun-Gyo heroine Kim Ko-eun's big smile". Asia Today. 
28 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://www.asiatoday.co.kr/news/view.asp?seq=616983 Title ''Eun-Gyo'' heroine Kim Ko-eun's big smile Source date 28 March 2012 Website Asia Today URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ Jang, Seong-ran (2 April 2012). '은교' 김고은 "지킬 수 없는 약속은 안 해요". 
Movieweek (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://www.movieweek.co.kr/article/article.html?aid=28676 Last name Jang First name Seong-ran Source date 2 April 2012 Website Movieweek Language Korean Script title ko:'은교' 김고은 "지킬 수 없는 약속은 안 해요" URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ Jang, Seong-ran (13 April 2012). ‘은교’ 김고은 "솔직한 게 맞잖아요". 
Movieweek (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://www.movieweek.co.kr/article/article.html?aid=28755 Last name Jang First name Seong-ran Source date 13 April 2012 Website Movieweek Language Korean Script title ko:‘은교’ 김고은 "솔직한 게 맞잖아요" URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ "A Muse Kim Go-eun takes off the veil". 
Hancinema. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ "3 Young Women Show Long-Missing Movie Star Material". 
The Chosun Ilbo. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-14. ↑ Lee, Claire (21 February 2014). 
"Kim Go-eun to come back in vicious revenge tale". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2014-02-22. ↑ Song, Soon-jin (24 February 2014). 
"Press Conference Held for MONSTER: Actor Transformations Front and Center". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2014-03-27. ↑ Kim, Hee-eun (7 March 2014). 
"Eun-gyo takes on Monster role". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-03-07. ↑ Lee, Claire (16 March 2014). 
"Eun-gyo returns as a Monster". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2014-03-18. ↑ Conran, Pierce (14 May 2014). 
"KIM Hye-soo and KIM Go-eun Team Up for COIN LOCKER GIRL". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2014-05-19. ↑ Tae, Sang-joon (24 January 2014). 
"KIM Go-eun, Star of Monster and Memories of the Sword: To be Remembered as a Good actress, Not as an Overnight Star". Korean Cinema Today. Retrieved 2014-01-30. ↑ Jang, Seong-ran (20 August 2015). 
"Going deep in Memories". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-08-26. ↑ "Kim Go-eun Recalls Difficulties in Latest Film". 
22 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-22. ↑ Lim, Jeong-yeo (7 September 2015). "Lee Sun-kyun and Kim Go-eun on The Advocate: A Missing Body". 
K-pop Herald. Retrieved 2015-09-12. ↑ Ko, Ji-seon (28 July 2015). "Kim Go-eun to star in Cheese in the Trap". 
K-pop Herald. Retrieved 2015-07-29. ↑ Jin, Min-ji (29 July 2015). "Kim confirmed for Cheese". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2015-07-29. ↑ Lim, Jeong-yeo (29 July 2015). "Kim Go-eun snaps up major film, TV drama roles". 
K-pop Herald. Retrieved 2015-07-29. ↑ "Kim Go Eun sings an OST for her drama 'Cheese in the Trap'". allkpop.com. 2016-02-29. 
Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ "Age gap no barrier to Shin Ha-kyun, Kim Go-eun romance". Koreatimes.co.kr. 2016-08-24. 
Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24). "Old Photos Of Shin Ha Kyun And Kim Go Eun Resurface After Dating Announcement". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23). "Kim Go Eun And Shin Ha Kyun Revealed To Be Dating". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ "Another Celebrity Couple with Big Age Difference - The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Entertainment > Entertainment". English.chosun.com. 2016-08-25. 
Retrieved 2016-12-12. ↑ "영아 Yeonga". IndieForum. 14 May 2012. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ "영아 Yeonga". Daegu Independent Short Film Festival. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Suk, Monica (12 August 2012). 
"JIMFF: Rising stars pop champagne with fizz and sparkle". 10Asia. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Suk, Monica (13 August 2012). 
"Eungyo actress Kim Go-eun wins rising star award from Moet & Chandon". 10Asia. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ 김고은, '그물에 잡힌 가녀린 각선미' (부일영화상). 
TV Report (in Korean). 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ Jang, Sung-ran (19 October 2012). 
"PIETA Wins a Triple Crown". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ '영평 신인상' 김고은 "믿음으로 지켜봐준 부모님께 감사하다". 
TV Report (in Korean). 7 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ Lee, Claire (30 October 2012). 
"Gwanghae sweeps Daejong Film Awards". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ 김고은 대종상 신인여우상 "박해일 김무열에 감사하다". 
Newsen (in Korean). 30 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ Ji, Yong-jin (4 December 2012). 
"PIETA Wins Best Picture at Blue Dragon Awards". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ 제33회 청룡영화상: 신인여우상 김고은 "초심 잃지 않겠다". 
Blue Dragon Film Awards (in Korean). 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-01. ↑ Ji, Yong-jin (28 November 2012). 
"KIM Ki-duk Scores Another Brilliant Achievement". Korean Film op Zone. Retrieved 2012-12-01. ↑ Ji, Yong-jin (1 February 2013). 
"PIETA Regarded as the Best Film in 2012 by Reporters". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2013-02-04. ↑ Conran, Pierce (12 June 2013). 
"KIM Ko-eun Honored by NYAFF This Summer". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ↑ "Actress Kim Go-eun Feted as Rising New Star in New York". 
The Chosun Ilbo. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-03. ↑ Conran, Pierce (10 July 2015). 
"LEE Min-ho and MOON Chae-won to Receive BiFan Awards". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2015-07-10. 
Kim Go-Eun In June 2016 Born (1991-07-02) July 2, 1991 Seoul, South Korea Education Korea National University of Arts - Theater Kaywon High School of Arts, Seoul Occupation Actress Years active 2012-present Agent HODU&U Entertainment Korean name Hangul 김고은 Hanja 金高恩 Revised Romanization Gim Go-eun McCune–Reischauer Kim Goŭn 
She debuted in the critically acclaimed film A Muse (2012). She next appeared in the crime thrillers Monster (2014) and Coin Locker Girl (2015) as well as the martial arts period drama Memories of the Sword (2015). Kim then played starring roles in the tvN dramas Cheese in the Trap (2016) and Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016). 
In 1994 when she was four years old, Kim's family moved to Beijing, China and lived there for 10 years. Because she did not experience the fierce competition of the Korean early education system, director Jung Ji-woo gives credit to her upbringing, saying, "She is naturally curious and brave. She's strong in a sense that she isn't influenced easily. 
After watching Chen Kaige's Together many times, crying every time she saw it, Kim decided she wanted to become a filmmaker. But she was led to theater by chance. She entered the School of Drama at Korea National University of Arts.[2][3] 
In 2012, Kim was catapulted from obscurity to the center of much media buzz when she was cast as Eun-gyo, a 17-year-old high school student who awakens the lust of two men, in A Muse.[4][5][6][7] Her performance swept the Best New Actress awards that year. 
There wasn't even any time for me to prepare," Kim recalled. She was chosen among some 300 actresses who auditioned for the part.[8] Apart from its provocative theme, the film featured two graphic sex scenes, which Kim admitted to feeling anxious and embarrassed about before filming, but when the cameras started, she said she became totally immersed in the character.[2] Jung said Kim grew up through the film, saying, "Her facial expressions in the last few scenes of the film are strikingly different from the ones in the beginning. I wanted to capture the moments when she realizes how precious she is to herself and to others," adding that she showed off qualities that can only be found in someone who is unaware of her own beauty and what she is capable of.[1] 
Describing her feelings about her profession, Kim said, "When I stood on the stage for the first time, I was so nervous that I thought it would be so hard if I had to do this for the rest of my life. But from my second performance, I felt ecstatic, as if I had wings on my back, and I never wanted to step off the stage. I keep on acting because I want to hold on to that feeling."[2] Regarding her decision to limit her appearance in advertisements, she said, "I never thought about my image or potential endorsement deals when choosing the next film project. 
Despite many offers following A Muse, Kim decided to go on a short break for two years, going back to school to finish her degree. She returned to the screen in 2014, showcasing her versatility in the thriller Monster where she played a developmentally disabled woman whose younger sister is murdered by a ruthless serial killer; her grief and rage drives her almost psychotic, and she plans her revenge.[10][11][12][13] 
In 2015, she and Kim Hye-soo were cast in Coin Locker Girl, a female-driven thriller based on 1980 Japanese novel Coin Locker Babies, about a baby girl abandoned in a coin-operated locker at a train station and raised by a loan shark enterprise madam, eventually grooming her for a position in the latter's organization. She along with the Director and some of the cast were invited to the Festival de Cannes 2015 for this film, her first time there[14] Kim next starred in martial arts period drama Memories of the Sword, in which she acted opposite her longtime role model, actress Jeon Do-yeon.[15][16][17] This was followed by The Advocate: A Missing Body, where she played an aggressive prosecutor.[18] 
Kim made her television debut in the cable series Cheese in the Trap, based on the webtoon of the same title.[19][20][21] She also contributed her vocals in the track "Attraction" by Tearliner for the drama's OST.[22] Kim won the Paeksang Award for Best New Actress Television for her performance. This was followed by a starring role in Canola, a family-themed movie about a reunion between a girl and her grandmother. The same year, she played the female lead in Kim Eun-sook's fantasy drama Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. 
In August 2016, it was confirmed by Kim's representatives that she is dating fellow actor Shin Ha-kyun.[23][24][25][26] 
Personal life 
Television drama 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/2184 Title INTERVIEW: ''High Kick 2'' Actress Yoo In-na Last name Wee First name Geun-woo Source date 19 March 2010 Website 10Asia URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ Ko, Hong-ju (8 June 2012). "Did Yoo In Na Time Her Departure from One Night?". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7679 Title Did Yoo In Na Time Her Departure from ''One Night''? Last name Ko First name Hong-ju Source date 8 June 2012 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ Lee, Nancy (31 December 2011). 
"Yoo Jae Suk Wins Big, Winners from 2011 SBS Entertainment Awards". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-18. Cite web URL http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=2489 Title Yoo Jae Suk Wins Big, Winners from ''2011 SBS Entertainment Awards'' Last name Lee First name Nancy Source date 31 December 2011 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2012-11-18 ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (19 February 2013). 
"Yoo In Na Grabs First Lead Role in Queen In Hyun's Man". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Ho, Stewart (7 June 2012). "Yoo In Na Kisses and Tells While Reflecting on Queen In Hyun's Man". enewsWorld. 
"Yoo In Na Cast in Her First Starring Movie Role for Pure Man, Woman". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Kim, Ji-yeon (9 March 2014). "Interview: Yoo In Na is Sad and Relieved to Let Go of You Who Came from the Stars". enewsWorld. 
"Yoo In Na Cast as Lead Actress in Chinese Movie Wedding Bible". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-04-02. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (5 February 2014). "Yoo In Na Replaces Eugene as the New MC of Get It Beauty". enewsWorld]. 
"Was Yoo In Na Lip-Synching A Proposal Song to Ji Hyun Woo on Her Radio Show?". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (11 June 2012). "Ji Hyun Woo's Brother Says He's in Contact with the MIA Actor". enewsWorld. 
Yoo In-Na At the Pifan opening ceremony on July 17, 2014. Born (1982-06-05) June 5, 1982 Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea Occupation Actress, DJ Years active 2009–present Agent YG Entertainment Korean name Hangul 유인나 Hanja 劉仁娜 Revised Romanization Yu In-na McCune–Reischauer Yu In-na 
Yoo In-Na (born June 5, 1982) is a South Korean actress and DJ. 
After supporting roles in High Kick! Through the Roof (2009-2010) and Secret Garden (2010), she rose to fame as the lead actress in Queen In-Hyun's Man (2012) which led to a supporting character role in the highly rated My Love from the Star (2013-2014). She is also the DJ of the highly rated radio program Let's Crank Up the Volume. 
At the age of 16, Yoo In-na joined an entertainment agency as an apprentice singer in 1998, and even came close to joining a girl group at one point. But 11 years and five different agencies later, she was unsuccessful at breaking out. Yoo said she had difficulty memorizing the dance choreography required of K-pop singers, and after practicing her dance moves for eight hours a day, six days a week, she called it quits.[1] 
She said, "If singing wasn't meant to be, I decided to give acting a go because it seemed fun. I never gave up. A lot of my friends did, though, even though they were prettier and more capable than me."[1] Her big break came in 2009 with the popular daytime sitcom High Kick Through the Roof on MBC.[2] Several supporting roles followed, notably as the heroine's perky best friend in 2010 SBS drama Secret Garden which won her Best New Actress at the Baeksang Arts Awards. 
She was an MC for TV Entertainment Tonight from March 3, 2011 to June 4, 2012,[3] for which she won Best Variety Entertainer at the SBS Entertainment Awards.[4] She is currently a DJ for KBS Cool FM's Let's Crank Up the Volume, which is the highest-rated radio program in its timeslot across both AM and FM bandwidths.[1][5] 
Having trained for years hoping to become a singer before her acting debut, Yoo's vocals was featured in Humming Urban Stereo's 2011 digital single "You, That Day" (넌 그날).[6] She also sang for the soundtrack of her 2011 film My Black Mini Dress alongside her castmates Yoon Eun-hye, Park Han-byul, and Cha Ye-ryun. Their chick flick is about the lives of four twentysomething friends as they juggle life, love and work.[7][8] 
In 2012, Yoo starred in her first leading role in the tvN series Queen In-hyun's Man. The plot of the cable drama centers around obscure actress Choi Hee-jin, played by Yoo, who falls in love with time-traveling scholar Kim Boong-do (Ji Hyun-woo) from the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) who jumped 300 years to the 21st century.[9][10][11][12] 
Yoo was cast in her first big-screen leading role in the melodrama Pure Couple, which began filming in December 2012.[13] In 2013, she next starred as part of the ensemble cast in family drama You're the Best, Lee Soon-shin, then as the female antagonist in My Love from the Star.[14] Due to the popularity of My Love from the Star in China, Yoo was cast in the leading role opposite Godfrey Gao in the 2014 Chinese romantic comedy film Wedding Bible (its director Heo In-moo previously directed Yoo in My Black Mini Dress).[15][16] 
On March 5, 2014, Yoo began her stint as the new host of Get It Beauty, a cable program that features trends in beauty and fashion, and reviews the best cosmetic products in the market.[17][18] Later that year, she starred in the mystery-romantic comedy series My Secret Hotel, where she played a wedding planner coordinating her ex-husband's wedding amidst a murder investigation.[19] 
At a June 7, 2012 fan meeting to mark the end of Queen In-hyun's Man, Ji Hyun-woo made a surprise public declaration that he was in love with co-star Yoo In-na, shocking fans and press alike.[20][21] This sparked a media frenzy in the following days,[22][23][24][25] during which their agencies remained mum on the issue and the two stars lay low,[26][27] except for a reassuring message to his fans that Ji posted on Twitter on June 11.[28][29] Speculation about their relationship status ended on June 17, when gossip website Sportsseoul.com photographed the couple together on a midnight date at a park in Bundang, Gyeonggi, where Yoo lives.[30][31] The next day on June 18, Yoo confirmed on her radio show that they are officially dating.[32][33][34] On May 14, 2014, their respective agencies confirmed in a press release that the couple have broken up.[35][36][37] 
Yoo In-na 
References 
Time in Laos is given by Indochina Time (ICT) (UTC+07:00). Laos does not currently observe daylight saving time.[1] 
Time in Laos 
References 
UTC+03:00 time zone (blue) 
Time in Yemen is given by Arabia Standard Time (AST) (UTC+03:00). Yemen does not currently observe daylight saving time.[1] 
Park Bo-gum In June 2016 Born (1993-06-16) June 16, 1993 Seoul, South Korea Other names Park Bo-geom Education Myongji University (Film and Musical Studies) Occupation Actor Years active 2011–present Agent Blossom Entertainment Website BOGUMMY Korean name Hangul 박보검 Hanja 朴寶劍 Revised Romanization Bak Bo-geom McCune–Reischauer Pak Po-kŏm 
↑ Jang, Seo-yoon (10 October 2013). 박보검, 풋풋함으로 다가온 반듯한 진지 청년(인터뷰). TenAsia (in Korean). Retrieved 2014-05-21. ↑ "'꽃청춘' 박보검 "어머니, 초등 4학년 때 돌아가셨다" 눈물". 
Naver. ↑ "'임금의 보배로운 검' 꿈꾸는 박보검 소개서". Retrieved 2016-11-09. ↑ "[어저께TV] '명단공개', '응팔'★들의 심상찮은 과거사". 
Naver. Cite web URL http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003226223 Title [어저께TV] '명단공개', '응팔'★들의 심상찮은 과거사 Website Naver ↑ "[인터뷰] 박보검 "감사한 2015, 신중할 2016"". Retrieved 2016-11-09. 
Cite news URL http://www.hankookilbo.com/v/5596a1c3cefe922da3cfd3244c02133a Source title [인터뷰] 박보검 "감사한 2015, 신중할 2016" URL access date 2016-11-09 ↑ "Video of Park Bo Gum Singing That Got Him Into Several Large Agencies Revealed". Soompi. Cite web URL http://www.soompi.com/2015/11/30/video-of-park-bo-gum-singing-that-got-him-into-several-large-agencies-revealed/ Title Video of Park Bo Gum Singing That Got Him Into Several Large Agencies Revealed Website Soompi ↑ "'내일도 칸타빌레' 박보검, 엉뚱발랄 첼리스트 화보". 
Cite web URL http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=415&aid=0000001184 Title '내일도 칸타빌레' 박보검, 엉뚱발랄 첼리스트 화보 Website Star 1 ↑ "박보검, 명랑소년 성장기(인터뷰)". Ten Asia. Cite web URL http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/318028 Title 박보검, 명랑소년 성장기(인터뷰) Website Ten Asia ↑ "Park Bo-gum: "명지대 14학번, 동기·선배들 연기력에 스스로 반성"". 
TV Daily. Cite web URL http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1418598030817054002 Title Park Bo-gum: "명지대 14학번, 동기·선배들 연기력에 스스로 반성" Website TV Daily ↑ "Awakening the Centuries". Elle Korea. 
Cite web URL http://www.elle.co.kr/article/view.asp?MenuCode=en010302&intSno=13527 Title Awakening the Centuries Website Elle Korea ↑ "Park Bo-gum: "I first wanted to be a singer..."". MBN. Cite web URL http://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=019&aid=0002399871 Title Park Bo-gum: "I first wanted to be a singer..." 
Website MBN ↑ "[TONG] 시각장애인이 영화관에 가야 하는 이유 알려드릴까요?". Joins. Cite web URL http://news.joins.com/article/19913757 Title [TONG] 시각장애인이 영화관에 가야 하는 이유 알려드릴까요? 
Website Joins ↑ "We are all guilty of falling in love with Park Bo-gum". Chosun Woman. Cite web URL http://woman.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?cate=C01&mcate=M1002&nNewsNumb=20161058964 Title We are all guilty of falling in love with Park Bo-gum Website Chosun Woman ↑ "[이은주 기자의 왜 떴을까] 해맑은 미소로 힐링주는 '국민 남동생' 박보검". 
Cite web URL http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=081&aid=0002662977 Title [이은주 기자의 왜 떴을까] 해맑은 미소로 힐링주는 ‘국민 남동생’ 박보검 Website Naver ↑ "'식사' 배종옥 "박보검, 촬영 들어가기도 전에 눈물…막 울더라"". XSportsNews. Cite web URL http://www.xportsnews.com/jenter/?ac=article_view&entry_id=761182&_REFERER=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.naver.com%2Fsearch.naver%3Fie%3Dutf8%26where%3Dnews%26query%3D%25EB%25B0%2595%25EB%25B3%25B4%25EA%25B2%2580%2520%25EC%259B%2590%25EB%258D%2594%25ED%2592%2580%2520%25EB%25A7%2588%25EB%25A7%2588%26sm%3Dtab_tmr%26frm%3Dmr%26nso%3Dso%3Ar%2Cp%3Aall%2Ca%3Aall%26sort%3D0 Title '식사' 배종옥 "박보검, 촬영 들어가기도 전에 눈물…막 울더라" Website XSportsNews ↑ "내일도 칸타빌레' 박보검, "女心 지휘하는 매력남"". 
Hankooki. ↑ "참좋은시절 이서진 아역 박보검, 훈훈한 외모에 사투리…"매력있어!"". MBN. ↑ "'KBS연기대상' 박보검, 어린왕자 패션+피아노 연주까지 '훈훈'". 
FNNews. ↑ "'2015 APAN STAR AWARDS'". NewsTown. ↑ "[무비:스포이트] 김성훈 감독 "'끝까지 간다' 속 박보검, 무언가 있구나 느꼈죠"". XSportsNews. ↑ "박보검, '뮤직뱅크' 새 MC 발탁…아이린과 호흡". 
TV Report. ↑ "[리폿@이슈] "송중기♥서효림→박보검♥아이린"…'뮤뱅' 역대 커플 MC". TV Report. ↑ "'KBS 연예대상' 설현 박보검 이재윤, 남녀 신인상 수상". news1. ↑ "종영 '너를기억해' 박보검이라는 배우의 발견". Newsen. ↑ "'대세' 박보검, 조연상 이어 인기상 '2관왕'(KBS 연기대상)". 
TV Report. ↑ "'차이나타운' 김고은-박보검, "풋풋해~" 보기만 해도 설레는 커플 화보 공개!". iStyle24. ↑ "'백상예술대상' 고경표-박보검-박서준-박정민-태인호, 일생 단 한 번뿐인 男 신인상은 누구에게". 
Top Star News. ↑ "[tvN10어워즈] 박보검, 영상통화 성공…tvN아시아상 수상". Donga. ↑ "박보검, 'APAN' 신인상에 "불허한다 내상이다"…매력 발산". MTN. ↑ "박보검 측 "류준열·안재홍·고경표와 '꽃청춘' 합류"(공식입장)". 
Naver. ↑ "'1박2일' 박보검 효과 톡톡히, 시청률 19.9%…'2년 만에 자체 최고 시청률'". eToday. ↑ "박보검·아이린, '뮤직뱅크' MC 하차(공식입장)". news1. ↑ "[SW이슈] 박보검, '구르미'로 증명한 배우로서의 가치". Naver. ↑ "'Love in the Moonlight' tops 20 percent in viewership". Yonhap News. ↑ "(News Focus) 'Love in the Moonlight' shines through unexpected success". 
Yonhap News. ↑ "Park Bo-gum interview pt. 1: 'Moonlight Drawn by Clouds'". Kpop Herald. ↑ "Park Bo-gum interview pt. 
2: Celebrity life". Kpop Herald. ↑ "박보검 '욘사마 열풍' 재현…50~70대 여성 팬들 열광". ↑ "박보검 '내사람', 7개차트 1위 맹공…아이돌급 인기". Naver. ↑ "'Love in the Moonlight' ranks first among Korean dramas". 
Manila Bulletin. ↑ "[SC초점] '태후'→'구르미'로 본 성공법칙, #엔딩5분#박보검#송중기". Sports Chosun. ↑ ""박보검, 못하는게 뭐니" OST까지 1위…'내 사람' 음원 차트 '올킬'". Naver. ↑ "Park Bo-gum beats Song-Song Couple as Top Actor of the Year". 
Naver. ↑ "Actor Park Bo-gum embarks on Asia tour". Korea Times. ↑ "Don't know Park Bo-gum? Well, you should". 
Star2. ↑ "Squeaky clean image wins over public". Kpop Herald. ↑ "Reply1988 Park Bo-gum, I didn't do any plastic surgery! No alcohol, cigarette, swearing". 
YouTube. ↑ "'내일도 칸타빌레' 박보검, 엉뚱발랄 첼리스트 화보". Star 1. ↑ "박보검, 중국판 그래미서 한국 배우 최초 수상 '한류 날개'". Newsen. ↑ "[SS톡] 박보검, 소리 없이 선한 영향력 실천 중인 '국민 선행남'". 
Naver. ↑ "Actor Park Bo-gum wins 'older' women's hearts". KPopHerald. ↑ "Korea caught in 'Bo-gum magic'". Korea Times. ↑ "Park Bogum captivates fans from pre-teens to grandmas... reminiscent of 'Yonsama syndrome'". 
Nate. ↑ "박보검, '2016 아시아 투어 팬미팅' 개최". Chosun Ilbo. ↑ "박보검, 출구없는 매력발산…'심쿵'하는 강렬한 눈빛 [화보]". MBN. ↑ "스텔라장, 박보검·김연아 로맨틱 광고송 주인공". 
TVDaily. ↑ "송중기 박보검 나란히 광고모델, 대세 배우의 훈훈한 투샷". Herald Corp. ↑ "Park Bo-gum earns 40 Billion Won from CFs for 2016". Newsen. ↑ "The "Park Bo-gum Effect": 453% Increase". 
Naver. ↑ "Actor Park Bo-gum to take on period drama after 'Reply 1988'". Korean Herald. ↑ "D.ear - Forget You Teaser 1(박보검)". YouTube. ↑ "Park Bo-gum to host "KBS Song Festival"". 
OSEN. ↑ "Park Bo-gum and Jun Hyun-moo to host 2016 KBS Drama Awards". E-today. ↑ Cumulative sales for "My Person": "Gaon Download Chart - October 2016". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved 2016-10-20. 
"Gaon Download Chart - November 2016". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved 2016-11-27. ↑ "Gaon Digital Chart". Gaon Chart (in Korean). 
Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved October 20, 2016. ↑ "Park Bo-gum sheds tears at fan meeting". The Korean Herald. ↑ "Park Bo-gum meets Taiwan fans". 
The Korean Herald. ↑ "Park Bo-gum's Fun and Touching Fan Meeting in Kuala Lumpur". Korean Herald. ↑ "Park Bo-gum Meets 4000 fans in Hong Kong". 
Naver. ↑ "InStyle Icons:Next Generation". InStyle Korea. ↑ "Max Movie: 2016 Rising Stars Award". Naver. ↑ "'SIA' 스타일아이콘 10인 공개, 'G-Dragon, 리이펑, 박보검, 소녀시대, 송승헌, 송중기, 유아인, 이정재, 이하늬, 하지원'". 
Star Daily News. ↑ "박보검 음악풍운방연도 시상식서 아티스트상 수상..中 인기도 여전해". 
ASIAE. ↑ "Male Rookie Actor Nomination". 
Paeksang Arts Awards. ↑ "2016 한류팬이 뽑은 최고의 배우는 지성-박보영". Yonhap News. ↑ "APAN Star Awards". Daum. ↑ ""박보검VS조진웅"…tvN10 어워즈, 화려한 수상 후보 공개". 
Sports Chosun. ↑ "Park Bo-gum wins Asia Star Award for "Reply" and "Moonlight"". OSEN. ↑ "Park Bogum and Suzy win Best Star Awards". OSEN. ↑ "Winners of 3rd Melodi Awards". 
Panduan Malaysia. ↑ "Park Bo-gum Hailed by Actors and Industry Representatives as "Star of the Year" for 1st OSEN Awards". OSEN. ↑ "Yahoo! Asia Buzz Awards". 
Yahoo!. ↑ "'컬투쇼' 박보검, 출연 없이 '최다 언급상' 수상…홍경민 "박보검 父와 밥 먹었다" [출처] 비". BizCenter. ↑ "KBS Daesang Nominees: Park Shin-yang, Song Hye-kyo, Song Joong-ki and Park Bo-gum". Naver. ↑ "Top Excellence Award Winners at KBS Drama Awards". 
Naver. ↑ "2016 KBS Drama Awards Winners". eToday. ↑ "Interview with Best Dresser of the Year Park Bo-gum". Celeb's Pick Naver TVCast. ↑ "박보검·조정석, 2017년 기대되는 브랜드 선정". 
Park Bo-gum (Hangul: 박보검; Hanja: 朴寶劍; born June 16, 1993) is a South Korean actor. 
Park Bo-gum 
Jang Na-ra Born (1981-03-18) March 18, 1981 Seoul, South Korea Occupation Singer actress Years active 1997–present Musical career Genres Pop Instruments Vocals Years active 2001–present Labels Pure Entertainment WS Entertainment Narajjang.com Corporation Website www.narajjang.com Korean name Hangul 장나라 Hanja 張娜拉 Transcriptions Revised Romanization Jang Nara McCune–Reischauer Chang Nara 
Jang Na-ra (Hangul: 장나라; born March 18, 1981) is a South Korean singer and actress active in the South Korean and Chinese entertainment industries.[1] She is known for her hit song Sweet Dream and TV roles in New Nonstop, Successful Story of a Bright Girl, Bratty Princess, Baby Faced Beauty, School 2013, My Love Patzzi, Fated to Love You and I Remember You. 
Daum (in Korean). Retrieved 21 May 2014. ↑ "The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Jang Na-ra to Finally Graduate from University". English.chosun.com. 
VisitKorea. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ ↑ "Jang Nara 'Can Only Think of You'-INSIDE Korea JoongAng Daily". Koreajoongangdaily.joins.com. 
Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "오! 해피데이 - Daum 영화" (in Korean). movie.daum.net. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "[KBS미니시리즈] 웨딩". kbs.co.kr. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ zh:刁蛮公主 ↑ "BNTNews China". 
News.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-06-12. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) ↑ "Jang Nara Generate Buzz With "Sky and Sea"". 
2009-10-29. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "Jang wins Best Actress at China film gala". News.asiaone.com. 
2010-10-19. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Korea's 'Sky and Sea' Wins Prize at Tirana International Film Festival". English.chosun.com. 
2010-12-21. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "Debut 10 years Jang Nara, "Nothing has changed..." @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database". Hancinema.net. 
Retrieved 2016-06-12. 1 2 Jang Nara. "» Jang Nara » Korean Actor & Actress". 
Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ http://koreandrama.com/jang-na-ras-sweet-kiss-in-her-latest-movie-released/ ↑ "Reel China: Whoever". :. 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "Jang Nara joins dad for new drama-INSIDE Korea JoongAng Daily". 
Koreajoongangdaily.joins.com. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "'School 2013's Lee Jong Seok and Jang Nara's Past from 9 Years Ago Revealed". 
14 January 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014. ↑ Jeon, Ji-young (30 November 2012). "Jang Nara's Cute Wish for School 2013's Success". 
Retrieved 2012-12-07. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (8 November 2012). "Jang Nara Flawlessly Pulls Off a School Uniform". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-12-07. ↑ "KPOP NEWS - Jang Nara Becomes Cute for Her New Role in a Chinese Drama | Mwave". 
Retrieved 21 May 2014. ↑ "Jang Na-ra to star 'Mr. Back' with Shin Ha-kyun". Kpopherald.com. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "Jang Nara Named Ambassador of Chinese Charity". 
"Jang Nara Donates 8 Bil Won of Clothing to Quake-hit Sichuan | SEOULFULL". Seoulfull.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ "Jang Nara Donates Money to Help Earthquake Victims in China". 
English.triptokorea.com. 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ↑ Jo, Sang-won (2010-07-02), "10년만에 대학 졸업한 장나라, 중국에서 교수됐다 [Jang Nara, only ten years out of university, becomes professor in China]", Gyeongwon Ilbo, retrieved 2010-07-04 ↑ "Jang Nara to promote Gangnam District". 
Jang Na-ra 
Career 
Filmography 
Music video appearances 
Television series 
Variety shows 
↑ Lee, Jeong-hwa (30 May 2014). 남주혁, 푸른 여름을 닮은 '200%' 소년이 궁금해(인터뷰). TenAsia (in Korean). Retrieved 2015-02-02. ↑ Kim, Min-ji (31 March 2015). 
"Nam Joo Hyuk Confirmed as Male Lead of School 2015". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2015-04-06. ↑ June 7, 2016 (2016-06-07). 
"Nam Joo Hyuk Joins Cha Seung Won And Son Ho Jun In Variety Show "Three Meals A Day"". Soompi. Retrieved 2016-12-14. 
Retrieved 2015-02-02. ↑ Kim, Min-ji (24 March 2015). "Nam Joo Hyuk to Leave I'm Going to School". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2015-04-06. ↑ Oh, Hyo-jin (5 January 2015). 
"Seo Kang Jun, Seo Ha Jun, Hong Jong Hyun, Choi Tae Joon and Nam Joo Hyuk Film Running Man". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2015-02-03. ↑ Jo, Yeon-kyung (19 January 2015). "Nam Joo Hyuk Answers Yes to Dating Question Without Thinking on Running Man". enewsWorld. 
Nam Joo-hyuk In September 2015 Born (1994-02-22) February 22, 1994 Busan, South Korea Occupation Model, actor Years active 2013-present Agent YG Entertainment (acting) YGK-Plus (modeling) Height 188 cm (6 ft 2 in) Korean name Hangul 남주혁 Hanja 南柱赫 Revised Romanization Nam Ju-hyeok McCune–Reischauer Nam Chu-hyŏk 
Nam Joo-hyuk (born February 22, 1994) is a South Korean model and actor. He has starred in Who Are You: School 2015 (2015) and Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo (2016). 
Nam debuted in 2013 as a model for the SONGZIO Homme Spring/Summer 2014 collection. In 2014, he appeared in the music videos of Akdong Musician, and made his acting debut with a supporting role in the tvN drama The Idle Mermaid (2014). 
In 2015, Nam was cast in the high school drama Who Are You: School 2015.[1][2] His role won him "Best New Actor" at the 4th APAN Star Awards. 
This was followed by supporting roles in Cheese in the Trap and Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo in 2016. Nam became a cast member in the variety cooking show Three Meals a Day, which had its first broadcast on June 26.[3] He then starred in the youth campus drama Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo. 
Year Title Role Network 2014 The Idle Mermaid Park Dae-Bak tvN 2015 Who Are You: School 2015 Han Yi-An KBS2 Glamorous Temptation Jin Hyung-Woo (young) MBC 2016 Cheese in the Trap Kwon Eun-Taek tvN Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo Baek-ah SBS Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo Jung Joon-hyung MBC 
Nam Joo-hyuk 
Byun Yo-han Born (1986-04-29) April 29, 1986 Incheon, South Korea Education Korea National University of Arts - Acting Occupation Actor Years active 2011-present Agent Saram Entertainment Korean name Hangul 변요한 Revised Romanization Byeon Yo-han McCune–Reischauer Pyŏn Yohan 
Awards and nominations 
Film 
Filmography 
Musicals 
Personal life 
Television series 
Byun Yo-han (born April 29, 1986) is a South Korean actor. He made his acting debut in 2011, and appeared in over 30 short films as a student of Korea National University of Arts.[1] The then-unknown actor rose to fame in 2014 with a supporting role in the popular workplace cable series Misaeng.[2] In 2015, he starred in leading roles in indie hit Socialphobia and the romantic comedy Ex-Girlfriend Club.[1][3][4] 
Yo-han is part of a celebrity friendship group that has been named as BYH48 by fans and the media in reference to the Japanese idol group AKB48 due to the large number of members.[5][6] BYH48 includes EXO's Suho and Sehun, Song Min-ho, and many actors such as Ryu Jun-yeol, Lee Dong-hwi, Ji Soo and Kim Hee-chan.[7] 
1 2 Kim, Hyun-soo (23 March 2015). "BYUN Yo-han of SOCIALPHOBIA: A Star That Shines Brighter on Set". Korean Film Biz Zone. 
Retrieved 5 April 2015. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (1 February 2015). "Byun Yo Han Talks About Acting in Misaeng and EXO's Su Ho". enewsWorld. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ↑ Hong, Hye-jin (2 April 2015). 
"Byun Yo-han and Song Ji-hyo shows off chemistry". K-pop Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ↑ Kwon, Ji-youn (1 May 2015). 
"Meet members of Ex-girlfriend Club". The Korea Times. Retrieved 20 May 2015. ↑ "'명단공개' 변요한, 류준열·이동휘·수호와 의외의 인맥 'BYH48'". 
2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-12-10. ↑ KpopStarz (2016-01-28). "BYH48 And 6 Other Famous K-Pop Entourages You Should Know". 
KpopStarz. Retrieved 2016-12-10. ↑ Kim, C. (2016-02-24). 
"EXO's Suho Discusses the Connection of "Glory Day" Cast Through Byun Yo Han". Soompi. Retrieved 2016-12-10. ↑ Conran, Pierce (28 March 2014). 
"In Focus: Tinker Ticker". Korean Cinema Today. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ↑ Doo, Rumy (12 December 2016). 
"[Herald Review] A life well-regretted in 'Will You Be There?'". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ↑ Yu, Jiwon (6 July 2016). 
"Actress Shin Hye Sun To Play Byun Yo Han's Wife In New Film". Soompi. Retrieved 13 September 2016. ↑ http://mydramalist.com/people/7710-byun-yo-han ↑ "윤도현·조승우·조정석·변요한, 뮤지컬 '헤드윅' 캐스팅" (in Korean). 
Chosun.com. 
2015-12-24. 
Retrieved 2016-02-18. ↑ "변요한, 뮤지컬 '헤드윅' 프로필 사진 공개…'심쿵'" (in Korean). bnt news. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2016-02-18. ↑ Yoon, Ina (29 December 2014). 
"Winners at the 40th Seoul Independent Film Festival". Korean Cinema Today. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ↑ Ma, Kevin (1 April 2015). 
"Girl at My Door leads Wildflower nominations". Film Business Asia. Retrieved 11 April 2015. ↑ "′백상예술대상′ 남자 신인상 후보, 이민호vs변요한vs강하늘..수상자는?" (in Korean). 
Chosun Biz. 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2016-01-19. ↑ "변요한, 부일영화상 수상…'소셜포비아'" (in Korean). 
Newsis. 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2016-01-19. ↑ "청룡영화제 신인상, 이민호-이유영 대종상 기운 이어갈까" (in Korean). 
Sports Today. 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2016-01-19. ↑ "변요한 남주혁 신인상 수상 (에이판스타어워즈)" (in Korean). 
Sports Today. 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2016-01-19. 
Byun Yo-han 
Career 
Film 
Filmography 
Music video 
Personal life 
Television series 
Variety show 
Year Title Network Notes 2007 I ♡ Broadway OCN 2008 My Style Road OnStyle Happy Together - Season 3 KBS2 guest, episode 43 Family Outing SBS guest, episodes 11-12 Female 2 Days & 1 Night - Season 3 KBS Joy guest, episodes 9-10 2012 Strong Heart SBS guest, episodes 125-126 2015 Three Meals a Day: Fishing Village - Season 2 tvN guest, episodes 5-6 
Year Song Title Artist 2002 "In Case of My Love" Jung Jae-hyung 2004 "Misty Moon" Lim Hyung-joo "Grabber" Kim Dong-ryool and Lee So-eun 2005 "Doo roo roo" Ahn Jae-wook 2009 "My Love" Shin Seung-hun 
Retrieved 2012-12-01. Cite news URL http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2904521 Source title Farewell, my darling, I'm off to serve my country Source date 8 May 2009 Newspaper Korea JoongAng Daily URL access date 2012-12-01 ↑ Hong, Lucia (3 March 2011). "Lee Jae-won, Lee Jin-wook to be discharged from the military next week". 
"Kim Ji-seok, Lee Jin-wook's new tvN series to hit airwaves on June 20". 10Asia. Retrieved 2012-11-18. 
Cite web URL http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode=VIEW&seq=2753 Title Korean POINT BLANK Remake Goes Into Production Last name Tae First name Sang-joon Source date 7 November 2013 Website Korean Film Council URL access date 2014-01-30 ↑ Park, Ji-ryun (23 May 2014). "Lee Jin Wook Finalizing Details for Big-Scale Drama The Three Musketeers". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-06-13. ↑ Jin, Min-ji (16 April 2015). 
Lee Jin-wook Lee Jin-wook at the I Need Romance 2012 press conference in June 2012 Born (1981-09-16) September 16, 1981 Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea Other names Lee Jin-uk Occupation Actor Years active 2003-present Agent С&CO ENS Korean name Hangul 이진욱 Hanja 李陣郁 Revised Romanization I Jin-uk McCune–Reischauer I Chin-uk 
Lee Jin-wook (born September 16, 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading role in the romance series Glass Castle (2008), the time-traveling series Nine: Nine Time Travels (2013), romance series The Time We Were Not in Love (2015) and supporting role in the movie Miss Granny (2014).[1][2] 
Lee Jin-wook was studying Environmental Engineering at Cheongju University when he dropped out to pursue acting. He began his entertainment career as a print model for Panasonic in 2003, then made his acting debut in My New Boyfriend, a 2004 short film directed by Hur Jin-ho. Roles in television dramas followed, namely: a good-natured stalker in Alone in Love, a baseball player in Smile Again, a private investigator in Someday, an Incheon Airport employee in Air City, a plastic surgeon in Before and After, the president's son in Formidable Rivals, and a newly married chaebol in Glass Castle. 
Lee then served his two-year mandatory military service from May 6, 2009 to March 7, 2011 at the Defense Media Agency of the Ministry of National Defense.[3][4][5] His comeback project was Myung-wol the Spy, in which he played a North Korean agent.[6][7] 
After playing the heroine's on-and-off boyfriend in I Need Romance 2012,[8] Lee starred in his most high-profile role yet as a TV anchor in the time-traveling romance Nine: Nine Time Travels.[9][10] The positive reception he gained from Nine led to his being cast in a supporting role in the comedy film Miss Granny, followed by his first major big-screen role in The Target, a remake of French action movie Point Blank.[11] 
Lee then reteamed with the writer and director of Nine in The Three Musketeers (2014), a period drama set during the Joseon era where he played Crown Prince Sohyeon.[12] He is set to star in two films in 2015, the comedy The Beauty Inside and the thriller Time Renegade, as well as the remake of Taiwanese drama In Time with You titled The Time We Were Not in Love.[13] 
After meeting on the set of Air City in 2007, Lee began dating actress Choi Ji-woo.[14] The couple broke up in 2011.[15] 
Year Title Role Network 2004 MBC Best Theater "Bad Girl" MBC 2005 Resurrection the real Steven Lee (bit part, episode 23) KBS2 2006 Alone in Love Min Hyun-joong SBS Smile Again Yoon Jae-myung SBS Someday Im Seok-man OCN 2007 Air City Kang Ha-joon MBC 2008 Before and After: Plastic Surgery Clinic Han Geon-soo MBC Powerful Opponents Kang Soo-ho KBS2 Glass Castle Kim Joon-sung SBS 2009 The Road Home Lee Jin-wook (guest, episodes 21-22) KBS1 2011 Myung-wol the Spy Choi Ryu KBS2 2012 I Need Romance 2012 Yoon Seok-hyun tvN 2013 Nine: Nine Time Travels Park Sun-woo tvN 2014 The Three Musketeers Crown Prince Sohyeon tvN 2015 The Time We Were Not in Love Choi Won SBS 2016 Goodbye Mr. Black Cha Ji-won MBC 
Lee Jin-wook 
Year Title Role 2004 My New Boyfriend (short film) Boyfriend 2014 Miss Granny Han Seung-woo The Target Lee Tae-joon 2015 The Beauty Inside Woo-jin Time Renegade Gun-woo 
Career 
Discography 
Film 
Filmography 
Music video 
Personal life 
Television series 
Variety show 
↑ The actor indicates a preference of spelling his name "Jaewon" (without a space or hyphen) on his official website. ↑ "Romance (2002, MBC miniseries)". Koreanfilm.org. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Lee, Seung-jae (3 April 2003). 
Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Park, Hyun-min (5 October 2011). "Kim Jae Won Dislocates His Shoulder, Promises to Make Quick Recovery". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Park, So-jung (5 October 2011). 
Retrieved 2012-12-03. ↑ Park, Hyun-min (9 November 2011). "Kim Jae Won Likely to Return Earlier than Expected". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Lee, In-kyung (30 November 2011). 
"Kim Jae Won Makes Full Recovery From Motorcycle Accident". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Lee, Hye-ji (13 July 2012). "Kim Jae-won returning to TV with May Queen after recovering from injury". 
Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Lee, In-kyung (7 May 2012). "Kim Jae Won Reveals He was Traumatized by Poverty". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. 
1 2 An, So-hyoun (17 January 2013). "Kim Jae Won Joins the Free Agent Market". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Oh, Esther (5 September 2012). 
"Kim Jae Won to Serve as Pretty Boy MC of Get It Beauty HOMME". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Lee, Jin-ho (17 September 2012). "Kim Jae Won Thought He Was Born with His Skin". enewsWorld. 
"Celebs to become family on new MBC show". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ↑ "Actor Kim Jae Won to Host Current Affairs Program Real Story Eye". 
Retrieved 2015-04-08. ↑ Choi, Eun-hwa (28 June 2013). "Kim Jae Won Says Marriage is a Sure Way to Happiness". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ An, So-hyoun; Lee, In-kyung (4 June 2013). 
"Kim Jae Won to Get Married to His Pregnant Fiancee on June 28". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-09-01. ↑ Park, Si-soo (4 June 2013). "Actor Kim to tie knot on June 28". 
Kim Jaewon Born (1981-02-18) 18 February 1981 Seoul, South Korea Education Sangmyung University - Theater and Film Hanyang University Graduate School of International Tourism Occupation Actor Years active 2001-present Agent Will Entertainment (2014-present) Spouse(s) Park Seo-yeon (m. 2013) Website http://www.kimjaewon.co.kr/ Korean name Hangul 김재원 Hanja 金載沅 Revised Romanization Gim Jae-won McCune–Reischauer Kim Chae-wŏn 
Kim Jaewon[1] (born 18 February 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for the television dramas Romance (2002), Can You Hear My Heart (2011), May Queen (2012), and Scandal: A Shocking and Wrongful Incident (2013). 
Kim Jaewon made his acting debut in 2001 in the sitcom Honey Honey. He rose to stardom a year later when he played a high school senior who falls for his teacher (played by Kim Ha-neul) in 2002 hit drama Romance.[2] Rival (with So Yoo-jin) and My Love Patzzi (with Jang Na-ra and Kim Rae-won) further raised his profile. 
He reunited with Rival costar Kim Min-jung in Land of Wine (2003), where they played a young couple trying to revive traditional liquor amidst a family feud.[3] Then in 2004, he starred opposite Sun Feifei in Beijing My Love, a South Korean-Chinese co-production which was shot 80% in China.[4] He also appeared in the romantic comedy film 100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, followed by a supporting role in My 19 Year Old Sister-in-Law. 
In Wonderful Life (2005), Kim's character deals with the consequences of a one-night stand in Singapore that leads to young marriage (to Eugene) and fatherhood. After playing a third-rate gangster who inherits a kindergarten and falls for a teacher (played by Han Ji-min) in Great Inheritance (2006), Kim was cast in his first period drama role as a nobleman romantically involved with a gisaeng in Hwang Jini (previous Mr. Arrogant costar Ha Ji-won played the title role). With his Korean Wave appeal, Kim then filmed the Chinese television drama First Love, which aired on CCTV in 2008. 
Kim enlisted on March 23, 2009 to fulfill his mandatory military service, and was assigned to the Defense Media Agency.[5] He was discharged on January 24, 2011.[6][7] 
As his acting comeback, Kim joined the cast of Can You Hear My Heart, for which he received praise for his portrayal of a deaf man.[8][9] He and costar Hwang Jung-eum were later given recognition at the year-end MBC Drama Awards.[10] 
In fall 2011, Kim signed on to star in Me Too, Flower! opposite Lee Ji-ah.[11][12] But on the first day of filming on October 4, he was injured when the moped he was riding malfunctioned and accidentally accelerated.[13][14] After being diagnosed with a dislocated shoulder, bone fracture and torn ligaments and cartilage, he withdrew from the drama and was replaced by Yoon Shi-yoon.[15][16][17] Kim cancelled all entertainment activities for ten months and underwent rehabilitation under Dr. Na Young-mu (well known as the doctor of figure skater Kim Yuna),[18][19] eventually making a full recovery.[20] 
In 2012, Kim returned to the small screen opposite Han Ji-hye in May Queen, which depicts the success stories of people in the shipbuilding industry.[21][22] He later won the Top Excellence Award in a Serial Drama at the MBC Drama Awards (he also hosted the ceremony).[23] Kim was also the MC of Get It Beauty HOMME, a "beauty guide for men" on cable channel OnStyle.[24][25] 
Though he initially became popular due to his fair skin and beaming smile (which earned the actor the somewhat feminine nickname of "smiling angel" among fans), in recent years Kim has cultivated an image as a tough guy. This physicality was showcased in his next drama, Scandal: A Shocking and Wrongful Incident (2013), where he played a detective who discovers that the man he considers his father had kidnapped him as a child from his biological family.[26] 
In 2014, Kim joined Four Sons and One Daughter, a reality show with four male celebrities and one female guest star who form a family while living with fake parents in the countryside.[27][28] He also began hosting the current affairs program The Real Story Eye, which reconstructs cases to uncover the facts beneath rumors and speculation.[29] Later that year, he signed with a new talent agency, Will Entertainment. 
Kim returned to period dramas in 2015 with Splendid Politics, playing a villainous King Injo.[30] 
Kim married Park Seo-yeon (who was three months pregnant at the time) on June 28, 2013 at Raum Wedding Hall in Yeoksam-dong, Seoul.[31] The couple were childhood friends who began dating in October 2012.[32][33][34][35] Park is the daughter of the head of an advertising agency, and she works in management at a modeling agency.[36] Their son, nicknamed "Heaven," was born in December 2013.[37][38] 
Early life and education 
Retrieved 2016-10-19. ↑ "[MV] 에디킴 - 내 입술 따뜻한 커피처럼(Feat. 이성경)". ↑ http://koalasplayground.com/2016/08/09/lee-sung-kyung-and-nam-joo-hyuk-confirmed-as-leads-for-mbc-drama-weightlifting-fairy-kim-bok-joo/ ↑ "Lee Sung Kyung, Nam Joo Hyuk, and more confirmed for new MBC romance drama | allkpop.com". Retrieved 2016-09-10. ↑ "Song Ga Yeon, Han Groo, Jeon So Min, and Others to Appear on SBS' Running Man". Soompi. 
18 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-28. Cite web URL http://www.soompi.com/2014/11/18/song-ga-yeon-han-groo-jeon-so-min-and-others-to-appear-on-sbs-running-man/ Title Song Ga Yeon, Han Groo, Jeon So Min, and Others to Appear on SBS' Running Man Source date 18 November 2014 Website Soompi URL access date 2014-11-28 ↑ Council of Fashion Designers of Korea. ↑ 이성경·남주혁, 다정한 투샷..."대세 남녀" [Lee Sung-kyung and Nam Joo-hyuk pose for a friendly shot together... 
Lee Sung-kyung In March 2016 Born (1990-08-10) August 10, 1990 Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea Education Dongduk Women's University Occupation Model, actress Years active 2008–present Agent YGK-Plus (modeling) YG Entertainment (acting) Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) Korean name Hangul 이성경 Hanja 李聖經 Revised Romanization I Seonggyeong McCune–Reischauer I Sŏnggyŏng 
Lee Sung-kyung (born August 10, 1990) is a South Korean model and actress. She featured in television dramas Cheese in the Trap (2016) and Doctor Crush (2016) before taking her first leading role as the titular character in Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo (2016). 
Lee Sung-kyung was born on August 10, 1990 in Goyang city, Gyeonggi, South Korea. On February 22, 2016, Lee graduated from Dongduk Women's University.[1] 
Lee Sung-kyung 
Awards and nominations 
Film 
Filmography 
Music video 
References 
Television drama 
Variety show 
Web series 
Year Song Title Artist 2005 "Prayer to Overcome Sadness" Boohwal 2006 "Crescent Moon" Wheesung "Much Laugh" MayBee 2009 "Sunflower" Kim Jong-wook 2010 "Sick Enough to Die" MC Mong 2012 "Day by Day" T-ara 2014 "Hesitating Lips" Yoo Seung-woo 
"Lee Jae Yoon Joins Yawang as Soo Ae's Step Brother". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-07-24. Cite web URL http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/24484 Title Lee Jae Yoon Joins Yawang as Soo Ae's Step Brother Last name Ho First name Stewart Source date 20 December 2012 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2013-07-24 
Lee Jae-yoon Born (1984-12-15) December 15, 1984 Canada Nationality South Korean Education University of Toronto Dongguk University - Theater Studies Occupation Actor Years active 2004-present Korean name Hangul 이재윤 Revised Romanization I Jae-yun McCune–Reischauer I Chaeyun 
Lee Jae-yoon (born December 15, 1984) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television dramas My Love By My Side (2011) and Cruel City (2013).[1][2] 
Year Title Role Network 2004 Nonstop 5 MBC 2006 Wolf MBC 2008 I Am Happy SBS 2009 Heading to the Ground Shin Poong-chul MBC 2010 A Man Called God Park Chul MBC Stormy Lovers Lee Hyung-chul MBC 2011 My Love By My Side Lee So-ryong SBS Just Like Today Jang Ji-wan MBC 2012 Phantom Jo Jae-min SBS 2013 Queen of Ambition[3] Joo Yang-heon SBS Cruel City Ji Hyung-min jTBC Golden Rainbow Kim Man-won MBC 2014 Witch's Romance Ban Ji-yeon's blind date (cameo, episode 4) tvN Drama Festival "The Diary of Heong Yeong-dang" Lee Chul-joo MBC 2015 Heart to Heart Jang Doo-soo tvN I Have a Lover Min Kyu-suk SBS Glamorous Temptation Hong Myung-ho MBC 2016 Another Oh Hae-young Han Tae-jin tvN Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-Joo Jung Jae-yi MBC 
Lee Jae-yoon 
Year Title Role Notes 2012 A Company Man Shin Ip-nam, sales 2013 Weird Business segment: "The First Love Keeper" 2014 Venus Talk Hwang Hyun-seung You Are My Vampire Lee Joo-hyung 
Year Title Role Website 2005 Yap DMB Drama 
Year Title Network Notes 2004 Park Chul's Entertainment Road Show iTV VJ 2005 Good Sunday - Banjun Drama SBS 2006 Happy Sunday - Choi Hong-man and Strong Friends KBS2 Happy Sunday - Heroine 6 KBS2 Guest 2009 Star Secret Life Mnet 2014 The Friends in Cebu Y-Star 2015 Law of The Jungle SBS 2015 Cool Kiz on The Block KBS 
Awards and nominations 
Career 
Discography 
Early life 
Film 
Filmography 
Music video 
Personal life 
References 
Social contributions 
Television drama 
Theater 
Variety show appearances 
Jung Il-woo Jung Il-woo at the VIP premiere of Architecture 101 in 2012 Born (1987-09-09) 9 September 1987 Seoul, South Korea Nationality South Korean Alma mater Hanyang University Occupation Actor Years active 2006–2016 (Military Hiatus) Agent Fantagio (2010-2012) Soop Entertainment (2012-2013) Haru Entertainment (2013-2016) HB Entertainment (2016-present) Yuehua Entertainment (China, 2015-present) [1] Website Website Instagram Korean name Hangul 정일우 Hanja 丁一宇 Revised Romanization Jeong Ir-u McCune–Reischauer Chŏng Ir-u 
"K-Pop stars gear up for Pope Francis' visit with papal tributes". CNN. Retrieved 2015-04-10. ↑ Kang, Myoung-seok (21 October 2009). 
"Interview: Jung Il Woo, From Pretty Boy to Earnest Actor". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ↑ Han, Sang-hee (13 January 2009). "Young Star Jung il-woo Returns With Iljimae". 
Retrieved 2014-02-19. Cite web URL http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/interview/1729028_56322.html Title Moon River Interview with Jung Il-woo Source date 29 January 2009 Website MBC Global Media URL access date 2014-02-19 ↑ Oh, Jean (4 February 2009). "KBS drama up against MBC's comic-book hero". 
"New Drama to Bring Modern Princess With Edge". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2014-02-19. 
Retrieved 2014-02-19. Cite web URL http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011010508452199483 Title Jung Il-woo cast as male lead in upcoming SBS drama Last name Hong First name Lucia Source date 5 January 2011 Website TenAsia URL access date 2014-02-19 ↑ Hong, Lucia (9 March 2011). "Jung Il-woo says watched films Meet Joe Black and Constantine to prep for new drama". 
"Interview: Jung Il Woo Would Be 'Yang Myung' Again". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-02-19. Cite web URL http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/4512/interview-jung-il-woo-on-the-sun-and-the-moon Title Interview: Jung Il Woo Would Be 'Yang Myung' Again Last name Choi First name Eun-hwa Source date 20 March 2012 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2014-02-19 ↑ Choi, Eun-hwa (20 March 2012). 
"Interview: Jung Il Woo and Kim Soo Hyun are Now BFFs". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-02-19. Cite web URL http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/4515/interview-jung-il-woo-and-kim-soo-hyun-are-now-close Title Interview: Jung Il Woo and Kim Soo Hyun are Now BFFs Last name Choi First name Eun-hwa Source date 20 March 2012 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2014-02-19 ↑ Lee, Cory (15 October 2013). 
"Interview: Son Ye Jin Asked Jung Il Woo to Act with Her After Appearing on Infinity Challenge". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-11-15. ↑ Ko, Hong-ju (9 November 2014). "Interview: Actor Jung Il Woo Talks Taking Lead through His Third Sageuk". enewsWorld. 
"Jung Il-woo becomes 1st Korean actor to be invited to China's Huading Awards". TenAsia. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ↑ http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/102926/web-drama-high-end-crush-hits-200-million-views-in-china ↑ Jin, Min-ji (8 May 2015). 
Retrieved 2015-05-10. ↑ http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/10/actor-jung-il-woo-to-take-on-his-very-first-chinese-drama ↑ Jo, Yeong-yeong (12 January 2016). "정일우 中위에화 이어 韓HB엔터 전속계약". Newsen. Retrieved 2015-11-12. ↑ http://en.yibada.com/articles/129553/20160607/jung-il-woo-first-k-drama-star-land-lead-role.htm ↑ http://www.soompi.com/2016/01/23/jung-il-woo-park-so-dam-ahn-jae-hyun-and-more-cast-in-new-fairytale-drama/ ↑ https://www.soompi.com/2016/11/29/jung-il-woo-enlisting-national-service-despite-cerebral-aneurysm/ ↑ Ho, Stewart (7 May 2012). 
"Jung Il Woo Meets Fans in 'Korea-Japan Friendship Festa'". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ↑ Hong, Lucia (18 January 2012). "KARA, Jung Il-woo, Rainbow to be honored at 2012 Asia Model Festival Awards". 
Jung Il-woo (Hangul: 정일우; born 9 September 1987) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the sitcom Unstoppable High Kick (2006), and the television dramas The Return of Iljimae (2009), 49 Days (2011), Flower Boy Ramyun Shop (2011), The Night Watchman's Journal (2014) and Cinderella and Four Knights (2016). 
The son of a former television news anchorman, Jung Il-woo studied Broadcasting at the Seoul Institute of the Arts, then later dropped out and transferred to the Theater and Film department of Hanyang University. 
In August 2006, Jung sustained injuries in a serious car accident while riding with childhood friend and fellow actor Lee Min-ho, who was badly injured in the accident.[2] 
Jung made his acting debut in 2006 with a minor role in the thriller The World of Silence, but he first rose to fame playing a rebellious teen and motorcycle fanatic with a crush on his teacher in daytime family sitcom Unstoppable High Kick.[3] He then joined the ensemble cast of 2007 romantic comedy film My Love. 
In 2009, Jung starred in his first leading role as a young warrior battling injustice in historical drama The Return of Iljimae.[4][5][6][7][8] The drama was especially popular with the younger audience and Jung was awarded Daesang (Grand Prize) in the TV category at the 2nd Korea Junior Star Awards. This was followed by a supporting role in romantic comedy My Fair Lady, as an idealistic, upper-class lawyer.[9] He further challenged himself when he made his stage debut in 2010 as an HIV-positive gay man in the sold-out play Beautiful Sunday, written by Japanese playwright Mayumi Nakatani.[10] 
Jung's breakout role was in 2011 tearjerker 49 Days, in which he portrayed the Scheduler, a witty modern-day Grim Reaper.[11][12][13][14][15] His popularity increased with his leading man turn in 2011 cable romantic comedy Flower Boy Ramyun Shop, in which he played an arrogant, immature yet lovable chaebol heir.[16] A supporting role in hit 2012 historical drama Moon Embracing the Sun further raised his profile; Jung played a prince who becomes his half-brother's rival in love and for the throne.[17][18][19][20] 
From 2013 to 2014, he played a prosecutor who falls in love with a girl from a family of orphans in Golden Rainbow.[21][22][23][24] This was followed by a leading role as a prince turned ghost-seeing night watchman who patrols the palace after curfew and keeps the king and his citizens safe, in the supernatural period drama The Night Watchman's Journal.[25][26][27][28][29][30] 
Given Jung's Korean Wave (Hallyu) star status, he actively communicates with fans around the world through social networking websites like Twitter, Cyworld, Instagram, and Weibo.[3] He won the Asia Male Actor Award at Beijing's Huading Awards in 2012, the first non-Chinese entertainer to be nominated at the awards show since it began in 2005.[31] In 2015, Jung starred in Korean-Chinese production web drama High-End Crush opposite Jin Se-yeon. In less than a month, the drama series recorded over 200 million views, proving Jung's popularity.[32] Jung was then cast in the Chinese romantic comedy film Rise of a Tomboy, where he plays the CEO of an IT firm who helps a girl develop a love formula for a mobile app.[33] He has also been confirmed to appear in Hunan TV's drama series, tentatively titled Beautiful Woman.[34] 
In January 2016, Jung signed with a new management agency, HB Entertainment.[35] In June, Jung was cast in Gon Rak Game Ma Ya, making him the first Korean actor to land a leading role in a Thailand drama.[36] In August, Jung made his return to Korean drama series in tvN's Cinderella and Four Knights, playing a lonely and wild-child rebel who is not yet used to being a member of a rich family, having lived most of his life as an orphan.[37] 
In November 2016 he was diagnosed with a cerebral aneurysm, even though this would have exempted him from his mandatory military service, he will still be enlisting in December.[38] 
Jung Il-woo 
Broadcast programming, scheduling content for television Computer programming, the act of instructing computers to perform tasks Programming language, an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine Game programming, the software development of video games Dramatic programming, fictional television content Mathematical programming, or optimization, is the selection of a best element Neuro-linguistic programming, a pseudoscientific method aimed at modifying human behavior Programming (music), generating music electronically Radio programming, scheduling content for radio 
References 
NGC 322 Observation data (J2000 epoch) Constellation Phoenix Right ascension 00h 57m 10.0s[1] Declination −43° 43′ 37″[1] Redshift 0.023770[1] Helio radial velocity 7,126 km/s[1] Apparent magnitude (V) 14.25[1] Characteristics Type S0[1] Apparent size (V) 1.1' × 0.6'[1] Other designations ESO 243- G 015, MCG -07-03-003, 2MASX J00570999-4343376, ESO-LV 2430150, 6dF J0057100-434338, PGC 3412.[1] 
It was discovered on September 5, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small, round, a little brighter middle, 3 stars to west." It apparently seems to be interacting with PGC 95427, another galaxy.[2] 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 0322. 
Retrieved September 2, 2016. ↑ "New General Catalog Objects: NGC 300 - 349". 
Cseligman. Retrieved October 27, 2016. Cite web URL http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc3.htm#322 Title New General Catalog Objects: NGC 300 - 349 Publisher Cseligman URL access date October 27, 2016 
Japan 日本国 Nippon-koku Nihon-koku Flag Imperial Seal Anthem: "Kimigayo" 君が代 "His Imperial Majesty's Reign" Government Seal of Japan Go-Shichi no Kiri (五七桐) Capital and largest city Tokyo 35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E / 35.683; 139.767 Official languages None[1] Recognised regional languages 11 languages Ainu Itak Amami Ōshima Kikai Kunigami Miyako Okinawan Okinoerabu Tokunoshima Yaeyama Yonaguni Yoron National languages Japanese Ethnic groups (2011[2]) 98.5% Japanese 0.5% Korean 0.4% Chinese 0.2% Filipino 0.2% Brazilian 0.1% Vietnamese 0.1% other Religion 51.82% Shinto/Not religious 34.9% Buddhism 4% Shinto sects 2.3% Christianity 6.98% No answer[3] Demonym Japanese Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy • Emperor Akihito • Prime Minister Shinzō Abe • Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō Legislature National Diet • Upper house House of Councillors • Lower house House of Representatives Formation • National Foundation Day 11 February 660 BCE[4] • Meiji Constitution November 29, 1890 • Current constitution May 3, 1947 • San Francisco Peace Treaty April 28, 1952 Area • Total 377,972.28 km2 (145,935.91 sq mi)[5] (62nd) • Water (%) 0.8 Population • 2015 census 127,110,047[6] (10th) • Density 340.8/km2 (882.7/sq mi) (36th) GDP (PPP) 2016 estimate • Total $4.901 trillion[7] (4th) • Per capita $38,731[7] (29th) GDP (nominal) 2016 estimate • Total $4.412 trillion[7] (3rd) • Per capita $34,871[7] (25th) Gini (2008) 37.6[8] medium · 76th HDI (2014) 0.891[9] very high · 20th Currency Yen (¥) / En 円 (JPY) Time zone JST (UTC+9) • Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+9) Date format yyyy-mm-dd yyyy年m月d日 Era yy年m月d日 (CE−1988) Drives on the left Calling code +81 ISO 3166 code JP Internet TLD .jp 
External links 
History 
Faculties 
Staff and students 
More than 40,000 undergraduates and 7,000 advanced degree candidates are enrolled. More than 5,000 specialists participate in refresher courses for career enhancement. Annually, the university hosts approximately 2,000 students, graduate students, and researchers from around the world. 
↑ "MSU Height". ↑ Blinnikov, Mikhail S. (13 June 2011). Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors. 
Guilford Press. p. 223. 
ISBN 9781606239216. 
Retrieved 2015-02-15. ↑ "8th edition of the Top 50 list of the most powerful computers in Russia released". 
Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia. 
It was founded on January 25, 1755 by Mikhail Lomonosov. 
MSU was renamed after Lomonosov in 1940 and was then known as Lomonosov University. It also claims to house the tallest educational building in the world.[2] It is rated among the universities with the best reputation in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy. 
Main buildings of the university in Mokhovaya Street, 1798 
Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on January 25 [O.S. January 12] 1755. The first lectures were given on April 26th. Russians still celebrate January 25th as Students' Day. 
Saint Petersburg State University and Moscow State University engage in friendly rivalry over the title of Russia's oldest university. Though Moscow State University was founded in 1755, its competitor in St. Petersburg has had a continuous existence as a "university" since 1819 and sees itself as the successor of an academy established on January 24, 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great. 
The present Moscow State University originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787. Catherine the Great transferred the University to a Neoclassical building on the other side of Mokhovaya Street; that main building was constructed between 1782 and 1793 in the Neo-Palladian style, to a design by Matvei Kazakov, and rebuilt by Domenico Giliardi after the fire consumed much of Moscow in 1812. 
A preparatory college was affiliated with the University until its abolition in 1812. In 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen (Благородный пансион) which in 1830 became a gymnasium for the Russian nobility. The university press, run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the most popular newspaper in Imperial Russia: Moskovskie Vedomosti. 
The university library 
As of September 2009, the university has 39 faculties and 15 research centres. A number of small faculties have been opened recently, such as Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and Higher School of Television. Evening classes are conducted by the Faculties of Economics, History, Journalism, Philology, Psychology and Sociology while the Faculty of Journalism offers a correspondence degree program. 
People 
Background 
Camera 
Seen from about 6 billion kilometers, Earth appears as a tiny dot (the blueish-white speck approximately halfway down the brown band to the right) within the darkness of deep space. 
Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU), as part of the Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System. 
In the photograph, Earth's apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight scattered by the camera's optics.[1] 
In September 1977, NASA launched Voyager 1, a 722-kilogram (1,592 lb) robotic spacecraft on a mission to study the outer Solar System and eventually interstellar space.[3][4] After the encounter with the Jovian system in 1979 and the Saturnian system in 1980, the primary mission was declared complete in November of the same year. Voyager 1 was the first space probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their major moons. 
The Voyager 1 spacecraft 
Voyager 1's Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), now disabled, consisted of two cameras: a 200 mm focal length, low-resolution wide-angle camera (WA), used for spatially extended imaging, and a 1500 mm high-resolution narrow-angle camera (NA) – the one that took Pale Blue Dot – intended for detailed imaging of specific targets. Both cameras were of the slow-scan vidicon tube type and were fitted with eight colored filters, mounted on a filter wheel placed in front of the tube.[11][12] 
To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly and compassionately with one another and to preserve and cherish that pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known. — Carl Sagan, speech at Cornell University, October 13, 1994 
↑ "A Pale Blue Dot". The Planetary Society. 
Retrieved 2014-12-21. ↑ "From Earth to the Solar System, The Pale Blue Dot". NASA. Retrieved 2014-12-24. 
Cite web URL http://fettss.arc.nasa.gov/collection/details/the-pale-blue-dot/ Title From Earth to the Solar System, The Pale Blue Dot Publisher NASA URL access date 2014-12-24 1 2 "Mission Overview". starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-27. ↑ "Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
"The Earth from the frontiers of the Solar system - The Pale, Blue Dot". PARADE Magazine. Retrieved 2011-07-28. ↑ Butrica, Andrew.J (1994). 
New York: Random House. p. 251. ISBN 0-679-43841-6. ↑ "An Earthly View of Mars". space.com. Retrieved 2011-07-28. ↑ "It's our dot: For Carl Sagan, planet Earth is just a launch pad for human explorations of the outer universe". pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 
Retrieved 2011-07-28. 
1 2 Sagan, 1994, pp. 4–5 ↑ "An Alien View Of Earth". npr.org. 
Retrieved 2011-07-12. ↑ "Voyager – Imaging Science Subsystem". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 
Retrieved 26 December 2014. ↑ "Cassini Solstice Mission – ISS". NASA. Retrieved 2014-12-26. ↑ "Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description". 
Planetary Rings Node. SETI Institute. 
Retrieved 2014-12-26. ↑ "Voyager Celebrates 20-Year-Old Valentine to Solar System". NASA. Retrieved June 23, 2016. ↑ "PIA00452: Solar System Portrait - Earth as 'Pale Blue Dot'". photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov. 
Retrieved 2011-07-27. 1 2 3 "PIA00450: Solar System Portrait - View of the Sun, Earth and Venus". photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov. 
Retrieved 2011-07-28. ↑ "Solar System Exploration-Pale Blue Dot". solarsystem.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-27. ↑ "Polarization of terrestrial planets and the ZIMPOL technique". planetquest1.jpl.nasa.gov. 
Britney Spears Spears at the 102.7 KIIS FM Wango Tango concert in Carson, California, May 2013 Born Britney Jean Spears (1981-12-02) December 2, 1981 McComb, Mississippi, U.S. Occupation Singer dancer actress Years active 1992–present Agent Larry Rudolph Home town Kentwood, Louisiana, U.S. Spouse(s) Jason Allen Alexander (m. 2004; annulled 2004) Kevin Federline (m. 2004; div. 2007) Children 2 Parent(s) James Spears Lynne Spears Relatives Bryan Spears (brother) Jamie Lynn Spears (sister) Alli Sims (cousin) Website britneyspears.com britney.com Musical career Genres Pop dance Instruments Vocals Labels Jive RCA Legacy Associated acts Innosense Signature 
References 
NGC 397 Observation data (J2000 epoch) Constellation Pisces Right ascension 01h 08m 31.1s[1] Declination +33° 06′ 33″[1] Redshift 0.016661[1] Helio radial velocity 4,995 km/s[1] Apparent magnitude (V) 15.7[1] Characteristics Type G[1] Apparent size (V) 0.2' × 0.2'[1] Other designations CGCG 501-096, MCG +05-03-064, 2MASX J01083108+3306329, 2MASXi J0108310+330633, PGC 4051.[1] 
NGC 397 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on December 6, 1866 by Robert Ball. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, small, round, very faint star to west."[2] 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 0397. 
Retrieved September 2, 2016. ↑ "New General Catalog Objects: NGC 350 - 399". 
Cseligman. Retrieved February 4, 2017. Cite web URL http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc3a.htm#397 Title New General Catalog Objects: NGC 350 - 399 Publisher Cseligman URL access date February 4, 2017 
Career 
2006–2009: Beginnings 
2010–2012: Rising popularity 
2013–present: Breakthrough and overseas ventures 
Filmography 
Television series 
Film 
Web series 
Variety show 
Music video appearances 
Musical theater 
Discography 
Albums 
Singles 
Awards and nominations 
References 
Glorious Entertainment (in Korean). Retrieved 2015-01-15. ↑ Jin, Young-ju (16 September 2009). "My Too Perfect Sons Records Viewer Ratings of 43.3 Percent". 
"Trace the steps of your favorite drama stars". TV Report. ↑ Kim, Heidi (16 May 2011). "Smile Again wraps up after commanding TV charts for 15 weeks". 
Retrieved 2012-11-26. ↑ Choi, Eun-hwa (15 December 2011). "Ji Chang Wook On Always Being the Good Guy". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-26. ↑ Choi, Eun-hwa (4 July 2012). 
"Five Fingers Confirms Cast with Joo Ji Hoon and T-ara's Ham Eun Jung". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-26. ↑ Hong, Lucia (24 July 2012). "Poster of Ju Ji-hoon, T-ara Hahm Eunjung's TV series unveiled". 
Retrieved 2014-05-20. ↑ "Ji shows off his range in 'Healer'". Korea JoongAng Daily. 26 February 2015. ↑ "Ji Chang-wook leaps to new heights through 'Healer'". 
2 November 2016. ↑ "Ji Chang-wook finds a fitting film : A lead role in the action hit 'Fabricated City' was a first for the young star". Korea JoongAng Daily. 15 February 2017. ↑ "지창욱, SBS 새 수목 '이 여자를 조심하세요' 출연 확정 (공식입장)". 
Ji Chang-wook At the press conference of The K2, September 2016 Born (1987-07-05) July 5, 1987[1] Anyang, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Alma mater Dankook University (Performing Arts)[1] Occupation Actor Years active 2006–present Agent Glorious Entertainment Korean name Hangul 지창욱 Hanja 池昌旭 Revised Romanization Ji Chang-uk McCune–Reischauer Chi Ch'anguk 
Ji Chang-wook (born on July 5, 1987) is a South Korean actor. He rose to fame playing the leading role of Dong-hae in daily drama series Smile Again (2010-2011), and has since starred in Warrior Baek Dong-soo (2011), Empress Ki (2013-2014), Healer (2014-2015), The K2 (2016) and the crime-action film Fabricated City (2017). 
Ji began his career in musical theatre. He made his onscreen debut in the 2006 film Days... and had a minor role in the 2008 television drama You Stole My Heart. He only officially debuted in the 2008 film Sleeping Beauty. 
In 2009, he appeared in My Too Perfect Sons, playing the timid, sissy youngest brother who ends up raising his best friend's daughter while just turning 20 years old. The weekend family drama received 40% ratings.[2] He then had a supporting role in the action-comedy Hero. 
In 2010, Ji was cast in his first starring role in the 159-episode daily drama Smile Again. Playing the role of a Korean-American short track speed skater, Ji trained four to five hours daily at the ice rink.[3] Smile Again topped the ratings chart for 15 consecutive weeks, and he was awarded "Best Actor in a Daily Drama" at the KBS Drama Awards.[4][5] 
He then played the titular character in 2011 action historical drama Warrior Baek Dong-soo (2011). Adapted from Lee Jae-heon's manhwa Honorable Baek Dong-soo, it is an origin story about Joseon-era swordsman Baek Dong-soo, showing his growing years until political intrigue creates a rivalry with his childhood best friend-turned-enemy.[6][7] The series was number one in its timeslot for 13 weeks, and Ji received a "New Star Award" at the SBS Drama Awards.[8][9] Later that year, he played the lead role in cable drama Bachelor's Vegetable Store, based on the true success story of Lee Young-seok, a young man who turned a tiny 350-square-feet vegetable store in 1998 into a nationwide franchise with 33 stores.[10] 
In his first villain role, Ji played a pianist who envies his older brother's natural gift for music in 2012 melodrama Five Fingers.[11][12] 
Ji returned to the musical theater in 2013 with The Days, playing a presidential bodyguard who went missing 20 years ago along with a mysterious female companion. The Days was a jukebox musical using the folk rock songs of Kim Kwang-seok.[13] 
Ji's breakthrough came when he played Toghon Temür (also known as Huizong), the 16th emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, in the historical drama Empress Ki. The drama drew solid viewership ratings nationwide throughout its run with an average rating of 25.12%. Ji's portrayal of the young king left a strong impression on both critics and the audience, earning him critical acclaim.[14][15][16] 
Ji then starred as the title character in Song Ji-na-penned action thriller Healer from December 2014 to February 2015. He took martial arts lessons for his role as a mysterious errand guy in the series.[17][18] After the drama aired, Ji became popular in China and other parts of Asia.[19][20] He then took on roles in Mandarin-language dramas like The Whirlwind Girl 2 and Mr. Right.[21][22] 
In 2016, Ji starred in tvN's action thriller The K2, as the title role, a bodyguard who gets betrayed by his fellow countrymen and falls in love with a girl with fear of people.[23] The drama received favorable reviews, topping cable channel viewership ratings throughout its 8-week broadcast.[24] In November 2016, he co-starred in the promotional web drama titled First Seven Kisses for Lotte Duty Free.[25] 
In 2017, Ji starred in the action film Fabricated City, playing the role of a jobless game addict who becomes a framed murderer.[26] He was next cast in SBS' romantic comedy thriller Watch out for this Woman, set to premiere in May.[27] Ji is also set to star as a reckless rookie constable alongside Sol Kyung-gu's apathetic veteran officer in the period-comedy film Two Constables, the fourth installment in the Two Cops franchise directed by Kang Woo-suk.[28] 
Ji Chang-wook 
Early life and education 
Career 
Filmography 
Television 
Film 
Variety show 
Music video 
Discography 
Awards and nominations 
References 
External links 
↑ "Park Seo Joon's photos release, all about one's school days, age, instagram pictures". 검둥휜둥네집. 2015-09-18. ↑ Kim, Ji-yeon (22 January 2012). "Park Seo Joon Says 'Happy New Year'". enewsWorld. 
Cite web URL http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012011312045491981 Title Official poster for Dream High 2 revealed Last name Kim First name Jessica Source date 13 January 2012 Website 10Asia URL access date 2013-05-11 ↑ Kim, Ji-yeon (16 January 2012). "Dream High 2 Park Seo Joon the Next Kim Soo Hyun?". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-01-30. 
Cite web URL http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2795/dream-high-2-park-seo-joon-the-next-kim-soo-hyun Title ''Dream High 2'' Park Seo Joon the Next Kim Soo Hyun? Last name Kim First name Ji-yeon Source date 16 January 2012 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2014-01-30 ↑ Lee, Cory (30 October 2013). "Park Seo-joon Joins Han Hye-jin's New Drama". 
Archived from the original on 2014-06-07. Cite web URL http://www.tenasia.com/park-seo-joon-joins-han-hye-jins-new-drama/ Title Park Seo-joon Joins Han Hye-jin's New Drama Last name Lee First name Cory Source date 30 October 2013 Website TenAsia Archive URL https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003536/http://www.tenasia.com/park-seo-joon-joins-han-hye-jins-new-drama/ Archive date 2014-06-07 ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (17 October 2013). "SISTAR's Bora and Park Seo Joon to MC Music Bank". enewsWorld. 
Archived from the original on 2014-06-07. Cite web URL http://www.tenasia.com/sistar-bora-park-seo-joon-to-host-kbss-weekly-music-show/ Title SISTAR Bora, Park Seo-joon to Host KBS's Weekly Music Show Last name Lee First name Cory Source date 18 October 2013 Website TenAsia Archive URL https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003941/http://www.tenasia.com/sistar-bora-park-seo-joon-to-host-kbss-weekly-music-show/ Archive date 2014-06-07 ↑ Jackie, Chung (2015-11-12). "Actor Park Seo Joon Says 'She Was Pretty' Was 'Precious Work'". 
"Park Seo Joon dan Siwon Menang Best Bromance". Okezone. Retrieved 2016-03-11. 
"Park Seo Joon serenades 2,500 fans during his first international fanmeeting". DramaFever. Cite web URL https://www.dramafever.com/news/park-seo-joon-serenades-2500-fans-during-his-first-fanmeeting/%7B%5B%7Bnotification.object.url%7D%5D%7D Title Park Seo Joon serenades 2,500 fans during his first international fanmeeting Last name M First name Shelly Source date 2015-12-15 Website DramaFever ↑ http://www.soompi.com/2016/01/05/park-seo-joon-park-hyung-sik-and-go-ara-to-star-in-historical-drama-together/ ↑ "[공식입장] 박서준·김지원, '쌈 마이웨이' 출연 확정..대세 조합" (in (Korean)). 
Park Seo-joon on Twitter (Korean) Park Seo-joon on Instagram (Korean) Park Seo-joon on Sina Weibo (Chinese) Park Seo-joon at KeyEast (Korean) Park Seo-joon at HanCinema Park Seo-joon at the Internet Movie Database Park Seo-joon at the Korean Movie Database 
Park Seo-joon (born Park Yong-gyu) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television dramas She Was Pretty (2015) and Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth (2016-2017). 
Park was born in Seoul as the oldest of three brothers.[1] After graduating from An-Nam high school, he attended Seoul Institute of the Arts and enlisted for mandatory military service in 2008. 
Park made his entertainment debut in 2011 by appearing in the music video of Bang Yong-guk's single "I Remember."[2] He has then appeared in television dramas Dream High 2 (2012), Pots of Gold (2013),[3][4][5] and Witch's Romance (2014). From October 2013 to April 2015, he was the host of Music Bank.[6][7] 
His breakout role came in 2015 as the male lead of the television series She Was Pretty.[8][9][10] In the same year, Park starred in thriller film The Chronicles of Evil. 
In 2016, Park was cast in youth historical drama Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth.[11] He was also cast in Midnight Runners, which marks his first big-screen leading role. 
In 2017, Park will star in KBS's romance drama, Third-Rate My Way alongside Kim Ji-won.[12] 
Park Seo-joon 
Career 
Personal life 
Filmography 
Film 
Ji Soo In March 2016 Born Kim Ji-soo (1993-03-30) March 30, 1993 South Korea Occupation Actor Years active 2009-present Agent Prain TPC Korean name Hangul 지수 Revised Romanization Ji-su McCune–Reischauer Chi-su Birth name Hangul 김지수 Revised Romanization Gim Ji-su McCune–Reischauer Kim Chisu 
Television series 
Web series 
Variety/Reality shows 
Theater 
Awards and nominations 
References 
External links 
Early life and education 
↑ "Who is the guy held from the collar by Kim Hee-seon?". Hancinema. 
16 March 2015. 
Retrieved 27 April 2015. ↑ Jones, Julie (22 April 2015). 
"How Angry Mom Turned Into A Noona Romance". KDramaStars. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ↑ "Angry Mom's breakout rookie Ji-soo joins youth movie". 
Dramabeans. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ↑ Kim, June (29 April 2015). 
"GLORY DAY Confirms Youth-led Cast". 
Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 30 April 2015. ↑ "Page Turner actor Ji Soo wants to present a new side of coming-of-age story characters". Hancinema. 
18 November 2015. 
Retrieved 2015-11-23. ↑ kokoberry (2016-09-14). 
"Ji Soo's Agency Provides Details About Health Condition". Soompi. Retrieved 2016-09-14. ↑ kokoberry (2016-09-14). 
"Ji Soo Revealed To Have Received Emergency Surgery". Soompi. Retrieved 2016-09-14. ↑ 윤고은 (2016-09-14). "배우 지수 급성 골수염 수술받아…"회복 중"" (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2016-09-14. ↑ "'급성골수염' 지수 측 "암 아니라 다행, 회복에 최선 다할 것"". 
Retrieved 2016-09-14. ↑ "지수 측 "입원 중 외출로 '판타스틱' 촬영, 주치의 상의 하에 결정" [공식입장]". Retrieved 2016-09-27. ↑ "지수 측 "입원 중 외출로 '판타스틱' 촬영, 주치의 상의 하에 결정" [공식입장]". Retrieved 2016-09-27. ↑ kokoberry (2016-09-27). 
"Ji Soo Returns To Filming After Recovering From Surgery". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-09-27. ↑ choralee (2016-10-01). "Ji Soo Cuddles With His Dog After Being Discharged From Hospital". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-10-02. ↑ "`급성골수염` 지수 "오늘 건강하게 퇴원"". Retrieved 2016-10-02. ↑ Lee, So-dam. "도경수·설현·박소담·지수..라이징스타상 수상[최고의 영화상]". Naver (in Korean). 
Ji Soo on Instagram (Korean) Ji-soo at Prain TPC (Korean) Ji Soo at HanCinema Ji Soo at the Internet Movie Database 
Kim Ji-soo (Hangul: 김지수; March 30, 1993), professionally known as Ji Soo, is a South Korean actor. 
In elementary school, Ji Soo was a judo athlete and competed in national competitions. He was an actor trainee under JYP Entertainment in 2012. 
Ji Soo is a student of Digital Seoul Culture Arts University, where he majors in Film. 
Ji Soo made his acting debut on stage in 2009 and consequently starred in several short films.[1] He gained wider recognition in television series Angry Mom (2015), Page Turner (2016), Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo (2016).[2][3][4][5] In 2017, he co-stars in JTBC's Strong Woman Do Bong-soon. 
Ji Soo received surgery for acute osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually due to infection) on September 13, 2016.[6][7][8][9] On September 27, he returned to filming Fantastic and was officially discharged from the hospital on October 1.[10][11][12][13][14] 
Ji Soo 
Lee Hyun-woo In January 2014 Born (1993-03-23) March 23, 1993 Seoul, South Korea Education Dongguk University - Theater and Film Occupation Actor Singer Years active 2005–present Agent KeyEast (2011–present) Korean name Hangul 이현우 Hanja 李玹雨 Revised Romanization I Hyeon-u McCune–Reischauer I Hyŏn-u 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite news URL http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010021915234848881 Source title Interview: Actor Lee Hyun-woo - Part 1 Last name Wee First name Geun-woo Source date 22 February 2010 Name of publication 10Asia URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Wee, Geun-woo (22 February 2010). "Interview: Actor Lee Hyun-woo - Part 2". 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite web URL http://tvdaily.mk.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1291028481107606016 Source date 29 November 2010 Website TV Daily Language Korean Script title ko:'공부의 신' 이현우, 뮤지컬 '풋루즈'락 소년으로 캐스팅 Translated title Lee Hyun-woo gets Footloose URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Hong, Lucia (6 December 2011). "BEAST Yoon Du-jun, Lee Hyun-woo to host new music program". 
"IU-Lee Hyun Woo's Hugging Scene Cut From MV". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite web URL http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=1875 Title IU-Lee Hyun Woo's Hugging Scene Cut From MV Last name Park Hyun-min First name Elizabeth Eun Source date 1 December 2011 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ "Im Si Wan and Lee Hyun Woo To Have Confrontation in Man From the Equator". 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite web URL http://english.kbs.co.kr/hallyu/gallery_view.html?No=1327 Title Im Si Wan and Lee Hyun Woo To Have Confrontation in ''Man From the Equator'' Source date 24 February 2012 Website KBS Global URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Ho, Stewart (23 May 2012). "ZE:A's Im Si Wan, Lee Hyun Woo Makes a Return to The Equator Man". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite web URL http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7050 Title ZE:A's Im Si Wan, Lee Hyun Woo Makes a Return to ''The Equator Man'' Last name Ho First name Stewart Source date 23 May 2012 Website enewsWorld URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Jin, Young-ju (23 November 2011). "Lee Hyun Woo Transforms Into 'Batman' in Brain". 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite web URL http://english.kbs.co.kr/hallyu/gallery_view.html?No=1210 Title Lee Hyun Woo Transforms Into 'Batman' in ''Brain'' Last name Jin First name Young-ju Source date 23 November 2011 Website KBS Global URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Hong, Lucia (13 June 2012). "Lee Hyun-woo to turn soccer player in SHINee Minho, f(x) Sulli's TV series". 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite web URL http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012061308334079515 Title Lee Hyun-woo to turn soccer player in SHINee Minho, f(x) Sulli's TV series Last name Hong First name Lucia Source date 13 June 2012 Website 10Asia URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi. "Lee Hyun Woo and Others Confirmed for To the Beautiful You, Korean Hana Kimi Remake". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2012-11-16. Cite news URL http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7887 Source title Lee Hyun Woo and Others Confirmed for ''To the Beautiful You'', Korean ''Hana Kimi'' Remake Last name Hong First name Grace Danbi Name of publication enewsWorld URL access date 2012-11-16 ↑ Jeong, Ju-ri (16 March 2014). "Lee Hyun Woo visits China for his first solo fan meeting". 
"Lee Hyun Woo successfully finishes his first solo China fan meeting". StarN News. Retrieved 2014-03-22. 
Cite web URL http://en.starnnews.com/news/index.html?no=283897 Title Lee Hyun Woo successfully finishes his first solo China fan meeting Last name Kim First name Hye-in Source date 17 March 2014 Website StarN News URL access date 2014-03-22 ↑ Lee, Hye-ji (11 December 2012). "Kwanghee, Lee Hyun-woo to Host K-pop TV Program". 10Asia. 
Retrieved 2012-12-13. Cite web URL http://tenasia.co.kr/?construct=newContent&fz=news&gisaNo=27350 Title Kwanghee, Lee Hyun-woo to Host K-pop TV Program Last name Lee First name Hye-ji Source date 11 December 2012 Website 10Asia URL access date 2012-12-13 ↑ Sunwoo, Carla (6 May 2013). "Heartthrobs jazz up North Korean spy story". 
"Lee Hyun Woo Sings An Ode to the Youth for Secretly, Greatly". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-06-20. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (2 January 2014). "Lee Hyun Woo and Park Ji Bin Ooze with Cuteness for Real Mate in Saipan Teaser". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2014-02-05. ↑ Kim, Ji-min (20 November 2014). "Criminal Designer draws attention with noted cast". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 2014-12-15. ↑ Ko, Hong-ju (27 December 2014). "Interview: Lee Hyun Woo Talks The Technicians, On-Screen Bromance, Future Plans and More". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-12-27. ↑ Conran, Pierce (11 July 2014). 
"LEE Hyun-woo Prepares for BATTLE OF YEONPYEONG". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 2015-05-17. ↑ "Northern Limit Line, most-viewed Korean film of this year". 
10 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. ↑ "이현우, '그녀는 거짓말을 너무 사랑해' 男주인공 확정 [공식입장] : 스포츠동아". sports.donga.com. Retrieved 2017-01-14. ↑ "이현우, '그녀는 거짓말을 너무 사랑해' 男주인공 확정 [공식입장]". 
Retrieved 2016-02-15. ↑ "부일영화상 2015" (in Korean). Daum Movie. Retrieved 2016-02-15. ↑ "52nd Daejong Film Awards (Grand Bell Awards) 2015 Nominees". 
He then starred in Northern Limit Line, a 2015 naval thriller about the Second Battle of Yeonpyeong.[22] The film sold 6,024,894 tickets (grossing US$38,945,231), making it the most-watched Korean film in 2015.[23] 
He was then cast in the Chinese web drama The Most Beautiful First Meeting. 
Discography 
Japanese 
Collaborations 
Original soundtrack 
Awards and nominations 
References 
Early life 
External links 
Music career 
Debut with 2PM 
Acting and hosting career 
Other activities 
Military enlistment 
Filmography 
Film 
Television 
Reality shows 
Variety show 
Year Title Network Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 2006 Superstar Survival SBS TBA TBA TBA 2008 Hot Blood Mnet 10 October 10, 2008 (October 10, 2008) November 8, 2008 (November 8, 2008) Idol Army (Season 3) MBC 17 4 December 2008 (4 December 2008) 26 March 2009 (26 March 2009) 2009 Wild Bunny Mnet 7 July 21, 2009 (July 21, 2009) August 21, 2009 (August 21, 2009) 2011 2PM Show! 
SBS 12 July 9, 2011 (July 9, 2011) September 24, 2011 (September 24, 2011) 2013 A Song For You From 2PM KBS2 15 February 17, 2013 (February 17, 2013) May 24, 2013 (May 24, 2013) We Got Married (Global Edition) Mnet 1 - 20 April 7, 2013 (April 7, 2013) July 14, 2013 (July 14, 2013) 2015 Oven Radio 1theK 5 June 14, 2015 (June 14, 2015) June 18, 2015 (June 18, 2015) 
Official website 
Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ "2PM 택연, '옥캣' 캐릭터 사업 스타트 CEO변신 : 스포츠조선". Sports.chosun.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ "Taecyeon Fell In Love With Night Before Wedding Role : KMovie". 
KDramaStars. Retrieved 2016-05-19. 
Cite web URL http://www.kdramastars.com/articles/9130/20130416/taecyeon-fell-love-night-before-wedding-ro.htm Title Taecyeon Fell In Love With Night Before Wedding Role : KMovie Publisher KDramaStars URL access date 2016-05-19 ↑ "happy together 2pm 7". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-05-19. 
Cite web URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_HRNd3C5sI Title happy together 2pm 7 Publisher YouTube URL access date 2016-05-19 1 2 3 Cover story: 2PM. iamkoream.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ↑ February 26, 2013 (2013-02-26). "Taecyeon Is Accepted into Prestigious Korea University as Grad Student". 
Retrieved 2016-05-19. Cite web URL http://www.soompi.com/2013/02/26/taecyeon-is-accepted-into-prestigious-korea-university-as-grad-student/0 Title Taecyeon Is Accepted into Prestigious Korea University as Grad Student Last name February 26, 2013 Source date 2013-02-26 Publisher Soompi URL access date 2016-05-19 ↑ (Video) 2PM′s Taecyeon Understands...Arabic?? enewsWorld. 2012-05-29. ↑ "Agency mates Taecyeon and Park Joo Hyung head to Busan to practice their dialect for 'Very Good Days'". 
Allkpop.com. 2014-02-01. 
Retrieved 2016-05-19. Cite web URL http://www.allkpop.com/article/2014/01/agency-mates-taecyeon-and-park-joo-hyung-head-to-busan-to-practice-their-dialect-for-very-good-days#axzz2s2LVqXMb Title Agency mates Taecyeon and Park Joo Hyung head to Busan to practice their dialect for 'Very Good Days' Source date 2014-02-01 Website Allkpop.com URL access date 2016-05-19 ↑ BHS junior competes in Korean 'Survivor' – Bedford, MA – Bedford Minuteman. Wickedlocal.com. 
Retrieved on 2012-08-14. ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. 
Retrieved July 30, 2011. ↑ "나눔 (Share) [with 택연] - Single by Blue Bears (블루베어스) & Taecyeon on iTunes". 
Itunes.apple.com. 2012-02-28. 
Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ 2PM 택연, 단국대 동문들과 디지털앨범 발표 : 네이트 뉴스. News.nate.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-06. ↑ [NEWS] 120221 2PM’s Taecyeon to release charity project album ‘Blue Bears’ with fellow Dankook University students. 
Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ https://www.soompi.com/2013/11/21/2pms-taecyeon-turns-composer-for-marriage-blue-ost-movie-premieres-today/ ↑ http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140218001245 ↑ http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/77222/na-pd-starts-new-program ↑ http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/05/201_179000.html ↑ http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0000488233 ↑ http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201506151753201184147_2 ↑ http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3020730 ↑ http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3026524 ↑ http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170216000732 ↑ "Watch 2PM Taecyeon's 'The Okcat Live'!". Allkpop.com. 2013-10-11. 
2013-10-11. Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ "2PM 택연이 개발한 캐릭터 '옥캣' 첫 선 :: 네이버 TV연예". News.naver.com (in Korean). 
2013-09-17. Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ "2PM 옥택연 캐릭터 '옥캣', 1년도 안돼 매출이 무려.. : 네이버 뉴스". News.naver.com (in Korean). 
2014-07-17. Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ Kim, Ji-yeon (2010-12-09). "2PM 택연 美영주권 포기, 입대준비" [2PM's Taecyeon prepares to join the military by giving up his American Green Card.] (in Korean). 
Money Today/Starnews Korea. Retrieved 2014-11-19. ↑ en.korea.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ↑ "[단독]2PM 택연, 공익 근무 대신에 현역 판정 "기쁘다" :: 네이버 TV연예". 
Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/13/2013121301169.html ↑ 2PM 택연-닉쿤, 윤은혜 두고 삼각관계?. 조윤선 동아닷컴 기자. ↑ "소녀시대-2PM '캐비' M/V서 섹시한 라이프가드로 변신 - 뉴스천지". Newscj.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19. ↑ "Archived copy". 
Ok Taec-yeon (Hangul: 옥택연; Hanja: 玉澤演; born December 27, 1988),[1] best known as Taecyeon, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, actor, and entrepreneur. He is the main rapper of the South Korean boy group 2PM. In 2010, Taecyeon debuted as an actor in the Korean drama Cinderella's Sister and since then has starred in Dream High (2011) and Let's Fight, Ghost (2016). 
Taecyeon was born in Busan, South Korea,[3][4] but immigrated at the age of 10, with his parents and older sister Jihyen to Bedford, Massachusetts,[5] a small town situated in the Greater Boston Area. Taecyeon lived there for seven years, attending Bedford High School where he was an active member of the Chess Club, Jazz Band, JV Soccer Team and National Honor Society, before returning to pursue his career in Korea. Taecyeon transferred to Young Dong High School in Seoul and then studied Business Administration at Dankook University.[1] He is currently attending Korea University Graduate School of International Studies.[6] He is fluent in English, Korean and Japanese.[7] Being from Busan,[8] Taecyeon is also familiar with the use of the Busan satoori (dialect), which he used in the KBS2 drama Wonderful Days. 
A week later he was chosen for the final 35 and got the call to go to Korea to go further in the competition. At first Taecyeon applied to become a model, but the judges suggested he try dancing and singing. Eventually he was named one of the dozen finalists (including his future bandmates Lee Junho and Hwang Chansung) to compete in the show Superstar Survival, but was the first contestant to leave the show.[9] 
In 2008 he took part in Mnet's Hot Blood Men[5] which follows the extreme training of 13 trainees in order to become a member of the boy band One Day. One Day spawned two boy bands, 2AM and 2PM, the latter of which Taecyeon became a member of. Six months after Hot Blood was aired on TV 2PM debuted with their first single "10 Points out of 10 Points" ("10점 만점에 10점")[10] from their first EP Hottest Time of the Day, but it wasn't until their second EP 2:00PM Time For Change that their success in the Korean music industry skyrocketed.[5] So far 2PM has released five Korean studio albums, four Japanese studio albums, and one EP. 
In 2016, he starred in horror comedy Let's Fight, Ghost with Kim So-hyun[29] and co-starred in web-drama First Seven Kisses by Lotte Duty Free.[30] 
In 2017, he starred in mystery thriller House of the Disappeared with veteran actress Kim Yunjin.[31] 
Taecyeon is known to draw large headed, long bodied cats that he has incorporated into his signatures and autographs. He, and fans, refer to the drawings as Okcats (옥캣). As a result of seeing knock-off Okcat shirts being produced in countries like Thailand, Taecyeon relayed through his Twitter, that he desired to produce his own line of Okcats. 
The presentation, titled "The Okcat Live",[32] took place at the COEX building with approx 50+ reporters in attendance.[33] The presentation consisted of video and illustrations of the evolution of his Okcat character over the years, to its present form. Taecyeon also revealed a jingle and merchandise that he is producing under the "Okcat" brand including: pillows, plush toys, USB drives and phone accessories. Taecyeon stated that the merchandise will be sold through various online merchants, and be announced through his Official venues on Twitter and Facebook. 
It was reported that Taecyeon's Okcat business generated one million USD revenues in 10 months. He's going to expand his business even more by going from producing 32 to 70 kinds of products by the end 2014.[35] 
Ok Taec-yeon 
On December 9, 2010 a JYP Entertainment representative revealed that “Taecyeon would like to give up his American permanent residence visa and recently, on December 1st, he received his official confirmation for his permanent residence cancellation.”[36] 
Taecyeon had a physical examination for drafting but received a physical body status sufficient only for enlistment as public service personnel, due to his poor vision and a dislocated shoulder back in 2008.[37] In 2012 and 2013 he underwent surgery to correct the disk as well as to remove pins in his upper arm from a serious break in 2013.[38] He was cleared for active duty in December 2013 but delayed his enlistment due to busy workload.[39] 
In early 2016, JYP Entertainment announced that Taecyeon and fellow 2PM member Jun.K would be enlisting to begin their two-year mandatory military service in January 2017, but in the middle of September 2016 Taecyeon announced that he will join the army in early 2017. 
Choi Jin-hyuk Born Kim Tae-ho (1986-02-09) February 9, 1986 Mokpo, South Jeolla Province, South Korea Occupation Actor Years active 2006–present Agent G-Tree Creative Korean name Hangul 최진혁 Revised Romanization Choe Jin-hyeok McCune–Reischauer Ch'oe Chin-hyŏk Birth name Hangul 김태호 Hanja 金太昊 Revised Romanization Gim Tae-ho McCune–Reischauer Kim T'ae-ho 
Career 
Filmography 
Television series 
Film 
Variety show 
Music video 
Discography 
Awards and nominations 
References 
External links 
Cite web URL http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012062216311800653 Title Super Junior Donghae, Yoon Seung-a's ''Miss Panda, Mr. Hedgehog'' to lift lid in August. Last name Suk First name Monica Source date 22 June 2012 Website TenAsia URL access date 2013-02-23 ↑ Ho, Stewart (15 September 2012). "Super Junior's Donghae/Choi Jin Hyuk Fans Feed Ms. Panda and Mr. Porcupine Crew". enewsWorld. 
Choi Jin-hyuk (Hangul: 최진혁, born Kim Tae-ho on February 9, 1986)[1] is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television series Gu Family Book, The Heirs and Emergency Couple. 
Kim Tae-ho launched his acting career after he won the grand prize in the KBS reality talent show Survival Star Audition in 2006.[2] He began using the stage name Choi Jin-hyuk in 2010, prior to the airing of family drama It's Okay, Daddy's Girl, in which he was cast in his first leading role. He also starred in the romantic comedies I Need Romance (2011),[3] and Ms Panda and Mr Hedgehog (2012).[4][5] 
His breakout came in 2013 after a well-received appearance on fantasy-period drama Gu Family Book.[6][7][8][9] Afterwards, Choi landed supporting roles in two high-profile projects: writer Kim Eun-sook's trendy drama The Heirs, and the action film The Divine Move.[10][11] His costar in The Divine Move, Jung Woo-sung also directed him in the short film Beginning of a Dream (Choi had joined Jung's agency Red Brick House).[12][13] 
In 2014, he headlined his first miniseries, the cable romantic comedy/medical drama Emergency Couple.[2][14] Choi then returned to network television with a supporting role in Fated to Love You, a remake of the 2008 Taiwanese drama. Another leading role followed with the legal drama Pride and Prejudice.[15][16] He was also cast in a minor role in the Japanese film Koisuru Vampire ("Vampire in Love"). 
Choi went on a hiatus from acting when he enlisted for mandatory military service on March 31, 2015.[16][17] He had the option to join the Seoul Police Promotional Team, the theater unit under the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, but choose to serve as an active duty soldier.[18][19] He was discharged from the army after just seven months due to a knee injury.[20] 
Choi Jin-hyuk 
External links 
Anndrew Blythe Daguio Gorostiza (born March 12, 2003), better known as Andrea Brillantes, is a Filipina child actress best known for playing the title character in the 2013 primetime series Annaliza. She also appeared in the television series including E-boy and Alyna, and played various other roles. 
Terminology 
Requirements 
A Miami Beach waitress in 1973. 
A server in Ancora. 
A waitress in the Samjiyon Pegaebong hotel, North Korea. 
Waiting staff are those who work at a restaurant or a bar, and sometimes in private homes, attending customers—supplying them with food and drink as requested. A server or waiting staff takes on a very important role in a restaurant which is to always be attentive and accommodating to the guests. Each waiter follows rules and guidelines that are developed by the manager. 
Waiting on tables is (along with nursing and teaching) part of the service sector, and among the most common occupations in the United States. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that, as of May 2008, there were over 2.2 million persons employed as servers in the U.S.[1] 
An individual waiting tables is commonly called a server, waitress (females only), waiter (referring to males or less commonly either gender), member of the wait staff, waitstaff[3] or serving staff server, waitperson,[4] or less commonly the 1980s American neologism waitron.[5][6][7][8] Archaic terms such as serving girl, serving wench, or serving lad are generally used only within their historical context. 
Restaurant serving positions require on the job training that would be held by an upper level server in the restaurant. The server will be trained to provide good customer service, learn food items and drinks and maintain a neat and tidy appearance. Working, in a role such as captain, in a top rated restaurant requires disciplined role-playing comparable to a theater performance.[13] 
↑ U.S. Department of Labor - Bureau of Labor Statistics (24 May 2006). "Occupational Employment and Wages - Waiters and Waitresses". US Department of Labor. 
Retrieved 2006-12-31. Cite web URL http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes353031.htm Title Occupational Employment and Wages - Waiters and Waitresses Last name U.S. Department of Labor - Bureau of Labor Statistics Source date 24 May 2006 Publisher US Department of Labor URL access date 2006-12-31 ↑ Reg Butler; Carole French (2011). Tips on Tipping: A Global Guide to Gratuity Etiquette. 
Retrieved on 17 September 2007. ↑ "Waitperson – Definition and More from the Free Mirriam–Webster Dictionary". Dictionary and Thesaurus – Mirriam–Westbster Online. Mirriam-Webster, Incorporated. 
Retrieved 22 December 2013. ↑ "Waitron." 
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, via dictionary.com website. 
Gender & Society. 7 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1177/089124393007003002. 
ISSN 0891-2432. ↑ Allan, Keith (2007). 
Journal of Pragmatics. 39 (6): 1047–1057. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2006.08.004. 
ISSN 0378-2166. ↑ Siegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (1999). 
Three Rivers Press. p. 354. 
ISBN 978-0-8129-6389-2. ↑ (2004.) 
2000-06-30. doi:10.1016/S0278-4319(00)00009-8. Retrieved 2014-01-22. ↑ Edward Frame (August 22, 2015). 
"Dinner and Deception". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2015. ...as captains or servers or sommeliers, our job wasn’t just serving food, it was playing a part.... ↑ Restaurant Server: Job Description, Duties and Requirements. 
Waiting staff 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "37". Williams obstetrics (24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 
2014. pp. Chapter 37. ISBN 978-0-07-179893-8. 
Cite book Title Williams obstetrics Date 2014 Publisher McGraw-Hill Professional ISBN 978-0-07-179893-8 Edition 24th Page(s) cited Chapter 37 Chapter 37 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections (PDF). 
World Health Organization. 2015. p. 1. 
ISBN 9789241549363. 
PMID 26598777. 1 2 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. 
DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics. JP Medical Ltd. p. 432. 
ISBN 978-93-5152-067-2. 
Cite book URL https://books.google.ca/books?id=LU2VAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 Title DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics Last name Hiralal Konar Date 2014 Publisher JP Medical Ltd ISBN 978-93-5152-067-2 Page 432 ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". 
Lancet. 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604 . 
PMID 25530442. ↑ Walvekar, Vandana (2005). 
New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 153. 
ISBN 978-81-8061-472-9. ↑ Magner, Lois N. (1992). 
New York: Dekker. pp. 257–258. 
ISBN 978-0-8247-8673-1. ↑ Anderson, BL (April 2014). 
Obstetrics and gynecology. 123 (4): 874–82. doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000175. 
PMID 24785617. ↑ Ataman, AD; Vatanoğlu-Lutz, EE; Yıldırım, G (2013). 
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 14 (1): 35–9. doi:10.5152/jtgga.2013.08. PMC 3881728 . 
PMID 24592068. 
Postpartum infections, also known as puerperal infections, is any bacterial infection of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge.[1] It usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery.[5] 
Diagnosis is rarely helped by culturing of the vagina or blood. In those who do not improve, medical imaging may be required. Other causes of fever following delivery include breast engorgement, urinary tract infections, infections of the abdominal incision or episiotomy, and atelectasis.[1][2] 
In those with mild disease, oral antibiotics may be used; otherwise intravenous antibiotics are recommended. Common antibiotics include a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin following vaginal delivery or clindamycin and gentamicin in those who have had a C-section. In those who are not improving with appropriate treatment, other complications such an abscess should be considered.[1] 
In 2015, about 11.8 million maternal infections occurred.[3] In the developed world about one to two percent develop uterine infections following vaginal delivery. This increases to five to thirteen percent among those who have more difficult deliveries and fifty percent with C-sections before the use of preventative antibiotics.[1] In 2015, these infections resulted in 17,900 deaths down from 34,000 deaths in 1990.[4][6] They are the cause of about 10% of deaths around the time of pregnancy.[2] The first known descriptions of the condition date back to at least the 5th century BCE in the writings of Hippocrates.[7] These infections were a very common cause of death around the time of childbirth starting in at least the 18th century until the 1930s when antibiotics were introduced.[8] In 1847, in Austria, Ignaz Semmelweiss through the use of handwashing with chlorine decreased death from the disease from nearly twenty percent to two percent.[9][10] 
Apple's iPad (left) and Amazon's Fire (right) are commercially successful tablets. 
A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile computer with a touchscreen display, which is usually in color, processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single thin, flat package. Most tablets also have sensors, including digital cameras, a microphone, and an accelerometer so images on screens are always displayed upright. The touchscreen display uses gestures by finger or stylus to replace the mouse, trackpad and keyboard used in laptops. 
Tablets are larger than smartphones or personal digital assistants with screens 7 inches (18 cm) or larger, measured diagonally.[1][2][3][4] However, much of a tablet's functionality resembles that of a modern smartphone, using a virtual keyboard and running a mobile operating system. 
Portable computers can be classified according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a physical keyboard, and usually accept text and other input by use of a virtual keyboard shown on a touchscreen-enabled display. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s all have physical keyboards (although these are usually concealable or detachable), yet they typically also make use of virtual keyboards. 
Tablet computer 
Pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis.[1][2] Often there may be no symptoms.[3] Signs and symptoms, when present may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, or irregular menstruation.[3] Untreated PID can result in long term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.[2][4][5] 
The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix.[6] Infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. Often multiple different bacteria are involved.[2] Without treatment about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection will develop PID.[2][7] Risk factors are similar to those of sexually transmitted infections generally and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use. Vaginal douching may also increase the risk. 
Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms.[8] Screening women at risk for chlamydial infection followed by treatment decreases the risk of PID.[9] If the diagnosis is suspected, treatment is typically advised.[2] Treating a woman's sexual partners should also occur.[9] In those with mild or moderate symptoms a single injection of the antibiotic ceftriaxone along with two weeks of doxycycline and possibly metronidazole by mouth is recommended. For those who do not improve after three days or who have severe disease intravenous antibiotics should be used.[10] 
Globally about 106 million cases of chlamydia and 106 million cases of gonorrhea occurred in 2008.[7] The number of cases of PID however, is not clear.[11] It is estimated to affect about 1.5 percent of young women yearly.[11] In the United States PID is estimated to affect about one million people yearly.[12] A type of intrauterine device (IUD) known as the Dalkon shield led to increased rates of PID in the 1970s. Current IUDs are not associated with this problem after the first month.[2] 
↑ Campion, Edward W.; Brunham, Robert C.; Gottlieb, Sami L.; Paavonen, Jorma (21 May 2015). 
New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (21): 2039–2048. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1411426. 
PMID 25992748. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mitchell, C; Prabhu, M (December 2013). 
Infectious disease clinics of North America. 27 (4): 793–809. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.004. PMC 3843151 . 
PMID 24275271. 
1 2 3 "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Clinical Manifestations and Sequelae". cdc.gov. October 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ↑ Chang, A. H.; Parsonnet, J. (2010). 
Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (4): 837–857. doi:10.1128/CMR.00012-10. ISSN 0893-8512. 
PMC 2952975 . 
PMID 20930075. ↑ Chan, Philip J.; Seraj, Ibrahim M.; Kalugdan, Theresa H.; King, Alan (1996). 
"Prevalence of Mycoplasma Conserved DNA in Malignant Ovarian Cancer Detected Using Sensitive PCR–ELISA". Gynecologic Oncology. 63 (2): 258–260. doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.0316. 
ISSN 0090-8258. PMID 8910637. 1 2 Brunham RC, Gottlieb SL, Paavonen J (2015). 
"Pelvic inflammatory disease". 
The New England Journal of Medicine. 
372 (21): 2039–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1411426. PMID 25992748. 
1 2 3 World Health Organization (2012). 
"Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections - 2008" (PDF). who.int. pp. 2, 19. 
Retrieved February 22, 2015. ↑ "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Patient Counseling and Education". 
Centers for Disease Control. October 2014. 
Retrieved February 21, 2015. 1 2 3 "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Partner Management and Public Health Measures". Centers for Disease Control. 
October 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ↑ "2010 STD Treatment Guidelines Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Centers for Disease Control. 
August 15, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015. 1 2 3 4 Eschenbach, D (2008). 
"Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". 
Glob. libr. women's med. doi:10.3843/GLOWM.10029. ISSN 1756-2228. 1 2 "Self-Study STD Modules for Clinicians — Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Next Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Your Online Source for Credible Health Information CDC Home Footer Separator Rectangle Epidemiology". 
Centers for Disease Control. 
October 2014. 
Retrieved February 21, 2015. ↑ Kumar, Ritu; Bronze, Michael Stuart (2015). "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Empiric Therapy". Medscape. 
Retrieved March 30, 2015. ↑ Zakher, Bernadette; Cantor MD, Amy G.; Daeges, Monica; Nelson MD, Heidi (December 16, 2014). "Review: Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Prevententive Services Task Force". 
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria.[2][3] Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur.[4] Itching is uncommon.[2][4] Occasionally, there may be no symptoms.[4] Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS.[5][6] It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.[7][8] 
BV is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina.[9][10] There is a change in the most common type of bacteria and a hundred to thousandfold increase in total numbers of bacteria present.[2] Typically, bacteria other than Lactobacilli become more common.[11] Risk factors include douching, new or multiple sex partners, antibiotics, and using an intrauterine device, among others.[10] However, it is not considered a sexually transmitted infection.[12] Diagnosis is suspected based on the symptoms, and may be verified by testing the vaginal discharge and finding a higher than normal vaginal pH, and large numbers of bacteria.[2] BV is often confused with a vaginal yeast infection or infection with Trichomonas.[13] 
These medications may also be used in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. However, the condition often recurs following treatment. Probiotics may help prevent re-occurrence.[2] It is unclear if the use of probiotics or antibiotics affects pregnancy outcomes.[2][14] 
BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age.[10] The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%.[5] BV is most common in parts of Africa and least common in Asia and Europe.[5] In the United States about 30% of women between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected.[15] Rates vary considerably between ethnic groups within a country.[5] While BV like symptoms have been described for much of recorded history, the first clearly documented case occurred in 1894.[1] 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Donders, GG; Zodzika, J; Rezeberga, D (April 2014). 
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 
15 (5): 645–57. 
PMID 24579850. doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.881800. 
1 2 3 Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). 
"Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (01): 043–049. 
ISSN 1526-8004. 
PMC 4148456 . 
PMID 24390920. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. 1 2 3 4 "What are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?". 2013-05-21. 
Retrieved 3 March 2015. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kenyon, C; Colebunders, R; Crucitti, T (December 2013). 
"The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review.". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 
209 (6): 505–23. 
PMID 23659989. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.006. 
1 2 Bradshaw, CS; Brotman, RM (July 2015). "Making inroads into improving treatment of bacterial vaginosis - striving for long-term cure". 
BMC Infectious Diseases. 15: 292. 
PMC 4518586 . 
PMID 26219949. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1027-4. ↑ Queena, John T. .; Spong, Catherine Y; Lockwood, Charles J., editors (2012). 
Queenan's management of high-risk pregnancy : an evidence-based approach (6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 262. ISBN 9780470655764. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ↑ "What are the treatments for bacterial vaginosis (BV)?". 
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 
2013-07-15. Retrieved 4 March 2015. 
1 2 Bennett, John (2015). 
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 
ISBN 9781455748013. 
1 2 3 4 "Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Condition Information". 
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-21. 
Retrieved 3 March 2015. 
1 2 Nardis, C.; Mastromarino, P.; Mosca, L. (September–October 2013). 
"Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". 
Annali di Igiene. 
25 (5): 443–56. PMID 24048183. doi:10.7416/ai.2013.1946. 
1 2 "Bacterial Vaginosis – CDC Fact Sheet". 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 2 Mar 2015. ↑ Mashburn, J (2006). 
"Etiology, diagnosis, and management of vaginitis.". 
Journal of midwifery & women's health. 51 (6): 423–30. 
PMID 17081932. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.07.005. ↑ Othman, M; Neilson, JP; Alfirevic, Z (24 January 2007). 
"Probiotics for preventing preterm labour.". 
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD005941. PMID 17253567. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005941.pub2. 1 2 "Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Statistics Prevalence". cdc.gov. 
September 14, 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2015. ↑ Schwebke JR (2000). "Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis: response to therapy". 
183 (6): 1434–9. PMID 11120507. doi:10.1067/mob.2000.107735. ↑ Forney LJ, Foster JA, Ledger W (2006). 
194 (10): 1468–9. 
PMID 17054080. doi:10.1086/508497. ↑ Petrova, Mariya I.; Lievens, Elke; Malik, Shweta; Imholz, Nicole; Lebeer, Sarah (2015). 
6. ISSN 1664-042X. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081. ↑ Patterson, J. L.; Stull-Lane, A.; Girerd, P. H.; Jefferson, K. K. (12 November 2009). 
156 (2): 392–399. 
PMID 19910411. doi:10.1099/mic.0.034280-0. 
35 (2): 102–107; quiz 107–9. PMID 20215951. doi:10.1097/NMC.0b013e3181cae9da. ↑ Verstraelen H, Delanghe J, Roelens K, Blot S, Claeys G, Temmerman M (2005). 
5 (1): 55. 
PMID 16000177. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-5-55. ↑ Nansel TR, Riggs MA, Yu KF, Andrews WW, Schwebke JR, Klebanoff MA (February 2006). 
194 (2): 381–6. 
PMID 16458633. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.047. ↑ Wilkinson, D; Ramjee, G; Tholandi, M; Rutherford, G (2002). 
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4): CD003939. PMID 12519623. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003939. 
74 (1): 14–22. PMID 6600371. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9. ↑ "Diseases Characterized by Vaginal Discharge". cdc.gov. 
78 (6): 413–5. 
PMID 12473800. doi:10.1136/sti.78.6.413. ↑ Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL (1991). 
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References 
History 
Units 
In geometric measurements, length is the most extended dimension of an object.[1] In the International System of Quantities, length is any quantity with dimension distance. In other contexts "length" is the measured dimension of an object. For example, it is possible to cut a length of a wire which is shorter than wire thickness. 
Length may be distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width or breadth, which are the distance from side to side, measuring across the object at right angles to the length. Length is a measure of one dimension, whereas area is a measure of two dimensions (length squared) and volume is a measure of three dimensions (length cubed). In most systems of measurement, the unit of length is a base unit, from which other units are defined. 
Measurement has been important ever since humans settled from nomadic lifestyles and started using building materials, occupying land and trading with neighbours. As society has become more technologically oriented, much higher accuracies of measurement are required in an increasingly diverse set of fields, from micro-electronics to interplanetary ranging.[2] 
After Albert Einstein's special relativity, length can no longer be thought of being constant in all reference frames. Thus a ruler that is one meter long in one frame of reference will not be one meter long in a reference frame that is travelling at a velocity relative to the first frame. This means length of an object is variable depending on the observer. 
In the physical sciences and engineering, when one speaks of "units of length", the word "length" is synonymous with "distance". There are several units that are used to measure length. Historically, units of length may have been derived from the lengths of human body parts, the distance travelled in a number of paces, the distance between landmarks or places on the Earth, or arbitrarily on the length of some fixed object. 
In the International System of Units (SI), the basic unit of length is the metre and is now defined in terms of the speed of light. The centimetre and the kilometre, derived from the metre, are also commonly used units. In U.S. customary units, English or Imperial system of units, commonly used units of length are the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. 
Units used to denote distances in the vastness of space, as in astronomy, are much longer than those typically used on Earth and include the astronomical unit, the light-year, and the parsec. 
Early life and career 
Music career 
2006–2008: Career beginnings and I Created Disco 
2008–2010: Ready for the Weekend 
2011–2013: 18 Months and international prominence 
Calvin Harris Harris performing at Rock in Rio in Madrid in July 2012 Born Adam Richard Wiles (1984-01-17) 17 January 1984 Dumfries, Scotland Residence Los Angeles, California, US Occupation Record producer DJ singer songwriter Musical career Genres EDM[1] electro house[2] electropop[3] dance-pop[4] nu-disco[2] Instruments Vocals digital audio workstation piano keyboards guitar bass synthesiser sampler sequencer Years active 2002–present Labels Fly Eye Columbia Ministry of Sound Ultra Roc Nation Deconstruction Associated acts Dizzee Rascal Rihanna Ellie Goulding Alesso John Newman Website calvinharris.com 
2013–2015: Motion and "How Deep Is Your Love" 
2016–present: Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 
Endorsements 
Other ventures 
Philanthropy 
Personal life 
Discography 
Awards and nominations 
References 
Harris co-wrote and co-produced the bonus track "One Life" for R&B singer Mary J. Blige's album My Life II... The Journey Continues (2011).[55] He also worked with the pop band Scissor Sisters on the single "Only the Horses" from their fourth studio album, Magic Hour. He wrote and produced Cheryl Cole's single "Call My Name", the lead single from her third album A Million Lights.[56] Harris also produced a remix of Florence and the Machine's "Spectrum" titled "Spectrum (Say My Name)". 
The album's fourth single "We'll Be Coming Back" was released in July 2012. Featuring rapper Example, it peaked at number two in the UK. The fifth single, "Sweet Nothing", features Florence Welch of Florence and the Machine, and was released on 14 October 2012.[59] It peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[47] The song received a nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 56th Grammy Awards.[60] These singles became part of his third studio album, 18 Months, which was released on 29 October 2012.[61] Harris eventually made UK chart history by becoming the first artist to attain eight top-10 singles from one studio album, breaking the record previously set by Michael Jackson.[3] 18 Months received a nomination for Best Dance/Electronica Album at the 56th Grammy Awards.[60] Harris was also nominated for Best British Male Solo Artist at the 2013 Brit Awards in February.[62] 
On 7 October 2013, Harris and Swedish DJ Alesso released a collaborative single with synthpop duo Hurts called "Under Control" as the first single from his fourth album.[68] The song debuted at number one in the UK.[69] Later that month, Harris remixed The Killers' song "When You Were Young" for the deluxe edition of their greatest hits album Direct Hits.[70] He unveiled the full six-minute version through Rolling Stone and told the magazine: "It was a real honour to be asked to remix one of my favourite modern bands, and it was an exciting challenge for me to update this classic track for the dance-floor in a tasteful and respectful way".[71] 
On 14 March 2014, Harris's song "Summer" premiered on the UK's Capital FM.[72] The track which was released as the album's second single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Harris's sixth UK number-one single.[73] It also became Harris's highest-charting solo single on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number seven.[74] "Summer" was Spotify's most-streamed track of 2014 with over 200 million streams.[75] Harris also produced the single "I Will Never Let You Down" for British singer, Rita Ora. On 18 May 2014, the song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, two weeks after his song, "Summer", debuted at the top of the charts.[76] 
In April 2014, Harris performed on the main stage of Coachella Festival.[77] His set attracted the second largest crowd in the festival's history, topped only by the 2012 set of Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg which featured a hologram of Tupac Shakur.[77] That year, Harris was also a headline act at several prominent music festivals, including Lollapalooza, Austin City Limits Music Festival, the iTunes Festival in London, Electric Daisy Carnival and the iHeartRadio Music Festival.[75] 
His fourth album, Motion, was released on 4 November 2014.[83] It includes the previously released singles "Under Control", "Summer", "Blame" and "Outside".[25] Another track from the album, "Pray to God", featuring rock band trio Haim, was released on 11 February 2015.[84] At the 2015 Brit Awards, "Summer" was nominated for Best British Single and British Artist Video of the Year.[85] At the 2015 Glamour Awards in London on 2 June, Harris was named Glamour UK's Man of the Year.[86] He was also ranked 6th on Billboard's Top 30 EDM Power Players.[87] The same month, Harris was part of the main stage line-up at the Electric Daisy Carnival held in Las Vegas.[88] 
Harris released a new single titled "This Is What You Came For", which features Rihanna, on 29 April 2016.[96] The single debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Harris' second top five song. It also reached number one on the US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs, became Harris's tenth number one on sister chart Dance/Mix Show Airplay, and his fourth chart-topper on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart. 
On 17 July 2015, Harris and London-based production trio Disciples released the single "How Deep Is Your Love".[89] The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, giving Harris his 19th top-10 entry in the UK.[90][91] It peaked at number one on the ARIA Charts, giving Harris his first chart-topper in Australia.[92] The song peaked at number three on the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs in the US and marked Harris's eighth top-10 entry since the chart's launch, making it the most of any act.[93] In September, Harris was featured on Dillon Francis's EP This Mixtape Is Fire, collaborating on a Moombahton style track entitled "What's Your Name".[94] For the 2016 Brit Awards, Harris received three nominations; Best British Male Solo Artist, and "How Deep Is Your Love" for British Single of the Year and Best British Video.[95] 
In 2008, the cover of Harris' debut album I Created Disco was featured as part of a multicoloured iPod nano campaign on TV and in print in the US.[35] In 2009, Harris teamed up with Coca-Cola for their 'Open Happiness' advertising campaign in the UK.[107] Harris wrote and produced an exclusive track for the brand called 'Yeah Yeah Yeah, La La La' which was featured on TV, digital, outdoor and on-pack promotional activity and was offered on 'Coke Zone' website for free download.[107][108] The same year, Harris's song "Colours" was featured in Kia Motors's hamster television advertisement for the Kia Soul EV.[109] 
In 2012, Harris was featured in the Pepsi Max commercial for their Football campaign.[110] Titled "crowd surfing", the advert showed Harris on the DJ deck playing his single "Let's Go" to the crowd of partygoers alongside star footballers Lionel Messi, Didier Drogba, Fernando Torres, Frank Lampard, Sergio Agüero and Jack Wilshere.[110] In 2013, Harris teamed up with Sol Republic to create their first studio tuned professional-calibre headphones.[111] The partnership involved designing a customised look for the headphones and redesigning its drivers to Harris' specifications.[112] 
On 17 December 2014, Harris was announced as the new face of Emporio Armani for its men's underwear line for the Spring/Summer 2015 season. He was also named the worldwide testimonial of the Emporio Armani eyewear and watch collection.[113] The black and white campaign was shot in Los Angeles by photographer Boo George.[114] Harris returned as the face of the brand underwear line, eyewear and watch line for their Emporio Armani Fall/Winter 2015/2016 campaign. The images, shot by Lachlan Bailey, were released in July 2015.[115] 
In March 2010, Harris launched his own vanity label, Fly Eye Records.[116] Most of the label's releases belong to the EDM genre.[116] In 2014, the label formed a partnership with Sony/ATV Music Publishing.[117] Later that year, Harris was appointed as the head of the artists and repertoire team at the dance label Deconstruction Records.[118][119] 
In early 2012, Harris signed an exclusive DJ residency deal with Wynn Las Vegas which included gigs at three of the luxury resort's avenues: Encore Beach Club, Surrender and XS Nightclub.[120] In February 2013, Harris signed as the first exclusive resident DJ with the Abu Dhabi-owned hospitality company Hakkasan Group in Las Vegas. The 20-month residency saw him playing 46 dates at MGM Grand's Hakkasan nightclub, as well as 22 additional gigs at the MGM Grand's Wet Republic.[121] In January 2015, he extended his partnership with the Hakkasan group for three more years, which includes residencies at three of the group's Las Vegas venues (Hakkasan nightclub, Wet Republic and Omnia Nightclub at Caesars Palace). Harris also serves as the Group's music consultant for its restaurants, nightclubs and hotels, globally.[122][123] 
In September 2007, Harris performed in the charity event "Wasted Youth" in aid of the Campaign Against Living Miserably at KOKO nightclub in Camden Town, London.[127] The event aimed to draw attention to the issue of youth suicide among men in the UK and to raise awareness and money for the charity.[127] In 2008, he supported Shelter's campaign "Hometime Scotland" which pledges to end homelessness and bad housing in Scotland.[128][129] In 2010, Harris performed live in The War Child's post-Brit Awards show (alongside La Roux and Kasabian) which took place at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, London.[130] The event raised funds and public awareness on children affected by violence in war zones.[130][131] 
On 30 March 2015, Harris was announced as a co-owner, along with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Rapper Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015.[124] Including Beyoncé and Jay Z, 16 artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj, among others) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake.[125] The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties.[126] 
In February 2012, Harris teamed up with several other artists (including Rihanna and Coldplay) to perform at a charity concert with all proceeds from the show going to the Children's Orthopaedic Center at the Children's Hospital Los Angeles.[132] In November 2012, Harris contributed several songs to Tiësto's compilation album Dance (RED) Save Lives in collaboration with anti-AIDS charity Product Red which was aimed at creating awareness on the fight for an AIDS Free Generation.[133][134] Harris participated in a global live stream of the Stereosonic music festival in Melbourne, Australia which took place on World AIDS Day on 1 December 2012.[133] The proceeds from both the album and the event were donated for the cause.[133] 
Harris dated British singer Rita Ora from April 2013 until June 2014.[140][141] From March 2015 to June 2016, Harris dated American singer Taylor Swift.[142][143] 
I Created Disco (2007) Ready for the Weekend (2009) 18 Months (2012) Motion (2014) Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 (2017) 
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"Calvin Harris Reveals Who Convinced Him To Sing On 'My Way'". MTV. Retrieved 2016-09-22. ↑ Reyes, Kim (September 18, 2016). 
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31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ↑ Gracie, Bianca (9 May 2017). "Calvin Harris Announces New Album 'Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 
1': See the Release Date". Fuse. Retrieved 9 May 2017. 
1 2 "Calvin Harris soundtracks Coca-Cola ad". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2015 ↑ "Coca-Cola ties-up with Calvin Harris with first UK 'Open Happiness' activity". 
Marketing Magazine. Retrieved 28 July 2015 ↑ . 
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Retrieved 28 July 2015 ↑ O'Brien, Ciara (27 March 2014). "The Soundtrack of Life for music lovers". The Irish Times. 
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20 November 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ↑ Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (14 August 2013). "Electronic Cash Kings 2013: The World's Highest-Paid DJs". 
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29 July 2015. ↑ "Calvin Harris is the Richest DJ, but Not the Richest Musician". ESA Records. 29 July 2015. ↑ Duff, Anna (8 May 2013). 
Cara Delevingne's 'wifey' Rita Ora 'dating' Calvin Harris". celebsnow.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2017. ↑ Hill, Nick (7 June 2014). "Calvin Harris And Rita Ora Split Up, DJ Confirms on Twitter". contactmusic.com. 
Retrieved 11 July 2014. ↑ "Taylor Swift dating Calvin Harris". People. Retrieved 24 May 2015. ↑ Lee, Esther (1 April 2015). 
"Taylor Swift Is Dating Calvin Harris: Details on Their New Romance". Us Weekly. Retrieved 24 May 2015. ↑ "Teetotal Stars". 
5 January 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2015. ↑ Savage, Mark (17 August 2009). "Harris gave up drink 'for fans'". 
Adam Richard Wiles (born 17 January 1984), known professionally as Calvin Harris, is a Scottish record producer, DJ, singer and songwriter. His debut studio album I Created Disco was released in June 2007, and was the precursor to his UK top 10 singles "Acceptable in the 80s" and "The Girls". In 2009, Harris released his second studio album Ready for the Weekend, which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry within two months of its release. 
Harris rose to international prominence with the release of his third studio album 18 Months in October 2012. Topping the UK charts, the album became his first to chart on the US Billboard 200 chart (where it reached number 19). All eight of the album's singles, which were "Bounce", "Feel So Close", "Let's Go", "We'll Be Coming Back", "Sweet Nothing", "Drinking from the Bottle", "I Need Your Love" and "Thinking About You" reached the top 10 in the UK. 
He received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year in 2013 and at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards was named Top Dance/Electronic Artist. Additionally, Harris topped Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid DJs for three consecutive years from 2013 to 2015. One of the most successful musicians in contemporary British popular culture, Harris appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in Britain.[7] Harris runs his own record label, Fly Eye Records. 
Adam Richard Wiles was born on 17 January 1984 in Dumfries, Scotland.[8] His parents, David Wiles, a biochemist, and Pamela, a homemaker, married in Oxford before moving to the Dumfries suburb of Georgetown.[9] He has an older sister, Sophie, and an older brother, Edward.[9][10] He attended Dumfries High School, and after leaving school he stacked shelves in supermarkets and worked in a local fish processing factory in order to buy DJ gear.[11][12] 
He was first attracted to electronic music in his teens and began recording bedroom demos in 1999.[13] When Harris was 18 he released two songs "Da Bongos" and "Brighter Days". 
Both were released as 12-inch club singles and CD-EPs by the label Prima Facie in early 2002 under the name "Stouffer".[14] With these singles to his credit, Harris moved from Scotland to London, hoping to learn from the local music scene.[12][14][15] Only one of his songs was released during his time in London, "Let Me Know" with vocalist Ayah Marar on the Unabombers' 2004 live-mix CD Electric Soul, Vol. 2.[14] With the lack of job opportunities and money, Harris returned home to Dumfries and began posting homemade solo recordings to his Myspace page.[14][16] Harris' popularity on the social media website created Internet attention that prompted Mark Gillespie, a talent booker for the dance-festival firm Global Gathering who had recently founded his own management firm,[17][18] to make Harris the company's first signing.[17] 
Harris signed contracts with Three Six Zero Group (management), EMI (publishing) and Sony BMG (recording) in 2006 after he had been discovered on the social networking website Myspace.[19] Later in 2006, Harris produced a remix of All Saints' single "Rock Steady".[20] 
Harris's debut album, I Created Disco, was released in June 2007. He started working on the album in 2006 after he moved back from living in London to his hometown of Dumfries, Scotland.[21] All 14 tracks were written, produced and performed solely by Harris and all recording and producing for the album took place on an Amiga computer.[21] To promote I Created Disco, Harris embarked on a tour of the UK, supporting Faithless and Groove Armada.[22][23] I Created Disco was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[24] It reached number eight on the UK Albums Chart and number 19 on the US Top Electronic Albums.[25][26] 
Harris performing at the Eurockéennes 2008 
The first wide-release single from the album was released in March 2007. "Acceptable in the 80s", a tribute to the style and culture of the decade, reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, remaining on the chart for 15 weeks.[25] "The Girls", the album's second single, peaked at number three in the UK Singles Chart and at number four in the Scotland chart. The third and final release from the album, "Merrymaking at My Place", only reached number 43.[25] 
The same year, Harris caught the attention of Australian pop singer Kylie Minogue after his recordings had been passed on to her by another record producer.[22] This led to him co-writing and producing two songs on her 2007 album X—"Heart Beat Rock" and "In My Arms", the latter a top-10 single in the UK. Harris said that working with Minogue was "surreal, but fun" although he admitted to Mixmag in 2007 to "needing a few drinks before meeting her".[27] Harris also contributed the song "Off & On" to Róisín Murphy's album Overpowered, but it was cut from the album. Harris would later give the song to Sophie Ellis-Bextor to record for her 2011 album Make a Scene. 
Harris was the house DJ at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles, where he won Best Electronic Video for "Feel So Close" and Video of the Year alongside Rihanna for "We Found Love".[63][64] Harris performed as part of the post-race concert of the 2013 Formula One Bahrain Grand Prix in April 2013.[65] At the 2013 Ivor Novello Awards held at the Grosvenor House Hotel, London in May, Harris received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year, with Harris calling it "easily the greatest achievement of my entire life".[66] In 2012, Harris made statements explaining why he wanted to stop singing on tracks stating, "I want each track as good as it can possibly be, which usually means me not singing on it."[67] 
In 2008, Harris collaborated with rapper Dizzee Rascal on his single "Dance wiv Me", producing the track and singing the hook. The single reached number one in the UK and has been certified platinum by the BPI, selling 600,000 copies.[24] It was shortlisted for the 2008 Popjustice £20 Music Prize and, in 2009, received a Brit Award nomination for British Single and an Ivor Novello Award nomination for Best Contemporary Song.[29] On 18 October 2008, Harris was featured on BBC Radio 1's Essential Mix with a two-hour set.[30] 
Harris performing at Xbox Reverb in 2009 
Harris' second album, Ready for the Weekend, was released in August 2009 and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, eventually being certified gold by the BPI within two months of release.[24][25][31] Eleven of the fourteen tracks included in the album were sung, produced and written solely by Harris.[31] "I'm Not Alone", released as the album's lead single in April 2009, debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart. The follow-up single, "Ready for the Weekend", reached number three.[25] The third single from Ready for the Weekend, "Flashback", featuring Jordanian singer Ayah Marar reached number eighteen in the UK.[25] During promotion of the album, Harris hosted a series of videos on YouTube titled JAM TV, in which musicians such as Florence Welch, Goldie and Katy Perry tried to open pots of jam.[32] At the 2010 Brit Awards, Harris received a nomination for Best British Male.[33] 
On 8 February 2010, "You Used to Hold Me" was released as the fourth and final single from the album. It reached number 27 on The UK Singles Chart.[25] The song marked the last time Harris regularly sang on his records, he opted to focus more on music production while having guest singers provide the vocals for him.[34] The same year, shortly after his "Ready for the Weekend tour" wrapped, Harris parted ways with members of his band in which he served as lead vocalist and made the decision to stop doing live shows.[35] In an interview with Billboard, Harris said: "I thought I'd exhausted every avenue [on the two albums] and it takes a long time to make me sound good, which is why I stopped singing live as well. I'd like to think of someone who's better-looking, a better singer, better dancer to be the frontperson for the song."[35] He also released several remixes, including remixes of Shakira's "She Wolf", Katy Perry's "Waking Up in Vegas", Mr Hudson's "Supernova" (featuring Kanye West) and Mika's "We Are Golden".[35] 
Harris also produced Dizzee Rascal's next single titled "Holiday", which reached number one on the UK singles chart.[36] Harris made a guest appearance as vocalist on Tiësto's song "Century" on the Dutch producer's album Kaleidoscope.[37] Harris also produced and mixed the English duo The Ting Tings's single Hands which was released on 18 August 2010.[38] The song was originally set to become the first single of their second studio album, but the duo ultimately cancelled the album plans and the song was added as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of Sounds From Nowheresville.[38] On 14 November, Harris invaded the stage of the UK's The X Factor during a performance by Irish duo Jedward, holding a pineapple on his head. He later apologised on Twitter.[39] 
Harris claimed that Chris Brown's "Yeah 3x", released in October 2010 plagiarised his 2009 single "I'm Not Alone"[40] After considering similarities between the two songs, Harris was subsequently added to the songwriting credits on the single and the F.A.M.E. album.[41] Harris also featured on Kylie Minogue's eleventh studio album Aphrodite, collaborating on a disco and synthpop track titled "Too Much".[42] In July 2010, Harris released a mix, titled L.E.D. Festival (short for L.E.D. Festival Presents... Calvin Harris). 
Harris performing at Rock in Rio in Madrid in July 2012 
In 2011, Harris toured with Rihanna as a support act on the European leg of her Loud Tour; Rihanna was quoted to say that "Calvin is the perfect fit for the Loud tour. He is going to bring something unique and fun for the fans."[43] Harris played the 2011 Mardi Gras Party in Sydney on 5 March.[44] Harris also featured on LMFAO's album Sorry for Party Rocking, appearing on the track "Reminds Me of You", which is based on Harris's own song "Awooga". Harris produced Tinchy Stryder's second single, "Off the Record" from his fourth studio album, Full Tank. 
Harris released the single "Bounce", a collaboration with Kelis that debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart in June 2011.[25] Another single, "Feel So Close", was released in August 2011 and also reached number two in the United Kingdom.[25] "Feel So Close" became Harris's first solo entry on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, peaking at number 12.[47] Harris performed at the 2011 Jingle Bell Ball concert, and was announced as one of the headline acts at a number of Southern Hemisphere 2011/2012 new year music festivals.[48] 
Following a stint as her support act on the Australian leg of her tour, Harris produced "We Found Love" and "Where Have You Been" for Barbadian singer Rihanna. The former was included on Harris's upcoming album 18 Months, and premiered on Capital FM radio in the UK on 22 September 2011. "We Found Love" topped the charts in 27 countries worldwide, including the UK where it became Harris's third UK number one, peaked in the top 10 in 30 countries, and broke many records worldwide.[25][49] Topping the Billboard Hot 100 for 10 non-consecutive weeks, it was Harris's first US number one, and was also Rihanna's longest-running US number one and the longest-running number one of 2011.[50][51] "We Found Love" was later ranked number 24 on the list of the all-time top 100 songs on the Billboard Hot 100.[52] In an interview for Q magazine, Harris said of the lyric "We found love in a hopeless place": "It could have been Jumpin Jaks in Dumfries [Harris' home town], I don't know exactly what I was thinking about."[53] In 2013, "We Found Love" was placed at number three on Billboard's top 10 dance-pop collaborations of all time.[54] 
Career 
Artistry 
Discography 
Studio albums 
Singles 
As lead artist 
As featured artist 
Filmography 
Film 
Television 
Web series 
Theatre 
References 
Early life 
External links 
Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Comedy Digital [43] "Can I Get an Amen?" (Rupaul featuring Drag Race Season 5 Cast) 2013 — Non-album single "I Look Fuckin' Cool" (Adore Delano featuring Alaska Thunderfuck) 2014 — Till Death Do Us Party "American Apparel Ad Girls" (with Courtney Act & Willam) 10 Shartistry in Motion "Dear Santa, Bring Me a Man" (with Courtney Act & Willam) — Non-album single "Ride for AIDS" (Willam featuring Alaska Thunderfuck) 2015 12 Shartistry in Motion "Read U Wrote U" (RuPaul featuring Alaska Thunderfuck, Detox, Katya & Roxxxy Andrews) 2016 — Non-album single "—" denotes a recording that failed to chart or was not released in that territory. 
Alaska Thunderfuck Alaska Thunderfuck in 2014 Born Justin Andrew Honard Residence Los Angeles, California, US Other names Alaska, Alaska Thunderf*ck 5000, Alaska 5000, Alaska Thunderfun Alma mater University of Pittsburgh Occupation drag queen rapper singer songwriter Model Known for RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2) winner Predecessor Chad Michaels Family Cory Binney Website alaskathunderfuck.com 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 
2015 TupiniQueens Himself In production. Brazilian film. 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 
2011 RuPaul's Drag Race Himself Season 3 – Episode 1: Casting Extravaganza 2012 RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked Himself Season 4 – Cameo in video message 2013 RuPaul's Drag Race Himself Season 5 – Runner-up 2013 RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked Himself Season 5 2015 The Art Of Himself Episode: "The Art of Drag" 2015 RuPaul's Drag Race Himself Season 7 – Episode 1: Born Naked 2016 RuPaul's Drag Race Himself Season 8 – Episode 10: Grand Finale 2016 RuPaul's All Stars Drag Race Himself Season 2 – Winner 2017 The New Celebrity Apprentice Himself Episode: 'Candy For a Billionaire' 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 
2013 Pure Camp Himself Produced by World of Wonder [44] 2014–present Bro'Laska Himself Produced by World of Wonder [21] 
Year Title Role Theatre Ref. 
2013 The Rocky Horror Show Dr. Frank N. Furter Woodlawn Theatre [16] 
Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2013. ↑ Sciullo, Maria (January 28, 2013). "Pittsburgh's 'Alaska' takes a turn on 'Drag Race'". 
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved March 20, 2013. ↑ Bro'Laska with Alaska Thunderfuck & Cory Binney - Golden Child - YouTube 1 2 Middleton, Josh (29 March 2013). "Interview: Alaska From RuPaul's Drag Race Talks About Life Post-Show and Her Love Affair with Sharon Needles". 
Philadelphia. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ↑ Lucid, Michael (23 July 2009). "DAILY FREAK SHOW: JAMES GOES TO TRANNYSHACK". 
World of Wonder. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ↑ Lucid, Michael (18 November 2009). "JAMES ST JAMES GOES TO THE ACE HOTEL". 
World of Wonder. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ↑ Thunderfuck, Alaska (15 October 2012). "Just who did create the Haus of Haunt?". 
Retrieved 19 April 2013. ↑ "Tickets for CHRISTEENE @ 6119 in Pittsburg from ShowClix". ShowClix. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ↑ Higbee, Jonathan (22 April 2013). 
The A.V. Club. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ↑ Parker, Lyndsey (5 March 2013). "Great Musical Moments In Reality TV: RuPaul's "Can I Get An Amen"". 
"Willam, Alaska And Michelle Visage Get Ready To Rock "Rocky Horror Show": PHOTOS". New Now Next. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ↑ "Alaska: Stevie Forever-The Laurie Beechman Theatre- Theatre In New York". ↑ "RuPaul's Drag Race". ↑ "Alaska Opens New Show, "Red For Filth," In NYC //". 
NewNowNext. ↑ "Sex and the City Live! San Francisco Tickets - $15.00 at Victoria Theatre.". Goldstar. 
1 2 "BroLaska Starring Alaska Thunderfuck and Cory Binney". World of Wonder. ↑ "Exclusive: Alaska, Courtney Act, and Willam Belli Team Up With American Apparel". Out Magazine. ↑ "Alaska Thunderfuck - Nails [Official]". 
YouTube. ↑ "The Magic Critique: 'Anus' by Alaska Thunderfuck Album Review". themagiccritique.com. ↑ "Alaska's ANUS Album #1 on Dance and #38 All Categories - World of Wonder". World of Wonder. ↑ "Alaska Thunderfuck Makes Better Dance Music Than Your Vanilla Garbage". NOISEY. ↑ Daniel Reynolds. 
"Why Alaska Thunderfuck Titled Her New Album 'Anus'". Advocate.com. ↑ "'RuPaul's All Stars Drag Race' season 2 cast revealed — exclusive". Retrieved 2016-09-12. ↑ Shah, Karim (11 Oct 2016). 
"Alaska Responds To 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Fan Uproar". Instinct Magazine. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ↑ "ALASKA RESPONDS TO 'DRAG RACE' BACKLASH VIA VIDEO, SNAKE REFERENCES ABOUND". 
"RuPaul's Drag Race stars Alaska and Detox are donating $10,000 via Paypal before taxes to charity". Gay Star News. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ↑ http://alaskathunderfuck.com/music/ ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdafDSTaZ1w ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbbiWYtfRio ↑ Thunderfuck, Alaska (15 April 2013). 
Retrieved 23 April 2013. ↑ Shellhammer, Bradford. "jer ber jones (Bradford Shellhammer : Interviews)". BradfordShellhammer.com. Retrieved 23 April 2013. ↑ Slice, Kymbo. 
"The Alaska Thunderfuck Interview". Nak You Out. Retrieved 20 March 2013. ↑ "Alaska Thunderfuck – Chart history (Dance/Electronic Albums)". 
Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2016. ↑ "Alaska Thunderfuck – Chart history (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. 
Retrieved October 26, 2016. ↑ "Alaska Thunderfuck – Chart history (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2016. ↑ "ultratop.be - Discografie Alaska Thunderfuck". 
1 2 "Billboard Chart Archive" (To access, type "Alaska" in the artist bar, then select "Comedy Digital Tracks" in the chart name bar). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 
Alaska Thunderfuck (also known mononymously as Alaska, or as Alaska Thunderfuck 5000, Alaska 5000, Alaska Thunderfuck 5000 from the Planet Glamtron or Alaska, Queen of Snakes)[1] is the stage name of Justin Honard, an American drag performer and recording artist. Alaska is best known for appearing on the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race, where she was a runner-up along with Roxxxy Andrews. She was crowned the winner of the second season of RuPaul's All Stars Drag Race. 
Official website Justin Andrew Honard at the Internet Movie Database 
Honard was raised in Erie, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Fort LeBoeuf High School in 2003.[2][3] He studied theater at the University of Pittsburgh.[4] Honard has a half-brother named Cory Binney, with whom he stars in a World of Wonder web series, Bro'Laska. He also has an older sister Brooke, and a younger brother Ryan.[5] 
Honard originally moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting. Dissatisfied with the auditioning process, he turned to drag and got a job at the West Hollywood club, Fubar.[6] He frequently performed in the Trannyshack shows in Los Angeles.[7] In 2009, he performed in Palm Springs Gay Pride with Tammie Brown and Jer Ber Jones.[8] 
Alaska Thunderfuck in 2013 
It was announced in November 2012 that Alaska Thunderfuck was among 14 drag queens who would be competing on the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race, but would be known by the mononym Alaska.[2][12] He had previously auditioned every season for the show.[6] Alaska won the fragrance commercial-themed main challenge in the episode "Scent of a Drag Queen" and the main challenge for "Sugar Ball."[13][14] As part of the show, Alaska sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?". The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center.[15] In May 2013, during the season finale, Jinkx Monsoon was declared the winner and Alaska was declared the runner-up of the season, along with fellow competitor Roxxxy Andrews. 
In October 2013, Alaska performed as Dr. Frank N. Furter in the Woodlawn Theatre's production of The Rocky Horror Show. RuPaul's Drag Race judge Michelle Visage and season four contestant Willam Belli also starred in the musical.[16] 
Honard has since pursued a music career, and released a string of singles, namely "Ru Girl", "Your Makeup Is Terrible", and "Nails". In June 2015, Alaska's debut album, Anus, was released to positive reviews. Singles from the album included "Hieeee" and "This is My Hair".[23][24][25][26][27] 
October 14, 2016 Alaska released her newest album called Poundcake.[32] The album includes singles such as "The T", "Stun", "Puppet" and many others. The album, Poundcake, is named after the puppet challenge on RuPaul's Drag Race where Alaska and fellow contestant Lineysha Sparx created a rebellious puppet called Lil' Poundcake. Alaska features other drag queens on her album such as Adore Delano, Jackie Beat, Miss Fame and Gia Gunn. 
In October, 2016 Alaska modeled in a fashion show held by the fashion brand, Marco Marco, which is known for its runways filled with people from the LGBT community. Alaska walked the runway while she performed her new hit "Puppet" live with backup dancers.[33] She mentioned that being a part of the Marco Marco fashion show is a dream come true for any drag queen.[34] 
Alaska Thunderfuck is Jer Ber Jones's drag daughter (an apprentice who adopts part of the drag mother's name).[35] Jones is noted for pioneering "tranimal" drag, which originated in Los Angeles and emphasized nontraditional drag influences such as Leigh Bowery and the Cockettes.[36] Honard's drag name is derived from Alaskan Thunderfuck, a strain of marijuana. Alaska counts Divine, Britney Spears, Lady Gaga and Marilyn Monroe as her main influences. Her drag character's back story revolves around being an alien from the planet Glamtron who crash-landed on Earth.[1][37] 
Title Details Peak chart positions US Dance [38] US Heat [39] US Indie [40] BEL (FL) [41] Anus Released: June 23, 2015[42] Label: Sidecar Records Format: Digital download 3 4 14 — Poundcake Released: October 14, 2016 Label: Producer Entertainment Group Format: Digital download 4 3 28 200 
Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Comedy Digital [43] "Ru Girl" 2013 — Non-album single "Your Makeup Is Terrible" 2014 — Anus "Nails" — "Hieeee" 2015 5 "This Is My Hair" — "Gimme All Your Money" (featuring Laganja Estranja) 2016 — "Anus" — "Puppet" — Poundcake "The T" (featuring Adore Delano) — "Stun" (featuring Gia Gunn) 2017 — "—" denotes a recording that failed to chart or was not released in that territory. 
Personal life 
Health 
Philanthropy 
Legacy 
Kylie Minogue OBE Minogue at an amfAR event, 2015 Born Kylie Ann Minogue (1968-05-28) 28 May 1968 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Residence Chelsea, London, UK Citizenship Australian, British[1] Occupation Singer songwriter actress author entrepreneur Years active 1979–present Television Neighbours, The Henderson Kids, Doctor Who, The Kylie Show Relatives Dannii Minogue (sister) Musical career Genres Pop dance-pop[2] synthpop[3] nu-disco[4] Instruments Vocals Years active 1987–present Labels PWL Geffen Deconstruction BMG Parlophone EMI Mushroom Festival Mushroom Warner Music Australia Capitol Astralwerks Warner Bros. BMG Website kylie.com 
Discography 
References 
Life and career 
1968–86: Early life and career beginnings 
1987–89: Kylie and Enjoy Yourself 
1990–92: Rhythm of Love and Let's Get to It 
1993–98: Kylie Minogue and Impossible Princess 
1999–2004: Light Years, Fever and Body Language 
2005–09: Showgirl and X 
2010–12: Aphrodite and The Abbey Road Sessions 
2013–16: Kiss Me Once and Kylie Christmas 
Public image 
Minogue during the opening ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Summer Paralympics, where she performed a cover of ABBA's "Dancing Queen" and her single "On a Night Like This".[66] 
Selected television Year Title Role Notes 1986–1988 Neighbours Charlene Robinson 1987 Logie Awards for Most Popular Actress 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Victorian Television' Logie Award for Most Popular Actress Nominated-Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent Nominated-Logie Award for Most Popular Personality 1994 The Vicar of Dibley Herself Episode "Community Spirit" 2007 Doctor Who Astrid Peth Episode "Voyage of the Damned" 2015 Young & Hungry Shauna Episodes "Young & Moving" and "Young & Ferris Wheel" 2016 Galavant Queen of The Enchanted Forest Episode "A New Season aka Suck It Cancellation Bear" 
↑ Music Rich List 2015: Where are Paul McCartney, Kylie and One Direction placed - digitalspy.com, 2016 ↑ Shuker, Roy (2012). Understanding Popular Music Culture (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 99. 
ISBN 978-0-41551-713-3. ↑ Cairns, Dan (1 February 2009). "Synth pop: Encyclopedia of Modern Music". 
The Times. London. 
Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2012. ↑ "Kylie Minogue – Aphrodite (Review)". Urb.com. 
Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2012. ↑ "BARB Since 1981". 
Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. 
Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. 
Retrieved 21 January 2013. ↑ "Kylie officially honoured as UK's queen of singles!". Official Charts. 
1 June 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2013. ↑ Burke, Robert (1 September 2009). "Biggest Selling Singles Since The Year 2000". 
Yahoo! 
Music. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2013. ↑ Lay, Kat (17 October 2013). 
"Why you can't get that tune out of your head . . .". The Times. News UK. 
Retrieved 18 October 2013. ↑ Sams, Christine (12 November 2006). "Feathered Kylie's fans tickled pink". The Sydney Morning Herald. 
Retrieved 9 May 2008. ↑ "Kylie and Danni – 100 Degrees Performance". X Factor Australia. Yahoo! 
Music. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015. ↑ "Kylie and Dannii Minogue reunite for disco duet". 
New Zealand Herald. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015. ↑ McCabe, Kathy (25 November 2011). 
"Prime Minister Julia Gillard to honour pop princess Kylie Minogue". Daily Telegraph (Australia). Retrieved 22 July 2015. ↑ http://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists ↑ Smith 2014, p. 11 1 2 3 Smith 2014, p. 13 ↑ "Pop princess is a survivor". 
The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 May 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 
1 2 3 4 5 Lister, David (23 February 2002). "Kylie Minogue: Goddess of the moment". 
The Independent. London. Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ Smith 2014, p. 21 1 2 Smith 2014, p. 36 ↑ Wearring, Miles (28 May 2008). 
"Kylie's life on screen". 
Herald Sun. 
Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. 
Retrieved 26 July 2009. 
1 2 Smith 2014, p. 32 ↑ Smith 2014, p. 34 ↑ Smith 2014, p. 37 ↑ Adams, Cameron (2 August 2007). "Kylie Minogue – 20 years on". Herald Sun. 
Retrieved 27 July 2009. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 16 ↑ Simpson, Aislinn (27 May 2008). 
"Kylie Minogue celebrates 40th birthday". 
The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ "The Logies". 
TelevisionAU. Retrieved 26 January 2006. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 18 ↑ Maley, Jacqueline (5 August 2007). "20 years at the top: she should be so lucky". 
The Sydney Morning Herald. 
Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ "1988: 2nd Annual ARIA Awards". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ↑ "Transcript of television documentary Love Is in the Air, episode title "I Should Be So Lucky"". 
ABC Television. 2 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. 
Retrieved 26 January 2006. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 219 ↑ "1989: 3rd Annual ARIA Awards". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 6 June 2012. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Brown, Kutner, Warwick, pp. 673–674 1 2 "Kylie Minogue, Chart History, Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 25 July 2009. ↑ "Kylie Minogue: Got To Be Certain (song)". 
Media Jungen. Retrieved 9 August 2009. ↑ Coorey, Madeleine (2006-03-03). "Kylie costumes thrill fans". 
The Standard. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2 September 2006. ↑ True, Chris (13 July 2005). 
"Kylie Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 July 2009. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 220 ↑ "Australian films earning over £200,000 gross at the UK box office, 1979 – March 2006". 
Australian Film Commission. April 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2007. ↑ "Top five Australian feature films each year, and gross Australian box office earned that year, 1988–2005". 
Australian Film Commission. 31 December 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2007. ↑ True, Chris. 
"Kylie Minogue - Rhythm of Love". 
AllMusic.com. 
Retrieved 26 July 2015. ↑ McLuckie, Kirsty (23 January 2003). "Dating Danger". 
The Scotsman. 
UK. Retrieved 26 January 2006. 1 2 Shuker, p. 
164 ↑ "Kylie Minogue: Greatest Hits (album)". Media Jungen. Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ "Steve Anderson - Biography". 
Steve Anderson Productions. Retrieved 25 July 2015. ↑ "Kylie Minogue: Confide In Me (song)". Media Jungen. 
Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ Sutherland and Ellis, p. 51 1 2 Smith 2002, p. 152 ↑ Harrington, Richard (24 December 1994). "'Street Fighter'". 
Washington Post. 
Retrieved 25 July 2015. ↑ Hinson, Hal (12 January 1996). "Bio Dome". Washington Post. 
Retrieved 26 July 2015. ↑ Vieth, Errol; Moran, Albert (2005). 
Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema. p. 198. ↑ Baker and Minogue, p. 
99 ↑ "Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue: Where The Wild Roses Grow (song)". Media Jungen. Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ "1996: 10th Annual ARIA Awards". 
Australian Recording Industry Association. 
Retrieved 6 June 2012. 
1 2 Baker and Minogue, p. 
112 ↑ Baker and Minogue, pp. 107–112 ↑ Baker and Minogue, pp. 108–109 ↑ Baker and Minogue, p. 108 ↑ Petridis, Alex (October 1997). 
"Kylie Chameleon". Mixmag (UK). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. 
Retrieved 20 January 2007. ↑ Baker and Minogue, p. 113 ↑ "Kylie Minogue – Impossible Princess (album)". Media Jungen. 
Retrieved 26 July 2009. 
1 2 Baker and Minogue, p. 
125 ↑ Baker and Minogue, p. 
129 1 2 "Kylie: Top 10 Live Performances". Media Jungen. 
Retrieved 26 July 2009. ↑ "Sydney says goodbye". BBC News. 1 October 2000. 
Retrieved 27 July 2009. 
1 2 Baker and Minogue, p. 146 ↑ Baker and Minogue, p. 145 ↑ "Interview with Miles Leonard". 
Hit Quarters. 21 February 2002. 
Retrieved 16 February 2011. ↑ "Kylie's sweet run of success". 
BBC News. 
14 November 2002. 
Retrieved 7 August 2009. ↑ Smith 2002, pp. 189–192 ↑ "Kylie Minogue: On a Night Like This (song)". Media Jungen. Retrieved 9 August 2009. ↑ Baker and Minogue, pp. 164–165 ↑ "Winners – 26th Mo Awards 2001". 
Australian Entertainment 'Mo' Awards Incorporated. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2009. ↑ Smith, Neil (22 June 2001). 
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Minogue and her troupe during the end of the Money Can't Buy concert, at London's Hammersmith Apollo. 
Minogue performing during Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour. 
In March 2005, Minogue commenced her Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour. After performing in Europe, she travelled to Melbourne, where she was diagnosed with breast cancer, forcing her to cancel the tour.[94] She resumed the tour in November 2006 with a performance in Sydney. Her dance routines had been reworked to accommodate her medical condition, with slower costume changes and longer breaks introduced between sections of the show to conserve her strength.[95] The media reported that Minogue performed energetically, with the Sydney Morning Herald describing the show as an "extravaganza" and "nothing less than a triumph".[96] 
In November 2007, Minogue released her tenth and much-discussed "comeback" album, X.[97] The electro-styled album included contributions from Guy Chambers, Cathy Dennis, Bloodshy & Avant and Calvin Harris.[97] The album received some criticism for the triviality of its subject matter in light of Minogue's experiences with breast cancer. X and the lead single, "2 Hearts" entered at number one on the Australian albums and singles charts respectively.[98][99] In the United Kingdom, X initially attracted lukewarm sales,[97] although its commercial performance eventually improved.[100] Follow-up singles from the album, "In My Arms" and "Wow", both peaked inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. In the US, the album was nominated at the 2009 Grammy Awards for Best Electronic/Dance Album.[101] 
In July 2010, Minogue released her eleventh studio album, Aphrodite.[114] The album featured new songwriters and producers including Stuart Price as executive producer. Price also contributed to song writing along with Minogue, Calvin Harris, Jake Shears, Nerina Pallot, Pascal Gabriel, Lucas Secon, Keane's Tim Rice-Oxley and Kish Mauve. The album received favourable reviews from most music critics; Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone labelled the album Minogue's "finest work since 1997's underrated Impossible Princess" and Tim Sendra from Allmusic commended Minogue's choice of collaborators and producers, commenting that the album is the "work of someone who knows exactly what her skills are and who to hire to help showcase them to perfection".[115][116] Aphrodite debuted at number-one in the United Kingdom, exactly twenty two years after her first number one hit in the United Kingdom.[117] The album's lead single, "All the Lovers," was a success and became her thirty-third top ten single in the United Kingdom, though subsequent singles from the album, "Get Outta My Way", "Better than Today", and "Put Your Hands Up", failed to reach the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. 
The anniversary started with her embarking on the Anti Tour in England and Australia, which featured b-sides, demos and rarities from her music catalogue.[126] The tour was positively received for its intimate atmosphere and was a commercial success, grossing over two million dollars from four shows.[127][128] She then released the single "Timebomb" in May, the greatest hits compilation album, The Best of Kylie Minogue in June and the singles box-set, K25 Time Capsule in October.[129] She performed at various events around the world, including Sydney Mardi Gras, Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Concert, and BBC Proms in the Park London 2012.[130][131][132] Minogue released the compilation album, The Abbey Road Sessions in October. The album contained reworked and orchestral versions of her previous songs. It was recorded at London's Abbey Road Studios and was produced by Steve Anderson and Colin Elliot.[133] The album received favourable reviews from music critics and debuted at number-two in the United Kingdom.[134][135] The album spawned two singles, "Flower" and "On a Night Like This".[136] Minogue returned to acting and starred in two films: a cameo appearance in the American independent film Jack & Diane and a lead role in the French film Holy Motors.[137] Jack & Diane opened at the Tribeca Film Festival on 20 April 2012, while Holy Motors opened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, which Minogue attended.[138] 
Minogue performing on Sheffield, England as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour. 
Minogue also appeared as Susan Riddick in the disaster film San Andreas, released in May and starring Dwayne Johnson and Carla Gugino.[157] In September 2015, an extended play with Fernando Garibay titled Kylie + Garibay was released.[158] Garibay and Giorgio Moroder served as producers for the extended play.[159] In November, Minogue was a featured artist on the track, "The Other Boys" by Nervo, alongside Jake Shears and Nile Rodgers. This became her thirteenth chart topper on the U.S Dance Chart, lifting her position in the list of artists with the most U.S. Dance Chart number ones to equal 8th alongside Whitney Houston, Enrique Iglesias and Lady Gaga.[160] In December 2015, Minogue was the guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. Her choices included "Dancing Queen" by ABBA, "Purple Rain" by Prince and "Need You Tonight" by INXS.[161][162] Minogue released her first Christmas album, Kylie Christmas in November 2015.[163] In 2016, she recorded the theme song "This Wheel's on Fire", from the soundtrack Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie.[164] Minogue's holiday album Kylie Christmas was re-released in November entitled as Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition.[165][166] 
Bronze statue of Kylie Minogue at Waterfront City, Melbourne Docklands 
In 1993, Baz Luhrmann introduced Minogue to photographer Bert Stern, notable for his work with Marilyn Monroe. Stern photographed her in Los Angeles and, comparing her to Monroe, commented that Minogue had a similar mix of vulnerability and eroticism.[186] Throughout her career, Minogue has chosen photographers who attempt to create a new "look" for her, and the resulting photographs have appeared in a variety of magazines, from the cutting edge The Face to the more traditionally sophisticated Vogue and Vanity Fair, making the Minogue face and name known to a broad range of people. Stylist William Baker has suggested that this is part of the reason she entered mainstream pop culture in Europe more successfully than many other pop singers who concentrate solely on selling records.[187] 
She is what she is and there is no attempt to make quasi-intellectual statements to substantiate it. She is the gay shorthand for joy." Rufus Wainwright, Observer Music Monthly, 2006.[193] 
Wax statue of Kylie Minogue at Madame Tussauds in London 
In January 2007, Madame Tussauds in London unveiled its fourth waxwork of Minogue; only Queen Elizabeth II has had more models created.[199] During the same week a bronze cast of her hands was added to Wembley Arena's "Square of Fame".[199] On 23 November 2007, a bronze statue of Minogue was unveiled at Melbourne Docklands for permanent display. 
The study examined how marketers identify celebrity and brand partnerships. Mark Husak, head of Millward Brown's UK media practice, said: "Kylie is widely accepted as an adopted Brit. People know her, like her and she is surrounded by positive buzz".[200] She was named one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" by Men's Health.[201] In May 2011, according to the Sunday Times Rich List, Minogue had a net worth of $66 million (£40m).[202] In April 2015, the list was updated with her estimated earnings of £55 million (AU $106.61 million).[203] 
Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 36 on 17 May 2005,[207] leading to the postponement of the remainder of her Showgirl – The Greatest Hits Tour and her withdrawal from the Glastonbury Festival.[208] Her hospitalisation and treatment in Melbourne resulted in a brief but intense period of media coverage, particularly in Australia, where Prime Minister John Howard issued a statement of support.[209] As media and fans began to congregate outside the Minogue residence in Melbourne, Victorian Premier Steve Bracks warned the international media that any disruption of the Minogue family's rights under Australian privacy laws would not be tolerated.[210] His comments became part of a wider criticism of the media's overall reaction, with particular criticism directed towards paparazzi.[211][212] 
In 1989, she participated in recording "Do They Know It's Christmas?" under the name Band Aid II to help raise money. In early 2010, Minogue along with many other artists (under the name Helping Haiti) recorded a cover version of "Everybody Hurts".[218] The single was a fundraiser to help after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. She also spent a week in Thailand after the 2005 tsunami.[219] During her 2011 Aphrodite World Tour, the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami struck Japan, which was on her itinerary. 
Minogue performing on her Aphrodite: Les Folies Tour, where she continued to tour in Japan after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami had struck. 
Minogue attending the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. 
In February 2012, VH1 ranked Minogue at number 47 on their VH1 Greatest Women in Music and number 49 on the "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".[231][232] Channel 4 listed her as one of the world's greatest pop stars.[233] The Official Chart Company revealed that she is the 12th best selling singer in the United Kingdom to date, and the third best selling female artist, selling over 10.1 million sales.[234] According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), all her studio albums have been certified, and with her singles as well, she has a total of 27 certified records.[235] In January 2011, She received a Guinness World Records citation for having the most consecutive decades with top five albums, with all her albums doing so.[236] In September, she was ranked 27 on VH1's "100 Sexiest Artists".[237] In 2008, she was honoured with Music Industry Trust's award for recognition of her 20-year career and was hailed as "an icon of pop and style",[238] becoming the first female musician or act to receive a Music Industry Trust award.[238] Minogue made history in the United States for having two songs inside the top three on the US Dance Club Songs chart, with her songs "Better than Today" and "Higher" charting at one and three, respectively.[239] She has sold more than 70 million records worldwide.[240] 
Kylie (1988) Enjoy Yourself (1989) Rhythm of Love (1990) Let's Get to It (1991) Kylie Minogue (1994) Impossible Princess (1997) Light Years (2000) Fever (2001) Body Language (2003) X (2007) Aphrodite (2010) Kiss Me Once (2014) Kylie Christmas (2015) 
OBE ribbon 
Kylie Ann Minogue, OBE (/ˈkaɪli mᵻˈnoʊɡ/; born 28 May 1968), often known simply as Kylie, is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. She achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, where she played tomboy mechanic Charlene Robinson. Appearing in the series for two years, Minogue's character married Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) in an episode viewed by nearly 20 million people in the United Kingdom making it one of the most watched Australian TV episodes ever.[5] Since then, Minogue has been a recording artist and has achieved commercial success and critical acclaim in the entertainment industry. 
Minogue has been recognised with several honorific nicknames including "Princess of Pop" and "Goddess of Pop". She is recognised as the highest-selling Australian artist of all time by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). 
In 1992, she left PWL and signed with Deconstruction Records and where she created her self-titled studio album and Impossible Princess, both of which received positive reviews from critics. Returning to more mainstream dance-oriented music, Minogue signed to Parlophone and released "Spinning Around".[6] Her 2001 single "Can't Get You Out of My Head" became one of the most successful singles during the 2000s, selling over ten million units. It is recognised as her "signature song" and was named "the catchiest song ever" by Yahoo! 
Melbourne, Australia, the city where Minogue was born. 
Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father, Millie and Denis Jones, decided to move to Australia for a better life.[14] Just before Kylie's birth, Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer.[15] Kylie's younger brother, Brendan, is a news cameraman in Australia, while her younger sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer and television host.[16] The Minogue family frequently moved around various suburbs in Melbourne to sustain their living expenses, which Kylie found unsettling as a child. After the birth of Dannii, the family moved to South Oakleigh.[15] Because money was tight, Ron worked as an accountant at a family-owned car company and Carol worked as a tea lady at a local hospital.[15] After moving to Surrey Hills, Melbourne, Minogue attended Studfield Primary School briefly before attending Camberwell Primary School. She went on to Camberwell High School.[17] During her schooling years, Minogue found it difficult to make friends.[18] She graduated high school with a high order certificate for Arts and Graphics and English.[19] Minogue described herself as being of "average intelligence" and "quite modest" during her high school years.[19] 
From the age of 11, Kylie appeared in small roles in soap operas including The Sullivans and Skyways. 
In 1985, she was cast in one of the lead roles in The Henderson Kids.[20] Minogue took time off school to film The Henderson Kids and while Carol was not impressed, Minogue felt that she needed the independence to make it into the entertainment industry.[21] During filming, co-star Nadine Garner labelled Minogue "fragile" after producers yelled at her for forgetting her lines; she would often cry on set.[21] Minogue was dropped from the second season of the show after producer Alan Hardy felt the need for her character to be "written off".[22] In retrospect, Hardy stated that removing her from the showing "turned out to be the best thing for her".[23] Interested in following a career in music, Minogue made a demo tape for the producers of weekly music program Young Talent Time,[24] which featured Dannii as a regular performer.[25] Kylie gave her first television singing performance on the show in 1985 but was not invited to join the cast. Kylie was cast in the soap opera Neighbours in 1986,[17] as Charlene Mitchell, a schoolgirl turned garage mechanic. Neighbours achieved popularity in the UK, and a story arc that created a romance between her character and the character played by Jason Donovan culminated in a wedding episode in 1987 that attracted an audience of 20 million British viewers.[26] Minogue became the first person to win four Logie Awards in one year and was the youngest recipient of the "Gold Logie" as the country's "Most Popular Television Performer", with the result determined by public vote.[27] 
It generated strong reviews and was successful throughout Australia, Asia, Europe and New Zealand.[70] The lead single, "Spinning Around", became her first number one in the United Kingdom in ten years, and its accompanying video featured Minogue in revealing gold hot pants, which came to be regarded as a "trademark".[71] The second single, "On a Night Like This" reached number one in Australia[72] and number two in the United Kingdom.[34] "Kids", a duet with Robbie Williams, also peaked at number two in the United Kingdom.[34] She then embarked on the On a Night Like This Tour, which played to sell-out crowds in Australia and the United Kingdom. The tour incorporated Burlesque and theatre and cited the style of Broadway shows such as 42nd Street, films such as Anchors Aweigh, South Pacific, the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musicals of the 1930s and the live performances of Bette Midler as inspiration.[73] Minogue was praised for her new material and her reinterpretations of some of her greatest successes. She won a "Mo Award" for Australian live entertainment as "Performer of the Year".[74] She also appeared in the 2001 film, Moulin Rouge! as "The Green Fairy".[75] 
Minogue's third album, Rhythm of Love was released in November 1990 and was described as "leaps and bounds more mature" than her previous albums.[42] Her relationship with Michael Hutchence was also seen as part of her departure from her earlier persona.[43] She then embarked on the Rhythm of Love Tour in February 1991. Minogue's fourth album, Let's Get to It was released in October 1991 and reached number 15 on the UK Albums Chart. It was her first album to fail to reach the top ten.[34] While the first single from the album, "Word Is Out", became her first single to miss the top ten of the UK Singles Chart,[34] subsequent singles "If You Were with Me Now" and "Give Me Just a Little More Time" both reached the top five.[34] In support of the album, she embarked on the Let's Get to It Tour in October. 
Her fifth album Kylie Minogue was released in September 1994 and sold well in Europe and Australia. It was produced by dance music producers the Brothers In Rhythm, namely Dave Seaman and Steve Anderson (musician), who had previously produced Finer Feelings, her last single with PWL. As of 2015, Anderson continued to be Minogue's musical director.[46] The lead single, "Confide in Me", spent four weeks at number one on the Australian singles chart.[47] The next two singles from the album, "Put Yourself in My Place" and "Where Is the Feeling?", reached the top twenty on the UK Singles Chart,[34] while the album peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart,[34] eventually selling 250,000 copies.[48] 
References 
Gameplay 
Development 
Game Dev Story Developer(s) Kairosoft Platform(s) Microsoft Windows, iOS, Android, Windows Phone Release Microsoft Windows JP: April 1997 iOS, Android WW: October 9, 2010 Windows Phone WW: July 6, 2015 Genre(s) Business simulation game Mode(s) Single player Multiplayer 
It was released on October 9, 2010.[1] The game follows a player-controlled video game company and its attempts to expand into a sales powerhouse over time. As a simulation, the game and the direction of the company is controlled by the player, following a parallel timeline of the video game industry and its history. The game was released to positive reviews, with many reviewers focusing on Game Dev Story's addictive aspects and its witty references to video game pop culture. 
The menu on the left-hand side of the screen allows the player to control the direction of their game studio, while the bottom menu row shows the sales of their currently released game. 
The player takes control of a start-up video game developer, with the goal of making hit titles and consoles in order to make money.[1] The user controls a number of factors which can help or hinder the quality of the games released, including hiring staff, controlling the direction and speed of development, and using items which give boosts for workers or change their jobs. As the player progresses and earns more money, their building is improved upon and they are allowed to hire more staff, and thus create better games.[1] 
The original Game Dev Story was released in Japan for Microsoft Windows in April 1997.[2] It was ported in 2010 to both iOS and Android.[3] 
A Windows Phone port was released in July 2015. 
"Game Dev Story iPhone Review". IGN. Retrieved June 29, 2011. ↑ Lada, Jenni (June 1, 2012). 
"Important Importables: Kairosoft". 
Technology Tell. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ↑ Nicholson, Brad (November 30, 2010). 
"'Game Dev Story 2' Coming To iOS, But Not 'Soon'". 
Touch Arcade. 
Retrieved May 10, 2012. ↑ "Game Dev Story". Metacritic. Retrieved January 31, 2012. ↑ Heisler, Steve (November 1, 2010). 
"Games: November 2010". 
The A.V. Club. 
Retrieved January 31, 2012. ↑ MacDonald, Keza (November 2, 2010). "Game Dev Story Review". Eurogamer. 
Retrieved January 31, 2012. ↑ Schreier, Jason (December 3, 2010). "What's Right (and Wrong) With Game Dev Story's Addictive Simulation". 
References 
Discography 
Caramell Origin Sweden Genres Eurodance, Bubblegum dance Years active 1998–2002 Labels Remixed Records Past members Jorge Vasconcelo Juha Myllylä Katia Löfgren Malin Sundström 
Malin Sundström (by herself) in a Hallowe'en procession at Café Opera in 1998. 
Caramell was a Swedish musical group, formed by singers Katia Löfgren and Malin Sundström and producers Jorge "Vasco" Vasconcelo and Juha "Millboy" Myllylä.[1] All except Vasconcelo (who is of Chilean descent) and Myllylä (who is of Finnish descent) come from Sweden. They are best known for their song "Caramelldansen," which means "The Caramell Dance", from Caramell's Supergott album. 
Caramell was disbanded in 2002. Since then, they are on hiatus. 
References 
Gameplay 
Cafeteria Nipponica Developer(s) Kairosoft Designer(s) Neville Brody Noma Bar Oscar Mariné Otl Aicher Paul Rand Paula Scher Peter Buchanan-Smith Platform(s) Android, iOS Release NA: April, 2012 Genre(s) Simulation Mode(s) Single player 
Cafeteria Nipponica is a simulation video game developed and published by Kairosoft for the Android and iOS operating systems. It was released in April, 2012. The game places the player in control of a restaurant, which they must build up to a high quality restaurant chain. 
The player takes control of a restaurant, which they must build up to a high quality restaurant chain.[1] Players must simultaneously deal with a number of issues at the same time, such as managing staff and researching new food items.[1] In order to operate the restaurant, the player must have cash on hand; each April in-game, the player's staff's salary is charged, and the player must adapt with less money. You don't have to pay salaries on the first month [2] 
Origins of the disease 
Chronology 
Retrieved 8 November 2017. ↑ "BBC – History – Black Death". BBC. 17 February 2011. ↑ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 
University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 
ISBN 0-8263-2871-7. ↑ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ↑ Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. 
"The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know". Dr. Wheeler's website. Dr. L. Kip Wheeler. 
Retrieved 9 August 2015. ↑ Jay, Peter (17 July 2000). "A Distant Mirror". TIME Europe. 
156 (3). Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2018. ↑ Ziegler 1998, p. 25. 
1 2 Tignor, Adelman, Brown, Elman, Liu, Pittman, Shaw, Robert, Jeremy, Peter, Benjamin, Xinru, Holly, Brent (2014). 
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Volume 1: Beginnings to the 15th Century. 
New York, London: W.W Norton & Company. p. 407. ISBN 9780393922080. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Raoult; Drancourt (2008). "Paleomicrobiology: Past Human Infections". 
Springer: 152. ↑ Nicholas Wade (31 October 2010). 
"Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2010. ↑ The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 
Infobase Publishing. p. 31. 
ISBN 0-8160-6935-2. ↑ Sussman GD (2011). 
Bulletin of the history of medicine. 85 (3): 319–55. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. 
PMID 22080795. ↑ "Black Death may have originated in China". 
The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague or simply Plague, or less commonly as the Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.[1][2][3] The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause.[4] The plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. 
The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[5] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. 
The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.[6] In total, the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century.[7] It took 200 years for the world population to recover to its previous level.[8][9] The plague recurred as outbreaks in Europe until the 19th century. 
The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda.[10] Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease.[11] Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India.[12] In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.[13] In China, the 13th-century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s, a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after.[14] Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.[15][16] 
Black Death 
Early life 
Career 
Actor Prabhas turned 37 on Sunday. ↑ "Baahubali creates history with opening day collections". India Today. 11 July 2015. ↑ "India's most expensive film?". 
Hindustan Times. 15 July 2013. ↑ Bahubali wins national award for Best Film. 
The Times of India (28 March 2016). 
Retrieved on 2016-04-28. ↑ Oops... 'PK' Is Not Actually India's Top-Grossing Movie Ever. 
Retrieved on 2016-04-28. ↑ "'Baahubali' Zooms Past 'Dhoom', Now India's All Time #3". Forbes. ↑ Mike McCahill (12 July 2015). "Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made". the Guardian. ↑ "Bahubali 2 Hits 1000 Crore Worldwide In Ten Days". ↑ Baahubali 2's ₹1000 crore collections: How SS Rajamouli's film achieved its box office numbers ↑ Baahubali 2 Creates History, Becomes First Indian Movie Ever To Collect Rs 1,000 Crore. 
Retrieved 8 May 2017. ↑ "Prabhas' Biography". Prabhas.com. 3 May 2005. 
Archived from the original on 5 March 2005. 
Retrieved 3 May 2005. ↑ "Prabhas' birthday a family affair". Deccan Chronicle. 24 October 2011. 
Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. 
Retrieved 30 May 2012. ↑ "Prabhas Profile". forbesindia. 25 December 2005. 
Retrieved 1 May 2017. ↑ Chatrapati – Telugu cinema – 100 days centers – Prabhas & Shriya. 
Idlebrain.com. 
Retrieved on 28 April 2016. ↑ Chatrapati – Telugu cinema Review – Prabhas, Shriya. Idlebrain.com (29 September 2005). Retrieved on 2016-04-28. ↑ Billa review. 
Billa Telugu movie review, story, rating. IndiaGlitz.com (3 April 2009). Retrieved on 2016-04-28. ↑ Sashidhar AS (12 September 2012). 
"Denikaina Ready audio on Sep 23". 
The Times of India. ↑ "It's official! Baahubali 2 to hit the screens on April 28, 2017". Hindustan Times. 
5 August 2016. 
Retrieved 16 August 2016. ↑ "Prabhudeva – Ajay Devagn Action Jackson (Hindi) (2014)". imdb. 
4 December 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ↑ "Prabhas-Rajamouli Movie Announced". indiaglitz. 18 February 2011. 
Retrieved 5 December 2014. ↑ Sashidhar AS (13 January 2013). "Rajamouli-Prabhas' film is titled Bahubali". The Times of India. ↑ "Baahubali Prabhas's next film is Saaho, will have action by Transformers' stuntman". hindustantimes. 
Prabhas at the Internet Movie Database 
Prabhas Prabhas promoting Baahubali in 2015 Born Venkata Satyanarayana Prabhas Raju Uppalapati[1] (1979-10-23) 23 October 1979[2] Madras, Tamil Nadu, India Residence Film Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Nationality Indian Occupation Film actor Years active 2002 – present Parents Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju (father) Siva Kumari (mother) Relatives Krishnam Raju Uppalapati (uncle) Awards IIFA, Nandi Award, Filmfare Website prabhas.com 
Prabhas (born Venkata Satyanarayana Prabhas Raju Uppalapati on 23 October 1979) is an Indian film actor best known for his work in Telugu cinema.[3] Prabhas made his film debut with the 2002 drama film, Eshwar. His works include Varsham (2004), Chatrapathi (2005), Chakram (2005), Billa (2009), Darling (2010), Mr. Perfect (2011), and Mirchi (2013). Prabhas won the state award, the Nandi Award for Best Actor for his role in Mirchi.[4] He appeared in a Bollywood item song, in Prabhudeva's 2014 film Action Jackson.[5] 
In 2015, Prabhas played the title role in S. S. Rajamouli's epic film Baahubali: The Beginning (2015), which is the fourth highest-grossing Indian film to date.[6][7][8] Prabhas reprised his role in it's sequel, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), which became the first ever Indian film to gross over ₹1000 crore (US$155 million) in all languages in just ten days. And it is the highest-grossing Indian film to date.[9][10][11] 
Prabhas was born to film producer U. Suryanarayana Raju and his wife Siva Kumari. He is the youngest of three children, with an elder brother Pramod Uppalapati[12] and sister Pragathi. His uncle is Telugu actor Krishnam Raju Uppalapati.[13] Prabhas attended the DNR School, Bhimavaram and graduated with a B.Tech. degree from Sri Chaitanya College, Hyderabad.[14] 
In 2003, he was the lead in Raghavendra. In 2004, he appeared in Varsham. He continued his career with Adavi Raamudu and Chakram. 
In 2010 he appeared in the romantic comedy Darling and in 2011, Mr. Perfect, another romantic comedy. In 2012, Prabhas starred in Rebel, an action film directed by Raghava Lawrence. His next film was Mirchi. 
In 2015 he appeared as Shivudu/Mahendra Baahubali and Amarendra Baahubali in S.S. Rajamouli's epic Baahubali: The Beginning. The film became the third highest grossing film worldwide in India and garnered critical and commercial praise all over the world. 
The sequel of Baahubali: The Beginning, Baahubali: The Conclusion was released worldwide on 28 April 2017.[19] 
Prabhas 
The gorals are four species in the genus Nemorhaedus or Naemorhedus. They are small ungulates with a goat-like or antelope-like appearance. 
The original name is based on Latin nemor-haedus, from nemus, nemoris 'grove' and haedus 'little goat', but was misspelt Naemorhedus by Hamilton Smith (1827).[2][3] 
Until recently, this genus also contained the serow species (now in genus Capricornis).[1] The name "goral" comes from an eastern Indian word for the Himalayan goral. The four species of gorals are: 
The long-tailed goral, Naemorhedus caudatus, can be found in eastern Russia and China through western Thailand and eastern Myanmar. A population has also been documented in the Demilitarized Zone on the Korean Peninsula. The red goral, Naemorhedus baileyi, inhabits areas from the Yunnan province of China, to Tibet and northeastern India through northern Myanmar. 
Gorals are often found on rocky hillsides at high elevations. Though their territories often coincide with those of the closely related serow, the goral will usually be found on higher, steeper slopes with less vegetation. 
Gorals typically weigh 25-40 kg and are 80-130 cm in length, with short, backward-facing horns. Coloration differs between species and individuals, but generally ranges from light gray to dark red-brown, with lighter patches on the chest, throat, and underside, and a dark stripe down the spine. They have woolly undercoats covered by longer, coarser hair, which helps to protect them in the cold areas where they are often found. 
Though the groups share many similarities, gorals are stockier than antelopes and have broader, heavier hooves. Female gorals have four functional teats, while female goats and sheep have only two functional teats. Unlike serows, gorals have no working preorbital glands. 
Gorals[1] Chinese goral, Nemorhaedus griseus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Caprinae Genus: Naemorhedus Hamilton Smith, 1827 Species Naemorhedus goral Naemorhedus caudatus Naemorhedus baileyi Naemorhedus griseus 
Conversions 
Calculation of the area of a square whose length and width are 1 metre would be: 
and therefore, another square with different sides can be calculated as: 
1 kilometre square = 1,000,000 metres square 1 metre square= 10,000 centimetres square = 1,000,000 millimetres square 1 centimetre square = 100 millimetres square 
References 
Units 
Non-metric units 
History 
Circle area 
Area formulas 
Polygon formulas 
Rectangles 
Dissection, parallelograms, and triangles 
Area of curved shapes 
Circles 
Ellipses 
1 2 Bureau International des Poids et Mesures Resolution 12 of the 11th meeting of the CGPM (1960), retrieved 15 July 2012 ↑ Mark de Berg; Marc van Kreveld; Mark Overmars; Otfried Schwarzkopf (2000). 
"Chapter 3: Polygon Triangulation". Computational Geometry (2nd revised ed.). Springer-Verlag. pp. 45–61. 
ISBN 3-540-65620-0. ↑ Boyer, Carl B. (1959). 
ISBN 0-486-60509-4. 
The area of this rectangle is lw. 
The most basic area formula is the formula for the area of a rectangle. Given a rectangle with length l and width w, the formula for the area is:[2][19] 
A = lw (rectangle). 
That is, the area of the rectangle is the length multiplied by the width. As a special case, as l = w in the case of a square, the area of a square with side length s is given by the formula:[1][2][20] 
A = s2 (square). 
The formula for the area of a rectangle follows directly from the basic properties of area, and is sometimes taken as a definition or axiom. On the other hand, if geometry is developed before arithmetic, this formula can be used to define multiplication of real numbers. 
A = bh (parallelogram). 
Equal area figures. 
Most other simple formulas for area follow from the method of dissection. This involves cutting a shape into pieces, whose areas must sum to the area of the original shape. 
For an example, any parallelogram can be subdivided into a trapezoid and a right triangle, as shown in figure to the left. If the triangle is moved to the other side of the trapezoid, then the resulting figure is a rectangle. It follows that the area of the parallelogram is the same as the area of the rectangle:[2] 
Two equal triangles. 
However, the same parallelogram can also be cut along a diagonal into two congruent triangles, as shown in the figure to the right. It follows that the area of each triangle is half the area of the parallelogram:[2] 
A = 1 2 b h {\displaystyle A={\frac {1}{2}}bh} (triangle). 
Similar arguments can be used to find area formulas for the trapezoid[21] as well as more complicated polygons.[22] 
The formula for the area of a circle (more properly called the area enclosed by a circle or the area of a disk) is based on a similar method. Given a circle of radius r, it is possible to partition the circle into sectors, as shown in the figure to the right. Each sector is approximately triangular in shape, and the sectors can be rearranged to form and approximate parallelogram. 
A = πr2 (circle). 
Though the dissection used in this formula is only approximate, the error becomes smaller and smaller as the circle is partitioned into more and more sectors. The limit of the areas of the approximate parallelograms is exactly πr2, which is the area of the circle.[23] 
This argument is actually a simple application of the ideas of calculus. In ancient times, the method of exhaustion was used in a similar way to find the area of the circle, and this method is now recognized as a precursor to integral calculus. Using modern methods, the area of a circle can be computed using a definite integral: 
The formula for the area enclosed by an ellipse is related to the formula of a circle; for an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes x and y the formula is:[2] 
Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat.[1] It is the two-dimensional analog of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept). 
The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size.[2] In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square metre (written as m2), which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long.[3] A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number. 
There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and circles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles.[4] For shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a major motivation for the historical development of calculus.[5] 
Every unit of length has a corresponding unit of area, namely the area of a square with the given side length. Thus areas can be measured in square metres (m2), square centimetres (cm2), square millimetres (mm2), square kilometres (km2), square feet (ft2), square yards (yd2), square miles (mi2), and so forth.[11] Algebraically, these units can be thought of as the squares of the corresponding length units. 
The SI unit of area is the square metre, which is considered an SI derived unit.[3] 
1 metre x 1 metre = 1 m2 
3 metres x 2 metres = 6 m2. This is, however, equivalent to 6 million millimetres square. Following this, 
In non-metric units, the conversion between two square units is the square of the conversion between the corresponding length units. 
1 foot = 12 inches, 
the relationship between square feet and square inches is 
1 square foot = 144 square inches, 
where 144 = 122 = 12 × 12. Similarly: 
1 square yard = 9 square feet 1 square mile = 3,097,600 square yards = 27,878,400 square feet 
In addition, conversion factors include: 
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimetres 1 square foot = 0.09290304 square metres 1 square yard = 0.83612736 square metres 1 square mile = 2.589988110336 square kilometres 
SY Aurora, anchored to the Antarctic ice 
The drift of the Antarctic exploration vessel SY Aurora was an ordeal which lasted 312 days, during the Ross Sea chapter of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914–17. It began when the ship broke loose from its anchorage in McMurdo Sound in May 1915, during a gale. Caught in heavy pack ice and unable to manoeuvre, Aurora, with eighteen men aboard, was carried into the open waters of the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean, leaving ten men stranded ashore with meagre provisions. 
Stenhouse's inexperience may have contributed to the choice of an inappropriate winter's berth, although his options were restricted by the instructions of his superiors. After the ship was blown away it suffered severe damage in the ice, including the destruction of its rudder and the loss of its anchors; on several occasions its situation was such that Stenhouse considered abandonment. Efforts to make wireless contact with Cape Evans and, later, with stations in New Zealand and Australia, were unavailing; the drift extended through the southern winter and spring to reach a position north of the Antarctic Circle. 
Blown away 
Drift 
First phase 
Southern Ocean phase 
Release 
Return to civilization 
Aftermath 
Notes 
References 
Background 
Sources 
External links 
In McMurdo Sound 
Winter anchorage 
"Aurora Sent Word By Wireless Freak" (PDF). New York Times. 14 May 1916. 
Retrieved 25 March 2009. Béchervaise, John. "Davis, John King (1884–1967)". 
Australian Dictionary of Biography. 
Retrieved 5 April 2009. 
Bickel, Lennard (2001). Shackleton's Forgotten Men. London: Pimlico Original. 
ISBN 0-7126-6807-1. 
Fisher, Margery and James (1957). 
Shackleton. London: James Barrie Books. 
Haddelsey, Stephen (2008). 
Ice Captain. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 0-7509-4348-3. 
Huntford, Roland (1985). 
Shackleton. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 
ISBN 0-340-25007-0. 
"Marooned Men Have Food Supplies". 
New York Times. 
29 March 1916. Retrieved 25 March 2009. PDF format Shackleton, Ernest (1983). 
ISBN 0-7126-0111-2. 
ISBN 978-0-7475-7972-4. 
312 ↑ Bickel, pp. 218–19 ↑ Quoted in Haddelsey, p. 59 ↑ Haddelsey, pp. 58–59 ↑ Tyler-Lewis, p. 
204 1 2 3 4 Shackleton, pp. 320–21 1 2 3 4 5 Tyler-Lewis, pp. 207–10 1 2 3 Haddelsey, p. 
61 1 2 3 Tyler-Lewis, p. 205 ↑ Tyler-Lewis, p. 43 1 2 3 Shackleton, pp. 322–24 1 2 3 4 5 Haddelsey, pp. 62–64 1 2 Shackleton, p. 
328 1 2 3 4 Haddelsey, pp. 65–68 1 2 3 "Aurora Sent Word By Wireless Freak". 
New York Times. 14 May 1916. 
Retrieved 25 March 2009. (subscription required) ↑ "Marooned Men Have Food Supplies". 
New York Times. 29 March 1916. Retrieved 25 March 2009. (subscription required) 1 2 Haddelsey, pp. 69–70 ↑ Tyler-Lewis, p. 
"The Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914–17 – SY Aurora and the Ross Sea Party". Southpole.com. Retrieved 2008-05-20. 
Despite his role in saving the ship, after Aurora's arrival in Port Chalmers Stenhouse was removed from command by the organisers of the Ross Sea party relief expedition, so the ship returned to McMurdo Sound under a new commander and with a substantially different crew. Stenhouse was later appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his service aboard Aurora. 
The first, under Sir Ernest Shackleton, sailed to the Weddell Sea in the Endurance, intending to establish a base there from which a group would march across the continent via the South Pole to McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea side. A second party under Aeneas Mackintosh in Aurora would be landed at a Ross Sea base, with the task of laying supply depots along the expected route of the latter stages of Shackleton's march, a mission which Shackleton thought straightforward.[1] Shackleton devoted little time to the details of the Ross Sea operation; thus, on arriving in Australia to take up his appointment, Mackintosh found himself faced with an unseaworthy ship and no funds to rectify the situation. Aurora, though strongly built, was 40 years old and had recently returned from Douglas Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition in need of an extensive refit.[2][3] After the intervention of the eminent Australian polar scientist Edgeworth David the Australian government provided money and dockyard facilities to make Aurora fit for further Antarctic service.[2] 
Of the Ross Sea party that eventually sailed from Australia in December 1914, only Mackintosh, Ernest Joyce who was in charge of the dogs, and the ship's boatswain James "Scotty" Paton had significant experience of Antarctic conditions.[4] Some of the party were last-minute additions: Adrian Donnelly, a railway engineer who had never been to sea, became Aurora's second engineering officer,[5] while Lionel Hooke, the wireless operator, was an 18-year-old apprentice.[lower-alpha 1] Aurora's chief officer was Joseph Stenhouse, from the British India Steam Navigation Company. Stenhouse, who was 26 years old when he joined the expedition, was in Australia recovering from a bout of depression when he heard of Shackleton's plans, and had travelled to London to secure the Aurora post. Although as a boy he had been inspired by the polar exploits of Fridtjof Nansen, Scott and William Speirs Bruce, Stenhouse had no direct experience of Antarctic waters or ice conditions.[7] 
Because the party was three weeks behind schedule Mackintosh decided that the depot-laying work should begin at once,[8] and took charge of this himself. By 25 January he was leading one of the early sledging parties, leaving Stenhouse in command of the ship. In the few weeks before the Sound froze over for the winter, Stenhouse had to supervise the landing of most of the equipment and stores, stores, and find a safe winter berth for the ship; Mackintosh's departing instruction had been explicit that this was Stenhouse's paramount duty.[9] 
The only known safe winter anchorage in McMurdo Sound was Scott's original Discovery Expedition headquarters from 1901–03, at Hut Point, south of the projection known as Glacier Tongue which divided the Sound into two sectors. However, Scott's ship had been frozen in the ice for two years, and had needed two rescue ships and several explosive charges to release her. Shackleton was determined to avoid this, and had given Mackintosh instructions, relayed to Stenhouse, to winter Aurora north of the Tongue.[4] No ship had previously wintered in the exposed northern section of the Sound, and the wisdom of doing this was questioned by the experienced seamen Ernest Joyce and James Paton in their private journals.[10][11] After the expedition was over, John King Davis, who was to lead the Ross Sea party relief mission, wrote that Shackleton's instruction should have been ignored and that Stenhouse should have taken Aurora to the safety of Hut Point, even at the risk of becoming frozen in.[12] 
Stenhouse first attempted to anchor the ship on the north side of Glacier Tongue itself.[13] Disaster was only narrowly avoided when a change in the wind direction threatened to imprison Aurora between the Tongue and the advancing pack ice.[14] With other options considered and rejected, Stenhouse finally decided to anchor at Cape Evans, site of Captain Scott's 1911 Terra Nova headquarters, some six nautical miles (11 km) north of Glacier Tongue.[lower-alpha 2] On 14 March, after numerous failed attempts,[16][17] Stenhouse manoeuvred Aurora into position, stern-first towards the shore at Cape Evans, where two large anchors had been sunk and cemented into the ground. Cables and hawsers, together with a heavy chain, attached these to the ship's stern. Two bower anchors were also dropped. 
The unsheltered Cape Evans anchorage exposed Aurora to the full harshness of the winter weather. By mid-April the ship resembled a "wrecked hulk", listing sharply to starboard and subject to violent shocks and tremors as the ice moved around it.[19] When the weather permitted, attempts were made to rig the wireless aerials that would enable communication with the shore parties and later, it was hoped, with Australia and New Zealand.[20] The remaining sledging rations for the depots were put ashore,[20][lower-alpha 3] but much of the shore parties' personal supplies, fuel and equipment remained on board, as it was assumed that the ship would stay where it was throughout the winter.[22] 
At about 9 p.m. on 6 May, during a fierce storm, the men aboard heard two "explosive reports"[19] as the main hawsers parted from the anchors. The combined forces of the wind and the rapidly moving ice had torn Aurora from its berth and, encased in a large ice floe, the ship was adrift in the Sound. Stenhouse ordered that steam be raised in the hopes that, under engine power, Aurora might be able to work back to the shore when the gale abated, but the engines had been partly dismantled for winter repairs, and could not be started immediately.[23] In any event the 98 horsepower (73 kW) engine and single-screw propeller lacked the required power.[24] Slowly, the ship drifted further from the shore; the noise of the storm meant that the scientific party ashore at Cape Evans hut heard nothing; it would be morning before they found the ship had gone.[23] 
Eighteen men were aboard when Aurora broke away, leaving ten marooned ashore. Four scientists were living in the Cape Evans hut; six members of the first depot-laying parties, including Mackintosh and Joyce, were stranded at Hut Point waiting an opportunity to cross the sea ice and return to Cape Evans.[lower-alpha 4] 
By 8 May a continuous southerly gale had driven the ship northwards, still locked in the ice, out of McMurdo Sound and into the open Ross Sea.[26] In his diary for 9 May Stenhouse summarised Aurora's position: "...fast in the pack and drifting God knows where [...] We are all in good health [...] we have good spirits and we will get through."[27] He recognised that this was the end of any hope of wintering the ship in McMurdo Sound, and expressed concern for the men at Cape Evans: "It is a dismal prospect for them [...] we have the remaining Burberrys, clothing etc for next year's sledging still on board."[27] During the next two days the winds reached a force that made it impossible for the men to work on deck,[26] but on 12 May the weather had moderated sufficiently for a temporary wireless aerial to be rigged, and Hooke began trying to contact the men ashore. His Morse messages failed to reach Cape Evans.[28] Although the transmitter's range was normally no more than 300 miles (480 km), Hooke attempted to raise the radio station at Macquarie Island, more than 1,300 nautical miles (2,400 km) away, again without success.[26][28] 
SY Aurora's drift 
On 14 May the broken remains of the two bower anchors, which were threatening to capsize the ship, were hauled in.[29] During the following days the pack ice thickened, and in increasingly turbulent weather the boilers were closed down, since attempting to manoeuvre under power in these conditions would merely waste coal.[29] Replenishing the ship's supply of fresh water was a further difficulty. A large iceberg was in view, but too far away in the prevailing weather conditions to be accessible, so to obtain drinking water the crew had to gather snow.[26] Food was less of a problem; they were able to augment Aurora's food supplies from the penguins and seals that gathered around the ship.[26] To boost morale the crew were given a ration of rum to celebrate Empire Day on 24 May.[30] 
On 25 May, as Aurora drifted towards the Victoria Land coast, Stenhouse described a scene "like a graveyard", with heavy blocks of ice twisted and standing up on end.[31] Aurora was under constant danger as this ice shifted around her.[32] Stenhouse ordered the crew to prepare sledging gear and supplies for a possible march for the shore should Aurora be caught and crushed, but that immediate danger passed.[31] Weeks of relative inactivity followed, while Stenhouse considered his options. If the ship remained icebound but stationary he would, if the sea ice allowed, send a sledge party back to Cape Evans with equipment and supplies. If, however, the drift continued northward, as soon as the ship was free of the ice Stenhouse would head for New Zealand and, after repairs and resupply, would return to Cape Evans in September or October.[26] 
According to Hooke's diary: "All hands were ready to jump overboard onto the ice. It seemed certain that the ship must go."[33] The next day Stenhouse prepared to abandon ship, but new movements in the ice eased the situation and eventually brought Aurora to a safer position.[34] Plans to abandon the vessel were cancelled; Hooke repaired his wireless aerials and resumed his attempts to contact Macquarie Island.[35] On 6 August the sun made its first appearance since the start of the drift. Aurora, still firmly held, was now 360 nautical miles (670 km) north of Cape Evans, close to Cape Adare at the northern tip of Victoria Land, where the Ross Sea merges into the Southern Ocean.[36] 
When the ship passed Cape Adare, the direction of drift changed to north-westerly.[37] On 10 August Stenhouse estimated that they were 45 nautical miles (83 km) north-east of the Cape, and that their daily drift was averaging just over 20 nautical miles (37 km).[36] A few days later Stenhouse recorded that the ship was "backing and filling", meaning that it was drifting back and forth without making progress.[36] "However, we cannot grumble and must be patient", he wrote, adding that from the crow's nest a distinct impression of open water could be seen.[36] With the possibility that the edge of the pack was nearby, work on the construction of a jury rudder began. This first involved the removal of the wreckage of the smashed rudder, a task largely carried out by Engineer Donnelly.[38] The jury rudder was constructed from makeshift materials, and by 26 August was ready for use as soon as Aurora cleared the ice.[38] It would then be lowered over the stern and operated manually, "like a huge oar".[39] 
On 25 August Hooke began picking up occasional radio signals being exchanged between Macquarie Island and New Zealand.[39][41] By the end of August open leads were beginning to appear, and sometimes it was possible to discern a sea-swell under the ship.[38][41] However, severe weather returned in September, when a hurricane-force wind destroyed the wireless aerial and temporarily halted Hooke's efforts.[39] On 22 September, when Aurora was in sight of the uninhabited Balleny Islands, Stenhouse estimated that they had travelled over 700 nautical miles (1,300 km) from Cape Evans, in what he called a "wonderful drift". He added that regular observations and records of the nature and direction of the ice had been maintained throughout: "It [the drift] has not been in vain, and [...] knowledge of the set and drift of the pack will be a valuable addition to the sum of human knowledge".[41] 
Aurora's circumstances changed little during the following months. Stenhouse worked hard to maintain morale, keeping the crew working whenever possible and organising leisure activities, including games of football and cricket on the ice.[42] On 21 November Aurora crossed the Antarctic Circle, and it was at last evident that the ice around the ship was beginning to melt: "...one good hefty blizzard would cause a general break up", wrote Stenhouse.[42] Christmas approached with the ice still holding firm; Stenhouse allowed the crew to prepare a feast, but noted in his journal: "I wish to God the blasted festivities were over [...] we are hogging in to the best while the poor beggars at Cape Evans have little or nothing!"[42] A few days later the New Year was celebrated with an improvised band leading choruses of "Rule, Britannia" and "God Save the King."[42] 
In the early days of January 1916 the floe which held the ship began to crack in the sun. Stenhouse surmised that, after repairs in New Zealand: "if we could leave Lyttleton (sic)[lower-alpha 5] at the end of February, with luck and a quick passage south we might make Hut Point before the general freezing of the Sound."[42] Fast-moving ice could be seen a short distance from the ship, but Aurora remained held fast throughout January.[43] 
With the Antarctic summer waning, Stenhouse had to consider the possibility that Aurora might be trapped for another year, and after reviewing fuel and stores he ordered the capture of more seals and penguins. This proved difficult, as the soft state of the ice made travel away from the ship hazardous.[37][43] As the ice encasing the ship melted, the timber seams opened and were admitting around three to four feet (about a metre) of water daily, requiring regular work with the pumps.[37] On 12 February, while the crew were busy with this activity, the ice around the ship finally began to break away. Within minutes the whole floe had splintered into fragments, a pool of water opened up, and Aurora was floating free.[44] Next morning Stenhouse ordered the setting of sails, but on 15 February the ship was stopped by accumulated ice and remained, unable to move, for a further two weeks.[44] Stenhouse was reluctant to use the engines because coal supplies were low, but on 1 March he decided he had no choice; he ordered steam to be raised, and next day the ship edged forward under engine power.[37] After a series of stops and starts, on 6 March the edge of the ice was sighted from the crow's nest.[37] On 14 March Aurora finally cleared the pack, after a drift of 312 days covering 1,600 nautical miles (3,000 km). 
His priority now was to reach New Zealand and return to the Antarctic the following spring.[44] During the final frustrating weeks in the pack, Hooke had been working on the wireless apparatus and had started transmitting again. He and the rest of the crew were unaware that the wireless station at Macquarie Island, the closest to their drift, had recently been closed by the Australian government as an economy measure.[45] On 23 March, using a specially-rigged 80-foot (24 m) quadruple aerial, Hookes transmitted a message which, in freak atmospheric conditions, reached Bluff Station, New Zealand.[45] The next day his signals were received in Hobart, Tasmania, and during the following days he reported the details of Aurora's position, its general situation, and the plight of the stranded party. These messages, and the freak conditions which made transmission possible over a much greater distance than the equipment's normal range, were reported throughout the world.[45][46] 
Aurora's passage from the ice towards safety proved slow and perilous. Coal supplies had to be conserved, allowing only limited use of the engines, and the improvised emergency rudder made steering difficult; the ship wallowed helplessly at times, in danger of foundering.[47] Even after making contact with the outside world, Stenhouse was initially reluctant to seek direct assistance, fearful that a salvage claim might create further embarrassment for the expedition.[48] However, he was obliged to request help when, as Aurora neared New Zealand in stormy weather on 31 March, it was in danger of being driven on the rocks. Two days later the tug Dunedin reached the ship and a towline was secured.[lower-alpha 6] On the following morning, 3 April 1916, Aurora was brought into the harbour at Port Chalmers.[47] 
On his arrival in New Zealand Stenhouse learned that nothing had been heard from Shackleton and the Weddell Sea party since their departure from South Georgia in December 1914; it seemed probable that both arms of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition were requiring relief.[49] Stenhouse was informed by the expedition offices in London that funds had long since been exhausted and that money for the necessary work on Aurora would have to be found elsewhere.[49] It was also evident that in the minds of the authorities the relief of Shackleton's party should have priority over the men marooned at Cape Evans.[50] 
Inaction continued until Shackleton's sudden reappearance in the Falkland Islands, at the beginning of June.[51] The governments of Britain, Australia and New Zealand then agreed jointly to finance the Ross Sea relief expedition, and on 28 June work on Aurora began. Stenhouse still assumed that as de facto captain of the vessel he would lead the relief party, but the committee charged with supervision of the refit were critical of Shackleton's initial organisation of the Ross Sea expedition.[52][53] They wished to appoint their own commander for the relief expedition, and Stenhouse, as a Shackleton loyalist, was unacceptable to them.[54] They also questioned whether Stenhouse had sufficient experience for command, citing his unfortunate choice of a winter berth.[55] After months of uncertainty Stenhouse learned, through a newspaper account on 4 October, that John King Davis had been appointed as Aurora's new captain.[56][lower-alpha 7] Urged by Shackleton not to cooperate with this arrangement, Stenhouse turned down the post of chief officer and was discharged, along with Thompson, Donnelly and Hooke.[56] Shackleton arrived in New Zealand too late to influence matters, beyond arranging his own appointment as a supernumerary officer on Aurora before her departure for Cape Evans on 20 December 1916.[57] 
On 10 January 1917, manned by an almost entirely new crew, Aurora arrived at Cape Evans and picked up the seven survivors of the Ross Sea shore party; Mackintosh, Victor Hayward and Arnold Spencer-Smith had all died.[58] This was the vessel's final visit to Antarctic waters; on return to New Zealand it was sold by Shackleton to a coal carrier. Aurora left Newcastle, New South Wales, on 20 June 1917 bound for Chile, and was never seen again, officially posted as missing by Lloyd's of London on 2 January 1918.[59] Among those lost was James Paton, who had acted as the ship's boatswain throughout the Ross Sea Party expedition and the drift, and on the subsequent relief mission.[60] In 1920 King George V appointed Joseph Stenhouse an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), in acknowledgement of his service aboard Aurora.[61] 
Early life and family 
Early political career 
Rome City Council 
Member of Parliament and Minister 
Minister of Foreign Affairs 
Prime Minister of Italy 
Immigration 
Labour policies 
Social policies 
Foreign policies 
Health 
On 10 January 2017, after an official trip in Paris to meet President François Hollande, Gentiloni suffered an obstructed coronary artery and received an emergency angioplasty.[39] On the following day Gentiloni tweeted that he felt well and would be back at work soon.[40] On the same day he also received the wishes from President Sergio Mattarella, former Prime Ministers Matteo Renzi and Silvio Berlusconi, and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.[41] 
↑ Chi è Emanuela Mauro, la moglie di Paolo Gentiloni ↑ "Camera dei Deputati- Paolo Gentiloni Silveri". Camera dei Deputati - Paolo Gentiloni Silveri. ↑ Rovelli, Michela (11 December 2016). "Governo, Gentiloni accetta l'incarico di governo: «Un grande onore»". 
Retrieved 11 December 2016. ↑ "Chi è Paolo Gentiloni, nuovo ministro degli esteri". Retrieved 24 October 2016. ↑ Trocino, Alessandro (13 December 2016). "Gentiloni, Mario Capanna: «Negli anni 70 Paolo era con noi ma neanche mi accorsi di lui»" (in Italian). 
Retrieved 14 December 2016. ↑ Profilo personale. 1 2 3 Paolo Biondi and Roberto Landucci (October 31, 2014), Italy PM picks Paolo Gentiloni as new foreign minister in surprise choice Reuters. ↑ Giada Zampano (October 31, 2014), Italy’s Prime Minister Names Paolo Gentiloni as Foreign Minister Wall Street Journal. ↑ "Primarie Pd, a Roma stravince Marino: secondo Sassoli, terzo Gentiloni". Retrieved 24 October 2016. ↑ "Gentiloni giura al Quirinale, è il nuovo ministro degli Esteri: "Governo dev'essere all'altezza"". 
31 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ↑ "Italy "ready to fight" in Libya if needed - foreign minister". Retrieved 24 October 2016. ↑ "Terrorismo, radio dello Stato islamico cita Gentiloni: "Ministro dell'Italia crociata"". 
14 February 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ↑ "Gentiloni incontra Raul Castro a Cuba". 
Retrieved 24 October 2016. ↑ "ISIS claims responsibility for bomb attack against Italian consulate in Cairo | News , Middle East". The Daily Star. 2015-07-06. 
Retrieved 2015-07-11. ↑ "Islamic State 'behind blast' at Italian consulate in Cairo - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2015-07-11. ↑ "1 dead in car bomb blast at Italian Consulate in Egypt - CNN.com". 
Retrieved 2015-07-11. ↑ AFP/PTI (11 July 2015). "Italy not 'intimidated' by Cairo consulate attack: Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni". Retrieved 24 October 2016 – via Business Standard. ↑ "Heads of rival Libyan parliaments meet in Malta, seek more time for unity government". 
Retrieved 16 December 2015. ↑ Liam Moloney (January 16, 2015), Italy Says Against Paying Ransom for Hostages Wall Street Journal. ↑ "Italian student found dead in Cairo 'killed by violent blow to the head'". The Guardian. ↑ "Cambridge University student Giulio Regeni 'was tortured and suffered burns' in Egypt, claim reports". Cambridge News. ↑ "Italy Summons Egyptian Ambassador Over Death of Student in Cairo". 
Boschi sottosegretario ↑ Governo Gentiloni, il ministro scelto da Mattarella: “Stessa maggioranza, gli altri non ci stanno”. Lunedì la squadra ↑ Governo, Denis Verdini si sfila: «No fiducia a governo fotocopia» ↑ Governo, Gentiloni ha la fiducia della Camera ↑ Governo Gentiloni, fiducia al Senato con 169 "sì". Come Renzi alla "prima" a Palazzo Madama ↑ Italy, Libya reach deal on halting migration ahead of EU summit ↑ Migranti: Alfano, domani accordo Tunisia ↑ Abolizione dei voucher: ecco il decreto legge ↑ Voucher, perché la CGIL li ha voluti abolire ↑ Addio ai voucher, Gentiloni: “Sarebbe stato un errore dividere il paese” ↑ Gentiloni: "Vaccini obbligatori. 
Sanzioni per i trasgressori" ↑ Vaccini, approvato il decreto sull'obbligo fin da nidi e materne ↑ Ue, Merkel: “Sì a Europa a due velocità”. Gentiloni: “Ci siano diversi livelli di integrazione” ↑ Migranti e libero mercato, asse tra Gentiloni e Trudeau ↑ Italian PM Gentiloni's heart procedure completely successful ↑ Italy’s New Prime Minister in Intensive Care After Emergency Heart Procedure ↑ Gentiloni : “Grazie dell’affetto, sto bene e presto torno al lavoro” 
The Honourable Paolo Gentiloni MP 57th Prime Minister of Italy Incumbent Assumed office 12 December 2016 President Sergio Mattarella Preceded by Matteo Renzi Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 31 October 2014 – 12 December 2016 Prime Minister Matteo Renzi Preceded by Federica Mogherini Succeeded by Angelino Alfano Minister of Communications In office 17 May 2006 – 8 May 2008 Prime Minister Romano Prodi Preceded by Mario Landolfi Succeeded by Claudio Scajola (Economic Development) Member of the Chamber of Deputies Incumbent Assumed office 30 May 2001 Constituency Piedmont 2 (2001–2006) Lazio 1 (2006–present) Personal details Born Paolo Gentiloni Silveri (1954-11-22) 22 November 1954 Rome, Italy Political party Democratic Party (2007–present) Other political affiliations The Daisy (2002–2007) Spouse(s) Emanuela Mauro[1] Residence Palazzo Chigi Alma mater Sapienza University Profession Journalist politician Signature 
(Italian) (English) Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri (Italian) Official page at the Italian Chamber of Deputies 
Paolo Gentiloni Silveri[2] (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpaːolo dʒentiˈloːni]; born 22 November 1954) is an Italian politician who has been Prime Minister of Italy since 12 December 2016.[3] 
Gentiloni, a member of the Democratic Party, served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 31 October 2014 until December 2016, when President Sergio Mattarella asked him to form a new government.[4] Previously he was Minister of Communications from 2006 to 2008, during the second government of Romano Prodi. 
A descendant of Count Gentiloni Silveri, he is related to the Italian politician Vincenzo Ottorino Gentiloni, who was the leader of the conservative Catholic Electoral Union and a key ally of the long-time Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti. Gentiloni has the titles of Nobile of Filottrano, Nobile of Cingoli, and Nobile of Macerata. 
Born in Rome, he attended the Classical Lyceum Torquato Tasso in the city and graduated in political sciences at the La Sapienza University. Gentiloni was a professional journalist before entering politics. 
Gentiloni was a member of the Student Movement (Movimento Studentesco), an extreme left-wing youth organization led by Mario Capanna;[5] when Capanna founded the Proletarian Democracy party, Gentiloni did not follow him, and joined the Workers' Movement for Socialism. During those years he became a close friend of Chicco Testa who helped Gentiloni to become director of La Nuova Ecologia ("The New Ecology"), the official newspaper of Legambiente. As director of this ecological newspaper he met the young leader of Federation of the Greens, Francesco Rutelli. 
In 1993 he became Rutelli’s spokesman during his campaign to become Mayor of Rome; after the election, which saw a strong victory by Rutelli against the right-wing coalition led by Gianfranco Fini, Gentiloni was appointed Jubilee and Tourism Councillor in the Rome City Council. 
In the 2001 general election, Gentiloni was elected as a Member of Parliament and started his national political career. In 2002 he was a founding member of the Daisy party, being the party’s communications spokesman for five years.[6] 
From 2005 until 2006, he was Chairman of the Broadcasting Services Watchdog Committee; the committee oversees the activity of state broadcaster RAI, which is publicly funded.[7] 
He was re-elected in the 2006 election as a member of The Olive Tree, the political coalition led by the Bolognese economist Romano Prodi. After the centre-left's victory, Gentiloni served as Minister for Communications in Prodi's second government from 2006 until 2008.[8] 
He was one of the 45 members of the national founding committee of the Democratic Party in 2007, formed by the union of the democratic socialists Democrats of the Left and the Christian leftist The Daisy. 
Gentiloni was re-elected in the 2008 general election, which saw the victory of the conservative coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi. 
On 6 April 2013 he ran in the primary election to select the center-left candidate for Mayor of Rome, placing third after Ignazio Marino, who became Mayor, and the journalist David Sassoli.[9] 
Gentiloni was elected again to the Chamber of Deputies in the 2013 general election, as part of the centre-left coalition Italy. 
Common Good led by Pier Luigi Bersani, Secretary of the PD. 
In 2013, after Bersani's resignation as Secretary, Gentiloni supported the Mayor of Florence, Matteo Renzi, in the Democratic Party leadership election. 
On 31 October 2014 Gentiloni was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Matteo Renzi; Gentiloni succeeded Federica Mogherini, who became High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.[10] He took office two months before Italy's rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union ended in December 2014.[7] 
At the time of his appointment, Gentiloni had not been mentioned in political circles as a candidate. Renzi had reportedly wanted to replace Mogherini with another woman, to preserve gender parity in his 16-member cabinet. Also, Gentiloni was not known as a specialist in international diplomacy.[7] 
On 13 February 2015, during an interview on Sky TG24, Gentiloni stated that "if needed, Italy will be ready to fight in Libya against the Islamic State, because the Italian government can not accept the idea that there is an active terrorist threat only a few hours from Italy by boat."[11] The following day Gentiloni was threatened by ISIL, which accused him of being a crusader, minister of an enemy country.[12] 
In March 2015 Gentiloni visited Mexico and Cuba and met Cuban President Raúl Castro, ensuring the Italian support for the normalization of relations between Cuba and the United States.[13] 
On 11 July 2015, a car bomb exploded outside the Italian consulate in the Egyptian capital Cairo, resulting in at least one death and four people injured; the Islamic State claimed responsibility.[14][15][16] On the same day Gentiloni stated that "Italy will be not intimidated" and would continue the fight against terrorism.[17] 
In December 2015, Gentiloni hosted a peace conference in Rome with the representatives from both governments of Libya involved in the civil war, but also from the United Nations, the United States and Russia.[18] 
Paolo Gentiloni 
As Foreign Minister, Gentiloni had to confront various abductions of Italian citizens. In January 2015, he negotiated the release of Vanessa Marzullo and Greta Ramelli after they had been held hostage by Syrian terrorists for 168 days.[19] Another high-profile case was the murder of Giulio Regeni, an Italian Cambridge University graduate student killed in Cairo following his abduction on January 25, 2016;[20] Regeni was a Ph.D. student[21] researching Egypt's independent trade unions.[22] 
In the 2016 United Nations Security Council election, Gentiloni and his Dutch counterpart Bert Koenders agreed on splitting a two-year term on the United Nations Security Council after the United Nations General Assembly was deadlocked on whether to choose Italy or the Netherlands following five rounds of voting for the last remaining 2017–18 seat.[23] 
On 7 December 2016, Prime Minister Matteo Renzi announced his resignation, following the rejection of his proposals to overhaul the Italian Senate in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. A few days later, on 11 December 2016, Gentiloni was asked by President Mattarella to form a new government.[24] On the following day Gentiloni was officially sworn in as the new head of the government.[25] 
He led a coalition government supported by his own Democratic Party and the Christian democratic Popular Area, composed of the New Centre-Right and the Centrists for Italy. This was the same majority that had supported Renzi's government for almost three years.[26] Meanwhile, the centrist Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA), led by Denis Verdini, did not support the new cabinet because no member of the ALA was appointed as a minister.[27] 
On 13 December his cabinet won a confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies, with 368 votes for and 105 against, while the deputies of the Five Star Movement and the Lega Nord left the chamber.[28] On the following day the government also won a confidence vote in the Senate of the Republic, with 169 votes for and 99 against.[29] 
On 29 December deputy ministers of the Democratic Party, New Centre-Right, as well as the Italian Socialist Party and Solidary Democracy, were appointed. After the split of the Democrats and Progressives from the Democratic Party, that party was presented by one deputy minister in the government. 
A major problem faced by Gentiloni upon becoming Prime Minister in 2016 was the high levels of illegal immigration to Italy. 
On 2 February 2017, Gentiloni reached a deal in Rome with Libyan Chairman of the Presidential Council Fayez al-Sarraj on halting migration. Libya agreed to try to stop migrants from setting out to cross the Mediterranean Sea.[30] 
On 9 February, Gentiloni signed a similar deal with President of Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi, to prevent the migration across the Mediterranean.[31] 
In March 2017 the government abolished the use of labour vouchers, bonds of the redeemable transaction type which are worth a certain monetary value and which may be spent only for specific reasons or on specific goods, commonly one-off labour services.[32] The government decided to promote this law after a referendum that was called by Italy's main trade union CGIL.[33] Gentiloni stated that he decided to abolish them, because he did not want to split the country in another referendum, after the December 2016 constitutional one.[34] 
On 19 May 2017, the Council of Ministers, on the proposal of Prime Minishter Gentiloni and Health Minister Beatrice Lorenzin, approved a decree law containing urgent vaccine prevention measures that reintroduces the mandatory vaccination, bringing the number of mandatory vaccines from 4 to 12 and not allowing to attend school to those who have not been vaccinated.[35][36] 
Paolo Gentiloni with U.S. President Donald Trump in April 2017. 
Gentiloni strongly supports European integration and a multispeed Europe.[37] 
During his premiership, Gentiloni faced several challenging foreign policy situations, such as the European debt crisis, the civil war in Libya, the insurgency of the Islamic State (IS) in the Middle East. 
Gentiloni set up good relations with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, UK Prime Minister Theresa May, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.[38] 
As prime minister, he will host the 43rd G7 summit in Taormina, Sicily. This summit will be the first one for him, but also for British Theresa May, American President Donald Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron. 
Timeline of the development of various Linux distributions 
On 22 May 2017, a suicide bombing was carried out at Manchester Arena in Manchester, England, after a concert by American singer Ariana Grande. The attacker was identified by police as Salman Ramadan Abedi,[7][10] a 22-year-old British citizen of Libyan descent who detonated an improvised explosive device as concertgoers were leaving the arena. The explosion killed 23 people, including Abedi, and injured at least 120 others.[11] 
Attack 
Casualties 
Attacker 
Investigation 
Aftermath 
Reactions 
Domestic 
International 
2017 Manchester Arena bombing The exterior of the arena in 2010 Manchester Arena 2017 Manchester Arena bombing (Greater Manchester) Show map of Greater Manchester 2017 Manchester Arena bombing (the United Kingdom) Show map of the United Kingdom Location Manchester, England, United Kingdom Date 22 May 2017 (2017-05-22) around 22:30[1] (BST) Target Concert-goers[2] Attack type Suicide bombing Weapons IED[3] Deaths 23 (including the attacker)[4] Non-fatal injuries 120+[5][6] Assailants Salman Ramadan Abedi[7][8][9] 
On 22 May 2017, at around 22:30 BST (UTC+01:00),[1] a suicide bomber detonated an improvised explosive device packed with nuts and bolts in the foyer area of the Manchester Arena. The attack took place after an Ariana Grande concert that was part of her 2017 Dangerous Woman Tour.[12][13] The concert was sold out, and up to 21,000 people may have attended.[14] Many of the people were exiting through the foyer at the time of the explosion and were gathered there to buy concert merchandise.[15][16] 
Greater Manchester Police declared the incident a terrorist attack, identifying it as a suicide bombing. It was the deadliest attack in the United Kingdom since the 7 July 2005 London bombings, and the first in Manchester since the 1996 bombing by the Provisional IRA.[17] 
Police stated that 23 people, including the suicide bomber, were killed in the blast and at least 120 others were injured.[5][6] North West Ambulance Service reported that 60 of its ambulances attended the scene, escorting 59 people to local hospitals and treating a number of walking wounded on site.[18] Of the hospitalised, 12 were reported to be children under the age of 16.[19] 
Salman Ramadan Abedi in a mosque 
The suicide bomber was a 22-year-old British citizen of Sunni Islam faith,[20] Salman Ramadan Abedi who was known to British security services.[10][7] He was born in Manchester on 31 December 1994 to a family of refugees from Libya who had settled in south Manchester.[21][22][23][10] He grew up in the Whalley Range area and lived in Fallowfield, a suburb of Manchester.[24] It was reported that Salman and his brother worshipped at Didsbury Mosque.[7][24] A senior person at the mosque said that Abedi looked at him "with hate" after he preached against ISIS.[25] 
In 2014, Abedi became a student at the University of Salford, where he studied business management before dropping out. Abedi had worked at a bakery, and his friends remembered him to be a skilled footballer.[21] He had reportedly been involved with gangs and later Islamist extremism before the bombing, and French interior minister Gérard Collomb said that "he had links with Islamic State and had probably visited Syria as well".[26] According to an acquaintance of his, Abedi's parents had become worried of his radicalisation during their stay in Libya. They seized his British passport, but later returned it after Abedi deceived them by claiming that he was going to visit the Islamic holy city of Mecca.[27] A Muslim community worker is reported to have said two people who knew Abedi had called a hotline in the past to warn police about his views.[28][29] 
The property in Fallowfield where Abedi lived became a focus of the police investigation following the bombing. Armed police breached the house with a controlled explosion and entered it. Abedi's 23-year-old brother Ismael was arrested in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in south Manchester in relation to the attack.[30][31] Police carried out operations in two other areas of south Manchester and raided another address in the Whalley Range area.[31] Three other men were arrested, and police talked about a likely "network" supporting the bomber.[28] 
Following the emergence of information which stated that he had recently returned from Syria, intelligence agencies are attempting to establish whether the attacker acted alone, or whether he was part of a terrorist network.[32][33] The French interior minister, Gérard Collomb, told a French TV channel that Salman Abedi had gone to Syria and had "proven" links with ISIS. The attacker's father and his younger brother were arrested by the Libyan authorities on 23 and 24 May respectively. His brother was suspected of planning an attack in Libya and was said to be in regular touch with Salman and aware of the plan to bomb the Manchester Arena.[34] 
Photographs of the remains of the IED published by The New York Times indicated that it had comprised an explosive charge inside a lightweight metal container which was carried within a black vest or a blue Karrimor backpack. Most of the fatalities occurred in a ring around the bomber. His torso was propelled by the blast through the doors to the arena, possibly indicating that the explosive charge was held in the backpack and blew him forward on detonation. 
Home Secretary Amber Rudd said that she was irritated that Abedi's name and other confidential information given to security services in the United States and France had been leaked to the news media within hours of the bombing, saying that this hampered the investigation and citing the need for investigators to avoid alerting potential associates of the attacker.[36][37] She asked the US not to continue leaking information, but it continued to be leaked after Rudd's request that it be stopped.[37] The BBC reported: "The UK government and police have reacted with anger after a US newspaper published photos apparently showing the scene of the Manchester bomb attack. Counter terror police chiefs said the leak undermined their investigation and victims' and witnesses' confidence. A Whitehall source added: 'We are furious. 
About three hours after the bombing, a controlled explosion was conducted by police on a suspicious item in Cathedral Gardens,[19] later found to be an item of clothing.[39] 
Residents and taxi companies in Manchester offered free transport or accommodation via Twitter to those left stranded at the concert.[15] Parents of children attending the concert were separated in the aftermath of the explosion. A nearby hotel served as a shelter for children displaced by the bombing, with their parents being directed there by officials.[40] 
Manchester Victoria railway station, which is partly underneath the arena, was evacuated and closed, and services were cancelled. Victoria railway station remained closed into the following day.[12][41] 
The Trafford Centre and the Arndale Centre shopping malls were also reportedly evacuated for a time after a suspicious package was found.[42] On Wednesday, 24 May, a radio BBC 5 studio was evacuated at 2:00 pm while live on air, as was a departure-level drop off at Terminal 1 of Manchester Airport. A second brief evacuation of a Salford University building occurred at about 4:00 pm.[43] 
After a COBRA meeting with Greater Manchester's Chief Constable, Ian Hopkins, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK's terror threat level was being raised to "critical", its highest level.[44] Operation Temperer was then activated for the first time, allowing up to 5,000 soldiers to reinforce armed police in protecting parts of the country.[45][46] Tours of the Houses of Parliament and the Changing of the Guard ceremony at Buckingham Palace were cancelled on the following day. Soldiers were deployed to guard Downing Street and other government buildings in London.[47] 
Prime Minister Theresa May and Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn condemned the bombing,[48][49] while the Queen expressed her sympathy to the families of the victims.[50] Campaigning for the general election was suspended by all political parties for two days after the attack.[51][52][53] The Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham, called the attack "evil"[54] and announced a vigil to be held in Albert Square the following evening.[55] Burnham, Corbyn, Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow and Home Secretary Amber Rudd were in attendance.[56] The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, condemned the attack with a written letter he posted on his social media accounts.[57] 
Condolences were expressed by the leaders and governments of dozens of countries,[58] United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres,[59] Commonwealth Secretary-General Patricia Scotland,[60] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[61] Pope Francis,[62] and Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Yousef Al-Othaimeen.[63] 
Ariana Grande posted on her official Twitter account: "broken. from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words."[64] She suspended her tour and returned home to Florida.[65][66] 
Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ "Greater Manchester Police". www.gmp.police.uk. 1 2 "22 dead, 120 injured in suicide bomber attack at Manchester Arena and three victims named – live updates". Manchester Evening News. 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. 1 2 Eden, Tom (23 May 2017). "Manchester bombing attack: UK terror alert raised from 'severe' to 'critical' as 22 dead and 120 injured in atrocity". chronicle.live.com. 
Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 23 May 2017. 1 2 3 4 "Manchester Arena attacker named by police as Salman Ramadan Abedi". 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ Greater Manchester Police [gmpolice] (23 May 2017). "Latest statement from @ccianhopkins in relation to last night's attack." (Tweet) – via Twitter. ↑ "Manchester attack: Salman Abedi named as bomber by police". 
Retrieved 22 May 2017. ↑ "Police: "Confirmed fatalities" after reports of explosion at Manchester Arena". CBS News. Retrieved 22 May 2017. ↑ "Manchester Arena explosion: What we know so far". 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "British prime minister raises nation's threat level, saying another attack 'may be imminent'". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ Danny Boyle, Barney Henderson, Leon Watson – Live Manchester Arena attack: 22 killed at Ariana Grande concert as bomber named as Salman Abedi – The Daily Telegraph (London). 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ (now), Claire Phipps; (earlier), Kevin Rawlinson (23 May 2017). "Manchester Arena: children among 22 dead in suicide attack at Ariana Grande concert – latest". The Guardian. 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "MANCHESTER BOMBER SALMAN ABEDI 'WENT OFF THE RAILS' AS A TEENAGER, SAYS RELIGIOUS LEADER". Retrieved 25 May 2017. 1 2 "Manchester attack: Who was Salman Abedi?". bbc.com. 
"Salman Abedi named as the Manchester suicide bomber – what we know about him". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 May 2017. his parents were Libyan refugees who came to the UK to escape the Gaddafi regime ↑ "Manchester attack: Who was the suspect Salman Abedi?". 
His parents escaped to Britain as refugees from Libya. 1 2 3 Evans, Martin; Ward, Victoria (23 May 2017). "Salman Abedi named as the Manchester suicide bomber – what we know about him". 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ Cobain, Ian; Perraudin, Frances; Morris, Steven; Parveen, Nazia (23 May 2017). "Salman Ramadan Abedi named by police as Manchester Arena attacker". The Guardian. 
"Manchester bomber was part of a network – police". Reuters UK. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ "Police Investigate 'Network' of Salman Abedi, Manchester Bomber". 
24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ Nagesh, Ashitha (24 May 2017). "Muslim community worker 'warned officers about Manchester bomber five years ago'". 
Retrieved 25 May 2017. ↑ Simpson, Fiona (23 May 2017). "Manchester attack: Bombing suspect named as Salman Abedi, police confirm". Evening Standard. 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. 1 2 Jones, Sam; Haddou, Leila; Bounds, Andrew (23 May 2017). "Manchester suicide bomber named as 22-year-old from city". 
Financial Times. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ Gibbons, Katie; Swerling, Gabriella; O'Neill, Sean; Hamilton, Fiona (24 May 2017). "Manchester bomber Salman Abedi had 'proven' links with Islamic State". 
"UK on highest alert: Three more arrested amid hunt for active terrorist cell after Manchester bomb". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ Witte, Griff; Adam, Karla; Raghavan, Sudarsan (24 May 2017). 
"Younger brother of Manchester bomber was 'planning to stage an attack' in Libya, authorities say". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ Chivers, C.L. (24 May 2017). 
"Found at the Scene in Manchester: Shrapnel, a Backpack and a Battery". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ "Manchester attack: US leaks about bomber irritating – Rudd". 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. Raising the level to critical means that military personnel could be deployed to support armed police officers – part of a plan known as Operation Temperer. ↑ Alan Travis [alantravis40] (23 May 2017). "PM says Critical Threat level's Operation Temperer will use up to 5,000 troops to take over armed police patrol duties under police command." 
Retweeted by The Guardian – via Twitter. ↑ Bennhold, Katrin; Castle, Stephen (24 May 2017). "3 Men Arrested in Investigation of Manchester Bombing". The New York Times. 
"A message from Her Majesty The Queen to the Lord-Lieutenant of Greater Manchester". The Royal Family. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "Campaigning suspended as world leaders pay respects". 
Leaders of political parties did not hesitate to suspend General Election campaigning in the wake of the terror attack in Manchester. ... Campaigning for the 8 June vote will remain suspended for a second day on Wednesday. ↑ "Manchester Arena: children among 22 dead in explosion at Ariana Grande concert". Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "General election campaigning suspended after Manchester attack". 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "Andy Burnham says spirit of Manchester will prevail after 'evil act'". London Evening Standard. 23 May 2017. ↑ "Manchester Arena explosion: Latest updates". 
"Corbyn attends Manchester vigil and insists: "Our hearts are broken but our resolve has never been stronger"". Labour List. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ↑ "Sadiq Khan's statement on the attack in Manchester, posted on Twitter". ↑ Palazzo, Chiara. 
"'An attack on innocents': World reacts with shock and horror to Manchester explosion". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "UN chief strongly condemns terrorist attack on Manchester concert". 
23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "Statement by Commonwealth Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on terror attack in Manchester". 23 May 2017. 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "Statement by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker following the attack in Manchester". 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "Pope Francis offers condolences to Manchester attack victims". 
Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ "OIC Secretary General Condemns the Deadly Attack in Manchester, the United Kingdom". 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ↑ Ariana Grande [ArianaGrande] (23 May 2017). "broken. from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words." 
Allot, Anna; Patricia Herbert; John Okell (1989). Patricia Herbert, Anthony Crothers Milner, ed. South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide. 
University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824812676. Hla Pe, U (1985). 
Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789971988005. 
Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 
"The Second Myanmar Historical Commission". Association of Myanmar Archaeologists. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help) 
Notes 
References 
Publications 
Dutiya Yazawin Second Chronicle now packaged as part of "Konbaung Set" Chronicle Author Royal Historical Commission Original title ဒုတိယ မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး Dutiya Maha Yazawindawgyi Country Kingdom of Burma Language Burmese Series Burmese chronicles Genre Chronicle, History Publication date 1869 Pages 10 volumes[1] Preceded by Hmannan Yazawin Followed by Konbaung Set Yazawin 
Dutiya Maha Yazawindawgyi (Burmese: ဒုတိယ မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး, pronounced: [dṵtḭja̰ məhà jàzəwɪ̀ɴdɔ̀dʑí]; lit "Second Great Chronicle") is the second official chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). The continuation of Hmannan Yazawin, the Second Chronicle as it was commonly known adds the official record of the events between 1821 and 1854 including the two disastrous wars with the British.[2] 
The Second Chronicle was first published in print in 1899. Today, it is published as part of a package of the three Konbaung era chronicles called Konbaung-Set Yazawin, which consists of the Konbaung era portions (1752–1821) of Hmannan, the Second Chronicle (1821–1854), and the third chronicle (1854–1885).[1] 
External links 
This article is about the English translation of Hmannan Yazawin. 
Glass Palace Chronicle Cover of second printing (1960) Author Royal Historical Commission of Burma Original title မှန်နန်း မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး Hmannan Maha Yazawindawgyi Translator Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce Country Burma Language English Series Burmese chronicles Genre Chronicle, History Publisher Oxford University (1st printing) Rangoon University Press (2nd printing) Publication date 1923, 1960 Media type Print Pages 179 
The Glass Palace Chronicle of the kings of Burma is the only English language translation of the first portions of Hmannan Yazawin, the standard chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). Hmannan was translated into English by Pe Maung Tin and Gordon H Luce in 1923, who gave it its English name. The original translation of the word Hman (မှန်) to Glass is debatable as the Burmese word Hman (မှန်) also means truth or factual. 
George Coedes cites the chronicle for a "very romanticized account of the events following the death of Alaungsithu."[1]:166–167 
↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. 
University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1. 
2014–present: Success in film 
Personal life 
Honorary ambassador 
Filmography 
Films 
Television series 
Web series 
Music video 
Variety shows 
Discography 
Songs 
Soundtrack appearances 
Awards and nominations 
References 
Kim Woo-bin At Uncontrollably Fond press conference, July 2016 Born Kim Hyun-joong (1989-07-16) July 16, 1989 Seoul, South Korea Education Jeonju University Occupation Actor, model Years active 2009–present Agent SidusHQ Height 188 cm (6 ft 2 in) Korean name Hangul 김우빈 Hanja 金宇彬 Revised Romanization Gim U-bin McCune–Reischauer Kim U-bin Birth name Hangul 김현중 Hanja 金賢中 Revised Romanization Gim Hyeon-jung McCune–Reischauer Kim Hyŏn-chung 
Retrieved 2013-05-12. 1 2 Park, Jin-hai (12 August 2013). 
"Crisscrossing runways and screens: Rising actor Kim Woo-bin has looks, style and sincerity". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. 
Retrieved 2013-08-12. ↑ "Profile". 
SidusHQ. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ↑ "'뱀파이어 아이돌' 시청률 종편 1위 '개성만점 콘텐츠 기대주 우뚝'". 
"Kim Woo Bin Gets Beat Up on A Gentleman's Dignity". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-12-07. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (13 September 2012). 
"Kim Woo Bin Shines as f(x) Sulli's First Love in To the Beautiful You". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2012-12-07. ↑ Ho, Stewart (29 October 2012). "Lee Jong Seok, Kim Woo Bin, Park Se Young, 5dolls' Hyoyoung Cast as Main Students for School 5". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2012-12-07. ↑ An, So-hyoun (16 July 2013). 
"Kim Woo Bin Confirmed in Role for The Heirs". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-07-19. ↑ "2013 Kdramas That Got The Best Ratings". KDramaStars. 
28 December 2013. ↑ Shin, Kyun-jin; Yang, Sung-hee (14 March 2013). "Hallyu booming again in China, bigger than ever". Korea JoongAng Daily. ↑ "Hallyu trio captivate Chinese hearts". 
The Korea Herald. 13 November 2014. ↑ Kim, Yeon-ji (24 December 2013). "Model inherits rebellious role". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-02-02. ↑ Lee, Sun-min (12 December 2013). "Kim Woo-bin's star shines ever bright". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-02-02. ↑ "Kim Woo-bin Unfazed by Great Expectations for Sequel to Friend". The Chosun Ilbo. 
26 October 2013. 
Retrieved 2014-01-05. ↑ "Kim Woo-bin Shapes Up as Hot New Heartthrob". The Chosun Ilbo. 21 November 2013. 
Retrieved 2014-02-02. ↑ Cha, Yo-rim (13 August 2013). "Kim Woo-bin to become new face of M Countdown". The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2014-02-02. ↑ Hwang, Sun-un (28 January 2014). "Kim Woo-bin, Lee Hyun-woo to Star in New Film". TenAsia. 
Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. 
Retrieved 2014-02-02. ↑ Conran, Pierce (17 April 2014). "KIM Woo-bin Joins TWENTY". Korean Film Council. 
Retrieved 2014-04-19. ↑ Yoon, Sarah (2 February 2015). 
"Kim Woo-bin first East Asian model for Calvin Klein Watches". 
The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2015-07-22. ↑ Jang, Seo-jeong (17 November 2015). "'함부로 애틋하게' 측 "12일 촬영종료..7월 6일 첫방"[공식입장]". Daum (in Korean). 
OSEN. Retrieved 11 April 2016. ↑ "이병헌 강동원 김우빈 '마스터', 첫 만남 보니 '눈 호강'". Nate (in Korean). 
22 April 2016. ↑ Hicap, Jonathan (3 February 2017). 
"'Master' continues to rake it in". Manila Bulletin. ↑ Choi, EunHwa (22 October 2013). "Lee Jong Suk says Kim Woo Bin is the Only Friend He Can Lean On". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 7 April 2016. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (15 December 2013). 
"[Star of the Week] Kim Woo Bin's Past, Present and Future Best Friends". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 20 February 2015. ↑ Kim, Soo-hyang (23 June 2016). "Strong friendships among male celebrities". 
Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved 29 June 2016. ↑ Kwon, Soo Bin (21 December 2013). 
"Kim Woo Bin Says Lee Jong Suk is Not a Rival, But a Beloved Friend". enewsWorld. Newsen. 
Retrieved 25 December 2013. ↑ "Actor Kim woo-bin in love with Shin Min-ah: agency". 
The Korea Times. 
March 2016. ↑ "Actor Kim Woo-bin diagnosed with rare cancer, starts treatment". 
Yonhap. 24 May 2017. ↑ "Kim Woo-bin to Promote Pyeongchang Olympics". The Chosin Ilbo. 
14 April 2017. 
Retrieved 2017-04-20. ↑ Hong, Dam-young (13 April 2017). "Kim Woo-bin named ambassador for 2018 Winter Olympics". 
The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2017-04-20. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (25 June 2013). "Kim Woo Bin to Appear in 2EYES' Drama MV of Don't Mess With Me". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2013-08-12. ↑ Choi, Eun-hwa (1 July 2013). 
"Kim Woo Bin Appears in New Teasers for 2EYES' Don't Mess With Me MV". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2013-08-12. ↑ Kim, Hee-eun (6 March 2014). "Kim Woo-bin joins Four Sons and A Daughter". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 2014-03-06. ↑ "Heirs stars receive awards in China". The Korea Times. 19 December 2013. 
Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. 
Retrieved 2014-02-02. ↑ Jeon, Han; Yoon, So-jung (18 July 2014). "Film festival kicks off in Bucheon". Korea.net. 
Kim Woo-bin (born Kim Hyun-joong[1] on July 16, 1989) is a South Korean model and actor.[2] He began his career as a runway model and made his acting debut in the television drama White Christmas. He subsequently gained attention in A Gentleman's Dignity (2012), and made his breakthrough with School 2013 (2013-2013) and The Heirs (2013). Kim later starred in box office hits Friend: The Great Legacy (2013), The Con Artists (2014) and Twenty (2015). 
In 2015, Kim was cast in his first leading role in Uncontrollably Fond written by screenwriter Lee Kyung-hee. The drama premiered on July 6, 2016.[21] 
He then starred in the film Master alongside Lee Byung-hun and Kang Dong-won.[22] The movie premiered in December 2016 and became the 11th bestselling film for 2016 in South Korea.[23] 
Kim is best friends with fellow model-actor and School 2013 co-star Lee Jong-suk, whom he has known since their modeling days.[24][25][26][27] 
In July 2015, Kim and South Korean actress Shin Min-a were confirmed to be in a relationship.[28] 
On May 24, 2017, Kim was diagnosed with Nasopharyngeal cancer. Kim's agency, Sidus HQ stated that Kim had begun drug and radiation treatment and would halt all activities.[29] 
In April 2017, Kim was appointed as an Honorary Ambassador for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Kim is the second actor to take on this role and will take part in various activities to promote the event.[30][31] 
Kim Woo-bin 
Belemnia dubia Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Arctiidae Genus: Belemnia Species: B. dubia Binomial name Belemnia dubia Kirby, 1902 Synonyms Chrysaor gemmanseryx Hübner, 1804 
Belemnia dubia is a moth of the Arctiidae family. It was described by Kirby in 1902. It is found in Brazil.[1] 
Geography 
Fauna 
Land use 
Brodeur Peninsula is an uninhabited headland on Baffin Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located on the northwestern part of the island and is bounded by Prince Regent Inlet, Lancaster Sound, and Admiralty Inlet (Nunavut). The peninsula is connected to the rest of Baffin Island by a narrow isthmus. 
The habitat is characterized by rocky shores and coastal cliffs, as well as barrens and rocky flats. 
Northwestern Brodeur Peninsula, 475 km2 (183 sq mi) in size, is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU065).[1] It is home to the ivory gull, but researchers have been witnessing a dramatic decrease in breeding populations in the region in recent times. 
The western side of the Brodeur Peninsula is known as a polar bear mating ground. 
Serious efforts are underway to find minerals in the area. Twin Mining owns a 1,300,000 acres (5,300 km2; 2,000 sq mi), diamond property on the peninsula.[2] 
Brodeur Peninsula 
Microrape simplex Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Megalopygidae Genus: Microrape Species: M. simplex Binomial name Microrape simplex Hopp, 1927 
Microrape simplex is a moth of the Megalopygidae family. It was described by Hopp in 1927.[1] 
Microrape simplex 
References 
Flannel moth Megalopyge opercularis Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Megalopygidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 Genera See text 
The larvae are called puss caterpillars, and with their long hairs, resemble cotton balls. They have venomous spines that can cause a painful sting and inflammation lasting for several days. In some cases, the sting may cause headache, nausea, and shock-like symptoms. 
A Megalopyge opercularis caterpillar on Kent Island, Maryland: a highly toxic species 
Natural History Museum genus database "Insects of Cedar Creek, Minnesota". cedarcreek.umn.edu. BugGuide USGS--Caterpillars of Eastern Forests Auburn University Moths of Borneo—lists the family as neotropical Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension Ohio State University 
Flannel moth 
Circulation 
References 
External links 
History and profile 
Hamburger Abendblatt The 29 January 2011 front page of Hamburger Abendblatt Type Daily newspaper (except. 
Sunday) Format Broadsheet Owner(s) Funke-Mediengruppe Editor-in-chief Claus Strunz Founded 1948 (1948) Language German Headquarters Hamburg, Germany Circulation 286,992 (Quarter 2, 2009) ISSN 0949-4618 OCLC number 85355780 Website www.abendblatt.de 
The Hamburger Abendblatt (English: Hamburg Evening Newspaper) is a German daily newspaper in Hamburg. 
The paper focuses on news in Hamburg and area, and produces regional supplements with news from Norderstedt, Ahrensburg, Harburg, and Pinneberg. Politically the paper is mildly conservative, but usually pro-government, including during SPD administrations. 
Four previous Hamburg newspapers had the word Abendblatt ("Evening Newspaper") in their title, including one named the Hamburger Abendblatt, founded on 2 May 1820. 
This incarnation of the Hamburger Abendblatt, however, was first published after World War II beginning on 14 October 1948 with an initial edition of 60,000 copies. The paper received a publishing license from the Hamburg Senate and Mayor Max Brauer, making it the first daily paper of post-war Germany to receive a license from German rather than Allied occupation authorities. After about six months of operation, its circulation increased to 170,000 copies daily. 
From 1948 through 2013 Hamburger Abendblatt was published by Axel Springer AG.[1] The paper is published by Funke Mediengruppe, who purchased it from Axel Springer effective 1 January 2014.[1] The paper used to appear Monday through Saturday only, but since 29 October 2006 it has also published a Sunday edition to compete with the Hamburger Morgenpost's introduction of a Sunday edition on 5 November 2006. 
Hamburger Abendblatt had a circulation of 288,000 copies in 2001.[2] The circulation of the paper was 252,533 copies in the first quarter of 2006.[3] It rose to 286,992 copies in the second quarter of 2009.[4] 
"Sell-Off: Newspaper Giant Turns Back on Journalism". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 16 December 2014. ↑ Adam Smith (15 November 2002). 
"Europe's Top Papers". campaign. 
Retrieved 18 April 2015. ↑ "European Publishing Monitor" (Report). Turku School of Economics (Media Group). March 2007. 
Official website (German) 
Hamburger Abendblatt 
References 
Marko Ilić Personal information Date of birth (1985-05-09) 9 May 1985 Place of birth Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia Height 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team FK Srem Youth career Red Star Belgrade Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 2002–2004 OFK Beograd 11 (0) 2002–2003 → Njegoš Lovćenac (loan) 7 (4) 2003–2004 → Metalac G.M. (loan) 13 (7) 2004–2006 Cherno More Varna 41 (5) 2006 Lokomotiv Plovdiv 11 (0) 2006 Botev Plovdiv 12 (3) 2007 Spartak Varna 14 (3) 2007 Bežanija 9 (2) 2008–2009 Beroe Stara Zagora 29 (6) 2010 Topolite 12 (8) 2011 Sliven 2000 13 (0) 2012– Srem S.M. 12 (0) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 19 March 2012. 
Marko Ilić (Serbian Cyrillic: Mapкo Илић, born 9 May 1985 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder for FK Srem. 
Marko Ilić 
The Hamburger Morgenpost (Hamburg Morning Post) (also known as Mopo) is a daily German newspaper published in Hamburg in tabloid format. 
As of 2006 the Hamburger Morgenpost was the second-largest newspaper in Hamburg after Bild Zeitung.[1] 
2015 firebombing 
History and profile 
Hamburger Morgenpost Hamburger Morgenpost am Sonntag The January 29, 2011 front page of the Hamburger Morgenpost Type Daily newspaper (Sunday own title) Format Tabloid Owner(s) M. DuMont Schauberg Editor-in-chief Frank Niggemeier Founded Hamburg 1949 (1949) Language German Headquarters Hamburg Circulation 115,845 (Quarter 2, 2009) OCLC number 85349630 Website www.mopo.de 
When Bild Zeitung was brought out by the Axel Springer publishing house as a second tabloid serving Hamburg, the circulation of the Hamburger Morgenpost declined steadily. Due to the existing competition with other newspapers, such as the 1948 re-founded Hamburger Abendblatt, there was a decline in interest in political party-owned newspapers in Hamburg. The SPD sold the newspaper following financial problems in the mid-1970s. 
The circulation of the Hamburger Morgenpost was 115,845 copies in the second quarter of 2009.[6] 
In response to the terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo in which 12 people died on January 7, 2015, some international organizations such as Reporters Without Borders called for controversial Charlie Hebdo cartoons to be re-published in solidarity with the French satirical magazine and in defense of free speech.[8] The Hamburger Morgenpost included Charlie Hebdo cartoons on its front cover on January 8[9] and other publications such as Germany's Berliner Kurier and Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza reprinted cartoons from Charlie Hebdo the day after the attack; the former depicted Muhammad reading Charlie Hebdo whilst bathing in blood.[10] At least three Danish newspapers featured Charlie Hebdo cartoons, and the tabloid BT used a Charlie Hebdo image depicting Muhammad lamenting being loved by "idiots" on its cover. 
The newspaper was attacked by an arsonist on January 11,[11] possibly relating to the cartoons.[12][13] 
The Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2009. ↑ Helen Pidd (24 June 2008). "Montgomery axes 30 journalists at German paper Berliner Zeitung". 
Retrieved 30 August 2009. ↑ "joiz Global Announces First German Licensing Agreement With Leading Media Company M. Dumont Schauberg" (Press release). joiz Global. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015. ↑ (Quarter 2, 2009) IVW website (German) ↑ "Charlie Hebdo shooting: Arson attack on German newspaper that published cartoons". 
Retrieved 11 January 2015. ↑ Kirsten Grieshaber (11 Jan 2015). "Arsonists attack German paper that published French cartoons". Associated Press. ↑ "Arson attack on Hamburg newspaper that printed Charlie Hebdo cartoons". 
Hamburger Morgenpost 
Official website (German) 
Location 
Cultural significance 
References 
Ara Rock Ara Rock Location of Ara Rock in Nigeria (on the border with Federal Capital Territory(FCT) in Nasarawa State) Highest point Elevation 120 m (390 ft) Coordinates 8°35′N 7°35′E / 8.583°N 7.583°E / 8.583; 7.583Coordinates: 8°35′N 7°35′E / 8.583°N 7.583°E / 8.583; 7.583 Geography Location Nigeria 
Ara Rock is a rock found in Ara Town in Nasarawa Local Government Area of Nasarawa State in central Nigeria. It achieves a remarkable height of about 120 metres (390 ft) above the surface of the neighbouring plains and it attracts many people to Ara town on sightseeing visits. 
The rock stands close to the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria (FCT), about 12 kilometres away from Nasarawa town and about 220 kilometres away from the Lafia town, the Nasarawa State state capital. 
Annual festivals and cultural displays are held on the rock by the settlers of the town who worship annually on the rock.[1] 
Ara Rock 
Film 
Music video 
References 
Filmography 
Television series 
Bae Noo-ri Born (1993-02-04) 4 February 1993 Anyang, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Other names Bae Nu-ri Education Dongduk Women's University - Broadcasting and Entertainment Occupation Actress Years active 2008-present Agent KeyEast Korean name Hangul 배누리 Revised Romanization Bae Nu-ri McCune–Reischauer Pae Nu-ri 
Bae Noo-ri (born 4 February 1993) is a South Korean actress. She began modeling in 2008 for the brand Litmus, then made her acting debut in 2010. Bae is best known for playing a shaman in period drama Moon Embracing the Sun (2012).[1][2][3] 
Year Title Role Network 2010 Ang Shim Jung Myung-wol E Channel 2011 Dream High Kirin High student KBS2 Killer K Nal Na-ri CGV My Daughter the Flower Daily tea lady SBS Drama Special "Sorry I'm Late" student Seung-hye KBS2 2012 Moon Embracing the Sun Jan-shil MBC Dear You Hong Ran jTBC 2013 Adolescence Medley Jang Hyun-jin KBS2 Drama Special "My Dad Is a Nude Model" Shin-hye KBS2 2014 Inspiring Generation Yang-yang KBS2 Sweden Laundry Bae Young-mi MBC Every 1 2016 Dramaworld Seoyeon Viki Woman with a Suitcase Oh An-na MBC 
Bae Noo-ri 
Bae Noo-ri on Cyworld (Korean) Bae Noo-ri at KeyEast (Korean) Bae Noo-ri Fan Cafe at Daum (Korean) Bae Noo-ri at HanCinema Bae Noo-ri on Internet Movie Database 
The 7 July 2005 London bombings, sometimes referred to as 7/7, were a series of coordinated terrorist suicide bomb attacks in central London which targeted civilians using the public transport system during the rush hour. 
Attacks 
London Underground 
Victims 
4 July 2015. ↑ Goodhart, David. The British Dream. 
Atlantic Books, London (2013): p. 
222 ↑ "I'm lucky to be here, says driver". BBC. 11 July 2005. 
Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ↑ North, Rachel (15 July 2005). "Coming together as a city". 
BBC. 
Retrieved 12 November 2006. ↑ "Tube log shows initial confusion". 
BBC News. 12 July 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ↑ "Indepth London Attacks". 
"The jihadi house parties of hate: Britain’s terror network offered an easy target the security sevices [sic] missed, says Shiv Malik". 
7 July 2005 London bombings Part of Terrorism in the United Kingdom and Islamic terrorism in Europe Emergency services at Russell Square tube station on 7 July 2005 Location London, United Kingdom Date 7 July 2005 08:49 – 09:47 BST (UTC+01:00) Target General public aboard London Underground trains and a bus in central London Attack type Mass murder, suicide bombings, terrorism Weapons TATP Deaths 56 (including the 4 perpetrators) Non-fatal injuries 784 Perpetrators Hasib Hussain Mohammad Sidique Khan Germaine Lindsay Shehzad Tanweer Motive Islamic extremism 
On the morning of Thursday, 7 July 2005, four Islamist extremists[1] separately detonated three bombs in quick succession aboard London Underground trains across the city, and later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. Fifty-two people were killed and over 700 more were injured in the attacks, making it Britain's deadliest terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, as well as the country's first ever Islamist suicide attack. 
The explosions were caused by homemade organic peroxide-based devices packed into backpacks. The bombings were followed two weeks later by a series of attempted attacks that failed to cause injury or damage. The 7 July attacks occurred the day after London had won its bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games, which had highlighted the city's multicultural reputation.[2] 
At 8:49 am, three bombs were detonated on board London Underground trains within fifty seconds of each other: 
A third bomb was detonated on a 6-car London Underground 1973 Stock Piccadilly line deep-level Underground train, number 311, travelling southbound from King's Cross St. Pancras to Russell Square. The device exploded approximately one minute after the service departed King's Cross, by which time it had travelled about 500 yards (450 m). The explosion occurred at the rear of the first car of the train—number 166—causing severe damage to the rear of that car as well as the front of the second one.[4] The surrounding tunnel also sustained damage. 
Deaths by nationality Country Number United Kingdom 32 Poland 3 Vietnam 2 Italy 1 France 1 Ghana 1 Afghanistan 1 India 1 New Zealand 1 Mauritius 1 Romania 1 Nigeria 1 Sri Lanka 1 Turkey 1 Iran 1 Grenada 1 Israel 1 Kenya 1 Total 52 
7 July 2005 London bombings 
Retrieved 2017-05-06. ↑ "Debian -- Ports". ↑ "Debian -- Debian GNU/Hurd". 1 2 "Chapter 1 – Definitions and overview". The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ. 
Debian. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 1 2 3 "ChangeLog". ibiblio. 
Retrieved 2016-08-18. ↑ "Chapter 3 – Debian Releases". 
A Brief History of Debian. 
Debian Documentation Team. 
Retrieved 10 February 2016. ↑ "A Brief History of Debian – A Detailed History". Retrieved October 13, 2015. ↑ "debian-devel". 
Debian. 1 2 Amor, J. J.; Robles, G.; González-Barahona, J. M.; Rivas, F.: Measuring Lenny: the size of Debian 5.0 ResearchGate 1 2 "Debian – Packages". Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-06-22. ↑ "Debian Moves to LibreOffice". Debian. 
Retrieved 2012-03-05. ↑ Noyes, Katherine (2012-01-11). "Debian Linux Named Most Popular Distro for Web Servers". PC World. 
Retrieved 2013-02-14. ↑ "Usage statistics and market share of Linux for websites". 
W3Techs.com. 
Retrieved 2014-06-10. 1 2 3 "Chapter 2. What's new in Debian 7.0". 
Release Notes for Debian 7.0 (wheezy), 32-bit PC. Debian. Retrieved 2014-05-27. ↑ "Debian GNU/Hurd". 
Debian. 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2014-06-10. ↑ "architecture requalification status for wheezy". 
Debian. Retrieved 2014-08-15. ↑ "Virtual Package: linux-image". Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-08-15. ↑ "Chapter 2 – Debian kernel source". Debian Linux Kernel Handbook. Alioth. 
2013-12-14. Retrieved 2014-08-15. ↑ "Unofficial non-free CDs including firmware packages". Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-08-16. ↑ "Debian on CDs". Debian. 2014-05-10. 
Retrieved 2014-05-27. 1 2 3 "Downloading Debian CD images with jigdo". Debian. 
2014-05-10. Retrieved 2014-05-26. ↑ "Downloading Debian CD/DVD images via HTTP/FTP". 
Debian. 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-05-26. ↑ "Installing Debian GNU/Linux via the Internet". 
Debian. Retrieved 2008-12-11. ↑ "4.3. Preparing Files for USB Memory Stick Booting". 
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide. Debian. 2010. 
Retrieved 2014-05-27. 1 2 "6.3. Using Individual Components". 
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide. Debian. 2013. 
Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-30. ↑ Watson, J.A. (2013-05-28). "Debian Linux 7.0 Wheezy: Hands on". 
Retrieved 2014-06-10. For the CD images, it is useful to know that Debian supports a number of different desktops, including GNOME, KDE, Xfce and LXDE, and there is a different 'disk 1' image for each of these desktops. ↑ "Chapter 1 – Introduction – What is the Debian Project?". A Brief History of Debian. 
Debian. 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2014-06-22. ↑ Murdock, Ian A. (1993-08-16). 
"New release under development; suggestions requested". 
Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.development. Usenet: CBusDD.MIK@unix.portal.com. Retrieved 2012-06-13. ↑ Nixon, Robin (2010). 
Ubuntu: Up and Running. 
O'Reilly Media. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-596-80484-8. Retrieved 2014-06-22. ↑ Hillesley, Richard (2007-11-02). 
"Debian and the grass roots of Linux". IT Pro. Retrieved 2014-05-25. ↑ Scheetz 1998, p. 17. ↑ "Release-0.91". ibiblio. 
1994-01-31. 
Retrieved 2014-07-03. ↑ Murdock, Ian A. (1994-01-06). 
"The Debian Linux Manifesto". ibiblio. Retrieved 2014-07-17. 1 2 3 4 "Chapter 3 – Debian Releases". 
A Brief History of Debian. 
Debian. 2013-05-04. 
Retrieved 2014-06-22. ↑ Stallman, Richard (1996-04-28). "The FSF is no longer sponsoring Debian". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.misc. 
Usenet: gnusenet199604280427.AAA00388@delasyd.gnu.ai.mit.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-22. ↑ Scheetz 1998, p. 18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Chapter 4 – A Detailed History". 
A Brief History of Debian. 
Debian. 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2014-08-01. ↑ Krafft 2005, pp. 31–32. 
1 2 Hertzog 2013, p. 9. ↑ Perens, Bruce (1997-07-05). "Debian's 'Social Contract' with the Free Software Community". debian-announce (Mailing list). 
Retrieved 2014-08-01. ↑ "It's Time to Talk About Free Software Again". 1 2 Scheetz 1998, p. 19. ↑ Perens, Bruce (2000-11-01). "Building Tiny Linux Systems with Busybox–Part I". 
Linux Journal. 
Retrieved 2014-06-05. ↑ Perens, Bruce (1998-03-18). 
"I am leaving Debian". debian-user (Mailing list). Debian. Retrieved 2014-06-05. ↑ Perens, Bruce (1997-12-01). 
"Ian Jackson is the next Debian Project Leader". debian-announce (Mailing list). Debian. Retrieved 2014-08-02. ↑ Grobman, Igor (1998-07-14). "debian-hurd@lists.debian.org is up!". debian-hurd (Mailing list). 
Retrieved 2014-08-02. 1 2 3 4 5 "Constitution for the Debian Project (v1.4)". Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-02-25. 1 2 "Debian Voting Information". Debian. 
2014-02-18. 
Retrieved 2014-06-03. ↑ Coleman 2013, p. 141. ↑ Akkerman, Wichert (1999-10-17). 
"New maintainer proposal". debian-project (Mailing list). 
Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-08-02. ↑ Lohner, Nils (1999-11-09). 
"New Linux distribution brings Debian to the desktop.". debian-commercial (Mailing list). 
Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-08-02. ↑ "Debian GNU/Linux 2.2, the 'Joel "Espy" Klecker' release, is officially released". 
Debian. 
2000-08-15. 
Retrieved 2011-07-27. ↑ Laronde, Thierry (2000-05-15). 
"First Debian Conference : the program". debian-devel-announce (Mailing list). 
Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-08-02. ↑ Lemos, Robert (2001-05-10). "HP settles on Debian Linux". CNET News. 
Retrieved 2014-08-19. ↑ Krafft 2005, p. 33. ↑ Lettice, John (2002-07-23). 
"Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 released". 
The Register. Retrieved 2014-08-19. ↑ LeMay, Renai (2005-03-18). 
"Debian leaders: Faster release cycle required". ZDNet. Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ "Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise". 
Ian Murdock. 
2005-04-20. Retrieved 2014-06-05. ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (2003-12-02). "Hackers used unpatched server to breach Debian". 
The Register. Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ Coleman 2013, p. 150. ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (2005-03-14). "Debian drops mainframe, Sparc development". 
The Register. 
Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ Verhelst, Wouter (2005-08-21). "Results of the meeting in Helsinki about the Vancouver proposal". debian-devel-announce (Mailing list). 
Debian. Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ Langasek, Steve (2005-03-14). "Bits (Nybbles?) from the Vancouver release team meeting". debian-devel-announce (Mailing list). 
Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ Coleman 2013, pp. 153–154. ↑ Jarno, Aurélien (2005-03-14). 
Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ Blache, Julien (2005-03-14). "Re: Bits (Nybbles?) from the Vancouver release team meeting". debian-devel (Mailing list). Debian. 
Retrieved 2014-08-03. ↑ "Chapter 2 – What's new in Debian GNU/Linux 3.1". Release Notes for Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 (`sarge'), Intel x86. 
Debian Debian GNU/Linux 8.2 with GNOME and some free software applications Developer Debian Project (Software in the Public Interest) OS family Unix-like Working state Current Source model Open source Initial release September 1993 (1993-09) Latest release 8.8 (Jessie) (May 6, 2017 (2017-05-06)[1]) [±] Available in 73 languages Update method APT (several front-ends available) Package manager dpkg Platforms ARM64, armel (ARM little-endian), armhf, MIPS, mipsel, PowerPC, PPC64le, x86-32, x86-64, z/Architecture[2] Kernel type Monolithic: * Linux * kFreeBSD (in development) Micro: * GNU Hurd (in development)[3] Userland GNU Default user interface GNOME License DFSG-compliant (free software licenses) Official website www.debian.org 
Official website Debian wiki Debian at DMOZ Debian at DistroWatch 
Early life 
Life 
Mary Venetia James (née Cavendish-Bentinck; 4 June 1861 – 2 May 1948) was a London society hostess and racehorse breeder. 
James was born into the Cavendish-Bentinck family, the daughter of Prudentia (née Leslie) and George Cavendish-Bentinck (1821–1891). Her brother was William George Cavendish-Bentinck (1854–1909) and they were related to the Dukes of Portland, with the dukedom eventually passing to her nephews, Ferdinand and Victor; she was also a relative and godmother of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, who later became Queen Consort of the United Kingdom. 
In 1872, the 11-year-old Mary Venetia Cavendish-Bentinck had been a bridesmaid at the wedding of Christina Nilsson, a famous opera singer of the period. The wedding was a high society affair, arranged by Venetia's father in Westminster Abbey, London. Venetia held the bride's bouquet whilst Nilsson took her vows with her future husband, French banker Auguste Rouzaud.[1][2] 
Venetia and her husband resided at Grafton Street, London, and bred horses at Coton House. 
Despite being a millionaire, James was noted for her extreme frugality. She served her guests milk that her cat wouldn't drink and preferred to host Catholics on Fridays because fish was cheaper than meat.[3] She was widowed in 1917, and financed the construction of a new department of Hospital of St Cross, Rugby, in the memory of her husband, who had also donated to the hospital.[4] She continued to breed horses and participate in races, winning the Victoria Cup and 1932 Coronation Cup. 
29 July 1872. ↑ "Marriage of Mademoiselle Christine Nilsson and M Rouzaud in Westminster Abbey". Christina Nilsson Sällskapet . Engraving, 19th-century English School. 
Retrieved 29 September 2014. 
External link in |website= (help) ↑ Summerskill, Ben (15 September 2004). 
"Tax cuts for the well off? 
That's a bit rich". The Guardian. ↑ Rugby From Old Photographs. Amberley Publishing Limited. 
2013. p. 33. ISBN 1445630583. ↑ "A Friend of the King". Liverpool Echo. 
2 May 1917. p. 3. ↑ "House party at Coton House". 
Windows on Warwickshire. Warwickshire County Council. Retrieved 1 October 2014. ↑ Brummer, Alex; Cowe, Roger (1998). 
Harper Collins Business. p. 33. 
ISBN 0002556766. ↑ Middlemas, Keith (1972). 
London: Book Club Associates. p. 197. ↑ "Friend Left Jewels to Queen". Dundee Courier. 30 June 1948. p. 2. 
Venetia James 
Background 
Plot 
Reception 
Television adaptation and VHS release 
Sequels 
References 
The Haunted Mask Author R. L. Stine Cover artist Tim Jacobus Country United States Language English Series Goosebumps Genre Horror fiction, children's literature Published September 1993 Scholastic Media type Print (paperback) Pages 121 (first edition) ISBN 0-590-49446-5 OCLC 28659535 LC Class MLC R CP01287 Preceded by The Ghost Next Door Followed by Be Careful What You Wish For... 
The Haunted Mask is the eleventh book in Goosebumps, the series of children's horror fiction novellas created and authored by R. L. Stine. The book follows Carly Beth, a girl who buys a Halloween mask from a store. After putting on the mask, she starts acting differently and discovers that the mask has become her face; she is unable to pull the mask off. 
The Haunted Mask was featured on the USA Today and Publishers Weekly bestseller list, and cited by one reviewer as "ideal for reluctant readers and Halloween-themed sleepovers." In the mid-1990s, the book was adapted for television and released on VHS on March 12, 1996. The Haunted Mask has three published sequels; The Haunted Mask II, The Scream of the Haunted Mask and a stand-alone story, Wanted: The Haunted Mask. 
The Haunted Mask was written by R. L. Stine and originally illustrated by Tim Jacobus. The author says the idea for the book came from his son Matthew Stine, who was wearing a Halloween mask that he had trouble getting off.[1] Stine also says that he incorporated a duck costume his parents got him for trick-or-treating in the book.[2] Tim Jacobus's niece was the model for the cover of the book.[3] 
The book was first published in September 1993 by Scholastic, and reissued in 2003[4] and on September 1, 2008.[5] 
In the opening chapter, Carly Beth and Sabrina discuss what costumes they are going to wear for Halloween, and Carly Beth is tricked by Steve into eating a sandwich containing a live worm. Horrified, Carly Beth flees and vows revenge. After school, she goes home and finds her mother has made her a silly duck costume for Halloween, and also a very realistic plaster of Paris model of Carly Beth's head. 
At the science fair, Steve causes a panic by announcing his pet tarantula has escaped, and Carly Beth is terrified of tarantulas. Steve creeps up behind her during the chaos, and pinches her leg to make it seem that the tarantula is biting her. Carly Beth flies into a frenzied panic, destroys her and Sabrina's project and is again humiliated in front of her teachers and classmates. 
Later that day, after she takes the mold of her head that her mother made, she puts on the mask and goes in search of Chuck and Steve, determined to get revenge on them. She starts acting more and more aggressively as the night goes on: she chokes Sabrina, throws apples at a house, and frightens children she doesn't know. When she manages to scare Chuck and Steve, she loses the head her mother made, but no longer cares. 
It can only be removed by a "symbol of love", but if it attaches itself to her or another person again, it will be forever. Carly Beth screams in horror, and the other masks begin to pursue her. While running away from the masks, she realizes that the mold her mother made is a symbol of love. 
The Haunted Mask was featured on USA Today's Top 150 Best-Selling Books database for 43 weeks, attaining a peak position of 107.[6] In 2001, it was listed as the 249th bestselling children's paperback book of all time by Publishers Weekly, having sold 1.42 million copies.[7] 
Terreece Clarke from Common Sense Media rated the book three stars out of five, commenting that it "is ideal for reluctant readers and Halloween-themed sleepovers" and "is one of the better books in the Goosebumps series".[5] FlavorWire's Kevin Pires listed the book as one of his ten favorite Goosebumps books, stating "Tim Jacobus’ [...] gripping illustration and Stine’s straightforward plot made The Haunted Mask an emblem for the series."[8] Nathan Reese and Brooke Marine from Complex.com ranked it as the best Goosebumps book, stating the book was very thrilling, and the twist ending caused the right amount of horror.[9] Author and librarian Herbert N. Foerstel stated it was "perhaps the most famous Goosebumps book".[10] 
Filming for The Haunted Mask television special began in 1995 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[11] The special first aired on October 27, 1995 on the Fox Network as the series premiere of the Goosebumps TV series.[12] In the United States, The Haunted Mask obtained a Nielsen rating of 8.2 and was viewed by 14.1 million people.[13] In Canada, the special aired on YTV and became the network's highest rated episode up to that point, with nearly three million viewers.[14] 
It was subsequently released on VHS on March 12, 1996.[15] The video was listed 75th in Billboard's list of Top Video Sales in their 1996 Year-In-Video charts, the only Goosebumps video on the list.[16] Complex.com's Frazier Tharpe named it the 12th best Halloween themed TV episode and called it one of the scariest Goosebumps episodes.[17] Michelle Erica Green from FamilyWonder.com viewed it less positively, stating that it had stereotypical characters, a corny feel-good message, and hokey special effects.[18] In 1997, Kathryn Long, who played Carly Beth, received a Gemini Award nomination for "Best Performance in a Children’s or Youth Program or Series".[19] 
Three sequels of the book were published, The Haunted Mask II in October 1995 (the thirty-sixth book in the Goosebumps series),[20] The Scream of the Haunted Mask on August 1, 2008 (the fourth book in the Goosebumps HorrorLand series)[21] and a stand-alone story on July 1, 2012, Wanted: The Haunted Mask.[22] Wanted: The Haunted Mask was published as a celebration of the 20th anniversary of Goosebumps.[23] Another book, The Haunted Mask Lives!, was listed on illustrator Tim Jacobus's website, but was not released.[24] 
Scholastic. Retrieved May 20, 2017. ↑ Neary, Lynn (October 31, 2008). "Goosebumps And Guffaws In Stine's 'HorrorLand'". 
Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ Jacobus, Tim (February 1998). It Came from New Jersey!: My Life as an Artist. Scholastic. p. 29. 
ISBN 0-590-10853-0. ↑ Lodge, Sally (July 21, 2003). "Children's Books for Fall, Sasquatch Books - Silver Dolphin". Publishers Weekly. 
"Classic Goosebumps: The Haunted Mask". Common Sense Media. Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ "The Haunted Mask". 
USA Today. Retrieved May 20, 2017. ↑ Hochman Turvey, Debbie (December 17, 2001). Roback, Diane; Britton, Jason, eds. 
"All-Time Bestselling Children's Books". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ Pires, Kevin (October 8, 2013). 
"Celebrate R.L. Stine’s 70th Birthday With His 10 Best ‘Goosebumps’ Books". FlavorWire. Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ Reese, Nathan; Marine, Brooke (October 27, 2014). 
"The Definitive Ranking of All 62 Original "Goosebumps" Books". Complex.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017. ↑ Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. 
Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 222. ISBN 0-313-31166-8. ↑ Gittins, Susan (August 30, 1996). "GROWTH STRATEGIES Bronfman in Prime Time Thanks to hit TV series such as Goosebumps and The X-Files, Paul Bronfman's entertainment mini-empire is poised to become an international player. 
Any resemblance to cousin Edgar Jr.'s MCA is strictly coincidental". The Globe and Mail – via Factiva. ↑ Martin, John (October 27, 1995). "Things that go 'Goosebumps' in the night". 
Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ "Nielsen ratings" (PDF). USA Today. Retrieved January 31, 2015. ↑ McKay, John (January 26, 1996). 
"Slime TV Kids horror series gives them Goosebumps". The Canadian Press. Winnipeg Free Press. p. D1 – via Factiva. ↑ Heffley, Lynne (March 22, 1996). 
FamilyWonder.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2000. Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ "Gemini Nominees: And the 1997 nominees are". 
Retrieved February 7, 2015. ↑ "The Haunted Mask II". RLStine.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017. ↑ Shannon, Terry Miller. 
"Goosebumps Horrorland: #4: The Scream of the Haunted Mask". Kidsreads.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017. ↑ "Wanted: The Haunted Mask". 
The Haunted Mask 
A Cat Abroad Author Peter Gethers Language English Genre Nonfiction novel Publication date 1993 Media type Print (Paperback) ISBN 978-0-449-90952-2 OCLC 31006501 Preceded by The Cat Who Went to Paris Followed by The Cat Who'll Live Forever 
A Cat Abroad is the second short novel by Peter Gethers that documents his life with his cat Norton, a Scottish Fold. It was preceded by The Cat Who Went to Paris and followed by The Cat Who'll Live Forever: The Final Adventures of Norton, the Perfect Cat, and His Imperfect Human. A Cat Abroad documents Gether's and Norton's time living in a foreign country and describes not only their relationship and experiences but also the intricacies and difficulties of living in a small hamlet in a foreign country. 
A Cat Abroad 
Definition 
Straight-line winds 
Formation 
Heat bursts 
Danger to aviation 
See also 
References 
A downburst is a strong ground-level wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, in a straight line in all directions, from the point of contact at ground level. Often producing damaging winds, it may be confused with a tornado, where high-velocity winds circle a central area, and air moves inward and upward; by contrast, in a downburst, winds are directed downward and then outward from the surface landing point. 
Downbursts are created by an area of significantly rain-cooled air that, after reaching ground level, spreads out in all directions producing strong winds. Dry downbursts are associated with thunderstorms with very little rain, while wet downbursts are created by thunderstorms with high amounts of rainfall. Microbursts and macrobursts are downbursts at very small and larger scales respectively. 
A downburst is created by a column of sinking air that after hitting ground level, spreads out in all directions and is capable of producing damaging straight-line winds of over 240 km/h (150 mph), often producing damage similar to, but distinguishable from, that caused by tornadoes. This is because the physical properties of a downburst are completely different from those of a tornado. Downburst damage will radiate from a central point as the descending column spreads out when hitting the surface, whereas tornado damage tends towards convergent damage consistent with rotating winds. 
Downbursts in air that is precipitation free or contains virga are known as dry downbursts;[1] those accompanied with precipitation are known as wet downbursts. Most downbursts are less than 4 km (2.5 mi) in extent: these are called microbursts.[2] Downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi) in extent are sometimes called macrobursts.[2] Downbursts can occur over large areas. In the extreme case, a derecho can cover a huge area more than 320 km (200 mi) wide and over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) long, lasting up to 12 hours or more, and is associated with some of the most intense straight-line winds,[3] but the generative process is somewhat different from that of most downbursts. 
The winds can reach 130 km/h (80 mph) and can last for periods of twenty minutes. Such straight-line wind events are most common during the spring when instability is highest and weather fronts routinely cross the country. Straight-line wind events in the form of derechos can take place in areas outside of the traditional tornado alley (such as in the Northeastern United States/Great Lakes Region and across southern Canada). 
Straight-line winds may be damaging to marine interests. Small ships, cutters and sailboats are at risk from this meteorological phenomenon. 
Due to interaction with the ground, the downburst quickly loses strength as it fans out and forms the distinctive "curl shape" that is commonly seen at the periphery of the microburst (see image). Downbursts usually last only a few minutes and then dissipate, except in the case of squall lines and derecho events. However, despite their short lifespan, microbursts are a serious hazard to aviation and property and can result in substantial damage to the area. 
A special, and much rarer, kind of downburst is a heat burst, which results from precipitation-evaporated air compressionally heating as it descends from very high altitude, usually on the backside of a dying squall line or outflow boundary.[5] Heat bursts are chiefly a nocturnal occurrence, can produce winds over 160 km/h (100 mph), are characterized by exceptionally dry air, and can suddenly raise the surface temperature to 38 °C (100 °F) or more, sometimes persisting for several hours. 
Downbursts, particularly microbursts, are exceedingly dangerous to aircraft which are taking off or landing due to the strong vertical wind shear caused by these events. A number of fatal crashes have been attributed to downbursts.[6] 
Retrieved on 30 July 2008. ↑ Peter S. Parke and Norvan J. Larson.Boundary Waters Windstorm. Retrieved on 30 July 2008. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology. Straight-line wind. 
Retrieved on 1 August 2008. ↑ "Oklahoma "heat burst" sends temperatures soaring". 
USA Today|1999-07-08. 
8 July 1999. Archived from the original on 25 December 1996. Retrieved 9 May 2007. ↑ NASA Langley Air Force Base. 
Downburst 
Lee In may refer to: 
Lee In (actor), South Korean actor Lee In (volleyball), South Korean volleyball player 
Lee In 
Film 
References 
External links 
Filmography 
Television series 
JoongAng Daily (in Korean). 3 December 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ↑ Im, Hye-sun (18 February 2009). 데뷔 13년차 이인 "연기 꼭 하고 싶습니다"(인터뷰). 
Lee In Fan Cafe at Daum (Korean) Lee In at HanCinema Lee In on Internet Movie Database Lee Joon at the Korean Movie Database 
Lee In Born (1984-06-14) June 14, 1984 Daejeon, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea Other names Lee Joon Education Chung-Ang University - Theater and Film Occupation Actor Years active 1998-present Agent L.B Entertainment Korean name Hangul 이준 Revised Romanization I Jun McCune–Reischauer I Chun Birth name Hangul 이인 Revised Romanization I In McCune–Reischauer I In 
Lee In (born June 14, 1984) is a South Korean actor. He made his acting debut as a child actor in 1998 using the stage name Lee Joon. He began using his real name professionally in 2008.[1][2] 
Year Title Role Network 1995 Korea Gate Park Ji-man SBS 1999 The Little Prince Jeong Yoo-seong KBS2 The King and the Queen young Prince Wolsan KBS1 2000 Promise young Kim Min-jae KBS1 2001 Empress Myeongseong young Gojong KBS2 2002 Sidestreet People Yoo Sam-sik KBS2 Present Kim Joon-hong MBC 2003 Age of Warriors Gangjong KBS1 2004 Sweet 18 Ji Nam-cheol KBS2 War of the Roses Lee Jae-dong MBC Magic Yoon Do-young SBS Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin Prince Gwanghae KBS1 Father of the Sea Park Jae-dong MBC 2005 Woman Above Flower Yang Dong-chan SBS Drama City "Pokhara" Kang Hyun-tae KBS2 2006 Freeze Channel CGV Hwang Jini KBS2 2007 Cannot Hate You Yang Dong-woo SBS 2008 King Sejong the Great young Prince Yangnyeong KBS1/KBS2 Painter of the Wind Shin Young-bok SBS 2009 Empress Cheonchu King Mokjong KBS2 Splendor of Youth Kim Joo-hyung KBS1 2010 The Slave Hunters Grand Prince Bongrim KBS2 Sungkyunkwan Scandal Park Dal-jae KBS2 Drama Special "Stone" Kwon Jae-ho KBS2 The King of Legend Ajikai KBS1 2013 TV Novel: Eunhui Im Sung-jae KBS2 2016 I'm Sorry, But I Love You Park Do-hun / Shin Min-joon SBS 
Lee In (actor) 
Year Title Role 1998 Spring in My Hometown Sung-min 1999 The Harmonium in My Memory Soon-cheol 2002 Break Out 2004 Father and Son: The Story of Mencius Maeng Sa-seong 2007 Muoi: The Legend of a Portrait Ji-hoon 2008 A Secret Scandal Hyun-woo 
Lee In (born 22 August 1952) is a South Korean former volleyball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics.[1] 
↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 21 June 2012. 
Lee In (volleyball) 
Aircraft 
Passengers and crew 
Crew 
Passengers 
Disappearance 
Search 
References 
On 7 June 2017, a Shaanxi Y-8 aircraft of the Myanmar Air Force was reported missing on a flight from Myeik to Yangon. There were 122 people on board. Debris from the aircraft was reported to have been found 118 nautical miles (218 km) off Dawei by a Myanmar Navy ship. 
The aircraft involved was a Shaanxi Y-8F-200 of the Myanmar Air Force,[1] serial number 5820.[2] It had been delivered in March 2016 and had flown for 806 hours at the time of its disappearance.[1] 
The aircraft's captain was Lt-Col Nyein Chan and the co-pilots were Lt-Col Soe Thu Win and Maj Thant Zin Htay. The aircraft had 14 crew members. [3] 
108 military staff members and their families, including 15 children, were on board when the plane lost communication with Dawei airbase. Six high-ranking officers and 29 other military personnel were on board. [4] 
The aircraft was on a flight from Myeik to Yangon.[5] It was carrying 14 crew and 108 passengers, who comprised 15 children, 35 military personnel and 58 civilian adults.[6][7] It was also carrying 2.4 long tons (2.4 t) of freight. The aircraft had departed from Myeik for Yangon at 13:06 local time (06:36 UTC).[8] At 13:35, communication was lost with the aircraft when it was 20 nautical miles (37 km) west of Dawei (13°48′N 98°02′E / 13.800°N 98.033°E / 13.800; 98.033).[5] The aircraft was flying at 18,000 feet (5,500 m) at the time. A search and rescue operation was launched in the Andaman Sea.[1][9] An unidentified spokesman said that weather was not thought to be a factor in the aircraft's disappearance.[10] No mayday call had been received from the aircraft.[11] 
Six Myanmar Navy ships, and three military aircraft and helicopters were sent to assist in the search.[8][12] Debris from the aircraft was reported to have been found 118 nautical miles (218 km) off Dawei by a Myanmar Navy ship.[1] On 8 June, it was reported that ten bodies had been found.[13] Fifteen people are said to have survived.[14] 
Retrieved 7 June 2017. ↑ MayWongCNA (7 June 2017). "(untitled)" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ↑ "Three Bodies, Debris Found in Search for Missing Military Plane". The Irrawaddy News Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ↑ "Three Bodies, Debris Found in Search for Missing Military Plane". 
2017 Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8 crash 
Marriage and children 
Move to the United States 
Divorce and remarriage 
See also 
References 
Early life 
Move to Australia 
Helena Rubinstein Born Chaja Rubinstein (1872-12-25)December 25, 1872 Kraków, Poland Died April 1, 1965(1965-04-01) (aged 92) Manhattan, New York City, US Nationality Polish[1] Other names Princess Gourielli, Madame Helena Rubinstein, Chaja Rubinstein Occupation Businesswoman, philanthropist, art collector, cosmetician Known for Founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein Incorporated cosmetics company Spouse(s) Edward William Titus (1908-1938; divorced; 2 children) Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia (1938-1956; his death) 
Helena Rubinstein (born Chaja Rubinstein, December 25, 1872[2] – April 1, 1965) was a Polish American businesswoman, art collector, and philanthropist. A cosmetics entrepreneur, she was the founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein Incorporated cosmetics company, which made her one of the world's richest women.[3] 
Rubinstein was the eldest of eight daughters[4] born to a Polish-Jewish couple, Augusta - Gitte (Gitel) Shaindel Rubinstein née Silberfeld and Horace - Naftoli Hertz Rubinstein; who was a shopkeeper in the city of Kraków in Lesser Poland, which became part of Austria-Hungary following the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. The existentialist philosopher Martin Buber was her cousin. She was also the cousin of Ruth Rappaport's mother.[5] 
(147 cm), Rubinstein emigrated from Poland to Australia in 1902, with no money and little English. Her stylish clothes and milky complexion did not pass unnoticed among the town's ladies, however, and she soon found enthusiastic buyers for the jars of beauty cream in her luggage. She spotted a market where she began to make her own. 
Coleraine, in the Western Victoria region, where her uncle was a shopkeeper, might have been an "awful place" but was home to some 75 million sheep that secreted abundant quantities of wool grease or wool wax, chemically known as lanolin. These sheep were the wealth of the nation and the Western District's vast mobs of merinos produced the finest wool in the land. To disguise the lanolin's pungent odour, Rubinstein experimented with lavender, pine bark and water lilies. 
There, she found an admirer willing to stump up the funds to launch her Crème Valaze, supposedly including herbs imported "from the Carpathian Mountains". Costing ten pence and selling for six shillings, it walked off the shelves as fast as she could pack it in pots. Known to her customers only as Helena, Rubinstein could soon afford to open a salon in fashionable Collins Street, selling glamour as a science to clients whose skin was "diagnosed" and a suitable treatment "prescribed". 
Sydney was next, and within five years Australian operations were profitable enough to finance a Salon de Beauté Valaze in London. As such, Rubinstein formed one of the world's first cosmetic companies. Her business enterprise proved immensely successful and later in life, she used her enormous wealth to support charitable institutions in the fields of education, art and health. 
Rubinstein rapidly expanded her operation. In 1908, her sister Ceska assumed the Melbourne shop's operation, when, with $100,000, Rubinstein moved to London and began what was to become an international enterprise. (Women at this time could not obtain bank loans, so the money was her own.) 
They had two sons, Roy Valentine Titus (London, December 12, 1909–New York, June 18, 1989) and Horace Titus (London, April 23, 1912–New York, May 18, 1958). They eventually moved to Paris where she opened a salon in 1912. Her husband helped with writing the publicity and set up a small publishing house, published Lady Chatterley's Lover and hired Samuel Putnam to translate famous model Kiki's memoirs. 
Rubinstein threw lavish dinner parties and became known for apocryphal quips, such as when an intoxicated French ambassador expressed vitriol toward Edith Sitwell and her brother Sacheverell: "Vos ancêtres ont brûlé Jeanne d'Arc!" Rubinstein, who knew little French, asked a guest what the ambassador had said. "He said, 'Your ancestors burned Joan of Arc.'" 
At another fête, Marcel Proust asked her what makeup a duchess might wear. She summarily dismissed him because "he smelt of mothballs." Rubinstein recollected later, "How was I to know he was going to be famous?"[7] 
This was the beginning of her vicious rivalry with the other great lady of the cosmetics industry, Elizabeth Arden. Both Rubinstein and Arden, who died within 18 months of each other, were social climbers. And they were both keenly aware of effective marketing and luxurious packaging, the attraction of beauticians in neat uniforms, the value of celebrity endorsements, the perceived value of overpricing and the promotion of the pseudoscience of skincare. 
From 1917, Rubinstein took on the manufacturing and wholesale distribution of her products. The "Day of Beauty" in the various salons became a great success. The purported portrait of Rubinstein in her advertising was of a middle-age mannequin with a Gentile appearance. 
In 1928, she sold the American business to Lehman Brothers for $7.3 million, ($88 million in 2007). After the arrival of the Great Depression, she bought back the nearly worthless stock for less than $1 million and eventually turned the shares into values of multimillion dollars, establishing salons and outlets in almost a dozen U.S. cities. Her subsequent spa at 715 Fifth Avenue included a restaurant, a gymnasium and rugs by painter Joan Miró. 
Freed of her former marriage vows, in 1938 Helena readily married Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia (1895–1955), whose somewhat clouded materlineal claim to Georgian nobility, as that of Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia (sometimes spelled Courielli-Tchkonia; born in Georgia, February 18, 1895, died in New York City November 21, 1955), stemmed from his having been born a member of the untitled noble Tchkonia family of Guria, enticing the ambitious young man to appropriate the genuine title of his grandmother, born Princess Gourielli. 
Self-styled Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia was 23 years younger than Rubinstein. Eager for a regal title to call her own, Rubinstein pursued the handsome youth avidly, coming to name a male cosmetics line after her youthful prized catch. Some have claimed that the marriage was a marketing ploy, including Rubinstein's being able to pass herself off as Helena Princess Gourielli.[8] 
Helena Rubinstein 
↑ "Helena Rubinstein". Biography.com. Retrieved May 19, 2017. ↑ Woodhead, Lindy (2004). 
War Paint (1st ed.). UK: Wiley. ISBN 0471487783. ↑ "The Beauty Merchant". 
Retrieved 2015-10-26. ↑ O'Higgins, Patrick (1971). Madame: An Intimate Biography of Helena Rubinstein. Viking Press. p. 17. ↑ Kanfer, Stefan. 
"The Czarinas of Beauty". city-journal.org. Retrieved 2008-08-08. ↑ Mrs. Astor and the Gilded Age ↑ Poynter, J. R. "Rubinstein, Helena (1870–1965)". 
Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved December 20, 2010. ↑ McCulloch, Alan Encyclopedia of Australian Art Hutchinson of London 1968 ↑ "Helena Rubenstein Courielli". findagrave.com. 
Retrieved 2011-04-26. ↑ Green, Penelope (2004-02-15). "The Rivals". The New York Times. 
Retrieved 2008-08-08. ↑ Ruth Graham, "More Than Skin Deep", The Wall Street Journal February 5, 2011. From a review of the book Ugly Beauty: Helena Rubinstein, L'Oréal, and the Blemished History of Looking Good by Ruth Brandon ↑ Cunningham, Tessa (3 Mar 2013). "The beauty queen who paid for your make-up with misery". 
Retrieved 9 Apr 2014. ↑ Center, Foundation. "Helena Rubinstein Foundation to Close at Year's End". ↑ Rosenberg, Karen (October 30, 2014). "Celebrating Helena Rubinstein at the Jewish Museum" – via NYTimes.com. ↑ "Helena Rubinstein: Beauty Is Power". ↑ Rubenstein, Helena (1938). 
Food For Beauty (First ed.). New York: Ives Washburn. p. 245. 
This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of paintings (絵画, kaiga) for the Prefecture of Akita.[1] 
Retrieved 17 October 2013. ↑ 絹本著色唐太宗花鳥図〈小田野直武筆／〉 [Taizong of Tang, Flowers and Birds, colour on silk, by Odano Naotake] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 17 October 2013. ↑ 唐太宗･花鳥山水 [Taizong of Tang - Landscape with Flowers and Birds] (in Japanese). 
Exotic bird in a pine, colour on silk, by Satake Shozan 絹本著色松に唐鳥図（佐竹曙山筆／） kenpon chakushoku matsu ni karadori zu (Satake Shozan hitsu) 1748.1785 !later C18 Yokote private (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) Akita ranga[5][6] 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) A Thousand Mountains, Ten Thousand Rivers, colour on silk, by Watanabe Kazan 絹本著色千山万水図〈渡辺崋山筆／〉 kenpon chakushoku senzan bansui zu (Watanabe Kazan hitsu) 1841 !1841 Akita private [7] 39°48′53″N 140°03′39″E / 39.814824°N 140.060856°E / 39.814824; 140.060856 (Katamukai, Kanaashikoizumi, Akita) Taizong of Tang, Flowers and Birds, colour on silk, by Odano Naotake 絹本著色唐太宗花鳥図〈小田野直武筆／〉 kenpon chakushoku Tō Taisō kachō zu (Odano Naotake hitsu) 1770.1779 !1770s Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) three scrolls; Akita ranga[8][9] 122.0 centimetres (4.003 ft) by 44.5 centimetres (1.46 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Taima Mandala, colour on silk 絹本著色当麻曼荼羅図 kenpon chakushoku Taima mandara zu 1185.1333 !Kamakura period Daisen Jōren-ji (浄蓮寺) some flaking of the paint[10] 39°24′24″N 140°28′56″E / 39.406663°N 140.482253°E / 39.406663; 140.482253 (Jōrenji) Shinobazu Pond, colour on silk, by Odano Naotake 絹本著色不忍池図〈小田野直武筆／〉 kenpon chakushoku Shinobazu-no-ike zu (Odano Naotake hitsu) 1770.1779 !1770s Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) Akita ranga[11][12] 132.5 centimetres (4.35 ft) by 98.5 centimetres (3.23 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) 
Child Monju 稚児文珠像 chigo Monju zō 1602.1674 !C17 Nikaho Kanman-ji (蚶満寺)) holding a nyoi (scepter); by Kanō Tan'yū[14] 39°12′56″N 139°54′12″E / 39.215597°N 139.903293°E / 39.215597; 139.903293 (Kanmanji) for all refs see Fugen Bosatsu 普賢菩薩像 Fugen Bosatsu zō 1602.1674 !C17 Daisen private by Kanō Tan'yū; thought, alongside his Child Monju at Kanman-ji in Nikaho, to have been part of a group of three paintings - the whereabouts of the central image of Shaka Nyorai is currently unknown[15] 120 centimetres (3.9 ft) by 75 centimetres (2.46 ft) 39°28′02″N 140°28′14″E / 39.467110°N 140.470505°E / 39.467110; 140.470505 (Wakatake-chō, Daisen) Portrait of Hakuun 白雲上人画像 Hakuun shōnin gazō Misato Hongaku-ji (本覚寺) 39°25′19″N 140°32′59″E / 39.421981°N 140.549737°E / 39.421981; 140.549737 (Hongakuji) Sixteen Arhats 十六羅漢像 jūroku rakan zō 1603.1868 !Edo period Akita Tentoku-ji (天徳寺) sixteen scrolls 39°44′19″N 140°07′13″E / 39.738528°N 140.120208°E / 39.738528; 140.120208 (Tentokuji) Customs of Akita, colour on paper, emaki 紙本着色秋田風俗絵巻 shihon chakushoku Akita fuzoku emaki Akita Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Prefectural Museum) [16] 14.7 metres (48 ft) by 38.3 centimetres (1.26 ft) 39°49′02″N 140°03′58″E / 39.817354°N 140.066210°E / 39.817354; 140.066210 (Akita Prefectural Museum) Senju Kannon, colour on silk 絹本着色千手観音像 kenpon chakushoku Senju Kannon zō Nikaho private 39°17′35″N 139°57′51″E / 39.293180°N 139.964227°E / 39.293180; 139.964227 (Shin-machi, Nikaho) Mandala of the Two Realms 金剛胎蔵両界曼荼羅 Kongō-Taizō Ryōkai mandara 1300.1333 circa !end of the Kamakura period Oga Chōraku-ji (長楽寺) two scrolls, colour on silk[17] 39°52′00″N 139°45′06″E / 39.866567°N 139.751801°E / 39.866567; 139.751801 (Chōrakuji) Chinese Peony in a Flower Basket, colour on silk, by Odano Naotake 絹本着色芍薬花籠図 直武筆 kenpon chakushoku shakuyaku hana kago zu Naotake hitsu 1770.1779 !1770s Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) Akita ranga[18] 94.5 centimetres (3.10 ft) by 21.0 centimetres (0.689 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Kisakata, colour on paper, byōbu 紙本着色象潟図屏風 shihon chakushoku Kisakata zu byōbu 1747.1824 !Edo period Nikaho Nikaho City (kept at the Nikaho City Kisakata Historical Museum (にかほ市象潟郷土資料館)) the six-panel folding-screen by Nagamasa Eishō (牧野永昌) (1747-1824) depicts Kisakata (象潟) before the great 1804 earthquake that transformed the landscape; Matsuo Bashō visited in 1689 and celebrated Kisakata in Oku no Hosomichi; the area has been designated a Natural Monument[19][20] 39°12′06″N 139°54′26″E / 39.201556°N 139.907112°E / 39.201556; 139.907112 (Nikaho City Kisakata Historical Museum) True Views and Colouring, colour on paper, by Hakuun 紙本着色白雲筆真景帖および彩絵方 shihon chakushoku Hakuun hitsu shinkeijō oyobi saekata 1764.1825 !end C18/early C19 Misato private (kept at Hongaku-ji (本覚寺)) 39°25′19″N 140°32′59″E / 39.421981°N 140.549737°E / 39.421981; 140.549737 (Hongakuji) Amida Raigō, on silk 絹本阿弥陀来迎図 kenpon Amida raigō zu Ōdate private 40°13′46″N 140°34′47″E / 40.229562°N 140.579810°E / 40.229562; 140.579810 (Shimoōgita, Ōdate) Akita Ranga, Peonies on a Rock 秋田蘭画「岩に牡丹図」 Akita ranga "iwa no botan zu" 1757.1830 !Edo period Daisen private by Tashiro Tadakuni (田代忠国) (1757-1830)[21] 97 centimetres (3.18 ft) by 28.5 centimetres (0.94 ft) 39°27′51″N 140°28′45″E / 39.464170°N 140.479120°E / 39.464170; 140.479120 (Ōmagaritōri-machi, Daisen) Hanshan and Shide, ink on paper 紙本墨画寒山拾得 shihon bokuga Kanzan Jittoku Akita Daihi-ji (大悲寺) pair of scrolls 39°42′46″N 140°06′38″E / 39.712894°N 140.110477°E / 39.712894; 140.110477 (Daihiji) Sixteen Benevolent Deities, colour on silk 絹本着色十六善神 kenpon chakushoku jūroku zenjin Akita Daihi-ji (大悲寺) 39°42′46″N 140°06′38″E / 39.712894°N 140.110477°E / 39.712894; 140.110477 (Daihiji) Kōbō Daishi, colour on silk 絹本着色弘法大師像 kenpon chakushoku Kōbō Daishi zō 1300.1375 circa !end of the Kamakura period/early Muromachi period Oga Chōraku-ji (長楽寺) holding a vajra and rosary[22] 39°52′00″N 139°45′06″E / 39.866567°N 139.751801°E / 39.866567; 139.751801 (Chōrakuji) Sketchbook of Odano Naotake 小田野直武筆写生帖 Odano Naotake hitsu shaseichō 1777 circa !c.1777 Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) ink and colour on paper[23] 42.5 centimetres (1.39 ft) by 28.3 centimetres (0.93 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Cranes, by Shen Nanpin 鶴之図(沈南蘋筆) tsuru no zu (Shen Nanpin hitsu) 1738 !1738 Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) pair of scrolls[24] 97.2 centimetres (3.19 ft) by 49.6 centimetres (1.63 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Shaka Triad 釈迦三尊像図 Shaka sanson zō Akita Tōfuku-ji (当福寺) 39°43′10″N 140°06′39″E / 39.719352°N 140.110788°E / 39.719352; 140.110788 (Tōfukuji) Copy of Van Royen's Flowers and Birds, colour on paper, by Ishikawa Tairō and Ishikawa Mōkō 紙本着色ファン・ロイエン筆 花鳥図模写 石川大浪・孟高合筆 shihon chakushoku Fan Roien hitsu kachō zu mosha Ishikawa Tairō・Mōkō hitsu 1796 !1796 Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) copy of W. Van Royen's painting of 1725[25][26] 232.8 centimetres (7.64 ft) by 107.0 centimetres (3.510 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Nursing Tigress, by Hirafuku Suian 平福穂庵筆 乳虎 Hirafuku Suian hitsu nyūko 1890 !1890 Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) ink and colour on silk[27] 159.5 centimetres (5.23 ft) by 82.4 centimetres (2.70 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) High Mountains Clear Autumn, by Terasaki Kōgyō 寺崎廣業筆 高山清秋 Terasaki Kōgyō hitsu kōzan seishū 1914 !1914 Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) on silk, mounted on a pair of six-panel folding screens[28] 364.2 centimetres (11.95 ft) by 168.2 centimetres (5.52 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Haruyama, by Hirafuku Hyakusui 平福百穂筆 春山 Hirafuku Hyakusui hitsu Haruyama 1933 !1933 Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) ink and colour on paper[29] 104.0 centimetres (3.412 ft) by 91.0 centimetres (2.986 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Mount Fuji, by Odano Naotake 小田野直武筆 富嶽図 Odano Naotake hitsu Fugaku zu 1770.1779 !1770s Yokote Akita Prefecture (kept at the Akita Museum of Modern Art) colour on silk[30] 77.0 centimetres (2.526 ft) by 43.5 centimetres (1.43 ft) 39°17′32″N 140°32′51″E / 39.2923054°N 140.54753148°E / 39.2923054; 140.54753148 (Akita Museum of Modern Art) Sketchbook of Satake Shozan 佐竹曙山 写生帖 Satake Shozan shaseichō 1748.1785 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) three volumes[31] 34.0 centimetres (13.4 in) by 26.3 centimetres (10.4 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) Scenery with Lake, by Satake Shozan 佐竹曙山筆 湖山風景図 Satake Shozan hitsu gozan fūkei zu 1748.1785 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 16.0 centimetres (6.3 in) by 26.3 centimetres (10.4 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) Bamboo and Java Sparrows, by Satake Shozan 佐竹曙山筆 竹に文鳥図 Satake Shozan hitsu take ni bunchō zu 1748.1785 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 136.0 centimetres (53.5 in) by 40.0 centimetres (15.7 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) Irises and a Knife, by Satake Shozan 佐竹曙山筆 燕子花にナイフ図 Satake Shozan hitsu kakitsubata ni naifu zu 1748.1785 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 112.5 centimetres (44.3 in) by 40.0 centimetres (15.7 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) Pink Lotus, by Satake Shozan 佐竹曙山筆 紅蓮図 Satake Shozan hitsu guren zu 1748.1785 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 87.0 centimetres (34.3 in) by 30.5 centimetres (12.0 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) Bamboo Grass and White Rabbit, by Odano Naotake 小田野直武筆 笹に白兎図 Odano Naotake hitsu sasa ni shiro usagi zu 1750.1780 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 100.5 centimetres (39.6 in) by 32.5 centimetres (12.8 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) Children with Dog, by Odano Naotake 小田野直武筆 児童愛犬図 Odano Naotake hitsu jidō aiken zu 1750.1780 !later C18 Akita Akita City (kept at the Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 41.5 centimetres (16.3 in) by 64.0 centimetres (25.2 in) 39°43′02″N 140°07′28″E / 39.717346°N 140.124575°E / 39.717346; 140.124575 (Akita Senshū Museum of Art) 
National Cultural Properties 
Prefectural Cultural Properties 
See also 
References 
This list is of paintings located within the Prefecture of Aomori, Japan, that have been designated Cultural Properties.[1] 
As of 1 September 2013, zero properties have been designated as being of national significance.[2][3][4] 
As of 14 August 2013, six properties have been designated at a prefectural level.[4][5] 
Byōbu with map of the world 世界地図屏風 sekai chizu byōbu early Edo period Aomori private 6 panels 40°49′34″N 140°45′00″E / 40.826150°N 140.749948°E / 40.826150; 140.749948 (Honchō) Shinran and associated figures 親鸞上人連座御影 Shinran shōnin renza miei Muromachi period Ajigasawa Raishō-ji (来生寺) 1 scroll, colours on silk; at the top is Hōnen and, below, Shinran (founder of the Jōdo Shinshū school) and his disciples[6] 143.0 centimetres (56.3 in) by 48.0 centimetres (18.9 in) 40°46′57″N 140°12′05″E / 40.782442°N 140.201286°E / 40.782442; 140.201286 (Raishōji) Image of Amida Nyorai 阿弥陀如来像 Amida Nyorai zō Muromachi period Ajigasawa Raishō-ji (来生寺) 1 scroll, colours on silk; the 48 rays of light symbolise Amida's 48 vows[6] 134.0 centimetres (52.8 in) by 38.0 centimetres (15.0 in) 40°46′57″N 140°12′05″E / 40.782442°N 140.201286°E / 40.782442; 140.201286 (Raishōji) Taima Mandala, colours on silk 絹本著色当麻曼荼羅図 kenpon chakushoku Taima Mandara-zu Kamakura period Hirosaki Teishō-ji (貞昌寺) displayed every year at the spring and autumn equinox; affected by flaking[7] 40°35′39″N 140°27′42″E / 40.594265°N 140.461621°E / 40.594265; 140.461621 (Teishōji) Byōbu with scenes of cherry- and maple-viewing, colours on paper (by the brush of Arai Seihō) 新井晴峰筆紙本著色観桜観楓図屏風 Arai Seihō-hitsu shihon chakushoku kanō kanpō-zu byōbu late Edo period Hirosaki Hirosaki City (at Hirosaki City Museum (弘前市立博物館)) pair of screens, each with 6 panels[8] 40°36′19″N 140°27′45″E / 40.605262°N 140.462555°E / 40.605262; 140.462555 (Hirosaki City Museum) Image of Shōbō, colours on silk 絹本著色聖宝僧正像 kenpon chakushoku Shōbō sōjō zō C14 (first half) Fukaura Engaku-ji (円覚寺) 1 scroll; brought to Engaku-ji in the Meiji period; during repairs in 2003 two paper slips dating to repairs in 1772 were discovered, documenting that prior to that year the painting was housed in the Jōrokudō at Daigo-ji, founded by Shōbō; there are few mediaeval images of important non-Zen Buddhist figures in Tōhoku 40°38′32″N 139°55′22″E / 40.642256°N 139.922755°E / 40.642256; 139.922755 (Engakuji) 
List of Cultural Properties of Japan - paintings (Aomori) 
Retrieved 27 September 2013. ↑ 絹本著色当麻曼荼羅図 [Taima Mandala, colours on silk] (in Japanese). Hirosaki City. Retrieved 27 September 2013. ↑ 新井晴峰筆 紙本著色観桜観楓図屏風 [Byōbu with scenes of cherry- and maple-viewing, colours on paper (by the brush of Arai Seihō)] (in Japanese). 
"Wonder Woman: Gal Gadot interview". Entertainment Weekly. 
Retrieved June 11, 2017. ↑ Strauss, Bob (May 31, 2017). 
"How 'Wonder Woman' lassoed the first female director of a studio superhero movie". The Mercury News. 1 2 "Wonder Woman review roundup – Critics conclude Patty Jenkins' film better than Batman v Superman". 
Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson-Williams[1] Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company DC Films Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15) (Shanghai) June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02) (United States) Running time 141 minutes[2][3] Country United States Language English Budget $149 million[4] Box office $436.5 million[4] 
The film is directed by Patty Jenkins, with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story by Heinberg, Zack Snyder, and Jason Fuchs. Gal Gadot stars as the titular character with Chris Pine, Robin Wright, Danny Huston, David Thewlis, Connie Nielsen, and Elena Anaya in supporting roles. Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character, following her debut in 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. 
Set in 1918, the film tells the story of Princess Diana, who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira. After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by Diana, he tells her about the ongoing World War. She then leaves her home in order to end the conflict, becoming Wonder Woman in the process. 
Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15, 2017, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D. It received positive reviews from critics, with many praising Gadot and Pine's performances. The film set records for the biggest domestic opening for a female director ($103.3 million) and the biggest opening for a female-led comic book film, and has grossed $436 million worldwide, making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2017.[7] 
George Magrill Born (1900-01-05)January 5, 1900 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Died May 31, 1952(1952-05-31) (aged 52) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1923-1952 Spouse(s) Ramona Oliver (1 child) Children Marylinn (c. 
George Magrill (January 5, 1900 – May 31, 1952) was an American film actor.[1] He appeared in 326 films between 1923 and 1952. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, was married to Ramona Oliver, and had a daughter named Marilynn. 
Magrill died in Los Angeles, California. 
George Magrill on Internet Movie Database 
George Magrill 
Description 
References 
Background 
Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan Artist Thomas Gainsborough Year 1787 Medium oil on canvas Dimensions 219.7 cm × 153.7 cm (86.5 in × 60.5 in) Location National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 
Mrs. Sheridan (Elizabeth Ann Linley) was a talented musician who enjoyed professional success in Bath and London before marrying Richard Brinsley Sheridan in 1773 and abandoning her career. She was 31 when she sat for Gainsborough, dying from tuberculosis seven years later at the age of thirty-eight. The portrait was painted between 1785 and 1787, and, was exhibited at Gainsborough's studio at Schomberg House, Pall Mall in 1786. 
Elizabeth Ann Sheridan (née Linley) was born in the autumn of 1754 but the exact date varies with sources giving 4, 5 or 7 September,[1] at either Abbey Green[1] or 5 Pierrepont Street, Bath.[2] Her father was Thomas Linley, an English musician and composer, and her mother was Mary Johnson (1729–1820) who was also a talented musician.[3] Elizabeth was the couple's eldest daughter – there was an older brother but he died in early childhood,[4] several of whom inherited their parents musical abilities.[3] It is likely she began singing at concerts when she was only nine years old and made her formal stage début alongside her brother, also named Thomas, in 1767 at Covent Garden, London.[1] 
At the end of 1770, she was betrothed to an elderly but wealthy suitor, Walter Long, but the engagement was broken off shortly before the wedding took place. Long paid her compensation of £3,000 in 1771 and she also received £1,000 worth of clothing and jewellery.[1] She moved to France in 1772 accompanied by Richard Brinsley Sheridan and an invalid marriage may have taken place in March 1772 but there are no official records to verify it.[1] The couple were officially married on 13 April 1773 after their return to Britain,[1] the period when Elizabeth was described by Frances Burney as "infinitely superior to all other English singers."[1] According to later newspaper reports their courtship was "one of the classic romances of the west country" and she was "the most beautiful singer in England".[5] After they were officially married Sheridan would not allow her to appear on stage[6] in a professional capacity as he felt it reflected badly on his status as a gentleman.[7] 
Thomas Gainsborough had been a friend of the family since 1759 and he painted several portraits of the Linley family.[8] Elizabeth was also the model for the Joshua Reynolds painting St Cecilia, which was successfully exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1775, and described by Reynolds as "the best picture I ever painted."[9] 
The Sheridans had a tempestuous marriage as they were an ill-matched couple with Sheridan preferring city life in contrast to Elizabeth's love of the countryside.[10] Elizabeth begged her husband to "Take me out of the whirl of the world, place me in the quiet and simple scenes of life I was born for."[11] Sheridan had several affairs, as did Elizabeth, and they spent a great deal of time apart.[1] By the time she was 36, in 1790, Elizabeth was showing signs of ill-health but had to maintain the appearance of an involvement with London society.[12] While visiting Devonshire House Elizabeth met Lord Edward FitzGerald and they became lovers.[13] She conceived a child by him, a baby girl who was born on 30 March 1792.[1] The trauma of childbirth exacerbated Elizabeth's illness and she died of tuberculosis on 28 June 1792.[1] 
The oil on canvas painting measures 219.7 × 153.7 cm (86.5 × 60.5 in).[14] The depiction of full-figure portraits in nature was a speciality of 18th-century English artists, especially Gainsborough who delighted in painting landscapes; Elizabeth with her love for the English countryside was the ideal model for him.[10] The composition is diagonal[10] and is in the grand manner genre.[15] The NGA describes the work as "freely painted" and impressionistic in style. The sitter's garb and "the windblown landscape ... reflect the strong romantic component in Gainsborough's artistic temperament ... Her chin and mouth are firm, definite, and sculptural, and her heavily drawn eyebrows give her a steady, composed, and dignified expression. 
Although using an outside setting, it is not a conversation piece; it has a certain psychological depth brought about with the attention given to the details of dress and texture as testaments to worldly elegance and wealth.[10] The model's hair is treated in the same manner as the leaves and branches of the trees in the background and some of the sunset's pink glaze is reflected in the colour of her gown.[10] The lonely tree behind her matches her isolated figure and adds to the impression of the remoteness of the abandoned feminine figure in the deserted landscape; possibly longing for something she cannot achieve in her life.[10] A shimmering transparent effect is given to the hand-held scarf by the use of long brush strokes and thin oil colour. The portrait captures the model's charming personality and fresh beauty; her face is the only part of the painting that is calm and solid. The paint is applied with soft and nervous, flying brush strokes. 
This painting was first owned by Edward Bouverie and his wife Harriet who were friends of the Sheridans.[16] It remained with the Bouveries until 1872 when it was sold at auction by their grandson General Everard Bouverie to Alfred de Rothschild. The painting was owned by various members of the famous Rothschild banking family up until 1936, when it was sold to the Duveen Brothers, Inc., in London. The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh bought the artwork on 26 April 1937 and it was then donated to the National Gallery of Art.[17] 
Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (painting) 
Anniversary names 
Anniversary symbols 
See also 
References 
Latin-derived numerical names 
Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home by Emily Post, published in 1922, contained suggestions for wedding anniversary gifts for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and 75 years.[12] Wedding anniversary gift suggestions for other years were added in later editions and publications; they now comprise what is referred to as the "traditional" list. Generally speaking, the longer the period, the more precious or durable the material associated with it. See wedding anniversary for a general list of the wedding anniversary symbols; however, there are variations in some national traditions. 
American Speech. 40 (01): 53–57. ISSN 0003-1283. 
JSTOR 454178. doi:10.2307/454178. 
It is our policy to reply as courteously and helpfully as we can to such requests, and I answered Mr. Hatten on August 7, suggesting quasquicentennial. 
I hope we have been able to help you. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State Local Records Inventory Database ↑ "Under the Cupola". 
The etymology of "demisemiseptcentennial" is compared to "hemidemisemiquaver", a 64th note. ↑ "Pickle Barrel: 175th-birthday bash planned for Dillsburg." The Patriot-News (Mechanicsburg, Penn.), Wednesday, 18 June 2008. ↑ "Under the Cupola". Neighbors of Batavia, July / August 2008, p. 
29. ↑ "Brown lowers the curtain on 15-month semiquincentenary". Brown University. 2015-06-11. 
Retrieved 2015-06-11. ↑ Princeton Alumni Weekly November 19, 1997 "The Meaning of the 250th" Check |url= value (help). Princeton University. Retrieved March 23, 2011. 
Faster, it seems, than you can say "bicenquinquagenary", Princeton's 250th anniversary has come and gone. ↑ The Meadow City's Quarter-Millennial Book "A Memorial of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Northampton, Massachusetts" Check |url= value (help). City of Northampton. Retrieved March 23, 2011. ↑ Kersten, Glenn. 
ISBN 978-1-876907-09-9 ↑ "22. 
Etiquette". bartleby.com. 
An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded in a previous year, and may also refer to the commemoration or celebration of that event. For example, the first event is the initial occurrence or, if planned, the inaugural of the event. One year later would be the first anniversary of that event. 
Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "Jubilee". 
Birthdays are the most common type of anniversary, when someone's birth date is commemorated each year. The actual celebration is sometimes moved for practical reasons, as in the case of an official birthday. Wedding anniversaries are also often celebrated, on the same day of the year as the wedding occurred. 
The Latin phrase dies natalis (literally "birth day") has become a common term, adopted in many languages, especially in intellectual and institutional circles, for the anniversary of the founding ("legal or statutory birth") of an institution, such as an alma mater (college or other school). In ancient Rome, the [dies] Aquilae natalis was the "birthday of the eagle", the anniversary of the official founding of a legion. 
Anniversaries of nations are usually marked by the number of years elapsed, expressed with Latin words or Roman numerals. 
Latin terms for anniversaries are mostly straightforward, particularly those relating to the first twenty years (1–20), or multiples of ten years (30, 40, 60, 70 etc.), or multiples of centuries or millennia (100, 200, 300, 1000, 2000, 3000, etc.) In these instances, the name of the anniversary is generally derived from the Latin word(s) for the respective number of years. However, when anniversaries relate to fractions of centuries (125, 150, 175, 250 years—i.e. 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.5 centuries), the situation is not as simple. 
Anniversary Preferred term Other terms Comments 1 year Annual Paper 2 years Biennial Cotton 3 years Triennial Leather 4 years Quadrennial Linen 5 years Quinquennial Wood 6 years Sexennial Iron 7 years Septennial Wool 8 years Octennial Bronze 9 years Novennial Copper 10 years Decennial Tin/Aluminium 11 years Undecennial Steel 12 years Duodecennial Silk 13 years Tredecennial Lace 14 years Quattuordecennial Ivory 15 years Quindecennial Crystal 20 years Vigintennial / Vicennial China/Porcelain 25 years Quadranscentennial Silver jubilee 40 years Quadragennial Ruby jubilee 50 years Semicentennial / Quinquagenary Golden jubilee 60 years Sexagennial / Sexagenary Diamond jubilee 65 years Sapphire jubilee 70 years Septuagennial Platinum jubilee 100 years Centennial 125 years Quasquicentennial Term is broken down as quasqui- (and a quarter) centennial (100 years). 
In any event, if such a conjunction was appropriate then it would perhaps more likely have been "Dosquibicentennial" (but the result is little shorter anyway).[1] Demisemiseptcentennial Probably a modern coined term: demisemiseptcentennial; literally one-half (demi-) x one-half (semi-) x seven (sept-) x 100 years (centennial)—also demisemiseptcentenary.[4][5] Quartoseptcentennial Probably a modern coined term: quartoseptcentennial; literally one-quarter (quarto-) x seven (sept-) x 100 years (centennial)—also quartoseptcentenary.[6] Terquasquicentennial First used by Bell Laboratories in celebrating its 175th anniversary as a corporation. Is a coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 375 years, as follows: ter- (3) × quasqui- (1¼) × centennial (100 years) Septaquintaquinque- centennial Suggested by lexicographer Robert L. Chapman to William Safire; first appeared in Safire's column, "On Language" (The New York Times Magazine, February 12, 1995). 
Anniversary 
The figure will be higher but I do not wish to speculate on that number today. ↑ Bentham, Martin (15 June 2017). "London fire: Grenfell Tower death toll reaches 17 as fire chief says 'no more survivors'". Evening Standard. 
London. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ Metropolitan Police Commissioner at Press Conference 17 June 2017 ↑ "Everyone Was Helping". 
The Telegraph (India). 
Kolkata. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. 
Retrieved 17 June 2017. 
1 2 Horton, Helena (14 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower fire: Muslims Awake for Ramadan Among Heroes Who Helped Save Lives". The Telegraph. 
London. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ "Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation – The Board". kctmo.org.uk. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. 
1 2 "Concerns raised about Grenfell Tower 'for years'". BBC News. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Heathcote, Edwin (14 June 2017). "London tower block's refurbishment raises fire safety questions". 
Financial Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
1 2 "Planning Statement" (PDF). 
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
1 2 "Proposed Sections" (PDF). 
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 
Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 
"Grenfell Tower". rbkc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Buildings of London – Grenfell tower". emporis.com. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Grenfell Tower floorplan shows how 120 flats were packed into highrise". 
The Telegraph. 
Telegraph Media Group. 14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. The "Typical residential floor in Grenfell Tower" diagram shows 4 two-bedroom and 2 one-bedroom flats. ↑ "Grenfell Tower". 
Emporis. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hunt, Elle (13 June 2017). "London fire: fears of people trapped as major blaze engulfs tower block – latest". The Guardian. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. 
Live coverage, frequently updated. ↑ Grenfell Tower regeneration Project Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine., rbkc.gov.uk; accessed 16 June 2017. ↑ Whitbread, Nigel. "Lancaster West Estate: An Ideal For Living?". 
Constantine Gras. 
Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. 
Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ "Grenfell Tower Regeneration Project Engagement Statement" (PDF). 
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Waite, Richard. 
"Grenfell Tower: residents had predicted massive fire". 
The Architects Journal. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017. 
1 2 3 Hills, Joe (15 June 2017). 
"Grenfell Tower: Original proposed contractor was dropped to reduce cost of refurbishment project". ITV News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. 
Retrieved 16 June 2017. 1 2 3 4 Davies, Rob (16 June 2017). "Complex chain of companies that worked on Grenfell Tower raises oversight concerns". 
The Guardian. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. ↑ "Rydon lands Grenfell Tower refurbishment". rydon.co.uk. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ White, Charles. 
"Cladding added to Grenfell Tower to 'improve view for nearby luxury flats'". 
Metro.co.uk. 
Associated Newspapers. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Prynn, Jonathan (15 June 2017). 
"Revealed: 'Chimney' Grenfell Tower cladding is used on blocks across London". 
Evening Standard. 
Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. 
Retrieved 16 June 2017. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Sky News – Live". 
Sky News. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Town and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) Order 2010 – Approval of Details Reserved by Condition(s)" (PDF). 
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 
30 September 2014. 
Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Arconic Architectural Products/Arconic Inc. "Reynobond Europe ACM ACP Aluminium Composite Material". arconic.com. 
Retrieved 15 June 2017. Reynobond aluminium composite panels is an aluminium panel consisting of two coil-coated aluminium sheets that are fusion bonded to both sides of a polyethylene core. 1 2 "Grenfell Tower, Notting Hill". 
Harley Facades. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Davies, Rob. 
"Grenfell Tower's managers were reviewing safety after fire at another block". 
The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Grenfell Tower, London, W11 1TQ – Regeneration Project". 
Witt Group. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. ↑ "Tower block fire safety warnings ‘fell on deaf ears’, residents’ group claims". 
Metro.co.uk. 
Associated Newspapers. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. ↑ "Grenfell Tower regeneration newsletter July 2014" (PDF). 
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 
Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Grenfell Tower Regeneration Newsletter, May 2016" (PDF). kctmo.org.uk. 
Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2017. ↑ "London fire: Tower victims 'may never be identified'". 
BBC News Online. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. ↑ Bell, Bethan. 
"London fire: A tale of two tower blocks". BBC News Online. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. 
Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
1 2 Revealed: the tower block fire warnings that ministers ignored The Guardian ↑ Picone, Susanna (18 June 2017). 
"Incendio Londra, il papà di Marco: “Mi aveva detto che il grattacielo non era sicuro"". ↑ Wahlquist, Calla (14 June 2017). "Fire safety concerns raised by Grenfell Tower residents in 2012". The Guardian. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Another Fire Safety Scandal". 
Grenfell Action Group. 
21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Kensington and Chelsea Council threatened Grenfell Tower blogger with legal action after he brought up fire safety". 
The Independent. 
15 June 2017. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ "Residents warned of fire risk at London tower block gutted by blaze". ABC News. 
14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ Grenfell Action Group (20 November 2016). 
"KCTMO – Playing with fire!". wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ grenfellactiongroup (21 February 2013). 
"Another Fire Safety Scandal". 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. ↑ Rozsa, Matthew (14 June 2017). 
"Residents warned that London's Grenfell apartment was a death trap before fire". Salon. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Malkin, Bonnie; Siddique, Haroon (14 June 2017). "What we know so far about the London tower block fire". 
The Guardian. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. 1 2 3 4 5 "London fire: Six killed as Grenfell Tower engulfed". BBC News. 
14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Drunk emerges as an unlikely hero in the Grenfell Tower horror fire after he randomly hit the fourth floor lift button". 
The Sun. 
17 June 2017. 
Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ Lubin, Rhian (14 June 2017). 
"Muslim boys up late for Ramadan 'saved lives' by waking Grenfell Tower residents". 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ "Muslims awake for Ramadan may have saved lives after raising alarm for horrific London tower blaze". 
14 June 2017. 
Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. 
Retrieved 16 June 2017. 1 2 Millward, David (14 June 2017). "'The whole building has gone': Witnesses describe screams and tears at Grenfell Tower fire in London". 
The Telegraph. 
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Retrieved 14 June 2017. 
1 2 Bulman, May (16 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower graphic: what we know about how the fire spread". 
The Independent. 
Independent Print Limited. 
Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ Doward, Jamie (17 June 2017). 
"London fire brigade boss: ‘It was a massive risk, but it’s our job to go in’". The Guardian. 
Retrieved 18 June 2017. 
1 2 Erlanger, Steven; Castle, Stephen (13 June 2017). "Fire Engulfs Apartment Tower in London". The New York Times. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Grenfell Tower fire: No survivors expected to be found with figure to rise significantly". Metro.co.uk. 
Associated Newspapers. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. 
1 2 "Firefighters battle huge blaze in London". News.com.au. 14 June 2017. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Weaver, Matthew; Hunt, Elle (14 June 2017). "London fire: six people confirmed dead after tower block blaze – latest updates". 
The Guardian. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Hartley-Parkinson, Richard. 
"Video shows man making rope out of bed sheets to try and escape". Metro.co.uk. Associated Newspapers. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "Fire service says will be dealing with London tower block fire for next 24 hours". Reuters. 
14 June 2017. 
Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Tom Towers (14 June 2017). "Riot police protect firefighters from falling debris Grenfell tower block fire". Metro.co.uk. 
Associated Newspapers. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. ↑ BBC TV news footage ↑ BBC TV news footage 1 2 "London fire: 58 missing, presumed dead – police". BBC News. 
BBC. 
17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ "London fire: Latest updates as Grenfell Tower fire recovery continues". BBC. 
18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. ↑ Topping, Alexandra (17 June 2017). "Khadija Saye: artist on cusp of recognition when she died in Grenfell". 
The Guardian. 
Retrieved 18 June 2017 – via The Guardian. ↑ Witte, Griff (14 June 2017). 
"London high-rise fire leaves multiple people dead, dozens injured and others missing". 
The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ "AP News: London fire latest: Grenfell Tower fatalities confirmed after residents trapped". 
The Telegraph. 14 June 2017. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Withnall, Adam (14 June 2017). 
"London Fire: Structural engineer is monitoring Grenfell Tower's stability after devastating blaze". 
Independent. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ Masters, James; Griffiths, James; Muhammad, Darwish (15 June 2017). "London fire: Mourning, anger and questions over lives lost in inferno". 
CNN. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. 1 2 3 4 "London fire: Queen and Prince William visit Grenfell Tower centre". 
BBC News Online. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. 
Retrieved 16 June 2017. ↑ Bulman, May (16 June 2017). "30 people confirmed dead in Grenfell disaster". The Independent. 
Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 1 2 Derbyshire, Victoria (14 June 2017). 
Victoria Derbyshire 14 June 2017. 
Victoria Derbyshire (14 June 2017 ed.). BBC News. 
Event occurs at 8 mins. started on the fourth floor... my neighbour said his fridge exploded... no alarm until half-past one ↑ Geoff Wilkinson (14 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower: residents had predicted massive fire". Architects' Journal. 
Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ Doward, Jamie (17 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower: the chronicle of a tragedy foretold". 
The Guardian. 
Retrieved 17 June 2017. If the building had been provided with sprinklers then that fire, if it started in the kitchen, would never have got out of the kitchen and nobody except the firefighters who would have gone there to mop up would have known about it. ↑ Da Silva, Chantal (16 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower fire: Survivor recounts 'tripping over bodies' in harrowing escape". 
Independent. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ↑ Grenfell Tower resident quoted as saying that 999 officers told them to stay put, dailymail.co.uk; accessed 16 June 2017. ↑ Radical Housing Network Archived 10 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine., landforwhat.org.uk; retrieved 14 June 2017. ↑ Foster, Dawn (14 June 2017). "A Very Political Tragedy". 
Grenfell Tower fire Grenfell Tower burning, pictured at 04:43 BST, 14 June 2017 Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower fire (Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea) Show map of Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Grenfell Tower fire (Greater London) Show map of Greater London Time 00:54 BST (emergency services received first call) Duration Approximately 24 hours Date 14 June 2017 (2017-06-14) Location Grenfell Tower, North Kensington, London, England, United Kingdom Coordinates 51°30′50″N 0°12′57″W / 51.5140°N 0.2158°W / 51.5140; -0.2158Coordinates: 51°30′50″N 0°12′57″W / 51.5140°N 0.2158°W / 51.5140; -0.2158 TQ 238 808 Type Structure fire Cause Under investigation Deaths 30 (confirmed) Non-fatal injuries 74 Missing 28+ (presumed dead) 
The Grenfell Tower fire occurred on 14 June 2017 at a 24-storey, 67-metre (220 ft) high tower block of public housing flats in North Kensington, west London, England. 
Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower in 2009, before refurbishment General information Location North Kensington Town or city London Country United Kingdom Construction started 1972 Completed 1974 Renovated 2016 Destroyed 14 June 2017 Renovation cost £8.7 million Owner Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council Landlord Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation Height 67 metres (220 ft) Technical details Floor count 24 Design and construction Architecture firm Clifford Wearden and Associates Main contractor A E Symes Renovating team Architect Studio E Architects Renovating firm Rydon Construction Artelia Max Fordham Main contractor WITT UK Harley Facades Celotex JS Wright & Sons Arconic 
Construction, by contractors A E Symes, of Leyton, London, commenced in 1972 under the council housing system with the building being completed in 1974.[11][12] The 67-metre (220 ft) tall building contained 120 one- and two-bedroom flats[13][14] (six dwellings per floor on twenty of the twenty-four stories, with the other four being used for non-residential purposes), housing up to 600 people, and it was renovated in 2015–16.[15][16] 
The Fire Brigade has asked us to reinforce the message that, if there is a fire which is not inside your own home, you are generally safest to stay put in your home to begin with; the Fire Brigade will arrive very quickly if a fire is reported.[33] 
Grenfell Tower fire 
References 
A series of deadly wildfires erupted across central Portugal in the afternoon of 17 June 2017, resulting in at least 64 deaths and 160 injured people.[2][1][3] The majority of deaths took place in Pedrógão Grande when a fire swept across a road filled with evacuees escaping in their cars. Portuguese officials dispatched more than 1,700 firefighters nationwide to combat the blazes and Prime Minister António Costa declared three days of national mourning. 
1 2 Público (19 June 2017). "Ao minuto: Situação em Pedrógão ainda é "preocupante", diz Protecção Civil. Número de mortos mantém-se em 62" (in Portuguese). 
Retrieved 19 June 2017. 1 2 Couzens, Gerard; Parfitt, Tom. "Portugal forest fire: 'British pilot' crashes plane while fighting deadly blaze". 
Express. 
Retrieved 20 June 2017. ↑ BBC News (19 June 2017). "Portugal forest fires kill 62 near Coimbra". 
BBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Portugal forest fires kill 61 near Coimbra". 
Retrieved 18 June 2017. ↑ "Portugal forest fires: three days of mourning for 61 victims". BBC. 
18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. 1 2 3 4 5 Marchante, Rafael; Khalip, Andrei; Bugge, Axel; Nikolayeva, Maya; Balmer, Crispian; Emmott, Robin (18 June 2017). 
Hogupo Station Korean name Hangul 호구포역 Hanja 虎口浦驛 Revised Romanization Hogupo-yeok McCune–Reischauer Hogup'o-yŏk General information Location Incheon Coordinates 37°24′06″N 126°42′31″E / 37.401622°N 126.708682°E / 37.401622; 126.708682Coordinates: 37°24′06″N 126°42′31″E / 37.401622°N 126.708682°E / 37.401622; 126.708682 Operated by Korail Line(s) Suin Line Platforms 2 Tracks 2 Construction Structure type Aboveground Key dates June 5, 1967 June 30, 2012 Suin Line opened 
Hogupo Station is a station on the Suin Line as a part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system as of June 30, 2012. It is located in Nonhyeon-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon. 
It was an abandoned railway station as Nonhyeon Station. It opened in 1967 and closed in the 1970s. 
Hogupo Station 
Biology and behavior 
References 
Description 
Distribution 
Western small-footed bat M. ciliolabrum Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Genus: Myotis Species: M. ciliolabrum Binomial name Myotis ciliolabrum Merriam, 1886 
The western small-footed bat (Myotis ciliolabrum), also known as the western small-footed myotis, is a species of vesper bat native to North America. 
The muzzle and chin are black, as are the 11 to 16 mm (0.43 to 0.63 in) long ears. The tail is 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) in length, but is almost entirely enclosed within the uropatagium, with only the tip extending beyond it. As the common name indicates, the feet are unusually small, being about half the length of the tibia.[2] 
The bats have a wing aspect ratio of 6.1 and a wing loading of 6.7 N/m2, which are both relatively low values for bats.[3] They are very similar in appearance to the closely related California myotis, with which they share some of their range; the two species can be distinguished in that the latter does not have the black "face mask" of the small-footed species.[2] 
Western small-footed bats are found across much of the western half of North America, from southern British Columbia and Saskatchewan in the north down to Baja California, Zacatecas, and Nuevo León in the south. Within this region, they are most common arid and semiarid habitats, such as deserts and badlands, but may be found in pine or juniper forests, especially at higher elevations. They are found from 300 to 3,300 m (980 to 10,830 ft).[2] Two subspecies are recognised: 
M. c. ciliolabrum - Western and southern parts of the range, from British Columbia to Mexico M. c. melanorhinus - Northeastern parts of the range, from Alberta to Kansas 
Western small-footed bats are nocturnal and insectivorous, feeding on moths, beetles, and flies.[4] Their flight is slow but maneuverable,[3] and they often feed close to water or to rocky bluffs.[2] Their echolocation calls vary in different parts of their range, but have been recorded as lasting 1-3 milliseconds, with a sweep of 60 down to 40 kHz in Washington state.[5] They often roost during the day in caves, but may also be found in smaller crevices, artificial structures, or under loose bark. Males typically roost alone, but females may gather into small groups of up to nineteen individuals when nursing young.[2] They hibernate during the winter, typically alone.[6] The bats give birth to a single young between June and July. The young are hairless and born, and have been recorded as weighing 1.1 g (0.039 oz).[2] 
1 2 Norberg, U.M. & Rayner, J.M.V. (1987). 
Philosophical Transactions B. 316 (1179): 335–427. doi:10.1098/rstb.1987.0030. ↑ Warner, R.M. (1985). 
Journal of Mammalogy. 66 (1): 45–51. doi:10.2307/1380954. ↑ Thomas, D.W.; et al. (1987). 
Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (4): 842–847. doi:10.2307/1381562. ↑ Szewczak, J.M.; et al. (1998). 
Western North American Naturalist. 58 (1): 66–75. 
Western small-footed bat 
Transformers: The Last Knight Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Bay Produced by Don Murphy Tom DeSanto Lorenzo di Bonaventura Ian Bryce Screenplay by Art Marcum Matt Holloway Ken Nolan Story by Akiva Goldsman Art Marcum Matt Holloway Ken Nolan Based on Transformers by Hasbro Starring Mark Wahlberg Josh Duhamel Stanley Tucci Anthony Hopkins Music by Steve Jablonsky[1] Cinematography Jonathan Sela[2] Edited by Mark Sanger John Refoua Adam Gerstel Roger Barton Debra Neil-Fisher Calvin Wimmer Production company di Bonaventura Pictures Hasbro Studios Angry Films Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) (Odeon Leicester Square)[3] June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21) (United States) Running time 149 minutes[4] Country United States Language English Budget $217 million[5][6][7][8] Box office $265.3 million[9] 
Transformers: The Last Knight is a 2017 American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name created by Hasbro. It is the fifth installment of the live-action Transformers film series and a direct sequel to 2014's Transformers: Age of Extinction. Directed by Michael Bay, the film features Mark Wahlberg returning from Age of Extinction, along with Josh Duhamel and John Turturro reprising their roles from the first three films, with Anthony Hopkins joining the cast. 
Transformers: The Last Knight 
“ For the past few years, we have seen almost no South Korean films that actively examined the state of our society, the values of what is right, and what we need to do the way The Crucible does. ” — Film critic Ahn Si-hwan[18] 
The Crucible Silenced Promotional poster for The Crucible Hangul 도가니 Revised Romanization Dogani McCune–Reischauer Togani Directed by Hwang Dong-hyuk Produced by Uhm Yong-hun Bae Jeong-min Na Byung-joon Written by Hwang Dong-hyuk Based on The Crucible by Gong Ji-young Starring Gong Yoo Jung Yu-mi Music by Mowg Cinematography Kim Ji-yong Edited by Hahm Sung-won Production company Samgeori Pictures Distributed by CJ Entertainment Release date 22 September 2011 (2011-09-22) Running time 125 minutes Country South Korea Language Korean Korean Sign Language Box office US$30.7 million[1] 
Official website (in Korean) Official website (in English) Silenced on IMDb The Crucible at HanCinema 
The Crucible (Hangul: 도가니; RR: Dogani; MR: Togani; also known as Silenced) is a 2011 South Korean drama film based on the novel of the same name by Gong Ji-young,[2] starring Gong Yoo and Jung Yu-mi. It is based on actual events that took place at Gwangju Inhwa School for the hearing-impaired, where young deaf students were the victims of repeated sexual assaults by faculty members over a period of five years in the early 2000s.[3][4] 
Depicting both the crimes and the court proceedings that let the teachers off with minimal punishment, the film sparked public outrage upon its September 2011 release, which eventually resulted in a reopening of the investigations into the incidents. With over 4 million people in Korea having watched the film, the demand for legislative reform eventually reached its way to the National Assembly of South Korea, where a revised bill, dubbed the Dogani Bill, was passed in late October 2011 to abolish the statute of limitations for sex crimes against minors and the disabled.[5] 
Kang In-ho (Gong Yoo) is the newly appointed art teacher at Benevolence Academy, a school for hearing-impaired children in the fictional city of Mujin, North Jeolla Province. He has a dark past - his wife committed suicide a year ago, and his sick daughter is under the care of his mother. He is excited to teach his new students, yet the children are aloof and distant, trying to avoid running into him as much as possible. 
In-ho does not give up, however, trying to show the kids that he cares. When the children finally open up, In-ho faces the shocking and ugly truth about the school and what the students have been enduring in secret: the children are being physically and sexually abused by their teachers. 
When he decides to fight for the children’s rights and expose the crimes being committed at the school, In-ho teams up with human rights activist Seo Yoo-jin (Jung Yu-mi). But he and Yoo-jin soon realize the school’s principal and teachers, and even the police, prosecutors and churches in the community are actually trying to cover up the truth.[6][7][8][9] In addition to using "privileges of former post" (Jeon-gwan ye-u) the accused do not hesitate to lie and bribe their way to get very light sentences. 
The Crucible (2011 film) 
Retrieved 2012-04-25 ↑ "'The Crucible' Brings Demons of Child Molestation Case Back to Life" Chosun Ilbo. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-15 ↑ Film examines child abuse case Korea Times. 
24 August 2011. 
Retrieved 2012-04-25 1 2 3 Kwon, Jungyun (15 December 2011). "A look back at the year's breakout films". 
Korea.net. 
Retrieved 2012-04-30. ↑ Real life case of child abuse explored in The Crucible The Hankyoreh. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-15 ↑ The Crucible (2011) The Chosun Ilbo. 
23 September 2011. 
Retrieved 2012-04-25 ↑ 2011.9.23 NOW PLAYING JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 2012-04-25 ↑ Now showing Korea Times. 
22 September 2011. 
Retrieved 2012-04-25 ↑ "Sexual abuse of disabled, vulnerable, or Dead people on the rise" Yonhap News. 
29 September 2011. 
Retrieved 2011-10-15 ↑ "Deaf School Teachers Face Firing Over Sex Abuse Scandal" Chosun Ilbo. 
4 October 2011. 
Retrieved 2011-10-15 ↑ "Box-office hit sheds new light on sex crimes against disabled students" Yonhap News. 
30 September 2011. 
Retrieved 2011-10-15 ↑ "광주 인화학교 50년전 학생 암매장 폭로(종합)" Yonhap News. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-08 (in Korean) ↑ "경찰, 47년 전 인화학교 학생 암매장 의혹 조사" Yonhap News. 
18 October 2011. 
Retrieved 2011-11-08(in Korean) ↑ "'Dogani' school to be shut down" Korea Times. 
31 October 2011. 
Retrieved 2012-03-31 ↑ "Gwangju school sex offender gets 12 years in prison". 
Korea Times. 
5 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ↑ "Gwangju school sex offender gets 12 yrs in prison". 
Yonhap News. 
5 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-08. 1 2 "'The Crucible' surpasses 1 million viewers at box office" The Hankyoreh. 
Wish Upon Theatrical release poster Directed by John R. Leonetti Produced by Sherryl Clark Written by Barbara Marshall Starring Joey King Ki Hong Lee Sydney Park Elisabeth Rohm Ryan Phillipe Music by Tomandandy Cinematography Michael Galbraith Edited by Peck Prior Production company Busted Shark Productions Distributed by Broad Green Pictures Orion Pictures Release date July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) Running time 90 minutes[1] Country United States Language English Budget $12 million[2] 
Wish Upon is an upcoming American supernatural horror film directed by John R. Leonetti, written by Barbara Marshall and starring Joey King, Ryan Phillipe, Elisabeth Rohm, Ki Hong Lee, Shannon Purser, Sydney Park, and Sherilyn Fenn. 
It is set to be released in theaters on July 14, 2017, by Broad Green Pictures and Orion Pictures.[3] 
After her father presents her with a mysterious music box, Clare Shannon (Joey King) is surprised to find her every wish coming true. Her joy slowly morphs into terror as she begins to realize the bloody price of each new wish.[4] 
The film's screenplay was voted to the 2015 Black List.[5] On July 27, 2016, it was announced that Wish Upon would be directed by John R. Leonetti.[6] The film will be produced by Sherryl Clark from her production company, Busted Shark Productions,[7] and is written by Barbara Marshall.[8] On August 2016, Joey King was cast in the film as the lead role.[9] The film began production in November 2016 in Toronto.[10] On November 9, 2016, Ki Hong Lee was announced to have joined the cast.[11] 
The film is set to be released in theaters on July 14, 2017.[12] The film's teaser trailer was released on February 9, 2017.[13] The first trailer debuted on March 22, 2017.[14] The film's second trailer was released on May 22, 2017.[15] 
↑ "Wish Upon". British Board of Film Classification. 
Retrieved June 20, 2017. ↑ "'Bad Santa 2' Bombs: Broad Green's Shift to Mass-Appeal Fare Sees Early Signs of Trouble". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "Wish Upon". 
Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ Inc., Apple. "Wish Upon - Movie Trailers - iTunes". trailers.apple.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15. ↑ "Catherine Hardwicke to Direct 'Wish Upon' - TheWrap". 
December 14, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ↑ "‘Annabelle’ Director John Leonetti Boards Broad Green Thriller ‘Wish Upon’". 
July 27, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "‘The Maze Runner’s Ki Hong Lee Joins Horror Film ‘Wish Upon’". November 9, 2016. 
Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "‘Annabelle’ Director John Leonetti Boards Broad Green Thriller ‘Wish Upon’". July 27, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "‘Conjuring’ Actress Joey King to Star in Horror-Thriller ‘Wish Upon’". 
Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "Joey King Will Lead ‘Annabelle’ Helmer’s Next Project ‘Wish Upon’". August 16, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "‘The Maze Runner’s Ki Hong Lee Joins Horror Film ‘Wish Upon’". 
November 9, 2016. 
Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "Joey King Chiller Wish Upon Set for June Release". January 17, 2017. 
Retrieved February 7, 2017. ↑ "Wish Upon Teaser Trailer (2017)". 
February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ↑ Broad Green Pictures (2017-03-22), Wish Upon - Movie Trailer #2 (Official) - Broad Green Pictures, retrieved 2017-05-15 ↑ Broad Green Pictures (2017-05-22), Wish Upon New Trailer (2017) Official - Broad Green Pictures, retrieved 2017-06-04 ↑ Wish Upon Trailer & Movie Site | 7 Wishes Will Be Granted. What’s Yours?, retrieved 2017-05-15 ↑ "‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ to Do Battle With ‘Spider-Man: Homecoming’ at Box Office". 
TheWrap. June 11, 2017. ↑ "Wish Upon (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. 
Fandango. 
Retrieved July 13, 2017. ↑ "Wish Upon reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 13, 2017. 
Production 
Plot 
Release 
Spider-Man: Homecoming Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Watts Produced by Kevin Feige Amy Pascal Screenplay by Jonathan Goldstein John Francis Daley Jon Watts Christopher Ford Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Story by Jonathan Goldstein John Francis Daley Based on Spider-Man by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Starring Tom Holland Michael Keaton Jon Favreau Zendaya Donald Glover Tyne Daly Marisa Tomei Robert Downey Jr. Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Salvatore Totino Edited by Dan Lebental Debbie Berman Production company Columbia Pictures Marvel Studios Pascal Pictures Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28) (TCL Chinese Theatre) July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07) (United States) Running time 133 minutes[1] Country United States Language English Budget $175 million[2] Box office $311.9 million[2][3] 
Spider-Man: Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the second Spider-Man film reboot and the sixteenth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Jon Watts, with a screenplay by the writing teams of Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley, Watts and Christopher Ford, and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers. 
The following June, Holland was cast as the title character, while Watts was hired to direct, followed shortly by the casting of Tomei and the hiring of Daley and Goldstein. In April 2016, the film's title was revealed, along with additional cast, including Downey. Principal photography began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, and continued in New York City, before concluding in Berlin the following October. 
Retrieved 17 July 2017. ↑ "Election Commission issues notification for President’s election". The Hindu. 
14 June 2017. 
Retrieved 23 July 2017. ↑ Hebbar, Nistula (21 July 2017). 
"Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ↑ "Not in race for another term: President Mukherjee". 
Indian presidential election, 2017 17 July 2017 Turnout 99% (estimated)[1] Candidate Ram Nath Kovind Meira Kumar Party BJP INC Alliance NDA UPA Home state Uttar Pradesh Bihar Electoral vote 702,044 367,314 Percentage 65.65% 34.35% President before election Pranab Mukherjee INC Elected President Ram Nath Kovind BJP 
A presidential election was held in India on Monday 17 July 2017 with the votes counted and the results announced on Thursday 20 July. President Pranab Mukherjee, whose term of office was due to expire on 24 July 2017,[2] declined to seek re-election due to health concerns. 
Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal, state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five-year term as President.[3] Kovind's term of office will begin on 25 July 2017. 
Sagaing စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့ The Yadanabon Bridge on the Irrawaddy Sagaing Location in Burma Coordinates: 21°52′56″N 95°58′43″E / 21.88222°N 95.97861°E / 21.88222; 95.97861Coordinates: 21°52′56″N 95°58′43″E / 21.88222°N 95.97861°E / 21.88222; 95.97861 Country Burma Division Sagaing Region Population (2011) 69,917 • Religions Buddhism Time zone MST (UTC+6.30) 
On August 8, 1988, Sagaing was the site of demonstrations which were concluded by a massacre in which around 300 civilians were killed.[2] 
A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. 
Gorakhpur hospital deaths Location of Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh Time 10 August 2017–present Duration Ongoing Location Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Coordinates 26°48′44″N 83°24′3″E / 26.81222°N 83.40083°E / 26.81222; 83.40083Coordinates: 26°48′44″N 83°24′3″E / 26.81222°N 83.40083°E / 26.81222; 83.40083 Deaths 72 
The Gorakhpur hospital deaths occurred in mid-August 2017, when over 70[1] children at the state-run Baba Raghav Das Medical College in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh died, allegedly due to lack of oxygen supply to the wards. The hospital's oxygen supply was cut by its supplier due to lack of fulfillment of funds. 
The supplier of oxygen to Baba Raghav Das Medical College stopped providing oxygen due to an unpaid debt of US$50,000.[2] Starting on 10 August 2017, 30 children died within the first 48 hours; 17 children in the neo-natal ward, five in the AES (acute encephalitis syndrome) ward and eight in the general ward. The hospital's principal was suspended on 12 August 2017 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for "negligent behaviour".[3] 
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's office has said they are "constantly monitoring" the situation with Minister of State Health Anupriya Patel and the Union Health Secretary.[4] Siddharth Nath Singh, the Health Minister of Uttar Pradesh, denied a lack of oxygen was the cause of the deaths.[5] Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath ordered a probe into the incident, promising to "not spare anyone found guilty". He visited the hospital on 13 August 2017 following public pressure.[6] 
The Indian National Congress (INC) has demanded a separate probe monitored by the Supreme Court of India. Lawyer and INC politician Jaiveer Shergill has said: "The chief minister, the health minister, the principal of the Baba Raghav Das Medical College, are all responsible for the deaths. The Uttar Pradesh government has blood on its hands. 
References 
Events 
Aldiss, Brian; Wingrove, David (1988) [1973]. 
ISBN 0-586-08684-6. 
ISBN 0-8122-1530-3. 
Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction (5th ed.). Libraries Unlimited. 
ISBN 1-59158-171-0. 
ISBN 0-89879-416-1. 
"15". Mastering the Business of Writing. 
ISBN 1-880559-55-2. 
Franson, Donald; DeVore, Howard (1978). 
Gunn, James, ed. (1988). The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 
ISBN 0-670-81041-X. 
ISBN 0-8195-6527-X. 
Future Science Fiction. 4 (6). 
Nicholls, Peter; Clute, John (1993). 
ISBN 0-312-09618-6. 
"The Hugo Award Showcase Editorial Review". 
Publishers Weekly. 257 (35). 2010-09-06. 
ISSN 0000-0019. 
Wilson, Gahan, ed. (1977). First World Fantasy Awards. 
ISBN 0-385-12199-7. 
Official website Current WSFS Constitution 
Hugo Award Hugo Award Logo Awarded for Best science fiction or fantasy works of previous year Presented by World Science Fiction Society First awarded 1953 Website thehugoawards.org 
Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the central focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955. Over the years that the award has been given, the categories presented have changed; currently Hugo Awards are given in more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works of various types. 
The Hugo Awards have been termed as "among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing".[1] Works that have won have been published in special collections, and the official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool. The 2017 awards were presented at the 75th Worldcon, Worldcon 75, in Helsinki, Finland, on August 11, 2017. The 2018 Hugos will be presented at the 76th Worldcon, Worldcon 76, in San Jose, California, on August 17, 2018. 
Current categories Year started Current description Best Novel 1953 Stories of 40,000 words or more Best Novella 1968 Stories of between 17,500 and 40,000 words Best Novelette 1955 Stories of between 7,500 and 17,500 words Best Short Story 1955 Stories of less than 7,500 words Best Related Work 1980 Works which are either non-fiction or noteworthy for reasons other than the fictional text Best Graphic Story 2009 Stories told in graphic form Best Dramatic Presentation (Long and Short Forms) 1958 Dramatized productions, divided since 2003 between works longer or shorter than 90 minutes Best Semiprozine 1984 Semi-professional magazines Best Fanzine 1955 Non-professional magazines Best Professional Editor (Long and Short Forms) 1973 Editors of written works, divided since 2007 between editors of novels or editors of magazines and anthologies Best Professional Artist 1953 Professional artists Best Fan Artist 1967 Fan artists Best Fan Writer 1967 Fan writers Best Fancast 2012 Audiovisual fanzines 
Hugo Award 
Former categories Years active Description Best Professional Magazine 1953–1972 Professional magazines Best Cover Artist 1953 Artists of covers for books and magazines Best Interior Illustrator 1953 Artists of works inside magazines Excellence in Fact Articles 1953 Authors of factual articles Best New SF Author or Artist 1953 New authors or artists #1 Fan Personality 1953 Favorite fan Best Feature Writer 1956 Writers of magazine features Best Book Reviewer 1956 Writers of book reviews Most Promising New Author 1956 New authors Outstanding Actifan 1958 Favorite fan Best New Author 1959 New authors Best SF Book Publisher 1964–1969 Book publishers Best All-Time Series 1966 Series of works Other Forms 1988 Printed fictional works which were not novels, novellas, novelettes, or short stories Best Original Art Work 1990, 1992–1996 Works of art Best Web Site 2002, 2005 Websites 
External links 
References 
Categories 
Sources 
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Born September 13, 1923 Osino-Gay, Tambov Oblast, Soviet Union Died November 29, 1941(1941-11-29) (aged 18) Petrischevo, Moscow Oblast, Soviet Union Allegiance Soviet Union Awards 
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya (alternatively Romanised as Kosmodem'yanskaya; Russian: Зо́я Анато́льевна Космодемья́нская; September 13, 1923 – November 29, 1941) was a Soviet partisan,[1] and recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union (awarded posthumously).[2] She was one of the most revered heroines of the Soviet Union.[3] 
Zoya (her name is a Russian form of the Greek name Zoe, which means "life") was born in 1923 in the village of Osino-Gay (Осино-Гай) (meaning Aspen Woods), near the city of Tambov. Her father, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky, studied in a theological seminary, but did not graduate. He later worked as a librarian. 
In 1929, the family moved to Siberia for fear of persecution. In 1930 they moved to Moscow.[7] 
The list of authors she read included Leo Tolstoy, Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Karamzin, Vasily Zhukovsky, Byron, Molière, Miguel Cervantes, Charles Dickens, Wolfgang Goethe, and William Shakespeare. Zoya kept a notebook where she recorded her thoughts about the books she read. Such as: "In Shakespeare's tragedies the death of a hero is always accompanied by a triumph of a high moral cause." 
At the village of Obukhovo near Naro-Fominsk, Kosmodemyanskaya and other partisans crossed the front line and entered territory occupied by the Germans. They mined roads and cut communication lines. On November 27, 1941 Zoya received an assignment to burn the village of Petrischevo, where a German cavalry regiment was stationed. 
They caught Zoya as she started to torch another house. She was tortured and interrogated throughout the night but refused to give up any information. The following morning she was marched to the center of the town with a board around her neck bearing the inscription 'Houseburner' and hanged. 
Her final words were purported to be: 
Be brave, fight, beat the Germans, burn, trample them! I'm not afraid to die, comrades. It is happiness to die for one's people!" and to the Germans, "You hang me now, but I'm not alone. 
And before the moment of hanging with the rope on her neck she said: 
Fight, do not be afraid! Stalin is with us! Stalin will come!" [8][9] 
The Germans left Zoya's body hanging on the gallows for several weeks. Eventually she was buried just before the Soviets regained that territory in January 1942. 
The story of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became popular after Pravda published an article written by Pyotr Lidov on January 27, 1942. The journalist had heard about Zoya's execution from an elderly peasant, and was impressed by the young woman's courage. The witness recounted: "They were hanging her and she was giving a speech. 
↑ Pravda.ru Russian women heroes of the Great Patriotic War, a photo report ↑ Kazimiera J. Cottam: Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers, ISBN 0-9682702-2-0, page 297 ↑ The Voice of Russia: Road to Victory: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Archived April 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Valentina Kuchenkova Martyrdom of village priest Pyotr Kosmodemyansky Archived October 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.(in Russian) ↑ КОСМОДЕМЬЯНСКИЙ Александр Анатольевич (in Russian) ↑ Heroes of Soviet Union Zoya and Aleksandr Kosmodemiyanskiy Museum Archived March 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Vladimir Kreslavsky The truth about Zoya and Shura(in Russian) ↑ Petr Lidov. 
"Tania". 
"Pravda" newsletter. 
January–February 1942 (in Russian) ↑ Mikhail Gorinov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923–1941) Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Otechestvennaya istoriia, №1, 2003, ISSN 0869-5687 ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). 
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 143. 
ISBN 3-540-00238-3. ↑ Zoya Phan, Damien Lewis. 
Fifty years after her death Zoya is tortured and executed again Pravda November 29, 1991 ↑ Viktor Kozhemyaka Zoya is executed yet again Pravda, November 29 and November 30, 2001 ↑ Ivan Osadchy Her name and deeds are immortal, Glasnost, September 24, 1997 ↑ M. J. Broekmeyer, Stalin, the Russians, and Their War: 1941–1945, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19594-5, Google Print, p.206 ↑ "The Truth on Zoya and Shura" (in Russian). 
Later in the day, President Ernest Bai Koroma made a public address to Sierra Leone in a national broadcast, declaring a state of emergency and the establishment of a relief centre in Regent.[3] He urged the nation, still recovering from the aftermath of the Ebola outbreak, to remain unified: "Our nation has once again been gripped by grief. Many of our compatriots have lost their lives, many more have been gravely injured and billions of Leones’ worth of property destroyed in the flooding and landslides that swept across some parts of our city".[3] He also addressed the coordination of registries in Freetown that provide aid for residents left without shelter.[3][16] On August 15, the president declared seven days of national mourning, which would take effect immediately.[17] 
Sierra Leone's Office for National Security (ONS) advised survivors to evacuate flood-prone areas.[18] Response teams were deployed to two public schools converted into displacement centres to distribute food, water, and medical supplies. By August 16, workers in Regent and Kaningo began constructing emergency latrines and a 10,000 liter water harvesting system.[21] Stagnant waters raised fears for outbreaks of waterborne diseases; to combat the threat, storage tanks and purification tablets, as well as educational courses on hygiene were provided by United Nations Children's Fund (UNICF).[22] 
2017 Sierra Leone mudslides Location of Western Area in Sierra Leone Date 14 August 2017 Time Approx. 6:30am GMT (UTC+0:00) Location Western Area, Sierra Leone Coordinates 8°26′2″N 13°13′22″W / 8.43389°N 13.22278°W / 8.43389; -13.22278Coordinates: 8°26′2″N 13°13′22″W / 8.43389°N 13.22278°W / 8.43389; -13.22278 Cause Landslides due to heavy rain Deaths 300-400+ [1] Missing 600+ [1] Property damage 3000+ homeless [1] 
Early in the morning on August 14, 2017, after three days of torrential rainfall, devastating floods and mudslides occurred in and around Sierra Leone's capital city, Freetown. 
While the exact number is not yet certain, disaster-related deaths are estimated at 400; thousands of others are missing and feared dead. More than 3,000 people were left homeless and hundreds of buildings were damaged or destroyed by the mudslides. Occurring during a particularly wet rainy season, the disaster was exacerbated by the city's situation at or below sea level, poor infrastructure, and drainage system. 
Local organizations and the American Red Cross handled the initial recovery efforts, and the international community has also been supplying aid. 
According to the National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center, Sierra Leone had been in the midst of a particularly wet rainy season, with the capital city of Freetown, in the Western Area of the country, experiencing 41 inches (104 cm) of rainfall leading up to the mudslides since July 1, 2017 – nearly tripling the area's seasonal average.[2] The Sierra Leone meteorological department did not issue a warning ahead of torrential rainfall to hasten evacuations from danger zones; from August 11 to 14, Freetown received three consecutive days of downpours, which led to severe flooding in the city and its surrounding suburbs.[3] Flooding is an annual threat for the area: in 2015 floods killed 10 people and left thousands homeless.[4][5] 
Overlooking Freetown, Sugar Loaf mountain partially collapsed, triggering mudslides in the early morning of August 14 which damaged or completely submerged several houses and structures, killing residents – many still asleep – who were trapped inside. The Regent suburban district is considered to have endured the most devastation; a mountainous settlement 15 miles east of Freetown, Regent had been obliterated when nearby hillsides collapsed around 6:00 GMT.[4][6] Other areas which reported serious damage include the settlements Motormeh, Kamayamah, Kaningo, Dworzak, New England, Kroobay, Mountain Cut, George Brook, Big Warf, and Wellington.[7] Director Kelfa Karbo of the relief agency Street Child described a "domino effect" which resulted in structures demolishing other properties as the mudslides progressed.[6] 
Exact numbers for the death toll are still uncertain but there are over 400 confirmed fatalities, of which 109 children[8], and thousands more are feared dead.[9][10] Initial estimates placed the number at 205, but recognized that in all likelihood the toll would rise with rescue efforts ongoing and about 600 people still missing. More than 3,000 people have been left homeless and hundreds of properties damaged or submerged by the mudslides and flooding.[11][12] 
The severity of the destruction was exacerbated by a combination of factors. Freetown, a densely populated and congested city occupied by about 1.2 million people at the time of the disaster, resides at or below sea level, and is flanked by heavily-forested mountain ranges.[13] It suffers from a long-term issue with poor urban development programs: "The government is failing to provide housing for the poorest in society", said Jamie Hitchen of the Africa Research Institute, while noting attention to unregulated construction is only received after a crisis.[6] The lack of enforcement of a moratorium led to the encroachment of flood plains by unorganized settlements and municipal works, resulting in narrower water passageways.[13] In flooding events, Freetown's drainage systems are often blocked by discarded waste, especially in the city's more impoverished communities, contributing to higher levels of surface runoff.[14] 
The building of large residential homes in hillside areas and unrestricted deforestation weakened the stability of nearby slopes and incurred significant adverse soil erosion.[14] Within a decade leading to the disaster, Sierra Leone lost approximately 800,000 hectares of forest cover – the country's civil war, fought between 1991 and 2002, is also a cause of deforestation. The nation's Environmental Protective Agency reported a reforesting mission in the region two weeks prior to the floods and mudslides which was ultimately unsuccessful.[15] 
Local organizations, military personnel, and the Red Cross of Sierra Leone contributed to immediate excavation and recovery efforts, and they worked amid rainfall. The continued rainfall and cut off passage ways disrupted relief efforts, as did the topography of affected areas.[18] The Red Cross donated 11 vehicles to assist in traveling to isolated areas.[19] People initially used their bare hands and shovels to dig through mud and debris where machines were not yet available. The Connaught Hospital mortuary in Freetown was overwhelmed by nearly 300 bodies in the first day alone, forcing workers to lay victims on floors and outside the building to be identified.[10] Due to the lack of manpower and threat of disease, bodies were buried in mass graves on August 16 at two sites in Waterloo.[20] 
Koroma made an appeal to the international community for relief: on August 15, Israel's envoy of food supplies, enough for about 10,000 meals, arrived – the first form of foreign aid to help address the crisis.[23] In response to the disaster, the United Nations (UN) arranged contingency plans to mitigate potential outbreaks of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera, and is using radar imagery to assess which areas may be threatened by further mudslides or flooding.[24][25] The UN's migration agency allocated $150,000 (USD) in initial-response aid and mobilized personnel in Sierra Leone to assist in rescue operations and distribute supplies to survivors.[24] With dedicated contributions from the UAE[26], the World Food Programme (WFP) provided rations for 7,500 people.[27] The European Union (EU) approved €300,000 (euros) in humitarian aid on August 16.[28] Diplomat Wang Xinmin, on behalf of the Chinese government, pledged $1 million (USD) through the country's embassy in Freetown.[29] GlobalGiving has launched a relief fund to support emergency relief and long-term recovery efforts run by local organizations in Sierra Leone.[30] 
2017 Sierra Leone mudslides 
Response 
Contributing factors 
References 
Olivier Beer (born 18 October 1990) is a Swiss professional racing cyclist.[1] He rode at the 2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.[2] 
↑ "Olivier Beer". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ↑ "Entry List: Men" (PDF). 
Olivier Beer 
References 
The Obelisk Gate Softcover edition Author N. K. Jemisin Language English Series The Broken Earth trilogy Genre Science fantasy Publisher Orbit Publication date August 16, 2016 Media type Print, e-book Pages 433 pp. Awards Hugo Award for Best Novel (2017) ISBN 978-0316229265 OCLC 932174108 Preceded by The Fifth Season Followed by The Stone Sky 
The Obelisk Gate is a 2016 science fantasy novel by N. K. Jemisin and the second volume in the Broken Earth series (following The Fifth Season). The Obelisk Gate was released to strong reviews and, like its predecessor in the series, won the Hugo Award for Best Novel.[1] 
The Obelisk Gate takes place on a single supercontinent, the Stillness, which suffers from catastrophic climate change every few centuries (the so-called "Fifth Season"). The book continues forward from an especially bad Fifth Season, one that may become an apocalypse. It follows two main characters: a mother and daughter, both of whom are magically talented ("orogenes"), who were separated just before the most recent Fifth Season. 
The Obelisk Gate won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2017.[9][10][11][12][13] It was the second award for Jemisin's Broken Earth series (after The Fifth Season in 2016), making Jemisin the first author in over two decades to win the Best Novel Hugo in two consecutive years.[14] Moreover, The Obelisk Gate's victory came as part of a women-heavy slate of winners at the 2017 Hugos, which included best novel, novella, novelette, and short story.[9][10][15] 
Outside of the Hugos, The Obelisk Gate was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel, but lost to Charlie Jane Anders' All the Birds in the Sky.[16][17] It won RT Book Reviews' 2016 award for best high fantasy novel.[18] 
"Locus Online News » 2017 Hugo and Campbell Awards Winners". www.locusmag.com. Retrieved 2017-08-16. ↑ Christensen, Ceridwen (16 August 2016). "The Obelisk Gate Offers No Easy Fix for a Broken World". 
Barnes & Noble Sci-Fi and Fantasy Blog. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ "What We're Reading This Summer". The Atlantic. 30 July 2016. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Eddy, Cheryl (2 August 2016). "15 Must-Read Science Fiction And Fantasy Books Arriving This August". Gizmodo Australia. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ El-Mohtar, Amal (18 August 2016). "Riveting 'Obelisk Gate' Shatters The Stillness". NPR. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Liptak, Andrew (28 December 2016). "The 11 best science fiction and fantasy novels of 2016". The Verge. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. 1 2 Molteni, Megan (31 December 2017). "Wired's Required Science Reading From 2016". 
Wired. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Alexander, Niall (17 August 2016). "New Moon: The Obelisk Gate by N. K. Jemisin". 
Tor. Retrieved 12 August 2017. 
1 2 Liptak, Andrew (11 August 2017). "Women swept nearly every category at the 2017 Hugo Awards". The Verge. 
Retrieved 11 August 2017. 1 2 Flood, Alison (11 August 2017). "Hugo awards 2017: NK Jemisin wins best novel for second year in a row". 
The Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Britt, Ryan (11 August 2017). "This Sci-Fi Author is on a Hugo Winning Streak". 
Inverse. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Whitbrook, James (11 August 2017). "The 2017 Hugo Award Winners Are Here". io9. 
Gizmodo. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ "Hugo Award for Best Novel 2017 given to N.K. Jemisin". The Times of India. 
12 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ↑ Wilson, Kristian (12 August 2017). "N.K. Jemisin Makes Hugo Awards History With 'The Obelisk Gate'". 
Bustle. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Doctorow, Cory (12 August 2017). "2017 Hugo winners: excellent writing and editing by brilliant women". Boing Boing. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Liptak, Andrew (20 February 2017). "This year's Nebula Award nominees are incredibly diverse – read some online". 
The Verge. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ Liptak, Andrew (20 May 2017). "Here are the winners of this year's Nebula Awards". The Verge. 
Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ "High Fantasy [Award, 2016]". RT Book Reviews. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
The Obelisk Gate 
Awards 
References 
Plot summary 
As a result of Indonesia being disqualified due to FIFA suspension, Group F contains only four teams compared to five teams in all other groups. Therefore, the results against the fifth-placed team are not counted when determining the ranking of the fourth-placed teams.[22] 
At an AFC Competition Committee meeting in November 2014, it was decided that two rounds of play-off matches would be introduced into the qualification procedure to determine the final eight teams for the main qualifying round.[4][23] 
A total of eight slots for the third round were available from this round (five from round 1, three from round 2).[23] The three teams eliminated from this stage progressed to the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup.[12] 
The draw for the play-off round was held on 7 April 2016, 15:00 MYT (UTC+8), at the AFC House in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[24] 
The lowest seeded team, Bhutan, received a bye, and the remaining ten teams were drawn into five pairs. Each pair played two home-and-away matches, with the winners qualifying for the third round.[23] 
The five losers from round 1 joined Bhutan in this round. The six teams were drawn into three pairs. Each pair played two home-and-away matches, with the winners qualifying for the third round.[23] 
A total of 24 teams will compete in the third round of AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. Since the 2019 hosts United Arab Emirates have advanced to the third round of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, the automatic slot for the hosts is no longer necessary, and a total of 12 slots for the AFC Asian Cup will be available from this round. 
Due to the withdrawal of Guam and the suspension of Kuwait, the AFC decided to invite both Nepal and Macau, the top two teams of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup, to re-enter 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification as replacements in order to maintain 24 teams in the third round of the competition.[26] 
The draw for the third round was held on 23 January 2017, 16:00 GST, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[26] The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four.[27] 
2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification tiebreakers The teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers are applied in the following order (Regulations Article 9.3):[15] Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams; Goal difference in head-to-head matches among tied teams; Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams; Away goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams; If more than two teams are tied, and after applying criteria 1 to 4, a subset of teams are still tied, criteria 1 to 4 are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams; Goal difference in all group matches; Goals scored in all group matches; Penalty shoot-out if only two teams are tied and they met in the last round of the group; Disciplinary points (yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points); Drawing of lots. 
2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 – 27 March 2018 Teams 45 (from 1 confederation) Tournament statistics Matches played 203 Goals scored 648 (3.19 per match) Attendance 2,671,047 (13,158 per match) Top scorer(s) Mohammad Al-Sahlawi (14 goals) 
Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament1 United Arab Emirates *Hosts !Hosts 01 !9 March 2015 09 !9 (1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) Qatar 02 !Second Round Group C winners 02 !17 November 2015 09 !9 (1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) South Korea 03 !Second Round Group G winners 03 !13 January 2016 13 !13 (1956, 1960, 1964, 1972, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) Japan 04 !Second Round Group E winners 04 !24 March 2016 08 !8 (1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) Thailand 05 !Second Round Group F winners 05 !24 March 2016 06 !6 (1972, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007) Saudi Arabia 06 !Second Round Group A winners 06 !24 March 2016 09 !9 (1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) Australia 07 !Second Round Group B winners 07 !29 March 2016 03 !3 (2007, 2011, 2015) Uzbekistan 07 !Second Round Group H winners 08 !29 March 2016 06 !6 (1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) Iran 07 !Second Round Group D winners 11 !29 March 2016 13 !13 (1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) Syria 07 !Second Round Group E runners-up 09 !29 March 2016 05 !5 (1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, 2011) Iraq 07 !Second Round Group F runners-up 10 !29 March 2016 08 !8 (1972, 1976, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) China PR 07 !Second Round Group C runners-up 12 !29 March 2016 11 !11 (1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015) 
Qualification status Country qualified for Asian Cup Country can qualify Country failed to qualify Country disqualified or withdrew 
The 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification is the qualification process organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) to determine the participating teams for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, the 17th edition of the international men's football championship of Asia. For the first time, the Asian Cup final tournament will be contested by 24 teams, having been expanded from the 16-team format that had been used since 2004.[1] 
11 goals 
1 Bold indicates champion for that year. Italic indicates host for that year. 
Note: Players in bold are still active in the competition. 
14 goals 
5 goals 
9 goals 
8 goals 
7 goals 
6 goals 
1 own goal 
4 goals 
3 goals 
2 goals 
1 goal 
16 April 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ↑ "AFC Asian Cup 2019 Competition Regulations" (PDF). AFC. ↑ "World Cup draw looms large in Asia". 
13 April 2015. Completing the tournament's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams, with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play-off matches to claim the last eight spots. 1 2 "AFC Competitions Committee meeting". 
Asian Football Confederation. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014. ↑ "Road to Russia with new milestone". 
FIFA.com. 15 January 2015. ↑ "FIFA Men's Ranking – January 2015 (AFC)". FIFA.com. 
8 January 2015. ↑ "AFC Calendar of Competitions 2015" (PDF). AFC. ↑ "AFC Calendar of Competitions 2016" (PDF). AFC. ↑ "AFC Calendar of Competitions 2017" (PDF). 
AFC. ↑ "AFC Competitions Calendar 2018" (PDF). AFC. 12 April 2016. ↑ "India v Nepal headlines 2018 World Cup, 2019 Asian Cup qualifiers draw". 
AFC. 23 February 2015. 1 2 "AFC Competitions Committee decisions". 
AFC. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016. ↑ "Draw date set for Round 2 of 2018 World Cup, 2019 Asian Cup qualifiers". 
AFC. 
5 March 2015. ↑ "Draw: Russia 2018 / UAE 2019 Joint Qualification Round 2". AFC. 15 April 2015. 
1 2 "Regulations – 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" (PDF). FIFA.com. ↑ Rashvinjeet S. Bedi; T. Avineshwaran (8 September 2015). "Malaysia-Saudi match abandoned after crowd trouble". 
The Star. Retrieved 8 September 2015. ↑ "Malaysian FA sanctioned after abandonment of FIFA World Cup qualifier". FIFA.com. 
5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. ↑ "DISCIPLINARY OVERVIEW – 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP RUSSIA™ QUALIFIERS" (PDF). FIFA. 
1 February 2016. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016. ↑ "Current allocation of FIFA World Cup™ confederation slots maintained". FIFA.com. 30 May 2015. ↑ "Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension". 
AFC. 
3 June 2015. ↑ "Yemen sanctioned for fielding ineligible player". FIFA. 6 July 2015. 
1 2 "Criteria to Determine the Rankings of Best-placed Teams among the Groups" (PDF). AFC. 1 2 3 4 "Stage set for UAE 2019 Qualifiers Play-off draw | AFC". www.the-afc.com. 
Retrieved 2016-04-05. ↑ "UAE 2019 Qualifiers Play-off draw concluded". AFC. 7 April 2016. 
1 2 3 "Federacao Futebol Timor-Leste expelled from AFC Asian Cup 2023". The-AFC.com. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
1 2 "Teams for final round of AFC Asian Cup UAE 2019 qualifiers confirmed". Asian Football Confederation. Retrieved 13 January 2017. ↑ "Draw for final round of AFC Asian Cup UAE 2019 qualifiers concluded". 
The qualification process will involve four rounds, where the first two doubled as the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification for Asian teams. 
The proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds for FIFA World Cup qualifiers with those for the Asian Cup was ratified by the AFC Competitions Committee.[1] 
The qualification structure is as follows:[1][2] 
The next 16 highest ranked teams (the remaining four group runners-up, the eight third-placed teams and the four best group fourth-placed teams) advanced directly to the third round of Asian Cup qualification. The remaining 12 teams entered the play-off round to contest the remaining eight spots in the third round of Asian Cup qualification.[3] Play-off round: At a Competition Committee meeting in November 2014, it was decided that a play-off round of qualifying would be introduced into the qualification procedure.[4] There were two rounds of home-and-away two-legged play-off matches to determine the final eight qualifiers for the third round. Third round: The 24 teams were divided into six groups of four to play home-and-away round-robin matches, and they compete for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. 
The play-off round represented a change from the initially announced qualification format – which saw the remaining fourth-placed teams and the four best group fifth-placed teams also advance to the third round.[1] 
46 FIFA-affiliated nations from the AFC entered qualification.[5] In order to determine which nations would compete in the first round and which nations would receive a bye through to the second round, the FIFA World Rankings of January 2015 were used (shown in parentheses).[6] 
Bye to second round (Ranked 1st to 34th) Competing in first round (Ranked 35th to 46th) Iran (51) Japan (54) South Korea (69) Uzbekistan (71) United Arab Emirates (80) Qatar (92) Oman (93) Jordan (93) China PR (96) Australia (100) Saudi Arabia (102) Bahrain (110) Iraq (114) Palestine (115) Lebanon (122) Kuwait (125) Philippines (129) Maldives (131) Vietnam (133) Tajikistan (136) Myanmar (141) Afghanistan (142) Thailand (144) Turkmenistan (147) North Korea (150) Syria (151) Kyrgyzstan (152) Malaysia (154) Hong Kong (156) Singapore (157) Indonesia (159) Laos (160) Guam (161) Bangladesh (165) India (171) Sri Lanka (172) Yemen (176) Cambodia (179) Chinese Taipei (182) Timor-Leste (185) Nepal (186) Macau (186) Pakistan (188) Mongolia (194) Brunei (198) Bhutan (209) 
Due to the joint format of the FIFA World Cup qualifiers and AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, the hosts of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, the United Arab Emirates also entered the second round of AFC Asian Cup qualifiers despite having qualified automatically. 
The schedule of the qualification competition is as follows.[7][8][9][10] 
Round Matchday Date First round First leg 12 March 2015 Second leg 17 March 2015 Second round Matchday 1 11 June 2015 Matchday 2 16 June 2015 Matchday 3 3 September 2015 Matchday 4 8 September 2015 Matchday 5 8 October 2015 Matchday 6 13 October 2015 Matchday 7 12 November 2015 Matchday 8 17 November 2015 Matchday 9 24 March 2016 Matchday 10 29 March 2016 Round Matchday Date Play-off round Round 1 First leg 2 June 2016 Round 1 Second leg 7 June 2016 Round 2 First leg 6 September 2016 Round 2 Second leg 11 October 2016 Third round Matchday 1 28 March 2017 Matchday 2 13 June 2017 Matchday 3 5 September 2017 Matchday 4 10 October 2017 Matchday 5 14 November 2017 Matchday 6 27 March 2018 
The draw for the first round was held on 10 February 2015, 15:30 MST (UTC+8), at the AFC House in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[11] 
The six teams eliminated from this stage progressed to the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup.[12] 
The draw for the second round was held on 14 April 2015, 17:00 MST (UTC+8), at the JW Marriott Hotel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[13][14] 
To determine the four best runner-up teams, the following criteria are used: 
Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss) Goal difference Goals scored Play-off match(es) on neutral ground (if approved by FIFA Organizing Committee), with extra time and penalty shoot-out if necessary 
As a result of Indonesia being disqualified due to FIFA suspension, Group F contains only four teams compared to five teams in all other groups. Therefore, the results against the fifth-placed team are not counted when determining the ranking of the runner-up teams.[22] 
To determine the four best fourth-placed teams, the following criteria were used: 
Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss) Goal difference Goals scored Play-off match(es) on neutral ground (if approved by AFC Organizing Committee), with extra time and penalty shoot-out if necessary 
Group E 
Third round 
Round 1 
Group G 
Group C 
Second round 
Group B 
Format 
See also 
Groups 
Ranking of fourth-placed teams 
Group H 
References 
Group D 
First round 
Qualified teams 
Ranking of runner-up teams 
Play-off round 
Goalscorers 
Group F 
Round 2 
Marshmello Marshmello at Open Beatz 2016 Background information Genres Future bass electronic progressive house trap Occupation(s) DJ record producer musician Instruments Digital audio workstation synthesizer Years active 2015–present Labels Monstercat OWSLA Joytime Collective Spinnin' Associated acts Omar Linx Slushii Jauz Skrillex Website marshmellomusic.com 
Marshmello (stylized marshmello) is an electronic dance music producer and DJ. He first gained international recognition by remixing songs by Jack Ü and Zedd, and later collaborated with artists including Omar LinX, Ookay, Jauz and Slushii.[1] In January 2017, his song "Alone" appeared on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.[2][3] 
His identity is unknown.[4] It has been frequently suggested that Marshmello is American DJ Chris Comstock, also known as Dotcom, whose style is similar to Marshmello's. Skrillex also referred to Marshmello as "Chris" in an interview. In addition, both are managed by Moe Shalizi and allegedly have the same tattoo and birthday.[5][4] 
Marshmello's stage name, an alternative spelling of "marshmallow", and his marshmallow mascot head were both inspired by electro house music producer and DJ deadmau5, who also notably uses an alternate spelling for his stage name and performs wearing a "dead mouse" mascot head.[6] Acknowledgement of deadmau5's contribution to Marshmello's persona is evident in the music video for "Alone," which features Marshmello's pet mouse, Joel (Joel Zimmerman is deadmau5's real name).[7] While Marshmello has not yet confirmed his true identity, the most widespread speculation is that, he is Chris Comstock, who is also known as Dotcom.[4] Journalists have also speculated that Marshmello could be Martin Garrix, Jauz, or a collective of producers and DJs managed by Shalizi.[8][9][10][5][4] On March 4, 2017, Feed Me posted an Instagram story of Dotcom in Marshmello's costume and another person with Marshmello's helmet.[11] 
After his set at Electric Daisy Carnival in 2016, Marshmello jokingly "revealed" his true identity by taking off his helmet, but the performer on-stage was revealed to actually be Dutch producer Tiësto. The event was widely described as being a "troll", as the two artists have been seen with each other in other photos and had conflicting tour schedules, thus making it unlikely that Marshmello was actually Tiësto.[12][13][14][15] 
Comstock was credited as the only songwriter other than featured vocalist, Khalid, by ASCAP for Marshmello's song "Silence".[17] 
His musical style includes groove-oriented, synth and bass-heavy electronic dance music.[5] Inspired by other masked DJs like Deadmau5 and Daft Punk, Marshmello appears wearing a full-head-covering white coloured bucket.[18] Despite the anonymity, his career received international recognition in 2015 when he began releasing tracks online, including remixes of Zedd's "Beautiful Now", Jack Ü's "Where Are Ü Now" and others, as well as his own single "Alone". 
On March 3, 2015, Marshmello posted his first song "WaVeZ" as an original mix on his SoundCloud page.[19] As he released more songs, he began to receive support from established and well-known DJs like Skrillex who reposted his song "FinD Me" on his SoundCloud page.[20] Marshmello performed at New York's Pier 94, Pomona, California's HARD Day of the Dead festival, and Miami Music Week. In 2016, Marshmello released a compilation of his previously released tracks, Joytime, which reached number five on the US Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart. Included on the album was the single "Keep It Mello" featuring rapper Omar LinX. 
On January 8, 2016, Marshmello self-released his debut album Joytime, consisting of 10 tracks, through his own label Joytime Collective.[22] Two singles were released from the album, titled "Keep It Mello" featuring rapper Omar LinX and "Want U 2".[23] The album peaked number five on Billboard's electronic/dance albums chart.[24] 
Marshmello debuted on Monstercat with his song "Alone", which appeared on the compilation album Monstercat 027 – Cataclysm.[25] On June 3, 2016, it was announced that there would be a remix contest for "Alone".[26] The winner would have their remix released by Monstercat and a chance to play an opening DJ set at Camp Bisco.[27] It was later announced that future house duo MRVLZ had won the contest.[28] On July 2, 2016, he released the music video for Alone on his YouTube channel which has racked up over half a billion views as of August 2017, easily becoming the label's most successful release.[29] 
On June 19, 2016, Marshmello performed at Electric Daisy Carnival 2016 in Las Vegas where Dutch DJ Tiësto, who wore the same clothes as Marshmello, showed up on stage and took off his helmet assuming to be Marshmello.[12] It was later disregarded as a publicity stunt by fans and the media due to their conflicting tour dates and a photo of "the two helmeted DJs hanging out together pre-show".[13][14][15] 
On August 20, 2016, Marshmello announced the Ritual Tour on Twitter, on which he performed in several countries including the United States, China, South Korea, India and Paraguay from September 30, 2016 until January 21, 2017.[30][31] 
On October 27, 2016, he debuted on Skrillex's OWSLA label with a single titled "Ritual" featuring American singer-songwriter Wrabel.[32][33] An official music video was uploaded to Marshmello's YouTube channel.[34] He started his own record label Joytime Collective and signed Slushii as the first artist.[35] 
Marshmello collaborated with Ookay to release the single "Chasing Colors" featuring vocals by Noah Cyrus.[36][37][38] He later collaborated with Slushii to release the single "Twinbow", which was previously 'teased' by the duo.[39][40] On May 5, 2017, his third single of the year titled "Moving On" was released.[41] Marshmello debuted the song in 2015, two years before it received an official release.[42] A music video for the song was also released.[43] On July 8, 2017, Marshmello announced an upcoming collaboration with American hip hop recording artist Blackbear on social media.[44] A single with singer Demi Lovato, co-written by Louis Bell, Brian Lee, Ali Tamposi and Andrew Watt, was also announced as Marshmello previewed a demo of the song at Coachella 2017.[45][46][47] 
On July 28, 2017, Marshmello released a song titled "Love U" for free as appreciation to his fans.[48] 
Marshmello earned $21 million in the 12 months prior to June 2017 and was named in Forbes' annual ranking of the world's highest-paid DJs.[17] He announced on Twitter, a single with singer Khalid titled "Silence", which was released on August 11, 2017.[49] This song was featured on Worldhit and marked the Top 200 in over 28 countries.[50] 
Marshmello 
↑ Staff, Your EDM (February 20, 2016). "Who Is Behind Marshmello’s New Protégé, Slushii?". Your EDM. 
Retrieved 2017-02-23. ↑ "Marshmello - Chart history (Billboard Hot 100)". www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-02-23. ↑ Staff, Your EDM (February 20, 2016). "Who Is Behind Marshmello's New Protégé, Slushii?". 
Retrieved 2017-02-23. 
1 2 3 4 Gramm3r (June 29, 2015). "Did Dotcom Just Confirm He’s Marshmello Post Skrillex/Katie Couric Interview?". Fist In The Air. 
Retrieved August 22, 2016. 
1 2 3 Sachs, Elliot (May 21, 2016). 
"Skrillex Confirms Rumor Of Marshmello's Identity With New Instagram Post". Your EDM. 
Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ https://thump.vice.com/en_us/article/masked-djs-history-orbital-deadmau5-daft-punk-marshmello "A Brief History of Masked DJs—From Orbital to Marshmello" ↑ http://www.ravejungle.com/2016/11/02/marshmello-trolls-deadmau5/ "Marshmello trolls Deadmau5 in his music video and Joel responded quickly" ↑ Goudie, Chas (June 1, 2015). "WHO IS MARSHMELLO?". The Six Thirty. 
Retrieved March 2, 2017. ↑ Staff (March 2, 2016). 
"An oddly compelling argument as to which famous DJ hides beneath". Pilerats. Retrieved March 2, 2017. ↑ Castillo, Ryan (February 18, 2016). 
"Who is Slushii?". 
EDM Chicago. 
Retrieved March 1, 2017. ↑ Lucas (March 5, 2017). 
"Marshmello's Identity Accidentally Revealed On Instagram Last Night [SCREENSHOT]". 
Retrieved 2017-03-18. 
1 2 Meadow, Matthew (June 20, 2016). 
"Marshmello Trolls Everyone At EDC Las Vegas By Revealing His "True Identity" [VIDEO]". 
Your EDM. 
Retrieved August 13, 2016. 1 2 "Watch Tiësto Trick EDC Las Vegas Attendees Into Thinking He's Marshmello". 
Retrieved August 13, 2016. 1 2 Staff, Your EDM (July 22, 2016). "Marshmello Posts Helmet-Less Picture On Instagram & Deletes It Immediately [SCREENSHOT]". 
Your EDM. Retrieved August 13, 2016. 1 2 "Tiësto trolls EDC into believing he's Marshmello - Dancing Astronaut". 
June 20, 2016. 
Retrieved August 13, 2016. ↑ Staff, Your EDM (July 11, 2017). 
"Actress Confirms Marshmello's True Identity In Social Media Slip Up". Your EDM. Retrieved 2017-07-15. 
1 2 Robehmed, Natalie. 
"Inside Masked Newcomer Marshmello's $21 Million Year". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-08-09. ↑ "Marshmello Bio | Marshmello Career". 
Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ WaVeZ (Original Mix), retrieved July 30, 2016 ↑ "Who is Marshmello? 
An in-depth look at electronic music's newest mystery - Dancing Astronaut". Dancing Astronaut. 
June 26, 2015. 
Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ Makwana, Harsh (January 31, 2017). "Sikdope - With You [Free Download] - The Bangin Beats". The Bangin Beats. 
Retrieved 2017-02-23. ↑ "Marshmello Self-Releases First Album 'Joytime'". 
Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ "Marshmello on Apple Music". iTunes. 
Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ "Joytime | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ "Monstercat 027 - Cataclysm by Various Artists on Apple Music". iTunes. 
Retrieved August 13, 2016. ↑ "Splice". Splice. Retrieved August 13, 2016. ↑ "Marshmello’s Biography – Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm". www.last.fm. 
Retrieved July 30, 2016. ↑ "Monstercat & Marshmello "Alone" Remix Contest Winner - Blog | Splice". splice.com. Retrieved August 13, 2016. ↑ ""' Alone (Official Music Video)' on Youtube"". 
2015 
Musical style 
2017: Collaborations and Forbes list 
Background 
Career 
2016: Debut album Joytime 
The 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck the southern coast of Mexico near Chiapas at 23:49 CDT on 7 September. The earthquake measured 8.1 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) and occurred near the state of Chiapas, approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi) south of Pijijiapan in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.[4][5] 
1 2 Cumes, William (7 September 2017). "Temblor de 7.7 grados sacude Guatemala". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). 
Univision (in Spanish). 8 September 2017. 1 2 "Earthquake of magnitude 8.1 strikes off Mexico's Pacific coast". 
United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 7 September 2017. 1 2 Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (8 September 2017). 
Ewa Beach, Hawaii: National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ "Tsunami Message Number 5 (0653 UTC Fri Sep 8 2017)". National Weather Service (United States). 
1 2 3 4 Graham, Chris; Johnson, Jamie; Strange, Hannah; Badcock, James (8 September 2017). "Mexico hit by 'strongest earthquake in a century' as magnitude 8.2 tremor triggers tsunami waves – latest news". The Telegraph. ↑ Richard Hartley, Parkinson (8 September 2017). 
Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ "World – M7+ in 2017". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ Singh, S.K.; M. Ordaz; L. Alcantara; N. Shapiro; V. Kostoglodov; J. F. Pacheco; S. Alcocer; C. Gutierrez; R. Quaas; T. Mikumo; E. Ovando; J. Aguirre; D. Almora; J. G. Anderson; M. Ayala; C. Javier; G. Castro; R. Duran; G. Espitia; J. Estrada; E. Guevara; J. Lermo; B. Lopez; O. Lopez; M. Macias; E. Mena; M. Ortega; C. Perez; J. Perez; M. Romo; M. Ramirez; C. Reyes; R. Ruiz; H. Sandoval; M. Torres; E. Vazquez; R. Vazquez; J. M. Velasco & J. Ylizaturri (2000). "The Oaxaca earthquake of 30 September 1999 (MW = 7.5)" (PDF). 
Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ "At least six die in huge Mexico quake, small tsunami triggered – Video". Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ Malkin, Elisabeth; Ramzy, Austin (8 September 2017). "Strong Earthquake Hits Off Mexico’s Coast". 
Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ Nacional, Servicio Sismológico. "Servicio Sismológico Nacional". www.ssn.unam.mx. ↑ "Suman 337 réplicas tras sismo; la mayor de 6.1 grados" [Up to 337 aftershocks after earthquake; no greater than 6.1]. El Diario de El Paso (in Spanish). 
8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. 1 2 "Death toll rises to 60 in powerful Mexico earthquake". 
Associated Press. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ↑ "Thousands of homes wrecked by huge Mexican quake, death toll at 90". 
Retrieved 10 September 2017. ↑ Mandujano, Isaín (8 September 2017). "La Segob declara "emergencia extraordinaria" en 122 municipios de Chiapas por sismo" [Secretariat of the Interior declares "extraordinary emergency" in 122 Chiapas municipalities after earthquake]. Proceso (in Spanish). 
Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ Garcia, Dennis A. (8 September 2017). "Sedena aplica Plan DN-III-E en Chiapas y Oaxaca" [Sedena applies DN-III-E plan in Chiapas and Oaxaca]. El Universal (in Spanish). 
Retrieved 8 September 2017. 1 2 3 Sherman, Cristopher; Castillo, Eduardo (8 September 2017). "'The house moved like chewing gum': Dozens killed in Mexico earthquake as country braces for hurricane". 
Retrieved 8 September 2017. ↑ Linthicum, Kate; Sanchez, Cecilia (8 September 2017). "From toppled buildings to at least 32 deaths, Mexico's most powerful quake in years prompts chaos". The Los Angeles Times. 
2017 Chiapas earthquake and aftershocks Graph of earthquakes by magnitude Graph of earthquakes by magnitude Map of earthquakes Red marks earthquakes over Mw 8.0 and orange over Mw 5.0. 
Map of earthquakes Red marks earthquakes over Mw 8.0 and orange over Mw 5.0. 
Damage to Juchitán de Zaragoza City Hall City Hall in November 2006 City Hall on 8 September 2017 
Within Chiapas, an estimated 1.5 million people were affected by the earthquake, with 41,000 homes damaged.[25][26] At least 96 people have died in the earthquake, including 76 in Oaxaca, 16 in Chiapas and 4 in Tabasco.[3] The Secretariat of the Interior declared a state of emergency for 122 municipalities in Chiapas,[27] and the Mexican Army was deployed to aid in disaster relief.[28] Schools were closed on 8 September in 11 states for safety inspections.[29] Damage in Veracruz was reported, meanwhile the state is expecting the arrival of Hurricane Katia on 9 September.[29] Buildings in Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, closest to the epicenter, were "reduced to rubble" according to reports from the town's mayor.[30] 
President Enrique Peña Nieto inspecting damage to a home in Juchitán, Oaxaca 
The earthquake also caused buildings to shake and sway in Mexico City, while also knocking out electricity for 1.8 million people.[25][29] There were reports of glass shattered at Mexico City International Airport.[31] 
The epicenter was near Mexico's border with Guatemala, where the quake was felt in Guatemala City, and infrastructure damage was reported by CONRED in the nation's south-west.[1] President Jimmy Morales stated that one Guatemalan may have been killed.[32] 
Collection Center for the victims of the earthquake, Mexico City City Hall. 
On 11 September, Mexico recalled its aid to the United States, offered in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, to focus on earthquake recovery.[33] 
2017 Chiapas earthquake Date 7 September 2017 (2017-09-07) Origin time 23:49:21 CDT Magnitude 8.1 Mw Depth 69.7 km (43.3 mi) Epicenter 15°04′05″N 93°42′54″W / 15.068°N 93.715°W / 15.068; -93.715Coordinates: 15°04′05″N 93°42′54″W / 15.068°N 93.715°W / 15.068; -93.715 Areas affected Mexico, Guatemala[1] Max. intensity IX (Violent) Tsunami Yes Foreshocks 1 Aftershocks 1,067[2] Casualties At least 96[3] 
The earthquake caused some buildings in Mexico City to tremble, prompting people to evacuate.[4] It also generated a tsunami with waves of 1.75 metres (5 ft 9 in) above tide level;[6] and tsunami alerts were issued for surrounding areas.[7] Mexico's president called it the strongest earthquake recorded in the country in a century.[8] It was also the second strongest recorded in the country's history, behind the magnitude 8.6 earthquake in 1787,[9] and the most intense recorded globally in 2017.[10] 
The Gulf of Tehuantepec lies above the convergent boundary where the Cocos Plate is being subducted below the North American Plate at a rate of 6.4 cm/yr (2.5 in/yr).[11][12] 
On 6 September, several earthquake alarms in Mexico City were mistakenly activated and prompted the evacuation of buildings. The incident prompted a review of the system.[13] 
Persons outside a hotel in Mexico City a few minutes after the earthquake. 
According to the National Seismological Service (SSN) of Mexico, the epicenter was located in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, about 137 kilometres (85 mi) southeast of Tonalá, Chiapas.[14] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported that the epicenter was about 87 kilometres (54 mi) southwest of Pijijiapan, Chiapas.[5] The SSN reported a measurement of M 8.2,[14] while the USGS reported a M 8.1 earthquake after correcting an earlier estimate of M 8.0.[5] The earthquake moved the fault between the Cocos and North American plates by up to 10 metres (33 ft).[15] 
The earthquake is the most powerful to be measured in Mexico since the 1985 Mexico City earthquake,[16][17] and is comparable to the 1932 Jalisco earthquakes.[18] Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto called the earthquake the "largest in at least a century" and claimed that it was felt by 50 million people.[8][19] 
A tsunami with waves of 1 m (3.3 ft) and higher was generated by the earthquake and was recorded at Salina Cruz;[20] A tsunami wave of 1.75 m (5.7 ft) was reported in Chiapas.[6] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a warning for the entire Pacific coast of Central America, also extending south to Ecuador.[8][21] 
In the hour following the earthquake, at least 12 aftershocks were recorded by the USGS.[22] The Servicio Sismológico Nacional[23] has recorded at least 1,067 aftershocks[2], of up to a magnitude of 6.1.[8][24] 
# CDT time Epicenter Nearby landmarks Depth Mag. Main 23:49:21 15°04′05″N 93°42′54″W / 15.068°N 93.715°W / 15.068; -93.715 87 km (54 mi) southwest of Pijijiapan 69.7 km (43.3 mi) 8.1 1 0:01:38 15°52′01″N 94°05′17″W / 15.867°N 94.088°W / 15.867; -94.088 29 km (18 mi) southwest of Paredon 35 km (21.7 mi) 5.7 2 0:17:42 15°32′49″N 94°29′20″W / 15.547°N 94.489°W / 15.547; -94.489 75 km (47 mi) south-southeast of San Francisco del Mar 41.3 km (25.7 mi) 5.4 3 0:24:40 15°32′02″N 94°22′41″W / 15.534°N 94.378°W / 15.534; -94.378 77 km (48 mi) southwest of Paredon 50.5 km (31.4 mi) 5.2 4 0:33:38 15°20′42″N 94°16′19″W / 15.345°N 94.272°W / 15.345; -94.272 87 km (54 mi) south-southwest of Paredon 35.0 km (21.7 mi) 5.2 5 0:44:29 15°42′54″N 94°33′47″W / 15.715°N 94.563°W / 15.715; -94.563 58 km (36 mi) south of San Francisco del Mar 35.0 km (21.7 mi) 4.9 6 0:57:00 15°05′N 94°31′W / 15.09°N 94.52°W / 15.09; -94.52 137 km (85 mi) southeast of Tonalá 21.0 km (13.0 mi) 5.1 7 1:08:47 15°27′N 94°47′W / 15.45°N 94.78°W / 15.45; -94.78 92 km (57 mi) southeast of Salina Cruz 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 5.0 8 2:38:38 15°31′N 94°50′W / 15.52°N 94.83°W / 15.52; -94.83 83 km (52 mi) southeast of Salina Cruz 50.0 km (31.1 mi) 5.3 9 2:59:57 15°35′N 94°55′W / 15.58°N 94.91°W / 15.58; -94.91 73 km (45 mi) southeast of Salina Cruz 50.0 km (31.1 mi) 5.2 10 3:34:34 15°10′N 94°20′W / 15.17°N 94.33°W / 15.17; -94.33 130 km (81 mi) southeast of Tonalá 16.0 km (9.9 mi) 5.9 11 6:25:56 15°54′N 95°07′W / 15.90°N 95.11°W / 15.90; -95.11 32 km (20 mi) southeast of Salina Cruz 59.0 km (36.7 mi) 5.0 12 6:43:07 15°50′N 95°02′W / 15.83°N 95.04°W / 15.83; -95.04 42 km (26 mi) southeast of Salina Cruz 59.0 km (36.7 mi) 5.2 
2017 Chiapas earthquake 
Response 
Tsunami 
Tectonic setting 
Earthquake 
Damage 
Background 
Aftershocks 
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Layal Abboud". insight-egypt.com. Insight Publishing House Limited, UK. Retrieved 24 August 2017. ↑ "Layal Abboud: The unworthy recipient of a cultural award". now.mmedia.me. 
The NOW team. 
Retrieved 23 August 2017. ↑ "ليال عبود - Layal Abboud". معلومات السيرة الذاتية، قصة حياة المشاهير. knopedia.com. 
Retrieved 23 August 2017. 1 2 "ليال عبود layal abboud". asraroki.com/. Asraroki. 
Retrieved 24 August 2017. ↑ "The official lebanese Top 20 - Layal Abboud". 
The official lebanese Top 20. ↑ "layale abboud". alfananine.com. 
Syndicate Of Professional Artists In Lebanon. 
Retrieved 24 August 2017. ↑ "Al Kahera Wal Nas". youtube.com. You Tube. 15 June 2017. ↑ "ليال عبود:وضع مسدساً في رأسي ولولا العناية الإلهية لما خرجتُ سالمة - ليالينا". ليالينا (in Arabic). 
Layal Abboud (Arabic: ليال عبود‎‎:pronounced [layāl ʿab'boud]; born 15 May 1982) is a Lebanese pop singer, folk music entertainer, sound-lyric poet, concert dancer, fit model, Muslim humanitarian and businesswoman.[1][2][3] 
contemporary hit radio 
He revealed that, in spite of the horrible inevitability of loss, the song is about letting people know that you care.[6][4] 
Upon its release, the video racked up 3 million views on YouTube in the first 24 hours. As of September 25, the video has reached over 10 million views. 
Additional musicians 
Guitar and piano by Eg White 
One More Light (song) 
The cabinet of Thein Sein (Burmese: ဦးသိန်းစိန် အစိုးရ), headed by President Thein Sein, is the first democratically elected government of Myanmar after the military government. It took office on 30 March 2011 after the Myanmar general election, 2010 to 30 March 2016. 
Grand Military Review Parade Ceremony (Burmese: ဗိုလ်ရှုသဘင်)(4 January) - The head attended to the ceremony which was held in the 67th Independent day of Myanmar. 
Heads and Ministers 
1 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20121113170332/http://www.myanmar.com/newspaper/nlm/Feb14_02.html. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2013. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) 1 2 3 Latt, Win Ko Ko (11 February 2013). 
"Air Force boss to take over telecoms". The Myanmar Times. 
Retrieved 13 February 2013. ↑ "MPs agree on religious affairs minister replacement". www.mmtimes.com. Ei Ei Toe Lwin. Retrieved 4 July 2014. ↑ "Myanmar information and health ministers step down | Mail Online". 
Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Press. Retrieved 29 July 2014. ↑ "Who is Ye Htut?". 
The Nation. 31 July 2014. 
Retrieved 1 August 2014. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120913060230/http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/politics/627-thein-sein-proposes-to-scrap-ministries. 
Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "BBC News – Burma president announces cabinet reshuffle". 
Bbc.co.uk. 27 August 2012. 
Retrieved 13 February 2014. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120906062313/http://mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/7933-parliament-approves-ministry-realignments.html. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. 
Retrieved 6 September 2012. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Nyein, Nyein (14 February 2013). 
"Former Generals to Run Burma's Telecoms, Border Affairs Ministries". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 15 February 2013. ↑ Wai Moe (29 March 2011). 
"Thein Sein and Cabinet Scheduled to be Sworn in on Wednesday". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 19 August 2011. 
1 2 Ahunt Phone Myat (9 February 2011). "Major government overhaul underway". Democratic Voice of Burma. 
Retrieved 19 August 2011. ↑ "Correction: Myanmar President Forms 30-member Cabinet". RTT News. 9 February 2011. 
Retrieved 19 August 2011. ↑ Thein Sein (10 August 2011). "Union Minister Reshuffled" (PDF). New Light of Myanmar. 
Retrieved 21 August 2011. ↑ "REGIME WATCH > CABINET". 
Alternative Asean Network on Burma. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011. ↑ "Burma Dam". ↑ "Thein Sein at UN General Assembly". 
Thein Sein's Cabinet 
Cabinet resignations (August 2015) 
Cabinet 
Inaugural Cabinet (March 2011) 
References 
The Admin of COE universities is Yangon Technological University and TU isTechnological University, Thanlyin. The another COE University is University of Technology, Yadanabon Cyber City. 
List of Technological Universities in Myanmar 
See also 
Finalists 
The judges of Season 1 are famous Burmese singers Ye Lay, Chan Chan and May Sweet and those of season 2 are Tin Zar Maw, Myanmar Pyi Thein Tan and May Sweet. 
Myanmar Idol is a popular Myanmar singing contest.[1] Its first season was described by The Myanmar Times as a "wild success".[2] 
Following the success of American Idol and other IDOL series, the chairman of Shwe Than Lwin tried to authorise to hold this contest in Myanmar. Its formats and methods are identical with the world idol series. It became very famous in Myanmar and became even more popular than Eain Mat Sone Yar and Melody World which were once the most famous Singing Contests in Myanmar. 
The auditions were held on four major cities,Yangon,Mandalay,Pathein and Taunggyi. The judges chose the Top 11 finalists. The Top 3 finalists, Saw Lah Htaw Wah, M Zaw Rain and Ninzi May advanced the Grand Final Show. 
The Season 2 is more famous because of the judge,Myanmar Pyi Thein Tan.It is difficult to get the golden ticket from him.The auditions were held in 5 major cities,Yangon, Mandalay, Naypyidaw , Taunggyi and Hpa-An. The bus auditions also held in other towns. The judges decide who will be in the Final Top 10.The Grand Final Show was held on 25 March 2017. 
Finalists (With Final Competition) Season 1 (2016) Picture Final Competition Week Competition Song Remark Audition Voting Number Saw Lah Htaw Wah Winner Final Min Thi Naing Ma Lar Yangon 7 M Zaw Rain Runner Up Final Min Thi Naing Ma Lar Nout Sone Yin Kwin Taunggyi 1 Ninzi May Runner Up Final Min Thi Naing Ma Lar A Chit Htat Ma Ka BalThu Ko Loug Chit ThaLal Yangon 3 Sofia Everst Auora Composer Saung Oo Hlaing Week A Chit Ma Shi Nay Yat Myar She was saved in the Hit Songs Week Yangon 8 Zaw Min Oo Cinematic Songs Week Hnayout Ta Ait Mat Mandalay 11 Saw Htet Naing Soe Hot Season Songs Week Nway Hmat Tan Taunggyi 2 May Kyi Rock Week,Composer Saung Oo Hlaing Week She is the Panthe Wild Card Winner and she came back in Cinematic Songs Week Taunggyi 10 Aung Tay Zar Kyaw Htoo Ein Thin's Songs Week 9 Khine Thazin Thin Htoo Ain Thin's Song Week NarYee Paw Ma Myat Yae Sat Myar Yangon 6 Aung Pyae Tun Famous Songs of 1980 Week Pyut Sone Nay Thaw Naitban Bone Mandalay Rio Favourite Songs Week Yangon Season 2 (2017) Picture Final Competition Week Competition Song Remark Audition Voting Number Thar Nge Winner Final Lan Ka Lay Mandalay 2 Billy La Min Aye Runner Up Final Lan Ka Lay Phyar Suu A Chit Myar Lat Saung Taunggyi 9 Poe Mi Encourage Songs Week Yone Kyi Yar She was saved in Duet Songs Week Yangon 6 Mai Mai Seng Blue Music Week Paris Myo Ko Pyan U Twar 4 Ye Naung Hits Songs Week A Yin Ka Zat Lan Lay Yangon 1 Zin Gyi Win Oo Week,Blue Music Week(with Wild Card) Maung Toe Chal Yi Myay A May Yal Dokka Ow Lay *Golden Disc (May Sweet) Winner He is a Wild Card winner and came back in Blue Music Week Taunggyi 3 Chan Nyein Back to the Rock Week 5 Youn Youn Back to the Rock Week 10 Phyu Lay Famous Songs of 1990 Week Mandalay 8 AMe Zan Top 10 Week(Favourite Songs) Soe Yane Chit 7 
Judges 
Winners 
Myanmar Idol Created by Myanmar National TV Presented by Kyaw Htet Aung Starring Saw Lah Htaw Wah Thar Nge Judges Myanmar Pyi Thein Tan May Sweet Tin Zar Maw Theme music composer Ye Lay Opening theme "Pyaw Par Say Tha Ngal Chin" (Be Happy Friend) Original language(s) Burmese 
Myanmar Idol 
She performed in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2013 Southeast Asian Games in Naypyidaw.[3] She won the 2008 season of Melody World, a televised singing competition.[4] 
She sang three great songs, Myanmar, the Country of our Blood Friends(Burmese: သွေးချင်းတို့ဌာနေမြန်မာပြည်), Everlasting Myanmar(Burmese: ထာဝရမြန်မာ) and See You Again(Burmese: ပြန်ဆုံမယ်), in the opening and closing ceremonies.[5] Her song, Myanmar, the Country of our Blood Friends is very famous even today. She also sang the Theme Song of the 24th ASEAN Summit. She presented her first one lady show in Yangon on 1 April 2017.[6] She was married to a widower, Myo Myint Thein, from 2010 to 2013.[7] 
Ni Ni Khin Zaw Native name နီနီခင်ဇော် Birth name Ni Ni Khin Zaw Born (1991-08-31) 31 August 1991 Myanmar Genres Pop, R&B Occupation(s) Singer, Songwriter Instruments Vocals Years active 2008-present 
Ni Ni Khin Zaw (Burmese: နီနီခင်ဇော်) is a Burmese pop singer.[1] She attended medical school[2] at the University of Medicine 2, Yangon. 
She is running the business named "SUPER RED Cosmetics".[9] 
Retrieved 17 July 2015. ↑ စကားဝါ (19 May 2014). "အနုပညာ အလုပ်ကို လုပ်နေ ပေမယ့်လည်း ဆရာဝန် အလုပ်ကို လက်မလွှတ် ပါဘူးလို့ ဆိုလာသူ နီနီခင်ဇော်". Myawady (in Burmese). Retrieved 17 July 2015. ↑ အေဝိုင်အီး. "မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏ နာမည်ကြီး အနုပညာရှင်များ ပါဝင်လာသည့် ဆီးဂိမ်းလှုံ့ဆော်ရေး မတ်လတတိယအပတ်မှ စတင်ပြီ". 
Ni Ni Khin Zaw 
Discography 
The National Theatre of Mandalay (Burmese:အမျိုးသားဇာတ်ရုံ), located in Aungmyethazan Township, Mandalay, is the national theatre of Myanmar. The theatre is used for cultural exchange programs with foreign countries, for departmental workshops, religious ceremonies, prize giving ceremonies, performing arts competitions, and for musical stage shows. 
There are bronze statutes of some famous artists of Mandalay such as Shwe Man Tin Maung, Sein Bayda, Daw Mya Yin, Daw Saw Mya Aye Kyi and Nandawshae Saya Tin for the proud as Cultural City. 
Nandawshae Saya Tin 
Sein Bayda 
References 
National Theatre of Mandalay အမျိုးသားဇာတ်ရုံ National Theatre of Mandalay]] Location 66th Street, Aungmyethazan Township , Mandalay Coordinates 21°59′23″N 96°06′28″E / 21.989826°N 96.107742°E / 21.989826; 96.107742 Owner Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture Construction Built 1 January 1993 Opened 16 October 1999 
National Theatre of Mandalay 
Statutes 
First Lady of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the title held by the wife of the President or the Head of the State. The first lady is also the patron of the Myanmar Women Affairs. 
The current first lady is Su Su Lwin (spouse of president Htin Kyaw). 
First Lady of Myanmar Incumbent Su Su Lwin since 30 March 2016 Style Her Excellency Daw Residence Presidential Palace, Naypyidaw Inaugural holder Sao Nang Hearn Kham Formation 4 January 1948 
# Name Picture President/Head of State Take Office Left Office Days 1 Sao Nang Hearn Kham Sao Shwe Thaik January 4, 1948 (1948-01-04) March 12, 1952 (1952-03-12) 2 N/A Ba U March 12, 1952 (1952-03-12) 3 Mya May Win Maung March 13, 1957 (1957-03-13) March 2, 1962 (1962-03-02) 4 Khin May Than Ne Win March 2, 1962 (1962-03-02) 5 Ni Ni Myint Ne Win 6 June Rose Bellamy (ရတနာနတ်မယ်) Ne Win 7 Than Shein San Yu 8 Shwe Tin Sein Lwin 9 Khin May Hnin Maung Maung 10 Aye Yee Saw Maung 11 Kyaing Kyaing Than Shwe April 23, 1992 (1992-04-23) March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) 12 Khin Khin Win Thein Sein March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30) 13 Su Su Lwin Htin Kyaw 30 March 2016 (2016-03-30) 
First Lady of Myanmar 
List of First Ladies of Myanmar 
Myanmar Olympic Committee (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံအိုလံပစ်ကော်မတီ, IOC code: MYA) is the National Olympic Committee representing Myanmar (also called Burma). 
Myanmar Olympic Committee 
Dr Myo Thein Gyi မျိုးသိန်းကြီး Union Minister of Education Incumbent Assumed office April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06) Preceded by Aung San Su Kyi Department of Myanmar Education Research In office Director General In office December 2012 – 2015 Rector of West Yangon University In office 2015 – April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06) Personal details Born (1965-09-02) September 2, 1965 Yangon, Myanmar Nationality Myanmar Alma mater Yangon University, Technological University, Berlin Yangon Institute of Economics Cabinet Htin Kyaw's Cabinet 
Myo Thein Gyi (Burmese: မျိုးသိန်းကြီး; born 2 September 1965) is the incumbent Minister for Education of Myanmar. He previously served as Professor of Mathematics Department, Dagon University, Director General of Department of Myanmar Education Research and Rector of West Yangon University.[1][2] He became a union minister of Education after Aung San Suu Kyi on 6 April 2016. 
He received M.Sc (Mathematics) from University of Yangon in 1992, Dr.rer.nat. from Technical University of Berlin, Germany in 1998 in Educational Degrees. He also received Diploma in Education Management in 2002. 
Myo Thein Gyi 
Degrees 
Career life 
REDvolution Show Show Poster Date April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01) Time MMT19:00 to 23:00 Duration 4 Hours Venue People's Square and Park Location Yangon Also known as One Lady Show Type Music Show Participants Ni Ni Khin Zaw, Aung Htet, Nine One, Mi Sandi, Gita Gabyar Orchestra 
The REDvolution Show presented by Ni Ni Khin Zaw was held in People's Square and Park on 1 April 2017.This is the very first one lady show in her career life of 8 years. She presented with Gita Kabyar Orchestra, Oxygen Music Band and Secret Pieces (Dance Group). She also sang some duet songs with other famous singers.[1][2] 
There are three major parts in the show. 
Opening Band Orchestra and Dance 
Opening Part 
Super Red +Mario Super Sunday Thitsar Ma Pyat Kyay A Way Yout Nay Par Thaw Lal 
Band Part 
Nin Lo At Khal Yin Ma Kwal Khin Myaw Lint Sal Su Taung Tway Pyae Chin Tal+Moe Tain Kabyar + A Yaung Ma Soe Nal(with Nine One) 
Orchestra Part 
Mingalarbar (with Aung Htet) InnLayMar Ywar Tal Moe Kyay Khyun (With Mi Sandi) Yat(Stop) A Shone Ma Pay Nal Ma Lo Chinn Bu Sit Myaw Lint Chat Ta Sone Ta Yar 
Dance 
Lay Yin Pyan Yat Sat Twar Thu Youne Lite Tine Hmar Yan Thu Soe Yain Chit Bad Boy Gal Pal Gal Pal 
Close Song 
Water Party Yay Party 
↑ "redvolution-show-by-ni-ni-khin-zaw-peoples-square-and-park". ↑ "REDvolution Show". 
REDvolution Show 
External links 
References 
Songs 
Major Parts 
Aung Htet Native name အောင်ထက် Birth name Thet Zin Htet Born 1991 (1991) (age 26) Demoso Township, Kayah State, Burma (now Myanmar) Occupation(s) Musician Instruments Piano, violin 
Aung Htet (Burmese: အောင်ထက်, born Thet Zin Htet) is a Burmese singer and musician. In addition to singing, he plays the violin and piano.[1] He gained popularity while competing on the first season of Eipmat Sone Yar-Yar That Pan (အိပ်မက်ဆုံရာ (ရာသက်ပန်)), a singing competition broadcast on MRTV-4.[2][3] During the competition, he was well received by audiences for innovative compositions of well-known Burmese songs.[4] Aung Htet released his first album, Hey, Friend (ဟေ့...မိတ်ဆွေ) on 27 March 2016.[5] 
Born in a village located Demoso Township, Kayah State, Burma (now Myanmar), Aung Htet was raised in Magwe Region.[4][2] He attended local monastic schools before moving to Yangon to complete his secondary education.[4] 
Hey, Helpmate (ဟေ့...မိတ်ဆွေ) (2016)[5] Hnit (နှစ်) (2017) )[6] Flower Opened by Tear (မျက်ရည်နှင့် ပွင့်သောပန်း) (2016)[7] 
Discography 
References 
Barbara Palvin (pronounced [ˈbɒrbɒrɒ ˈpɒlvin]; born 8 October 1993)[3] is a Hungarian model. She was named as the 2016 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue "Rookie of the Year." She also appeared on Love magazine's 2016 advent video recreating Sharon Stone's iconic Basic Instinct scene. 
Discovered on the streets of Budapest at the age of 13, Palvin shot her first editorial in 2006 for Spur Magazine. Palvin subsequently moved to Asia where she maintained a steady stream of bookings.[4] Since then, Palvin has been on the cover of L'Officiel (Paris, Russia, Turkey, Thailand, Singapore), Vogue (Portugal), Marie Claire (Italy, Hungary), Glamour Hungary , Elle (Britain, Italy, Korea, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, Serbia, Hungary), Allure, Harper's Bazaar and Jalouse Magazine. Palvin has appeared in campaigns for Armani Exchange, H&M, Victoria's Secret, and Pull & Bear.[5] In February 2012, she became an ambassador for L'Oréal Paris.[6] In 2016, Palvin was revealed to be a part of the 2016 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Rookie Class.[7] She also became the new face of Armani's signature scent "Acqua di Gioia." 
Her runway debut was as an exclusive for Prada during Milan Fashion Week in February 2010. Palvin has also walked for Louis Vuitton, Miu Miu, Nina Ricci, Emanuel Ungaro, Christopher Kane, Julien MacDonald, Jeremy Scott, Giles Deacon, Vivienne Westwood, Etro, and opened the pre-Fall 2011 Chanel show. In 2012, she walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show and wore Rosa Clara on the Barcelona Bridal Week 2012 runway.[8] 
Retrieved 29 January 2011. ↑ "Fashion Model Directory". Retrieved 17 May 2013. ↑ Niven, Lisa. "L'Oreal's New Girl". 
Vogue. Conde Nast. Retrieved 17 May 2013. ↑ Niven, Lisa. 
"SI Swimsuit 2016 Rookie Reveal: Barbara Palvin". 
Sports Illustrated. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 10 February 2016. ↑ "Rosa Clara Bridal collection 2014". fabfashionfix.com. 
Retrieved 24 November 2013. ↑ "Barbara Palvin model to watch". Vogue UK. 
Retrieved 29 January 2011. ↑ "meet Hungarian model Barbara Palvin". Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011. ↑ Twitter / BarbaraPalvin: Had an amazing day shooting ↑ Twitter / BrettRatner: So excited to have @barbarapalvin ↑ Barbara Palvin - Model Profile - Photos & latest news ↑ "Maxim Hot 100 - 2016 (Visual)". www.listal.com. 
Barbara Palvin on Twitter Barbara Palvin on Instagram Barbara Palvin at the Fashion Model Directory 
External links 
Modeling career 
The Tangerang fireworks disaster was an explosion of a fireworks factory and warehouse in Tangerang Regency, Indonesia on 26 October 2017.[1] The event left a reported 47 people dead.[2][3] 
According to eyewitnesses, two explosions occurred at the site of the factory.[4][5] The first took place around 10:00 AM local time, with a second explosion occurring around three hours later. A reported 103 workers were employed at the factory.[5] The factory had reportedly been in operation for under 2 months.[6] 
Tangerang fireworks disaster 
References 
Explosion 
Retrieved 4 September 2006. ↑ "Record number of Irish immigrants to celebrate St. Patrick's Day in Australia". Ancestryeurope.ie. Retrieved 2016-07-10. ↑ "Honour Steve Irwin's passion for nature", Queensland Government Department of Education and Training, 2006. ↑ "Biography: Steve Irwin". 
The Australian. 4 September 2006. 
Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. 
Retrieved 4 September 2006. ↑ Wulff, Jennifer (18 September 2006). 
"Wild by Nature. (STEVE IRWIN 1962–2006)". People Weekly. 
66 (12): 60. 1 2 "The Irwin Family", Australia Zoo web site. Retrieved 14 January 2011. ↑ Crittall, Ron; Atkinson, Lee; Llewellyn, Marc; Mylne, Lee (2009). 
Frommer's. p. 33. 
ISBN 978-0-470-48214-8. 
Retrieved 16 January 2011. ↑ "Steve Irwin: Spotlight on Australia's Beloved Crocodile Hunter". 9 February 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ↑ "Steve Irwin, Terri Love At First Site". 
Steve Irwin Irwin at Australia Zoo in 2005 Born Stephen Robert Irwin (1962-02-22)22 February 1962 Essendon, Victoria, Australia Died 4 September 2006(2006-09-04) (aged 44) Batt Reef, Queensland, Australia Cause of death Stingray injury to the heart Nationality Australian Other names "The Crocodile Hunter" Occupation Naturalist Zoologist Conservationist Television personality Herpetologist Years active 1991–2006 Notable work The Crocodile Hunter Spouse(s) Terri Raines (m. 1992) Children Bindi Sue Irwin (b. 
2003) Parent(s) Bob Irwin Lyn Irwin Website Australia Zoo 
Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), nicknamed "The Crocodile Hunter", was an Australian zookeeper, conservationist and television personality. Irwin achieved worldwide fame from the television series The Crocodile Hunter (1996–2007), an internationally broadcast wildlife documentary series which he co-hosted with his wife Terri; the couple also hosted the series, Croc Files (1999–2001), The Crocodile Hunter Diaries (2002–2006), and New Breed Vets (2005). Together, the couple also owned and operated Australia Zoo, founded by Irwin's parents in Beerwah, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the Queensland state capital city of Brisbane. 
Irwin died on 4 September 2006 after being pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while filming an underwater documentary film titled Ocean's Deadliest. 
Irwin was born on his mother's birthday to Lyn and Bob Irwin in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria.[1] He was of Irish descent on his father's side.[2] He moved with his parents as a child to Queensland in 1970, where he attended Landsborough State School and Caloundra State High School.[3] Irwin described his father as a wildlife expert interested in herpetology, while his mother Lyn was a wildlife rehabilitator. After moving to Queensland, Bob and Lyn Irwin started the small Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, where Steve grew up around crocodiles and other reptiles. 
Irwin became involved with the park in a number of ways, including taking part in daily animal feeding, as well as care and maintenance activities. On his sixth birthday, he was given a 12-foot (4 m) scrub python. He began handling crocodiles at the age of nine after his father had educated him on reptiles from an early age.[4] Also at age nine, he wrestled his first crocodile, again under his father's supervision.[5] He worked as a volunteer for Queensland's East Coast Crocodile Management program and captured over 100 crocodiles, some of which were relocated, while others were housed at the family park.[6] Irwin took over the management of the park in 1991[6] and renamed it Australia Zoo in 1998.[7][8] 
Steve Irwin 
Early life 
NetEase. 2016-07-08. ↑ "5 surprising things to know about Ma Tian Yu, the enigmatic Prince Shi in Ice Fantasy". DramaFever. ↑ "马天宇全新数字EP酷我独家首发 《手花》回馈歌迷". ent.ifeng. 
Ma Tianyu Chinese name 馬天宇 (traditional) Chinese name 马天宇 (simplified) Pinyin Ma Tiānyǔ (Mandarin) Ethnicity Hui Origin China Born (1986-07-12) July 12, 1986 Dezhou, Shandong, China Other name(s) Ray Ma Occupation Singer, Actor Genre(s) Mandopop Label(s) Diantong Yule Years active 2006–present Alma mater Beijing Film Academy Website Official website Awards My Hero 2006 sixth place, most popular 
Ma Tianyu, also known as Ray Ma, is a Chinese Mandopop artist and actor. He graduated from the Beijing Film Academy. 
In 2006, Ma Tianyu entered the My Hero competition. He was the regional champion for the province of Wuhan and came sixth in the final round, and was chosen as the most popular contestant.[1] 
In 2007, Ma released his first album Beautiful Light.[2] The album was well-received, and topped the Asia Music Chart for Chinese albums. Ma won two newcomer awards at the China Billboard Award Ceremony,[3] and Most Popular Singer awards at the 5th South-East Music Chart Awards and 11th Tencent Star Award Ceremony.[4] The title song of the album, "The Death of Gentleness" was also chosen as the Top Ten Songs of the Year.[5] 
Ma made his acting debut in the film Evening of Roses, based on a novel of the same name by Cai Zhiheng.[6] 
Ma first gained attention in 2011 when he starred in The Vigilantes in Masks alongside Wallace Huo and Cecilia Liu.[7] He won the Breakthrough Actor award at the 2011 Youku Television Awards.[8] He then starred in Hunan TV's family drama Treasure Mother Treasure Girl (2012), which topped viewership ratings in its time slot. Ma was also praised for his acting breakthrough, and he ranked first on Baidu's search portals.[9] The same year, he guest starred in Xuan-Yuan Sword: Scar of Sky where he received attention for his acting.[10] 
In 2013, Ma starred in the comedy film, The Cosplayers. He was chosen as the Movie Actor with the Most Potential at the 4th LeTV Awards.[11] 
Ma rose in popularity after starring in the drama Young Sherlock (2014). His role as the elegant and dandy Wang Yuanfang was well-loved by the audience and gained him more fans.[12] He continued his success streak with dual roles in Swords of Legends (2014), which gained him more recognition as an actor.[13] The same year he released the singe "Narcissus", which received positive reviews from the media and fans and topped various music charts in China.[14] 
In 2015, Ma joined the cast of travel-reality show Sisters Over Flowers, and sung the theme song titled "Let Time Rewind in the Wind".[15] The same year, he starred in the comedy film Surprise. The film broke a million admissions and Ma received acclaim for his dynamic portrayal of a "tragic hero".[16][17] Ma received the "Outstanding Male Artist" award at the Esquire Man At His Best Award.[18] 
In 2016, Ma starred in the epic fantasy drama Ice Fantasy, based on Guo Jingming's best-selling novel City of Fantasy, playing the role of the silent and mysterious ice prince, Ying Kongshi/Li Tianjin.[19] He became known to wider international audience following the airing of the drama.[20] The same year, he released the album Flower in Hand to celebrate his 10th anniversary since debut.[21] 
Ma Tianyu 
Film 
2009–2013: Acting debut and breakthrough 
2014–present: Rising popularity 
Albums 
Television 
2006–2008: Debut as a singer 
Discography 
References 
Filmography 
Career 
Singles 
Official website (Mobile) 
Wikidata Main page of Wikidata Type of site Knowledge base Wiki Available in Multilingual Owner Wikimedia Foundation Created by Wikimedia community Website www.wikidata.org Alexa rank 12,901 (November 2017) [1] Commercial No Registration Optional Launched 30 October 2012 (2012-10-30) 
Wikidata is a collaboratively edited knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is intended to provide a common source of data which can be used by Wikimedia projects such as Wikipedia,[2][3] and by anyone else, under a public domain license. This is similar to the way Wikimedia Commons provides storage for media files and access to those files for all Wikimedia projects, and which are also freely available for reuse. 
Wikidata is a document-oriented database, focused on items. Each item represents a topic (or an administrative page used to maintain Wikipedia) and is identified by a unique number, prefixed with the letter Q—for example, the item for the topic Politics is Q7163. This enables the basic information required to identify the topic the item covers to be translated without favouring any language. 
This diagram shows the most important terms used in Wikidata 
The creation of the project was funded by donations from the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Google, Inc., totaling €1.3 million.[5][6] Initial development of the project is being overseen by Wikimedia Deutschland and has been split into three phases:[7] 
Centralising interlanguage links – links between Wikipedia articles about the same topic in different languages Providing a central place for infobox data for all Wikipedias Creating and updating list articles based on data in Wikidata 
The bars on the logo contain the word "WIKI" encoded in Morse code.[26] 
1 2 Wikidata (Archived October 30, 2012, at WebCite) ↑ "Data Revolution for Wikipedia". Wikimedia Deutschland. March 30, 2012. 
Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012. ↑ "Wikibase — Home". ↑ Dickinson, Boonsri (March 30, 2012). 
"Paul Allen Invests In A Massive Project To Make Wikipedia Better". 
Business Insider. 
Retrieved September 11, 2012. ↑ Perez, Sarah (March 30, 2012). 
"Wikipedia's Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others". 
TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. 
Retrieved September 11, 2012. 
1 2 "Wikidata - Meta". ↑ Pintscher, Lydia (October 30, 2012). "wikidata.org is live (with some caveats)". wikidata-l (Mailing list). 
Retrieved November 3, 2012. ↑ Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). 
"The Wikipedia data revolution". 
Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012. ↑ Pintscher, Lydia (14 January 2013). 
"First steps of Wikidata in the Hungarian Wikipedia". 
Retrieved 17 December 2015. ↑ Pintscher, Lydia. "Wikidata coming to the next two Wikipedias". Wikimedia Deutschland. 
Retrieved January 31, 2013. ↑ Pintscher, Lydia (13 February 2013). 
"Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia". 
Wikimedia Deutschland. Retrieved 15 February 2013. ↑ Pintscher, Lydia (6 March 2013). "Wikidata now live on all Wikipedias". 
Wikimedia Deutschland. 
Retrieved 8 March 2013. ↑ "Wikidata ist für alle Wikipedien da" (in German). Golem.de. Retrieved 29 January 2014. ↑ "Wikipedia talk:Wikidata interwiki RFC". 
Wikidata 
Concepts 
Development history 
External links 
Further reading 
References 
Logo 
Jung Hae-in at FNC Entertainment Jung Hae-in at HanCinema Jung Hae-in on IMDb 
Jung Hae-in Born (1988-04-01) April 1, 1988 South Korea Education Pyeongtaek University Occupation Actor Years active 2013–present Agent FNC Entertainment Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)[1] Korean name Hangul 정해인 Hanja 丁海寅 Revised Romanization Jeong Hae-in McCune–Reischauer Chŏng Hae-in 
Jung Hae-in (born April 1, 1988) is a South Korean actor. He first made an appearance on AOA Black's music video for "Moya" in 2013 and officially debuted through the TV series Bride of the Century the next year.[2][3] 
Jung Hae-in's third great-grandfather is Jeong Yakyong, a great thinker of the later Joseon period.[4] He graduated with a degree in Broadcasting Entertainment Department at Pyeongtaek University, where he participated in various activities including musical plays.[5][6] 
He enlisted in the military when he was 21 years old. He signed a contract with his agency after graduating from military and college.[7][8] 
Year Title Role Network Notes 2014 Bride of the Century Choi Kang-in TV Chosun The Three Musketeers Ahn Min-seo tvN 2015 Blood Joo Hyun-woo KBS2 Reply 1988 Ho-young tvN Cameo (Episode 13) 2016 Yeah, That's The Way It Is Yoo Se-joon SBS Night Light Tak MBC [9] Guardian: The Lonely and Great God Choi Tae-hee tvN Cameo (Episode 7–8)[10] 2017 While You Were Sleeping Han Woo-tak SBS [11] Prison Playbook TBA tvN [12] 
Jung Hae-in 
FNC Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. 
Naver (in Korean). Sports World. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ↑ Choi, Ji-heung. "[뷰티한국]삼총사, 꽃미남 무사 정해인 '사극 위해 타고난 목소리'". 
Naver (in Korean). Hankook Ilbo. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ↑ Choi, Ji-heung. "'도깨비' 김고은 첫사랑 태희役 정해인, 다산 정약용 6대손". 
Sports Kyunghyang. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ↑ Jo, Eun-byul. "[비바100] '그래, 그런거야' 정해인 "김수현 작가 격려, 큰힘이 됐죠"". Viva 100 (in Korean). 
Retrieved October 6, 2017. ↑ Baek, Ji-eun. "[인터뷰] '포스트 이준기' 정해인, "석달에 13kg 감량비결? '군대 다이어트'"". Naver (in Korean). Sports Chosun. 
Retrieved October 6, 2017. ↑ "[단독] 정해인, '불야성' 합류 확정…이요원 지키는 보디가드" (in Korean). TV Report. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ↑ "[Oh!쎈 톡] '도깨비' 정해인 "잘생긴 태희오빠?..공유 선배가 더 멋지죠"" (in Korean). 
Film 
External links 
References 
Television series 
Music video 
Awards and nominations 
Filmography 
Early life 
Micro finance initially had limited definition - provision of micro loan to the poor entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services. The two main mechanisms for the delivery of financial services to such clients were: (1) relationship-based banking for individual entrepreneurs and small businesses; and (2) group-based models, where several entrepreneurs come together to apply for loans and other services as a group. 
Over time, Microfinance has emerged as a larger movement whose object is "a world in which as everyone, especially the poor and socially marginalized people and households have access to wide range of affordable, high quality financial products and services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, [(payment services)], and fund transfers."[1] Many of those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty, including participants in the Microcredit Summit Campaign. For many, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses; for others it is a way for poor to manage their finances more effectively and take advantage of economic opportunities while managing the risks. The terms have evolved - from micro-credit to micro-finance, and now 'financial inclusion'. 
Microcredit is only about provision of credit services to poor clients; only one of the aspects of [(microfinance)], and the two are often confused. Critics often point to some of the ills of micro-credit that can create indebtedness. Due to diverse contexts in which microfinance operates, and the broad range of microfinance services, it is neither possible nor wise to have a generalized view of impacts Microfinance may create. 
Microfinance standards and principles 
CGAP Occasional Paper, July 2004, pp. 2-3. ↑ Feigenberg, Benjamin; Erica M. Field; Rohan Pande. 
NBER Working Paper No. 16018. Retrieved 10 March 2011. ↑ Rutherford, Stuart; Arora, Sukhwinder (2009). 
Adams, Dale W.; Graham, Douglas H.; Von Pischke, J. D. (1984). 
ISBN 9780865317680. 
Armendáriz, Beatriz; Morduch, Jonathan (2010) [2005]. 
The economics of microfinance (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 
ISBN 9780262513982. 
ISBN 9781848133327. 
Branch, Brian; Klaehn, Janette (2002). 
ISBN 9781888753264. 
Dichter, Thomas; Harper, Malcolm (2007). 
ISBN 9781853396670. 
Dowla, Asif; Barua, Dipal (2006). 
Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian Press Inc. 
ISBN 9781565492318. 
Floro, Sagrario; Yotopoulos, Pan A. (1991). 
ISBN 9780813381367. 
Gibbons, David S. (1994) [1992]. 
OCLC 223123405. 
Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian Press Inc. 
ISBN 9781565492097. 
Jafree, Sara Rizvi; Ahmad, Khalil (December 2013). 
Asian Women. 
Research Institute of Asian Women (RIAW). 29 (4): 73–105. doi:10.14431/aw.2013.12.29.4.73. 
Dhaka, Bangladesh: The University Press Ltd. 
ISBN 9789840514687. 
OCLC 294882711. 
Ledgerwood, Joanna; White, Victoria (2006). 
Washington, DC Stockholm: World Bank MicroFinance Network Sida. ISBN 9780821366158. 
Mas, Ignacio; Kumar, Kabir (July 2008). 
Banking on mobiles: why, how, for whom? (Report). 
Washington, DC: Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) World Bank. SSRN 1655282 . CGAP Focus Note, No. 48 Pdf. 
O'Donohoe, Nick; De Mariz, Frederic; Littlefield, Elizabeth; Reille, Xavier; Kneiding, Christoph (February 2009). Shedding Light on Microfinance Equity Valuation: Past and Present, Washington DC: Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), World Bank. 
Rai, Achintya; et al. 
(2012). Venture: a collection of true microfinance stories. Zidisha Microfinance. 
(Kindle E-Book) Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm (author); Engelmann, Konrad (translator) (1970) [1866]. 
OCLC 223123405. 
ISBN 9780821345245. 
ISBN 9781933286488. 
Seibel, Hans Dieter; Khadka, Shyam (2002). 
"SHG banking: a financial technology for very poor microentrepreneurs". Savings and Development. 
Giordano Dell-Amore Foundation via JSTOR. 
26 (2): 133–150. JSTOR 25830790. 
ISBN 9781609945183. 
Rutherford, Stuart; Arora, Sukhwinder (2009). 
ISBN 9781853396885. 
Wolff, Henry W. (1910) [1893]. 
People’s banks: a record of social and economic success (4th ed.). London: P.S. King & Son. 
OCLC 504828329. 
SSRN 955062 . Sapovadia, Vrajlal K. (19 March 2007). 
International Journal of Innovative Research & Studies (IJIRS). 2 (5): 590–606. 
Maimbo, Samuel Munzele; Ratha, Dilip (2005). 
ISBN 9780821357941. 
ISBN 9781856497879. 
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; United Nations Capital Development Fund (2006). 
ISBN 9789211045611. 
ISBN 9781586484934. 
Yunus, Muhammad; Moingeon, Bertrand; Lehmann-Ortega, Laurence (April 2010). 
Long Range Planning. Elsevier. 
43 (2–3): 308–325. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2009.12.005. 
Retrieved 31 July 2015. 
Microfinance 
A group of Indian women have assembled to make bamboo products that they intend to resell. 
It could be claimed that a government that orders state banks to open deposit accounts for poor consumers, or a moneylender that engages in usury, or a charity that runs a heifer pool are engaged in microfinance. Ensuring financial services to poor people is best done by expanding the number of financial institutions available to them, as well as by strengthening the capacity of those institutions. In recent years there has also been increasing emphasis on expanding the diversity of institutions, since different institutions serve different needs. 
Some principles that summarize a century and a half of development practice were encapsulated in 2004 by CGAP and endorsed by the Group of Eight leaders at the G8 Summit on June 10, 2004:[23] 
Microfinance also means integrating the financial needs of poor people into a country's mainstream financial system. "The job of government is to enable financial services, not to provide them."[27] "Donor funds should complement private capital, not compete with it."[27] "The key bottleneck is the shortage of strong institutions and managers."[27] Donors should focus on capacity building. Interest rate ceilings hurt poor people by preventing microfinance institutions from covering their costs, which chokes off the supply of credit. 
Microfinance is considered a tool for socio-economic development, and can be clearly distinguished from charity. Families who are destitute, or so poor they are unlikely to be able to generate the cash flow required to repay a loan, should be recipients of charity. Others are best served by financial institutions. 
The saung, a harp played in Myanmar The Burmese Harp (film), a 1956 Japanese film and its 1985 remake, both directed by Kon Ichikawa The Harp of Burma (novel), a 1948 Japanese novel by Michio Takeyama on which the films are based 
Burmese harp (or Burmese Harp) may refer to: 
Burmese Harp 
References 
Ministry of Electricity and Energy (Myanmar) Agency overview Formed March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30) Preceding agencies Ministry of Electrical Power Ministry of Energy Jurisdiction Government of Myanmar Headquarters Naypyidaw Minister responsible Win Khine Website www.moep.gov.mm 
Ministry of Electricity and Energy (Burmese: လျှပ်စစ်နှင့်စွမ်းအင်ဝန်ကြီးဌာန; abbreviated as MOEE) is the ministry of Myanmar composed by two ministries, Electrical Power (MOEP) and Energy (MOE) by President Htin Kyaw. 
Ministry of Electricity and Energy (Myanmar) 
HAim 
Ministry of International Cooperation အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာပူး​ပေါင်း​ဆောင်ရွက်​ရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန Ministry overview Formed November 24, 2017 (2017-11-24) Jurisdiction Government of Myanmar Minister responsible U Kyaw Tin 
Myanmar is actively taking part in international affairs. In doing so, a Ministry is urgently needed to cooperate with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in international affairs and to take responsibility for the President by assessing international affairs not only from the political point of view but also from the economic cooperation point of view. 
Ministry of International Cooperation (Myanmar) 
Cast 
While You Were Sleeping (Hangul: 당신이 잠든 사이에; RR: Dangshini Jamdeun Saie) is a 2017 South Korean television series starring Lee Jong-suk, Bae Suzy, Lee Sang-yeob, Jung Hae-in and Ko Sung-hee. It aired on SBS from September 27 to November 16, 2017 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot for 32 episodes.[2][3][4] 
Meanwhile, Jae-chan (Lee Jong-suk) is a rookie prosecutor. He meets Yoo-bum (Lee Sang-yeob) at the prosecutors’ office. Yoo-bum was Jae-chan’s private tutor when Jae-chan was in his adolescence, but an unfortunate incident caused Jae-chan to dislike him. 
Jae-chan and his younger brother move to new house and they become neighbors with Hong-joo. One night, Jae-chan dreams that Yoo-bum drives Hong-joo's car and this leads to a chain of events including the death of Hong-joo's mother and then Hong-joo. When Jae-chan senses that his dream is about to become real, he takes extreme action to stop it. 
Lee Jong-suk as Jung Jae-chan[5] Nam Da-reum as young Jung Jae-chan 
Lee Sang-yeob as Lee Yoo-bum[7] Yeo Hoe-hyun as young Lee Yoo-bum 
Main 
While You Were Sleeping Promotional poster Genre Romance Fantasy Thriller Legal drama Written by Park Hye-ryun Directed by Oh Choong-hwan Starring Lee Jong-suk Bae Suzy Lee Sang-yeob Jung Hae-in Ko Sung-hee Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 32[lower-alpha 1] Production Producer(s) Teddy Hoon-tak Jung Hwang Ki-yong Location(s) Ansan, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Running time 35 minutes[lower-alpha 1] Production company(s) SidusHQ Distributor SBS Release Original network SBS TV Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release September 27 (2017-09-27) – November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16) External links Website programs.sbs.co.kr/drama/wyws 
Retrieved November 5, 2017. ↑ "Suzy, Lee Jong-suk to star in new SBS series". The Korea Herald. November 28, 2016. ↑ "'While You Were Sleeping' to premiere in late September". 
Kpop Herald. 
June 7, 2017. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk, Su-zy to Star in New TV Series This Fall". The Chosun Ilbo. 
August 5, 2017. ↑ "New drama 'Sleeping' casts Lee Jong-suk". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. November 15, 2016. ↑ "Singer-actress Suzy cast in new SBS series". Yonhap News Agency. 
November 28, 2016. ↑ "[단독]이상엽, '당신이 잠든 사이에' 주연 발탁…이종석·수지 호흡". 
Retrieved 2017-01-21. ↑ "[단독] 정해인, '당신이 잠든 사이에' 합류..이종석·수지와 호흡". Retrieved 2017-01-21. ↑ "[단독] 고성희, 이종석 선배 검사된다..'당잠사'로 안방 복귀". Osen (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-01-24. ↑ "김원해 측 "'당신이 잠든 사이에' 출연, 3월부터 촬영 중"". 
TV Daily (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-04-13. ↑ "박진주 측 "'당신이 잠든 사이에' 출연 확정"". TV Daily (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-01-21. ↑ "[단독] 신재하, '당신이 잠든 사이에' 출연확정…'피노키오' 어게인 : 스포츠동아". 
Sports Donga (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-02-01. ↑ POP, 헤럴드 (February 27, 2017). "[단독]김소현, 이종석X수지 '당신이 잠든 사이에' 특별출연". Herald Corporation (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-02-27. 
1 2 "[단독] 윤균상X이성경, '당잠사' 특별출연…이종석+'닥터스' 의리" (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-21. ↑ "[단독] '닥터스' 오충환 PD, '이종석-수지' 손잡고 차기작 – 한국스포츠경제". Spor Biz (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2016-11-18. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk to play prosecutor in next drama". 
Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved 2016-11-16. ↑ "이종석X배수지 '당잠사', 김원해부터 박진주까지 '막강 라인업'" (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-09-01. ↑ "이상엽 측 "'당신이 잠든 사이에' 출연, 오늘(20일) 대본 리딩 참석"". 
TV Daily (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-01-21. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk to shoot for 'While You Were Sleeping'". 
March 2, 2017. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk, Suzy finish filming 'While You Were Sleeping'". 
Kpop Herald. July 31, 2017. ↑ "Page Turner (TV series) - Wikipedia". en.m.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2017-11-29. ↑ Cumulative sales for "When Night Falls": "2017 Gaon Download Chart - Week 39". 
Retrieved 2017-11-23. ↑ "TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNMS Ratings (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-03-24. ↑ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". 
AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-03-24. ↑ "[2017 AAA] 김희선·엑소, 대상…레전드는 슈퍼주니어(종합)". 
MBN STAR. November 15, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-16. ↑ ""아이오아이 인기ing" 전소미X청하X정채연, 퍼스트브랜드 선정 [공식]". 
Hong-joo (Bae Suzy) lives with her mother and helps her run a pork restaurant. Hong-joo is haunted by seeing the future deaths of others in her dreams. What's worse is that she does not know when the deaths will happen, but she tries to stop her dreams from becoming reality. 
Bae Suzy as Nam Hong-joo[6] Shin Yi-joon as young Nam Hong-joo 
Ko Sung-hee as Shin Hee-min[9] 
While You Were Sleeping (2017 TV series) 
Awards and nominations 
Filmography 
Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR Gaon [44] "Come To Me" (내게 와) 2017 — N/A While You Were Sleeping OST "Would You Know" (그대는 알까요) — "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. 
Lee majored in Professional Motion Pictures and Art at Konkuk University and graduated from the university in 2016.[1] 
At 15, Lee began his modelling career at the Seoul Collection walkway in 2005, making him the youngest male model to debut in the Seoul Collection program at Seoul Fashion Week. Since then, he has walked in a number of fashion shows.[2][3] 
Lee started to gain recognition following his supporting role in the hit drama Secret Garden where he played a talented young composer with a surly attitude and a forbidden crush on the second male lead.[6] In 2011, he appeared in MBC's sitcom High Kick Season 3 where he gained further popularity.[7][8] In 2012, Lee starred in the film R2B: Return to Base, a loose remake of the critically acclaimed 1986 film Top Gun.[9] 
Lee's breakout role came as a high school student in the teen drama School 2013.[10] He received his first acting award for the role at the 2012 KBS Drama Awards under the category Best New Actor.[11] He also ranked fifth according to a survey entitled 'Actors Who Lit Up 2013' by Gallup Korea.[12] 
January 2014, Lee starred in the teen romantic comedy movie Hot Young Bloods, portraying the school's playboy where he attempts to woo all high school girls except for one, Young-Sook, who is played by Park Bo Young..[18][19] 
Lee is best friends with fellow model-actor and School 2013 co-star Kim Woo-bin, whom he has known since their modeling days.[40][41] 
Education 
2014–2015: Rising popularity in China 
Discography 
"Lee Jong-suk graduates Konkuk Univ". Kpop Herald. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ↑ "Models rushing to small screen". 
Korea Times. 
March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk emerging as new Asian star". 
Korea Times. 
May 28, 2014. 
Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "Lee Jong Seok Says He Can't Call Himself an Actor Yet". enewsWorld. September 2, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "이종석-손동운 건국대 정시모집 합격...네티즌 "얼굴만 잘 생긴게 아니었네"" (in Korean). 
Nate. 
February 1, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "이보영 이종석 윤상현,SBS 수목극 '너의 목소리가 들려' 출연". Sports Seoul (in Korean). 
April 29, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "MBC 일일시트콤 하이킥! 짧은 다리의 역습 메인 페이지". Imbc.com (in Korean). 
Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "Lee Jong Seok Says 'High Kick 3' was the Jewel of His Life". enewsWorld. 
March 29, 2012. ↑ "[Interview Part I] The Pretty Boy Lee Jong Seok Takes a Turn with 'R2B'". enewsWorld. September 2, 2012. ↑ Ho, Stewart (October 29, 2012). "Lee Jong Seok, Kim Woo Bin, Park Se Young, 5dolls' Hyoyoung Cast as Main Students for School 5". enewsWorld. 
1 2 "Big Winners of 2012 Announced at Drama Awards Ceremonies of Major Broadcasters". 10Asia. January 1, 2013. 
Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. ↑ "이보영·지성 부부, 2013년을 빛낸 탤런트 1·2위" [Newlyweds Lee Bo Young and Ji Sung rank #1 and #2 in survey for ‘Actors Who Lit Up 2013’]. Star News (in Korean). December 17, 2013. ↑ "Drama gives 'Voice' to unique storylines". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. 
July 5, 2013. ↑ Lee, Eun-ah (July 17, 2013). 
"Lee Jong-suk's I Can Hear Your Voice Extended by 2 Episodes". TenAsia. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. 
1 2 "이종석·김동완·서현진 '코리아드라마어워즈' 남녀우수상 수상 Lee Jong-suk, Kim Dong-wan and Seo Hyeon-jin receive awards". TV Daily (in Korean). October 2, 2013. 
Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. ↑ Sunwoo, Carla (October 25, 2013). "Actors take plunge into swimming roles". Korea JoongAng Daily. ↑ Tae, Sang-joon (August 14, 2013). 
"Director and Stars Gather for THE FACE READER Press Conference". Korean Film Council. ↑ "Lee, Park to star in 'Boiling Youth'". The Korea Times. 
August 8, 2013. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk Sets Hearts Racing as Country Bumpkin in New Comedy". The Chosun Ilbo. 
August 24, 2014. ↑ "'Doctor Stranger' gets nearly 400 million views in China". Yonhap. July 7, 2014. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk Finds Acting Harder as He Gets More Famous". 
The Chosun Ilbo. February 21, 2015. 
Retrieved March 6, 2015. ↑ "Cultural Exports to Surpass 1 Trillion Won This Year". Business Korea. December 26, 2014. ↑ "'Pinocchio' sells distribution rights to China for record price". 
Kpop Herald. November 24, 2014. 
1 2 "[2015 KDA]김수현 눈물의 대상 '2년 연속 수상'". E Daily (in Korean). October 9, 2015. ↑ "이종석, 촬영감독들이 뽑은 '그리메상' 남자 최우수연기상 역대 최연소로 수상" [Lee Jong Suk to be the youngest male actor to win Grimae’s "The Best Male Actor Awards"]. 
Sports Kyunghyang (in Korean). 
December 9, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2015. ↑ "Actor Lee Jong-suk's wax figure to be unveiled in Hong Kong". Yonhap. 
January 21, 2016. ↑ "Actor Lee Jong-suk cast for S. Korean-Chinese drama". 
Yonhap. December 23, 2015. ↑ "Actor Lee Jong-suk's photo book to go on sale overseas". Yonhap. 
July 29, 2015. ↑ "Actor Lee Jong-suk signs with YG". Korea JoongAng Daily. May 11, 2016. ↑ Kim, Soo-hyang. 
"Lee Jong-suk and Han Hyo-joo in new drama 'W'". Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved April 7, 2016. ↑ Jang, Jin-ri. "'더블유' 이종석-한효주, 7월 안방 특급 커플이 뜬다". TenAsia (in Korean). Retrieved 7 April 2016. ↑ "Sci-fi drama 'W' takes top spot on CPI chart". 
Yonhap. August 2, 2016. 
1 2 "[MBC 연기대상] 맥락 있는 시청자 선택=이종석…안방점령 'W' 7관왕(종합)". JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). December 31, 2016. ↑ "[단독]이종석·이준기·지창욱·박해진 뭉쳤다…'첫키스만 여섯번째' 출연". 
News1 (in Korean). 
Retrieved November 2, 2016. ↑ Jin Min-ji (August 20, 2016). 
"Actor Lee Jong-suk confirmed for 'VIP'". Korea JoongAng Daily. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk Shows His Dark Side in Latest Crime Thriller". The Chosun Ilbo. 
September 2, 2017. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk to play prosecutor in next drama". 
Kpop Herald. Retrieved 2016-11-16. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk, Su-zy to Star in New TV Series This Fall". The Chosun Ilbo. 
August 5, 2017. ↑ Kim, So-yeon. 
"Lee Jong-suk named honorary ambassador for Korea Tourism". Kpop Herald. Retrieved July 28, 2017. ↑ Choi, EunHwa (October 22, 2013). 
"Lee Jong Suk says Kim Woo Bin is the Only Friend He Can Lean On". enewsWorld. ↑ Kim, Soo-hyang (June 23, 2016). "Strong friendships among male celebrities". 
Kpop Herald. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk and Park Shin-hye cameo in web-drama". Kpop Herald. October 23, 2016. ↑ "Lee Jong-suk appears as cameo on 'Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo'". 
Kpop Herald. 
November 2, 2016. ↑ "Gaon Chart". Gaon Chart (in Korean). ↑ "Lee Jong Suk Accepts Award at 2013 Style Icon Awards". enewsWorld. October 24, 2013. ↑ "Who Won Top Honors At The 2013 APAN Star Awards?". 
KDramaStars. 
November 18, 2013. ↑ "SBS Drama Awards 2013 Winners". HanCinema. December 31, 2013. ↑ "'You Who Came from the Stars,' Lee Jong Suk and Song Yoon Ah Win Big at Grimme Awards". enewsWorld. 
December 8, 2014. 
1 2 3 "SBS Drama Awards 2014 Winners". HanCinema. 
December 31, 2014. ↑ Yoon, Sarah (May 27, 2015). "Lee Min-ho, Park Shin-hye, Lee Jong-suk win Most Popular awards". K-pop Herald. ↑ "이민호·이종석, 중국인이 뽑은 한류★ '올해의 브랜드'". 
My Daily (in Korean). 
October 7, 2015. ↑ "Park Shin-hye, Lee Jong-suk awarded at 2015 KPCAA". Kpop Herald. October 30, 2015. ↑ "MBC Drama Awards 2014 to Decide Grand Prize Winner through Real Time Text Voting". 
Lee Jong-suk In March 2015 Born (1989-09-14) September 14, 1989 Nationality South Korea Education Konkuk University Occupation Model, actor Years active 2005–present Agent YG Entertainment (2016-present) Height 186cm (6 ft 1in) Korean name Hangul 이종석 Hanja 李鍾碩 Revised Romanization I Jong-seok McCune–Reischauer Yi Chongsŏk 
Lee Jong-suk (Hangul: 이종석, born 14 September 1989) is a South Korean actor and model. He debuted in 2005 as a runway model, becoming the youngest male model ever to participate in Seoul Fashion Week. Lee's breakout role was in School 2013 (2012) and he is also well known for his roles in I Can Hear Your Voice (2013), Doctor Stranger (2014), Pinocchio (2014) and W (2016) and While You Were Sleeping (2017). 
Following the success of School 2013, Lee starred in the critically acclaimed drama series I Can Hear Your Voice with Lee Bo-young. He played Park Soo-ha, an intelligent young man who can read minds.[13] Originally slated for 16 episodes, the drama was extended by 2 episodes due to its successful ratings.[14] He received the Excellence Award in the male category at the Korea Drama Awards for his performance.[15] Lee then starred in the sports film No Breathing and had a supporting role in the box office hit The Face Reader.[16][17] 
Lee Jong-suk 
Main 
My Love from the Star (Hangul: 별에서 온 그대; RR: Byeoreseo on geudae; literally You Who Came from the Stars) is a South Korean television series starring Jun Ji-hyun, Kim Soo-hyun, Park Hae-jin and Yoo In-na in lead. Written by Park Ji-eun, it is a romantic fantasy story about an alien who landed on Earth in the Joseon Dynasty and, 400 years later, falls in love with a top actress in the modern era.[1] It aired on SBS from December 18, 2013 to February 27, 2014 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 for 21 episodes;[2] the production company extended the original 20-episode run with one episode, due to high viewers' demand.[3] 
The series was a major hit in South Korea and received immense popularity across Asia. Jun won the Daesang (or "Grand Prize"), the highest award for television, at the Baeksang Arts Awards and the SBS Drama Awards, and as did Kim at the Korea Drama Awards.[8][9][10][11][12] 
As he tries to help a young girl, Yi-hwa, from falling off a cliff, he misses his trip back to his planet and is stranded on Earth for the next four centuries. He possesses a near-perfect appearance, enhanced physical abilities involving his vision, hearing, and speed, and a cynical, jaded view regarding human beings. As time goes by, Min-joon is forced to take on a new identity every ten years, as his human appearance never ages. 
With only three months left before his long-awaited departure back to space, he meets Cheon Song-yi (Jun Ji-hyun), a famous Hallyu actress who suddenly becomes his next-door neighbour. Slowly, he finds himself entangled in Song-yi's crazy and unpredictable situations, and finds out that she looks like the young girl he fell in love with in the Joseon era. Min-joon tries to keep himself away from Song-yi as he needs to leave the planet, but often finds himself failing to do so. 
Jun Ji-hyun[13][14] as Cheon Song-yi 
Kim Soo-hyun[15] as Do Min-joon 
Yoo In-na[18] as Yoo Se-mi 
"My Destiny", the theme song of the drama performed by Lyn, became very popular in South Korea and peaked at number 2 on the Gaon Music Chart. A Sinhalese version entitled "Ananthayen Aa Tharu Kumara" performed by Radeesh Vandebona and Indeewari Hettiarachchi was released for the Sri Lankan release of the drama on 2 October 2015.[25] 
Cast 
"Gianna Jun proves aging is good: Actress to return to small screen with Kim Soo Hyun on My Love from the Star". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ "Man from Stars wins big attention". 
The Korea Times. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Lee, Na-rae (14 February 2014). 
"You Who Came from the Stars Confirmed for One Episode Extension". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 19 February 2014. ↑ Lee, Eun-ah (16 August 2013). "Kim Soo Hyun Jun Ji-hyun to Pair Up in New Drama". TenAsia. 
Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ MacDonald, Joan (16 August 2013). "Man from The Stars Signs Kim Soo Hyun And Jun Ji Hyun". 
Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Chung, Ah-young (3 March 2014). "Sequel to My Love from Star likely". The Korea Times. 
Retrieved 4 March 2014. ↑ "Jeon Ji-hyun to Return to TV Soaps After 14-Year Break". 
The Chosun Ilbo. 16 November 2013. 
Retrieved 8 January 2014. 1 2 Chung, Joo-won (27 May 2014). "Song Gang-ho, Jun Ji-hyun get top nods at Baeksang Awards". 
The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 28 May 2014. 
1 2 Hong, Grace Danbi (28 May 2014). 
"Jun Ji Hyun and Song Kang Ho Receive Highest Honors at the Baeksang Arts Awards". enewsWorld. Retrieved 28 May 2014. 1 2 Sunwoo, Carla (29 May 2014). 
"My Love stars sweep Baeksang Arts Awards". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 29 May 2014. 
1 2 Chung, Joo-won (1 January 2015). "Jun Ji-hyun beats Kim Soo-hyun in SAF". The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 5 January 2015. 
1 2 Sung, So-young (2 January 2015). "Jun Ji-hyun wins big at SBS awards". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 5 January 2015. ↑ Lee, Sun-min (17 August 2013). 
"TV role for Jun Ji-hyun". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Won, Ho-yeon (26 December 2013). 
"Jun Ji-hyun back on TV, sassier, flashier than ever". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Lee, Na-rae (16 December 2013). 
"You Who Came from the Stars PD Begged Kim Soo Hyun to Star in Drama". enewsWorld. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Lee, Cory (16 October 2013). "Park Hae-jin to Star in Kim Soo-hyun, Jun Ji-hyun's Drama". 
TenAsia. 
Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Yun, Chloe (4 March 2014). 
"Interview: Love From Star Park Hae Jin, "I Was Cast As Lee Jae Gyung At First"". BNTNews. Retrieved 19 April 2014. ↑ Lee, Sun-min (16 October 2013). 
"Yoo In-na joins SBS drama". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 8 January 2014. ↑ Park, Si-soo (1 April 2014). 
"Watch out! They 'steal' scenes, your heart". The Korea Times. 
Retrieved 2 April 2014. ↑ Hong, Grace Danbi (19 February 2014). 
"Yeon Woo Jin Cameos as Park Hae Jin and Shin Sung Rok's Brother in YWCFTS". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 21 February 2014. ↑ "The secret behind You Came From the Stars". 
Hancinema. 22 January 2014. 
Retrieved 23 January 2014. ↑ "A drama highlights Seoul's two new landmark buildings". The Dong-a Ilbo. 12 February 2014. 
Retrieved 29 March 2014. ↑ Ahn, Sung-mi (29 May 2014). 
"House from hit drama opens to the public". The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2 June 2014. ↑ Kim, Ji-soo (10 June 2014). 
"My Love is Back at Dongdaemun". 
The Korea Times. 
Retrieved 4 July 2014. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yohOEeRJptc ↑ Kim, Hee-eun (3 March 2014). "Drama soundtrack bit hit around Asia". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 4 March 2014. 1 2 "Gaon Download Chart". Gaon. 
Retrieved 19 February 2014. ↑ "Korea K-Pop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2014. ↑ "Jeon Ji-hyun Boosts Fashion Sales". 
Retrieved 4 March 2014. ↑ Jin, Eun-soo (27 February 2014). "Korean drama fans love My Love From the Star". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 4 March 2014. ↑ "TV Soap Catapults Kid's Book to Top of Bestseller List". 
The Chosun Ilbo. 6 February 2014. 
Retrieved 11 March 2014. ↑ Lee, Kyung-nam (27 December 2013). "You Who Came From the Stars Sold in China at Highest Price for K-Drama". enewsWorld. Retrieved 3 March 2014. ↑ Kim, Min-jin (24 November 2014). 
"Pinocchio sells distribution rights to China for record price". 
Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved 8 December 2014. ↑ "Korean Drama 'Descendants Of The Sun' Breaks Records Thanks To Chinese Investments". 
Forbes. 1 2 3 Lin, Lilian (26 February 2014). "Korean TV Show Sparks Chicken and Beer Craze in China". 
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 March 2014. 1 2 3 4 Wei, Xi (25 February 2014). 
"You who came from Korea". Global Times. Retrieved 3 March 2014. ↑ Lee, Sun-young (10 March 2014). 
"My Love signals K-drama revival". 
The Korea Herald. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ↑ "China media sees lessons in Korean TV dramas". The Korea Herald. 
21 February 2014. 
Retrieved 4 March 2014. ↑ Ock, Hyun-ju (22 January 2014). 
"What makes Kim Soo-hyun so popular in China?". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ↑ Wan, William (7 March 2014). 
"Chinese officials debate why China can't make a soap opera as good as South Korea's". 
The Washington Post. 
Retrieved 11 March 2014. ↑ Ock, Hyun-ju (10 March 2014). 
"Why can't China make My Love from Star?". 
The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 11 March 2014. ↑ "Int'l Press Picks Up on Alien Soap Craze in China". The Chosun Ilbo. 10 March 2014. 
Retrieved 11 March 2014. ↑ Shin, Kyun-jin; Yang, Sung-hee (14 March 2014). 
"Hallyu booming again in China, bigger than ever". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ↑ "TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". 
TNMS Ratings (in Korean). 
Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. 
Retrieved 18 December 2013. ↑ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). 
Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013. ↑ "You Who Came from The Stars air special episode". FNN (in Korean). 
7 February 2014. 
Retrieved 7 February 2014. ↑ "My Love From The Star". GMA Network. Retrieved 3 July 2014. ↑ Mediodia, Eunicia (16 May 2014). 
"Stop time every Sunday morning with My Love from the Star: The Kilig Throwback". GMA Network (in Filipino). Retrieved 3 July 2014. ↑ "Twitter Page of AGB Nielsen Philippines". 
AGB Nielsen Media Research via Twitter. 
Retrieved 3 July 2014. ↑ "Kantar Media-TNS Total Philippines Household Ratings". Kantar/TNS via Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved 3 July 2014. ↑ Park, Ah-reum (27 May 2014). 
"You Who Came From the Stars Has the Most Nominations at the Baeksang Arts Award". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 28 May 2014. ↑ Jeon, Su-mi (28 May 2014). 
"Jun Ji Hyun Sends a Love Call to Kim Soo Hyun". enewsWorld. Retrieved 28 May 2014. ↑ Chung, Joo-won (28 May 2014). 
"Kim Soo-hyun acknowledges love for Cheon Song-yi". 
The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 2 June 2014. ↑ Xu, Wei (5 June 2014). "US, Korean TV series win top awards at Shanghai TV Festival". Shanghai Daily. 
Retrieved 21 July 2014. ↑ Sohn, Ji-ae (5 September 2014). 
"Alien love story steals the show at Seoul drama festival". Korea.net. 
Retrieved 7 September 2014. ↑ Lee, Min-ji (5 September 2014). "You Who Came From the Stars Wins Four Awards at Seoul International Drama Awards". enewsWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2014. ↑ Ock, Hyun-ju (4 September 2014). 
"Kim Soo-hyun wins 2 prizes at Seoul Drama Awards". 
The Korea Herald. 
Retrieved 7 September 2014. ↑ "Kim Soo-hyun wins at drama festival". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
3 October 2014. 
Retrieved 13 October 2014. ↑ "Kim Soo Hyun Wins Best Actor in Asia at Tokyo Drama Awards". enewsWorld. 
23 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ↑ Kim, Min-jin (1 January 2015). "Four couples win best couple prize in SBS Drama Awards". 
K-Pop Herald. 
Retrieved 7 January 2015. ↑ "Winners from the 29th Golden Disk Awards (Day 1)!". Allkpop. 14 January 2015. 
Retrieved 14 January 2015. ↑ Sung, So-young (20 January 2015). 
"Kim, Han take awards at Hwajeong". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 23 January 2015. ↑ "무도-토토가·별그대', 한국 PD대상 최고작품상 수상". 
Osen. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
1 2 3 4 http://www.onetvasia.com/shows/my-love-star ↑ http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/free-korean-tv-shows-on-viu-app-just-launched-in-singapore ↑ https://www.iflix.com/images/media/press/iflix_is_the_destination_for_Korean_content_SEA.pdf ↑ http://www.kembangpete.com/2014/12/05/rcti-akan-tayangkan-my-love-from-another-star/ ↑ "Mi amor de las estrellas" muy pronto en Panamericana TV ["My love from the star" coming soon to Panamericana Television] (television advertisement) (in Spanish). January 15, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2017. ↑ http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/shows/mylovefromthestar ↑ http://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/htv3-chieu-doc-quyen-vi-sao-dua-anh-toi-n20141101103753501.htm ↑ https://www.facebook.com/Puthuyugamtv/photos/a.334701739965688.1073741825.255637074538822/735327663236425/?type=3&theater ↑ http://sirasatv.lk/videos/ananthayen-aa-tharu-kumara/ ↑ https://www.dramafever.com/drama/4325/My_Love_From_Another_Star/ ↑ Frater, Patrick (11 May 2014). 
Country Channel Brunei ONE TV ASIA[65] China Anhui Television Singapore ONE TV ASIA[65] MediaCorp Channel U Viu[66] Malaysia ONE TV ASIA[65] 8TV (Malaysia) Shuang Xing Iflix[67] Indonesia ONE TV ASIA[65] RCTI[68] Iflix Hong Kong TVB Drama 1 Japan NHK General TV NHK World Premium Myanmar Myanmar Television MNTV Peru Panamericana Television [69] Philippines GMA Network[70] Taiwan China Television Thailand Channel 7 Iflix Vietnam HTV3 (November 3, 2014)[71] Cambodia Hang Meas HDTV India Puthuyugam TV[72] Sri Lanka Sirasa TV[73] Iflix Israel Viva Platina Romania Euforia TV Iraqi Kurdistan WAAR TV HD United States Viki DramaFever[74] Sky Link TV Brazil Netflix Kazakhstan NTK 
My Love from the Star Promotional poster Also known as You Who Came from the Stars Genre Romance Comedy Fantasy Drama Science fiction Written by Park Ji-eun Directed by Jang Tae-yoo Starring Jun Ji-hyun Kim Soo-hyun Park Hae-jin Yoo In-na Opening theme "Man From Star (Opening Title)" Ending theme "My Destiny" by Lyn Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 21 Production Executive producer(s) Choi Moon-suk Producer(s) Moon Bo-mi Cinematography Lee Gil-bok Jung Min-gyun Camera setup Multiple-camera setup Running time 70 minutes Production company(s) HB Entertainment Release Original network SBS and regional affiliates Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Original release December 18, 2013 (2013-12-18) – February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27) External links Website tv.sbs.co.kr/lovefromstar/ 
Park Hae-jin[16][17] as Lee Hee-kyung 
My Love from the Star 
Main 
Empress Ki (Hangul: 기황후; Hanja: 奇皇后; RR: Gi Hwanghu) is a television series starring Ha Ji-won as the titular Empress Ki.[1] It aired on MBC from October 28, 2013 to April 29, 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 51 episodes. 
The early working title was Hwatu (Hangul: 화투; lit. "Battle of Flowers") but the title was changed to prevent confusion with the similarly named playing cards.[2] 
The series revolves around Gi Seungnyang, a Goryeo-born woman who ascends to power despite the restrictions of the era's class system, and later marries Toghon Temür (Emperor of Mongol Empire) to become an empress of the Yuan dynasty, instead of her first love, Wang Yu. It managed to highlight the deep love the Emperor embedded in Lady Ki and depicts her loves and political ambitions.[3] 
Ha Ji-won - Empress Ki / Ki Seung Nyang Hyun Seung-min - young Ki Seung Nyang Joo Jin-mo - Wang Yoo (Chunghye of Goryeo) Ahn Do-gyu - young Wang Yoo Ji Chang-wook - Toghon Temür / Ta Hwan Kim Ji-han - Tal Tal (Toqto'a) Baek Jin-hee - Tanashiri (Danashiri) 
Cast 
Awards and nominations 
The Korea Herald. Retrieved January 7, 2014. ↑ Kwak, Hyun-soo (August 14, 2013). "Ha Ji Won's new drama is renamed Ki Empress". 
Korea Star Daily via Yahoo!. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2013. ↑ Do, Je-hae (August 2, 2013). 
"Period pieces dominate Korean cinema, TV". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. 
Retrieved August 29, 2013. ↑ "Ha Ji-won meets fans in Taipei". Korea JoongAng Daily. ↑ "K-Drama Ratings: "Empress Ki" Is As Strong As Its Main Character". KDramaStars. ↑ ""Empress Ki" Viewership Rating in Taiwan Reaches Over 5%, Follows the Success of "Dae Jang Geum" in 2004". 
Soompi. 1 2 "Fact vs. fiction in TV drama". The Korea Times. ↑ ""Empress Ki" Reigns Over The Ratings But Not Without Controversy". 
KDramaStars. ↑ "TNmS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNmS Ratings (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. 
Retrieved October 28, 2013. ↑ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. 
Retrieved October 28, 2013. ↑ "Empress Ki". GMA Network. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ↑ PEP.ph. 
"PEP Alerts | PEP.ph: The Number One Site for Philippine Showbiz". www.pep.ph. Retrieved 2016-11-19. ↑ "National TV Ratings". www.abscbnpr.com. Retrieved 2016-11-19. ↑ "Kim Byung-man, Ha Ji-won win grand prizes". 
The Korea Times. ↑ Sohn, Ji-ae (September 5, 2014). "Alien love story steals the show at Seoul drama festival". Korea.net. 
Retrieved September 7, 2014. ↑ "Korea Drama Awards 2014 – Nominees List". Beatus Corner. September 7, 2014. 
Retrieved September 7, 2014. ↑ https://www.iflix.com/images/media/press/iflix_is_the_destination_for_Korean_content_SEA.pdf ↑ "ซีรีย์ใหม่ช่อง 3 2559" (in Thai). Channel 3. Retrieved 21 February 2016. ↑ "A császárság kincse" (in Hungarian). est.hu. 
Country Network(s) Series premiere Series finale Vietnam VTV3 May 8, 2014 finished Myanmar Myanmar National TV March , 2017 finished Philippines GMA Network October 20, 2014 April 14, 2015 GMA News TV July 12, 2016 finished Iflix[17] Available to stream Indonesia Trans7 November 23, 2015 currently airing Iflix Available to stream Poland TVP2 November 9, 2015 February 25, 2016 Singapore Channel U October 31, 2015 February 21, 2016 Sri Lanka Rupavahini Iflix February 16, 2016 Available to stream July 2016 Armenia Yerkir Media April 4, 2016 June 14, 2016 Thailand 3 Family Iflix May 19, 2017 Available to stream N/A[18] Hungary Duna TV November 14, 2016[19] Pakistan HTV Pakistan March 6, 2017[20] Puerto Rico WIPR July 24, 2017 Panama SERTV August 2015 
Left to right: Toghon Temür, Empress Ki, Wang Yoo. Genre Historical Romance Written by Jang Young-chul Jung Kyung-soon Directed by Han Hee Lee Sung-joon Starring Ha Ji-won Joo Jin-mo Ji Chang-wook Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 51 Production Executive producer(s) Joo Sung-woo Producer(s) Cho Yoon-jung Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Victory Contents Distributor Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation Release Original network Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation Picture format HDTV 1080i 16:9 Original release October 28, 2013 (2013-10-28) – April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29) Chronology Preceded by Goddess of Fire Followed by Triangle External links Website www.imbc.com/broad/tv/drama/empress/ Empress Ki at Victory Contents victents.com#/portfolio_detail?portfolio_num=21&type=DRAMA 
Empress Ki (TV series) 
This is a list of the queen consorts of the major kingdoms that existed in present-day Myanmar. Only the senior queens—i.e. those with the rank of Nan Mibaya ("Queen of the Palace")—are listed. 
Prior to the Konbaung period (1752–1885), the consorts of the Burmese monarchs were organized in three general tiers: Nan Mibaya (နန်းမိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Palace", senior queen), Mibaya (Nge) (မိဖုရား (ငယ် ), "(Junior) Queen"), and Kolottaw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော် , concubine).[note 1] Starting in the late 18th century, the Konbaung kings inserted the tiers of Hsaungdaw Mibaya (ဆောင်တော် မိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Royal Apartment") and Shwe-Yay Hsaung Mibaya (ရွှေရေးဆောင် မိဖုရား, lit. 
Each tier had further rankings within it. The order of precedence within the topmost tier was:[1] 
Nanmadaw Mibaya Khaunggyi (နန်းမတော် မိဖုရား ခေါင်ကြီး) or Taung Nan Mibaya (တောင်နန်း မိဖုရား) Chief Queen or Queen of the Southern Palace 2. Myauk Nan Mibaya (မြောက်နန်း မိဖုရား) Queen of the Northern Palace 3. Ale Nan Mibaya (အလယ်နန်း မိဖုရား) Queen of the Central Palace 4. 
Aside from a few rare exceptions, the Queen of the Southern Palace was the official chief queen consort.[note 2] In theory, the chief queen consort alone had the right to a white umbrella and to sit with the King on the royal throne.[2] 
The names of the queens, if known, are given according to their most well known common name, which often happens to be the primary name used by the royal chronicles. The chronicle reported names of the queens may be their popular/commonly known name (e.g., Pwa Saw, Nanmadaw Me Nu); formal title (e.g., Agga Mahethi, Sanda Dewi); personal name (e.g., Shin Bo-Me, Yun San); or generic name of the office (Hanthawaddy Mibaya, "Queen of Hanthawaddy"; or Myauk Pyinthe, "Queen of the Northern Palace"). Finally, the names of the queens with no known records are given as "(Unknown)". 
1014 Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu [3][4] Myauk Pyinthe North Chief c. 
1014 1021 Ale Pyinthe Center 1001 ? 
1 April 1038 Kyiso (Unknown) Chief c. 
1 April 1038 11 August 1044 Sokkate [5] Myauk Pyinthe North? 
Notes 
Rankings of consorts 
List of Burmese consorts 
List of Ministers 
The Office of the State Counsellor of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burmese: ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် နိုင်ငံတော်အတိုင်ပင်ခံရုံး) is a ministry-level body that serves the State Counsellor of Myanmar. The office is led by union minister Kyaw Tint Swe.[1][2] 
Ministry of the State Counsellor's Office နိုင်ငံ​တော် အတိုင်ပင်ခံရုံးဝန်ကြီးဌာန Ministry overview Formed May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17) Headquarters Naypyidaw Minister responsible Kyaw Tint Swe Deputy Minister responsible Khin Maung Tin Ministry executive Aung San Suu Kyi, State Counsellor 
↑ "List of Union Government". ↑ "Union Minister". 
Ministry of State Counsellor’s Office 
Popular culture 
Establishing of two kingdoms 
Soseono or So Seo-no (召西奴, 67 – 6 BCE) was the wife of Jumong, remembered as the queen consort of Goguryeo. She was a key figure in the founding of both Goguryeo and Baekje. She was the mother of Biryu and Onjo of Baekje. 
A traditional account from the Annals of Baekje section in the Samguk Sagi, states that Soseono was the daughter of Yeon Ta-bal, a wealthy influential figure in Jolbon[1] and married to Jumong. However, the same source officially states that the chief of Habaek tribe gave his daughter to Jumong, who had fled Eastern Buyeo with his followers, in marriage. According to the Samguk Sagi, Jumong was Lady Soseono's second husband. 
Soseono died in 6 BC at the age of 61[2] after her second son Onjo became the first king of Baekje. 
Death 
Portrayed by Han Hye-jin in the 2006–2007 MBC TV series Jumong. Portrayed by Jung Ae-ri in the 2010–2011 KBS1 TV series The King of Legend. 
Soseono 
Cast 
Releases 
External links 
References 
Plot 
First Love (A Little Thing Called Love) on IMDb A Little Thing Called Love (Sing lek lek tee reak wa rak) at Rotten Tomatoes 
First Love Directed by Puttipong Pormsaka Na-Sakonnakorn Wasin Pokpong Produced by Somsak Tejcharattanaprasert Panya Nirankol Written by Puttipong Pormsaka Na-Sakonnakorn Wasin Pokpong Voraluk Klasukon Starring Mario Maurer Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul Cinematography Reungwit Ramasudh Distributed by Sahamongkol Film International Co. Ltd. Workpoint Entertainment Release date August 12, 2010 (2010-08-12) Running time 118 minutes Country Thailand Language Thai Box office ฿85,037,300[1] 
First Love, also known as Crazy Little Thing Called Love,[2] (Thai: สิ่งเล็กเล็ก ที่เรียกว่า...รัก, Sing lek lek thi riak wa... rak, lit. 
"A Little Thing Called Love") is a 2010 Thai romantic comedy film and also a 2011 Asian sleeper hit film starring Mario Maurer and Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul. The story depicts love in the eye of young people who first experience it and how it affects their lives and their inspirations. 
Helped by her three friends, Nam follows the advice of the guidebook Nine Recipes of Love, which supposedly has the magical power to win affection from the boy of choice. The nine steps require Nam to beautify herself by switching her glasses with contacts, wearing teeth braces, and whitening her skin, as well as secretly leaving a chocolate cake inside Shone's motorbike, though all of them seems futile in attracting his attention. Nam also has an additional pursuit of going to the United States, where her father works; he promises to Nam and her sister a plane ticket for whoever gets the top grade in school. 
After getting into a fight with the influential Faye, Nam and her friends are unable to enter the Thai dance club and forced to register in the unpopular English drama club for the school fair. Nam is selected to play Snow White in the titular play, while Shone works as an stage painter. Thanks to the drama, Nam instantly becomes a hot issue within the school, and her popularity further explodes when she is chosen as the drum major of the school parade. 
The shocked Nam does not respond for fear of hurting him, so Top thinks that she accepts the confession. Nam is uncomfortable with the situation, especially when Top kisses her suddenly when the two are attending a friend's birthday party, during which Top shares the story about a promise he made with Shone: that they would never like the same girl. Meanwhile, Nam's increasingly close relationship with Top, Shone, and their associates has distanced her from her three old friends; the four barely talk with each other anymore as they enter their third year. 
That night, Shone comes home to find out that he is accepted into a trainee program in a professional soccer team, and has to leave for the camp the following morning. He goes into his room and takes out a diary containing all of Nam's photos; Shone has always loved Nam, even before her transformation, but never manages to gain the courage to confess. He leaves the diary in front of Nam's house; at the same time, Nam is shown mourning his rejection in her bedroom. 
Nine years later, Nam and Shone have become successful fashion designer and photographer, respectively. Nam returns to Thailand to attend a variety show. She gets a surprise visit by Shone, who reveals that he has been waiting for her after all those years. 
Mario Maurer as Shone, a 10th grade boy who is a star of the school. He is a son of a retired soccer player of the town who missed his penalty shot which costs the team their national champion title. From that incident, Shone is frequently teased as "the boy whose father missed the penalty shot". 
Shone nevertheless plays soccer at school although he refuses to shoot any penalty shot and thus is not part of the school team despite his high skills. 
Shone's other interest is photography; he is good enough to win a contest. Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul as Nam, a 7th grade girl with dark skin, thick glasses, and a school-conformed haircut. 
She lives with her mother and a younger sister, and helps her mother manage a B&B while her father is working in the States as a Thai cook to support their family. 
Nam hangs out with three close friends; they are often considered as an unattractive girl group in the school. 
Nam places average in her class rank; the only subject she is good at is English. Sudarat Budtporm as Teacher Inn, an English teacher in Nam's class who is fighting with Teacher Orn for the heart of Teacher Pon. 
She is also a caretaker of the school's English drama club, albeit its low popularity among students. She seems to be close to the superintendent that he tasked her to find a replacement drum major, where she chooses Nam. She eventually found love at the end of the story with the new P.E. teacher, after Teacher Pon left the school. 
Tangi Namonto as Teacher Pon, a P.E. teacher and the coach of the school's soccer team. He is pursued by both Teacher Inn and Teacher Orn, although he seems to show no preference between the two. 
Pijitra Siriwerapan as Teacher Orn, a caretaker of the school's Thai dance club, which is very popular among female students and is believed to be the pool of all pretty girls in school. 
She, like Teacher Inn, seems to be flirting with Teacher Pon although she chooses a more subtle way. 
Acharanat Ariyaritwikol as Top, a new student who enters the school midyear of the 11th grade. He is a childhood friend of Shone. 
Top instantly replaces Shone as the new star of the school because of his good looks. 
He is attracted to Nam and decides to ask her out. After Nam breaks up with him, he makes Shone promise not to pursue her. 
In Thailand, the film placed in 3rd place from its weekend gross in almost a hundred cinemas in Thailand, and then up to 2nd place on the next weekend behind Kuan Mun Ho. The other two movies (including Toy Story 3) simultaneously released with First Love dropped to 3rd and 4th respectively. The film managed to maintain its position in 3rd place the following weekends and stayed inside the top 5 for six consecutive weeks. 
First Love (2010 Thai film) 
History 
Etymology 
Early modern 
Battle of Karbala 
Climate data for Karbala Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 15.7 (60.3) 18.8 (65.8) 23.6 (74.5) 30.6 (87.1) 36.9 (98.4) 41.5 (106.7) 43.9 (111) 43.6 (110.5) 40.2 (104.4) 33.3 (91.9) 23.7 (74.7) 17.6 (63.7) 30.78 (87.42) Average low °C (°F) 5.4 (41.7) 7.0 (44.6) 11.2 (52.2) 17.1 (62.8) 22.5 (72.5) 26.3 (79.3) 28.8 (83.8) 28.2 (82.8) 24.3 (75.7) 19.0 (66.2) 11.6 (52.9) 6.9 (44.4) 17.36 (63.24) Average precipitation mm (inches) 17.6 (0.693) 14.3 (0.563) 15.7 (0.618) 11.5 (0.453) 3.5 (0.138) 0.1 (0.004) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.3 (0.012) 4.1 (0.161) 10.5 (0.413) 15.3 (0.602) 92.9 (3.657) Average precipitation days 7 5 6 5 3 0 0 0 0 4 5 7 42 Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[17] 
Retrieved 1 January 2011. ↑ al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir – History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991 ↑ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p71-2 ↑ Staff writers. "The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500-1818". www.au.af.mil. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ↑ Martin, Richard C., ed. 
(2003). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 
ISBN 0-02-865603-2. 
OCLC 52178942. 1 2 Litvak, Meir (2010). "KARBALA". 
Iranica Online. 1 2 3 Khatab, Sayed. Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics. 
ISBN 978-977-416-499-6. 
Retrieved 11 August 2016. ↑ Vassiliev, Alexei. 
The History of Saudi Arabia. 
ISBN 978-0-86356-779-7. 
Retrieved 9 August 2016. ↑ Cole, Juan R.I. and Moojan Momen. 
Karbala كَربَلَاء Karbalāʾ Kerbala The Mosques of Imam Hussain (foreground) and Abbas (background), in Karbala. Karbala Location in Iraq Coordinates: 32°37′N 44°02′E / 32.617°N 44.033°E / 32.617; 44.033 Country Iraq Governorate Karbala Settled 690 CE Population (2014) • Total 690,100[1] 
Karbala (Arabic: كَرْبَلَاء‎, Karbalā’, Persian: کربلاء) is a city in central Iraq, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh.[2][3] Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 0.7 million people (2015). 
The city, best known as the location of the Ghazwaṫ Karbalā’ (Arabic: غَـزوَة كَـربَـلَاء‎, Battle of Karbala) in 680 CE, or the Masjidayn (Arabic: مَـسـجِـدَيـن‎, two Mosques) of Imam Husayn and Abbas,[4][5] is considered as a holy city for Shi'ite Muslims as Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year, rivaling Mecca as a place of pilgrimage.[6][7][8][9] The martyrdom of Imam Husayn ibn Ali is commemorated annually by millions of Shi'ites.[10][11][12][13] Up to 8 million pilgrims visit the city to observe ‘Āshūrā’ (Arabic: عَـاشُـورَاء‎, "Tenth Day" {of the month of Muharram}), which marks the anniversary of Imam Husayn's death, but the main event is the Arba‘īn (Arabic: أَربَـعِـيـن‎, 40th day after Ashura), where up to 30 million visit the holy graves. Most of the pilgrims travel barefooted from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.[14][15] 
According to Shi'ite belief, the archangel Gabriel narrated the true meaning of the name Karbalā’ to Muhammad: a combination of karb (Arabic: كَـرب‎, the land which will cause many agonies) and balā’ (Arabic: بَـلاء‎, afflictions)."[16] 
Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Kerbela on the orders of Caliph al-Mutawakkil. 
Karbala's prominence in Shia traditions is the result of the Battle of Karbala, fought on the site of the modern city on October 10, 680 AD (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Imam Hussein ibn Ali and his brother Abbas ibn Ali were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the Mashhad Al-Hussein. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of Yazid I's demand for allegiance to his caliphate. 
The city began as a tomb and shrine to Hussein and grew as a city in order to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again. 
Karbala 
Availability 
External links 
Synopsys 
Critical reception 
Ambiguous DVD cover for Ambiguous (2003) Directed by Toshiya Ueno[1] Production company Kokuei Distributed by Shintōhō Eiga Release date December 9, 2003 Running time 63 min. Country Japan Language Japanese 
Ambiguous (曖昧, Aimai) aka Waisetsu Netto Shūdan Ikasete!! (猥褻ネット集団 いかせて!!) and Group Suicide: The Last Supper (集団自殺 最後の晩餐, Shūdan Jissatsu: Saigo no Bansan) is a 2003 Japanese Pink film directed by Toshiya Ueno. It was chosen as Best Film of the year at the Pink Grand Prix ceremony. 
In the movie, a diverse group of people, all with troubles in their daily lives, meet online and decide to commit suicide together. Isolated from society at large, they form a physical bond as the appointed time approaches.[2] 
Anglophone pink film scholar Jasper Sharp notes that there are two different audiences for contemporary pink films: The traditional pink theater-goer who is generally interested in seeing sex on the screen, and the devotees of pink cinema represented by such publications as P*G magazine and its website.[3] As with many of Kokuei's pink films, Ambiguous did not prove very marketable for the traditional softcore porn audience, in part because of its downbeat subject matter. However, when looked at as a film which happens to include sex scenes—Kokuei's approach to the pink genre—Sharp writes Obscene Internet Group "stands as one of the most genuinely insightful and of-the-moment films produced within the Japanese independent sector in its year."[2] 
The readers of P*G magazine showed their approval of the film by awarding it Best Film and giving Hidekazu Takahara the Silver Prize for screenplay.[4][5] 
Like many pink films, Ambiguous has gone under more than one title. Originally released in theatres as Obscene Internet Group: Make Me Come!!, the film was shown at the Pink Grand Prix under the title Ambiguous, the title under which it was also released on DVD in Japan and internationally. The film has also been released on DVD in Japan as Group Suicide: The Last Supper.[3] Sacrament released the film as "Ambiguous" on English-subtitled Region 2 DVD on 22 February 2006.[6] 
Ambiguous (film) 
Ambiguous on IMDb 
Music career 
Acting career 
References 
Drama 
Early life 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Ninomiya, Kazunari (2007-03-08). Tunnels no Minasan no Okage Deshita (とんねるずのみなさんのおかげでした, lit. Tunnels' Thanks to Everyone) (Interview). 
Interview with Tunnels. Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ "Hey! Hey! 
Missing or empty |series= (help) ↑ "そして僕らは嵐になった Arashi Story 1980–2009". Pia: 10–22. August 27, 2009. ↑ Kazunari Ninomiya (2005-05-29). 
Missing or empty |series= (help) ↑ "Love so sweet (First Press Limited Edition) (Japan Version)" (in Japanese). YesAsia. Retrieved 2010-06-30. ↑ "Time" (in Japanese). 
Retrieved 2010-06-30. ↑ Kazunari Ninomiya (Singer) (2008-04-16). Summer Tour 2007 Final Time – Kotoba no Chikara (DVD) (in Japanese). Japan: J Storm. ↑ Kazunari Ninomiya (Singer) (2009-03-25). 
Archived from the original on December 13, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-25. ↑ Scott, A.O.; Dargis, Manohla; Holden, Stephen (2007-01-07). "THE OSCARS; And the Nominees Should Be". 
Kazunari Ninomiya (二宮 和也, Ninomiya Kazunari, born June 17, 1983), often called Nino (ニノ), is a Japanese idol, singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor, and radio host. He is a member of Japanese boy group Arashi, and portrayed Private Saigo in the 2006 Clint Eastwood war film Letters from Iwo Jima. 
Ninomiya began his career in the entertainment industry when he joined the Japanese talent agency Johnny & Associates in 1996 at the age of 13. Prior to his debut as a singer with Arashi in 1999, Ninomiya started an acting career when he was cast as Chris for the stage play Stand by Me, which was based on the film of the same name. Since then, he has gone on to appear in numerous television drama, movie and stage productions, making him known as the actor of Arashi.[1] Described as an actor who can act with his mouth and eyes,[1] Ninomiya has won a number of awards and nominations for his roles. 
Ninomiya was born in Katsushika, Tokyo as the youngest child of his family.[2] His father and mother were both working as chefs when they met[3] and his sister is two years older than he is. When Ninomiya was born, his grandfather immediately came home and named him the heir to the family's windshield wiper factory since he was his grandfather's only grandson.[4] However, when Ninomiya was twelve years old, his cousin sent in an application to Johnny & Associates without his knowledge.[2] After attending and passing the auditions due to his mother's prodding, he joined the talent agency.[5][6] 
Ninomiya graduated from high school in March 2002 at the age of 18.[7] 
In 2004, Ninomiya penned and composed "Konseki" (痕跡)[8] for his solo performance during Arashi's Iza, Now!! tour. Although Arashi's fifth studio album One was the first of their albums to feature solo songs of each member, Ninomiya did not provide lyrics or music for official release until the Time album almost two years later. 
In 2007, the group's eighteenth single "Love So Sweet" was released with the limited edition containing the bonus song "Fight Song" (ファイトソング, "Faito Songu"), which was written by Arashi and composed by Ninomiya in 2006 for their variety show G no Arashi.[9] On July 11, 2007, the Time album was released with the limited edition containing solo song of each member. Ninomiya wrote the lyrics to his solo song, "Niji" (虹, "Rainbow"),[10] and played the piano portion of the song throughout Arashi's summer tour.[11] He later reprised the performance throughout Arashi's second Asia Tour in 2008.[12] 
In 2008, Ninomiya composed, co-arranged and penned the lyrics for his solo "Gimmick Game".[13] In 2010, Ninomiya also composed, co-arranged and penned the lyrics for his solo "1992*4##111".[14] According to Ninomiya himself, the title is read as "arigatō" (ありがとう, thank you).[15] 
Ninomiya began his acting career in a 1997 stage play based on the American coming of age film Stand by Me with future bandmates Masaki Aiba and Jun Matsumoto.[1][16] He did not return to do any major stage productions for nearly seven years after Stand by Me, instead focusing on dramas. However, in 2004, Ninomiya appeared in his first lead role in the stage play Shibuya Kara Tooku Hanarete (シブヤから遠く離れて) directed by Yukio Ninagawa. From April 3, 2005 to May 4, 2005, he took up Rebel Without a Cause, playing the James Dean character Jim Stark. 
From July 18, 2009 to August 11, 2009, Ninomiya appeared in his first stage play in four years.[17] He starred as the psychopathic murderer Bruno in Mishiranu Jōkyaku (見知らぬ乗客, Strangers on a Train), which was based on the novel of the same name. 
In 1998, he made his television debut as a fifteen-year-old runaway in the TBS television movie Amagi Goe (天城越え, Crossing Mt. Amagi).[1] Just a few months before his debut with Arashi, he was given his first lead role in the drama Abunai Hōkago (あぶない放課後, Dangerous After School) with Subaru Shibutani acting as his stepbrother. His schedule became packed, causing him to lose 7 kg in a month as a result.[18] From October 11, 1999 to October 29, 1999, because Arashi were the main supporters for the 8th World Cup of Volleyball Championships, all five members co-starred together for the first time in the volleyball-centered short drama V no Arashi (Vの嵐). 
He played a student who found himself to be one of the last four virgins left at school in the comedy series Stand Up!!, a boyfriend of a girl who mysteriously shrunk into a size of merely sixteen centimeters tall in the romance series Minami-kun no Koibito (南くんの恋人, Minami's Girlfriend) and a young man who accidentally killed his mother and developed an estranged relationship with his father as a result in the human drama series Yasashii Jikan (優しい時間, Affectionate Time) 
In 2006, Ninomiya starred in the drama special Sukoshi wa, Ongaeshi ga Dekitakana (少しは、恩返しができたかな, Have I Returned a Bit of My Gratitude?), which was based on the true story of young man diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma. 
He went on to appear in two different films for the rest of 2006 before taking up Haikei, Chichiue-sama (拝啓、父上様, Dear Father) on January 11, 2007. 
Ninomiya played the title character Tarō Yamada (山田 太郎, Yamada Tarō), an extremely poor student attending a school for the rich. 
Soon after—whilst juggling rehearsals for Arashi's upcoming concerts—he acted as the lead in the drama special Marathon (マラソン, Marason), which was based on the true story of an autistic young man training to become a marathon runner.[19] 
The drama special was based on the true story of Bill Porter, an American door-to-door salesman who achieved the highest sales for his company despite suffering from cerebral palsy.[22] His roles in Door to Door and Ryūsei no Kizuna won him the Individual Award in the television category of the 46th Galaxy Awards, a first for a Johnny's talent and the first by an actor in his twenties.[23] Ninomiya began filming for the drama special Tengoku de Kimi ni Aetara (天国で君に逢えたら, If I Can Meet You in Heaven) in April 2009.[24] However, the special, which saw Ninomiya's first time playing a psychiatrist, did not air on television until September 24, 2009. 
Kazunari Ninomiya 
In January 2010, Ninomiya co-starred with the other members of Arashi in their first drama in nearly ten years in the human suspense drama special Saigo no Yakusoku "最後の約束”.[25][26] Ninomiya portrayed Shūji Yamagiwa (山際 修司, Yamagiwa Shūji), a 27-year-old temporary security center employee who is caught up in a building hijack. 
On September 20, 2010, he made a guest appearance on the last episode of bandmate Matsumoto and Yūko Takeuchi's getsuku drama Natsu no Koi wa Nijiiro ni Kagayaku (夏の恋は虹色に輝く, Summer Love Shines in Rainbow Colors).[27] 
Ninomiya starred in the drama Freeter, Ie o Kau (フリーター、家を買う。, Part-time Worker, Buys a House), his first serial drama since Ryūsei no Kizuna (2008). 
With Karina as his co-star, Ninomiya portrayed a freeter named Seiji Take (武 誠治, Take Seiji).[28][29] The drama maintained steady viewership ratings throughout its airing, having an average rating of 17.14% overall.[30][31][32] 
In 2002, he made his motion picture debut in Arashi's first movie together, Pikanchi Life Is Hard Dakedo Happy (ピカ☆ンチ Life is HardだけどHappy, Pikanchi Life is Hard But Happy).[1] Ninomiya next took to the screen as Shuichi, a high school student trying to get rid of his abusive stepfather, in the 2003 film The Blue Light with Aya Matsuura as his co-star. 
In 2004, Arashi came together again to reprise their respective roles for the sequel of Pikanchi Life Is Hard Dakedo Happy, Pikanchi Life Is Hard Dakara Happy (ピカ☆☆ンチ Life is HardだからHappy, Pikanchi Life is Hard Therefore Happy). 
In 2007, all the members of Arashi co-starred in their third movie together, Kiiroi Namida (黄色い涙, Yellow Tears), with Ninomiya playing the main role of an aspiring manga artist. 
On October 1, 2010, the live-action adaptation of Fumi Yoshinaga's award-winning Ōoku: The Inner Chambers manga, which starred Ninomiya and Kou Shibasaki, was released into theaters in Japan.[39][40] Ninomiya played Yunoshin Mizuno (水野祐之進, Mizuno Yunoshin), a young man living in a matriarchal society due to a disease that killed most of the male population.[41] 
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning. The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods, including testing and measurement, to enhance educational activities related to instructional design, classroom management, and assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings across the lifespan.[1] 
Dates 
Solar year 
Recent past and future dates and times, in Universal Time, of the December solstice are: [2] 
Date time 2000-12-21 13:37 2001-12-21 19:21 2002-12-22 01:14 2003-12-22 07:04 2004-12-21 12:42 2005-12-21 18:35 2006-12-22 00:22 2007-12-22 06:08 2008-12-21 12:04 2009-12-21 17:47 2010-12-21 23:38 2011-12-22 05:30 2012-12-21 11:12 2013-12-21 17:11 2014-12-21 23:03 2015-12-22 04:48 2016-12-21 10:44 2017-12-21 16:28 2018-12-21 22:23 2019-12-22 04:19 2020-12-21 10:02 
The December solstice solar year is the solar year based on the December solstice. It is thus the length of time between adjacent December solstices. 
December solstice 
Yawata (八幡市, Yawata-shi) is a city located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. 
As of May 31, 2011, the city has an estimated population of 74,150, with 31,120 households and a population density of 3,042.68 persons per km². The total area is 24.37 km². 
The city was founded on November 1, 1977 and currently has a sister city in Milan, Ohio 
The Iwashimizu Hachimangu is located in Yawata. 
Yawata City official website (in Japanese) 
Yawata, Kyoto 
See also 
Samurai worship 
References 
Syncretism 
Further reading 
In Japanese beliefs, Hachiman (八幡神, Hachiman-jin/Yahata no kami) is the syncretic divinity of archery and war,[1][2][3] incorporating elements from both Shinto and Buddhism.[4] Although often called the god of war, he is more correctly defined as the tutelary god of warriors.[4][5] He is also the divine protector of Japan, the Japanese people and the Imperial House, the Minamoto clan ("Genji") and most samurai worshipped him. The name means "God of Eight Banners", referring to the eight heavenly banners that signaled the birth of the divine Emperor Ōjin. His symbolic animal and messenger is the dove. 
Since ancient times Hachiman was worshiped by peasants as the god of agriculture and by fishermen who hoped he would fill their nets with much fish. In Shinto, he became identified by legend as the Emperor Ōjin, son of Empress Jingū, from the 3rd–4th century of the Common Era. 
After the arrival of Buddhism in Japan, Hachiman became a syncretistic deity, fusing elements of the native kami worship with Buddhism (shinbutsu-shūgō). In the Buddhist pantheon in 8th century AD, he became Hachiman Great Bodhisattva (八幡大菩薩, Hachiman Daibosatsu).[6] 
Because as Emperor Ōjin he was an ancestor of the Minamoto clan, Hachiman became the tutelary kami (氏神, ujigami) of the Minamoto samurai clan.[5] Minamoto no Yoshiie, upon coming of age at Iwashimizu Shrine in Kyoto, took the name Hachiman Taro Yoshiie and through his military prowess and virtue as a leader, became regarded and respected as the ideal samurai through the ages. 
Many samurai clans used this crest as their own, ironically including some that traced their ancestry back to the mortal enemy of the Minamoto, the Taira of the Emperor Kanmu line (Kammu Heishi). 
Hachiman 
Monumenta Nipponica. 33 (2): 165–78. doi:10.2307/2384124. JSTOR 2384124. 
Shinto belief 
History 
External links 
See also 
References 
Notes 
Treasures 
Imperial progresses to the shrine 
Iwashimizu Hachimangū (石清水八幡宮) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Yawata in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. 
The shrine's Heian period connections with the Kyoto and the Imperial family date from its founding in 859 (Jōgan 1)[1] when construction on its earliest structures commenced.[2] Shrine tradition explains that Emperor Seiwa ordered the shrine to be built in obeisance to an oracle in which the god Hachiman expressed the desire to be near to Kyoto to watch over the city and the Imperial House of Japan.[3] This vision was reported by a Buddhist monk, Gyōkyō, who had a second vision which led to selecting the Otokoyama location where the shrine now stands.[4] Like other Hachiman shrines, until 1868 Iwashimizu was actually a shrine-temple complex (jingū-ji) called Iwashimizu Hachimangū-ji (石清水八幡宮寺) dedicated to Buddhism as much as to kami worship.[5] 
The shrine became the object of Imperial patronage during the early Heian period.[6] In 965, Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers were sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan. These heihaku were initially presented to 16 shrines including the Ōharano Shrine.[7] 
The shrine's importance and influence grew in succeeding centuries; and its extensive landholdings led to modest conflicts with Minamoto no Yoritomo during the years in which the Kamakura shogunate was establishing itself. The shrine sought to maintain its traditional exemption from contributing to paying the costs of military forces.[8] In time, the bakufu faded away; and the shrine endured. 
Iwashimizu Hachimangū and Ise Shrine were specified for "the two ancestral mausoleum" (二所宗廟) in the Middle Ages. 
1456 (Kōshō 2, 3rd month): Ashikaga Yoshimasa visited Iwashimizu Shrine; and all the officials of the Daijō-kan joined him in going there.[9] 
From 1871 through 1946, Iwashimizu Hachimangū was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government supported shrines. Other similarly honored Hachiman shrines were Usa Shrine of Usa in Ōita Prefecture and Hakozaki-gū of Fukuoka in Fukuoka Prefecture.[10] 
In 979 (Tengen 2), Emperor Enyū visited the shrine; and the shrine continued to be visited by nearly all the emperors until the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, when the sovereigns began to live more secluded lives.[11] 
In the Shōhei era (1346–1370), Emperor Murakami visited Iwashimizu in person.[12] 
After the Ōnin war (1467–1477), Imperial visits were held in abeyance for 200 years.[13] 
The shrine is dedicated to the veneration of Hachiman, the Shinto kami or spirit guardian of Imperial legitimacy.[1] Since the time of its founding in 859, Hachiman has been recognized as Emperor Ojin.[14] 
A 2005 survey of the treasures at Iwashimizu revealed, among other things, the existence of a kris, a jeweled Indonesian dagger, which was exhibited at Kyoto National Museum as part of an exhibit entitled "Famous Swords from Kyoto's Temples and Shrines."[15] 
244. ↑ Ponsbonby-Fane, Studies, pp. 78, 196. ↑ Kyoto National Museum: 2006 exhibition, treasures Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine. 
Iwashimizu Hachimangū 
ISBN 978-0-8248-2362-7; ISBN 9780824823634; OCLC 43487317 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. 
ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323 Kanda, Christine Guth. 
ISBN 978-0-674-80650-4 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. 
ISBN 978-0-8047-3591-9 Titsingh, Isaac. 
(in Japanese) Iwashimizu Hachimangū web site (in Japanese) Photos of Iwashimizu Hachimangū and references in ancient Japanese literature 
External links 
Shrines of Momoyama Kyoto (1582–1615) 
References 
Shrines of Kyoto at peace (1615–1869) 
Notes 
Shrines of Heian Kyoto (794–1229) 
Modern period (1869– present) 
List of Shinto shrines in Kyoto includes many Shinto shrines; but this list encompasses only some of the 400 Shinto shrines with scattered locations throughout the municipality of Kyoto and the prefecture of Kyoto:[1] 
The Kamo Shrine predates the founding of Heian-kyō. 
Kamigamo Shrine (上賀茂神社, Kamikamo-jinja), formally called Kamo Wakeikaduchi Shrine (賀茂別雷神社).[2] Shimogamo Shrine (下鴨神社, Shimokamo-jinja), formally called Kamo Mioya Shrine (賀茂御祖神社).[2] 
Fushimi Inari-taisha (伏見稲荷大社, Inari-jinja).[3] Hirano Shrine (平野神社, Hirano-jinja).[3] Imamiya Shrine (今宮神社, Imamiya-jinja). Iwashimizu Shrine (岩清水八幡宮, Iwashimizu Otokoyama Hachimangū).[4] Kitano Tenmangū (北野天満宮, also known as Kitano-jinja).[4] Matsunoo Shrine (松尾大社, Matsunoo-jinja).[2] Nonomiya Shrine (野宮神社, Nonomiya-jingū).[5] Yasaka Shrine (八坂神社, Yasaka-jinja), formerly known as Gion Shrine (祇園社, Gionsha).[2] Yoshida Shrine (吉田神社, Yoshida-jinja).[4] 
Toyokuni Shrine (豊国神社, Toyokuni-jinja), also known as Hokoku-jinja[6] 
Goo Shrine (護王神社, Goo-jinja).[7] — link to photo of shrine — boars at this shrine Heian Shrine (平安神宮, Heian jingū).[8] Kenkun Shrine (建勲神社, Kenkun-jinja).[9] Nashinoki Shrine (梨木神社, Nashinoki-jinja).[9] Shiramine Jingū (白峯神宮)[10] 
Nogi Shrine (乃木神社, Tōgō-jinja).[11] 
ISBN 978-0-14-044539-8 
List of Shinto shrines in Kyoto 
References 
Shin Se-kyung on Instagram Shin Se-kyung at HanCinema Shin Se-kyung at the Korean Movie Database Shin Se-kyung on IMDb 
↑ "Forbes Korea's Top 'Power Celebrity 40' ranking". Manila Bulletin. Yahoo News philippines. 
February 28, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ↑ '겁 없는' 17세 호러퀸 신세경. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 
"Interview Part I: Shin Se Kyung Says She Couldn't Let Go of Seo Mi Do of When a Man Loves". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2013-06-30. ↑ Ko, Hong-ju (29 June 2013). 
"Interview Part II: Shin Se Kyung Talks about When a Man Loves as Its Actress". enewsWorld. 
Retrieved 2013-06-30. ↑ Bae, Joong-hyun (2 September 2014). "Shin goes gutsy in gambler role". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 2014-09-20. ↑ Kwon, Ji-youn (6 April 2015). 
"Convincing plot key to supernatural drama". 
The Korea Times. 
Retrieved 2015-04-08. ↑ "Yoo Ah-in, Shin Se-kyung reunite as lovers in Six Flying Dragons". 
The Korea Times. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-06. ↑ "'하백의 신부' 측 "남주혁·신세경·크리스탈·공명 출연확정" [공식입장]". 
Sports Donga (in Korean). 
23 February 2017. ↑ "Young Shin Se-kyung is an old pro : Former child actor was ready for everything on set of her latest drama". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. 
12 September 2017. ↑ "Shin Se-kyung, Kim Rae-won confirm roles in 'Black Knight'". 
Kpop Herald. 16 October 2017. ↑ "'Choosing a character entails big responsibility'". 
The Korea Times. 
24 October 2017. ↑ "Actress Shin Se Kyung Appointed As UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador". KpopStarz. January 15, 2014. ↑ "장도연·신세경 등…4인4색 한복 홍보대사". 
New Daily (in Korean). 
October 16, 2017. ↑ Kim, Jessica (27 October 2010). "SHINee Jonghyun and Sin Se-gyeong spotted dating". 
10Asia. 
Retrieved 2012-11-22. ↑ Kim, Jessica (28 October 2010). "SHINee Jonghyun girlfriend Sin Se-gyeong shuts down website". 10Asia. 
Retrieved 2012-11-22. ↑ Ko, Kyoung-seok (20 June 2011). 
"SHINee Jonghyun, Sin Se-gyeong no longer dating". 10Asia. Retrieved 2012-11-22. 
Shin Se-kyung Shin in 2009 Born (1990-07-29) July 29, 1990 Seoul, South Korea Nationality South Korea Occupation Actress, singer Years active 1998–present Agent Namoo Actors Korean name Hangul 신세경 Hanja 申世炅 Revised Romanization Sin Se-gyeong McCune–Reischauer Shin Segyŏng 
She studied at the Shinmok High School before enrolling at the Chung-Ang University where she majored in Performing Arts. 
Shin Se-kyung 
Aftermath 
Film 
Radio 
External links 
Personal life 
References 
Tributes 
Public image 
Concerts 
Achievements 
Bibliography 
Awards and nominations 
Discography 
Filmography 
Headlining 
Death 
↑ Mark Russell (April 29, 2014). K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution. Tuttle Publishing. p. 67. 
ISBN 978-1-4629-1411-1. ↑ "Shinee singer Jonghyun: K-pop boy band superstar dies". BBC News. December 18, 2017. 
Retrieved December 18, 2017. ↑ "SM 대형 신인 '샤이니' 25일 '인기가요' 통해 데뷔" [SM's new rookie group Shinee to debut with 'popular music' on 25 May]. HanKyung (in Korean). August 20, 2008. 
Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2011. ↑ Glasby, Taylor (June 21, 2016). "Standing alone, Kim Jonghyun is unlike any other K-pop idol". 
Vice. Retrieved August 11, 2017. ↑ "노래도 자라고 키도 자라고 … 남동생 티 벗은 샤이니" [New song, music grows ... Young idol group Shinee]. 
JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. 
Retrieved July 23, 2010. ↑ "K-Pop Stars Band Together for G20 Theme Tune". english.chosun.com. October 14, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ↑ "규현·종현·제이, 신예 지노와 프로젝트 SM더발라드 그룹 결성". 
Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ↑ (in Korean) SM the Ballad, 28일 '인기가요'로 데뷔 무대 (SM the Ballad, 28 days 'popular music' to debut') Nate. November 27, 2010. 
Retrieved November 28, 2010. ↑ Kim Myung-hyun "Idol stars cast for singing contest program" 10Asia. May 6, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012 ↑ ""Immortal Song 2" Under Fire For Harsh Elimination Method". 
Naver. 
OSEN. June 10, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ↑ Lee, Keum-jun (September 23, 2013). "'컴백' 아이유, 최백호-양희은 등 '초호화 피처링' 눈길 ("IU Returns with Featured Artists Including Choi Baek-ho and Yang Hee-eun")" (in Korean). 
Asia Economy. Retrieved October 8, 2013. ↑ Jeon, Su-Mi (December 23, 2013). 
"Son Dam Bi to Comeback with SHINee Jonghyun's Song 'Red Candle′". 
Mwave via CJ E&M enewsWorld. 
Retrieved December 20, 2013. ↑ SM ballad artists serenade fans in joint recital The Korea Herald. 
(February 13, 2014). ↑ SM group to release sophomore album 'Breath' next week The Korea Herald. (February 5, 2014). 1 2 Lee Sun-min (January 24, 2014). 
"SHINee singer joins MBC radio". Korea Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016. 
Retrieved January 26, 2014. ↑ Ahn Sung-mi. "'Deja-Boo' is my musical color: Jonghyun". Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved August 11, 2017. ↑ Ji-young, Sohn (August 11, 2014). "Taemin of SHINee to release first solo album". Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved June 17, 2016. ↑ "SHINee's Jonghyun to Collaborate with Younha, Wheesung and Iron in First Solo Album". mwave.interest.me. CJ E&M enewsWorld. Retrieved April 2, 2015. ↑ Ahn Sung-mi (January 8, 2015). 
"'Déjà-BOO' is my musical color: Jonghyun". 
The Korea Herald. Retrieved January 24, 2015. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (January 22, 2015). "SHINee's Jonghyun Rises to No. 1 on World Albums Chart With 'Base' EP". 
Billboard. Retrieved January 24, 2015. ↑ "SHINee's Jonghyun tops Gaon chart". 
K-Pop Herald. January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015. ↑ "종현 "사람들 내 진짜모습 안봐..억울해" 울컥 [Jonghyun is the first guest for "4 Things Show - Season 2"]". 
Newsen. 
Retrieved January 10, 2015. ↑ Ha, You-bin (March 30, 2015). 
"EXO's 2nd Album 'EXODUS' Will Be Revealed at Noon". Yahoo. 
Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. ↑ Lim Jeong-yeo (April 30, 2015). "SHINee Jonghyun praises Lim Kim's 'Simple Mind'". Kpopherald. ↑ "'월간 라이브 커넥션' 종현, 자작곡 '엘리베이터' 오늘(14일) 최초 공개" ['Monthly Live Connection' Jonghyun, his own 'elevator' today (14th) for the first time public]. 
10 Asia. Retrieved January 10, 2015. ↑ 입력시간, 입력시간 (August 25, 2015). 
"SHINee's Jonghyun to headline first concert of SM Entertainment's "The Agit" solo concert series". StarIn (in Korean). Retrieved August 25, 2015. ↑ Ko Ji-seon. 
"SHINee's Jonghyun talks about new album and novel". Kpop Herald via Allure Korea. Allure Korea. ↑ Lee, Jinho (October 10, 2015). 
"SHINee′s Jonghyun Successfully Concludes First Solo Concert". Mwave via CJ E&M enewsWorld. 
Retrieved October 20, 2015. ↑ Sung, So-young (May 18, 2016). "Jonghyun's first full album out this month". Korea Joongang Daily. 
Retrieved May 20, 2016. ↑ "Jonghyun to reveal his new compositions on MBC FM4U's 'Blue Night'". Retrieved September 4, 2014. ↑ Kim Yu-jin (October 18, 2015). "Who are the top five K-pop idol vocalists?". 
The Korea Herald. ↑ Kim Soo-hyang. "Taemin to release 'Press It'". Kpopherald. 
Retrieved February 22, 2016. ↑ "이하이 "종현 곡인줄 모르고 작업, 너무 놀랐다" [YG Talks About LEE HI's New Album; "Breath" Written by SHINee's Jonghyun]". Naver via MyDaily. Retrieved April 4, 2016. ↑ "SM스테이션 다음 주자는 샤이니 종현X헤리티지..공동 작사·작곡". 
StarNews. March 16, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016. ↑ Min, Susan (April 26, 2015). 
"SHINee's Jonghyun Prepares for Solo Album". Mwave via CJ E&M enewsWorld. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ↑ "Jonghyun To Release His First Official Album". 
May 17, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ↑ "[공식입장] MBC 측 "샤이니 종현, '푸른 밤' DJ 하차...후임 미정"". OSEN. 
March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ "종현, 24일 두번째 소품집 '이야기 Op.2' 발표…전곡 자작곡 [공식]" (in Korean). Entertain Naver. 
April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2017. 1 2 Joel Lee (May 11, 2017). 
"Jonghyun to hold extra concerts". Kpop Herald. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ↑ Joel Lee (July 3, 2017). "종현, 솔로 콘서트 '유리병편지' 20회 공연 대장정 마침표" [SHINee Jonghyun, concludes long road to 20th solo concert.. 
Brings 14000 audiences] (in Korean). Ten Asia. 
Retrieved July 5, 2017. 1 2 "[공식] 샤이니 종현, 12월 솔로 콘서트 개최…15일 예매 오픈" (in Korean). Retrieved November 7, 2017. ↑ "故샤이니 종현, 내년초 솔로 신곡 발표 앞두고 사망…슬픔 더하는 이유" (in Korean). 
Naver. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ↑ "SHINee Jonghyun Breaks Loose with Creative Artistry in 2015: A Walk Through Two EPs 'Base,' 'Story Op.1,' A Lyric Novel, Concert Series". 
Venture Capital Post. December 17, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2016. ↑ Kim Da-hee (April 12, 2016). 
"Four K-pop musicians defy 'mass-produced' brand". The Korea Times. Retrieved September 10, 2016. 
1 2 Lee Da-rae (June 28, 2017). "지드래곤의 뒤를 이을 '차세대' 아이돌 작곡가 7인" [Seven of the 'next generation' idol composers]. Insight Korea. Retrieved August 11, 2017. ↑ Yoon Sung-yeul (April 4, 2013). "'교통사고' 종현, 코뼈골절진단.."입원 치료 전념"". 
Star News (in Korean). 
Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016. ↑ Grace Danbi Hong; Kim JiYeon (April 1, 2016). "SHINee's Jonghyun Involved in Car Accident". 
CJ E&M enewsWorld via Mwave. 
Retrieved September 10, 2016. ↑ Jeff Benjamin (September 5, 2013). "SHINee Ask 'Why So Serious?' Without Member Jonghyun". 
Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2016. ↑ Yu, Seulki (December 17, 2013). "SHINee's Jong Hyun under attack for his support of the sexual minority". 
DramaFever. 
Retrieved December 18, 2017. ↑ Saunders, Emmeline (December 18, 2017). "Korean superstar Kim Jong-Hyun 'trolled by far-right conservatives' for supporting LGBT fans before apparent suicide". Mirror. 
Retrieved December 18, 2017. ↑ Ib, Ryuk (December 18, 2013). "샤이니월드 vs 일베 '일촉즉발' 분위기? 일베 비방 수위가…". Herald Corporation (in Korean). Retrieved December 19, 2017. ↑ "경찰 "샤이니 종현, 사망 이틀전 누나에 우울증 호소"" (in Korean). 
Naver. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017. 
1 2 3 4 5 "샤이니 종현,레지던스서 갈탄 자살.."침대와 테이블 사이 방바닥..구토 흔적도" (종합)". Aju Business Daily (in Korean). 2017-12-18. 
Retrieved 2017-12-24. 1 2 Varandani, Suman (December 18, 2017). "What Is Jonghyun's Cause of Death? 
K-Pop Band SHINee's Singer Dead". International Business Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. 
Retrieved December 18, 2017. 
1 2 "[Update] SHINee's Jonghyun dies in hospital". The Korea Herald. December 18, 2017. 
Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ↑ "CCTV에 담긴 종현의 생전 마지막 모습" (in Korean). Joins. 
20 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ↑ "샤이니 종현 사망…서울아산병원 빈소 마련 / SBS". 
SBS News (in Korean). 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ ""종현은 두 개의 '나' 사이에서 고민했던 것 같다"". 
Chosun (in Korean). 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ "샤이니 종현 숨진 채 발견…"힘들었다, 마지막 인사" 문자". 
JTBC (in Korean). 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-24. 
1 2 "(LEAD) SHINee member Jonghyun dies in apparent suicide: police". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. 
Retrieved December 18, 2017. ↑ Aroesti, Justin McCurry Rachel (December 18, 2017). "Lead singer of South Korean boy band Shinee dies". The Guardian. 
ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ↑ France-Presse, Agence. "SHINee's Jonghyun joins ill-fated '27 Club'". 
ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2017-12-21. ↑ Binding, Lucia (2017-12-19). "27 Club: K-pop star Jonghyun reveals reason for suicide in heart-breaking farewell note". 
International Business Times UK. Retrieved 2017-12-21. ↑ "K-Pop Star's Suicide Makes Him Part of Infamous '27 Club'". News18. 
Retrieved 2017-12-21. 1 2 "Jonghyun: Note shows K-pop star's struggles with depression". BBC. 
19 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017. ↑ "경찰, 故샤이니 종현 부검 안해..."스스로 목숨 끊은 듯"" (in Korean). Naver. 
19 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ↑ ""작은 한숨 내뱉기도 어려운 하루를 보냈단 걸" 샤이니 종현, 그는…". Joins (in Korean). 
2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ "Kim Jong-Hyun indicated depression through tattoo". The Jakarta Post. 
2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-25. ↑ "[엑's 이슈] 故종현이 1월 컴백을 직접 발표하지 않은 이유". Expo Sports News (in Korean). 
2017-12-20. Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ "[스브스타] 故 종현이 남기고 간 노래 '환상통'…"사랑하는 사람이 사라진 아픔"". SBS News (in Korean). 
2017-12-21. 
Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ 정시내 (2017-12-21). "故종현, 신곡 소개하며 '사라져도 너무 슬퍼하지 마라'". 이데일리 (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-12-25. 1 2 윤상근 (19 December 2017). "나인 소속사 대표 "나인, 故종현 끝까지 붙잡았지만"(인터뷰)" (in Korean). 
Naver. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ↑ "Jonghyun's coffin carried by K-pop stars at funeral". Entertainment Weekly. 
December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. ↑ "Jonghyun: K-pop stars carry SHINee singer's coffin". BBC News. 
December 21, 2017. 
Retrieved December 21, 2017. ↑ "K-pop stars carry SHINee singer Jonghyun's coffin after suicide". Channel News Asia. December 21, 2017. 
Retrieved December 21, 2017. ↑ Herman, Tamar (December 21, 2017). "SHINee's Jonghyun Laid to Rest In Private Ceremony". Billboard. 
Retrieved December 22, 2017. ↑ "Fans everywhere pay their respects to SHINee's Jonghyun". SBS PopAsia HQ. December 19, 2017. 
Retrieved December 25, 2017. ↑ "Jonghyun, Star K-Pop Producer And Singer, Dead At 27". NPR. December 18, 2017. 
Retrieved December 25, 2017. ↑ "Jonghyun fans take comfort in 'pearl aqua Moon' images". BBC News Asia. December 21, 2017. 
Retrieved December 25, 2017. ↑ "정은지 "故 종현 비보에 눈물..건강한 연예계 됐으면.."" (in Korean). 
Naver. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ↑ "정은지, 샤이니 종현 비보에 "오보였으면 좋겠단 생각에 눈물"" (in Korean). 
Naver. 
20 December 2017. 
Retrieved 24 December 2017. ↑ "［芸能］死亡のＳＨＩＮｅｅ・ジョンヒョンさん ソロ曲がチャート１位に" (in Japanese). Yonhap News. 19 December 2017. 
Retrieved 24 December 2017. ↑ "'밤도깨비' 측 "故 종현, 촬영분 방송 NO…스페셜로 대체"[공식]". Naver (in Korean). 2017-12-21. 
Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ "샤이니 측 "내년 日 공연, 신중히 생각하고 있어"[공식]". Naver (in Korean). 2017-12-23. 
Retrieved 2017-12-24. ↑ "EXO、日本コンサートでSHINee ジョンヒョンさんを追悼「とても恋しく大好きです…永遠に忘れません」". KStyle News (in Japanese). December 23, 2017. 
Retrieved December 23, 2017. ↑ "少女時代 テヨン、コンサート前にSHINee ジョンヒョンさんを追悼「私の声が聞こえるように歌います」". KStyle News (in Japanese). December 23, 2017. 
Retrieved December 23, 2017. ↑ "東方神起、東京ドーム公演でSHINee ジョンヒョンさんに追悼のメッセージ「彼を忘れないで」". KStyle News (in Japanese). December 22, 2017. 
Retrieved December 23, 2017. ↑ "故종현, 라디오로 다시 만난다…'푸른밤' 22일 추모방송". 
Nate (in Korean). December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017. ↑ "Documentary Shows Top K-Pop Singers Behind the Scenes". 
Chosun Ilbo. May 2, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012. ↑ Lee, Edmund (November 24, 2015). 
"Film review: SMTown: The Stage". South China Morning Post. Retrieved April 8, 2016. ↑ "종현 푸른밤 인증샷, 상큼미소+V자포즈 '기쁨만발'". 
Nate (in Korean). February 4, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014. ↑ "[공식입장] MBC 측 "샤이니 종현, '푸른 밤' DJ 하차...후임 미정"". 
March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↑ Kim Yu-jin (November 12, 2015). "SHINee Jonghyun's book to be released". 
Kpop Herald. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ↑ Ahn Sung-mi (October 16, 2015). "Jonghyun to go live ahead of first solo concert". 
Kpop Herald. 
Retrieved July 18, 2016. ↑ Ahn Woo-rim (October 19, 2016). "Jonghyun Throws His Solo Concerts in Seoul and Busan". BNT News. 
Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016. ↑ "샤이니 종현·이진우, 라디오부문 우수상" (in Korean). Chosun. 
December 29, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ↑ "30th Golden Disk Awards EXO and Shinee". January 21, 2016. 
Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2014. ↑ "Mnet Asian Music Awards official website". Archived from the original on July 19, 2016. 
Kim Jong-hyun Jonghyun at 2016 Korean Popular Culture And Arts Awards Native name 김종현 Born (1990-04-08)April 8, 1990 Jung District, Seoul, South Korea Died December 18, 2017(2017-12-18) (aged 27) Gangnam District, Seoul, South Korea Cause of death Suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning Occupation Singer-songwriter radio host author Musical career Genres K-pop R&B Instruments Vocals Years active 2008–2017 Labels S.M. Entertainment Associated acts Shinee SM Town SM the Ballad Website jonghyun.smtown.com Korean name Hangul 김종현 Hanja 金鐘鉉 Revised Romanization Gim Jonghyeon McCune–Reischauer Kim Chonghyŏn Signature 
Kim Jong-hyun (April 8, 1990[1] – December 18, 2017),[2] better known mononymously as Jonghyun, was a South Korean singer-songwriter, radio host, and author. He was a vocalist of the South Korean boy group Shinee, and further participated in S.M. Entertainment's project group S.M. The Ballad. Jonghyun debuted as a solo artist on January 12, 2015, with his first EP, titled Base. 
Kim Jong-hyun (singer) 
Jonghyun is the first artist of S.M. Entertainment to have participated heavily in writing, organizing, and composing an album. The company is known in the K-Pop industry for limiting its artists' control over the production of their albums.[43] Kim Da-hee of the Korea Times named Jonghyun as one of four K-pop musicians who have distinguished themselves from the mass-produced singers in the idol industry, the other three being G-Dragon, Zico and Jinyoung by their "exceptional talent in songwriting, producing and dancing, plus other abilities that make them successful musicians".[44] Jonghyun is considered to have had a style in his music that is all his own, and was praised for writing and composing the majority of his solo tracks.[45] Insight Korea mentioned him as one of seven idol group members who seemed to have been "born to music".[45] 
In April 2013, Jonghyun was involved in a car accident and injured his nose.[46][47] His agency reported that he had undergone surgery. He sat out most of his group's promotions for their third full-length album, though he participated in the final week.[48] 
In December 2013, Jonghyun changed his Twitter profile picture to an image that had indicated support for the LGBT community, and received defamatory responses from Ilbe Storehouse members allegedly claiming to be members of SHINee's fanclub.[49][50][51] 
Jonghyun had secretly rented an apartment studio in Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam District in southeastern Seoul for two days[52] and checked in at 12:00 PM KST on December 18, 2017.[53] Jonghyun's older sister, Kim So-dam, made the initial call to emergency responders at 4:42 PM, reporting that she believed her brother was committing suicide. He reportedly sent a number of messages on KakaoTalk to his sister with words such as "last goodbye".[53][54][55] He was last seen at a convenience store next to his apartment, where he bought a pack of cigarettes, soda, and snacks. The security guard at his apartment noted that he stood in front of the convenience store for a "very long time" before going into his car and driving it back-and-forth on the road, making loud noises.[56][57] His face was not covered by a mask and he entered his room without saying anything.[58] 
After tracing his cell phone from the messages he left his sister,[59] Jonghyun was found unconscious in his apartment on the floor between the bed and the table by the police and emergency dispatchers around 6:10 PM.[53] By the time they had arrived, the room was filled with smoke and there were traces of vomit on the floor.[53] He was immediately rushed to Konkuk University Hospital in a state of cardiac arrest, where he received emergency CPR treatment.[54] However, he failed to regain consciousness and was pronounced dead at the hospital around 6:32 PM, aged 27.[55][60][61][62][53][63][64] Investigators believe he died from inhaling either toxic fumes or smoke, as they discovered coal briquettes burnt on a frying pan upon arriving at the apartment.[60] The police stated that, at the request of Jonghyun's family, a post-mortem would not be carried out,[65] and they declared his death as suicide.[66] 
Jonghyun's death was linked to depression by various media outlets, as prior to his death, he had written songs about loneliness, including "Lonely" and "Breathe", which he penned for Lee Hi. He also quoted some of those lyrics on his Instagram account.[67] In addition to that, he posted an image of a black dog, a symbol of depression, and had gotten a tattoo of it as well.[68] Fans also noticed that during his December concerts, his teleprompter included an announcement for his January 2018 solo comeback, but he ignored it[69] and instead performed a new song he had written titled "Phantom Pain" in Korean (English title "Only One You Need"), which was about comforting others after the loss of a loved one.[70][71] 
On December 21, following the three-day funeral service which was attended by celebrities and fans, Jonghyun was moved from the hospital to a private funeral attended only by his family and close friends, and was then laid to rest in an undisclosed location.[74][75][76] 
Typhoon Tembin (Vinta) Typhoon (JMA scale) Category 1 (Saffir–Simpson scale) Typhoon Tembin at peak intensity west of the Philippines on December 24 Formed December 16, 2017 Dissipated December 26, 2017 Highest winds 10-minute sustained: 130 km/h (80 mph) 1-minute sustained: 150 km/h (90 mph) Lowest pressure 975 hPa (mbar); 28.79 inHg Fatalities 266 confirmed (as of December 27) Damage $4.47 million (2017 USD) Areas affected Caroline Islands, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam Part of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season 
The twenty-seventh named storm and eleventh typhoon of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season. Tembin was first classified as a weak tropical depression on December 16. The system gradually intensified and consolidated into a tropical storm on December 20. 
Tembin is the deadliest cyclone to hit Mindanao since Typhoon Bopha in 2012. As of December 25, Tembin caused 257 deaths,[1][2][3] five of which were from a sinking of a ferry due to rough seas caused by the storm.[4][5] 
Typhoon Tembin (2017) 
Catalan regional election, 2017 21 December 2017 All 135 seats in the Parliament of Catalonia 68 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Registered 5,552,084 0.7% Turnout 4,388,074 (79.0%) 4.1 pp First party Second party Third party Leader Inés Arrimadas Carles Puigdemont[lower-alpha 1] Oriol Junqueras[lower-alpha 1] Party Cs JuntsxCat ERC–CatSí Leader since 3 July 2015 13 November 2017 17 September 2011 Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona Last election 25 seats, 17.9% 31 seats (JxSí)[lower-alpha 2] 26 seats (JxSí)[lower-alpha 2] Seats won 36 34 32 Seat change 11 3 6 Popular vote 1,107,837 947,829 935,267 Percentage 25.3% 21.7% 21.4% Swing 7.4 pp n/a n/a Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party Leader Miquel Iceta Xavier Domènech Carles Riera Party PSC–PSOE CatComú–Podem CUP Leader since 19 July 2014 8 April 2017 15 November 2017 Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona Last election 16 seats, 12.7% 11 seats, 8.9%[lower-alpha 3] 10 seats, 8.2% Seats won 17 8 4 Seat change 1 3 6 Popular vote 605,844 325,959 194,912 Percentage 13.9% 7.5% 4.5% Swing 1.2 pp 1.4 pp 3.7 pp Seventh party Leader Xavier García Albiol Party PP Leader since 28 July 2015 Leader's seat Barcelona Last election 11 seats, 8.5% Seats won 4 Seat change 7 Popular vote 185,319 Percentage 4.2% Swing 4.3 pp Constituency results map for the Parliament of Catalonia President before election Office suspended (previously Carles Puigdemont (PDeCAT)) Elected President TBD 
The 2017 Catalan regional election was held on Thursday, 21 December 2017, in order to elect the 12th Parliament of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was called by Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy after the invocation of Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and his declaring the entire Catalan government removed from office.[1] The three pro-Catalan independence parties won a majority of parliamentary seats, claiming 70 out of 135. 
Catalan regional election, 2017 
Cast 
Ha Ji-won as Song Eun-jae[7] 
Kang Min-hyuk as Kwak Hyun[8] 
Lee Seo-won as Kim Jae-geol[9] 
Kim In-sik as Cha Joon-young 
Main 
Hospital Ship Promotional poster Original title 병원선 Genre Medical Romance Created by Han Hee Written by Yoon Sun-joo Directed by Park Jae-bum Starring Ha Ji-won Kang Min-hyuk Lee Seo-won Kim In-Sik Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 40[lower-alpha 1] Production Executive producer(s) Kim Hee-yeol Jun San Producer(s) Kim Sang-woo Yoo Hyun-jong Location(s) Geojedo, South Korea Running time 35 mins[lower-alpha 1] Production company(s) Pan Entertainment Distributor MBC Release Original network MBC TV Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release August 30 (2017-08-30) – November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02) External links Website www.imbc.com/broad/tv/drama/bws017/ Production website www.thepan.co.kr/port_drama_detail.html?id=49 
Retrieved 2017-05-27. ↑ "하지원 측 "MBC '병원선', 제안 받은 작품 중 하나..검토중"(공식)" (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-05-26. ↑ "하지원 측 "MBC '병원선' 긍정적으로 검토 중"(공식입장)". mk.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-05-26. ↑ "<병원선> 하지원-강민혁-이서원-권민아-김인식 병원선 의료팀으로 완벽 변신! 캐릭터컷 공개~ | MBC 연예 스포츠". 
MBC 연예 (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-08-13. ↑ https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2017/09/688_235963.html ↑ "[단독]최진혁, ´병원선´ 남자주인공 ´하지원과 호흡´" (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-05-26. ↑ "하지원X강민혁, MBC '병원선' 만남성사…8월 첫방[공식]". 
JTBC. ↑ "CNBLUE's Kang Min Hyuk Confirmed To Star Alongside Ha Ji Won In New Medical Drama". Naver. ↑ "[단독] '포스트 박보검' 이서원, '병원선' 합류…하지원과 호흡". 
TV리포트 (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-06-24. ↑ "[단독] AOA 민아, MBC '병원선' 합류..연기돌 입지 굳힌다" (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-06-17. ↑ "조현재 '병원선' 특별출연, 윤선주 작가와 인연으로 결정 ::" (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-08-30. ↑ "[단독] 하지원, 차기작은 MBC '병원선'…2년만 안방복귀". 
2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-05-26. ↑ "[공식입장] MBC 측 "'병원선' 편성 8월 연기? 아직 미정"" (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-05-26. ↑ "<병원선> 하지원-강민혁-이서원, 대본리딩 속 '청량 미소' | MBC 연예 스포츠". 
MBC 연예 (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-08-13. ↑ "'병원선' 하지원-강민혁-이서원 출항 준비 완료! 첫 대본 리딩 현장 공개". imaeil. July 11, 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-13. ↑ 포털, Ⓒ 함께 만들고 함께 즐기는 엔터테인먼트; 무단전재, ‘이데일리 스타in’-; 금지, 재배포 (2017-07-13). "'병원선', 거제 올로케…업무협약 체결". starin. 
Retrieved 2017-08-13. ↑ "TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNMS Ratings (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-08-13. ↑ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". 
AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-08-13. ↑ POP, 헤럴드 (2017-10-02). "10주년 '2017KDA' 김상중, 생애 첫 대상…'도깨비' 5관왕(종합)" (in Korean). 
Hospital Ship (Hangul: 병원선; RR: Byeong-wonseon) is a South Korean television series starring Ha Ji-won and Kang Min-hyuk. It airs on MBC every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:00 (KST) starting August 30, 2017.[2][3][4][5] 
Story about young doctors that provide medical care to the locals who live in rural villages via hospital ship that sails around the little islands.Song Eun Jae is an immensely talented surgeon. There was a time when the hospital ship was just used for standard checkups and administering medicine. With Song Eun Jae on board, it can provide complicated surgery. 
Hospital Ship (TV series) 
External links 
Sources 
Outside the children's hospital, Shadwell 
Dr. Nathaniel Heckford (1842–1871) was a paediatrician in Victorian London, who founded the East London Hospital for Children. He met his future wife, Sarah Goff, during the 1866 cholera epidemic in Wapping, where he first determined a need for a children's hospital in East London. Heckford himself died of consumption at the age of 29. 
It was the first London hospital for children under two years of age. It was described in some detail by Charles Dickens in two pieces called 'A Small Star in the East' and 'On An Amateur Beat' published in The Uncommercial Traveller. The name of the hospital was changed to the Princess Elizabeth of York Hospital for Children in 1932, and later became part of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children in 1942. 
Heckford Street, off the east end of The Highway, commemorates Dr. Heckford. Created in the early 21st century, it is a small business park, mostly occupied by electrical and building trades. 
"East London Hospital for Children" by V.A.J. Swain (PDF file—contains artist's rendering of the East London Hospital around 1900) Portrait of Dr. Heckford 
Nathaniel Heckford 
List of Chief Minister (2011–present) 
The Chief Minister of the Mandalay Region is the Head of the Mandalay Region Government, which is a sub-cabinet of the Government of Myanmar and the regional government of Mandalay Region[1] 
Executive Authority 
Chief Minister of the Mandalay Region Seal of the Government Incumbent Zaw Myint Maung since 30 March 2016 Nominator Mandalay Region Hluttaw Appointer President of Myanmar Term length Five years, renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Myanmar Inaugural holder Ye Myint Formation March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) Website www.mdyregion.gov.mm 
Region or State Administration Department position as chief secretary of the relevant Region or State Government. In addition, the Region or State Department of General Administration is also the office of the relevant Region or State Mission. 
Chief Minister of Mandalay Region 
References 
Saw Mo Shay Allegiance Democratic Karen Benevolent Army Rank Commander-in-chief Battles/wars Internal conflict in Myanmar Karen conflict 
Saw Mo Shay (Burmese: စောမိုရှေး) is a Karen military officer and commander-in-chief of DKBA-5, an insurgent group active in Kayin State, Myanmar. He was appointed commander-in-chief in an emergency meeting with DKBA-5 commanders, after the original commander-in-chief, Saw La Pwe, died from throat cancer in Bago. Saw Mo Shay was previously the deputy commander-in-chief of DKBA-5.[1][2] 
Saw Mo Shay 
Marketing communications (MC, marcom, marcomm) uses different marketing channels and tools in combination:[1] Marketing communication channels focuses on any way a business communicates a message to its desired market, or the market in general. A marketing communication tool can be anything from: advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sponsorship, communication, promotion and public relations.[1] 
Most fatalities are caused by falling objects, against which the "Triangle of Life" method is ineffective. 
Triangle of Life 
Aircraft maintenance technician 
The Cabinet of Htin Kyaw (Burmese: ဦးထင်ကျော်အစိုးရ), co-headed by President Htin Kyaw and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, is the current government of Myanmar which took office on 30 March 2016 after the 2015 general election. This election saw the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) win a majority in both chambers of parliament. 
NLD chairperson Aung San Suu Kyi had vowed to rule 'above' the President. The constitution barred her from the presidency, because her husband Michael Aris and her two children hold British nationality. 
Under the constitution, three ministers - of Border Affairs, Defence and Home Affairs - are appointed directly by the National Defence and Security Council. The remaining 15 ministers were appointed by Htin Kyaw and included a majority from the NLD, but also two members of the former ruling party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) and a number of independents. 
Htin Kyaw Cabinet (30 March 2016–present) 
State Counsellor 
Htin Kyaw's Cabinet cabinet of Myanmar Incumbent The Head and the Deputy Head of the Government Date formed 30 March 2016 People and organisations Head of state Htin Kyaw Head of government Htin Kyaw Deputy head of government Aung San Suu Kyi (State Counsellor) Myint Swe (Vice President) Henry Van Thio (Vice President) No. of ministers 23 Member party NLD-Military Opposition party USDP History Election(s) Myanmar general election, 2015 Predecessor Thein Sein's Cabinet 
On 24 November 2017,two new ministries, Ministry of International Cooperation and Ministry of the Office of the Union Government were created. 
The State Counsellor post was created on 6 April 2016 to allow for a greater role for Aung San Suu Kyi within the Government of Myanmar. 
The bill to create the post was passed by the upper house of the Assembly of the Union on 1 April 2016 and by the lower house on 5 April 2016, and signed by President Htin Kyaw on 6 April 2016. The roles of the State Counsellor are similar to the previous Prime Minister of Myanmar. 
The cabinet members are from NLD, USDP, Military and MNP. The chairperson of NLD hold the four major ministers in the cabinet.[1] On 25 May 2016, Htin Kyaw announced the reconstitution of his union government by the announcement No 9/2016.[2] Aung San Suu Kyi handed over two ministries to the ministers Pe Zin Tun and Myo Thein Gyi. A new ministry was created to serve the works of the State Counsellor.[3] 
On 18 November 2016, Deputy Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Tun Win was dismissed.[4] On 2 August 2017, Minister for Electricity and Energy, Pe Zin Tun resigned.[5] 
On 27 November 2017, the Union Assembly approved the creation of two new ministries - the Ministry of the Office of the Union Government, and the Ministry of International Cooperation, bringing the total number of ministries to 24.[6] 
Htin Kyaw's Cabinet 
External links 
References 
Duties and responsibilities 
Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1, 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet, National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. § 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27, 1789 (1789-07-27) First holder John Jay (acting) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth[1] Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually[2] (Executive Schedule I)[3] Website www.state.gov 
The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.[4][5] 
The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.[6] Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (currently $205,700).[3] 
"Supervises the United States Foreign Service" and "administers the Department of State" Advises the President on matters relating to U.S. foreign policy including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations and on the acceptance, recall, or dismissal of representatives from other nations "Negotiates, interprets, or terminates treaties and agreements" and "conducts negotiations relating to U.S. foreign affairs" "Personally participates in or directs U.S. representatives to international conferences, organizations, and agencies" Provides information and services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports "Ensures the protection of the U.S. Government to American citizens, property, and interests in foreign countries" "Supervises the administration of the U.S. immigration policy abroad" Communicates issues relating the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and to U.S. citizens "Promotes beneficial economic intercourse between the U.S. and other countries" 
The original duties of the Secretary of State include some domestic duties such as: 
Receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States Preparation, sealing, and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department's seal Custody of the Great Seal of the United States Custody of the records of former Secretary of the Continental Congress except for those of the Treasury and War departments 
United States Secretary of State 
Official website 
Etymology 
Seokguram Grotto from the Silla era, a UNESCO World Heritage Site 
Gyeongbokgung Palace 
The earliest surviving depiction of the Korean flag was printed in a US Navy book Flags of Maritime Nations in July 1889. 
Urban combat in Seoul, 1950, as US Marines fight North Koreans holding the city. 
Korea 한국/韓國 (S. Korean) 조선/朝鮮 (N. Korean) Flag Capitals and largest cities Seoul (largest overall) Pyongyang Language(s) Korean Demonym Korean Sovereign states North Korea South Korea Leaders • President of the ROK Moon Jae-in • Supreme Leader of the DPRK Kim Jong-un Area • Total 219,155 km2 (84,616 sq mi)[1][2] • Water (%) 2.8 Population • 2015 estimate 76,497,881 • Density 349.06/km2 (904.1/sq mi) Currency North Korean won (₩) South Korean won (₩) Time zone KST (UTC+9 (South Korea)) PYT (UTC+8:30 (North Korea)[3]) ISO 3166 code KR/KP 
Korea is a historical country in East Asia; since 1945, it has been divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). 
Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo. Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ), whose name developed into the modern exonym "Korea", was a highly cultured state that created the world's first metal movable type in 1234.[4][5][6][7][8][9] However, multiple invasions by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting. Following the Yuan Dynasty's collapse, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon in 1392. 
During the later part of the dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the "Hermit Kingdom". By the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. After the First Sino-Japanese War, despite the Korean Empire's effort to modernize, it was annexed by Japan in 1910 and ruled by Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1945. 
In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japanese forces in Korea in the aftermath of World War II, leaving Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel. The North was under Soviet occupation and the South under U.S. occupation. These circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their incapability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. 
Korea was transliterated as Cauli in The Travels of Marco Polo,[10] based on the kingdom of Goryeo (Hangul: 고려; Hanja: 高麗; MR: Koryŏ), which ruled most of the Korean peninsula during Marco Polo's time. Korea's introduction to the West resulted from trade and contact with merchants from Arabic lands,[11] with some records dating back as far as the 9th century.[12] Goryeo's name was a continuation of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which was officially known as Goryeo beginning in the 5th century.[13] The original name was a combination of the adjective go ("high, lofty") with the name of a local Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either *Guru (溝樓, "walled city," inferred from some toponyms in Chinese historical documents) or *Gauri (가우리, "center"). With expanding British and American trade following the opening of Korea in the late 19th century, the spelling "Korea" appeared and gradually grew in popularity; its use in transcribing East Asian languages avoids the issues caused by the separate hard and soft Cs existing in English vocabulary derived from the Romance languages. 
Korea 
References 
Electoral history 
Moon Jae-in 문재인 President of South Korea Incumbent Assumed office 10 May 2017 Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn Yoo Il-ho (Acting) Lee Nak-yeon Preceded by Hwang Kyo-ahn (Acting) Leader of the Democratic Party In office 9 February 2015 – 27 January 2016 Preceded by Ahn Cheol-soo Kim Han-gil Succeeded by Kim Chong-in Member of the National Assembly for Sasang In office 30 May 2012 – 29 May 2016 Preceded by Chang Je-won Succeeded by Chang Je-won Chief Presidential Secretary In office 12 March 2007 – 24 February 2008 President Roh Moo-hyun Preceded by Lee Byung-wan Succeeded by Yu Woo-ik Personal details Born (1953-01-24) 24 January 1953 Geoje, South Korea Political party Democratic Spouse(s) Kim Jung-sook (m. 1981) Children 2 Residence Blue House Alma mater Kyung Hee University (LLB) Signature Website Official website Military service Allegiance South Korea Service/branch Republic of Korea Army Years of service 1975–1977 Rank Sergeant (Korean: Byeongjang) Unit Army Special Warfare Command 
Moon Jae-in (Hangul: 문재인; Hanja: 文在寅; Korean pronunciation: [mun.dʑɛ̝.in]; born 24 January 1953) is a South Korean politician serving as President of South Korea.[1][2][3][4][5] He was elected after the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, in the 2017 presidential election. 
A former student activist, human rights lawyer, and chief presidential secretary to then-President Roh Moo-hyun,[6] Moon once served as leader of Minjoo Party of Korea (2015–2016) and a member of the 19th National Assembly (2012–2016). He was also a candidate of the former Democratic United Party in the 2012 presidential election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye. 
Moon Jae-in 
Inauguration of Moon Jae-in, May 10, 2017. 
President Trump welcomes President Moon on June 30, 2017, in the White House Rose Garden 
History 
Setting 
Location in Seoul Alternative names Cheong Wa Dae General information Address 1 Cheong Wa Dae Road, Jongno District Town or city Seoul Country South Korea Coordinates 37°35′12″N 126°58′35″E / 37.586673°N 126.976268°E / 37.586673; 126.976268Coordinates: 37°35′12″N 126°58′35″E / 37.586673°N 126.976268°E / 37.586673; 126.976268 Current tenants Moon Jae-in, President of South Korea Construction started July 22, 1989 (1989-07-22) Completed September 4, 1991 (1991-09-04) 
The Blue House (Korean: 청와대; Hanja: 靑瓦臺; Cheong Wa Dae; literally "pavilion of blue tiles")[1][2][3] is the executive office and official residence of the South Korean head of state, the President of the Republic of Korea, and is located in the capital city of Seoul. The Blue House is in fact a complex of buildings, built largely in the traditional Korean architectural style with some modern elements. 
Built upon the site of the royal garden of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), the Blue House now consists of the Main Office Hall Bon-gwan (Korean: 본관; Hanja: 本館), the Presidential Residence, the State Reception House Yeongbin-gwan (Korean: 영빈관; Hanja: 迎賓館), the Chunchu-gwan (Korean: 춘추관; Hanja: 春秋館) Press Hall, and the Secretariat Buildings. The entire complex covers approximately 250,000 square metres or 62 acres. 
Following the Empire of Japan's annexation of the Korean Empire in 1910, the Governor-General of Korea used the Gyeongbokgung grounds for the Government-General Building. In 1939, Japan built an official residence/office for the governor-general on the site of Cheong Wa Dae. It was later dismantled during Kim Young-sam's presidency in 1993. 
With the establishments of the Republic of Korea in 1948, President Syngman Rhee called the building "Gyeongmudae" (Korean: 경무대; Hanja: 景武臺), which was the name of one of the few old buildings there. He used it as his office and residence. President Yun Bo-seon changed the name to "Cheong Wa Dae" after he was inaugurated in 1960. 
In 1968, North Korean infiltrators nearly reached the building in a bid to assassinate President Park Chung-hee during the Blue House raid. In the ensuing melee, 28 North Koreans, 26 South Koreans and four Americans were killed. 
Presidents Park Chung-hee, Choi Kyu-ha and Chun Doo-hwan used it both as their office and official residence. While President Roh Tae-woo was in office, a new office building, official residence, and press center, called Chunchugwan, were built. The main office building was opened in April 1991. 
To the north is the mountain Bukhansan, flanked by two mountains, Naksan, symbolizing the Azure Dragon, on the left and Inwangsan, symbolizing the White Tiger, on the right. To the south is Namsan, the protective mountain of the capital. In front flow the Cheonggyecheon stream and Han River. 
One of the buildings at the Cheongwadae Reception Center Another building at the Reception Center Near the entrance to the Blue House grounds Monument on road in front of the Blue House, administrative building in background View over the Gyeongbokgung and the Blue House at the foot of Bukaksan Aerial view of the Blue House Fountain in front of the Blue House A bridge connecting the garden area to the Reception Center View from the balcony of the visitors center President George W. Bush at the Blue House in February 2002. Presidents Barack Obama and Lee Myung-bak inside the Blue House in November 2010. 
Blue House 
History 
Locations 
During the fifth summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet "informally" between each formal summit. 
The ASEAN Summit is a semiannual meeting held by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in relation to economic, political, security and socio-cultural development of Southeast Asian countries. In addition, it serves as a prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide) conference, with world leaders attending its related summits and meetings to discuss about various problems and global issues, strengthening cooperation, and making decisions.[1][2] The summit has been praised by world leaders for its success and ability to produce results on a global level.[3] 
The league of ASEAN is currently connected with other countries who aimed to participate on the missions and visions of the league. Apparently, the league is conducting an annual meetings with other countries in an organisation collectively known as the ASEAN dialogue partners. ASEAN +3 adds China, Japan and South Korea. 
ASEAN leaders hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum. Leaders of 3 ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN+3) namely China, Japan and South Korea hold a meeting with the ASEAN leaders. And a separate meeting is set for leaders of 2 ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN+CER) namely Australia and New Zealand. 
The First ASEAN summit was held February 1976 in Bali, Indonesia.[4] At this summit, ASEAN expressed its readiness to "develop fruitful relations" and mutually beneficial co-operation with other countries of the region.[5] The ASEAN leaders signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. 
ASEAN Summit 
Airlines and destinations 
Ground transportation 
International Terminal 
Statistics 
Domestic Terminal 
History 
Rail 
International era 
Cargo 
Domestic Terminal, Gimpo Airport – Departure 
On 23 March 2007 the AREX airport express line started operations to Incheon International Airport, with an extension to Seoul Station which opened in December 2010. Seoul Subway Line 9 also links the airport to the Gangnam area. 
International Terminal, Gimpo Airport – Departure 
Gimpo International Airport 김포국제공항 金浦國際空港 Gimpo Gukje Gonghang Domestic Terminal IATA: GMP ICAO: RKSS WMO: 47110 Summary Airport type Public Operator Korea Airports Corporation Serves Seoul Location Gangseo District, Seoul, South Korea Hub for Asiana Airlines Korean Air Elevation AMSL 18 m / 58 ft Coordinates 37°33′29″N 126°47′26″E / 37.55806°N 126.79056°E / 37.55806; 126.79056Coordinates: 37°33′29″N 126°47′26″E / 37.55806°N 126.79056°E / 37.55806; 126.79056 Website [1] Map GMP Show map of Seoul GMP Show map of South Korea Location in South Korea Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 14R/32L 3,200 10,499 Asphalt 14L/32R 3,600 11,811 Concrete Statistics (2016) Aircraft movements 146,266 International Passengers 4,241,725 Domestic Passengers 20,801,363 Total Passengers 25,043,088 Statistics from KAC[2] 
Gimpo International Airport (Korean: 김포국제공항 [kimpʰoɡuktɕ͈eɡoŋhaŋ]), commonly known as Gimpo Airport (IATA: GMP, ICAO: RKSS) (formerly Kimpo International Airport), is located in the far western end of Seoul, some 15 km (9 mi) west of the Central District of Seoul. Gimpo was the main international airport for Seoul and South Korea before being replaced by Incheon International Airport in 2001. In 2015, 23,163,778 passengers used the airport, making it the third largest airport in Korea, as it has been surpassed by Jeju International Airport. 
International Terminal at Gimpo Airport, Seoul, South Korea 
F51s at Kimpo (K14) Airfield, October 1950[5] 
The airfield was originally constructed in 1939–1942 during the Japanese Imperial period. 
Gimpo International Airport 
In 1958, the airport was redesignated as the Gimpo international airport of Seoul by a presidential decree, completely replacing the existing Yeouido Airport.[14] 
It soon became the main airport of Seoul and South Korea in general. In 1971, a new combined domestic and international terminal was opened. However, following the opening of Terminal 1 in 1977, the original terminal was converted to domestic flights only. 
Due to these problems, the South Korean government decided to build a new airport. It was actually planned in Cheongju, 124 kilometres away from Seoul, but it was strongly opposed by Seoul and Gyeonggi Province citizens due to its inconvenience (it would be farther away than Viracopos Airport in Campinas, Brazil, which is approximately 80 kilometres away from the city of São Paulo). Finally, the new site was decided to be nearby Yeongjong Island, a part of Incheon. 
However, due to the lack of airlines, a flight to Haneda Airport in Tokyo was started in 2003. From that, Gimpo returned as international airport. Since then, several international flights in neighbor countries were added and currently it normally served particular international airlines especially to nearby countries. 
Since all 3 terminals were outdated, there's a masterplan to refurbish them. It is deemed to be completed by 2017. 
Gimpo currently has two runways (3600 m × 45 m & 3200 m × 60 m), two passenger terminals, and one cargo terminal. 
Airlines Destinations Air Busan Busan, Daegu, Jeju, Ulsan Asiana Airlines Gwangju, Jeju, Yeosu Eastar Jet Busan, Jeju Jin Air Jeju Korean Air Busan, Jeju, Pohang, Sacheon, Ulsan, Yeosu T'way Airlines Jeju 
Airlines Destinations Air China Beijing–Capital All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda Asiana Airlines Beijing–Capital, Osaka–Kansai, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Tokyo–Haneda China Airlines Taipei–Songshan China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Hongqiao China Eastern Airlines operated by Shanghai Airlines Shanghai–Hongqiao China Southern Airlines Beijing–Capital Eastar Jet Taipei–Songshan EVA Air Taipei–Songshan Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda Jeju Air Osaka–Kansai Korean Air Beijing–Capital, Osaka–Kansai, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Tokyo–Haneda T'way Airlines Taipei–Songshan 
Airlines Destinations Air China Cargo Beijing–Capital ANA Cargo Tokyo–Haneda Asiana Cargo Beijing–Capital, Osaka–Kansai, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Tokyo–Haneda China Airlines Cargo Taipei–Songshan China Cargo Airlines Shanghai–Hongqiao China Southern Cargo Beijing–Capital EVA Air Cargo Taipei–Songshan Korean Air Cargo Beijing–Capital, Cheongju, Osaka–Kansai, Shanghai–Hongqiao, Tokyo–Haneda 
International Terminal, Gimpo Airport – Departure 
Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff of Myanmar Armed Forces (from 1945 onwards) 
References 
The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Force of Myanmar(Burmese: တပ်မ​​တော်ကာကွယ်​ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်) is the leader of Myanmar Army. 
Commander-in-Chief of Tatmadaw တပ်မ​တော်ကာကွယ်​ရေးဦးစီးချုပ် Flag of Tatmadaw Incumbent Senior General Min Aung Hlaing since March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) Style His Excellency Member of National Defence and Security Council Reports to President Formation 1945 First holder General Aung San Unofficial names တပ်ချုပ်၊ကာချုပ် Deputy Deputy Commander-in-Chief 
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Myanmar 
Criticism, controversy, and safety concerns 
Merchandise 
Episodes and DVD releases 
Background 
Peppa Pig Genre Preschool Animation Created by Neville Astley Mark Baker Written by Neville Astley Mark Baker Phillip Hall Directed by Neville Astley Mark Baker Phillip Hall (2011) Joris van Hulzen (2011) Starring Lily Snowden-Fine (2004) Cecily Bloom (2006–2007) Harley Bird (2007–present) John Sparkes Morwenna Banks Richard Ridings Oliver May Alice May David Graham Frances White David Rintoul Hazel Rudd (2004) Daisy Rudd Bethan Lindsay (2006–2007) Meg Hall George Woolford Harrison Oldroyd Sian Taylor Julia Moss Kinzie Hicks Payton Forrest Adi Sheagley Marisa Hurlock Christian White Jacob Medina Liam Frias Eloise May Dan Beazley Emma Weston Jack Williams Sarah Ann Kennedy Andy Hamilton Brian Blessed Dominic Byrne Alexander Armstrong Emma Forbes Elaine Torres Chloe Dolandis Narrated by John Sparkes Theme music composer Julian Nott Composer(s) Julian Nott Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 218 (list of episodes) Production Producer(s) Phil Davies Running time about 5 minutes Production company(s) Astley Baker Davies Ltd The Elf Factory (Series 5) Contender Entertainment Group (2004) Rubber Duck Entertainment (2006–2007) E1 Kids/Entertainment One Family (2009–2012) Entertainment One (2016–present) Distributor Contender Entertainment Group (2004) Rubber Duck Entertainment (2006–2007) E1 Kids/Entertainment One Family (2009–2012) Entertainment One (2016–present) Release Original network Cartoon Network Nick Jr. 
(UK), Picture format HDTV Original release 31 May 2004 (2004-05-31) – present (present) Chronology Related shows Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom External links Website 
Peppa Pig is a British preschool animated television series directed and produced by Astley Baker Davies in association with Entertainment One, which originally aired on 31 May 2004. It went on a hiatus for just over two years before re-premiering on 14 February 2015. To date, four seasons have been completely aired, with a fifth currently airing. 
Peppa Pig is a children's television programme broadcasting on Channel 5 and Nick Jr. in the UK, Nickelodeon/Nick Jr. in the USA, ABC 4 Kids in Australia and Discovery Kids in Latin America, including Brazil. Each episode is approximately 5 minutes long. The show revolves around Peppa, an anthropomorphic female pig, and her family and friends. 
The Rabbits are also the sole exception to the rule of human-like habitation, in that they live in a burrow in a hill, although it does have windows and is furnished in the same way as the other houses. The characters also blush when embarrassed and their mouths are used to express other emotions such as sadness, happiness, irritation, bewilderment and confusion. Although the mammals are anthropomorphic, other animals are not, for example, Tiddles the tortoise, Polly Parrot, and the ducks. 
In the US, the show was initially released on DVD by Lionsgate before eOne took over. 
Peppa Pig, the Entertainment One (eOne) brand, grossed over £200 million in UK merchandise sales in 2010, far exceeding the 2009 figure of £100 million. Additionally, for the first time in the brand's history, NPD figures for the year reveal that Peppa Pig was the number one pre-school property in the total toy market for 2010 – moving up four places from its previous position in 2009. Now in its seventh year, new licensees continue to join the Peppa Pig licensing programme, which currently has 63 licensees on board.[9] 
Peppa and her family did not wear seat belts in the first two series. After receiving several complaints, Astley Baker Davies announced that all future animation would include characters wearing seat belts, and that the relevant scenes in the first two series would be re-animated to include them.[11] Similar changes were also made to early episodes with characters riding bicycles to add cycle helmets, which were not included in the original versions.[12] 
During September 2015, the cartoon once again entered the realm of political parody, as commentators referenced it when making light of the supposed Piggate scandal revolving around David Cameron.[16] Earlier in 2015, former UK health minister Norman Lamb said that programmes such as Peppa Pig should include gay characters, because having arbitrary boundaries as to what relationships are acceptable in children's television was "not equitable".[17] 
Peppa Pig 
Retrieved 18 December 2015. ↑ "Paultons Family Theme Park - Home of Peppa Pig World - New Forest". Retrieved 18 December 2015. ↑ "Record-breaking year for Peppa Pig". LTW Magazine. 
Retrieved 26 September 2013. ↑ "Personalised Childrens Books". Penwizard. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ↑ "Peppa Pig in seatbelt safety row". 
BBC. 15 January 2009. ↑ Loveday, Samantha (14 December 2010). 
"ABD adds seatbelts to Peppa Pig episodes | Latest news from the licensing industry". Licensing.biz. Retrieved 26 September 2013. ↑ "About the ABC: Peppa Pig, (received), 6th August 2012". ↑ Maley, Jacqueline (28 May 2014). 
"Contrary to media rumours, Peppa's is one snout we are happy to have in the ABC trough" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ↑ "Peppa Piggate: the trial of David Cameron". The Poke. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ↑ Murphy, Joe (1 July 2015). 
"Give Peppa Pig gay friends to diversify children's TV, says Lib-Dem hopeful". London Evening Standard. p. 13. ↑ Bell, Catherine (2017). 
"Does Peppa Pig encourage inappropriate use of primary care resources?". British Medical Journal (Christmas 2017). doi:10.1136/bmj.j5397. ↑ Westbrook, Ian (12 December 2017). 
Cast 
Synopsis 
Main 
School 2017 Promotional poster Original title 학교 2017 Genre Coming-of-age Teen Romance Written by Jung Chan-mi Kim Seung-won Directed by Park Jin-suk Song Min-yeob Creative director(s) Na Soo-ji Kim Seok-won Lee Jung-hyun Starring Kim Se-jeong Kim Jung-hyun Jang Dong-yoon Han Sun-hwa Han Joo-wan Composer(s) Park Sung-jin Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer(s) Hwang Chang-woo Jo Hye-rin Lee Gun-joon Producer(s) Yoon Jae-hyuk Cinematography Moon Chang-soo Kim Jae-hwan Editor(s) Kim Byung-rok Camera setup Single-camera Running time 60 mins Production company(s) School 2017 SPC Production H Distributor KBS Release Original network KBS2 Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release July 17 (2017-07-17) – September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) Chronology Preceded by Who Are You: School 2015 External links Website 
School 2017 (Hangul: 학교 2017; RR: Hakgyo 2017) is a South Korean television series starring Kim Se-jeong, Kim Jung-hyun, Jang Dong-yoon, Han Sun-hwa, and Han Joo-wan. It premiered on KBS2 on July 17, 2017 and airs every Monday and Tuesday at 22:00 KST.[1] The series is the seventh installment of KBS2's School franchise. 
The plot follows a class of high school students attempting to overcome the stress of being ranked by their exam grades, and facing the difficulties of being a teenager in a high-pressure, corrupt system. Its central protagonist is Ra Eun-ho (Kim Se-jeong), a cheerful and kind-hearted 18-year-old who dreams of being a webtoon artist but is caught up in the search for a mysterious troublemaker in the school, known as 'Student X'. When she is accused of being Student X, her dream of going to university to study art is put at risk as she faces expulsion. 
Kim Se-jeong as Ra Eun-ho[2][3] 
Kim Jung-hyun as Hyun Tae-woon[4] 
Jang Dong-yoon as Song Dae-hwi[5] 
Han Joo-wan as Shim Kang-myung 
Han Sun-hwa as Han Soo-ji 
School 2017 
Buddhism ( /ˈbʊdɪzəm/ or /ˈbuːdɪzəm/)[1][2] is a religion[3][4] and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in Ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the Middle Ages. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). 
Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices.[6][7] Practices of Buddhism include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, study of scriptures, observance of moral precepts, renunciation of craving and attachment, the practice of meditation (including calm and insight), the cultivation of wisdom, loving-kindness and compassion, the Mahayana practice of bodhicitta and the Vajrayana practices of generation stage and completion stage. 
In Theravada, the ultimate goal is the cessation of kleshas (destructive mental states including ignorance, attachment, and aversion) and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practising the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth.[8] Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. 
NSCs by country 
A National Security Council (NSC) is usually an executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security. An NSC is often headed by a national security advisor and staffed with senior-level officials from military, diplomatic, intelligence, law enforcement and other governmental bodies. The functions and responsibilities of an NSC at the strategic state level are different from those of the United Nations Security Council, which is more of a domestic forum. 
National Security Council 
Animal activism 
Legislation 
Animals used for food 
Animal welfare and rights in Iran is about the laws concerning and treatment of non-human animals in Iran. Iran has no legislation protecting animals from cruelty.[1] 
Iran does not have basic anti-cruelty legislation, and there does not appear to be any effort underway to develop anti-cruelty regulations. Iran received a G out of possible grades A,B,C,D,E,F,G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index.[1] 
In 2016, Iran stopped issuing permits for wild animal circuses.[2] 
The poultry industry is Iran's second-largest industry next to oil. In 2012, Iran's poultry industry produced approximately 2 billion birds. Poultry production has grown significantly over the past few decades, with output rising from 195,000 tons in 1978 to 2.1 million tons in 2012.[3] 
There are no regulations on the welfare of farm animals in Iran. Stunning at slaughter is not required. De-beaking, de-toeing, tail-docking, tooth pulling, castration, and dehorning of livestock without anaesthetic are legal, as is confinement in gestation crates, veal crates, and battery cages. 
Protestors against animal abuse in Mashhad, Iran 
The Iranian Anti-Vivisection Association (IAVA) is Iran's first anti-vivisection group.[4] The IAVA campaigns for the use of alternatives to animal testing. In 2012 they were given the Brown Bear Award by Iran Animal Rights Watch for being Iran's most active animal rights group.[5] 
In 2015, videos of men killing dogs with injections of what appears to be acid in the Iranian city of Shiraz sparked protests against animal cruelty towards dogs. Activists demanded that killings be stopped and that dogs be sheltered and vaccinated instead. Activists in Tabriz persuaded local officials to stop the killing and permit activists to place dogs in a shelter.[6] 
In 2014, Animal Rights Watch and Animal Defenders International launched the "No to Circus!" campaign. This resulted in the Iranian Department of Environment's 2016 ban on using wildlife in circuses.[2] 
1 2 Anna Starostinetskaya (March 31, 2016). "Iran Bans Wild Animal Circuses". Retrieved June 27, 2016. ↑ F. Mirzaei; S. Mostafavi (April 27, 2014). 
Animal welfare and rights in Iran 
Further reading 
Companies that are under the PAP license: 
In 2015, Internet-based economy was 0.8% of GDP in Iran while it is 13% in the UK.[74] Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 12 certified for high-speed connections[75] - Iran had 1,223 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in 2009, all private sector operated.[71] Country code (Top-level domain): IR Internet users (including internet cafe users): 23 million (2007);[7] 43 million (2012).[76] Internet penetration is 53% across the population and 77% in Tehran, according to government data. About 11 million Iranians have mobile Internet access (2014).[77] Iran's National Internet Development Centre says internet penetration stood at 73% in 2015, making Iran one of the biggest internet users in the Middle East.[78] 250,000 users have access to high-speed Internet service in Iran (October 2006)[75] While having the most internet users in the Middle East, in terms of broadband users Iran is only 14th in Middle East (2012).[79] In 2013, some 867,000 people are using high-speed internet, and about 6 million people are using internet via optical fiber network.[80] The number of GPRS users amounts to 27.5 million, accounting for 36 percent of total internet users in Iran. Iran ranks 32nd in the world in terms of the number websites. 
The government aims to provide 10% of government and commercial services via the Internet by end-2008 and to equip every school with computers and Internet connections by the same date.[2] The Internet has become an expanding means to accessing information and self-expression among the younger population. Iran is also the world's fourth largest country of bloggers with approx. 60,000 Persian blogs[75][86] although Internet censorship in Iran is amongst the most restrictive and sophisticated in the world.[87] As of 2014, 67.4 percent of Iranian young people (between the ages of 15-29) use the internet.[88] 69.3% of Iranian young people reported using anti-internet filtering software to be able to surf through blocked websites.[88] Three-fifths of Iranians use Facebook.[89] Iranians spend an average of nine hours on social media websites every day.[90] according of the government of Iran, the first stage of smart filtering for the internet has been successful and the second stage has been launched in 2015.[91] As of 2016, 40 percent of content used by Iranian Internet citizens are produced in the country.[92] 
As of 2008, more than 100 companies sell International VoIP cards and the government has announced to issue 4-5 VoIP licenses through holding bids for national use.[39] 
Iran's electronic commerce was 10,000 billion rials ($1 billion) in March 2009 and growing 60% annually.[93][94] Online-sales reached $300,000 per day in 2014 with more than 20,000 active online stores with electronics being the most popular sale product.[72] In 2007, Tetra-Tech IT Company announced that using VISA and MasterCard is now possible for online sales and in Iranian e-card terminals at shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies for Iranians and foreign tourists.[95] Saman Bank was the first bank to introduce online banking services in Iran. Since, it has been at the forefront of expansion and enhancement of electronic banking. In 2010, a state-linked technology group (the Rouyesh Technical Centre) established the country's first online supermarket.[96] 
Articles 62–66 of this law specify that Iran’s existing intellectual-property laws apply to all electronic transactions. Articles 33–49 of the Electronic Commerce Law of 2004 seek to ensure consumer protection in electronic transactions. This legislation ensures the right of consumers to complete disclosure of information by suppliers before, during and after electronic transactions. 
With the new national information network, internet speed has increased drastically. Iran's penetration rate of the internet stands at 82.12% (2016), with 19 million people using internet on their mobile phones. As of 2016, 600 cities in Iran had access to 3G networks and 200 cities had access to 4G internet. 
Iran is presently implementing a bar code system across the country in order to facilitate e-commerce and tax collection.[97] The executive state organizations, which are the largest buyers of goods in the country, cannot buy and use goods that do not have the "Irancode".[98] 
In 2004 the Majlis adopted the Electronic Commerce Law: 
Iran imports a large part of its software. According to the EJISDC, around 95% of the output of the domestic industry is bespoke development (including translation/adaptation from foreign source) —as opposed to product work—meaning export possibilities are low.[2] Domestic firms involved in software production include Sena Soft, Dadeh-Pardazi, Iran Argham, Kafa System Information Network, Iran System and Puya.[2] IDRO's subsidiaries "Magfa" (Information Technology Development Center) and Iran Info-Tech Development Co. are also leading players in this sector. The largest private computer software producer in Iran is Hamkaran Systems with 7000 customers.[101] 
The Fifth Five-Year Development Plan (2010-15) has set the target of conducting electronically:[99] 
According to the Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), the information and communications technology (ICT) sector had a 1.1-1.3% share of GDP in 2002. About 150,000 people are employed in the ICT sector, including around 20,000 in the software industry.[11] There were 1,200 registered information technology (IT) companies in 2002, 200 of which were involved in software development. Software exports stood around $50 million in 2008[12] and $400 million in 2014.[100] 
According to the Wall Street Journal, sanctions are also helping spur entrepreneurship in Iran by protecting them from outside competition.[105] Iran has three seed accelerators already (e.g. Avatech and DMOND), a few VCs (e.g. Sarava Pars and Shenasa) and 170 incubators (e.g. MAPS).[106][107] eCommerce is growing at a rapid speed. The advent of higher Internet speed marks the beginning of a new era for entrepreneurs. Iran Entrepreneurship Association (IEA) is the flagship NGO in the "entrepreneurship revolution" in Iran.[108] TechRasa is the leading online media devoted to the coverage of technology startups.[109] As of 2015, there are almost 180 technology startups companies in Iran, many of them backed by state-run universities (this number does not include 3,000 (non-IT) knowledge based companies also active in Iran).[110][111] As of 2016, fifty fintech firms are operating in Iran.[112] 
Communications in Iran 
Speed and costs 
Mobile phone 
Cyber-security 
Landlines 
ISPs 
Radio 
Operators 
External links 
See also 
2009 – IPO 
Ministry of Information and Communication Technology 
"National internet" 
Computers 
References 
Consumer electronics 
Television 
Telephone 
3G network 
International 
Privatization 
Press 
Domestic 
Broadband Internet access 
Satellite 
Technology start-ups 
Other ICP/ISP IPOs 
Infrastructure 
Overview 
As of 2010, international connection services are provided exclusively by Infrastructure Company of Iran, a fully owned subsidiary of TCI.[39] Submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans Asia Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2007)[40] Apart from Iran-Kuwait submarine communications cable network, Iran is launching an optical fiber channel and a submarine communications cable in the Persian Gulf. The next program is to connect the country with global optical fiber networks from northern and northwestern borders.[41] 
Major mobile operators as of 2008: Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran (MCI Hamrahe Aval) with 70% market share, MTN Irancell (28%), and Emirates Telecommunications Corp (Etisalat) who won a license for 300 million euros in December 2008.[31][32][33] Etisalat has been replaced by an Iranian consortium and operates under the name RighTel. The two national operators, Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran and MTN Irancell both offer GPRS-based data services.[34] Recently a new LTE mobile broadband service provider called ApTel has started its work in Iran. 
As of 2011, major foreign supplier to Iran's mobile-phone networks are: Huawei of China along, Telefon AB L.M. and Nokia Siemens Networks, a joint venture between Nokia Corp. and Siemens AG.[23] As of 2016, France's Orange S.A. and U.K.'s Vodafone (through HiWEB.ir) are also developing mobile IT in Iran.[35] 
Abu Dhabi-based Etisalat and Tamin Telecom, the telecommunications investment arm of Iran’s social security and pensions department, will gain exclusive rights for two years to offer second- and third-generation services (3G) in Iran (2008). Assuming a minimum network investment of $4 billion, Etisalat can gain about 20 percent to 25% market share over five years of its operations (by 2013).[36] In 2009 it was announced that Etisalat, however, failed to secure the right to be Iran’s exclusive 3G operator for two years.[34] Later, Tamin Telecom announced that, IDRO and Imam Khomeini Decree Center have replaced Etisalat because of contractual disagreements.[37] In 2011, Tamin Telecom revealed plans to cover 60 percent of the population with its 2G network and 40 percent with its 3G network by 2014.[38] 
2016 Iran Household Internet Access[45] Internet Access (61.3%) No Internet Access (33.7%) Undeclared (5%) 
Radio broadcast stations: AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)[42] Number of Radios: 22 million (2005) 
Television broadcast stations: 29 (plus 450 repeaters) (1997)[42] Number of television sets: 15 million (2007 est.) Although formally illegal, the use of satellite television receivers in urban areas is widespread. Over 30 percent of Iranians watch satellite channels.[43] 
Since 2015, Iran is domestically manufacturing DVB-T 6,000W digital transmitters.[44] 
For data lines, copper, fiber, satellite and microwave are the available media, and popular services are high-speed Internet via digital subscriber lines (DSL), high-bandwidth lease lines and satellite. About 33 Iranian cities are connected directly by the Trans-Asia-Europe cable network, or "silk road", connecting China to Europe.[2] According to the Statistical Center of Iran, 13.5 million households (i.e. 55.5% of all Iranians) have access to the internet (2016). Of this number, 7 million households have access to fixed high-speed internet connection and 10.7 million households have access to wireless high-speed internet.[46] In 2016 64.8% of urban households and 36.1% of rural households had access to computers at their home.[46] 
Since 2005 the Iranian government has been developing a "national Internet" to tighten its control over content as well as increasing speed.[47] The project, which is separate from the world wide web, will be completed by 2017.[48][49] This network will be separated from the rest of the internet, specifically for domestic use. Creating such a network, similar to one used by North Korea would prevent unwanted information from outside of Iran getting into the closed system, such as with an intranet network. Myanmar and Cuba also use similar systems.[50] Iran has announced that all government ministries and state bodies will be available through the secure "national information network" (NIN).[51] 
The current internet services will not be replaced by the National Information Network (NIN) or '"National Internet" or "Clean Internet" as it is called. In order to protect the privacy of Iranian internet users, a number of non-governmental organizations are currently developing domestic search engines that people can use through the NIN.[52] 
Iranian officials have accused U.S.-based technology companies such as Google, Twitter and Microsoft of working in tandem with U.S. authorities to spy on Iranian online trends, search behavior, social networking sites and e-mail. These companies have denied those allegations despite NSA leaks.[53] As of 2013, 90% of all of Internet traffic is being routed to hosts outside the country.[54] Iran said it set a "world record" of 46% in online participation using NIN during the national census in 2016.[55] 
Iran has developed (or is in the process of developing) IT/technology parks, infrastructures for local emails, instant messaging (such as "TD Messenger" produced by Tehran Data), domestic search engines (such as Yooz, Parsijoo or "Gorgor.ir"), auction website (e.g. "Esam.ir"), e-commerce (e.g. Digikala), e-government, distance education (e.g. Payame Noor University), social medias (e.g. Cloob or Aparat), a domestic version of the Linux Operating System called "Sharif Linux", bespoke or open source software for web browsing, word processing, spreadsheet and database; accounting and various business/financial and industrial software (e.g. NOSA), security software (e.g. Padvish Antivirus or APA at Shiraz University), and video games.[52][54][56][57][58][59][60][61] 
Iran is also manufacturing key computer, internet and IT components, including a local data center, microprocessors (design only), PCBs, supercomputers, routers (experimental basis), computer monitors, printers, mobile phones, fiber optics and lasers.[62][63][64][65][66][67] 
Iran is among 5 countries with cyber warfare capabilities according to the Defense Tech institute (US military and security institute).[68][69][70] 
Iranian internet has an average speed of 2 Mbit/s, about one-tenth of the global average (2014). Hong Kong, the world leader, boasts an average of 72 Mbit/s; the United States ranks 31st, at about 21 Mbit/s.[72] A 2 Mbit/s subscription costs $5 a month, daily traffic is charged at 60¢/GB but traffic is free at night at up to 5GB per night. Upload speeds are typically 40% of the download speed. 
The leading Data Communication Company of Iran (DCI) which belongs to Telecommunication Company of Iran (now privatized) and the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) are two bodies that act as ISPs. As of 2008, the largest privately owned ISP was Parsnet, which serves only Tehran.[2] The leading ISP with a provincial focus is Isfahan-based Irangate.net.[2] The Neda Rayaneh Institute was the first private ISP in Iran.[2] 
Domain names with the ".ir" suffix are assigned by the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM). DCI maintains the network infrastructure, providing Internet access via the IRANPAK X.25 packet-switching network, which covers most major cities. DCI is the only ISP with a permit for supplying government agencies. 
By the regulations of Iran, these ISPs should rely on the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI) for their bandwidth. Previously serviced by TCI’s Public Switch Telephone Network, the ISPs have been provided with modern data line capacity through a national IP-based network. With the completion of this new network, Internet services in Iran is expected to improve dramatically.[71] 
Number of Internet users in Iran per 100 people, from 2000 to 2011. Data: World Bank 
As of 2012, 11 private access providers (PAPs) and TCI compete for market share, offering ADSL2+, WiMAX, and other fixed wireless broadband services.[73] Meanwhile, fixed broadband internet connections quadrupled between 2011 and 2015 to 8.3m lines.[29] Iran’s IP-based 'national data network' is being developed by Information Technology Company (ITC), which is also a TCI subsidiary. This network covers 210 Iranian cities and has 60,000 high-speed ports to meet the needs of its end users such as business and ISPs (2009).[71] Some actions are being taken to build and optimize infrastructure for provision of broadband services in the next five years and the Regulatory has decided to grant the license of offering WiMAX services to some private companies based on auction and then the license for the 3rd mobile operator. 
Iran's National Foundation for Computer Games unveiled the country's first online video game in 2010, capable of supporting up to 5,000 users at the same time.[102] 
Although there are no established clusters in Tehran, a major facility, the Tehran Software and Information Technology Park, is planned. International Development Ireland was selected as the consultant for the project in mid-2004. There are also plans for a technology park in the free-trade zone on Kish Island in the Persian Gulf, which already contains the necessary technological infrastructure.[2] 
The government's drive to automate manual processes is expected to account for about 70% of demand for software development, but there are also some 15,000 private-sector factories that have software needs.[2] Foreign investment in the sector is minimal, although some links are being developed with the Indian software industry. Poor intellectual property protection in Iran has also hindered the development of Iranian software companies causing a lack of foreign direct investment in this sector.[103] 
Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20% and the highest level of development in telecommunication.[1][2][3] Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecom services to rural areas.[4] 
Cloob, the Iranian version of Facebook, has 2.5 million users.[116] Soroush is the messaging application replacing Telegram.[117] Aparat (Owned by Saba Idea Technology Co), with a staff of 65, is an Iranian video-sharing platform similar to YouTube, has a following of 5 millions a day and has 22,000 minutes of video uploaded daily. Takhfifan (with 100 employees) and Netbarg are two group buying portals.[118][119] Esam and Saddarsad are similar to eBay.[108][120] Digikala, an e-commerce platform like Amazon.com with a daily average income of $400,000, ships more than 4,000 orders each day.[105] With a staff of 900 and about 850,000 visitors every day, Digikala was estimated to be worth $150 million in 2014 ($500 million according to the company in 2015, over $1 billion in 2018).[27][78][121][122] As of 2015, 85-90% of Iran’s e-commerce takes place on Digikala (which has its own courier system throughout Iran).[108] Albasko is another well-known e-commerce platform.[120] Fidibo is the Iranian equivalent of Kindle.[78] With 40,000 orders per month, Maman-Paz is a food delivery service that connects hungry workers with housewives selling home-cooked meals.[78][123] Its restaurant-based counterpart is ZoodFood.[124] ShopFa, with 2000 active online stores in 2012, is the local version of Shopify.[120] ZarinPal (owned by SamanSystems), with 2 million transactions processed in 2012, is the Iranian alternative to PayPal.[120] As of 2015, Taskulu, a task management platform, had over 8000 users from 120 different countries.[108] Hamijoo is a crowdfunding platform.[108] Navaak is modeled after Spotify, the online music streaming company.[110] AloPeyk is a delivery service company.[104] 
Parsijoo and Yooz are 2 domestic search engines with 600,000 and 100,000 hits per day and 120,000 and 60,000 searches per day respectively.[113] Adro is a leading Adtech/Ad exchange start-up (In 2016, publishers had 365 billion impressions through Iranian Ad networks).[114] Cafe Bazaar, with 20 million visits weekly and a market share of 85%, has 25,000 downloadable Iranian and international apps for gaming, social media, messaging and other uses.[105] Iranians developed 70 thousand mobile apps in less than 2 years (2016).[115] 
Since 2015, many foreign companies are beginning to explore ways to start technology companies in Iran (such as Germany's Rocket Internet) or allow their services to become available in the country (such as United States' Google).[28][105][125][126][127] For example, Iran Internet Group, a joint venture between South African telecom company MTN and Rocket Internet has been launching Iranian versions of eBay (Mozando), Amazon (Bamilo), and Uber (Snapp/previously known as Taxi Yaab).[108][124] Snapp has over 600,000 drivers across Iran and has a valuation potential of $1 billion ($1.4-1.7 billion according to the company in 2018).[128] It carries over 1 million passengers-a-day.[104] Many returning Iranian citizens abroad are also participating in this trend (Iranian Americans in particular).[108] 
Held once a year, ELECOMP is the greatest commercial event in Iran’s market of electronics and computer products and services.[132][133] 
The study also reveals the market structure by channel where, in Iran and the UAE, independent retailers still lead with 60-percent share in volume for product categories such as digital cameras, LCD televisions and mobile phones. However, large retailers like Plug-Ins, Emax and Sharaf DG are also making their presence felt by capturing the remaining 40 percent. The digital consumer technology sector is expected to see retail sales in excess of $24 billion by the end of 2008.[129] 
Iran’s domestic consumer electronic market, defined as including computing devices, mobile handsets and video audio and gaming products, was estimated at $7.3 billion in 2008 ($8.2 billion in 2010), with 47% market share for computer hardware, 28% Audio/Video and 25% mobile phone (with growing demand for PDAs, smartphones and 3G handsets).[130][131] Business Monitor International (BMI) forecasts that Iran’s demands for domestic consumer electronic devices will reach $10 billion by 2013 and $16 billion by 2016.[77][130] 
The main functions of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology are laying out and implementing policies pertaining to post and communications in Iran. The Ministry is also in charge of issuing import licenses for certain communication equipment and parts thereof. This ministry was originally named "Ministry of Post, Telegraph & Telephone". 
Iran is manufacturing some computer components under license from international companies, predominantly in the area of monitors. Eight Iranian companies are manufacturing monitors under licence of LG, Samsung, Hyundai, Benq, Tatung and CTX. Motherboard, keyboard, mouse, computer case, power supply, CPU, hard drive and printers are other components that are now manufactured locally.[71] Personal computer (PC) ownership in Iran stood at 7.3m in 2005, or 10.5 PCs per 100 people.[2] 
Among the leading domestic telecoms equipment manufacturers is the Iran Telephone Manufacturing Company (ITMC), which has licensing agreements with Siemens and Alcatel-Lucent of France. ITMC is owned by TCI (45%), Industry Bank (35%) and Siemens (20%).[2] Other manufacturers include Iran Communications Industries Incorporated and Parstel—which produces under licence from Daewoo Corporation, a South Korean firm. IDRO's Iran Info-Tech Development Co. is producing computers under the brand name "SAHAND". 
Based on Note C of the general policies of the constitution's Article 44, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology announced that it will float the shares of affiliated companies such as Mobile Telecommunications Company in the stock market.[134] 
Under the general policies of Article 44, telecom companies are categorized in four groups as follows: 
Group One: Among the 30 provincial telecom networks, the fixed telecom networks pertain to those of Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Hamedan, Ahvaz, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan and East Azarbaijan. The first group concerns fixed line telecom networks, including those in the public sector with 30 subsidiary telecom networks in provinces. The non-governmental sector includes companies such as Iraphone, Novin, Zahi Kish, Kouh-e Nour, Montazeran Adlgostar and Pouya Ertebat with each having hundreds of thousands of subscribers. 
"Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Iran" (PDF). 
Winter 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2015. 
TCI's Infrastructure Telecom Company will be detached from it and it would continue its activities as a part of the ICT Ministry.[136] 33 companies in the telecom sector are to be privatized by September 2007.[137] This happened simultaneously with the launch of MTN Irancell, a private second carrier with foreign ownership. The privatization and introduction of a second operator has created a significantly more competitive environment which has led to significant cost reductions for mobile owners and service benefits. 
In 2009, 51% of the shares of TCI was sold to Mobin Trust Consortium, a consortium which some media claimed it was affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, for the sum of $7.8 billion.[138] 
In late 2011, Iranian ICP/ISP Afranet (Symbol in Tehran Stock Exchange: AFRZ1) went public.[139] As of 2012, there is no other ICP/ISP companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. 
"Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Iran" (PDF). 
Iran Entrepreneurship Association. Winter 2014. 
(March 1998). "Iran". National Security and the Internet in the Persian Gulf Region. 
Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "Telecoms And Technology Forecast for Iran", Economist Intelligence Unit, August 18, 2008, retrieved 2009-07-06 ↑ http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Dec11.pdf ↑ Archived April 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. 1 2 3 http://www.zawya.com/story/Iran_reaches_100_telecommunications_penetration_BMI-ZAWYA20120412035355/ ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/13/jan/1177.html 1 2 3 4 "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. 
Retrieved 2012-01-23. 1 2 "Resources – Iran telecom Brief". Atieh Bahar. 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ Archived July 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 1 2 "Iran Telecom Market Expected to Reach $12.9 Billion by 2014: Report". 
Voice-quality.tmcnet.com. 
2010-01-22. Retrieved 2012-01-23. 
1 2 http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=newdebi&country_id=IR 1 2 Iran Daily: Software Exports Hit $45m Retrieved November 2, 2008 ↑ Iran Daily - Economic Focus - 10/09/06 Archived July 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Iran – Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Forecasts". Retrieved 2014-03-25. ↑ Quirk, Patrick W. (2009-06-17). "Iran's Twitter Revolution". 
Fpif.org. 
Archived from the original on 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ Economist intelligence Unit (2008) ↑ Economist Intelligence Unit ↑ https://financialtribune.com/articles/sci-tech/55397/cuts-and-extensions-in-irans-ict-201718-budget ↑ Yiftah S. Shapir. "Iran's Efforts to Conquer Space". 
Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. ↑ "Zohreh". 
Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. ↑ Howard, Roger (2007). Iran Oil: The New Middle East Challenge to America. I.B.Tauris. p. 140. 
ISBN 1-84511-249-0. 
Retrieved 2008-07-17. ↑ "Iran's Zohre satellite to be launched in 2009". Persian Journal. 2006-12-11. 
Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. 
Retrieved 2008-07-17. 
1 2 Stecklow, Steve (2011-10-27). 
"Chinese Tech Giant Aids Iran". The Wall Street Journal. 1 2 "رایتل | ایران 68 میلیون مشترك موبایل و از نظر ضریب نفوذ تلفن ثابت رتبه‌ 31 را دارد". 
Tamintelecom.ir. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ Archived August 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1537947 1 2 https://medium.com/iran-startups/is-digikala-really-worth-150m-usd-7bb67e34131b 1 2 https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/05/us-iran-startups-germany-idUSKBN0OL1JI20150605 1 2 https://www.ft.com/content/c4776b8e-a023-11e6-891e-abe238dee8e2 ↑ "Iranians send 80 million SMS per day". 
Payvand.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3317/html/economy.htm. 
Retrieved January 14, 2009. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Archived December 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Archived January 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 1 2 Archived September 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/10/19/489712/Iran-telecom-Vodafone-service-deal-Orange ↑ Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.ir. 
Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. 
Retrieved 2011-11-26. 1 2 3 Research and Markets ltd. 
"Iran Telecommunications Market Intelligence, 2011 – Market Research Reports". Research and Markets. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook". 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.ir. 
Retrieved 2012-01-23. 1 2 "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. 
Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ Archived February 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5M9KjI4WXc ↑ http://digiato.com/article/2017/04/23/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B6%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/ 1 2 http://techrasa.com/2016/11/02/iran-internet-access-reaches-55-homes/ ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/16/oct/1071.html ↑ "Tehran's Unplugged Internet Plan". Payvand.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/405788/Iran-s-national-internet-network-starts-today ↑ Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi, May 28, 2011, Iran Vows to Unplug Internet, Wall Street Journal ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-08-11. 1 2 "Iranians to remain connected to World Wide Web". 
Payvand.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ Erdbrink, Thomas (2012-02-09). "Iran increasingly controls its Internet". 
The Washington Post. 1 2 Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). "The Business Year 2013: Iran". 
London, U.K.: The Business Year: 110. 
ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7. ↑ http://en.mehrnews.com/news/120766/Iranians-break-world-record-in-online-census ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2012-03-18. ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/07/nov/1230.html ↑ http://www.iran-daily.com/1390/7/14/MainPaper/4070/Page/4/Index.htm ↑ http://opennet.net/research/profiles/iran ↑ http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2021650.html ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ Nasseri, Ladane (2012-04-01). "Iran to Start First Phase of Domestic Internet by May, Fars Says". 
Bloomberg. ↑ "Iran unveils indigenous supercomputers". Payvand.com. 
Retrieved 21 October 2011. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-21. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000000*/http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx ↑ http://www.iran-daily.com/1390/2/11/MainPaper/3955/Page/4/Index.htm# ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. 
Retrieved 2012-03-18. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. 
Retrieved 2009-05-09. ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/15/apr/1054.html ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/world/middleeast/iran-is-raising-sophistication-and-frequency-of-cyberattacks-study-says.html?_r=0 1 2 3 4 http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx 1 2 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/internet-improvements-in-store-for-iran/2014/02/13/b3d730fe-8ea4-11e3-878e-d76656564a01_story.html ↑ Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). "The Business Year 2013: Iran". London, U.K.: The Business Year: 188. 
ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7. ↑ http://saravapars.com/en/about/ 1 2 3 "Iran | OpenNet Initiative". Opennet.net. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/13/jan/1177.html 1 2 https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-iran-business-deals-rarely-smooth-1436917050 1 2 3 4 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34458898 ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/13/jan/1177.html ↑ http://www.azernews.az/region/56444.html ↑ "Iran ranks 32nd in world in terms of number of websites". 
Ministry of Information & Communication Technology of Iran Information and communications technology (ICT) to Iran at the Wayback Machine (archived July 27, 2008) - Australian Trade Information Technology Company - affiliated with the Ministry of Communication & Information Technology (ICT) of Iran Telephone Area Codes of Cities In Iran GSM Coverage in Iran Information Technology in Iran (1997) Internet Traffic Report - Iran Routers CIA FactBook (Iran Communications statistics) Iran and Space Communications - Globalsecurity.org Overview of e-commerce in Iran - Economist Intelligence Unit (2006) 
Cyber war on Iran - Part I on YouTube - PressTV (2010) Part II on YouTube - PressTV (2010) Part III on YouTube - PressTV (2010) Cyber war against Iran - PressTV (2012) Iran's International Exhibition of Electronics, Computer & E-Commerce - PressTV (2012) Mobile phone penetration in Iran - PressTV (2013) Iran advances in Information Technology - PressTV (2017) 
Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI). Fixed-line penetration in 2004 was relatively well-developed by regional standards, standing at 22 lines per 100 people, higher than Egypt with 14 and Saudi Arabia with 15, although behind the UAE with 27.[2] Iran had more than 1 mobile phone per inhabitant by 2012.[5] 
Iran has a population of 80 million with some 56% of Iranians under the age of 25.[2] In 2008, there were more than 52,000 rural offices, providing Telecom services to the villages across the country. The number of fixed telephone lines is above 24 million, with penetration factor of 33.66%. In 2012, there were 43 million internet users in Iran, making the country first in the Middle East in terms of number.[6][7][8] 
Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunication.[9] Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas. By the end of 2009, Iran's telecom market was the fourth-largest market in the region at $9.2 billion and is expected to grow to $12.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 6.9 percent.[10] 
According to the Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), the information and communications technology (ICT) sector had a 1.1-1.3% share of GDP in 2002. About 150,000 people are employed in the ICT sector, including around 20,000 in the software industry.[11] There were 1,200 registered information technology (IT) companies in 2002, 200 of which were involved in software development. Software exports stood around $50 million in 2008.[12] 
Computers for home use became more affordable in the mid-1990s, and since then demand for access to the Internet has increased rapidly. In 1998, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (renamed the Ministry of Information & Communication Technology) began selling Internet accounts to the general public. In 2006, the Iranian telecom industry's revenues were estimated at $1.2 billion.[13] By the end of 2009, Iran's telecom market was the fourth-largest market in the region at $9.2 billion and is expected to grow to $12.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 6.9 percent.[10] 
The Fourth Five Year Economic Development Plan has proposed the following key benchmarks for 2010: 36 million fixed lines; 50% penetration rate for mobile phones; establishment of reliable rural ICT connections and 30 million internet users. Given the recent developments of the industry, the objectives are very likely to be achieved.[8] 
According to one report,[14] Iran has seen above average growth, specially in mobile subscriber numbers. Mobile data services are available but account for a small proportion of total data consumption in 2014. Some telecom parameters of 2012 & 2014 are as below: 
Subscribers to telecoms services – 2012 & 2014 (millions): Sector 2012 2014 Broadband 3.1 4.5 Fixed-line telephony 28.8 29.3 Mobile phone 58.2 61.2 
More than 23 million Iranians have access to the Internet and over 45 million own mobile phones (2009/10). Tech-savvy citizens use text messages to communicate with friends and browse the Internet — which the government controls in terms of access and speed — for a multiplicity of purposes. Blogging is also immensely popular.[15] 
IRAN: Telecoms and Technology Forecast (Market Profile)[16] 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 est. 2007 est. Telephone main lines ('000) 12,888 15,341 16,342 18,985 19,934 20,300 Telephone main lines (per 100 population) 19.1 22.6 23.8 27.3 28.4 28.6 Mobile subscribers ('000) 2,410 3,449 4,271 7,222 7,583 17,799 Mobile subscribers (per 100 population) 3.6 5.1 6.2 10.4 10.8 25.1 Internet users ('000) 3,168 4,800 5,500 7,000 7,350 7,718 Internet users (per 100 population) 4.7 7.1 8.0 10.1 10.5 10.9 Personal computers (stock per 1,000 population) 75 91 105 105 110 116 
Pricing (2008)[17] Item Price (US $) Telephone, charge per local call from home, 3 mins (av) 0.01 Personal computer, 512 MB RAM (av) 1,326 
Telecom proposed budget (FY 2017)[18] Sector Estimated $ Value Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (and affiliated agencies) 80.1 million National Center for Cyberspace 1.2 million Iran Space Agency 4.6 million NIN and telecom infrastructure 190 million Radio transmissions/ creating competitive markets 120 million E-Government/e-Content for NIN 80 million Infrastructure/ major cyberspace projects 26.5 million Computer game development 0.9 million 
Most Iranian newspapers are published in Persian, but newspapers in English and other languages also exist. The most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehrān. Popular daily and weekly newspapers include Ettelaat, Kayhan, Resalat, Iran Daily and the Tehran Times (Iran and Tehran Times are both English-language papers). 
Since the 1970s, there have been a number of proposals for a state-owned communications satellite, called Zohreh (en:Venus) from 1993 onwards.[19][20] The planned satellite would have similar capabilities to a commercially produced Western satellite, while such capabilities are already provided through leases owned by the Iranian telecommunications sector. An agreement was signed between Iran and Russia in 2005 to develop the satellite with a planned launch date of 2007,[21] but the launch has been postponed until at least 2009, set to follow actual construction of the satellite.[22] Other more recent satellites projects are also in the works. 
The telephone system is inadequate but being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages that are not connected now.[7] 
As a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches. 
In fact more than 3.1 million new main lines were installed during the period of the first five-year plan. Four million new lines were expected to be added by the end of the second five-year plan (1994–1999), which would increase the number of installed main lines to about 9,510,000 fixed lines. Iran's telecom market, which generated an estimated $9.1 billion in 2010 (of which 2/3 from "voice" mobile-phone and 1/10 from "data" mobile-phone services), has been growing significantly, especially its mobile-phone business. 
24.8 million (2008), with a penetration rate of 34%.[7] 
2011);[24] 35 million (early 2008)[25] and 4.3 million in 2004. The bulk of mobile subscriptions in Iran are made up of prepaid users.[5] As of 2014, 75% of the cell phones in the market were smuggled into the country. Penetration rate: 91.2% as of September 2011;[24] 130% as of February 2012.[26] Smartphone owners: 12 million (2014 est.),[27] 30 million (2015)[28] 47 million (2016), mostly Samsung and Huawei models.[29] Short Text Messages: Iranians send 80 million SMS per day (Nov. 
Rama VIII Bridge Rama VIII Bridge at night Coordinates 13°46′9″N 100°29′48.5″E / 13.76917°N 100.496806°E / 13.76917; 100.496806Coordinates: 13°46′9″N 100°29′48.5″E / 13.76917°N 100.496806°E / 13.76917; 100.496806 Carries Road traffic & pedestrians Crosses Chao Phraya River Locale Bangkok Maintained by Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Characteristics Design Cable-stayed Total length 475 m (1,558 ft) Height 160 m (520 ft) Longest span 300 m (980 ft) Clearance below 10.4 m (34 ft)[1] History Engineering design by Buckland & Taylor Constructed by China State Construction Engineering PPD Construction Fabrication by BBR Systems Construction start 1999 Construction end 2002 Inaugurated 20 September 2002 Opened 7 May 2002 (2002-05-07) Statistics Daily traffic 72,873[lower-alpha 1][2] 
The bridge was opened on 7 May 2002 and inaugurated on 20 September, the birth anniversary of the late King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII), after whom it is named. The bridge has an asymmetrical design, with a single pylon in an inverted Y shape on the west bank of the river. Its eighty-four cables are arranged in pairs on the side of the main span and in a single row on the other. 
Rama VIII Bridge 
See also 
Cambodia Name Khmer: ទង់ជាតិកម្ពុជា (The national flag of Cambodia) Use National flag and ensign Proportion 16:25 Adopted 1993 (previously used 1948–1970) Design Three horizontal bands of blue, red (double width) and blue, with a depiction of Angkor Wat in white centred on the red band. 
Royal Standard of the King of Cambodia Adopted 1993 Design azure, the royal arms or 
The Royal Standard of the King of Cambodia (Khmer: ទង់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ; literally, "King's Flag") is the personal flag of the Cambodian monarch. It was officially adopted in 1993, but its initial use dates back to 1941. It is also considered among the national symbols of Cambodia. 
Flag of Cambodia 
↑ "Cambodia - Japanese Occupation of World War II". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21. . 
Note: other sources dispute the existence of this flag. ↑ "Cambodian Flag History". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21. 
Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Incumbent Lim Jock Hoi since 1 January 2018 Inaugural holder Hartono Dharsono Formation 7 June 1976 
Secretaries-General of ASEAN[1][2] Name Time Country Hartono Dharsono 7 June 1976 – 18 February 1978 Indonesia Umarjadi Notowijono 19 February 1978 – 30 June 1978 Indonesia Ali Abdullah 10 July 1978 – 30 June 1980 Malaysia Narciso G. Reyes 1 July 1980 – 1 July 1982 Philippines Chan Kai Yau 18 July 1982 – 15 July 1984 Singapore Phan Wannamethee 16 July 1984 – 15 July 1986 Thailand Roderick Yong 16 July 1986 – 16 July 1989 Brunei Rusli Noor 17 July 1989 – 1 January 1993 Indonesia Ajit Singh 1 January 1993 – 31 December 1997 Malaysia Rodolfo Severino Jr. 
1 January 1998 – 31 December 2002 Philippines Ong Keng Yong 1 January 2003 – 31 December 2007 Singapore Surin Pitsuwan 1 January 2008 – 31 December 2012 Thailand Lê Lương Minh 1 January 2013 – 31 December 2017 Vietnam Lim Jock Hoi 1 January 2018 – present Brunei 
Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 
↑ "Secretary-General of ASEAN". ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 16 October 2012. ↑ "Former Secretaries-General of ASEAN". 
Panel of judges 
Brunei - Mr. Haji Manaf bin Haji Kamis Cambodia - Dr. Sam Ang Sam Indonesia - Mr. Purwa Caraka Laos - Mr. Khamphanh Phonthongsy Malaysia - Mr. Ayob Ibrahim Myanmar (Burma) - Mr. Tin Oo Thaung Philippines - Mr. Apgripino V. Diestro Singapore - Mr. Phoon Yew Tien Thailand - Admiral Mom Luang (The Honourable) Usni Pramoj Vietnam - Mr. Pham Hong Hai 
And 3 non-ASEAN judges: 
ASEAN Anthem Competition 
The ASEAN Way Also known as Southeast Asian Anthem Lyrics Payom Valaiphatchra Music Kittikhun Sodprasert Sampow Triudom Adopted 20 November 2008 Audio sample The ASEAN Way file help v t e 
The ASEAN Way is the official anthem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The lyrics were written by Payom Valaiphatchra (Thai: พยอม วลัยพัชรา; RTGS: Phayom Walaiphatchara) and the music composed by Kittikhun Sodprasert (Thai: กิตติคุณ สดประเสริฐ; RTGS: Kittikhun Sotprasoet) and Sampow Triudom (Thai: สำเภา ไตรอุดม; RTGS: Samphao Trai-u-dom), the winning entry out of 99 finalists from all ten ASEAN countries. 
The competition was open to all the nationals of ASEAN, limiting to 20 entries per member state. The winning entry received over US$20,000 in reward and was declared as the official regional anthem of Southeast Asia. The panel of judges unanimously voted The ASEAN Way as the official regional anthem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the final round on 20 November 2008. 
The ASEAN Way 
Fishing 
Imports 
Mechanized agriculture 
Agro complexes 
Each year, the government guarantees the purchase of wheat from the farmers at a pre-specialized price to protect them from seasonality in the market prices. The government also pays a wide range of subsidies for improvements in production methods, the use of fertilisers and pesticides, and agricultural research. Nonetheless, there still exist considerable opportunities to improve efficiency in the agricultural sector. 
Fifth century BCE Persia was even the source for introduction of the domesticated chicken into Europe. The mid fifth century BCE poet Cratinus (according to the later Greek author "Athenaeus") for example calls the chicken "the Persian alarm". In Aristophanes's comedy The Birds (414 BC) a chicken is called "the Median bird", which points to its introduction from Persis. 
The Qanat, a subterranean aqueduct used for irrigation in agriculture, was one of the most significant and successful achievements of the Persian tradition. Qanats were in use millennia ago, and are still in use in contemporary Iran. 
A boom in the production and export of cotton made Iran the richest region of the Islamic caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries. Yet in the eleventh century, because of colder temperatures, Iran's impressive agricultural economy entered a steep decline, bringing the country's primacy to an end.[56] 
Modern agriculture in Iran dates back to the 1820s, when Amir Kabir, the Chief Minister to Naser al-Din Shah and a symbol of reform and modernism in Iran, undertook a number of changes to the traditional agricultural system. Such changes included importing modified seeds and signing collaboration contracts with other countries. The first agricultural school was founded about a hundred years ago and the Agriculture Bank was established in 1933. 
According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Iran ranks amongst the top 7 countries in producing 22 important agricultural products: it ranks first in pistachio production, second in date production and fourth in apple production worldwide. It is also the twelfth largest producer of wheat and had the second highest production increase after Argentina in 2010. The value of agricultural production increased by 20% in the Iranian calendar year 1389 (ending March 2011) and agricultural exports rose by 30% in comparison to the previous year. 
The agricultural sector faces a number of challenges in Iran, the two most important being low rainfall and the impact of fluctuations in oil revenues. Unsurprisingly, agricultural production is directly correlated to the amount of rainfall. The relatively dry climate of most of Iran’s regions makes water availability a vital factor in production. 
Historically, in periods of high oil prices and the consequent petrodollar windfall, imports accelerate rapidly in virtually all consumption categories including agricultural products. This, in turn, results in crowding out domestic production and damage to the agriculture sector. After the oil price spikes following 1973, agricultural imports also increased dramatically and caused significant damage to domestic production. 
Some northern and western areas support rain-fed agriculture, while other areas require irrigation for successful crop production. The 1979 Revolution sought self-sufficiency in foodstuffs as part of its overall goal of decreased economic dependence on the West. Higher government subsidies for grain and other staples and expanded short-term credit and tax exemptions for farmers complying with government quotas were intended by the new regime to promote self-sufficiency. 
With an amazingly diverse climate, very high local and regional demand and an educated workforce of more than 100,000 in this field, Iran’s agricultural sector is clearly underdeveloped and has immense potential for investment and growth. According to a former agriculture minister, deserts in Iran are spreading, South Alborz and East Zagros will be uninhabitable and people will have to migrate. Out of 75 million people in Iran, 45 million will have uncertain circumstances.[57] 
A Lahijan tea farm during harvest time, northern Iran. 
After nearly achieving agricultural self-sufficiency in the 1960s, Iran reached the point in 1979 where 65 percent of its food had to be imported. Declining productivity was blamed on the use of modern fertilizers, which had inadvertently scorched the thin Iranian soil. Unresolved land reform issues, a lack of economic incentives to raise surplus crops, and low profit ratios combined to drive increasingly large segments of the farm population into urban areas. 
By 1997, the gross value of products in Iran's agricultural sector had reached $25 billion. In 2000, the Construction Jihad Organization and the Ministry of Agriculture were merged by national legislation, to form the new Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. 
The 1999-2000 drought reduced overall GDP by about 4.4%, and resulted in decreased non-oil exports, increased food imports, and a rise in inflation. [58] In 2003, a quarter of Iran's non-oil exports were agricultural based. In 2004 an agricultural bourse started trading agricultural and related products in the country.[59] Iran's agricultural sector contributed 11 percent of the GDP in 2004 and employed a third of the labor force. 
Benefiting from 123,580 square kilometers of land suitable for agriculture, the agricultural sector is one of the major contributors to Iran's economy. It accounts for almost 13% of Iran's GDP, 20% of the employed population, 23% of non-oil exports, 82% of domestically consumed foodstuffs and 90% of raw materials used in the food processing industry (2008).[5] 
Iranian fishermen by the Caspian Sea 
Industrial facilities in Tabriz and Arak are Iran's largest producers of machinery and equipment for the agricultural sector. 12,000 combine harvesters and 300,000 tractors are currently used in the sector (2007).[61] Tabriz Tractor Manufacturing Company, which was founded four decades ago, employs almost 10,000 people. It produces 30,000 tractors annually, a large part of which is exported.[62] Iran declared self-sufficiency in irrigation and agricultural machinery in 2008.[63] 
Budgets for agro-industrial projects in the food processing, packaging and irrigation sectors. Provision of agricultural machinery and equipment with emphasis on local production by making transfer of technology a required clause in foreign contracts. Foreign loans and investments in the agro sector exceeded $500 million in 2008.[28] Allocation of government loans and financing for agro-industrial projects. 
In 2009 seven hundred agricultural complexes were under construction on 60,000 hectares of farmlands across the country. Chicken farms, animal husbandries, fish farming pools and greenhouses are built in these complexes.[60] 
There are 22,000 food industries units in the country (2009). The capacity of these units has increased to 60 million tons from 8 million tons in the pre-Islamic Revolution era.[23] Agricultural production stood at 108 million tons in 2008, which indicates a 20 million ton increase from 2007.[64] 
Per capita consumption (Source:EIU)[38] 2009 est. 2010 est. Meat consumption (kg per head) 27 27 Milk consumption (litres per head) 64 65 Fruit consumption (kg per head) 172 173 Vegetable consumption (kg per head) 184 186 Tea consumption (kg per head) 0.9 0.9 
Iranian government policy aims to reach self-sufficiency in food production and by 2007, Iran had attained 96 percent self-sufficiency in essential agricultural products.[23] But wastage in storing, processing, marketing and consumption of food products remained a concern (30% of production according to some sources).[65][66] 
The following is the Iranian out-put listed according to the largest global producer rankings in 2007:[11][42][67] 
Commodity; (Source: FAO)[11] International Value; x$1000 Quantity; Metric Tonnes Cow milk 1,715,313 6,500,000 Grapes 1,391,700 2,900,000 Tomatoes 1,184,650 5,000,000 Wheat 1,169,603 15,000,000 Apples 764,005 2,660,000 Pistachios 760,184 230,000 Potatoes 729,601 4,500,000 Hen eggs 543,543 711,000 Rice 471,135 2,800,000 Oranges 404,202 2,300,000 Watermelons 344,091 3,300,000 Fresh Vegetables 328,387 1,750,000 Dates 313,470 1,000,000 Onions, Dry 313,293 1,700,000 Cucumbers and gherkins 290,146 1,720,000 Sugar beet 243,959 5,300,000 Fresh Fruit 223,314 1,400,000 Cantaloupes 218,091 1,230,000 Walnuts 208,506 170,000 Cherries 196,317 225,000 
Agricultural exports stood at $1.2 billion in 2004-5 and $2.6 billion in 2007-8.[26] Major agricultural exports include fresh and dried fruits, nuts, animal hides, processed foods, caviar and spices. Pistachio, raisins, dates and saffron are the first four export products, from the viewpoint of value.[5] Close to 8 million tons of agricultural products are exported annually (2008).[28] But according to the Central Bank of Iran, only 3.2 million tons of "agricultural products" were exported in 2008 with a total value of $3.2 billion "which showed a 6.1 percent increase over the previous year".[37] Agricultural and food stuff exports in years 2012-13 ending 21 March stood at $5.2 billion.[68] During years 2013-14 ending 21 March agricultural and food stuff exports increased by 27 percent, standing at $6.6 billion. 
In the past, the Iranian private sector handled the bulk of the country’s imports of grain and oilseeds, but since 2012 the government has stepped up operations through its Government Trading Corporation (GTC).[72] Other notable agencies are the Livestock Affairs Logistic Co (SLAL) and the Government Grain Trading Agency. 
A total of 12,198 entities are engaged in the Iranian food industry, or 12% of all entities in the industry sector. The sector also employs approximately 328,000 people or 16.1% of the entire industry sector’s workforce.[69] Iran exported $736 million worth of foodstuffs in 2007 and $1 billion (~600,000 tonnes) in 2010.[70] Soft drinks, mineral water, biscuit, chocolate, confection, edible oil, dairies, conserved foods and fruits, jam and jelly, macaroni, fruit juice and yeast were among the main exports to Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and other Central Asian countries, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Canada, Venezuela, Japan, South Korea and Turkey.[70][71] 
In theory, Iranian agricultural policy is intended to support farmers and encourage the production of strategically important crops. The policy is twofold: first, to purchase certain crops at guaranteed prices and second, to encourage the production of specific crops through farm subsidies. The policy of purchasing agricultural crops from farmers at guaranteed prices was put in place in the 1989 crop year. 
In the 1990s and early 2000s, government agricultural planning was only marginally successful. According to government figures, during the 1990s—coincident with the first two Islamic Republic economic plans—only 40.5 percent of the agricultural modernization projected by those plans was accomplished, and only 40.2 percent of government and private-sector financial commitments materialized.[39] 
Because wheat is considered Iran’s most strategically important crop, it received the largest subsidies, and its production grew at the fastest rate between 1990 and 2005. From FY 2003 to FY 2004, wheat subsidies increased by 17.2 percent, reaching a record of US$1.5 billion. Between 1981 and 2004, the area cultivated with wheat remained stable at 5 million hectares, but wheat production increased from 5.7 million to more than 11 million tons.[39] 
Beginning in 1990, the government expanded its agricultural support programs to include a guaranteed purchase price for major agricultural crops, subsidies, favorable interest rates, government investment, and favorable foreign-trade policies. Primarily because of government support for domestic agriculture, between 1989 and 2003 the import volumes of wheat, sugar, and red meat declined by 77.7 percent, 39.6 percent, and 88.2 percent, respectively. Concurrently, the value of agricultural exports increased from US$461.5 million in 1989 to US$1.7 billion in 2004. 
During Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidency between 2005 and 2013 imports of agricultural products increased rapidly and reached $13.214 Billion by year 2012-13 ending 21 March whereas agricultural imports in 2004 stood at $3.5 billion.[68] 
As of 2015, Iran is among the world’s top four buyers of wheat, barley and rice and one of the 10 largest importers of raw sugar.[73] It has been reported that some imported wheat has been resold into the Iranian government's farmer purchasing scheme at a profit because of lack of import duties for wheat and barley, thus artificially increasing imports at the expense of domestic production.[74] Imports of agricultural products at year 2014-15 ending 21 March stood at 12 billion dollars, and for the following year ending 21 March 2016 stood at 9 billion dollars. 
Iran is signatory to bi-lateral protocols that set the standards for many of its agricultural imports including meat and wheat. The protocols are usually negotiated on a country-by-country basis and it's commonplace for Iran to inspect produce prior to shipment. 
Roughly one-third of Iran's total surface area is suited for farmland, but because of poor soil and lack of adequate water distribution in many areas, most of it is not under cultivation. Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation (arable land, orchards and vineyards) but less than one-third of the cultivated area is irrigated; the rest is devoted to dryland farming. Some 92 percent of agro products depend on water.[1] The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. 
At the end of the 20th century, agricultural activities accounted for about one-fifth of Iran's gross domestic product (GDP) and employed a comparable proportion of the workforce. Most farms are small, less than 25 acres (10 hectares), and are not economically viable, which has contributed to the wide-scale migration to cities. In addition to water scarcity and areas of poor soil, seed is of low quality and farming techniques are antiquated. 
The wide range of temperature fluctuation in different parts of the country and the multiplicity of climatic zones make it possible to cultivate a diverse variety of crops, including cereals (wheat, barley, rice, and maize (corn)), fruits (dates, figs, pomegranates, melons, and grapes), vegetables, cotton, sugar beets, sugarcane and pistachios (World's largest producer with 40% of the world's output in 2005[8]), nuts, olives, spices e.g. saffron (World's largest producer with 81% of the world's total output),[9] raisin(world's third largest producer & second largest exporter[10]), tea, tobacco, Berberis(world's largest producer[11]) and medicinal herbs.[12] More than 2,000 plant species are grown in Iran; only 100 of which are being used in pharmaceutical industries. The land covered by Iran's natural flora is four times that of Europe.[13] 
The market mechanism for agricultural products is not particularly developed given the traditional nature of the agricultural sector and the numerous governmental interventions in the market prices. The market mainly consists of a large number of retail traders who purchase the crops from the farmers in small quantities and bring them to the major traders in the bazaar, which is the system that was the predecessor to the modern markets. In order to improve market efficiency and transparency, the Iranian government has allowed trading of agricultural products on the Iran Mercantile Exchange (IME) for the past seven years. 
With the subsidies reform plan implemented, many experts are hopeful that not only will government intervention and price distortions in agricultural products be reduced, but also that a fundamental restructuring will take place in the agriculture sector. The government has recently quadrupled bread prices as part of the plan and is planning to liberalise the market completely. In addition, the pricing of a number of other products that was previously done by the government is now to be left to the market mechanism. 
Wheat, rice, and barley are the country's major crops. The Iranian grain sector is highly regulated. Producers receive subsidised access to input costs such as fertiliser and pesticides, as well as a guaranteed support price for their crops.[14] 
Wheat: In 2007 Iran exported close to 600,000 tones of wheat (out of a production of 15 million tonnes).[15] Approximately 6 million tons of wheat will be purchased from 15 countries in 2009 because of the drought in 2008, thus making Iran the largest wheat importer in the world.[16][17] Wheat production reached 14 million tons in 2010.[18] According to the FAO, Iran is the 12th leading producer of wheat in the world, with an average production of 14 million tons in 2011.[19] 
Rice: Iran's total rice production stands at 2.2 million tons per annum whereas annual consumption is about three million tons (2008).[4] Iran has imported about 630,000 tons of rice from UAE, Pakistan and Uruguay worth $271 million in 2008 and 1.4 million tons of rice, worth $800 million in 2009.[20][21] Iran's rice imports drop by 40% in 2010.[22] Iran’s rice production in 2011 was 2.4 million tons, which increased from a total of 2.3 million tons in the previous year.[19] Iran has 3,800 rice milling units (2009).[23] The average per capita consumption of rice in Iran is 45.5 kg, which makes Iranians the 13th biggest rice consumers.[24] Rice is mostly produced in northern Iran. Rice has been cultivated for many years in Mazandaran and Gilan Province of Iran. In Northern Province, many indica rice cultivars including Tarom, Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, Neda and Gharib have been bred by farmers.[25] 
Pistachio: Iran ranks the world's largest pistachio producer and exporter followed by USA and Turkey. After oil and carpets, pistachios are Iran's biggest exports: about 200,000 tons for $840 million in 2008.[28] More than 350,000 people earn a living from the nut, most of them in vast groves of the desert oases in southeast.[8][29] Iran's share in the global pistachio market reached 50 percent in 2010.[30] 
Saffron: Saffron is cultivated in many regions of the country, the provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan in the northeast have the highest production share. Iran's saffron is exported to the United Arab Emirates, Spain, Japan, Turkmenistan, France, Italy and US.[31] The northeastern Khorasan Razavi province exported 57 tons of saffron worth $156.5 million to 41 countries in 2010.[32] The high production cost comes from the exhaustive process of extracting the stamens from the flower and the amount of flowers necessary to produce small amounts of spice but the process is in the process of being automated now. Iran is the largest producer of Saffron with 93.7% of the world's total production. 
Tea: Tea production rose to 190,000 tons in 2007 from 130,000 tons in 2004. 75,000 tons of tea is smuggled into Iran each year (2008).[33] 
Horticulture: Close to 19 million tons of horticultural crops will be produced by the end of Fourth Plan (2005–10).[34] 
Fruits: Iran exported more than 35,000 tons of citrus fruits valued at $20.8 million to 36 countries in 2008.[35] Iran is anmong the largest producers of berries and stone fruits in the world, especially pomegranates, dates, figs and cherries.[11] See also: Fruit in Iran. 
Iranian shepherds moving their sheep. North-western Iran, winter 2008. 
The raising of poultry for eggs and meat is prevalent. One area where production infrastructure has progressed rapidly is the poultry sector. The face of the industry has now been transformed dramatically so that the entire supply chain process can take place domestically.[14] 
Iran has also a large dairy industry and imported close to two million tonnes of feed grain annually in 2006. The raising of pigs is forbidden in Iran due to Islamic law.[36] 
Production of livestock increased over the past three years to reach 11.3 million tons in 2008 from the 10.6 million tons in 2007, and 9.9 million tons in 2006.[37] Meat processing capacity is at 400,000 tons and 140 production units (2009).[23] In 2008, per capita meat consumption was 26 kg.[38] Iran produced 950,000 tons of red meat and 1,600,000 tons of chicken in 2010.[18] 
One government-owned enterprise, the Northern Sheelat Company, was established in 1952, and a second, the Southern Sheelat Company, was established in 1961. In recent years, illegal and off-season fishing, discharge of industrial and agricultural pollutants, overfishing by other Caspian littoral states, and other unfavorable conditions have endangered Caspian fish resources. Between 1990 and 2004, Iran’s total annual Caspian Sea catch declined from 98,000 tons to 32,533 tons, including 463 tons of sturgeon, which yields high-quality caviar.[39] 
The southern catch either is used directly by households and restaurants or processed and preserved by industry. Expansion of the fishery infrastructure would enable the country to harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from the southern waters. However, increased pollution from the oil industry and other enterprises poses a serious threat to this area’s fishing industry.[39] 
Since the Revolution, increased attention has been focused on producing fish from inland waters. Between 1976 and 2004, the combined take from inland waters by the state and private sectors increased from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons.[39] 
Important fish include sturgeon (yielding its roe for caviar), bream, whitefish, salmon, mullet, carp, catfish, perch, and roach. More than 200 species of fish are found in the Persian Gulf, 150 of which are edible, including shrimps and prawns. 
Some 692,000 tons of aquatics will be produced across the country by the end of the 2008, of which 236,000 tons would be bred and the rest fished from the sea. Per capita consumption of seafood in Iran will reach 8.5 kg by March 2009 and 10 kg a year later.[40] 
Caviar: Iranian caviar export is expected to reach $22 million by March 2009.[41] Iran is the world's largest producer and exporter of caviar in the world, exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.[42][43] 
Plant Protection Organization 
History 
Land use and irrigation 
Research and development 
Exports 
See also 
Foodstuff 
Agriculture has a long history and tradition in Iran. As early as 10,000 BCE, the earliest known domestication of the goat had taken place in the Iranian plateau.[45] By 5000BCE, wine was being fermented in Iran,[46] and by as early as 7th century CE, the windmill had been invented in Persia for the first time in history.[47][48] 
Fruits such as the peach first found their way into Europe from Persia, as indicated by their Latin name, persica, from which (by way of the French) we have the English word "peach." [49] As did Tulips, which were also first cultivated in ancient Persia [50][51] and spinach, the word Spinach itself derived from the Persian word اسفناج Esfenaj. The Chinese referred to it in 647CE as 'the herb of Persia'. In 400BCE, a form of ice cream was in use in Persia,[52][53] and the ancestor of the cookie is said to have come from Persia (from the Persian koolucheh) in the 7th century according to many sources.[54][55] 
World Ranking Commodity; (Source: FAO)[11] 1st Pistachio, Berberis (Zereshk), Caviar, Saffron, Stone fruits, Berries 2nd Dates, Apricots 3rd Watermelons, Cherries, Cantaloupes & other melons, Apples, Figs, Gherkins 4th Sheep Stocks (Flocks), Fresh Fruits, Quinces, Wool, Almonds, Walnuts 5th Anise, Badian, Fennel, Corian, Chickpeas, Silk worm cocoons 6th Hazelnut, Buffalo milk, Tomatoes 7th Grapes, Onions, Sour cherries, Sheep milk, Kiwifruit 8th Spices, Peach, Nectarines, Tangerine, Mandarin orange, Clementines, Lemons & Limes, Oranges, Goat milk, Pumpkins, Squash & Gourds 9th Lentils 10th Persimmons, Tea, Natural honey 11th Hempseed 12th Citrus fruits, Wheat, Plum and sloes 13th Melon-seeds, Hen eggs, Eggplants (Aubergines) 14th Sugar beet, Fresh vegetables, Barley, Potatoes 15th Safflower seed, Artichoke 
The Codex Commission of Food Stuff, established in 2002 is in charge of setting and developing standards and quality and health regulations, related to the production of and trade in raw agricultural products and food stuffs, in accordance with the different global standards. 
Iran Customs and the Iran Veterinary Organization are the policing bodies for imported food products, including dairy. 
Meat imports require written authorization from the Ministries of Commerce and Agricultural Jihad. The Iranian Government insists on the presence of Shiite clergymen and inspections by the Veterinary Organization during any livestock slaughter. 
The Plant Protection Organization is in charge of issuing export and import licenses for all kinds of plants and parts thereof including bulbs, cuttings, roots, fruits, saplings, and seeds, as well as the issuance of licenses - which are solely of a technical nature - for importation, exportation, production, transformation and packaging of all kinds of pesticides, herbicides, and plant hormones.[75] 
Attention to the food and nutrition status of Iranian people has been made since Institute of Nutrition and Food Science of Iran (INFSI) was established by Dr. Habibollah Hedayat in 1961. 
In 2005, Iran's first genetically modified (GM) rice was approved by national authorities and is being grown commercially for human consumption. In addition to GM rice, Iran has produced several GM plants in the laboratory, such as insect-resistant maize; cotton; potatoes and sugar beets; herbicide-resistant canola; salinity- and drought-tolerant wheat; and blight-resistant maize and wheat.[76] Yet, despite the controversy surrounding GM food and government restrictions on the production of biotech products, Iran imports $5 billion of genetically modified crops a year because of laxed laws (2015).[77] 
There are different ongoing research in agricultural fields in Iran which are mostly focused on local problems and requirements. Iran has also a very focused and intensive nanotechnology research program for agricultural applications.[78] 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Sep11.pdf 1 2 3 Archived December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Iran Daily: Pistachio Exports Up Retrieved November 10, 2008 Archived May 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Iran Holds a 50% Share in World Pistachio Market". 
Retrieved July 31, 2009. ↑ "Blue Planet On Line - Speciale "Sviluppo sostenibile"". Catpress.com. Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ "Windmill, an Encarta Encyclopedia Article Titled "Windmill"". 
Web.utk.edu. 
Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ "Birds and All Nature: The Peach". 
Birdnature.com. 
Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ "Flower of the Month Club". 
Flowermonthclub.com. Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ "A Tale of the Tulip". Pss.uvm.edu. 
Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ KryssTal : Inventions: 1000 BC to 1 BC Archived June 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Inventions: Do you want to know more about when things started than that smart-aleck who habitually occupies the stool next to". Mmdtkw.org. Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm ↑ http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/cookies.htm ↑ Richard W. Bulliet. 
Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History. Columbia University Press. 
ISBN 0231519877. ↑ http://iranpulse.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/07/2353/iran-becoming-uninhabitable-says-former-agriculture-minister/ ↑ http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1010293.html ↑ "BBC Persian". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090806115322/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3461/html/economy.htm. 
Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. 
Retrieved February 19, 2016. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 06/26/07 Archived March 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090628150953/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3270/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. 
Retrieved February 19, 2016. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20081208084200/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3237/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2016. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090817173245/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3289/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. 
Retrieved February 19, 2016. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "Composite fruits production is more than country's needs". Iananews.com. Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/iranian-president-rouhani-should-promote-agricultural-reform.html ↑ http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj4%284%29/7.pdf 1 2 تجارت ۱۸٫۴ میلیارد دلاری غذایی و کشاورزی ایران در سال ۹۲ شبکه خبری صنایع غذایی ایران ↑ Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). 
"The Business Year 2013: Iran". London, U.K.: The Business Year: 82. ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7. 
1 2 "Iran's foodstuff exports near $1b". tehran times. 
Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ Archived July 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/55fb9ece-38c5-11e2-981c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2JrYnyNBf ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2015-07-05. ↑ https://uk.news.yahoo.com/iran-slaps-import-duty-wheat-barley-hurting-hope-120236721.html#mbCvVw8 ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2011-06-22. ↑ "Iranian scientists produce GM rice : Middle East Onlypunjab.com- Onlypunjab.com Latest News". Onlypunjab.com. 
Retrieved 2012-01-21. ↑ http://www.payvand.com/news/15/jul/1053.html ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-03-15. ↑ http://www.talksofindia.com/benefits-saffron-cultivation-saffron-india-facts-of-saffron/ 
3% of the total land area is used for grazing and small fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts ("Dasht's") of Central Iran. 
The non-agricultural surface represents 53% of the total area of Iran, as follows: 
39% of the country is covered by deserts, salt flats ("kavirs") and bare-rock mountains, not suited for agricultural purposes. An additional 7% of Iran's total surface is covered by woodlands. And 7% is covered by cities, towns, villages, industrial areas and roads. 
Further, after the 1979 revolution many agricultural workers claimed ownership rights and forcibly occupied large, privately owned farms where they had been employed. The legal disputes that arose from this situation remained unresolved through the 1980s, and many owners put off making large capital investments that would have improved farm productivity, further deteriorating production. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s, however, improved agricultural productivity marginally, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production. 
Average annual rainfall is 800 mm but in Iran the annual rainfall is only 220 mm.[3] Overall, Iran's soil is not well suited for large scale agriculture. About 12 percent of the country's total land area of 1,636,000 km² is cultivated. Still, 63% of the cultivable lands have not been used, and 185,000 km² of the present farms are being used with 50 to 60% capacity.[4] 
Both irrigated and rain-fed farming are used in Iran. In 2005, some 13.05 million hectares of land was under cultivation, of which 50.45% was allocated to irrigated farming and the remaining 49.55% to rain-fed system.[5] As of 2013, The amount of cultivated land that is irrigated increased to 8 million hectares, while 10 million hectares remain rain-fed.[6] 
Agriculture in Iran 
Sugar: In 2008, Iran had a shortage of 400,000 tons to 600,000 tons of sugar nationwide.[26] Sugar companies suffered from massive imports of cheap sugar over the past few years, which led to a 50% drop in the capacity of the sugar industry’s production in 2008. The lack of import tariffs was the main reason for the domestic sugar industry suffering in this manner.[27] 
The remainder is distributed among western forests (3.6 million hectares), southern forests (434,000 hectares), desert forests (620,000 hectares), and forests scattered in other locations.[39] Supervised by the Department of Natural Resources, the Caspian forests produced 820,000 cubic meters of timber products in 2004, more than 90 percent of which was for industrial use.[39] The largest and most valuable woodland areas are in the Caspian region and the northern slopes of the Elburz Mts., where many of the forests are commercially exploitable and include both hardwoods and softwoods. Although forests and pastures are nationalized and 12 percent of forested land is nominally protected, forest destruction by the private sector is routine.[39] Limited forest areas, mismanagement, and destruction have compelled Iran to import lumber and wood products. In addition, forest fires destroy 20,000 hectares of forest area each year.[39] Between 1954 and 2004, an estimated 41 percent of Iran’s forest land was lost.[39] According to the former director of Iran’s Department of Environment (Iran), the rate of destruction of forestland amounts to 100,000 hectares per year.[44] The cutting of trees is rigidly controlled by the government, which also has a reforestation program. 
Cast 
Welcome to Waikiki[1] (Hangul: 으라차차 와이키키; RR: Eurachacha Waikiki) is a 2018 youth South Korean television series starring Kim Jung-hyun, Lee Yi-kyung and Son Seung-won. It airs on JTBC's Mondays and Tuesdays at 23:00 KST time slot, premiered on February 5, 2018.[2][3] 
The story of three men who come to run a failing guesthouse called Waikiki. Complications spark when their guesthouse is visited by a single mother and her baby. 
JTBC Worldwide. JTBC Content Hub. Retrieved February 6, 2018. ↑ Yang, Ji-yeon. "'으라차차 와이키키', 김정현X이이경X손승원 청춘 3인방 출연 확정(공식)". 
Naver (in Korean). 
Sedaily. 
Retrieved January 20, 2018. ↑ "<으라차차 와이키키> 김정현, 아기 안고 멍뭉美 발산! 훈훈 케미 뽐내는 스틸 컷 공개!". iMBC (in Korean). 
MBC&iMBC. Retrieved January 20, 2018. ↑ "Ryu Hwa-young considers "Laughter in Waikiki"". 
HanCinema. 
TV Report. 
Retrieved January 20, 2018. ↑ Jang, Ah-reum. "[N컷] 김정현·손승원·이이경, '와이키키' 첫 리딩…청춘★ 포텐 기대". Naver (in Korean). 
News1 Korea. Retrieved January 20, 2018. ↑ "[공식입장] '으라차차 와이키키', 4회 연장 확정..4월 17일 종영" (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-03-06. ↑ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". 
Welcome to Waikiki Promotional poster Also known as Waikiki Laughter in Waikiki Go Go Waikiki Woohoo Waikiki Original title 으라차차 와이키키 Genre Comedy Written by Kim Ki-ho Directed by Lee Chang-min Starring Kim Jung-hyun Lee Yi-kyung Son Seung-won Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 20 Production Executive producer(s) Baek Chang-ju Hahm Young-hoon Park Jin-hyung Park Joon-seo Producer(s) Park Jong-eun Production company(s) C-JeS Production Drama House Distributor JTBC Release Original network JTBC Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05) – present (present) External links Website 
Kim Jung-hyun as Kang Dong-gu 
A kind-hearted young man but is an "icon of misfortune" who dreams of becoming a movie director. 
Lee Yi-kyung as Cheon Joon-ki 
The son of an A-list actor who wants to follow the footsteps of his father but is now an actor who lands minor roles. 
Son Seung-won as Bong Doo-sik 
A freelance writer who barely receives works. 
Jung In-sun as Yoon-ah 
A single mother. 
Ko Won-hee as Kang Seo-jin 
Dong-gu's sister who wants to be a journalist. 
Lee Joo-woo as Min Soo-ah 
Dong-gu's ex-girlfriend, a famous model. 
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. 
Welcome to Waikiki 
The architecture 
Feminist theory as it relates to architecture has forged the way for the rediscovery of such female architects as Eileen Gray. These women imagined an architecture that challenged the way the traditional family would live. They practiced architecture with what they considered feminist theories or approaches. 
In Dolores Hayden's book The Grand Domestic Revolution she explains the ways in which "a lost feminine tradition" led to a "redefining of house work and the housing needs of women and their families, push[ing] architects and urban planners to reconsider the effects of design on family life".[1] This idea of the changing needs of the family can be seen in the houses of Truus Schröder, Eileen Gray and LeCorbusier's Villa Stein de-Monzie. The Rietveld Schröder House is an excellent example of the way that the "modern" lives of the family demanded a new architecture. 
"The Schröder House was not only a creative work of artistic design but offered its users a new environment in which to redefine family life, women's rights and the responsibilities of individuals and to each other"[2] 
The movable walls and partitions give a sense of consciousness and an overall feeling that the architecture was built with a greater purpose. The fact that Truus Schröder's beliefs in the family and as the house playing a part in the family; the house almost as a member. Truus Schröder is closely related to Dutch and European feminism of the twentieth century, based on her goals for her house. 
Eileen Gray's E-1027 is another example of feminist theory being applied to architecture. 
Much like Schröder, Gray designed an architecture that would address the needs of the occupants and the new family unit. Gray worked within the model of modern architecture, LeCorbusier's "5 points of new architecture" for example as well as addressing the issues of the building or home as an experience.[3] 
Like E1027 and The Schroder House, Villa Stein de Monzie was rediscovered through feminist theory. More well known is the way in which this house called gender relations and the way in which the relationship between men and women was negotiated in a new way.[4] 
This house is of particular importance in feminist theory because it called into question the typical domestic group and gender relations. This domestic group that included a married couple and a woman with her child called domestic space into question. 
Feminism and modern architecture 
↑ "Страница не найдена 404". www.cikrf.ru. ↑ "Совет Федерации назначил выборы президента на 18 марта". РБК. Retrieved 15 December 2017. 
1 2 "Russia's Putin wins by big margin". BBC News. 
18 March 2018. 
Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↑ "Putin Says No Plans To Change Constitution For Now". 
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 
18 March 2018. ↑ "Putin Announces He Will Run For Reelection in March". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ↑ "It's Official: Putin Says He'll Run for Re-Election". 
Bloomberg L.P. 6 December 2017. 
Retrieved 7 December 2017. ↑ Walker, Shaun (6 December 2017). 
"Vladimir Putin makes it official – he's running for re-election in 2018". The Guardian. 
ISSN 0261-3077. 
Retrieved 7 December 2017. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-navalny-echr/russian-opposition-leaders-fraud-conviction-arbitrary-europes-top-rights-court-says-idUSKBN1CM1D7 ↑ Stefanov, Mike (22 December 2008). Russian presidential term extended to 6 years. CNN. 
Retrieved 1 May 2017. ↑ Chapter 4. 
The President of the Russian Federation. Constitution of the Russian Federation. ↑ Medvedev Signs Off on Election, Party Signature Laws. Sputnik News. 
Published 5 February 2012. 
Retrieved 1 May 2017. ↑ "Совет Федерации объявил начало кампании по выборам президента России". 
Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 15 December 2017. ↑ "Поправки в законы о выборах могут принять к июню, считает Клишас" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 
7 March 2017. ↑ "Федеральный закон от 10.01.2003 г. № 19-ФЗ" (in Russian). 
Kremlin.ru. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ↑ "Russia To Move 2018 Presidential Vote To Day Marking Seizure of Crimea". 
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 
Retrieved 27 April 2017. ↑ "Внесены изменения в закон о выборах Президента Российской Федерации". Президент России (in Russian). Retrieved 1 June 2017. ↑ Russian presidential election date set as March 18. 
The 2018 Russian presidential election was held on 18 March 2018.[2] Incumbent President Vladimir Putin won re-election to a fourth term with about 77% of the votes, avoiding a run-off election.[3] Putin is no longer considering any future candidacy for president.[4] 
On 6 December 2017, Putin announced that he would seek re-election for a second consecutive term and fourth term overall.[5] Putin was generally expected to win based on opinion polls.[6][7] 
Other candidates in the election included Pavel Grudinin of the Communist Party who received around 12% of the vote (the lowest ever for the Communist Party) and Vladimir Zhirinovsky of the LDPR who received around 6% of the vote. Alexei Navalny was prohibited from running due to a previous conviction for corruption—his supporters and international observers have asserted that his conviction was politically motivated.[8] 
Russian presidential election, 2018 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Introduction to Subway Ridership". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Retrieved April 26, 2015. ↑ "web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/final_summary_report.pdf" (PDF). ↑ "MTA releases Second Avenue subway images". ↑ "Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7-line". 
ISBN 978-0-8018-8054-4. ↑ "Metropolitan Transportation Authority Description and Board Structure Covering Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2009. 
Retrieved March 13, 2016. ↑ "What is the largest metro system in the world?". CityMetric. Retrieved March 13, 2016. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "How to Ride the Subway". 
Retrieved November 17, 2013. ↑ "Should New York's Subway Map Embrace NJ's PATH Trains?". Curbed NY. Retrieved March 13, 2016. ↑ "AirTrain – Ground Transportation – John F. Kennedy International Airport – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey". www.panynj.gov. 
Retrieved March 13, 2016. 1 2 "MTA/New York City Transit – Where MetroCard Is Accepted". web.mta.info. 
Retrieved March 13, 2016. ↑ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Years Ended December 31, 2011 and 2010" (PDF). 
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). 
May 2, 2012. p. 148. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2013. 
Retrieved July 14, 2014. ↑ "Subways". 
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). 
April 2, 2013. 
Retrieved April 26, 2015. ↑ Emma G. Fitzsimmons (November 16, 2014). 
"M.T.A. Expected to Raise Fares and Tolls". 
The New York Times. 
Retrieved November 18, 2014. ↑ Goldstein, Jack (October 8, 2013). 
101 Amazing Facts About New York. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781783333059. 
1 2 Brennan, Joseph (2005). 
"They found the tube in excellent condition". Beach Pneumatic. 
Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008. ↑ "Inventor of the Week: Archive". March 6, 2014. 
Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. ↑ "The Pneumatic Tunnel Under Broadway (1870)". nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008. (extract from Scientific American March 5, 1870) ↑ nycsubway.org—Beach Pneumatic Transit ↑ Blankinger, Kari (March 1, 2016). 
New York City Subway Top: A 1 train made up of R62A cars leaves the 125th Street station. 
Bottom: An E train made up of R160A cars enters the Chambers Street–World Trade Center station. 
Overview Owner New York City Locale New York City Transit type Rapid transit Number of lines 36 lines[note 1] 25 services (1 planned)[note 2] Number of stations 472[1] (MTA total count)[note 3][note 4] 424 unique stations[note 4][1] (when compared to international standards) 1 under construction[note 5] 14 planned[note 3] Daily ridership 5,655,755 (weekdays, 2016)[1] 3,202,388 (Saturdays, 2016)[1] 2,555,814 (Sundays, 2016)[1] Annual ridership 1,756,814,800 (2016)[1] Website mta.info/nyct Operation Began operation October 27, 1904 (Original subway) July 3, 1868[6] (first elevated, rapid transit operation) October 9, 1863 (first railroad operation)[note 6] Operator(s) New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) Number of vehicles 6,418[7] Headway Peak hours: 2–5 minutes[8] Off-peak: 10–20 minutes[8] Technical System length 7005394289280000000♠245 miles (394 km)[9] (route length) 691 mi (1,112 km)[9] (track length, revenue) 850 mi (1,370 km)[10] (track length, total) Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge[10] Electrification 600–650 V (DC) third rail; normally 625V[10][11] Average speed 17 mph (27 km/h)[12] Top speed 55 mph (89 km/h)[12] System map 
Overall, the system contains 236 miles (380 km) of routes,[20][10] translating into 665 miles (1,070 km) of revenue track;[10] and a total of 850 miles (1,370 km) including non-revenue trackage.[10] 
Career 
Early life and education 
She is known for designs with clean modernist elements such as slick, clean, and shiny surfaces made of glass, marble, and metals. She also uses squares and cubes, which can be found in her designs in various degrees. Large windows allow natural light to enter a space and create a fluid transition between interior and exterior. 
Kazuyo Sejima, along with and Ryue Nishizawa, has worked on several projects in Germany, Switzerland, France, England, the Netherlands, United States, and Spain. Many of their designs like the Rolex Learning Center at EPFL the New Museum in the Bowery District in New York City as well as the Glass Pavilion for the Toledo Museum of Art involve glass and public open space to interact with the world around the architecture. Such design elements can be found abundantly in their designs. 
In 2010, Sejima was the second woman to receive the Pritzker Prize, which was awarded jointly with Ryue Nishizawa.[1] 
[1] 
Kazuyo Sejima 
History 
Board games 
Azadi Football Stadium is the biggest venue for Iranian football. It is also the world's fourth largest soccer stadium. 
Tehran, for example, was the first city in West Asia to host the Asian Games in 1974, and continues to host and participate in major international sporting events to this day. Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Iran's national sport, however today, football is the most popular sport in Iran. Because of economic sanctions, the annual government's budget for sport was about $80 million in 2010 or about $1 per person.[1] 
Sports and athletic exercises were among the most fundamental daily pursuits of the people in Ancient Iran. 
The society attached special status to sportsmen who thanks to their physical strength and courage, defended their family and homeland when the need arose. 
Championship sports: see also: National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran Sports education: see also: Education in Iran Public sport: see also: Health in Iran 
It is believed that Polo first originated in Persia ages ago. The poet Firdowsi described royal polo tournaments in his 9th century epic, the Shahnameh. Polo competitions are the subject of many traditional paintings in Iran. 
Despite the emphasis in Islam on learning the equestrian arts, in modern times, especially after the 1979 Iranian revolution, the equestrian sports fell out of favor in Iran, as they were associated with the aristocracy. However, recent signs suggest that it may be witnessing a comeback,[5] with renewed interest in the sport. 
Horse racing is a very popular sport between Turkmens of Iran, and there are two great Gymnasium of horse racing at Gonbad Kavous and Bandar Torkaman. Competitions are not international and not broadcast but considerable prizes are given to winners. Lottery only for horse racing (and archery) is not prohibited in Islam. 
Atousa Pourkashiyan, Iranian chess Woman Grandmaster. 
The origin of chess is a disputed issue, but evidence exists to give credence to the theory that chess originated in Persia, and later found its way into the Indian subcontinent. For example, the earliest recorded history of chess is to be found in Persian writing, and the earliest chess pieces found also being from Persia. All of this evidence lends weight to the theory that chess in Persia (Shatranj) pre-dated chess in India (Chatrang). 
Traditional sports 
Sports categories 
Other sports 
Budget 
Polo 
Wrestling 
Sportswomen 
See also 
Attendance at sporting events 
Basketball 
Weightlifting 
Hiking and climbing sports 
Skiing 
2012 Olympics 
Association football 
Tennis 
Futsal 
Volleyball 
Iran sport organization 
Bodybuilding 
Martial arts 
Martial arts have gained popularity in Iran in the past 20 years. Kyokushin, shotokan, wushu, and taekwondo are the most popular. 
Gondola lift carry skiers and other visitors to Tochal mountain near Tehran. 
Iran is home to numerous mountainous regions, many of which are suitable for skiing, and snowboarding and are gaining increasing popularity among foreign visitors. 
Today, 13 ski resorts operate in Iran, the most famous being Tochal, Dizin, and Shemshak. All are within one to three hours traveling time of Tehran. Potentially suitable terrain can also be found in Lorestan, Mazandaran, and other provinces. 
The resort's longest slope is the south side U shaped slope which goes from the Seventh station to Fifth station. The other two slopes are located on the north side of the Seventh station. Here, there are two parallel chair ski lifts that go up to 3,900 m near Tochal's peak (at 4,000 m), rising higher than the gondola Seventh station stations. 
From the Tochal peak, one has a spectacular view of the Alborz range, including the 5,610 metres (18,406 ft) high Mount Damavand, a dormant volcano. 
Hikers flock to trails like Tangeh Savashi which leads to several waterfalls in a remote part of the Alborz range. 
Due to the wealth of mountains, climbing sports are widely popular in Iran. Both the Zagros and Alborz ranges provide plenty of opportunities for the novice and advanced alike. 
Hiking and trekking enthusiasts find opportunities in locations like Alamut and Tangeh Savashi to enjoy the rustic surroundings, as well as a relatively challenging climb. 
Iran national volleyball team in Rio, Brazil 2016. Olympic games 
The Iran national volleyball team is among the strongest teams in the world, and the Iranian Youth and Junior (Under-19 and Under-21) national teams are among the top three strongest teams in the world, winning medals in Boys' U19 Volleyball World Championship and Men's U21 Volleyball World Championship in recent years. In the 2007 Men's U21 Volleyball World Championship, the Iranians were successful at earning a bronze medal. Also, in late August 2007, the Iran national under-19 volleyball team surprised many by winning the gold medal in the Volleyball World Championship in Mexico, after beating France and China in the semi-finals and finals respectively and marking the first such international gold medal for an Iranian team sport. 
Futsal is practiced both at the amateur and professional level, partly because of lacking suitable soccer fields. The Iran national futsal team, that presently is the fourth strongest national team after Brazil, Spain and Italy according to the FIFA Rankings. 
This team has won the AFC Futsal Championship nine times out of the ten times held and reached five times to FIFA Futsal World Cup. Iran also has a nationwide Super Futsal League. 
The tennis entertainer Mansour Bahrami is Iranian, as well as his tennis partner Ramin Raziyani. 
Another popular sport in Iran is rallying. Female drivers have been allowed to participate in national rally tournaments, including Iran's successful female driver Laleh Seddigh. 
Since the 1979 Iranian revolution, though never explicitly declared in the law, women were barred from attending men's football, swimming and wrestling competitions.[6] In April 2006, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad speculated about allowing women back into the stadiums.[7] It is uncertain if this measure would gain approval, since many hard-line clerics have voiced their opposition.[8] However, women are generally free to attend indoor sports events. 
Retrieved on 2010-02-23. ↑ "Polo comes back home to Iran". 22 September 2005 – via bbc.co.uk. ↑ Iran football ticket 'glitch' gave female fans hope - BBC, 4 September 2017 ↑ BBC: Sporting chance for Iranian women, 24 April 2006 ↑ Frances Harrison, BBC: Iran clergy angry over women fans, 26 April 2006 
They were welcomed everywhere with much enthusiasm, the people took much pride in their sportsmen and praised and admired them for their courageous deeds. 
According to their religious teaching, the Iranian Zoroastrians in their prayers sought first the beauties of heaven and then physical strength and mental power. They believed in a healthy and powerful body. 
The ancient Iranians attached spiritual meaning to their spoils activities which they modeled on their weapons. Even the Mages (religious sages) while engaging in prayers in their temples held a mace in their hands, not unlike the British bishops who hung swords on their belts... 
Avesta, the sacred book of the ancient religions of Iran glorifies the champions and sportsmen as much, if not more than saints and men of God. The older generation made arrangements for the ancient narratives and epics to be read to the young either from books or from those who had learned them from their elders. 
This tradition has survived until today and outlived the rest of ages. Thus, even today, it can be observed that among the tribes and in the tea houses storytelling is practiced with the same enthusiasm as it was in bygone ages. 
The extent to which the Iranians were interested in their heroes and champions is revealed, among other things, by the fact that in the Persian language there are over 30 words to label the concept of a hero or champion. 
In Ancient Iran, youths under 24 years of age received thorough training in the sport of their time which included miming, horsemanship, polo, dart throwing, wrestling, boxing, archery, and fencing. They were taught under conditions of severe hardship so that when the need arose they could endure the adverse conditions of war such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, heat, cold, etc. 
As of 2015, only 20 percent of Iranians are physically active while the world average is 60 percent.[2] 30% of Iranian youths never play any sports.[3] 
Iran has achieved a significant victory in London 2012 Olympics. Iranian Team has won 12 medals including 4 Gold Medals. This is the best performance of a Middle Eastern country ever in the history of Summer Olympics. 
Since 1979, women athletes have been subject to strict requirements when competing in Iran or abroad, with the Iranian Olympic Committee stating that "severe punishment will be meted out to those who do not follow Islamic rules during sporting competitions". The committee banned women athletes from competing in Olympic events where a male referee could come into physical contact with them.[4] At the 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics combined, a total of six women represented Iran. 
In 2016, Iran made global headlines for international female community after Iran got its first golden medal achieved by a women. This also was a record in the MENA region. 
1935: National Sports Association 1960: Integration into the Education Ministry 1971: Sports and Recreation Organization 1977: Dissolution and fusion with the Education Ministry (for the 2nd time) 1979–present: Independent Physical Education Organization (part of the Government) 2011: Proposal in Parliament to merge the National Youth Organization with the Physical Education Organization. 
The annual government's budget for sport was about $80 million in 2010 or about $1 per person.[1] 
Bodybuilding in Iran is very popular among the younger generation. Some professional bodybuilders of Iranian descent include Javad Nabavi, Mohamad Farokh, Ali Tabrizi, Hamid Manafi and Zohair Al Karbelaie ("Arnold" of Fallah)! 
Wrestling has a very long tradition and history in Iran and often even referred to as its national sport. There are many styles of folk wrestling, from Varzesh-e Pahlavani to Zurkhaneh which have similarities with modern freestyle wrestling. 
Both freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, particularly freestyle, are popular in Iran. Mazandaran is the main power in the country and wrestling is part of its culture. Tehran, Kermanshah, Khorasan and Hamedan also produce many talented wrestlers. 
With a history of great wrestlers, such as Gholamreza Takhti (two-time champion at freestyle wrestling World Championships: 1959 and 1961), Iran is considered among the elite nations in this sport. 
A billiard club in Nishapur 
Football is the most popular sport in Iran. Iran has been able to reach the FIFA World Cup four times (1978, 1998, 2006 and 2014), won the AFC Asian Cup three times (1968, 1972 and 1976), and four times has reached to gold medal at the Asian Games (1974, 1990, 1998 and 2002). 
Particularly in the past 10 years, with the launch of Iran's Premier Football League, considerable progress has been made. Some Iranian players now play in major European leagues, and some Iranian clubs have hired European players or coaches. 
Iranian clubs (Esteghlal and Pas) have three times won the Asian Club Championship (1970, 1991, 1993), but the last championship of an Iranian team at AFC Champions League dated back to the 1992-1993 season. 
Like all other sports, adequate football facilities are limited in Iran. Iran's largest football stadium is the Azadi Stadium, with a seating capacity of 100,000. Home Stadium of Esteghlal and Perspolis (Most Popular Iranian Clubs) and where that national matches are held. 
Hamed Haddadi, Iran's most prominent basketball player. 
The clubs have begun hiring strong foreign players and coaches into their roster. The national team participated in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, finishing 1-3. They competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, thanks to their gold medal in the 2007 FIBA Asia Championship, their first ever continental crown. 
Strength sports like weightlifting, powerlifting and bodybuilding have always held favor among Iranians and with the recent success of world record-holding super-heavyweight lifter Hossein Reza Zadeh, or Sidney Olympics gold medalist, Hossein Tavakoli, the sport has been returned to a rather high status. 
Cho Cho is the wife of current president of Myanmar, Win Myint. 
Early Life and Family 
Cho Cho First Lady of Myanmar Incumbent Assumed office 28 March 2018 Preceded by Khin Thet Htay Personal details Spouse(s) Win Myint 
They have one son and one daughter. Their son died in 16 years old while Win Myint was being held at the Yemon detention centre, in Bago Region. He was allowed out to attend the donation ceremony one week after the death.[1] 
She became the spouse of Pyithu Hluttaw speaker in 2016, and became the first lady of Myanmar in 2018. 
↑ "Cho Cho". 
Cho Cho 
Khin Thet Htay (Burmese: ခင်သက်ဌေး, [?]) is the former acting First Lady of Myanmar, the wife of Myint Swe, the acting President of Myanmar from 21 March 2018 to 30 March 2018. She became acting First Lady of the country when her spouse became acting President. She is the current Spouse of First Vice President of Myanmar since 30 March 2016.[1][2][3] She also served as Vice President of Myanmar Women's Affairs Federation on early 2009.[4] 
Khin Thet Htay First Lady of Myanmar (acting) In office 21 March 2018 – 30 March 2018 President Myint Swe (acting) Preceded by Su Su Lwin Succeeded by Cho Cho Spouse of First Vice President of Myanmar Incumbent Assumed office 30 March 2016 Vice President Myint Swe Preceded by Shwe Hmone Vice President of Myanmar Women's Affairs Federation In office early 2009 – ? Personal details Born Burma Spouse(s) Myint Swe Children 2 
Retrieved 30 March 2018. ↑ "Outstanding women honoured on Myanmar Women's Day". Ministry of Information (Myanmar). Retrieved 30 March 2018. ↑ "Union Government provides midday meals to members of the Sangha". 
Khin Thet Htay 
Awards and nominations 
Kim made his debut in the film Overman, which premiered at the 2015 Busan International Film Festival.[1] He gained attention in 2016 with his role as Gong Hyo-jin's little brother in the romance comedy Don't Dare to Dream.[2] Thereafter, he starred in historical drama The Rebel, playing Yoon Kyun-sang's rival.[3] The same year, he was cast in MBC's 2-episode series, And Spring alongside Han Sun-hwa.[4] 
In 2017, he played the male lead in KBS2's teen drama School 2017.[5] Later in the year Kim was cast in a lead role in KBS2 drama special "Buzzcut Love" which was telecast in November.[6] 
Filmography 
Kim Jung-hyun (April 5, 1990) is a South Korean actor. He has starred in dramas such as Don't Dare to Dream, The Rebel and is best known for his role in the KBS2 teen drama School 2017. 
Kim Jung-hyun (actor, born 1990) 
July 17, 2016. ↑ "[TV체크] '역적' 김정현, 수련 중 섬뜩한 냉(冷) 미소 포착". Sports Donga (in Korean). March 26, 2017. ↑ "Sunhwa Confirmed as Lead Role for MBC Special Drama "And Spring"". 
November 23, 2016. ↑ "[공식] '학교2017' 측 "김정현·장동윤, 주연 확정"…김세정과 호흡". My Daily (in Korean). June 6, 2017. ↑ Kim Nae-hee (November 3, 2017). "[공식입장] 김정현, KBS2 드라마 스페셜 '까까머리의 연애' 주연 캐스팅". 
December 18, 2017. ↑ "Winners of the 2017 MBC Drama Awards". Hancinema. December 30, 2017. ↑ "[2017 KBS 연기대상] 김영철·천호진 공동대상…'쌈마이' 최다 수상 (종합)". sports.donga.com (in Korean). 
Islamic taxes are taxes sanctioned by Islamic law.[1] They are based on both "the legal status of taxable land" and on "the communal or religious status of the taxpayer".[1] 
Islamic taxes include 
zakat - one of the five pillars of Islam. Only imposed on Muslims, it is generally described as a 2.5% tax on savings to be donated to the Muslim poor and needy.[1][2] It was a tax collected by the Islamic state. jizya - a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects—dhimmis—permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law, the tax excluded the poor, women, children and the elderly.[1][3][4][5] (see below) kharaj - a land tax at first imposed only on non-Muslims but which was later imposed on Muslims as well.[1] ushr - a 10% tax on the harvests of irrigated land and 10% tax on harvest from rain-watered land and 5% on Land dependent on well water.[2] The term has also been used for a 10% tax on merchandise imported from states that taxed the Muslims on their products.[6] Caliph `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb was the first Muslim ruler to levy ushr. 
According to scholar Murat Çizakça, only zakat, jizya and kharaj are mentioned in the Buktasira.[7] 
Ushur or ushr, in early Islam, is a 5 percent for irrigated lands or 10 percent for non-irrigated lands levy on agriculture produce. Caliph Umar expanded the scope of ushr to include border trade tax.[8] It literally means a tenth part,[9] and it remained in practice in Islamic ruled territories from Spain and North Africa through India and Southeast Asia through the 18th century.[10] Ushur was applied only on non-Muslim traders, at a rate of 10% of the value of the merchandise that was either imported or exported across the border controlled by the Islamic state. It applied to non-Muslim traders who were residents of the Islamic state (dhimmi), as well as to non-Muslim traders who were foreigners and wished to sell their merchandise inside the Islamic state.[8] Historical medieval era trade documents between Oman and India, refer to this tax on ships arriving at trade port as ashur or ushur.[11] The tax created an incentive for non-Muslim traders to convert into Muslims thereby escape the Ushr tax disadvantage. 
Islamic taxes 
1 2 Volker Nienhaus (2006), Zakat, taxes and public finance in Islam, in Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas (Editors: Sohrab Behdad, Farhad Nomani), ISBN 978-0415368230, pp. 176–189 ↑ HJ Paris, Finances Publiques at Google Books, Vol. 
44, pp. 88-90 ↑ Olivia Remie Constable (1996), Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521565035, pp 126-134 ↑ Roxani Eleni Margariti, Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0807830765, pp. 128-133 
In Islamic theology 
References 
In Islamic jurisprudence 
Family name 
Adl (Arabic: عدل‎, ʻAdl) is an Arabic word meaning 'justice', and is also one of the names of God in Islam. 
Adel, and Adeel are male names derived from Adl and are common throughout the Muslim worlds and Arab. 
The Foundations of Justice for Legal Guardians, Governors, Princes, Meritorious Rulers, and Kings (Usman dan Fodio) 
Adl, as used by early theorists of Islamic jurisprudence, referred to an aspect of an individual's character.[1] This aspect is best translated as probity. Although Adl, as used by many religious scholars today, is loosely used as meaning solely justice, one must look more closely at how and why religious scholars choose to use this word. 
The conception of this term varies between Shiites and Sunnis. Shiites tend to believe that God is rationally just, that men inherently know the difference between good and evil, and that we have complete free will. Sunnis, in contrast, believe that God is necessarily just, that revelation, the Qur'an, is the only way to know good and evil, and that men are afforded some volition within predestination. 
The origin of the modern family name Adl is from the titles of nobility given to Iranian jurists at the end of the 19th century, that were related by family ties. Notably, these jurists included Hajj Mirza Hossein (also known as Hossein Shah) whose title was Adl-ol-molk (Justice of the Kingdom), Seid Mirza Ebrahim Khalil whose title was Rokn-ol-edaleh (Pillar of Justice), and Mirza Mostafa Khan Adl whose title was Mansoor-ol-saltaneh (the Victorious of the Empire). The latter, Mostafa Adl, drafted Iran's modern civil code (hoghough-e-madani) shortly after the Iranian Revolution of 1903–1905, which was enacted by the then parliament and is still being used today by the present regime. 
How to Pronounce ʻAdl Do you like your name 
Adl 
Al Jamea tus Saifiyah is the Dawoodi Bohra theological university, which was founded in Surat, India[23] in 1814 AD(1224AH)by the 43rd Dai Moulana Abdeali Saifuddin who named it ‘Dars-e-Saifee". A second campus was founded in 1983 located in the northern foothills of Karachi, Pakistan. 
The focus on literacy and education has meant that the community has a high percentage of degree holders and professionals both male and female with a high number of doctors, lawyers, architects, engineers, teachers and IT professionals in the community in addition to the large number of businessmen and industrialists. 
↑ "Why Bohra Muslims are so enamoured of Narendra Modi". ↑ "Society: Why we work". 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paul, Eva (2006). 
Die Dawoodi Bohras – eine indische Gemeinschaft in Ostafrika (PDF). Beiträge zur 1. Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung. ↑ Kumar Suresh Singh; Rajendra Behari Lal; Anthropological Survey of India (2003). 
Retrieved 9 March 2013. ↑ malumaat.co Archived 28 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ malumaat.com Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "V K Singh lauds Dawoodi Bohra community's role in 'Operation Rahat'". timesofindia-economictimes. 
Chapter 2 1 2 Shia-crescent.com: Defending the Imam of our time 1 2 CHAPTER NINETEEN: ON AL-REZA'S WORDS ON THE SIGN OF THE IMAM ↑ Imamreza.net: Recognition of the Holy Imams in the Light of Traditions: Imam Ali Ibn Musa Al-Riza : ‘Ithbat Al-Hudat, Vol. 
In 1997, Arsenal explored the possibility of relocating to a new stadium, having been denied planning permission by Islington Council to expand its home ground of Highbury. After considering various options (including purchasing Wembley Stadium), the club bought an industrial and waste disposal estate in Ashburton Grove in 2000. A year later, they received the council's approval to build a stadium on the site; manager Arsène Wenger described this as the "biggest decision in Arsenal's history" since the board appointed Herbert Chapman.[6] Relocation began in 2002, but financial difficulties delayed work until February 2004. 
A board displaying the acquisition of the Ashburton Grove site for the stadium development. 
Arsenal organised another bond scheme in order to generate funds for the new stadium and redevelopment of Highbury. 
The Emirates Stadium under construction in May 2005 
An aerial view of the Emirates Stadium and surrounding area. Arsenal's former stadium Highbury, which has since been redeveloped into Highbury Square is visible. 
Cannons positioned outside the stadium. 
The stadium has also been used for a number of international friendly matches all of which have featured the Brazil national football team. The first match was against Argentina on 3 September 2006 which ended in a 3–0 victory for Brazil.[123] 
Brazil v Argentina 3 September 2006 Brazil 3–0 Argentina London 16:00 BST Elano 3', 67' Kaká 89' Report Stadium: Emirates Stadium[123] Attendance: 59,032 Referee: Steve Bennett (England) 
Brazil v Portugal 5 February 2007 Brazil 0–2 Portugal London 20:00 GMT Report Simão 82' Carvalho 90' Stadium: Emirates Stadium[124] Attendance: 59,793 Referee: Martin Atkinson (England) 
Brazil v Sweden 26 March 2008 Brazil 1–0 Sweden London 19:45 GMT Pato 72' Report Stadium: Emirates Stadium[125] Attendance: 60,021 Referee: Mike Riley (England) 
Brazil v Italy 9 February 2009 Brazil 2–0 Italy London 19:45 GMT Elano 13' Robinho 27' Report Stadium: Emirates Stadium[126] Attendance: 60,077 Referee: Howard Webb (England) 
Brazil v Republic of Ireland 2 March 2010 Brazil 2–0 Republic of Ireland London 20:05 GMT Andrews 44' (o.g.) 
Robinho 76' Report Stadium: Emirates Stadium[127] Attendance: 40,082 Referee: Mike Dean (England) 
Brazil v Scotland 27 March 2011 Brazil 2–0 Scotland London 14:00 GMT Neymar 42', 77' (pen.) 
Report Stadium: Emirates Stadium[128] Attendance: 53,087 Referee: Howard Webb (England) 
Brazil v Chile 29 March 2015 Brazil 1–0 Chile London 15:00 GMT Firmino 73' Stadium: Emirates Stadium[129] 
Retrieved 19 February 2012. ↑ Spurling, p. 85. ↑ Media Group, Arsenal (24 September 2009). "Arsenal celebrates Highbury Square opening". www.arsenal.com. The Arsenal Football Club plc. 
Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. 
Retrieved 7 July 2016. ↑ "Statement of Accounts and Annual Report 2009/10" (PDF). www.arsenal.com. 
Arsenal Holdings plc. 
24 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. 
Retrieved 7 July 2016. ↑ Fletcher, Martin (11 May 2005). "Out of the inferno". 
The Guardian. 
London. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ↑ Mullen, Tom (29 May 2015). "Heysel disaster: English football's forgotten tragedy?". 
BBC News. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ↑ Watson, Leon (26 April 2016). "Hillsborough verdicts: Police to blame for disaster in which 96 Liverpool fans were unlawfully killed, jury concludes". 
Retrieved 5 June 2013. 1 2 Sinnott, John (3 September 2006). 
"Brazil 3–0 Argentina". BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 March 2012. ↑ "Arsenal to host Brazil v Portugal". 
Emirates Stadium UEFA Location Highbury, London, N5, England[1] Coordinates 51°33′18″N 0°6′31″W / 51.55500°N 0.10861°W / 51.55500; -0.10861Coordinates: 51°33′18″N 0°6′31″W / 51.55500°N 0.10861°W / 51.55500; -0.10861 Public transit Arsenal Owner Arsenal Holdings plc Operator Arsenal Holdings plc Executive suites 152 Capacity 59,867[2] Record attendance 60,161 (Arsenal vs Manchester United, 3 November 2007)[3] Field size 105 by 68 metres (114.8 yd × 74.4 yd) Surface GrassMaster Construction Broke ground February 2004 Opened 22 July 2006 Construction cost £390 million[4] Architect HOK Sport[5] Structural engineer Buro Happold Services engineer Buro Happold General contractor Sir Robert McAlpine Tenants Arsenal (2006–present) 
The Emirates Stadium (known as Ashburton Grove prior to sponsorship, and as Arsenal Stadium for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in Highbury, London, England, and the home of Arsenal Football Club. With a capacity of nearly 60,000, it is the third-largest football stadium in England after Wembley Stadium and Old Trafford. 
Emirates Stadium 
One of the murals installed on the stadium as a result of the Arsenalisation project. 
Participating nations 
Handover ceremony 
The Games 
Venues 
The 2019 Southeast Asian Games will be the 30th edition of the Southeast Asian Games, a biennial regional multi-sport event which will be hosted by the Philippines from November 30 to December 9, 2019.[1] 
With Brunei's withdrawal, the Philippines had expressed its interest to host the Games[8][9][10] Vietnam, the 2021 Southeast Asian Games host, was also offered to host this edition, but declined.[11] and on July 10, 2015, the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) announced that the Philippines will be hosting the Games.[12] Davao City and Manila were touted as the top candidates for the main host city of the Games.[13] Cebu City[14] and Albay[15] also expressed interest in hosting some events. 
The venues of the Games will be concentrated in the Central Luzon region with most of the events to be hosted in Subic, the province of Bulacan[27], and New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac.[28] The opening ceremony will be held at the Philippine Arena in Bulacan.[27] 
All 11 members of Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF) are expected to take part in the 2019 SEA Games. Below is a list of all the participating NOCs. 
Brunei 
XXX Southeast Asian Games Host city Various (primarily in Central Luzon, Philippines) Nations participating 11 Athletes participating TBA Events TBA Opening ceremony November 30 Closing ceremony December 9 Officially opened by President of the Philippines (expected) Main venue Philippine Arena < Kuala Lumpur 2017 Hanoi 2021 > 
The hosting rights were originally awarded to Brunei Darussalam,[2] but the country pulled out days before the 2015 Southeast Asian Games due to "financial and logistical reasons."[3] 
The Philippines was set to host the games, after Brunei's withdrawal. However, the Philippines' hosting was left uncertain following the withdrawal of government support on July 2017 as it plans to use the funds intended for the games on the rehabilitation of Marawi after being occupied by ISIS supporters. Thailand was willing to step in if no other countries expressed interest to host.[4] Eventually, the Philippines reversed its withdrawal of support and announced that it accepted the hosting of the Games on August 16.[5] 
On 18 July 2012, Brunei was selected to host the 30th Southeast Asian Games. Brunei previous and only hosting of the tournament was the 1999 edition wherein they placed seventh overall. The country was slated to host the 2017 edition but the Sultanate wanted to host these Games instead of the former.[2] Brunei planned to upgrade its sports facilities and build a new national stadium in Salambigar to accommodate the Games.[6] However, on 4 June 2015, Brunei withdrew its hosting rights at the meeting in the Southeast Asian Games Federation Council after the said country's Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports had failed to give support for the said Games.[7] The withdrawal of Brunei's hosting rights were also due to the country's lack of sporting facilities, accommodation, and preparation of their athletes.[3] 
During the closing ceremony of the 2017 SEA Games in Kuala Lumpur, the symbolic SEA Games Federation council flag was handed over by outgoing Malaysian Olympic Committee president HRH Tunku Tan Sri Imran to then-Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) president Jose "Peping" Cojuangco, who in turn passed the flag to Foreign Affairs Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano, who will be the Chairman of organizing committee for 2019 games.[21] In contrast of other closing ceremonies held throughout the SEA Games, only a video promoting tourism in the Philippines was presented instead of a grand presentation for the next host country. The reasons for this is that the Philippine Olympic Committee decided to call off the performance which is said to be costly at PhP8 million. Another reason is to give focus on the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia).[22][23] 
Unlike the 2005 SEA Games, the 2019 SEA Games adopted a different organizing structure for the Philippine SEA Games Organizing Committee (PhilSOC). According to Philippine Sports Commission chairman William Ramirez, it will be Foreign Affairs Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano, the organizing committee chairman, who will be on top of things this time and not the Philippine Olympic Committee president who did the job in 2005.[24] Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri was initially the head of the organizing committee before he was replaced by Cayetano.[25] 
On the 23rd January 2018, construction of a 20,000-seater athletics stadium and a 2,000-seater aquatics center has commenced in New Clark City which will serve as the venues for athletics and water sports, respectively. The upcoming sports venues are also some of the components of the first phase of the city's development.[29] 
The list of sports to be contested at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games will be finalized by November 2018.[26] 
↑ Giongco, Nick (9 March 2018). "10-day Manila SEAG slated". Tempo. 
Retrieved 9 March 2018. 1 2 Jason Thomas (18 July 2012). "SEA GAMES 'Brunei to host 2019 Games'". 
Retrieved 7 June 2015. ↑ "PH to host 2019 SEA Games after Brunei, Vietnam decline". Manila Bulletin. 12 July 2015. 
Retrieved 12 July 2015. ↑ "Philippines set to host 2019 SEA Games". 
Rappler. 
11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. 1 2 "PH withdraws hosting of 2019 SEA games". 
ABS-CBN News. 
21 July 2017. 
Retrieved 21 July 2017. ↑ "CCSC eyes Seag hosting". Sun.Star Cebu. 
20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016. ↑ "After successful Palaro, Albay eyes 2019 SEAG". The Philippine Star. 
18 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016. ↑ Escarlote, Mark (21 July 2017). "PHI withdraws from hosting 2019 Southeast Asian Games". 
"Clark to serve as main hub of '19 SEAG?". The Philippine Star. 
Retrieved 24 January 2018. ↑ Naredo, Camille B. (29 August 2017). 
"No grand performance from PH at SEA Games' closing ceremony". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ↑ "Why POC cancelled PH performance at SEA Games closing". 
ABS-CBN News. 
30 August 2017. 
Retrieved 22 March 2018. ↑ "Philippines to host 2019 games but not in Manila". 
The Star. 19 August 2017. 
Retrieved 22 March 2018. ↑ Cordero, Abac (10 October 2017). 
"Cayetano to call shots for 2019 SEAG". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ↑ "Sea Games 2019 hosting still on". 
Sun Star Davao. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017. 
1 2 Giongco, Nick (22 March 2018). 
"POC sets first major SEAG meeting". 
Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 22 March 2018. 1 2 "Cayetano puts 2019 SEAG hosting in motion". 
Manila Bulletin. 4 March 2018. 
Retrieved 5 March 2018. ↑ Navarro, June (9 March 2018). 
"New Clark City to serve as 2019 SEA Games hub". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 9 March 2018. ↑ "PH begins construction of 'world-class' facilities as it gears up to host 2019 SEA Games". 
2019 Southeast Asian Games 
Host city 
Jakabaring, Palembang which covered the area of more than 45,000 square metres was the athletes village (wisma atlet) during the games. It is located in front of Jakabaring Stadium (Gelora Sriwijaya).[18] 
The official Logo of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games is a Garuda image, which also the national symbol of Indonesia. The logo that depicts the philosophy of "Garuda Flight above Indonesia Nature”.[29][30] Physical appearance of Garuda represents strength, while its wings epitomises glory and splendor. The upper green strokes symbolise the islands, forests, and mountainous terrain of the Indonesia archipelago, while the blue strokes epitomises the vast Nusantara ocean which unifies differences. 
The 2011 Southeast Asian Games's first theme song, "Ayo Indonesia Bisa" was composed by Yovie Widianto and sung by vocalist Ello featuring Sherina Munaf duet vocalist pop music soloist, was the official theme anthem of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games. The second theme song "Kita Bisa" was composed by Yovie Widianto and sung by Dudi Nuno, Dikta Nuno, Ello, Judika, Terry, Astrid and Lala Karmela (credited as Yovie and Friends). A music video of the second theme song, featuring the singers and Indonesian athletes and accompanied by the Victorian Phillaharmonic Orchestra was also released. 
The athletes from host country Indonesia marching during 26th SEA Games opening ceremony, Friday, 11 November 2011. Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, Palembang, Indonesia. 
The 2011 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 26th Southeast Asian Games (Indonesian: Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2011) was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia.[3] It was Indonesia's fourth time to host the Southeast Asian Games, and its first since 1997. Previously, Indonesia also hosted the 1979 games and the 1989 games. Around 4965 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games which featured 545 events in 42 sports. 
Prior to the games, the capital city of Jakarta has been the host of Southeast Asian Games for three times, namely in 1979, 1987, and 1997, while Palembang is the third SEA Games host city which is not the national capital, after Chiang Mai (1995) and Nakhon Ratchasima (2007), Thailand. The games was held from 11 to 22 November 2011, although several events had commenced from 3 November 2011. The games was opened by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the President of Indonesia at the Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium. 
Palembang, the capital city of South Sumatra was the main host of the games,[4][5] while the nation's capital Jakarta was the co-host.[6][7] As the main host, Palembang only held 22 of 42 sports, the rest was held by the co-host city. Palembang also hosted the opening and closing ceremonies.[8] 
Initially, the government had named four provinces as candidates to host the SEA Games 2011, namely Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, and South Sumatra. However this idea has been discarded and hosting rights was granted to only two provinces, Jakarta and South Sumatra. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono had suggested that this could simplify hosting and organization while reducing costs.[9] 
Venues Sports Dempo Hall Gymnastics (aerobic) Dempo Sport Complex Weightlifting Gedung Serbaguna Jakabaring Wrestling Jakabaring Sport Complex Aquatics (Swimming, diving, synchronised swimming), athletics, baseball, football, finswimming, pétanque, roller skating, shooting, softball, tennis and soft tennis, volleyball (beach), wall climbing, water skiing Jakabaring Billiard Arena Cue sports Jayakarta Hotel Chess Lumban Tirta Arena Aquatics (water polo) Ranau Gymnastic Hall Gymnastics (artistic and rhythmic) SPC Jakabaring Sepak takraw Swarna Dwipa Hotel Bridge University of Sriwijaya (Fieldhouse and Sriwijaya Sport Hall) Boxing, volleyball (indoor) 
The arena of Padepokan Pencak Silat Indonesia is the venue for Indonesian traditional martial art, pencak silat 
Venues Sports Ancol Dreamland Cycling (BMX), Sailing Arthayasa Stables and Country Club Equestrian Bowling Jaya Ancol Bowling Gelanggang Remaja Tanjung Priok Vovinam Gelora Bung Karno Football Gunung Mas Paragliding Gunung Pancar Cycling (MTB) Jagorawi Country Club Golf, Lawn bowls Lake Cipule Canoeing/kayaking, rowing, traditional boat race Lebak Bulus Stadium Football Kelapa Gading Judo Center Judo Kelapa Gading Sports Mall Basketball Padepokan Pencak Silat Pencak silat POPKI Sport Hall Futsal, Taekwondo Putri Island Aquatics (Open-water swimming) Senayan Sport Complex: Istora Senayan, Lapangan ABC, Tennis Indoor Archery, badminton, karate, wushu Soemantri Brodjonegoro Stadium Table tennis Subang Road Cycling (road race) University of Indonesia Fencing Rawamangun Velodrome Cycling (track) Ciracas Sport Hall Kenpo 
Mascot 
Sports 
Opening ceremony 
The official mascots of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games are a pair of Komodo dragons named Modo and Modi.[34] Modo is a male Komodo dragon wearing a blue traditional Indonesian costume and a batik sarong, while Modi is a female Komodo dragon wearing a red kebaya with a batik sash and pants. The mascots were adopted from Komodo dragons, an endemic Indonesian fauna native to Komodo, Rinca, and Padar islands in East Nusa Tenggara. The mascots were introduced and launched 200 days before the SEA Games XXVI, on Monday 25 April 2011 in three places: in Jakarta, Tanah Airku Theatre in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Selamat Datang Monument in Central Jakarta.[35] "Modo" is a short name for Komodo, while "Modo-Modi" is a modified spelling of Muda-Mudi which means "youth" in Indonesian language, derived from pemuda (male youth) and pemudi (female youth). 
Modo and Modi mascots at one of the SEA Games venue. 
The fireworks after the torch lighting marked the beginning of XXVI Southeast Asia Games 2011 in Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia, Friday, 11 November 2011. 
The opening ceremony officially began at 7:00 pm on 11 November 2011 in Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium. The date was chosen because its unique numbers of the date 11 November 2011 (11.11.11). The main event of opening ceremony with musical and dance performances and also parade of athletes of participating nations, were held in Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium. 
The closing ceremony was held on 22 November 2011 at Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium. During the closing ceremony, Indonesia, the hosts and the overall champions of the games, passed the SEA Games Federation flag to Myanmar, the host of the next edition of the games. Lala Karmela performed the Southeast Asian Games song "Kita Bisa" just after the torch was extinguished. 
↑ 2011 SEA Games Calendar ↑ see header ↑ "S. Sumatra aims to complete SEA Games preparations in 4 months". The Jakarta Post. 13 April 2011. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Only Two Cities to Host SEA Games". 21 July 2010. 
Retrieved 28 November 2009. ↑ "Indonesia Targetkan Juara Umum SEA Games 2011". 8 August 2010. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. 
Retrieved 28 November 2009. ↑ "Indonesian President Makes Jakarta a Co-host For 2011 Southeast Asian Games". 7 August 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010. ↑ pt. kompas cyber media (14 January 2011). 
"Jumlah Nomor Tidak Akan Berkurang Banyak". 
Nasional.kompas.com. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ ‘Modo and Modi’ mascots unveiled | The Jakarta Post ↑ "2 provinces enough for 2011 SEA Games: SBY". 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. 
Retrieved 8 August 2010. ↑ "Panitia SEA Games diumumkan Januari 2011". 
Waspada.co.id. 30 December 2010. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ ↑ pt. kompas cyber media. "SEA Games Butuh Biaya Rp 2,1 T". Olahraga.kompas.com. 
Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Duh, SEA Games akan Gunakan Anggaran Pendidikan Rp 600 Miliar | Republika Online". Republika.co.id. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ Fatkurohman (FK). 
"FKcenter: Sea Games 2011 Berbasis Lingkungan". 
Fkcenter.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Gubernur: Lingkungan SEA Games `Area Bebas Rokok`". 
Gresnews.com. 
8 December 2010. 
Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Media Indonesia Mobile". M.mediaindonesia.com. 
23 February 2009. 
Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. 1 2 "SEAGAMES 26th". 
Seag2011.com. 6 September 2006. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ http://www.dapunta.com/wisma-atlet-sea-games-segera-dibangun-di-palembang.html ↑ "Bandara Diperluas Jelang Sea Games 2011 | Trijaya FM Palembang". Trijayafmplg.net. 5 September 2010. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Suara Karya Online". Suara Karya Online. 29 September 2010. 
Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Dishubkominfo Sumsel Siapkan Ratusan Bus Untuk SEA Games | Trijaya FM Palembang". Trijayafmplg.net. 
9 November 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Preparations for the SEA Games still mired in chaos". The Jakarta Post. 
25 May 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga Republik Indonesia". Kemenpora.go.id. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "300 Hari Jelang SEA Games Digelar di TMII". 
Tempointeraktif.Com. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Hitung Mundur SEA Games 2011 Dimulai". 11 November 2010. 
Retrieved 11 November 2010. ↑ Torch Relay Day 1 – Borobudur ↑ "Flame for SEA Games is from Merapen". Archived from the original on 2011-09-01. ↑ Diposkan oleh Admin (13 November 2010). "26th SEA Games Indonesia 2011: Api SEA Games Akan Diambil Dari Merapen". 
Seagames26th.blogspot.com. 
Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ "Burung Garuda : Logo of 2011 Indonesia SEA Games". 
Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. ↑ "Burung Garuda : Logo of 2011 Indonesia SEA Games". Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ↑ http://www.dapunta.com/presiden-harapkan-sea-games-2011-kembalikan-kejayaan-indonesia.html ↑ "VIVAnews – Garuda Jadi Logo SEA Games 2011". Sport.vivanews.com. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ Diposkan oleh Admin (14 January 2011). 
"26th SEA Games Indonesia 2011: Maskot SEA Games 2011 Diresmikan". Seagames26th.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. 
Retrieved 2 June 2011. ↑ Maskot SEA Games Modo-Modi Resmi Diluncurkan ↑ "Maskot Gajah Batal Digunakan di SEA Games 2011". 
12 July 2010. 
Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ↑ "'Kita Bisa' Yovie Jadi Official Song SEA Games XXVI". 
Retrieved 14 November 2011. ↑ "Agnes Monica and Jaclyn Victor Collaboration in SEA Games". Retrieved 14 November 2011. 1 2 3 4 5 Haryanto Tri Wibowo, Zaky Al-Yamani. 
"SEA Games 2011 Kembali Raih Sponsor Utama". VIVAnews. Retrieved 7 November 2011. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Prestige Sponsors". The Official Website 26th SEA Games Jakarta-Palembang 11–22 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011. ↑ "TEC News and Media: 11 November 2011 Sriwijaya - A Golden Peninsula". theelectriccanvas.com.au. 
Retrieved 15 December 2013. ↑ Kisah Kejayaaan Sriwijaya Menjadi Tema Pembukaan SEA Games ↑ Pembukaan SEA Games Akan Tampilkan Kejayaan Sriwijaya ↑ Indonesia's Best Talents Involved in the SEA Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies ↑ Dazzling SEA Games opens ↑ Khmerbird:Cambodia to Send 163 Athletes to Attend 26th SEA Games in Indonesia ↑ BOLA.net ↑ Almost as many officials and observers as athletes for the Games ↑ (၂၆)ၾကိမ္ေျမာက္အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွအားကစားၿပိဳင္ပြဲသို႕ ဝင္ေရာက္ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္မည့္ ျမန္မာအားကစားအဖြဲ႕၏ အင္အားစာရင္း ↑ PSC, private backers to send 512 SEAG bets ↑ SNOC issues final list of 419 athletes who will represent Singapore at SEA Games ↑ www.komchadluek.net ↑ "Indonesia 2011". 14 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009. ↑ "SEA Games Tetap di Empat Provinsi". 
XXVI Southeast Asian Games Host city Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia Motto United and Rising (Indonesian: Bersatu dan Bangkit) Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 4965 Events 545 in 42 sports[1] Opening ceremony 11 November Closing ceremony 22 November[2] Officially opened by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono President of Indonesia Athlete's Oath Dedeh Erawati Judge's Oath Eko Sunarto Torch lighter Susi Susanti Ceremony venue Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium Website 2011 Southeast Asian Games < Vientiane 2009 Naypyidaw 2013 > 
The final medal tally was led by host Indonesia, followed by Thailand and Vietnam, while Timor-Leste won its first ever Southeast Asian Games gold medal. Several Games and national records were broken during the games. Though there were several controversies, the Games were deemed generally successful with its promotion for conservative effort on endangered fauna species namely the komodo dragon through the mascot and with the rising standard of competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations. 
Palembang Jakarta Co-hosts of 2011 Southeast Asian Games 
The Indonesia, or INASOC, was the organising body for the games. The President of INASOC is Rita Subowo, who is also the President of the Indonesia Olympic Committee, with Rahmat Gobel, an Indonesian entrepreneur and the President of Panasonic Gobel Indonesia became its director-general.[10][11] Indonesian Government Budget of 2010 gave a total of 350 billion rupiahs (≈US$38.7 million) for the games, while the budget of 2011 gave a total of 2.1 trillion rupiahs (≈US$230 million).[12] According to Indonesian Minister of Youth and Sports, Andi Mallarangeng, the government of Indonesia added 1 trillion rupiahs (± US$110 million) from the government budget for the games, including 600 billions from the budget for education sector, and funds from sponsorship.[13] The government of South Sumatra declared its commitment to incorporate eco-policy with the games.[14] All venues during the games are smoking-free area.[15] Palembang as the first city outside Jakarta to host the SEA Games was facing some environmental problems due to development for the games.[16] 
Venues in Palembang[17] 
Jakabaring Aquatic Center, the venue of aquatic sports 
Venues in Jakarta[17] 
2011 Southeast Asian Games 
Athletes village 
Hosting tally 
Country Event hosted Year hosted Thailand 3 1959, 1967, 1975 Malaysia 2 1965, 1971 Burma 2 1961, 1969 Singapore 1 1973 Cambodia – 19632 Laos – – South Vietnam – – Hosting tallies from SEA Peninsular Games 1959 to 1975. 
↑ "New Clark City gears up for PH's hosting of 30th SEA Games". Philippine Information Agency. 
Since the Southeast Asian Games began in 1959, it has been held in 15 different cities across all Southeast Asian countries except Cambodia and East Timor. 
1959, 1967, 1975, 1985 1961, 1969 1965, 1971, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2017 1973, 1983, 1993, 2015 1979, 1987, 1997, 2011 1981, 1991, 2005, 2019 1995 1999 2003, 2021 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2023 Location of the Southeast Asian Games host 
List of Southeast Asian Games host cities 
Closing ceremony 
Participating nations 
The games 
Mascot 
Venues 
References 
Development and preparation 
Host city 
Songs 
Logo 
Opening ceremony 
Marketing 
VII ASEAN Para Games Host city Naypyidaw, Myanmar Motto Friendship, Equality and Unity Nations participating 10 Athletes participating 1482 Events 359 in 12 sports Opening ceremony 14 January Closing ceremony 20 January Officially opened by Sai Mauk Kham Vice President of Myanmar Officially closed by Nyan Tun Vice President of Myanmar Athlete's Oath Min Min Phyo Judge's Oath Mya Lay Phyu Torch lighter U Kyaw Khaing Ceremony venue Wunna Theikdi Stadium Website 2014 ASEAN Para Games < Surakarta 2011 Singapore 2015 > 
The 2014 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 7th ASEAN Para Games was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held in Naypyidaw, Myanmar three weeks after the closing of the 2013 Southeast Asian Games from 14 to 20 January 2014.[1][2][3][4] This was the first time Myanmar hosted the ASEAN Para Games.[5] 
Myanmar is the sixth country to host the ASEAN Para Games after Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia. Around 1482 athletes participated at the games which featured 359 events in 12 sports. It was opened by President of Myanmar, U Thein Sein at the Wunna Theikdi Stadium. 
The final medal tally was led by Indonesia, followed by Thailand and Malaysia with host Myanmar in fifth place. Several Games and National records were broken during the games. The games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of disabled sports competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations. 
The 7th ASEAN Para Games was held in Naypyidaw, Myanmar and[6] it was also for the very first time Myanmar host the ASEAN Para Games. 
The Naypyidaw ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee (NAPGOC) was established under the guidance of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation[8] to ensure the success of the 2014 ASEAN Para Games. 
The logo of the 2014 ASEAN Para Games is the shape of Myanmar Map depicted as a sprinter who is in the energetic momentum. The colour of the map yellow, green and red, also the colours of the flag of Myanmar represents Myanmar as the host of the games while the sprinter in the logo who hold the Asean Para Sports Federation logo at the tips of the finger represents the successful holding of the 7th ASEAN Para Games in Myanmar.[19] 
The Official mascot of the 2014 ASEAN Para Games is an owl named Ko Zee Gwet, meaning brother owl in Burmese. It is said in Myanmar which is described as a country with civilisation, replicas of Owl are kept by people as lucky charms in their living rooms, work places and shops. The adoption of the owl is meant to represent good luck and hope for the games' successful hosting.[20] 
Two songs were composed for the 2014 ASEAN Para Games. They were "Para Games" composed by a Myanmar singer which is the games theme song and "It means to you all" composed by Soe Moe Htet. 
Vice President Sai Mauk Kham officially opened the 7th ASEAN Para Games.[21]Torch relay was passed through the hands of nine former Myanmar athletes. For the lighting of the ASEAN Para Games flame, the 11 gold medalist athletic player U Kyaw Khaing lit the flame to the top of the flower cauldron by javelin to the target and the flame fired to the top of the cauldron. Then, the ceremony continued by the 4 performances - Myanmar traditional and culture dances- including the performance called " The bank of Pollen " which was performed by hundreds of the deaf children from Mary Chafmine School. 
The ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was officially handed over to Singapore, host of the 2015 ASEAN Para Games. Kelvin Tan from Singapore entertained with an incredible song " Treasure Every Moment " accompanied by wheel chair Samba dance. After that, the ceremony was concluded by the performance " We'll meet again " which was also performed at the 27th SEA Games Myanmar closing ceremony and then songs were sung by Myanmar famous singers and kids.[23] 
The number of athletes competed for each nation is shown in parenthesis. Around 1482 athletes had participated in the games.[24] 
2014 ASEAN Para Games 
Retrieved 3 June 2010. ↑ "Junta Builds Stadium in Bid to Host 2013 SEA Games". Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010. ↑ "OCM Confident Myanmar Can Host 2013 SEA Games Successfully". 
Retrieved 3 June 2010. ↑ "Myanmar prepares for the 2013 Southeast Asian Games". 
Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. 
Retrieved 5 January 2012. ↑ "Opening Ceremony of 7th ASEAN Para Games in Nay Pyi Taw". ↑ "About". 
27th SEA Games. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. 
Retrieved 22 December 2013. ↑ "Myanmar to host 2013 SEA Games". Retrieved 3 June 2010. ↑ "Asean Para Sports Federation". Retrieved 15 October 2015. ↑ https://sg.news.yahoo.com/philippine-wheelchair-cage-team-bags-bronze-asean-para-172632992.html ↑ https://pt.scribd.com/mobile/document/200069201/16-Jan-14-nlm ↑ http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/X-aoz33EQTe/ASEAN+Para+Games/Ak12v8iFjuD ↑ https://www.scribd.com/mobile/document/200545245/18-Jan-14-nlm ↑ http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs17/NLM2014-01-19-red.pdf ↑ http://www.myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/2014en/?q=briefing-room/news/2014/01/19/id-3200 ↑ http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/02/10/malaysian-blind-football-team-clinches-silver-at-asian-paragames/ ↑ http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/asean-para-games-nurulasyiqah-lands-boccia-gold-swimmer-goh-makes-it-3-on-the-trot ↑ https://www.scribd.com/document/200832556/20-Jan-14-nlm ↑ https://docgo.org/download/documents/17-jan-14-nlm ↑ Logo Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Mascots Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Opening ceremony of 7th ASEAN Para Games". ↑ https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/latest-news/asean-para-games-opened-naypyidaw.html ↑ http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs17/NLM2014-01-21-red.pdf ↑ http://www.snpc.org.sg/myanmar-2014/ ↑ "Timor Leste excluded due to IPC suspension". 
Legacy 
Second World War 
Military career and education 
Early reign 
Marriage 
Illness and death 
Early life 
On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, the King went to London Airport[lower-alpha 2] to see off Princess Elizabeth, who was going on her tour of Australia via Kenya. 
2 ↑ Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 17–18 1 2 3 Matthew, H. C. G. (2004), "George VI (1895–1952)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press ↑ Bradford, pp. 41–45; Judd, pp. 21–24; Rhodes James, p. 
116 ↑ Boyle, Andrew (1962), "Chapter 13", Trenchard Man of Vision, St. James's Place London: Collins, p. 360 ↑ Judd, p. 
ISBN 9781783461417. ↑ Judd, p. 
97 ↑ Henderson, Gerard (31 January 2014), "Sheila: The Australian Ingenue Who Bewitched British Society – review", Daily Express, retrieved 15 March 2015 ↑ Australian Associated Press (28 February 2014), A Sheila who captured London's heart, Special Broadcasting Service, retrieved 14 March 2015 ↑ Rhodes James, pp. 94–96; Vickers, pp. 31, 44 ↑ Bradford, p. 
77; Judd, pp. 57–59 ↑ Roberts, Andrew (2000), Antonia Fraser, ed., The House of Windsor, London: Cassell & Co., pp. 57–58, ISBN 0-304-35406-6 ↑ Reith, John (1949), Into the Wind, London: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 94 ↑ Judd, pp. 89–93 ↑ Judd, p. 
230 ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (1 April 2002), "Mourning will be brief", The Guardian, retrieved 1 May 2009 ↑ Library and Archives Canada, Biography and People > A Real Companion and Friend > Behind the Diary > Politics, Themes, and Events from King's Life > The Royal Tour of 1939, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 30 October 2009, retrieved 12 December 2009 ↑ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1989), Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada, Toronto: Dundurn Press, pp. 60, 66, ISBN 1-55002-065-X ↑ Lanctot, Gustave (1964), Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939, Toronto: E.P. Taylor Foundation ↑ Galbraith, William (1989), "Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit", Canadian Parliamentary Review, Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 12 (3): 7–9, retrieved 24 March 2015 ↑ Judd, pp. 163–166; Rhodes James, pp. 154–168; Vickers, p. 
214 ↑ Arnold-Forster, Mark (1983) [1973], The World at War, London: Thames Methuen, p. 303, ISBN 0-423-00680-0 ↑ Churchill, Winston (1949), The Second World War, II, Cassell and Co. 
Ltd, p. 334 ↑ Judd, p. 
111 ↑ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994), No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 380 ↑ Judd, p. 
170 ↑ Reagan, Geoffrey (1992), Military Anecdotes, Guinness, p. 25, ISBN 0-85112-519-0 ↑ Judd, p. 
618 ↑ King George VI, Official website of the British monarchy, retrieved 18 April 2016 ↑ Judd, p. 
334 ↑ About Heathrow Airport: Heathrow's history, LHR Airports, retrieved 9 March 2015 ↑ Judd, pp. 247–248 ↑ "Repose at Sandringham", Life, Time Inc, p. 38, 18 February 1952, ISSN 0024-3019, retrieved 26 December 2011 ↑ Bradford, p. 
462 ↑ Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805, Dean & Canons of Windsor, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 15 February 2010 ↑ "Mourners visit Queen Mother's vault". BBC News. 10 April 2002. 
Retrieved 2 March 2018. ↑ Hardie in the British House of Commons, 11 December 1936, quoted in Rhodes James, p. 
115 ↑ Letter from George VI to the Duke of Windsor, quoted in Rhodes James, p. 127 ↑ Ashley, Mike (1998), British Monarchs, London: Robinson, pp. 703–704, ISBN 1-84119-096-9 ↑ Judd, pp. 248–249 ↑ Judd, p. 
137 ↑ List of Companions (PDF), Ordre de la Libération, retrieved 19 September 2009 ↑ "The Gazette of India - Extraordinary" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. Retrieved July 6, 2017. ↑ Velde, François (19 April 2008), Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family, Heraldica, retrieved 22 April 2009 ↑ House of Windsor Tree from royal.gov.uk 
George VI Formal photograph, 1940–46 King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions (more...) Reign 11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952 Coronation 12 May 1937 Predecessor Edward VIII Successor Elizabeth II Prime Ministers See list Emperor of India Reign 11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947 Predecessor Edward VIII Born (1895-12-14)14 December 1895 York Cottage, Sandringham House, Norfolk, United Kingdom Died 6 February 1952(1952-02-06) (aged 56) Sandringham House, Norfolk, United Kingdom Burial 15 February 1952 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (m. 1923) Issue Detail Elizabeth II Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Full name Albert Frederick Arthur George House Windsor (from 1917) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (until 1917) Father George V Mother Mary of Teck Signature Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service/branch Royal Navy Royal Air Force Years of service 1909–1919 (active service) Battles/wars Battle of Jutland Awards Mentioned in dispatches 
Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her".[4] Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good".[5] Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[lower-alpha 1] Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie".[7] His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".[8] Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward. 
Naqqāli 
Contemporary Persian theatre 
See also 
Historical Persian theatre 
Ta'zieh 
Kheimeh Shab Bazi 
The first initiation of theater and phenomena of acting can be traced in ceremonial theaters to glorify national heroes and legends and to humiliate the enemy, as in the classics "Soug Sivash" and "Mogh Koshi" (Megakhouni). Ancient Persian theatre and dance was significantly researched by the Greek historian Herodotus of Halikarnassos, who lived during the Persian rule in Greece. In his work Book IX (Calliope), he describes the history of Asian empires and also the Persian wars until 478 BC.[1] 
These are a few of the dramatic performing arts that became popularized in Iran in 7th century AD, long before the advent of cinema. A few examples include: 
Naqqāli (recounting stories) Ta'zieh (Shi'i martyr plays) Kheimeh Shab Bazi (puppet theatre) Siah-Bazi (comical acts on politics) Ru Howzi (comical acts on domestic life) Pardeh Dari (screen based storytelling) Pardeh-khaani (mobile singing, storytelling read off a curtain) Naghali (storytelling) Ghavali (minstrelsy) Shahnameh-khaani (singing storytelling performance of the story of Shahnameh) Rowzeh Khani (mourning performance) Saye-bazi (shadow plays) Mirnouroozi (comic play during Nowruz) Kachalak bazi or Pahlavan Kachal (comic play with a bald clown-like character) Baghal bazi (comic play that takes place at a grocery store) 
Iranian actor doing Naqqāli 
Both men and women can be Naqqāli performers and can perform with mixed-sex audiences, which is unusual in Iran.[2] The performer often wears simple costumes and a single piece of a historical but related costume, like one old piece of armour.[2] This art was formerly performed in coffeehouses, private houses and historical venues such as ancient caravanserais. A decline in the popularity of coffeehouses in Iran, and with new forms of entertainment, has resulted in diminishing interest in Naqqāli performance. The aging of master performers, (who are called morsheds) and the decreasing popularity among younger generations have caused a steep drop in the number of skilled Naqqāls, threatening the survival of this dramatic art. 
Ta'zieh performance as theater in the round 
Ta'zieh, also known as Tazieh, is a form of traditional, religious Persian theatre in which the drama is conveyed through music, narration, prose and singing. Ta'zieh dates from before the Islamic era. A common theme is the epic tragedy of Siavash in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.[4] In Persian tradition, Ta'zieh and Parde-Khani are inspired by historical and religious events, and symbolize epic spirit and resistance. 
There are two people involved in the performance: a musical performer and a person telling the story (called a morshed). The dialogue is between morshed and the puppets. The method of performance, its characters and the techniques used in writing the puppet show make it unique and distinguish it from other types of puppetry. 
A Siahbazi performing 
Siah-Bazi, also known as Siyah-Bazi is a type of Iranian folk performing art that features a blackface, mischievous and forthright harlequin that does improvisations to stir laughter.[6] The term Siah-Bazi literally translates to "playing black" and is a sketch in which two men dressed in red turbans, one has black face paint and they engage in a verbal duel which is often witty, political in nature and humorous.[7][8] The character with the black face takes on a clown-like role and tries to disgrace the master. Outwardly the master appears to be a respectable person but underneath he is immoral and not to be respected.[9] The blackface character is portrayed as a carnivalesque underdog of the working class and the audience can empathize with their struggle through humor.[10] Siah-Bazi has been compared to American minstrel theater and have similar controversy.[10] 
Siah-Bazi and Ru Howzi both have a blackface clown character and involve lewd jokes, but Ru Howzi is a social theatre that satirizes domestic life and is often performed at private Iranian residences on a stage over a pool of water that is often found in home courtyards. Siah-Bazi is performed in more public places like theatres or coffee houses because of the political subject matter.[8] 
The Iranian Revolution affected the tone and performance of Siah-Bazi, and they edited away the sexual references, dancing and music. The performances continue only because of the acceptance of the standards of the Islamic Iranian Revolution.[9] 
The Iranian professional theatre movement is especially active in Iran's main city, Tehran. Rostam and Sohrab puppet opera is an example of the most common type of Kheimeh-Shab-Bazi performance you would see in modern-day Iran. 
In modern times, Bahram Beyzai has made the most significant contribution in the historiography of Persian theatre with his seminal book A Study on Iranian Theatre.[11] 
Persian cinema Persian culture Persian dance Blackface Culture of Iran Performing Arts Iranian stand-up comedy Iranian theatre directors 
Persian theatre 
History 
Ticketing 
Station layout 
BTS Skytrain Overview Native name Bangkok Mass Transit System Owner Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (in Bangkok) Mass Rapid Transit Authority (outside Bangkok) Locale Bangkok, Thailand Transit type Rapid transit Number of lines 2[1][2] Number of stations 35[1][2] Daily ridership 697,907[3] Operation Began operation 5 December 1999 Operator(s) Bangkok Mass Transit System Public Company Limited Number of vehicles 52 Technical System length 36.45 km (22.65 mi)[1] Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge Electrification Third rail 750 V DC Average speed 35 km/h (22 mph) Top speed 80 km/h (50 mph) System map Eastern Outer Ring Road Khlong Ha Khlong Si Khlong Sam Khu Khot KM. 25 Royal Thai Air Force Museum Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital Saphan Mai Sai Yut Lak Si Monument Wat Phrasi Mahathat 11th Infantry Regiment Bang Bua Royal Forest Department Kasetsart Sena Nikhom Ratchayothin Phahon Yothin 24 Lat Phrao Intersection MRT BTS Mo Chit MRT Saphan Khwai Sena Ruam Ari Sanam Pao Victory Monument BTS Phaya Thai ARL National Stadium Ratchathewi Siam Ratchadamri Chit Lom MRT Sala Daeng Phloen Chit Chong Nonsi Nana Sueksa Witthaya Asok MRT Surasak Phrom Phong Saphan Taksin Thong Lo Ekkamai Krung Thonburi Phra Khanong Wongwian Yai On Nut Phothinimit Bang Chak Talad Phlu Punnawithi Wutthakat Udom Suk Bang Wa Bang Na Bearing Samrong Pu Chao Saming Phrai Erawan Museum Royal Thai Naval Academy Pak Nam Srinakarindra Phraek Sa Sai Luat Kheha Samut Prakan Sawangkhaniwat Mueang Boran Sichanpradit Bang Pu This diagram: view talk edit 
The Bangkok Mass Transit System, commonly known as the BTS or the Skytrain (Thai: รถไฟฟ้า RTGS: rot fai fa), is an elevated rapid transit system in Bangkok, Thailand. It is operated by Bangkok Mass Transit System PCL (BTSC) under a concession granted by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). The system consists of 35 stations along two lines: the Sukhumvit Line running northwards and eastwards, terminating at Mo Chit and Samrong respectively, and the Silom Line which serves Silom and Sathon Roads, the central business district of Bangkok, terminating at National Stadium and Bang Wa. 
Besides the BTS, Bangkok's rapid transit system includes the underground and elevated MRT railway lines, and the elevated Suvarnabhumi Airport Link (SARL), serving several stations in the city before reaching the airport. 
Map of Bangkok urban transit systems 
Skytrain departing Sala Daeng Station 
Interior of a train. 
An early version of the Skytrain project was known as the Lavalin Skytrain because it was designed using the Vancouver SkyTrain as a model, adopting technology developed by SNC-Lavalin. Due to political interference, the concession with Lavalin was cancelled in June 1992,[4] despite Bangkok's chronic traffic congestion. The Thai Government focused on increasing road and expressway infrastructure in an attempt to reduce the congestion. 
A typical BTS station platform, showing platform screen doors 
Exterior view of Wongwian Yai Station 
The upper platform at Siam interchange station, for north- and west-bound trains 
All of the system's stations are elevated and constructed on three levels.[9] The street level provides access to the station proper via stairs and often escalators. Supporting utility equipment (generators, water tanks) are usually located at this level on traffic islands. 
Additionally, many stations have ramps and elevators to allow passengers who use wheelchairs to access the ticketing hall and platforms from the street. The distances between doors are equal throughout the train, regardless of whether they are in the same or different cars, and the locations where the doors will be after the train has stopped are marked on the platform. The platforms are built to accommodate trains of six cars,[10] but trains of only four cars are in operation. 
Three Skytrain stations, Sala Daeng, Asok, and Mo Chit, are interchanges with the underground MRT system. Saphan Taksin station is connected to the adjacent Sathon Pier where the Chao Phraya Express Boat services call.[11] Many stations are linked by Skybridges (overhead pedestrian walkways) to neighbouring buildings and public amenities. 
Ticketing machine at Mo Chit Station 
Fares are calculated according to distance.[14] From 2007 a stored-value card called the BTS Smartpass was sold[15] however in May 2012, this was replaced by a new stored-value ticket called Rabbit Card. Rabbit Card is an electronic payment card system that allows holders to pay for the fee of BTS and BRT with only one card.[16] Rabbit Cards can also be used to paid for other services and restaurants that are associated with BTS, for example, McDonald's, Burger King, Starbucks, and others.[17] 
The Mangmoom Card which will be able to be used on the Skytrain, MRT and Airport Rail Link has been repeatedly delayed from its original 2015 launch date[18] and is now expected to launch in late 2018[19]. 
BTS Skytrain 
National politics 
King and Emperor 
Marriage 
Duke of York 
Early life and education 
Prince of Wales 
First World War 
42 ↑ The Royal Philatelic Collection, Official website of the British Monarchy, retrieved 1 May 2010 ↑ Rose, pp. 53–57; Sinclair, p. 
42 ↑ Rose, pp. 44–45 ↑ Buckner, Phillip (November 1999), "The Royal Tour of 1901 and the Construction of an Imperial Identity in South Africa", South African Historical Journal, 41: 324–348 ↑ Rose, pp. 43–44 ↑ Bassett, Judith (1987), "'A Thousand Miles of Loyalty': the Royal Tour of 1901", New Zealand Journal of History, 21 (1): 125–138 ; Oliver, W. H., ed. 
9 November 1901. p. 7289. ↑ Previous Princes of Wales, Household of HRH The Prince of Wales, retrieved 19 March 2018 ↑ Clay, p. 
107 ↑ Massie, Robert K. (1991), Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War, Random House, pp. 449–450 ↑ Rose, pp. 61–66 ↑ The driver of their coach and over a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist, Mateu Morral. ↑ Rose, pp. 67–68 ↑ King George V's diary, 6 May 1910, Royal Archives, quoted in Rose, p. 
421; Rose, pp. 75–76 ↑ Rose, pp. 82–84 ↑ Wolffe, John (2010), "Protestantism, Monarchy and the Defence of Christian Britain 1837–2005", in Brown, Callum G.; Snape, Michael F., Secularisation in the Christian World, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 63–64, ISBN 978-0-7546-9930-9 ↑ Rayner, Gordon (10 November 2010) "How George V was received by the Irish in 1911", The Telegraph ↑ "The queen in 2011 ... the king in 1911". the Irish Examiner. 
George V State portrait by Sir Luke Fildes, 1911 King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (more ...) Reign 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 Coronation 22 June 1911 Imperial Durbar 12 December 1911 Predecessor Edward VII Successor Edward VIII Prime Ministers See list Born (1865-06-03)3 June 1865 Marlborough House, London Died 20 January 1936(1936-01-20) (aged 70) Sandringham House, Norfolk Burial 28 January 1936 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Mary of Teck (m. 1893) Issue Detail Edward VIII George VI Mary, Princess Royal Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent Prince John Full name George Frederick Ernest Albert House Windsor (from 17 July 1917) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (until 17 July 1917) Father Edward VII Mother Alexandra of Denmark Signature Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service/branch Royal Navy (active service) Years of service 1877–1892 (active service) Rank See list Commands held Torpedo Boat 79 HMS Thrush HMS Melampus 
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. 
Born during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria, George was third in the line of succession behind his father, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and his own elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. On the death of his grandmother in 1901, George's father became King-Emperor of the British Empire as Edward VII, and George was created Prince of Wales. 
As a result of the First World War (1914–1918), the empires of his first cousins Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany fell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. 
George V 
May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me[43] 
History 
Gallery 
References 
Naming 
Closure 
Bangkok railway station สถานีรถไฟกรุงเทพ Location Rama IV Rd, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330 Coordinates 13°44′20″N 100°31′0″E / 13.73889°N 100.51667°E / 13.73889; 100.51667Coordinates: 13°44′20″N 100°31′0″E / 13.73889°N 100.51667°E / 13.73889; 100.51667 Owned by State Railway of Thailand Line(s) Northern Line Northeastern Line Eastern Line Southern Line Platforms 14 Connections MRT, BMTA Construction Disabled access Yes Other information Station code กท. History Opened 25 June 1916 Traffic Passengers (22,000,000) 60,000+ per day Services Preceding station State Railway of Thailand Following station Terminus Northern Line Yommarat Halt toward Chiang Mai Northeastern Line Yommarat Halt toward Ubon Ratchathani Northeastern Line Yommarat Halt toward Thanaleng Southern Line Yommarat Halt toward Su-ngai Kolok Eastern Line Urupong Halt toward Aranyaprathet Eastern Line Urupong Halt toward Ban Phlu Ta Luang 
Bangkok railway station (Thai: สถานีรถไฟกรุงเทพ), unofficially known as Hua Lamphong station (Thai: สถานีหัวลำโพง), is the main railway station in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the center of the city in the Pathum Wan District, and is operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). 
The station is often named as Hua Lamphong in travel guide books and in the public press.[2] 
The station was opened on 25 June 1916 after six years of construction. The site of the railway station was previously occupied by the national railway's maintenance centre, which moved to Makkasan in June 1910. At the nearby site of the previous railway station a pillar commemorates the inauguration of the Thai railway network in 1897. 
There are 14 platforms, 26 ticket booths, and two electric display boards. Hua Lamphong serves over 130 trains and approximately 60,000 passengers each day. Since 2004 the station has been connected by an underground passage to the MRT (Metropolitan Rapid Transit) subway system's Hua Lamphong MRT Station. 
The station is scheduled to be closed in 2019, when it will be converted into a museum. The State Railway of Thailand plans to move Bangkok's central station to Bang Sue Central Station.[4][5] 
Bangkok railway station 
Gallery 
Overview 
Rajamangala National Stadium ราชมังคลากีฬาสถาน Full name Rajamangala National Stadium Location Hua Mak, Bang Kapi, Bangkok, Thailand Coordinates 13°45′20″N 100°37′20″E / 13.755417°N 100.622167°E / 13.755417; 100.622167 Public transit ARL Ramkhamhaeng Station MRT Rajamangala Stadium (from 2022) Owner Sports Authority of Thailand (SAT) Operator Sports Authority of Thailand (SAT) Capacity 49,722 (all seated) Surface Grass Construction Opened 1998 Architect Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University Tenants Thailand national football team (1998–present) 
The Rajamangala National Stadium (Thai: ราชมังคลากีฬาสถาน; RTGS: Ratchamangkhala Kila Sathan, pronounced [râːt.t͡ɕʰā.māŋ.kʰā.lāː kīː.lāː sā.tʰǎːn]) is the national stadium of Thailand and the home stadium for the Thailand national football team. It is part of the Hua Mak Sports Complex, and is located in Hua Mak Subdistrict, Bang Kapi, Bangkok. It officially opened in 1998. 
Thai club sides have also used the stadium when playing in continental cup competitions. Krung Thai Bank FC (now Bangkok Glass FC) used it for AFC Champions League matches, and PEA FC and Chonburi FC have recently used it in the AFC Cup. Aside from football, it has been used for athletics, pop concerts and political rallies. 
The stands rise and fall like a giant, exaggerated version of Huddersfield's Galpharm Stadium. At each end are quite narrow tiers of seats but the tiers rise and rise as they move round the sides until they peak level with the half-way line. From an aesthetic point of view, the stadium is best viewed from a distance, preferably from the air, where the elliptical shape of the side tribunes seems particularly pronounced. 
The capacity of the stadium is 65,000. When the stadium first opened the capacity was 80,000. But plastic seats were installed on the North, South and East sides, where previously there had been bare concrete steps, in readiness for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. 
Rajamangala National Stadium 
Notation and units of measurement 
Overview 
Electromotive force, abbreviated emf (denoted E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} and measured in volts),[1] is the electrical intensity or "pressure" developed by a source of electrical energy such as a battery or generator.[2] A device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy (a "transducer") provides an emf at its output.[3] (The word "force" in this case is not used to mean mechanical force, as may be measured in pounds or newtons.) 
Devices that can provide emf include electrochemical cells, thermoelectric devices, solar cells, photodiodes, electrical generators, transformer and even Van de Graaff generators.[5][6] In nature, emf is generated whenever magnetic field fluctuations occur through a surface. The shifting of the Earth's magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm, induces currents in the electrical grid as the lines of the magnetic field are shifted about and cut across the conductors. 
Electromotive force is often denoted by E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} or ℰ (script capital E, Unicode U+2130). 
In a device without internal resistance, if an electric charge Q passes through that device, and gains an energy W, the net emf for that device is the energy gained per unit charge, or W/Q. Like other measures of energy per charge, emf uses the SI unit volt, which is equivalent to a joule per coulomb.[11] 
Electromotive force 
Methods of generating electricity 
Environmental concerns 
Generators 
Economics of generation and production of electricity 
Generating equipment 
History 
Generators 
Turbines 
Electrochemistry 
Turbo generator 
Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the environment. In France only 10% of electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the US is higher at 70% and China is at 80%.[11] The cleanliness of electricity depends on its source. Most scientists agree that emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant portion of world greenhouse gas emissions; in the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40% of emissions, the largest of any source. 
Retrieved 20 June 2015. ↑ "Coal & electricity". World Coal Association. Retrieved 2016-08-14. ↑ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5075247/?reload=true&arnumber=5075247&queryText%3D2000%20mw%20generator&tp= ↑ "OECD Factbook 2015-2016: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics". 
Diagram of an electric power system, generation system in red 
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For electric utilities in the electric power industry, it is the first stage in the delivery of electricity to end users, the other stages being transmission, distribution, energy storage and recovery, using pumped-storage methods. 
A characteristic of electricity is that it is not a primary energy freely present in nature in remarkable amounts and it must be produced. Production is carried out in power plants. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. 
Electricity production in the World, 1980-2013 
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820s and early 1830s by British scientist Michael Faraday. His method, still used today, is for electricity to be generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet. Central power stations became economically practical with the development of alternating current (AC) power transmission, using power transformers to transmit power at high voltage and with low loss. 
In 1870, commercial electricity production started with the coupling of the dynamo to the hydraulic turbine. In 1870, the mechanical production of electric power began the Second Industrial Revolution and created inventions using the energy, whose major contributors were Thomas Alva Edison and Nikola Tesla. Previously the only way to produce electricity was by chemical reactions or using battery cells, and the only practical use of electricity was for the telegraph. 
The first power plants used water power or coal;[1] and today a variety of energy sources are used, such as coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind generators, and oil, as well as solar energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources. The use of power-lines and power-poles have been significantly important in the distribution of electricity. 
The triboelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, and even direct capture of the energy of nuclear decay Betavoltaics are used in niche applications, as is direct conversion of heat to electric power in the thermoelectric effect. Utility-scale generation is done by rotating electric generators, or by photovoltaic systems. A very small proportion of electric power distributed by utilities is provided by batteries. 
This is the most used form for generating electricity and is based on Faraday's law. It can be seen experimentally by rotating a magnet within closed loops of a conducting material (e.g. copper wire). Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in which mechanical energy forces a generator to rotate. 
Large dams such as Hoover Dam can provide large amounts of hydroelectric power; it has 2.07 GW capability. 
Electrochemical electricity generation is important in portable and mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from batteries.[4] Primary cells, such as the common zinc–carbon batteries, act as power sources directly, but secondary cells (i.e. rechargeable batteries) are used for storage systems rather than primary generation systems. Open electrochemical systems, known as fuel cells, can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized fuels. 
Wind turbines usually provide electrical generation in conjunction with other methods of producing power. 
Electricity generation 
The economics vary considerably around the world, resulting in widespread selling prices, e.g. the price in Venezuela is 3 cents per kWh while in Denmark it is 40 cents per kWh. Hydroelectric plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants and renewable sources have their own pros and cons, and selection is based upon the local power requirement and the fluctuations in demand. All power grids have varying loads on them but the daily minimum is the base load, supplied by plants which run continuously. 
However, recent disasters in Japan have raised concerns over the safety of nuclear power, and the capital cost of nuclear plants is very high. Hydroelectric power plants are located in areas where the potential energy from falling water can be harnessed for moving turbines and the generation of power. It is not an economically viable source of production where the load varies too much during the annual production cycle and the ability to store the flow of water is limited. 
Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels supplies most of the energy to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine (invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884) currently generates about 80% of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources. 
Electric generators were known in simple forms from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. In general, some form of prime mover such as an engine or the turbines described above, drives a rotating magnetic field past stationary coils of wire thereby turning mechanical energy into electricity. A very large 2000 MW(2,682,000 horsepower) unit designed by Siemens was built for unit 3 at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant.[8] The only commercial scale electricity production that does not employ a generator is solar PV. 
Coal 
References 
Retrieved 26 April 2014. ↑ "Pathein power station". sourcewatch.org. ↑ "India's Tata to develop coal power plant in Pathein". MyanmarTimes. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ↑ "Mudajaya's Myanmar Coal Fired Power Plant Job Set for 2014 Takeoff". miningconnection.com. 
Retrieved 23 January 2013. ↑ "Kalewa Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant Project". Tun Thwin Mining. ↑ "EIA for coal-fired power plant". Myanmar Online. 
Retrieved 29 May 2013. ↑ "Changing priorities: Coal is set to take a greater share of the country's energy mix". Oxford Business Group. ↑ "Energy-sector delegation to visit Myanmar". The Nations. 
Retrieved 1 April 2014. ↑ "First coal project in Yangon cancelled as MoU expires". Eleven Myanmar. Retrieved 8 July 2015. ↑ "Ministry announces more coal-fired power plants". 
Retrieved 17 July 2014. ↑ "Coal-fired power station project to halt if gov't disapproves". Eleven Myanmar. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ↑ "Myanmar outlines growth plans". modernpowersystems.com. 
Retrieved 24 July 2014. ↑ "Countries partner on 500 MW coal-fired power project". Penn Energy. Retrieved 11 October 2013. ↑ "Mass Protest Held Against Mon State Coal Plant Proposal". 
Retrieved 5 May 2015. ↑ "Thailand Power Dealbook: TTCL, MDX". Dealstreetasia.com. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ↑ "Bukit Asam to build Myanmar power plants". 
Retrieved 27 July 2013. ↑ "Ahlone CCGT Power Plant". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 26 April 2014. ↑ "Hlawga CCGT Power Plant". 
Retrieved 26 April 2014. ↑ "Paunglaung Hydroelectric Power Plant". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 26 April 2014. ↑ "Yeywa Hydroelectric Power Plant". 
List of power stations in Myanmar 
Super Sentai Series 
Power Rangers 
Series overview 
Retrieved 12 May 2010. ↑ "Jūden Sentai Kyōryūger Super Sentai Series Revealed". Anime News Network. 6 December 2012. 
Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. 
Retrieved 6 December 2012. ↑ "파워레인저". 파워레인저. 
Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007. ↑ "파워레인저 S.P.D." 파워레인저 S.P.D. Wayback Machine. 
Super Sentai Series The official logo of the Super Sentai Series introduced in 2000 during the run of Mirai Sentai Timeranger Created by Shotaro Ishinomori Toei Company Marvel Comics Original work Himitsu Sentai Gorenger Owner TV Asahi (1975–present) Toei Company (1975–present) Toei Agency (1979–present) Films and television Television series See below Games Traditional Rangers Strike Video game(s) Super Sentai Battle: Dice-O Miscellaneous Toys S.H. Figuarts Soul of Chogokin Super Robot Chogokin 
The Super Sentai Series (スーパー戦隊シリーズ, Sūpā Sentai Shirīzu) is a Japanese superhero team franchise of TV series produced by Toei Co., Ltd., Toei Agency and Bandai, and aired by TV Asahi ("Sentai" is the Japanese word for "task force" or "fighting squadron"). The shows are of the tokusatsu genre, featuring live action characters and colorful special effects, and are aimed at children. Super Sentai is one of the most prominent tokusatsu franchises in Japan, and airs alongside the Kamen Rider series in the Super Hero Time programming block on Sunday mornings. 
In every Super Sentai Series, the protagonists are a team of people who, using either wrist-worn or hand-held devices, transform into superheroes and gain superpowers – color-coded uniforms, signature weapons, sidearms, and fighting skills – in order to battle a group of evil beings that threaten to take over the Earth. In a typical episode, the heroes thwart the enemies' plans and defeat an army of enemy soldiers and the monster of the week before an enlarged version of the monster confronts them, only to be defeated again when the heroes fight it with their mecha. Each Super Sentai Series is set in its own fictional universe, and various TV, video and film specials feature a team-up between one or more teams. 
He developed the first two Super Sentai series Himitsu Sentai Gorenger, which ran from 1975 to 1977, and J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai, released in 1977. Toei Company put the franchise on hiatus in 1978, collaborating with Marvel Comics to produce a live action Spider-Man series, which added giant robots to the concept of tokusatsu shows. This was carried over to Toei and Marvel's next show, Battle Fever J, released in 1979, and the giant robot concept was used throughout the Super Sentai Series from then on. 
Some countries, such as France, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines, switched from broadcasting Super Sentai to Power Rangers. In 2002, Saban sold the Power Rangers franchise to Disney's Buena Vista division, who owned it until 2010, broadcasting Power Rangers on ABC Kids, ABC Family Channel, Jetix, and Toon Disney. In May 2010, Saban bought the franchise back from Disney, moving the show to the Nickelodeon network for 2011.[1] 
Super Sentai 
Medal tables 
Myanmar, then competing as Burma, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976 Games. The nation has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. Since the 1992 Games, the nation has been designated as Myanmar in Olympic competition. 
As of 2016, no Burmese athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.[1] 
Myanmar at the Olympics 
List of presidents 
President of the Republic of Korea 대한민국 대통령 Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Moon Jae-in since 10 May 2017 Style Mr. President (대통령님) (informal) His Excellency (대통령 각하) (in international correspondence) Residence Blue House Seat Seoul, South Korea Appointer Direct popular vote Term length Five years Single term Inaugural holder Syngman Rhee 11 September 1919 (Provisional Government) 24 July 1948 (First Republic) Salary ₩192,553,000 ($172,000) Website (in English) english.president.go.kr (in Korean) president.go.kr 
The President of the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국 대통령; Hanja: 大韓民國 大統領; RR: Daehan Minguk Daetongryeong) is, according to the South Korean constitution, the chairperson of the cabinet, the chief executive of the government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of state of South Korea. The Constitution and the amended Presidential Election Act of 1987 provide for election of the president by direct, secret ballot, ending sixteen years of indirect presidential elections under the preceding two governments. The president is directly elected to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election.[1] If a presidential vacancy should occur, a successor must be elected within sixty days, during which time presidential duties are to be performed by the prime minister or other senior cabinet members in the order of priority as determined by law. 
1st–3rd term Rhee Syngman (served: 1948–1960) Heo Jeong (acting: April–June, June–August 1960)[lower-alpha 1] Kwak Sang-hoon (acting: June 1960) Baek Nak-jun (acting: August 1960) 4th term Yun Bo-seon (served: 1960–1962) 5th–9th term Park Chung-hee (acting: March 1962 – December 1963) (served: 1963–1979) 10th term Choi Kyu-hah (acting: October–December 1979) (served: 1979–1980) 11th & 12th term Chun Doo-hwan (served: 1980–1988) 13th term Roh Tae-woo (served: 1988–1993) 14th term Kim Young-sam (served: 1993–1998) 15th term Kim Dae-jung (served: 1998–2003) 16th term Roh Moo-hyun (served: 2003–2008) Goh Kun (acting: March–May 2004)[lower-alpha 2] 17th term Lee Myung-bak (served: 2008–2013) 18th term Park Geun-hye (served: 2013–2017) Hwang Kyo-ahn (acting: December 2016–May 2017)[lower-alpha 3] 19th term Moon Jae-in (served: 2017–present) 
President of South Korea 
Syngman Rhee 리승만 President of South Korea In office July 24, 1948 – April 26, 1960 Vice President Yi Si-yeong Kim Seong-su Ham Tae-young Chang Myon Yun Posun Preceded by Himself as the Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Succeeded by Yun Posun Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea In office March 3, 1947 – August 15, 1948 Deputy Kim Koo Preceded by Kim Koo Succeeded by Himself as the President of South Korea President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea In office September 11, 1919 – March 23, 1925 Prime Minister Yi Donghwi Yi Dongnyeong Sin Gyu-sik No Baek-rin Park Eunsik Preceded by Office created Succeeded by Park Eunsik Personal details Born Rhee Syngman (1875-04-18)April 18, 1875 Neungnae-dong, Daegyeong-ri, Masan-myeon, Pyeongsan County, Hwanghae Province, Korea (now North Hwanghae, North Korea) Died July 19, 1965(1965-07-19) (aged 90) Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. Resting place Seoul National Cemetery Nationality South Korean Political party Liberal Spouse(s) Seungseon Park (1890–1910) Francesca Donner (1934–1965)[1] Children Rhee Bong-su or 이봉수(1898–1908) Rhee In-soo (Yi In-su) or 이인수 (b. 
1931, adoptive) Alma mater George Washington University (B.A.) 
Princeton University (Ph.D.) Signature Korean name Hangul [리승만 or 이승만] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Hanja 李承晩 Revised Romanization Ri Seungman or I Seungman McCune–Reischauer Ri Sŭngman or Yi Sŭngman 
Syngman Rhee (Korean: 리승만, pronounced [i.sɯŋ.man]; April 18, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a South Korean politician, the first and the last Head of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and President of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. His three-term presidency of South Korea (August 1948 to April 1960) was strongly affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean Peninsula. 
Syngman Rhee in 1905 dressed to meet Theodore Roosevelt. 
Syngman Rhee 
New year traditions 
Computation 
Songkran elsewhere 
References 
Songkran in Thailand 
Most Thai people go back to their hometowns to meet their elders. Official name Songkran Festival Observed by Thai and Malaysian Siamese Significance Marks the Thai New Year Begins 13 April Ends 15 April Date 13 April 2017 date 13 April, Rooster 2018 date 13 April, Dog 2019 date 13 April, Pig 2020 date 13 April, Rat Frequency Annual Related to South and Southeast Asian New Years 
Water fights, Chiang Mai 
In 2018 the Thai cabinet extended the festival nationwide to five days, 12-16 April.[1] The word "Songkran" comes from the Sanskrit word saṃkrānti (Devanāgarī: संक्रांति),[2] literally "astrological passage", meaning transformation or change. The term was borrowed from Makar Sankranti, the name of a Hindu harvest festival celebrated in India in January to mark the arrival of spring. It coincides with the rising of Aries on the astrological chart[3] and with the New Year of many calendars of South and Southeast Asia, in keeping with the Buddhist/Hindu solar calendar. 
In Thailand, New Year is now officially celebrated on January 1, Songkran was the official New Year until 1888, when it was switched to a fixed date of April 1. Then in 1940, this date was shifted to 1 January. The traditional Thai New Year Songkran was transformed into a national holiday.[4] 
In 1989, the Thai cabinet fixed Songkran at 12–14 April, despite the correct starting date (13 April at 20:57).[5][n 1] Songkran, however, was traditionally computed according to method described in Suriyayart (Thai: สุริยยาตร์), the Thai version of Surya Siddhanta. The celebration starts when the sun enters Aries according to sidereal zodiac system. This is called Maha Songkran day (Thai: วันมหาสงกรานต์). 
Visiting local temples and offering food to the Buddhist monks is commonly practiced. On this specific occasion, performing water pouring on Buddha statues and the young and elderly is a traditional ritual on this holiday. It represents purification and the washing away of one's sins and bad luck.[3] As a festival of unity, people who have moved away usually return home to their loved ones and elders. 
Major streets are closed to traffic, and are used as arenas for water fights. Celebrants, young and old, participate in this tradition by splashing water on each other. Traditional parades are held and in some venues "Miss Songkran" is crowned.[20] where contestants are clothed in traditional Thai dress. 
Songkran at Wat Thai, Los Angeles Water fights along the west moat, Chiang Mai People in a tuk-tuk getting soaked during Songkran, Chiang Mai The use of chalk (Thai: ดินสอพอง) is also very common having originated in the chalk used by monks to mark blessings. 
After offering food to the monks, people will offer a requiem to their ancestors. People make merit offerings such as giving sand to the temple for construction or repair. Other forms of merit include releasing birds and fish. 
South Southerners have three Songkran rules: Work as little as possible and avoid spending money; do not hurt other persons or animals; do not tell lies. 
North In northern Thailand 13 April is celebrated with gunfire or firecrackers to repel bad luck. On the next day, people prepare food and useful things to offer to the monks at the temple. People have to go to temple to make merit and bathe Buddha's statue and after that they pour water on the hands of elders and ask for their blessings. 
East The eastern region has activities similar to the other part of Thailand, but people in the east always make merit at the temple throughout all the days of the Songkran Festival and create the sand pagoda. Some people, after making merit at the temple, prepare food to be given to the elderly members of their family. 
Songkran is celebrated by the Malaysian Siamese community, particularly in the states of Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Perak, Perlis and Terengganu where most Siamese are located.[21][22] 
Songkran (Thailand) 
The festival is also celebrated by Singpho, Khamyang, Tikhaks (Tangsa) and Phakyal community of Arunachal Pradesh, and Tai Phake community of Assam. Sangken generally falls in the month of 'Naun Ha', the fifth month of the year of the Khampti Lunar calendar coinciding with the month of April. It is celebrated in the last days of the old year and the lunar new year begins on the day just after the end of the festival. 
Synopsis 
Cast 
Main 
Suspicious Partner Promotional poster Also known as Love in Trouble[1] Original title 수상한 파트너 Genre Legal Crime Romantic-comedy Written by Kwon Ki-young Directed by Park Sun-ho Starring Ji Chang-wook Nam Ji-hyun Choi Tae-joon Kwon Nara Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 40[lower-alpha 1] Production Executive producer(s) Park Young-soo Camera setup Single-camera Running time 30 mins[lower-alpha 1] Production company(s) The Story Works Distributor SBS Release Original network SBS Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release May 10 (2017-05-10) – July 13, 2017 (2017-07-13) External links Website 
Suspicious Partner[3] (Hangul: 수상한 파트너; RR: Susanghan Pateuneo) is a 2017 South Korean television series starring Ji Chang-wook and Nam Ji-hyun, with Choi Tae-joon and Kwon Nara. It aired on SBS from May 10 to July 13, 2017 at 22:00 (KST) on Wednesdays and Thursdays for 40 episodes.[4][5] 
About Noh Ji-wook (Ji Chang-wook), a prosecutor and Eun Bong-hee (Nam Ji-hyun), a prosecutor trainee and how they work together on a mysterious case involving a sly psychopath murderer.[8] 
Ji Chang-wook as Noh Ji-wook[9] Oh Han-kyul as young Ji-wook 
Nam Ji-hyun as Eun Bong-hee Choi Myung-bin as young Bong-hee 
Choi Tae-joon as Ji Eun-hyuk[10] Kwon Bin as young Eun-hyuk 
Kwon Nara as Cha Yoo-jung[11] 
Suspicious Partner 
BoA Native name 권 보아 Born Bo confessed to his acquaintance-ah November 5, 1986 [1] Guri , Gyeonggi Province , the South Korea (1986-11-05) Occupation Singer dancer composer actress Musical career Genres K-pop J-pop [2] dance-pop R & B Instruments Vocals Years active 2000-present Labels SM Entertainment Avex Trax SM Entertainment USA Associated acts SM Town Website boa.smtown.com (Korean) www.avexnet.or.jp/boa (Japanese) boaamerica.com (US) 
Film 
2012: Rising popularity 
Filmography 
References 
Career 
Television series 
2005–2011: Beginnings as a child actor 
Fan meeting 
Ambassadorship 
Awards and nominations 
Reality show 
2013–present: Transition to lead roles 
Early life and education 
Yeo Jin-goo Yeo for Marie Claire Magazine in 2016 Born (1997-08-13) August 13, 1997 Seoul, South Korea Other names Yeo Jin-gu Occupation Actor Years active 2005–present Agent Janus Entertainment Korean name Hangul 여진구 Hanja 呂珍九 Revised Romanization Yeo Jin-gu McCune–Reischauer Yŏ Jin'gu 
10 September 2012. ↑ "'해품달' 여진구-김유정-김소현, '아역상' 품었다 (MBC 연기대상)". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 30 December 2012. ↑ Lee, Seung-mi (24 February 2014). 
"Yeo Jin-goo a veteran at just 16". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-02-26. ↑ "[청룡 D-2] 최민식-김혜수 주연 3회 최다...장동건-이정재 '트리플 크라운'". Naver (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-01-15. ↑ Lee, Eun-ah (10 July 2013). 
"Yeo Jin-goo to Crack Up TV Audience in New Sitcom". 10Asia. 
Retrieved 2013-07-15. ↑ "여진구, 열 어른 부끄럽게 만드는 '훈고딩' (인터뷰)". TV Report (in Korean). 23 January 2015. ↑ Kwon, Ji-youn (27 January 2015). 
"Actor Yeo Jin-goo, 17 going on 25". 
The Korea Times. Retrieved 2015-03-06. ↑ Kim, Jae-heun (13 May 2015). "Yeo Jin-goo promises romance in Orange Marmalade". 
The Korea Times. ↑ Koo, Yu-rim (28 August 2015). "Film depicts friendship in Korean War". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. 
Retrieved 2015-09-12. ↑ "Yeo Jin-goo to star in a new period drama". Korea JoongAng Daily. 
26 March 2016. ↑ "SBS Drama Awards 2016 Winners". 
HanCinema. Retrieved 2017-02-28. ↑ "Yeo Jin-goo, Kim Kang-woo to star in tvN's new drama 'Circle'". The Korea Herald. 
3 March 2017. ↑ "Yeo Jin-goo, Lee Jung-jae cast as prince, army leader in upcoming period flick". 
The Korea Herald. 
25 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20. ↑ "1987 Adds YOO Hae-jin, YEO Jin-gu and SUL Kyung-gu". Korean Film Biz Zone. 
6 April 2017. ↑ "[단독] 여진구, SBS '다시 만난 세계' 남주 확정..이연희와 호흡". OSEN (in Korean). 9 June 2017. ↑ Ho, Stewart (14 January 2013). 
"Yeo Jin Gu Dubs for His First Animation Movie, Sky Force 3D". enewsWorld. ↑ "Yeo Jin Goo Proves His Worth As A Part-Time Worker By Learning Thai Phrases On New Show". Soompi. 
27 March 2018. ↑ "Youth Film Festival to Open in Late August". 
The Chossun Ilbo. 15 July 2014. ↑ "[SBS연기대상]여진구-김유정 아역상 수상". 10Asia (in Korean). 
31 December 2008. ↑ "Winners announced at 6th Mnet 20's Choice Awards". 
10Asia. 29 June 2012. ↑ "Ha Jung-woo and Park Bo-young, The Best Actor and Actress". Hancinema. 
TV Report. 
12 November 2012. ↑ "'해품달' 여진구-김유정-김소현, MBC 아역상(MBC 연기대상)". Chosun (in Korean). 30 December 2012. ↑ "Herald Donga TV Lifestyle Awards presented". 
6 December 2012. ↑ "[SIA] Yeo Jin Goo Talks Kiss Scenes and Entering His 20s at '2013 SIA'". enewsWorld. 24 October 2013. ↑ "SNOWPIERCER won the Best Film Award by Korean Film Critics". Korean Film Biz Zone. 
19 November 2013. ↑ "HOPE Scores Best Film at 34th Blue Dragon Awards". 
Korean Film Biz Zone. 
25 November 2013. ↑ "Korean Film Reporters Name SNOWPIERCER Best of 2013". Korean Film Biz Zone. 28 January 2014. ↑ "송강호-심은경-여진구-천우희, 디렉터스 컷 어워즈 수상자 등극". 
Star MBN (in Korean). 
11 August 2014. ↑ "Check out the Winners from '2015 KBS Drama Awards'". 
BNT News. 
4 April 2016. ↑ "[2016 SBS 연기대상] 여진구-김지영, 장편 드라마 부문 男女 우수연기상 수상". 10Asia (in Korean). 31 December 2016. ↑ "tvN Movies Results". tvN Movies Facebook. 
Yeo began his career as child actor, debuting in the film Sad Movie (2005). Nicknamed "Nation's Little Brother",[1] he went on to play the younger version of the lead roles in movies and television dramas such as A Frozen Flower (2008), Giant (2010), Moon Embracing the Sun (2012), and Missing You (2012). He is known for playing the title character in action thriller Hwayi: A Monster Boy (2013), for which he won Best New Actor at the Blue Dragon Film Awards. 
Since then, he has taken on lead roles in the films Shoot Me in the Heart (2015), The Long Way Home (2015), and Warriors of the Dawn (2017). He has also starred in the dramas Orange Marmalade (2015), The Royal Gambler (2016), Circle (2017) and Reunited Worlds (2017). 
He is the eldest of two siblings and has a younger brother. As a child, Yeo wanted to appear on television and therefore asked his parents to let him try acting. With the support of his parents, he took acting lessons and eventually made his debut on the big-screen with Sad Movie (2005).[2] 
He graduated from Namgang High School, an all boys high school, in 2016.[3][4] He is currently studying in Chung-Ang University, majoring in the Department of Theater.[5] 
In 2005, Yeo made his debut at the age of eight in the film Sad Movie. He auditioned for the role of Park Hwi-chan and was chosen among 150 candidates despite having no previous acting experience.[6] In 2006, he appeared in his first television drama I Want to Love, playing a sickly child of a single mother; followed by his first role in a sageuk drama Yeon Gaesomun as young Kim Heum-soon. 
In 2008, he played the younger version of the lead roles in the series Iljimae and Tazza.[7] He won his first acting award as Best Child Actor at the SBS Drama Awards for both dramas.[8] 
In 2010, he starred in the drama Giant as the younger counterpart to Lee Beom-soo's character.[9] According to Yeo, this was the first time he fully immersed himself in a role and began taking acting seriously.[10] 
In 2011, he played the younger part of the title character in the historical drama Warrior Baek Dong-soo. He also made a brief appearance as teenage Ddol-bok in the drama Deep Rooted Tree. The appearance was upon the request of its lead actor Jang Hyuk, who took a liking to Yeo when the latter portrayed his younger version in the drama Tazza.[11] 
In 2012, Yeo rose to prominence when he starred in the fantasy-period drama Moon Embracing the Sun, playing the role of a young crown prince.[12][13] The drama surpassed 40% in ratings and gained "national drama" status. This was followed by a well-received turn in melodrama Missing You.[14] He won Best Young Actor at the 2012 MBC Drama Awards for his portrayal in both dramas.[15] 
In 2013, Yeo starred as the titular character in action thriller Hwayi: A Monster Boy, for which he garnered praises and won several Best New Actor honors from annual award ceremonies such as Blue Dragon Film Awards and Korean Association of Film Critics Awards.[16] He is the youngest male actor to receive the Best New Actor award in the history of Blue Dragon Film Awards, at the age of sixteen.[17] In the same year, he was also cast in the sitcom, Potato Star 2013QR3 as an aspiring mobile application developer.[18] 
In 2015, he starred in the film Shoot Me in the Heart, based on the bestselling novel of the same name by Jeong Yu-jeong.[19][20] He had his first leading role on television with teen vampire series, Orange Marmalade, based on the webtoon of the same name.[21] In the same year, he appeared in the Korean War film, The Long Way Home. Veteran actor Sol Kyung-gu, his co-star in the film, strongly recommended Yeo for the role of Yeong-gwang, and only signed the movie contract once Yeo's casting had been finalized.[22] 
In 2016, Yeo played the role of King Yeongjo in the SBS drama The Royal Gambler, and won an Excellence Award at the year end SBS Drama Awards.[23][24] 
In 2017, Yeo starred in tvN's science fiction drama Circle, and historical movie Warriors of the Dawn, both of which premiered in May.[25][26] He was also cast for a special appearance in the star-studded film, 1987: When the Day Comes, based on the June Democratic Uprising. The movie reunites him with Director Jang Joon-hwan and actor Kim Yoon-seok of Hwayi: A Monster Boy.[27] In July, he starred in SBS's romance drama Reunited Worlds.[28] 
Yeo Jin-goo 
Cast 
References 
Plot 
Nya (translation: Night) (Burmese: ည) is a Burmese language film which was created by director Htoo Paing Zaw Oo with the new actors and actress. This film is about the accident between the teenagers.Htoo took about three years to write the plot, prepare for film and find the new locations.the actors and actress were choosen among 300 candidates and they received a 150 day training course.The film was promoted by many myanmar celebrities.[1] 
Nya(Night) ည Directed by Htoo Paing Zaw Oo Written by Htoo Paing Zaw Oo Starring Nyein Thaw Chan Min Yair Htut Aung Yair Hteike Russell Nat Shine Ko NanTracy Moe Yathaw May Sue Maung Nan Khay Mo Myat Noe Aye Music by Rachel Tayza Distributed by Good Old Days Release date 28 July 2017 (2017-07-28) Country Myanmar Language Burmese 
The red carpet show for this film was held on 28 July in Tamada Cinema.Many actors,actresses,singers,directors,writers and other top celebrities of Myanmar attended to this show. 
The film is about the accident between the teenagers.Tracy crush on Nyein Thaw.Nyein Thaw,Chan Min and Aung chased Tracy on 1st April as April Fool.She hate them and try to reprisal. Russell and Myat Noe,lives in abroad, are sweets.Yathaw is Myat Noe'@s friend who helps them for her wedding.She has a younger brother,Nat Shine Ko who is the son of her father 2nd wife.Yathaw hate Nat Shine Ko and she alway berate him.One day,she break the photo album of his mother, Nat Shine Ko acridity to her. Then, Tracy and Nat Shine Ko meet and they try to reprisal to each others. 
They use their own names in the film. 
Nyein Thaw- a teenager who likes to chase other people. Aung Yair Hteike-boyfriend of Nan Khay Mo Chan Min Yair Htut-a millionaire who wants to study in abroad May Sue Maung-Girlfriend of Nyein Thaw Nan Khay Mo-Girlfriend of Aung Tracy-a girl who crush on Nyein Thaw Nat Shine Ko-Son of Yathaw's father's 2nd wife Russell-Myat Noe's boyfriend Myat Noe-Russell's girlfriend Moe Yathaw-Friend of Myat Noe[2] 
Nya (film) 
Cast 
References 
Synopsis 
Main 
일지매 Promotional poster for Iljimae Also known as Iljimae: The Phantom Thief Genre Historical, Action, Romance Based on Iljimae by Ko Woo-young Written by Choi Ran Directed by Lee Yong-suk Starring Lee Joon-gi Han Hyo-joo Lee Young-ah Park Si-hoo Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 20 Production Producer(s) Lee Yong-suk Location(s) Korea Running time Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) Production company(s) Chorokbaem Media Release Original network Seoul Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Original release 21 May (2008-05-21) – 24 July 2008 (2008-07-24) Chronology Preceded by On Air Followed by Working Mom Related shows The Return of Iljimae The Vigilantes in Masks External links Website 
Iljimae (Hangul: 일지매; Hanja: 一枝梅; RR: Iljimae; literally "One blossom branch") is a 2008 South Korean period-action television series, starring Lee Joon-gi in the title role of Iljimae.[1] It is loosely based on the comic strip Iljimae, published between 1975 and 1977, written by Ko Woo-young based on Chinese folklore from the Ming dynasty about a masked Robin Hood-esque character during the Joseon era.[2] 
Lee Gyeom (Lee Joon-gi) is the son of the virtuous nobleman Lee Won-ho, who is the king's trustworthy supporter and brother, and a central member of the secret organization Cheonwoohoe, composed of other five important nobles with the king as their leader. When a blind fortune teller, looking at Lee Won-ho's home, refers to the king that he sees a person as bright as the sun who would be adored by the people, the king killed Lee Won-ho as he believed that 'two suns cannot exist on the same sky'. Gyeom, from the inside of a safe, manages to survive and witnesses the murder; later, when he is forced to throw a rock at his mother's head to prove that he isn't her son, he loses his memory for the shock and is adopted by a retired thief, Soe-dol, who renames him "Yong". 
At the scene of each robbery, he leaves a handkerchief portraying a branch of red plum blossoms, symbol of the house where he lived and of his childhood memories: the very name of Iljimae reflects this, as "il" means "one", "ji" means "branch" and "mae" means "plum tree". The king and the nobility try to catch Iljimae and find his identity, especially the guard Byeon Si-hoo, who sees this as an opportunity to redeem himself from his life of misery and become a noble. In the meantime, Yong falls in love with Eun-chae, daughter of nobleman Byeon Shik and Si-hoo's stepsister, who can't forget her first love Lee Gyeom. 
Lee Joon-gi as Lee Gyeom/Yong/Iljimae Yeo Jin-goo as child Lee Gyeom 
Han Hyo-joo as Byeon Eun-chae Kim Yoo-jung as child Byeon Eun-chae 
Lee Young-ah as Bong Soon Jung Da-bin as child Bong-soon 
Park Si-hoo as Cha-dol/Byeon Si-hoo Lee David as child Cha-dol 
Iljimae 
Terminal 1 
Terminal 8 
History 
Runways 
Terminals 
Terminal 2 
Terminal 7 
Notes and references 
Construction 
Terminal 5 
Current terminals 
Infrastructure 
Terminal 4 
After the demise of Northeast Airlines and Braniff, the building was taken over by Pan American World Airways and subsequently by Delta. Since the opening of the Terminal 4 addition in May 2013, Terminal 2 has been designated as the "C" gates by Delta and has 11 Jetway-equipped gates (C60-C70). Terminal 2 used to house the majority of Delta's operations but after the opening of the Terminal 4 addition, international flights and flights to LAX, SFO, and SEA are operated out of the latter.[63] 
Terminal 4 replaced the former International Arrivals Building in May 2001 
Terminal 4 was developed by LCOR, Inc and is managed by JFK International Air Terminal (IAT) LLC, a subsidiary of the Schiphol Group. This terminal serves as a major international hub for Delta Air Lines (and domestic flights to Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle-Tacoma) and was the first one in the United States to be managed by a foreign airport operator. Terminal 4 is the major gateway for international arrivals at JFK. 
Opened in 2001 and designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill,[64] the 1,500,000-square-foot (140,000 m2) terminal was built at a cost of $1.4 billion and replaced JFK's old International Arrivals Building or simply IAB, which opened in 1957. The terminal was expanded in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The first phase of Delta's $1.4 billion project at the airport[65][66]—which includes nine new international gates, additional baggage space, a centralized security checkpoint (moving two checkpoints into one location just after check-in), and customs and border-security facilities—was completed on May 24, 2013. 
Terminal 5 
The terminal is also used by Hawaiian Airlines, which partnered with JetBlue and began service to/from Honolulu in Terminal 5 in June 2012,[71] TAP Portugal flights to/from Lisbon, and Irish flag carrier Aer Lingus, whose flights arriving into JFK from Dublin have already been pre-cleared in Ireland. Aer Lingus previously used Terminal 4 prior to the introduction of pre-clearance in Ireland, moving to Terminal 5 on April 3, 2013. On November 12, 2014, JetBlue opened the International Arrivals Concourse (T5i) at the terminal.[72] TAP Portugal has used Terminal 5 since reinstating its JFK–Lisbon service on July 1, 2016.[73] 
Terminal 7 – Departure Level 
Terminal 7 was designed by GMW Architects[79] and built for BOAC and Air Canada in 1970. Currently operated by British Airways, it is also the only airport terminal operated by a foreign carrier on US soil, although Terminal 1 is operated by a consortium of foreign carriers serving the building. 
Inside the security checkpoint of Terminal 8. 
In 1999, American Airlines began an eight-year program to build the largest passenger terminal at JFK, designed by DMJM Aviation to replace both Terminal 8 and Terminal 9. The new terminal was built in four phases, which involved the construction of a new midfield concourse and demolition of old Terminals 8 and 9. It was opened in stages between 2005 and its "official" opening in August 2007.[89] It is a major Oneworld hub and American Airlines is the main Oneworld carrier at Terminal 8. 
John F. Kennedy International Airport spans 5,200 acres or 21 square kilometers (8.1 sq mi).[101] There are four runways (two pairs of parallel runways) surrounding the airport's central terminal area.[102] 
Number Length Width ILS Notes 13R/31L 14,511 feet (4,423 m) 200 feet (61 m) Cat. 
I (31L) Third-longest commercial runway in North America (the longest is a 16,000-foot (4,900 m) runway at Denver International Airport. 
Second is a 14,512-foot (4,423 m) runway at Las Vegas International.) 
The reconstruction of the runway widened it from 150 to 200 feet (46 to 61 m) with a concrete base instead of asphalt. 
It reopened on June 29, 2010.[104] 4R/22L 8,400 feet (2,560 m) 200 feet (61 m) Cat. 
4L/22R 12,079 feet (3,682 m) 200 feet (61 m) Cat. 
It reopened on September 28, 2015.[105] 13L/31R 10,000 feet (3,048 m) 150 feet (46 m) Cat. 
1973. ↑ FAA Airport Master Record for JFK (Form 5010 PDF), effective March 1, 2018. ↑ "KJFK/JFK". AirNav. Retrieved July 7, 2012. ↑ "JFK closure to rattle nerves, wallets". 
MSNBC. Associated Press. March 2, 2010. 
Retrieved August 30, 2015. ↑ Miranda, Maria Eugenia (June 29, 2010). "JFK's Longest Runway Re-opens". NBC New York. ↑ "Press Release Article – Port Authority of NY & NJ". 
Panynj.gov. Retrieved July 2, 2017. 
1 2 "FAA Air Traffic Control Tower, JFK International Airport". Pei Cobs Freed & Partners, Architects. Retrieved July 7, 2012. ↑ JFK Plane Queue Picture -Shows relative sizing ↑ "The 10 tallest air traffic control towers in the world". 
John F. Kennedy International Airport Aerial shot of JFK Airport on May 18, 2017 IATA: JFK ICAO: KJFK FAA LID: JFK WMO: 74486 Summary Airport type Public Owner City of New York[1] Operator Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[1] Serves New York metropolitan area Location Queens, New York, U.S. Hub for American Airlines Delta Air Lines Focus city for JetBlue Airways[2] Norwegian Long Haul Time zone EST (UTC−05:00) • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC−04:00) Elevation AMSL 13 ft / 4 m Coordinates 40°38′23″N 073°46′44″W / 40.63972°N 73.77889°W / 40.63972; -73.77889Coordinates: 40°38′23″N 073°46′44″W / 40.63972°N 73.77889°W / 40.63972; -73.77889 Website jfkairport.com Maps FAA airport diagram as of October 2016. 
JFK Location within New York City / NY / US Show map of New York City JFK JFK (New York) Show map of New York JFK JFK (the US) Show map of the US JFK JFK (North America) Show map of North America Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 4L/22R 12,079 3,682 Concrete[3] 4R/22L 8,400 2,560 Asphalt 13L/31R 10,000 3,048 Asphalt 13R/31L 14,511 4,423 Concrete Helipads Number Length Surface ft m H1 60 18 Asphalt H2 60 18 Asphalt H3 60 18 Asphalt H4 60 18 Asphalt Statistics (2017) Aircraft operations (PANYNJ) 446,459 Passengers (PANYNJ) 59,345,421 Source: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[4] 
John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) (often referred to as Kennedy Airport, New York-JFK or simply JFK) is the primary international airport serving New York City. It is the busiest international air passenger gateway into North America,[5] the 22nd busiest airport in the world, the 6th busiest airport in the United States, and the busiest airport in the New York airport system. JFK handled just over 59 million passengers in 2017.[6] Over ninety airlines operate out of the airport, with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents.[7][8] 
Map showing New York City and the locations of JFK (1), LaGuardia (2) and Newark (3) airports 
John F. Kennedy International Airport was originally called Idlewild Airport (IATA: IDL, ICAO: KIDL, FAA LID: IDL) after the Idlewild Beach Golf Course that it displaced. It was built to relieve the overcrowded LaGuardia Airport, after its opening in 1939. Construction began in 1943,[15] and about $60 million were initially spent with governmental funding, but only 1,000 acres (400 ha) of the Idlewild Golf Course site were earmarked for use.[16] 
The project was renamed Major General Alexander E. Anderson Airport in 1943 after a Queens resident who had commanded a Federalized National Guard unit in the southern United States died in late 1942. In March 1948, the New York City Council changed the name to New York International Airport, Anderson Field, but the common name was "Idlewild" until 1963.[13][17] 
The Port Authority leased the JFK property from the City of New York in 1947 and maintains this lease today.[1] The first airline flight from JFK was on July 1, 1948; the opening ceremony was attended by then U.S. President Harry S. Truman.[16] The Port Authority canceled foreign airlines' permits to use LaGuardia, forcing them to move to JFK during the next couple of years.[18] 
John F. Kennedy International Airport 
JFK has six terminals, containing 128 gates, numbered 1–8 but skipping terminals 3 (demolished in 2013) and 6 (demolished in 2011). 
Terminal 1 
Terminal 1 was opened in 1998, 50 years after the opening of JFK, at the direction of the Terminal One Group, a consortium of four key operating carriers: Air France, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, and Lufthansa.[60] This partnership was founded after the four airlines reached agreement that the then-existing international carrier facilities were inadequate for their needs. 
References 
Tournaments 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ "Emirates Cup 2009 – Teams confirmed". Arsenal F.C. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Prince-Wright, Joe (31 July 2011). 
"Recap: Henry, New York tie Arsenal, take Emirates Cup". 
New York Red Bulls. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ "Emirates Cup is postponed until 2013". Arsenal F.C. 6 December 2011. 
Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Clarke, Richard (4 August 2013). 
"Arsenal 1–2 Galatasaray". 
Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ "Arsenal beaten 1–0 by Monaco as Valencia win the Emirates Cup". BBC Sport. 3 August 2014. 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ "Arsenal defeat Wolfsburg to secure the Emirates Cup". 
BBC Sport. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ "Emirates Cup 2015 line up confirmed". 
Arsenal F.C. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo; Saaid, Hamdan (10 September 2015). "Emirates Cup". 
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. Note: Compare goals conceded in the 2015 final standings table with other tournaments. ↑ "No Arsenal Emirates Cup this summer". 
Arsenal F.C. 18 April 2016. 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Saaid, Hamdan (10 September 2015). 
"Emirates Cup 2007". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Saaid, Hamdan (10 September 2015). 
"Emirates Cup 2008". 
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo (10 September 2015). "Emirates Cup 2009". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo (10 September 2015). 
"Emirates Cup 2010". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo (10 September 2015). 
"Emirates Cup 2011". 
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo (10 September 2015). 
"Emirates Cup 2013". 
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo (10 September 2015). "Emirates Cup 2014". 
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Ciullini, Pablo (10 September 2015). "Emirates Cup 2015". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 
Retrieved 18 June 2016. ↑ Hytner, David (3 August 2013). "Arsenal turn boos to cheers after coming back to draw with Napoli". 
The Emirates Cup is a pre-season association football invitational competition hosted by English club Arsenal at their home ground Emirates Stadium, in Holloway, London. The two-day competition was inaugurated in 2007, and is named after Arsenal's main sponsor Emirates.[1] It has been held every summer except 2012 due to the London Olympics, and 2016 because of pitch renovation work. 
The competition follows a point scoring system much like the Amsterdam Tournament, whereby each team plays two matches, with three points awarded for a win, one point for a draw and none for a loss.[2] An additional point is awarded for every goal scored; this was scrapped in 2011,[3] but made a return from the 2013 edition.[4] From 2009, total shots on target throughout the tournament has been used as a tiebreaker if teams are tied on points, goal difference and goals scored.[5] 
Arsenal won the inaugural tournament in 2007, and further wins followed in 2009, 2010, 2015, and most recently 2017. Four other sides have won the Emirates Cup: Hamburg in 2008, New York Red Bulls in 2011, Galatasaray in 2013 and Valencia in 2014. Paris Saint-Germain are the most regular guests, having been invited to compete in the tournament on three occasions; they have finished as runners-up twice. 
A wide shot of the Emirates Stadium, where Arsenal faced Real Madrid in 2008. 
Arsenal won the inaugural Emirates Cup held in 2007. 
Emirates Cup 
Galatasaray was the first Turkish club to win the Emirates Cup. 
References 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2007 Emirates Cup Tournament details Host country England Dates 28 – 29 July Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Arsenal (1st title) Runners-up Paris Saint-Germain Third place Valencia Fourth place Inter Milan Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 11 (2.75 per match) Top scorer(s) Péguy Luyindula (2 goals) 
The 2007 Emirates Cup was the inaugural pre-season men's association football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal. It took place at the club's home ground, the Emirates Stadium during the weekend of 28 July and 29 July 2007. The idea of a pre-season competition staged at Arsenal first came about during the 2006–07 season; once planning was complete, the club invited three other European clubs to participate in the event: Inter Milan, Paris Saint-Germain and Valencia. 
Robin van Persie scored Arsenal's winning goal against Inter Milan. 
2007 Emirates Cup 
28 July 2007 14:00 BST Inter Milan 0–2 Valencia Report Gavilán 13' Villa 39' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 55,106 Referee: Alan Kelly 
28 July 2007 16:15 BST Arsenal 2–1 Paris Saint-Germain Flamini 45' Bendtner 70' Report Luyindula 80' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 55,106 Referee: Peter Walton 
29 July 2007 14:00 BST Paris Saint-Germain 3–0 Valencia Diane 15' N'Gog 30' Luyindula 85' Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,821 Referee: Andre Marriner 
29 July 2007 16:15 BST Arsenal 2–1 Inter Milan Hleb 67' Van Persie 85' Report Suazo 62' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,821 Referee: Mark Halsey 
Peguy Luyindula was the tournament's topscorer, with two goals. 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2017 Emirates Cup Tournament details Host country England Dates 29 – 30 July Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Arsenal (5th title) Runners-up Sevilla Third place RB Leipzig Fourth place Benfica Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 13 (3.25 per match) Top scorer(s) Theo Walcott (2 goals) 
The 2017 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium. It was the ninth Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 29–30 July 2017, the participants were Arsenal, Sevilla, Benfica, and RB Leipzig. 
Benfica's Franco Cervi featured in the tournament and scored against Arsenal. 
2017 Emirates Cup 
29 July 201714:00 BST RB Leipzig 0–1 Sevilla Report Ben Yedder 35' (pen.) Emirates Stadium, London Referee: Stuart Attwell (England) 
29 July 201716:20 BST Arsenal 5–2 Benfica Walcott 25', 33' López 52' (o.g.) 
Giroud 64' Iwobi 71' Report Cervi 12' Salvio 40' Emirates Stadium, London Referee: Anthony Taylor (England) 
30 July 201714:00 BST RB Leipzig 2–0 Benfica Halstenberg 19' Compper 53' Report Emirates Stadium, London Referee: Peter Green (Australia) 
30 July 201716:20 BST Arsenal 1–2 Sevilla Lacazette 62' Report Correa 49' N'Zonzi 69' Emirates Stadium, London Referee: Andre Marriner (England) 
Theo Walcott was the tournament's topscorer, with two goals. 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2015 Emirates Cup Arsenal celebrate with the trophy after winning the two-day tournament Tournament details Host country England Dates 25 – 26 July Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Arsenal (4th title) Runners-up Villarreal Third place Wolfsburg Fourth place Lyon Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 12 (3 per match) Top scorer(s) 12 players (1 goal) 
The 2015 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium in London. It was the eighth Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 25–26 July 2015, the participants were Arsenal, Villarreal, Olympique Lyonnais, and Wolfsburg. 
2015 Emirates Cup 
25 July 201514:00 BST Wolfsburg 1–2 Villarreal Perišić 10' Report Mario 8' Nahuel 16' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 56,690 Referee: Robert Madley 
25 July 201516:20 BST Arsenal 6–0 Lyon Giroud 29' Oxlade-Chamberlain 34' Iwobi 35' Ramsey 38' Özil 62' Cazorla 84' Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 56,690 Referee: Jonathan Moss 
26 July 201514:00 BST Lyon 0–2 Villarreal Report Soriano 31' (pen.) Baptistão 54' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,918 Referee: Ryuji Sato 
26 July 201516:20 BST Arsenal 1–0 Wolfsburg Walcott 51' Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,918 Referee: Craig Pawson 
Mesut Özil scored his only goal of the tournament against Lyon. 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2014 Emirates Cup Tournament details Host country England Dates 2–3 August Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Valencia (1st title) Runners-up Arsenal Third place Monaco Fourth place Benfica Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 15 (3.75 per match) Top scorer(s) Yaya Sanogo (4 goals) 
The 2014 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium in London. It was the eighth Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 2–3 August 2014, the participants were Arsenal, Monaco, Valencia, and Benfica. 
2014 Emirates Cup 
2 August 201414:00 BST Valencia 2–2 Monaco Carvalho 37' (o.g.) 
Alcácer 69' Report Vezo 30' (o.g.) 
Ocampos 80' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: ? 
Referee: Michael Oliver 
2 August 201416:20 BST Arsenal 5–1 Benfica Sanogo 26', 44', 45+1', 49' Campbell 40' Report Gaitán 61' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: ? Referee: Lee Mason 
3 August 201414:00 BST Benfica 1–3 Valencia Derley 2' Report Gayà 49' Piatti 54' Guardado 60' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 30,000[13] Referee: Ryuji Sato 
3 August 201416:20 BST Arsenal 0–1 Monaco Report Falcao 37' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 50,000[14] Referee: Martin Atkinson 
Yaya Sanogo was the tournament's top scorer, with four goals. 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2013 Emirates Cup Tournament details Host country England Dates 3 – 4 August Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Galatasaray (1st title) Runners-up Porto Third place Arsenal Fourth place Napoli Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 12 (3 per match) Top scorer(s) Didier Drogba Goran Pandev (2 goals) 
The 2013 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium in London. It was the sixth Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 3–4 August 2013, the participants were Arsenal, Porto, Napoli, and Galatasaray. 
2013 Emirates Cup 
3 August 201314:00 BST Galatasaray 1–0 Porto Melo 71' (pen.) Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,554 Referee: Andre Marriner 
3 August 201316:20 BST Arsenal 2–2 Napoli Giroud 72' Koscielny 86' Report Insigne 7' Pandev 28' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,554 Referee: Kevin Friend 
4 August 201314:00 BST Napoli 1–3 Porto Pandev 45' (pen.) Report Ghilas 50' Fernández 68' (o.g.) 
Licá 78' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,608 Referee: Anthony Taylor 
4 August 201316:20 BST Arsenal 1–2 Galatasaray Walcott 40' Report Drogba 78' (pen.), 87' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 59,608 Referee: Jonathan Moss 
Didier Drogba (left) scored two goals in the tournament 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2011 Emirates Cup Emirates Stadium Tournament details Host country England Dates 30 – 31 July Teams 4 (from 3 confederations) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions New York Red Bulls (1st title) Runners-up Paris Saint-Germain Third place Arsenal Fourth place Boca Juniors Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 10 (2.5 per match) Top scorer(s) Robin van Persie (2 goals) 
Held on the weekend of 30–31 July 2011, the participants were Arsenal, Boca Juniors, Paris Saint-Germain, and New York Red Bulls. The inclusion of the Red Bulls meant Thierry Henry returned to play against his former club, Arsenal. The 2011 edition, with the Red Bulls and Boca Juniors, also marked the first time clubs outside of UEFA's jurisdiction had participated in the competition. 
Thierry Henry featured in the tournament, playing for New York Red Bulls against his former club Arsenal. 
2011 Emirates Cup 
30 July 201114:00 BST New York Red Bulls 1–0 Paris Saint-Germain Lindpere 27' Report [8] Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 54,488 Referee: Kenny Ng 
30 July 201116:20 BST Arsenal 2–2 Boca Juniors Van Persie 29' Ramsey 46' Report [18] Viatri 68' Mouche 71' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 54,488 Referee: Martin Atkinson 
31 July 201114:00 BST Paris Saint-Germain 3–0 Boca Juniors Maurice 8' Hoarau 38' Ceará 79' Report [11] Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 60,011 Referee: Kristinn Jakobsson 
31 July 201116:20 BST Arsenal 1–1 New York Red Bulls Van Persie 42' Report [19] Bartley 84' (o.g.) Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 60,011 Referee: Kevin Friend 
Robin van Persie scored in both of Arsenal's matches 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2010 Emirates Cup Action between Arsenal and Milan on the first day of the tournament. 
Tournament details Host country England Dates 31 July – 1 August Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Arsenal (3rd title) Runners-up Lyon Third place Celtic Fourth place Milan Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 13 (3.25 per match) Top scorer(s) 13 players (1 goal) 
The 2010 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium in London. It was the fourth Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 31 July and 1 August 2010, the participants were Arsenal, Lyon, Milan, and Celtic. 
2010 Emirates Cup 
31 July 201014:00 BST Celtic 2–2 Lyon Hooper 82' Samaras 89' Report Bastos 28' Novillo 54' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 60,012 Referee: Ryuji Sato 
31 July 201016:20 BST Arsenal 1–1 Milan Chamakh 36' Report Pato 77' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 60,012 Referee: Chris Foy 
1 August 201014:00 BST Milan 1–1 Lyon Borriello 56' Report Briand 79' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 60,127 Referee: Minoru Tojo 
1 August 201016:20 BST Arsenal 3–2 Celtic Vela 3' Sagna 45' Nasri 51' Report Murphy 72' Ki 82' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 60,127 Referee: Andre Marriner 
Gary Hooper scored on the opening day of the competition, against Lyon. 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2009 Emirates Cup Tournament details Host country England Dates 1–2 August Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Arsenal (2nd title) Runners-up Rangers Third place Atlético Madrid Fourth place Paris Saint-Germain Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 9 (2.25 per match) Top scorer(s) Andrey Arshavin Jack Wilshere (2 goals) 
The 2009 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium. It was the third Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 1–2 August 2009, the participants were Arsenal, Atlético Madrid, Rangers, and Paris Saint-Germain. 
2009 Emirates Cup 
1 August 200914:00 BST Rangers 1–0 Paris Saint-Germain Bougherra 76' Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 54,224 Referee: Alan Kelly 
1 August 200916:15 BST Arsenal 2–1 Atlético Madrid Arshavin 86' 90' Report Pacheco 88' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 54,224 Referee: Mark Clattenburg 
2 August 200914:00 BST Paris Saint-Germain 1–1 Atlético Madrid Giuly 71' Report Agüero 41' (pen.) Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 56,758 Referee: Alan Wiley 
2 August 200916:15 BST Arsenal 3–0 Rangers Wilshere 2' 72' Eduardo 11' Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 56,758 Referee: Mike Dean 
Jack Wilshere scored two goals in the tournament 
Matches 
Standings 
Goalscorers 
2008 Emirates Cup Tournament details Host country England Dates 2–3 August Teams 4 (from 1 confederation) Venue(s) 1 (in 1 host city) Final positions Champions Hamburg (1st title) Runners-up Real Madrid Third place Arsenal Fourth place Juventus Tournament statistics Matches played 4 Goals scored 8 (2 per match) Top scorer(s) Ivica Olić (2 goals) 
The 2008 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium in London. It was the second Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 2–3 August 2008, the participants of the tournament were Arsenal, Real Madrid, Juventus, and Hamburg. 
2008 Emirates Cup 
2 August 2008 14:00 BST Real Madrid 2–1 Hamburg Van Nistelrooy 25' Parejo 85' Report Zidan 53' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 51,000 Referee: Alan Kelly 
2 August 2008 16:15 BST Arsenal 0–1 Juventus Report Trezeguet 37' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 51,000 Referee: Peter Walton 
3 August 2008 14:00 BST Juventus 0–3 Hamburg Report Guerrero 19' Olić 90+1', 90+2' Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 51,000 Referee: Chris Foy 
3 August 2008 16:15 BST Arsenal 1–0 Real Madrid Adebayor 49' (pen.) Report Emirates Stadium, London Attendance: 51,000 Referee: Mark Clattenburg 
Ivica Olić was the tournament's topscorer, with two goals. 
History 
References 
Manor Ground Full name Manor Ground Location Plumstead, London, England Owner Royal/Woolwich Arsenal Capacity 33,000 [1] Construction Opened 1888 Closed 1913 Demolished c. 
1913 Tenants Royal/Woolwich Arsenal (1888-1890, 1893-1913) 
Coordinates: 51°29′29″N 0°05′14″E / 51.49139°N 0.08722°E / 51.49139; 0.08722 The Manor Ground located in Plumstead, south east London was a football stadium. This arena was the home of football club Royal Arsenal, which was later named Woolwich Arsenal, and as so came to be known as Arsenal F.C.. 
Under their original name of Dial Square, the club's very first match in December 1886 was on a field in the Isle of Dogs, that's close to Glengall Road which is now known as Tiller Road.[2] After such, during the remainder of the 1886-87 season, the club which was newly renamed Royal Arsenal played upon Plumstead Common. They moved in September 1887 to a field on Plumstead Marshes, which was renamed the Sportsman Ground after the Sportsman pub nearby. They continued to play there for the next six months. 
In 1888, after flooding to the Sportsman Ground, the club moved to the adjoining Manor Field which was soon renamed Manor Ground. The pitch was notoriously muddy and upon its southern border lay the not too distant Southern Outfall Sewer.[3] There were no stands as such as the club used wagons borrowed from nearby Army bases to house spectators. The Royal Arsenal's first match there was against Millwall Rovers on 30 March 1888, a game won by a margin of 3 goals to nil.[4] 
In 1890, Royal Arsenal decided to move to the Invicta Ground which was more suitable as it possessed a stand, terracing and changing rooms. Whilst there they changed their name to Woolwich Arsenal and became a professional club. The side went on to leave the Invicta after three years as its owner raised the ground's rent.[5] Arsenal bought the Manor Ground with money raised from an issue of shares, thereafter erecting a single main stand and banks of terracing. 
Woolwich Arsenal continued to play their home matches at Manor Ground for the next twenty years. As such there were two instances where they had to stage one league fixture against Burton Swifts at New Brompton's Priestfield Stadium and another versus Leicester Fosse at Lyttelton cricket ground, Leyton. During 1895 the Manor Ground had been closed by the Football League for a period of five weeks after crowd trouble at a match against Burton Wanderers in January of that year.[7] 
Spion Kop, Manor Ground 
However, the numbers of these crowds soon dipped, thanks in no small part to the Manor Ground's being relatively isolated and located within an industrial area with few local residents. 
After years of financial precarity, in 1910 Woolwich Arsenal faced bankruptcy, with the club managing an average crowd of only 11,000, compared to Chelsea's average gate of 28,000.[6] That year, London property magnate and Fulham chairman Sir Henry Norris bought Arsenal out to rescue the club, and he proceeded to move the club all the way across London to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury three years later. This came after an unfruitful attempt to merge clubs Fulham and Arsenal. 
Woolwich Arsenal played their last game at the Manor Ground on 26 April 1913 in a 1-1 draw against Middlesbrough.[6] Afterwards the ground soon fell derelict, and was eventually demolished with the land redeveloped. Today it's home to an industrial estate and the stadium's former site is roughly bound by Nathan Way, Griffin Manor Way and Hadden Road. Arsenal's departure saw another local club, Charlton Athletic, turn professional in 1920 and thus take their place as the main club of the area. 
Manor Ground (Plumstead) 
History 
References 
Invicta Ground Full name Invicta Ground Location Plumstead, London, England Owner George Weaver Capacity c.12,000 Construction Opened 1890 Closed c. 1894 Demolished ? 
Tenants Woolwich Arsenal (1890-1893) Royal Ordnance Factories (1893-1894) 
The Invicta Ground was a football stadium in Plumstead, south-east London, that was the home of club Royal Arsenal which is now known as Arsenal. 
Named after Invicta, the motto of the county of Kent, the ground was Arsenal's first proper stadium, being equipped with a stand, a row of terracing and changing rooms. The arena stood on the south side of Plumstead High Street with Arsenal's old home, the Manor Ground which was upon the opposite side of high street being much smaller by contrast. 
When Royal Arsenal first moved to the Invicta Ground, they were an amateur team with a following of only about 1,000, but within a year the club had turned professional and had renamed themselves Woolwich Arsenal. They started to attract much larger crowds, including a record 12,000 for a match against the then Scottish Cup holders Heart of Midlothian on 30 March 1891, which Woolwich Arsenal lost 5–1. 
Woolwich Arsenal intended to use the Invicta for 1893–94, their first season playing in the Football League. However, the ground's owner, George Weaver (a mineral water magnate), wishing to make the most out of the rise in Arsenal's fortunes, put the annual rent up from £200 to £350, a sum which the club could not afford. Arsenal returned to the Manor Ground, which they bought outright after a share issue, and spent the summer of 1893 building proper stands and facilities. 
However, they had left by late 1894 and Weaver could not find a permanent tenant for the ground. He eventually demolished it, building houses on the site. Today Mineral Street and Hector Street stand where the stadium used to be; some of the stadium's concrete terracing still survives in the back gardens of houses in Hector Street. 
Invicta Ground 
Loan to Nottingham Forest 
Career statistics 
Personal life 
Club 
Cardiff City 
Early life 
Arsenal 
International career 
Ramsey had his first taste of international action when he was called up for the Wales U17s in 2005. A part of the new wave of young talents to emerge from the Wales youth teams, he debuted for the U21 side on 21 August 2007 in a 4–3 away win over Sweden U21s several months shy of his seventeenth birthday, breaking former club mate Chris Gunter's record.[94][95] Youth coach Brian Flynn revealed that Ramsey had been purposely held back in the U21s to help qualify for the 2009 U21 European Championships but they lost a close contest to England U21s in the play-offs, where Ramsey himself scored a volley with his weaker foot in the second leg at Villa Park.[96] 
Aaron Ramsey (middle) lines up for Wales Under-21 alongside Christian Ribeiro (right) and Ched Evans (left) 
Ramsey married childhood sweetheart Colleen Rowlands at Caldicot Castle in Monmouthshire, Wales on 8 June 2014.[122][123] They have a son, Sonny, born in 2015.[124] Ramsey is a supporter of the World Wildlife Fund and has spoken of his "passion" for animals and their conservation.[125] In January 2014 Ramsey signed a modelling contract with Elite Model Management London.[126][127] Ramsey has been sponsored by Adidas and is currently linked up with that of New Balance.[128][129][130] He has also, since 2014, been a brand ambassador for McDonald's.[131] 
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Cardiff City 2006–07[133] Championship 1 0 0 0 0 0 — — 1 0 2007–08[134] Championship 15 1 5 1 1 0 — — 21 2 Total 16 1 5 1 1 0 — — 22 2 Arsenal 2008–09[135] Premier League 9 0 4 0 3 0 6[lower-alpha 1] 1 — 22 1 2009–10[136] Premier League 18 3 2 1 3 0 6[lower-alpha 1] 0 — 29 4 2010–11[137] Premier League 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 – 8 1 2011–12[138] Premier League 34 2 3 0 0 0 7[lower-alpha 1] 1 — 44 3 2012–13[139] Premier League 36 1 3 0 1 0 7[lower-alpha 1] 1 — 47 2 2013–14[140] Premier League 23 10 2 1 1 0 8[lower-alpha 1] 5 — 34 16 2014–15[141] Premier League 29 6 4 0 0 0 7[lower-alpha 1] 3 1[lower-alpha 2] 1 41 10 2015–16[142] Premier League 31 5 2 1 1 0 5[lower-alpha 1] 0 1[lower-alpha 2] 0 40 6 2016–17[143] Premier League 23 1 4 3 1 0 4[lower-alpha 1] 0 — 32 4 2017–18[144] Premier League 20 6 0 0 2 0 4[lower-alpha 3] 4 0 0 26 10 Total 230 35 25 6 12 0 54 15 2 1 323 57 Nottingham Forest (loan) 2010–11[137] Championship 5 0 — — — — 5 0 Cardiff City (loan) 2010–11[137] Championship 6 1 — — — — 6 1 Career Total 257 37 30 7 13 0 54 15 2 1 356 60 
Aaron Ramsey Ramsey playing for Arsenal in 2015 Personal information Full name Aaron James Ramsey[1] Date of birth (1990-12-26) 26 December 1990[2] Place of birth Caerphilly, Wales Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)[3] Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Arsenal Number 8 Youth career 1999–2006 Cardiff City Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 2006–2008 Cardiff City 16 (1) 2008– Arsenal 230 (35) 2010–2011 → Nottingham Forest (loan) 5 (0) 2011 → Cardiff City (loan) 6 (1) National team‡ 2005–2008 Wales U17 15 (2) 2007–2009 Wales U21 12 (2) 2008– Wales 52 (13) 2012 Great Britain 5 (1) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15:00, 1 April 2018 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 22:18, 10 November 2017 (UTC) 
Aaron James Ramsey (/ˈræmzi/; born 26 December 1990) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Arsenal and the Wales national team. Ramsey mainly plays as a box-to-box midfielder, but has also been deployed on the left and right wings. He played as a schoolboy for Cardiff City, where he spent eight years in youth football, became the club's youngest ever first team player, and made 22 appearances for the senior team – including the 2008 FA Cup Final. 
However, his career stalled significantly after he suffered a broken leg in a match against Stoke City in February 2010. After two loan spells away from Arsenal, he returned to full fitness and re-established himself as a regular starter during the 2011–12 season. Ramsey was a key player for Arsenal in the 2013–14 season campaign, scoring 16 goals in all competitions, including the winner in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Hull City. 
As a child, Ramsey attended Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni (Rhymney Valley Comprehensive School) in Caerphilly County Borough.[6] Ramsey's first introduction to football was at the age of nine, when he attended an Urdd training session at Caerphilly.[7] Before turning to football, he was a keen rugby player and athlete. As a schoolboy he played as a winger for Caerphilly R.F.C.s youth development programme, where he was approached by scouts from rugby league side St. Helens after playing in a youth match against them[8] but had already been signed by Cardiff City's youth academy. Ramsey was Welsh Schools' Athletic Association pentathlon champion in 2005 and was ranked 4th in Great Britain in the under 17 age group in 2006.[9] He lived with his parents, Marlene and Kevin, and his brother, Josh, until moving to London where he was housemates with former Cardiff City teammate, Chris Gunter,[10] who was then playing for Tottenham Hotspur. 
Ramsey at Cardiff City in 2008 
After impressing in an Urdd tournament as a youngster he signed for Cardiff City, who beat off competition from Newcastle United, as a schoolboy at the age of eight, working his way through the club's youth system. After a few more years he eventually made his Cardiff City début in the last home game of the 2006–07 Championship season, coming on to replace Paul Parry in the final minute of the 1–0 defeat to Hull City on 28 April 2007. In doing so, Ramsey became the youngest player to ever play for Cardiff City, aged just 16 years and 124 days,[13] beating the previous record holder John Toshack. 
On 10 June 2008 it was confirmed that after meeting officials from Arsenal, Everton and Manchester United, Ramsey had decided to join Arsenal, who paid Cardiff City a total of £4.8 million for the player.[24] The move was completed on 13 June 2008 on what was said to be a long-term contract. The main reason he chose Arsenal ahead of the other clubs that pursued his signature was the approach of Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, who flew him and his family to Switzerland to talk about the plans Wenger had for him and his potential future with Arsenal.[25] Wenger described Ramsey as "a player with a fantastic engine, good build, good technique and good vision".[26] 
Ramsey (in dark blue) at the end of the 2008–09 campaign 
Aaron Ramsey 
The move was to allow him to gain match fitness.[41] Ramsey made his Forest debut on 29 November 2010 as a 61st-minute substitute against Leicester City.[42] He made his first start against Derby County in the East Midlands derby where he played 60 minutes. The match ended 5–2 to Nottingham Forest. Due to adverse weather conditions, Ramsey was limited to just five appearances for Forest before returning to Arsenal in January 2011.[43][44] Ramsey returned to Arsenal on 5 January 2011 before the club's FA Cup tie against Leeds United [45] in which he was an unused substitute.[46] Ramsey was also an unused substitute at Portman Road on 12 January for the League Cup semi-final against Ipswich Town.[47] 
Runway markings 
Declared distances 
References 
History 
Naming 
Sections of a runway 
Control of lighting system 
Technical specifications 
Runway lighting is used at airports that allow night landings. Seen from the air, runway lights form an outline of the runway. A runway may have some or all of the following:[14] 
On precision instrument runways, the edge-lighting becomes amber in the last 2,000 ft (610 m) of the runway, or last third of the runway, whichever is less. 
Runway centerline lighting system (RCLS) – lights embedded into the surface of the runway at 50 ft (15 m) intervals along the runway centerline on some precision instrument runways. 
White except the last 900 m (3,000 ft): alternate white and red for next 600 m (1,969 ft) and red for last 300 m (984 ft).[14] Touchdown zone lights (TDZL[6]) – rows of white light bars (with three in each row) at 30 or 60 m (98 or 197 ft) intervals on either side of the centerline for 900 m (3,000 ft).[14] Taxiway centerline lead-off lights – installed along lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights embedded into the runway pavement. 
A runway landing light from 1945 
The first runway lighting appeared in 1930 at Cleveland Municipal Airport (now known as Cleveland Hopkins International Airport) in Cleveland, Ohio. A line of lights on an airfield or elsewhere to guide aircraft in taking off or coming in to land or an illuminated runway is sometimes also known as a Flare Path. 
Night runway view from A320 cockpit 
Ground light at Bremen Airport 
Typically the lights are controlled by a control tower, a flight service station or another designated authority. Some airports/airfields (particularly uncontrolled ones) are equipped with pilot-controlled lighting, so that pilots can temporarily turn on the lights when the relevant authority is not available.[18] This avoids the need for automatic systems or staff to turn the lights on at night or in other low visibility situations. This also avoids the cost of having the lighting system on for extended periods. 
Aviation Week Network. ↑ Federal Aviation Administration Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 2, Section 3 Airport Marking Aids and Signs part 3b Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5340-1L - Standards for Airport Markings; Chaper 2.3.e.(2) [page 17] states "A single-digit runway landing designation number is never preceded by a zero."". ↑ Retrieved on 2012-02-24. ↑ Edwards AFB Rogers Lakebed Airport Diagram (PDF), effective 29 Mar 2018. Federal Aviation Administration. 
1 2 3 4 5 "Order JO 7340.1Z: Contractions" (PDF). 
Federal Aviation Administration. March 15, 2007. 1 2 3 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations, retrieved 2009-10-04 ↑ Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports, retrieved 2009-10-04 ↑ Swatton, Peter J. (2000). 
A runway at Palm Springs International Airport 
A Phenom 300 from behind at one end of a runway 
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft". Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt). 
In January 1919, aviation pioneer Orville Wright underlined the need for "distinctly marked and carefully prepared landing places, [but] the preparing of the surface of reasonably flat ground [is] an expensive undertaking [and] there would also be a continuous expense for the upkeep."[1] 
Font and size of numbers and letters 
Runway 22 
Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the local magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°).[2] When taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90° (east). 
A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately: e.g., "runway 33" in one direction is "runway 15" when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18 (= 180°). 
If there is more than one runway pointing in the same direction (parallel runways), each runway is identified by appending Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R) to the number to identify its position (when facing its direction) — for example, Runways One Five Left (15L), One Five Center (15C), and One Five Right (15R). Runway Zero Three Left (03L) becomes Runway Two One Right (21R) when used in the opposite direction (derived from adding 18 to the original number for the 180 degrees when approaching from the opposite direction). In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, regulations mandate that only one runway may be used at a time under certain conditions (usually adverse weather). 
At large airports with four or more parallel runways (for example, at Los Angeles, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta, Denver, Dallas-Fort Worth and Orlando) some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this system results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L, and 7R, even though all four runways are actually parallel (approximately 69 degrees). At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, and 18R, all oriented at a heading of 175.4 degrees. 
However, most U.S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation.[3] This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield. This American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a country such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04, and the pilot read back the clearance as runway 4. 
Runway sign at Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain 
Runway 
Runway dimensions vary from as small as 245 m (804 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide in smaller general aviation airports, to 5,500 m (18,045 ft) long and 80 m (262 ft) wide at large international airports built to accommodate the largest jets, to the huge 11,917 m × 274 m (39,098 ft × 899 ft) lake bed runway 17/35 at Edwards Air Force Base in California – developed as a landing site for the Space Shuttle.[5] 
Takeoff and landing distances available are given using one of the following terms: 
TORA[6] Takeoff Run Available – The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off.[7] 
Larger runways have a distance remaining sign (black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate the remaining distance of the runway in thousands of feet. For example, a 7 will indicate 7,000 ft (2,134 m) remaining. 
These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft (457 m)). They provide horizontal position guidance to planes on instrument approach via Non-directional beacon, VHF omnidirectional range, Global Positioning System, etc. Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway (optional, for airports handling jets), threshold, designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft (457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and 3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. 
Lights 
References 
Markings 
Signs 
F-22 Raptors taxiing at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, USA 
A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller general aviation airports sometimes use gravel or grass. 
Busy airports typically construct high-speed or rapid-exit taxiways to allow aircraft to leave the runway at higher speeds. This allows the aircraft to vacate the runway quicker, permitting another to land or take off in a shorter interval of time. This is usually accomplished by making the exiting taxiway longer, thus giving the aircraft more space in which to slow down, before the taxiways' upcoming intersection with another (perpendicular) taxiway, another runway, or the ramp/tarmac. 
Most airports do not have a specific speed limit for taxiing (some have). There is a general rule on safe speed based on obstacles. Operators and aircraft manufacturers might have limits. 
Taxiway at Munich Airport 
Normal Centerline A single continuous yellow line, 15 centimetres (6 in) to 30 centimetres (12 in) in width. 
Continuous markings consist of a continuous double yellow line, with each line being at least 15 centimetres (6 in) in width, spaced 15 centimetres (6 in) apart. 
These markings consist of a broken double yellow line, with each line being at least 15 centimetres (6 in) in width, spaced 15 centimetres (6 in) apart (edge to edge). 
No entry sign 
Taxiway edge light 
Taxiway 
Retrieved January 1, 2018. ↑ "FAA Advisory Circular No: 150/5340-1J March 31, 2008 – Standards for Airport Markings". Retrieved January 1, 2018. (canceled and replaced by150/5340-1K) ↑ "AIP Israel Amendment 2.5-1". 
Pier 
Ground transportation 
References 
Semicircular terminals 
Zones 
Designs 
Satellite terminals 
Many small and mid-size airports have a single two or three-lane one-way loop road which is used by local private vehicles and buses to drop off and pick up passengers. 
Duty-free shops Retail stores and restaurants Airport lounges Airport customs 
Pre-Security 
Check-in counters Retail stores and restaurants Baggage claim 
Post Security 
Terminal Five at Heathrow Airport 
An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. 
Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called concourses. However, the terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the configuration of the airport. 
Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses. At small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse. 
Some larger airports have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, sky-bridges, or underground tunnels (such as Denver International Airport, modeled after Atlanta's, the world's busiest). Some larger airports have more than one terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport). Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each of which incorporate the functions of a concourse (such as Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport). 
Typical Passengers-Terminal Configurations 
Due to the rapid rise in popularity of passenger flight, many early terminals were built in the 1930s–1940s and reflected the popular art deco style architecture of the time. One such surviving example from 1940 is the Houston Municipal Airport Terminal. Early airport terminals opened directly onto the tarmac: passengers would walk or take a bus to their aircraft. 
Mumbai Airport (Domestic Terminal), India 
A pier design uses a small, narrow building with aircraft parked on both sides. One end connects to a ticketing and baggage claim area. Piers offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance from the check-in counter to the gate (up to half a mile in the cases of Kansai International Airport or Lisbon Portela Airport's Terminal 1). 
Aerial view of the Beijing Capital International Airport with Terminal 3 (orange roof) across the foreground; Terminals 2 (blue and white roof) and 1 (orange roof) in the upper right 
Airport terminal 
It used an underground pedestrian tunnel to connect the satellite to the main terminal. This was also the first setup at Los Angeles International Airport, but it has since been converted to a pier layout. The first airport to use an automatic people mover to connect the main terminal with a satellite was Tampa International Airport, which is the standard today. 
Aerial view of Terminal 1 and 2 of Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta Airport 
Some airports use a semicircular terminal, with aircraft parked on one side and cars on the other. This design results in long walks for connecting passengers, but greatly reduces travel times between check-in and the aircraft. Airports designed around this model include Charles de Gaulle Airport (terminal 2), Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai ( old terminal 2), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Seoul's Incheon International Airport, Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (terminal 1 & 2), Toronto Pearson Airport, Kansas City Airport, Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport and Sapporo's New Chitose Airport. 
Other terms 
Apron 
The airport apron or apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, or boarded.[1] Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access. By extension, the term "apron" is also used to identify the air traffic control position responsible for coordinating movement on this surface at busier airports. 
The US Military typically refers to the apron area as the "Flight line". 
Airport apron 
Regional airport 
A domestic airport is an airport that handles only domestic flights—flights within the same country. Domestic airports do not have customs and immigration facilities and so cannot handle flights to or from a foreign airport. 
These airports often have short runways sufficient to handle short or medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. Security check / metal detectors are used in most countries, but such checks were for domestic flights installed in many cases decades after checks for international flights. 
Most municipal airports in Canada and the United States are of this classification. At international airports in Canada, there are domestic terminals that handle flights within Canada (flying from one Canadian city to another). 
A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration facilities to process traffic between countries. In Canada regional airports usually service connections within Canada and some flights to the United States. A few U.S. regional airports, some of which actually call themselves international airports, may have customs and immigration facilities staffed on an as-needed basis, but the vast majority serve domestic traffic only. 
See also 
Design and construction 
Customs and immigration 
History 
Operations and management 
References 
San Francisco International Airport at night, with departure gates radiating out from the terminal building, aerobridges, apron, and parked planes 
An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers travelling between countries. International airports are typically larger than domestic airports and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also host domestic flights. 
Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, there were over 1,200 international airports and almost two billion international passengers along with 50 million metric tonnes of cargo were passing through them annually. 
In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920.[1][2] In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.[3] 
The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.[8][9][10][11] Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.[12][13] Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.[14] 
Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site. 
Some international airports require construction of additional infrastructure outside of the airport, such as at the Hong Kong International Airport, which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile expressway to connect the airport to the urban areas of Hong Kong. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges. Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.[15] 
A flight information display system screen at Charles de Gaulle Airport's Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals 
Passport inspection at Dublin Airport (2007) 
International airport 
History 
References 
Arsenal TV Launched 20 March 2008 Closed 9 August 2009 Owned by Setanta Sports, Arsenal FC, Input Media Picture format 16:9 SDTV Replaced by Arsenal Player Arsenal on YouTube[1][2] Website tv.arsenal.com Availability Satellite Sky Digital Channel 435 Cable Virgin Media Channel 542 
Arsenal TV was a sports television channel devoted to coverage of the English football club Arsenal F.C.. It was a part of the Setanta Sports package and was similar to other Setanta's other channels Celtic TV, Rangers TV and LFC TV.[3] Arsenal TV has been continued in the way of its successors being Arsenal's Web Player and Arsenal on YouTube.[2][1] 
Arsenal TV officially launched on 14 January 2008 on Sky Channel 423, however the channel was being tested on Sky for several days beforehand.[4] Arsenal TV was available as a part of the Setanta Sports pack on Sky until 23 June 2009. The channel remained available to ex-Setanta Sports subscribers until it closed.[5] 
Arsenal TV joined Virgin Media on 18 March 2008 after a successful campaign by the club to get the channel on the service; it was available as part of the Setanta Sports package or TV Size XL.[6] 
Arsenal TV 
References 
"Arsenal Number One" was a single released by the English football team Arsenal, as a double A-side with "Our Goal", in 2000. It reached number 46 in the UK Singles Chart.[1] 
Arsenal Number One 
"Shouting for the Gunners" was a single released by the English football team Arsenal, with Tippa Irie and Peter Hunnigale on 3 May 1993. It reached number 34 in the UK Singles Chart.[1] 
Shouting for the Gunners 
History 
Airlines and destinations 
References 
Facilities 
Runways and air control 
Localization debate 
Terminal 
Military and secondary 
Arrival and train-station 
The airport covers an area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi) and is modeled partially on Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, with two parallel runways and a single terminal with two piers on a single line.[33][44] Non-commercial and practice general aviation is not operated at Oslo Airport, and is mainly done from Kjeller Airport, Rakkestad Airport and Tønsberg Airport, Jarlsberg.[45] Oslo Airport is located 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) north-northeast of Oslo city center.[5] 
The passenger terminal covers 148,000 square metres (1,590,000 sq ft) and is 819 metres (2,687 ft) long.[33][46] The terminal area has 52 aircraft parking stands, of which 34 are connected with bridges and 18 are remotely parked.[33] Domestic gates are located in the west wing, while gates for international flights are in the east, with gates for non-Schengen area flights at the very end of the wing. Four gates near the end of the east wing are flexigates where doors can be opened or closed to switch between Schengen and non-Schengen flights.[47] EU controllers have been somewhat sceptical of the Schengen/non-Schengen flexigates, and there were a few incidents where the wrong doors were opened so that passengers who should have gone through the border control did not.[48] A new pier that extends northwards from the terminal was opened in 2017.[49] To compensate for the gates lost in the interim period, an extra pier south of and parallel to the west wing was constructed in 2012 for domestic flights. This "pier south" has eight gates that all lack jet bridges, and was intended for demolition after five years.[50] The extension gives a capacity of 32 million; in 2016, 25.7 million passengers used the airport.[3][51] The airport is "silent", so announcements for flights are only done in the immediate vicinity of the gate. 
The west runway 01L/19R is 3,600 by 45 metres (11,811 ft × 148 ft), while the east runway 01R/19L is 2,950 by 45 metres (9,678 ft × 148 ft).[5] Both have taxiways, allowing 80 air movements per hour.[33] The runways are equipped with CAT IIIA instrument landing system[64] and the airport is supervised by a 91-metre (299 ft) tall control tower.[51] Once departing aircraft are 15 kilometres (9 mi) away from the airport, responsibility is taken over by Oslo Air Traffic Control Center, which supervises the airspace with Haukåsen Radar. There are two ground radars at the airport, located on the far sides of each of the runways. Both at the gates and along the taxiways, there is an automatic system of lights that guide the aircraft. 
ATC tower 
Oslo Airport Oslo lufthavn IATA: OSL ICAO: ENGM Summary Airport type Public Operator Oslo Lufthavn AS (Avinor) Serves Oslo, Norway Location Gardermoen, Ullensaker, Akershus Hub for Norwegian Air Shuttle Scandinavian Airlines Elevation AMSL 681 ft / 208 m Coordinates 60°12′10″N 011°05′02″E / 60.20278°N 11.08389°E / 60.20278; 11.08389Coordinates: 60°12′10″N 011°05′02″E / 60.20278°N 11.08389°E / 60.20278; 11.08389 Website osl.no Map OSL Location in Akershus county Location of Akershus in Norway Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 01L/19R 3,600 11,811 Asphalt/concrete 01R/19L 2,950 9,678 Asphalt/concrete Statistics (2017) Passengers 27,482,315 International 15,851,565 Domestic 11,630,750 Aircraft movements 242,555 Cargo (metric tonnes) 181,265 Source: [1][2][3] 
Oslo Airport (Norwegian: Oslo Lufthavn; IATA: OSL, ICAO: ENGM) is the main international airport serving Oslo, Norway, the capital and most populous city in the country. 
The percentage of passengers using public transport to get to and from the airport is one of the highest in the world at nearly 70%.[6] The ground facilities are owned by Oslo Lufthavn AS, a subsidiary of the state-owned Avinor. Also at the premises is Gardermoen Air Station, operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force. An expansion with a new terminal building and a third pier opened in late April 2017.[7] Oslo is also served by the low-fare airport Torp in Sandefjord, situated 119 km to the south of downtown Oslo. 
Gardermoen in 1904, while it was still an army camp 
Tents were solely used until 1860, when the first barracks and stalls were taken into use. Insulated buildings were built around 1900, allowing the camp to be used year-round. By 1925, the base had eleven camps and groups of buildings.[8] The first flight at Gardermoen happened in 1912, and Gardermoen became a station for military flights.[9] 
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, the Luftwaffe took over Gardermoen, and built the first proper airport facilities with hangars and two crossing runways, both 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) long. After World War II, the airport was taken over by the Norwegian Air Force and made the main air station. Three fighter and one transport squadron were stationed at the Gardermoen.[8] 
From 1946 to 1952, when a longer runway was built at Fornebu, all intercontinental traffic was moved to Gardermoen. Gardermoen grew up as a training field for the commercial airlines and as local airport for general aviation. Some commercial traffic returned again in 1960, when SAS received its first Sud Aviation Caravelle jet aircraft, that could not use the runway at Fornebu until it was extended again in 1962. 
The first airports to serve Oslo was Kjeller Airport that opened in 1912 and Gressholmen Airport that served seaplanes after its opening in 1926.[13] Norway's first airline, Det Norske Luftfartrederi, was founded in 1918 and the first scheduled fights were operated by Deutsche Luft Hansa to Germany with the opening of Gressholmen.[14] In 1939, a new combined sea and land airport opened at Fornebu.[15] It was gradually expanded, with a runway capable of jet aircraft opening in 1962 and a new terminal building in 1964. But due to its location on a peninsula about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the city center and close to large residential areas, it would not be possible to expand the airport sufficiently to meet all foreseeable demand in the future.[16] Following the 1972 decision to move charter traffic to Gardermoen, politicians were forced to choose between a "divided solution" that planners stated would eventually force all international traffic to move to Gardermoen, or to build a new airport.[17] 
Passport control 
The areas were therefore reserved.[19] During the 1970s, it became a political priority by the socialist and center parties to reduce state investments in Eastern Norway to stimulate growth in rural areas.[20] In 1983, parliament voted to keep the divided solution permanently, and expand Fornebu with a larger terminal.[21] 
The areas at Hobøl had been freed up, and a government report was launched recommending that a new airport be built at Gardermoen, although an airport at Hurum had also been surveyed. However, the report did not look into the need of the Air Force that was stationed at Gardermoen, and was therefore rejected by the parliament the following year. In 1988, a majority of the government chose Hurum as their preferred location, and Minister of Transport Kjell Borgen withdrew from his position. 
Check-in area 
Oslo Airport, Gardermoen 
Terminal 1 
History 
Advantages 
Gallery 
References 
Disadvantages 
A jet bridge (also termed jetway,[1] gangway, aerobridge/airbridge, air jetty, portal, skybridge or its official industry name passenger boarding bridge (PBB)) is an enclosed, movable connector which most commonly extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane, and in some instances from a port to a boat or ship, allowing passengers to board and disembark without going outside or being exposed to the elements.[2] Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions, and operational requirements, a jet bridge may be fixed or movable, swinging radially and/or extending in length.[2] The jetway was invented by Frank Der Yuen.[3][4] 
Three ThyssenKrupp Airport Systems jet bridges feeding an Airbus A380 at Frankfurt Airport in Frankfurt, Germany. 
Video of jet bridge being moved to an American Airlines plane at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. 
Before the introduction of jet bridges, passengers normally boarded an aircraft by walking along the ground-level ramp and climbing a set of movable stairs, or up airstairs on aircraft so equipped. Mobile staircases or "ramp stairs" are employed at many airports around the world, particularly smaller airports and terminals supporting low cost carriers. 
United Airlines tested an early prototype "Air Dock" in 1954.[5] The first operational jet bridges were installed in 1959, although sources disagree as to which airport installed jet bridges first. 
The cab is provided with an accordion-like canopy, which allows the bridge to dock with aircraft with differing shapes, and provide a nearly weather-proof seal. Additionally, many models offer leveling devices for the portion of the floor that makes contact with the aircraft; this allows passengers to slowly transition from level aircraft floor to sloping jet bridge floor. As such, jet bridges provide enhanced access to aircraft for passengers with many types of disabilities and mobility impairments, as they may board and disembark without climbing stairs or using a specialized wheelchair lift. 
The Airbus A380 is unique in that both of its double decks have outside doors; so that two or more loading bridges are possible, a jetbridge for each deck having the advantage being faster aircraft loading (in parallel). Such connectors are being constructed at Boston's Logan Airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Johannesburg International Airport and in the new international terminal at Calgary International Airport. Faster loading can lead to lower airport charges, less delays and more passenger throughput for the airport, all factors which impact an airline's bottom line. 
If the bridge is not retracted fully before departure, it may contact protruding parts of the taxiing aircraft (e.g., a pitot tube), requiring repair and delays. Furthermore, during cold weather, the loading bridge may become frozen to the aircraft. In this case, when the jet bridge retracts, it could damage the aircraft if that area has not been properly de-iced. 
Jet bridge 
Early years 
Amale Andraos (born 1972 or 1973)[1] is a New York-based architect. She is dean of the Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation.[4] She is the co-founder of WORKac with her husband, Dan Wood.[5] 
Born in Beirut, Lebanon, Andraos has lived in Saudi Arabia, France, Canada and the Netherlands. She holds a B. Arch from McGill University in Montreal and a Master of Architecture from the Harvard Graduate School of Design.[6][7] She is the daughter of a Beirut-based architect and realized her passion for architecture while observing his practice.[1] 
Retrieved 23 October 2015. ↑ Aleksandr Bierig. 
"Amale Andraos Speaks | Architecture Education NOW 2015 |". Architectural Record. 
Archrecord.construction.com. 
Retrieved 2015-09-26. ↑ "A Conversation With Amale Andraos". 
The New York Times. 
Retrieved 2015-09-26. ↑ Amy Braunschweiger (13 July 2004). 
"Partners in Life and Work". 
New York Sun. Retrieved 2016-03-14. ↑ "Faculty: Amale Andraos". Columbia GSAPP. 
Retrieved 2015-09-26. ↑ Chaban, Matt. 
"New York Architect Picked to Lead Columbia University Architecture School". 
The New York Times. 
Retrieved 2016-01-04. ↑ "49 Cities". 
Inventory Press. Retrieved 2016-03-14. ↑ "Above the Pavement, the Farm!". Princeton Architectural Press. 
Retrieved 2016-03-14. ↑ "The Arab City: Architecture and Representation". 
Columbia University Press. 
Retrieved 2016-03-14. ↑ "25 Most Admired Educators for 2016". DesignIntelligence. 18 November 2015. 
Retrieved 2015-11-24. ↑ Fred Bernstein. "Architect Rem Koolhaas's Protégés". The Wall Street Journal. 
Retrieved 2016-01-04. ↑ Kelsey Keith (18 October 2012). 
"Nature vs. City: In Architect Dan Wood's World, Opposites Attract". 
The Atlantic – Citylab. Retrieved 2016-03-14. ↑ Jason Sayer (8 February 2016). "Six Design Firms Team up for This Crazy Parking Garage Facade in the Miami Design District". 
Amale Andraos 
Theory 
1 2 McLennan, J. F. (2004), The Philosophy of Sustainable Design ↑ "Architect and Interiors India" (PDF). ↑ "Sustainable Design Research". ↑ JA Tainter 1988 The Collapse of Complex Societies Cambridge Univ. 
Sustainable design (also called environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.[1] 
The intention of sustainable design is to "eliminate negative environmental impact completely through skillful, sensitive design".[1] Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources, impact the environment minimally, and connect people with the natural environment. 
Sustainable design 
E-commerce 
Protection of Cultural Property 
Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (a.k.a. the Paris Convention), 1959 
Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, 2005 
Plant Variety Protection Act, 2003 
WTO copyright laws 
Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 2003 
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 2002 
Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artists Rights, 1970 
Licensing and franchising 
Agencies responsible for IP policy in Iran 
Law of Registration of Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks, 2008 
Protection of Geographical Indications Act, 2004 
Iran is a member of the WIPO since 2001 and has acceded to several WIPO intellectual property treaties.[1] Iran joined the Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) in 1959. In December 2003 Iran became a party to the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol for the International Registration of Marks. In 2005 Iran joined the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, which ensures the protection of geographical names associated with products. 
The Department of Authors, Composers and Artists at the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance is the main responsible body for copyright matters, The Industrial Property Office at the Organization for Registration of Deeds and Estates of the Judiciary of Iran is in charge of industrial property affairs. It includes drafting copyright regulations that comply with international standards and international brand registration services.[2] The Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology deals with the operationalization of national technology development plans and policies, issuance of scientific certificates and examination of feasibility or industrial applicability of proposed projects and inventions. 
Article 30 of the law provides that any inventor or discoverer who holds an unexpired patent certificate outside Iran may apply for a patent in Iran valid for the remaining duration of the original one. But if a person or firm has used the invention or discovery in Iran—wholly or partially—prior to the foreigner’s application or has made preparations to exploit the same, the foreign patentee will not have the right to stop the operation of said person or firm. 
The Majlis (Parliament) also ratified a bill in May 2001 to recognize and enforce international arbitration awards, a decision designed to grant companies greater protection over their property. By acceding to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, commonly known as the New York Convention, Iran has agreed to enforce arbitration awards made in other countries. Awards issued in Iran will also be enforceable in other member countries.[1] 
According to Nourlaw, the new law, unlike its predecessor gives priority to patents and industrial designs over trademarks and is substantially more scrupulous in the protection of these instruments, as it is of intellectual property rights. According to the State Registration Organization of Deeds and Properties, a total of 9,570 national inventions was registered in Iran during 2008. Compared with the previous year, there was a 38-percent increase in the number of inventions registered by the organization.[12] 
Iran is neither a party to an international agreement nor has a distinct law concerning the layout designs of integrated circuits. However, as these can be regarded as an invention or an original technical work, they may be considered subject to, and thus protected by, Article 26 of the Trademarks and Patents Registration Act (1931) concerning patents or Article 2.11 of the Act on the Protection of the Rights of Authors, Composers and Artists (1970) as to the original technical works (See above).[13] 
Types and duration: A trademark may be registered for ten years, renewable indefinitely for additional ten-year periods. 
Legal effect: Registration gives an owner the exclusive right to use a trademark on the goods for which the trademark is registered. The owner may prevent other parties from using the trademark on competing products. 
Any trademark, whether already registered or being presented for registration, may be contested by the person who 0claims that it belongs to him, or that the resemblance is so close that it may mislead the consumer. 
Any opposition to the registration of a trademark on the grounds of prior use or close resemblance, and/or claims relating to the infringement of a registered trademark, may be filed with the General Courts of Tehran. The right to contest a trademark is in force for three years, starting from the actual date of its registration. The registered trademark then becomes incontestable in the courts. 
Remedies may include damages, costs, and an injunction preventing further violations. Under Articles 529 and 530 of the Islamic Penal Code (Taazirat), commission of forgery or unauthorized use of registered trademarks incurs civil liabilities and imprisonment of up to two years. Punishment for the forgery of trademarks of governmental and municipal companies and establishment as well as using such forged trademarks varies from 3–15 years and from six months to three years of imprisonment, respectively. 
Not registrable: The official flag of Iran; any flag that the government has prohibited to be used as a trademark; badges, medals and insignia of the Iranian government; marks of official institutions such as the Iranian Red Crescent or the International Red Cross; words and/or phrases creating an impression of official connection with Iranian authorities; marks contrary to public order and public morals (the standard for this is tougher in Iran than in most other countries); and marks that so closely resemble an already registered mark that it would cause confusion or deceive consumers. 
In addition, the office formally examines trademark applications for any conflict with previously registered trademarks or applications and for compliance with Iranian patent and trademark law. Resemblance of a trademark to a previously registered mark or application takes into account appearance, pronunciation, form of writing or any other similarity. 
To register a trademark, the applicant must present the following information: full name and address of applicant(s); power of attorney duly recognized by the Iranian Consulate (a single power of attorney is sufficient for all trademarks); details of the trademark, presented with 12 samples; specifications of goods and classes (according to International Classification). 
In order to protect plant varieties, a distinct legislation entitled was adopted in 2003. In accordance with the Act on the Registration of Plant Varieties and the Control and Certification of Seed and Plant, plant varieties which are deemed new, can be registered and protected. Further, by virtue of Article 5 of the Act, cultivated plant varieties are granted protection and the exclusive right of economic exploitation thereof is accorded to their breeders for 18 years at most. 
The use of a Geographical Indications may act as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, or enjoys a certain reputation, due to its geographical origin. 
There are numerous associations that assist in matching licensers and franchisers with local partners. The most important of these is the Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines. Another important point of reference is the Internet-based Iran Trade Point Network, which provides information on locating local partners. 
Failure to observe the Copyright Law has prevented overseas companies from investing in Iran’s software industry.[14] 
The Iranian Parliament adopted the Electronic Commerce Law in 2004. Articles 62–66 of this law specify that Iran’s existing intellectual-property laws apply to all electronic transactions. Articles 62 and 63 deal with the protection of authors’ rights; Articles 64 and 65 ensure the protection of trade secrets; and Article 66 protects trademarks and domain names.[15][16] 
Iran ratified the Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 14 May 1954.) in 1959 and the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (Paris, 14 November 1970.) in 1975, and agreed to the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 16 November 1972) and to the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. (The Hague, 26 March 1999) in 2005.[17] 
Iran is a signatory to the International Convention for Protection of Industrial Property (also known as the Paris Convention).[16] The Paris Convention requires Iran to grant the same protection to the industrial property of the nationals of the members of the treaty as to that of Iranians. 
Iran is a member of the WIPO since 2002 and has acceded to several WIPO intellectual property treaties. However, Iran is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty. 
As per WIPO's report titled "World Intellectual Property Indicators 2013", Iran ranked 90th for patents generated by Iranian nationals all over the world, 100th in industrial design and 82nd in trademarks, positioning Iran below Jordan and Venezuela in this regard but above Yemen and Jamaica.[18][19] 
The Council of Ministers passed Decree H24305T/6921 in December 2003, ratifying Iran’s accession to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and its protocol. In accordance with the agreement, nationals of any contracting country may secure protection for their marks in all the other acceding countries by registering them with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 
In 2005 Iran joined the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, which ensures the protection of geographical names associated with products. The Lisbon Agreement went into force in March 2006. As a direct consequence, Iran’s Customs Administration has banned the import of goods that are produced overseas but bear Iranian brand names.[20] 
Iran's government has not agreed to be bound by WTO copyright laws, endorsing the free distribution of unlicensed software in massive quantities. Linux, freely reproducible even in countries with strong Intellectual Property (IP) laws, is also growing in popularity within Iran, however.[21] 
Iran may change this status if and when it becomes a full member of WTO, as WTO members are encouraged to abide by WTO copyright regulations. However, the United States has previously vetoed Iran's ascension to the WTO 22 times, and as of 2007 actively refuses to support Iran's full membership in the WTO. Thus, as a matter of reciprocity, Iran has determined that its interests are not served by observing WTO copyright treaties, and has thus exercised its sovereign right not to alter its laws, thereby making certain foreign copyrights unenforced by Iranian authorities, in theory, or in practice. 
External links 
See also 
Patents 
Copyrights 
Law of Registration of Marks and Patents, 1931 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-10. 
Retrieved 2014-05-30. ↑ "Launch of World Intellectual Property Indicators – 2015 Edition". 
Retrieved 2 April 2016. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090806060924/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3460/html/economy.htm. 
Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "Security fears spark Linux drive in Iran". 
September 21, 2004 ↑ "Business Monitor International: Iran Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Report Q2, 2009". Payvand.com. 2009-03-25. 
Iran has a legal code to protect the proprietary and intellectual rights of works produced inside Iran called "Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artists Rights",[3] dated January 12, 1970, passed by Iran's National Consultative Assembly, supplemented with the “Law for the protection of Rights of the Authors of Computer Programs” [4] passed on 2000 (Iranian year 1379).[5] 
On 22 August 2010, Iran's Islamic Consultative Assembly passed a reformation of article 12 of Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artists Rights and increased the copyright length based on author's death to 50 years after death of author; this law only applies to works that were still in protection when the law passed on 22 August 2010. 
However these laws do not cover works from outside Iran as it is not a signatory to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works or the WIPO Copyright Treaty, or a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).[6] In 2012 Iran announced plans to join international conventions on the protection of literary, artistic, scientific works, including Berne Convention and Rome Convention.[7][8] 
The Iranian Law of Registration of Marks and Patents of 1931 stipulates that a trademark is any type of logo, design, picture, number, letter, word, seal, wrapper, etc. that is adopted to identify and distinguish goods and services. The law provides for registration of various types of marks chosen to identify industrial, commercial or agricultural products and goods. It also provides for registration of service marks. 
Obtaining a court injunction is a proper remedy to prevent the violation of any right secured by patent. This is provided for in the law, and the complainant can seek compensation of any damages sustained. If the violation falls under the heading of unfair competition, forgery or fraud, the perpetrator faces prosecution. 
The Law of Registration of Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks[9][10] was first passed by the Iranian parliament on 23 January 2008 for a probationary period of five years, effective from May 5, 2008.[11] 
Novelty: No public knowledge in Iran or abroad sufficient to put into practice. The first person to apply for the registration of an invention in accordance with the law is considered the inventor of the patent, unless proven otherwise. 
Types and duration: Patents are registered for 5, 10, 15 or 20 years, at the option of the applicant. 
Unpatentable: Pharmaceutical formula and compounds are not patentable, but a patent application can be filed for processes related to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. In addition, any invention or improvement on an invention disturbing public order or considered to be contrary to morality or public health cannot be patented. 
Working: A patent will be vulnerable to cancellation if it is not worked during the five-year period following its date of granting. Although there are no explicit provisions concerning nominal working, in lieu of actual working, it is recommended that there be nominal working before the fifth anniversary of granting. 
Registration: In October 2007 Iran's parliament approved becoming signatory to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) which enables patent holders in one country to register their patents in PCT member countries simply by filing a single application with the related national registration authority.[11] 
To register a patent, the documents listed below must be presented to the Patent Office within six months of the date of the Iranian application. This period of duration may be renewed only once for a justifiable excuse. 
The applicant must present the following information: name and address; title of the invention or discovery; power of attorney duly legalized by the respective Iranian consulate; certified copy of the corresponding patent certificate (or application if benefiting from Paris Convention provisions); certified copy of the transferral document, if the applicant is not the original proprietor; and three copies of the related specifications, claims, plans and drawings. 
If the patent office refuses an application because of insufficient documentation or because the application is contrary to the governing provisions, the patent applicant has the legal right to refer, personally or through a lawyer, to a competent court and ask for the cancellation of the patent office decision. 
Registrable: Books, pamphlets, plays and all other literary, scientific and artistic writings, irrespective of the way they are written, recorded or broadcast; audiovisual works for stage or screen performances or for broadcasting by radio and television; paintings, pictures, drawings, designs, decorative writings, geographical maps or any decorative and imaginative work produced in any simple or complex manner; sculptures of all types; architectural works, designs, sketches and buildings; photographic works produced by any original methods; original articles of applied handicraft and industrial art, carpet and rug designs; original works based on folklore and national heritage of culture and arts. 
Duration: The financial rights of the author are transferred to his heirs, or by covenant, for a period of 30 years after his death. In the absence of such heirs or a transfer by covenant, the Ministry of Culture and Arts will hold the rights for public use for the same period of time. In July 2010, the Iranian Parliament (Majlis) modified the country's copyright law, granting authors or creators of an original work permanent right to copy, distribute and adapt the work.[6] 
Working: If a trademark has not been used in Iran or abroad within three years from the registration date and if the owner or his legal representative fails to furnish a valid reason, any interested party may apply to the court and request cancellation of trademark. 
Registration: To register a trademark, an applicant (Iranian or foreign) should refer in person or through an attorney to the Registration Office for Industrial Property, in Tehran, and file a request for obtaining a certificate of trademark registration. Applications are published in the official gazette so that interested parties may inspect and, if needed, contest them. The registrar examines applications for format, content and consistency in compliance with the relevant rules of registration. 
Intellectual property in Iran 
Iranian pharmaceutical manufacturers are disadvantaged by the government's poor intellectual property protection regime. Developing a molecule for combination therapies may qualify for patent protection in other countries. However, while weak patent law adherence continues in Iran, it is expected this will create significant barriers for Iranian companies prospecting trade on the global market.[22] 
Cast 
Synopsis 
Main 
Temperature of Love Promotional poster Also known as Degree of Love[1] Love Temperature[2] Hangul 사랑의 온도 Revised Romanization Sarangui Ondo McCune–Reischauer Sarangŭi Onto Literally Love's Temperature Genre Romance Melodrama Based on Good Soup Never Picks up the Phone by Ha Myung-hee Written by Ha Myung-hee Directed by Nam Geon Starring Seo Hyun-jin Yang Se-jong Kim Jae-wook Jo Bo-ah Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 40[lower-alpha 1] Production Executive producer(s) Kim Hee-yeol Camera setup Single-camera Running time 35 minutes[lower-alpha 1] Production company(s) Pan Entertainment Distributor SBS Release Original network SBS TV Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release September 18 (2017-09-18) – November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21) External links Website Production website 
Temperature of Love[4] (Hangul: 사랑의 온도; RR: Sarangui Ondo; lit. Love's Temperature) is a 2017 South Korean television series written by Ha Myung-hee and starring Seo Hyun-jin, Yang Se-jong, Kim Jae-wook and Jo Bo-ah. It is based on the screenwriter's own novel titled Good Soup Never Picks up the Phone, released in 2014. It aired on SBS from September 18 to November 21, 2017 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot for 40 episodes.[5][6][7][8] 
The story of two people who first meet online and soon develop a relationship when they meet in person but then get separated after choosing different paths for their careers. 
Seo Hyun-jin as Lee Hyun-soo / Jane (username) 
Yang Se-jong as On Jung-seon / Good Soup (username) 
Temperature of Love 
2012–2014: Rising popularity 
2015–present: Transition to lead roles 
References 
Career 
2003–2011: Beginnings as a child actress 
Fan meeting 
Awards and nominations 
Early life and education 
Filmography 
Kim Yoo-jung In Hong-Kong, December 2016 Born (1999-09-22) September 22, 1999 Seoul, South Korea Other names Kim Yu-jeong Education Goyang High School of Arts Occupation Actress Years active 2003–present Agent SidusHQ Korean name Hangul 김유정 Hanja 金裕貞 Revised Romanization Gim Yu-jeong McCune–Reischauer Kim Yu-jŏng Website KimYooJung 
Kim Yoo-jung (Hangul: 김유정; Hanja: 金裕貞; born September 22, 1999) is a South Korean actress. After her acting debut in 2003, she became one of the best known child actresses in Korea and since then, has transitioned into teen roles by starring in television series Moon Embracing the Sun (2012), May Queen (2012) and Angry Mom (2015).[1] She hosted music show Inkigayo from November 2014 to April 2016 and took on her first leading role in KBS2's historical drama Love in the Moonlight (2016). 
Considered "Korea's Little Sister" when she was a child actress, Kim has since been dubbed "Sageuk Fairy" after starring in several acclaimed historical period dramas in her career.[2][3] In 2017, she ranked 8th on Forbes Korea Power Celebrity list, the youngest to be included in the Top 10 at 17 years old.[4] 
Kim was born in Seoul, South Korea on September 22, 1999 as the youngest of three siblings.[5] Her older sister, Yeon-jung (born 1996) debuted as an actress in 2017.[6] 
Kim attended Goyang High School of Arts and graduated in January 2018.[7] Kim deferred taking the national College Scholastic Ability Test in 2017, and instead decided to focus on her acting career.[8][9] 
After Kim's acting debut when she was 4, she quickly became one of the most in-demand child actresses in Korea.[10] By the time she was a fifth grader, Kim had already appeared in 13 TV dramas and 15 movies. 
In July 2010 
In 2008, she received her first acting award as "Best Child Actress" for action-adventure series Iljimae. This was followed by acclaimed performances in Dong Yi (2010) and Flames of Desire (2010).[11] Grudge: The Revolt of Gumiho (2010) marked Kim's first major role that wasn't the childhood counterpart of the female protagonist.[12][13][14] 
She rose to popularity in 2012 when she starred in the fantasy-period drama Moon Embracing the Sun, which reunited Kim with Grudge: The Revolt of Gumiho costar Lee Min-ho and Iljimae costar Yeo Jin-goo.[15][16] Moon surpassed 40% ratings and gained "national drama" status. She followed this with a well-received turn in May Queen (2012)[15] and a supporting role in the 2013 film Commitment,[17] and family drama Golden Rainbow (2013).[18] 
In 2015 she starred in the television series Angry Mom which tackled bullying and school violence.[24] The same year, she reprised her role as a cat-turned-woman in Love Cells, a two-season web series adapted from the webtoon of the same title and played a murderer's daughter in the thriller film Circle of Atonement.[25][26] 
Kim Yoo-jung 
References 
Plot 
Avengers: Infinity War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr. 
Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford[1] Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23, 2018 (2018-04-23) (Dolby Theatre) April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27) (United States) Running time 149 minutes[2] Country United States Language English Budget $300–400 million[3][4][5] Box office $630 million[6] 
Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's The Avengers and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron, and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldana, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. 
Avengers: Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23, 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27, 2018, in IMAX and 3D. The film received positive reviews from critics, who praised the cast, visual effects, emotional weight of the story, and action scenes, although the runtime received some criticism. It has grossed over $630 million worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing film of 2018. 
Having previously acquired the Power Stone from the planet Xandar, Thanos and his Children[N 1]—Cull Obsidian, Ebony Maw, Proxima Midnight and Corvus Glaive—intercept the ship carrying the survivors of Asgard's destruction.[N 2] Thor, Loki, Heimdall and Hulk are powerless to prevent them from extracting the Space Stone from the Tesseract as Thor is imprisoned, Loki is killed and Hulk is overpowered by Thanos. Heimdall sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst before being killed. Thanos then departs with his children and obliterates the ship. 
VK (VKontakte; Russian: ВКонта́кте, meaning InContact) is a Russian online social media and social networking service. It is available in several languages but it is especially popular among Russian-speaking users. VK allows users to message each other publicly or privately, to create groups, public pages and events, share and tag images, audio and video, and to play browser-based games.[4] It is based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. 
History 
China Controversy 
Website 
2006–2008: launch and rapid growth 
As of March 2018, VK had at least 477 million accounts.[5] VK is ranked 14 (as of March 2018)[6] in Alexa's global Top 500 sites. It is the most popular website in Russia.[7] According to SimilarWeb, VK is the 9th most popular website in the world.[8] As of March 2018, VK also ranked as the most popular social networking website in Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan in addition to Russia. 
Number of Registered users on VKontakte between 2006 and 2012 
Pavel Durov, the founder of VKontakte, on his 26th birthday, 10 October 2010. 
Founder Pavel Durov launched VKontakte for beta testing in September 2006, having just graduated from St Petersburg State University. The following month, the domain name vkontakte.ru was registered. 
VK logo before 2015 
Like button on VK (Russian version) 
VKontakte 
Legacy 
The final battle and Admiral Yi's death 
References 
Genealogy 
Turtle Ships 
Early life 
At this time, the Joseon fleet consisted of 82 panokseon and three turtle ships, with 8,000 soldiers under Admiral Yi.[20] The Ming fleet consisted of six large war junks, 57 lighter war galleys [21] and two panokseon given to Chen Lin by Admiral Yi, with 5,000 Ming soldiers of the Guangdong squadron and 2,600 Ming marines who fought aboard Joseon ships.[21][22] 
On December 15, 1598, a huge Japanese fleet under the command of Shimazu Yoshihiro, was amassed in Sachon Bay, on the east end of Noryang Strait. Shimazu's goal was to break the allied forces' blockade on Konishi Yukinaga, join the two fleets, and sail home to Japan. Admiral Yi, meanwhile, knew exactly where Shimazu was, after receiving reports from scouts and local fishermen. 
Admiral Yi's body was brought back to his hometown in Asan to be buried next to his father, Yi Jeong (in accordance to Korean tradition). Shrines, both official and unofficial, were constructed in his honor all throughout the land."[27] 
The battle began at two o'clock in the early morning of December 16, 1598. Like Admiral Yi's previous battles, the Japanese were unable to respond effectively to the Korean's tactics. The tightness of Noryang Strait hindered lateral movement, and Yi's maneuvers prevented the Japanese fleet from boarding their enemies' vessels, their primary naval tactic. 
As the Japanese retreated, Admiral Yi ordered a vigorous pursuit. During this time, a stray arquebus bullet from an enemy ship struck Admiral Yi,[23] near his left armpit.[24] Sensing that the wound was fatal, and fearing a repeat of the Battle of Chilchonryang, the admiral uttered, "The war is at its height – wear my armor and beat my war drums. Do not announce my death."[23] He died moments later. 
Only two people witnessed his death: Yi Hoe, Yi's eldest son, and Yi Wan, his nephew.[23] Admiral Yi's son and nephew struggled to regain their composure and carried the admiral's body into his cabin before others could notice. For the remainder of the battle, Yi Wan wore his uncle's armor and continued to beat the war drum to encourage the pursuit.[23] 
During the battle, Chen Lin found himself in trouble many times and Yi's flagship rowed to his rescue. When Chen Lin called for Admiral Yi to thank him for coming to his aid, he was met by Yi Wan, who announced that his uncle was dead.[25] It is said that Chen himself was so shocked that he fell to the ground three times, beating his chest and crying.[26] News of Admiral Yi's death spread quickly throughout the allied fleet and both Joseon and Ming sailors and fighting men wailed in grief.[25] 
The statue of Admiral Yi at Sejongno, Seoul, South Korea. 
"Those willing to die will live, and those willing to live will die." (必死卽生, 必生卽死) -- Admiral Yi. 
Rear view of the statue of Admiral Yi at Busan Tower, in Busan, South Korea. 
Korea 100 Won 1970 Silver Coin in Commemoration of Admiral Sun-sin Yi 
Ancestors of Yi Sun-sin 16. 
Yi Sun-sin Text reads "Chungmugong I Sunsin Jinsang" (中武公李舜臣陳像). Born 28 April 1545 Hanseong, Joseon Korea Died 16 December 1598(1598-12-16) (aged 53) Namhae Island, Joseon Korea Allegiance Joseon Korea Battles/wars Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) Battle of Okpo Battle of Sacheon (1592) Battle of Hansan Island Battle of Busan (1592) Battle of Myeongnyang Battle of Noryang (DOW) Spouse(s) Lady Bang Lady O 
Yi Sun-sin (Hunminjeongeum: 이순신; Hanja: 李舜臣; April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean naval commander famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon Dynasty, who became an exemplar of conduct to both the Koreans and Japanese.[1] Despite the fact that he had no prior naval training, Admiral Yi was never defeated at sea, and military historians have placed him on par with Admiral Horatio Nelson as one of the greatest naval commanders in history.[2][3][4] His title of Samdo Sugun Tongjesa (삼도 수군 통제사 ; 三道水軍統制使), literally meaning "Naval Commander of the Three Provinces", was the title used for the commander of the Korean navy until 1896. 
Yi was born in Geoncheon-dong Street (건천동; 乾川洞), Hanseong (then capital, present-day Inhyeon-dong, Jung-gu District, Seoul) but spent his adolescence and early adulthood period before passing the military examination in Asan where his mother's relatives lived and where now a shrine to him stands. 
As a young boy, Yi played war games with other local boys, showing excellent leadership talent at an early age and constructed his own bow and fletched his own arrows as a teenager. Yi also became proficient in reading and writing Hanmun. 
After he re-entered and passed the examination, Yi was posted to the Bukbyeong (Northern Frontier Army) military district in Hamgyeong province. However, he was the oldest junior officer at the age of thirty-two. There, Yi experienced battles defending the border settlements against the Jurchen marauders and quickly became known for his strategic skills and leadership. 
Yi Sun-sin 
Drawing of a 16th-century turtle ship 
One of Yi's greatest accomplishments was resurrecting and improving the turtle ship (거북선; 龜船). With his creative mind and the support of his subordinates, Yi was able to devise the geobukseon, or Turtle Ship. Contrary to popular belief, the turtle ship was not actually invented by Admiral Yi; rather, he improved upon an older design that had been suggested during the reign of King Taejong. 
The figurehead itself held up to four cannons, and emitted a smokescreen that, in combination with its fierce appearance, was meant to be used as psychological warfare. The sides of the turtle ship were dotted with smaller holes from which arrows, guns, and mortars could be fired. The roof was covered with planks and spikes.[17] The purpose of the spikes was to prevent the ship from being boarded by the enemy. 
Rattanakosin Kingdom 
Sukhothai Kingdom 
Ayutthaya Kingdom 
Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty 
Chakri Dynasty 
Notes 
Thonburi Kingdom 
Thonburi Dynasty 
Suphannaphum Dynasty 
Sukhothai Dynasty 
Prasat Thong Dynasty 
List of Thai royal consorts 
Ram Khamhaeng the Great พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช King of Sukhotha King Ramkhamhaeng The Great, Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai Province 3rd King of Sukhothai Reign 1279–1298 Predecessor Ban Muang Successor Phaya Loethai Born c. 
1237-1247 Died c. 
1298-1317 Issue Loethai May Hnin Thwe-Da Full name Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng House Phra Ruang Dynasty Father King Si Inthrathit Mother Queen Sueang 
King Ram Khamhaeng (Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหง; RTGS: Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng; c. 1237/1247 – 1298) was the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (a forerunner of the modern kingdom of Thailand) from 1279–1298, during its most prosperous era. He is credited with the creation of the Thai alphabet and the firm establishment of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of the kingdom.[1]:197[2]:25 Recent scholarship has cast doubt on his role, however, noting that much of the information relating to his rule may have been fabricated in the 19th century in order to legitimize the Siamese state in the face of colonial threats.[3] 
Ram Khamhaeng 
Gallery 
General Information 
Collections 
The Bangkok National Museum (Thai: พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ พระนคร) is the main branch museum of the National Museums in Thailand and also one of the largest museum in Southeast Asia.[1] It features exhibits of Thai art and history. The museum is located in 4 Na Phra That, Bangkok 10200, Thailand, occupying the former palace of the vice king (or Front Palace), set between Thammasat University, and the National Theater, facing Sanam Luang. 
The museum was established and opened in 1874 by King Rama V to exhibit relics from the rule of King Rama IV's rule. Today the galleries contain exhibits covering Thai History back to Neolithic times. The collection includes The King Ram Khamhaeng Inscription, which was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 in recognition of its world significance.[2] 
The National Museum Bangkok currently houses three permanent exhibition galleries. 
Furthermore, the hall display the exhibitions about Thai history since the prehistory period until the Bangkok period including the historical facts and the ancient things which are kept until today. The Archaeological and Art History Collections which are provided in two parts The Prehistory Gallery, located in the back of the Siwamokhaphiman Hall. The Art History Gallery, located in the North Wing Building, which displays sculptures and exhibits from the Dvaravati, Srivijaya and Lopburi periods (before 1257 AD) up to the Bangkok period (1782) The Decorative Arts and Ethnological Collection which is displayed in the old central palace buildings. 
The Bangkok National Museum is generally open from Wednesday to Sunday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. except on national holidays. 
All tours begin at 9:30 a.m. on Wednesdays and Thursdays only. Tours are held in English, German, French and Japanese. All scheduled guided tours are free, but the museum entrance fee for non-Thai people is 200 Baht (6.02 USD). 
Bangkok National Museum 
Closing ceremony 
Participating nations 
The games 
Mascot 
References 
Public transport 
Development and preparation 
Host city 
Songs 
Logo 
Venues 
Opening ceremony 
Marketing 
XXV Southeast Asian Games Host city Vientiane, Laos Motto Generosity Amity Healthy Lifestyle Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 3100 Events 372 in 25 sports Opening ceremony 9 December Closing ceremony 18 December Officially opened by Choummaly Sayasone President of Laos Athlete's Oath Mayuly Phanouvong Judge's Oath Somphone Manikham Torch lighter Phoxay Aphailath Main venue New Laos National Stadium Website 2009 Southeast Asian Games < Nakhon Ratchasima 2007 Jakarta–Palembang 2011 > 
The 2009 Southeast Asian Games (Lao: ກີລາພູມິພາກອາຊີຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ 2009, translit. Kila phoumipak asi taven oak siang tai 2009), officially known as the 25th Southeast Asian Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event hosted by Vientiane, Laos. This was the first time Laos had held the Southeast Asian Games as Laos had previously declined hosting the 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, citing financial difficulties. 
The games commemorated 50 years of SEA Games and was held from 9 to 18 December 2009, although several events had commenced from 2 December 2009. Around 3100 athletes participated at the event, which featured 372 events in 25 sports. Laos is the ninth nation to host the games after Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei and Vietnam. 
During the Southeast Asian Games Federation meeting at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Vietnam, Vientiane, the capital city of Laos was chosen as the host of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games.[1] 
The Laos 25th SEA Games Organising Committee (LAOSOC) led by president Somsavath Lengsavath was formed to oversee the staging of the games.[2] 
The 2009 Southeast Asian Games used mostly new and some existing venues with the centrepiece of the activities being the new National Sport Complex. Incorporating the new 25,000-seat national stadium, it hosted most of the events. Athletes were housed at the National University of Laos, which was chosen as the games village.[3] 
The 25th Southeast Asian Games had 27 venues for the games.[4] 
2009 Southeast Asian Games 
The logo of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games is the image of the Pha That Luang, the national landmark and shrine of Laos beside the Mekong River. The shrine represents Laos as the host of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games and the Lao Culture, Arts and History, whereas the Mekong River, resembled by three wavy lines below the shrine, represents the origin of life, culture and lifestyle of Lao people especially in sports. The river itself also represents the integration of the Southeast Asian countries and the friendship made through sport competition.[8] 
The mascots of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games are two white elephants dressed in traditional Lao attire named Champa, the male elephant and Champi the female elephant. The two white elephants symbolises the host nation, Laos as it was known as the kingdom of Lan Xang in ancient times, which literally means "the kingdom of a million elephants". The cheerful expression on the faces of the mascots represents the joyful and lively atmosphere during the games and warm welcome from Laos as the host country of the 25th SEA Games.[9][10] 
33 songs were written for the games,[11] which included The Spirit of the Flame, the theme song of the games which was written and performed by Sam Intharaphithak.[12] Other songs included "Go Laos" which was sung by Sam Intharaphithak, Nalin Daravong, and Kave, "SEA Games Harmony" which was sung by Sithiphone, Sam Intharaphithak, Gai, Malya and Poui[13] and "Vietiane Games" which was sung by Buratino.[14] A Beerlao Campaign song for the games was also composed.[15][16] 
The man who dressed as Sang Sinxay then aim the arrow lit by the flame from Phoxay with his bow carried with him at the cauldron, shoot and lit it instantly, symbolised the beginning of the games. After the cauldron was lit, the athletes took part at the parade earlier were escorted out of the stadium by the Lao Police Force, making way for the dance performance which concluded the ceremony. The dance performance includes segments such as Welcome dance for SEA Games, Forest, streams and life, Sinxay of Modern Times, Bright Future, In Harmony towards the future, Golden rice field and the light of righteousness. 
The hosting rights of the SEA Games was then handed over to Indonesia, host of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games in which Andy Mallarangeng, the Minister of Youth and sports of Indonesia receiving the flag as its symbol. The Indonesia segment dance performance Gather together again, was performed by Indonesian dancers. The ceremony concluded with the Lao farewell segment dance performance which included Paddy Trash, Lao New Year, Rocket Festival and boat racing festival.[19][20] 
Closing ceremony 
Participating nations 
The games 
Mascot 
References 
Sports 
Development and preparation 
Host city 
Songs 
Logo 
Venues 
Opening ceremony 
Medal table 
Marketing 
Four songs were composed for the games including Rhythm of The Winner, the theme song of the games. The other songs are: We are The Water, Friendship Card and Korat SEA Games.[10] 
Thai audiences clad in mostly pink and yellow as symbol of loyalty to the king, packed the stadium hours before the ceremony starts. After the Thai royal family entered the stadium, the royal anthem is first played followed by the Thai National Anthem when the national flag of Thailand was raised. The ceremony began with the first segment entitled “The Amazing Great King”, a 10-minute tribute to the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej, then the longest reigning monarch in the world at that time. 
After the athletes and officials had assembled on the field, Thai Sports Minister Suvit Yodmani, the Games organising chairman, delivered his speech and the Games was then officially opened by the Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. It was followed by the raising of the Games flag and the oath-taking ceremony in which Suebsak Pansueb took the oath on behalf of the athletes and Paibul Srichaisawat on behalf of the judges. Later during “The Amazing Royal Flame”, the fifth segment of the ceremony, a group of athletes passes the flame during the torch relay one after another before the Thai female weightlifter cum gold medalist at the Athens Olympics, Udomporn Polsak lit the Games cauldron. 
The ceremony began with a four-minute “The Creation of Spirit” segment, a musical sketch showcasing Thailand’s rich traditional culture. This was followed by “The Creation of Friendship” and “The Creation of Celebrations” segment, the two musical performances by school students who formed ‘human formations’ in the middle of the field. Later, “The Creation of Sport Ceremony” segment was held with the contingents from the 11 participating nations marched into the stadium to the folk music of respective nations as the fireworks lit up the skies. 
After the athletes and officials assembled at the stadium, Thai Prime Minister Gen Surayud Chulanont gave his speech and declared the games closed. Prime Minister Surayud then entitled Swimmers Miguel Molina of the Philippines and Natthanan Junkajang of Thailand as the Most Valuable Athletes of the Games. With Thai national flag and the Games flag lowered, the SEA Games responsibility was handed over to Laos, host of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games in which the Deputy Prime Minister of Laos, Somsavat Lengsavad received the games flag as its symbol. 
The 2007 SEA Games featured 43 sports which consists of 475 events and also 2 demonstration sports (i.e. Go and Kempo).[15][16][17][18][19] The 24th edition of the games had the highest number of sporting events in the entire history of the SEAG at that time, more events than the Asian Games and the Olympic Games. 
XXIV Southeast Asian Games Host city Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand Motto Spirit, Friendship and Celebrations Nations participating 11[1] Athletes participating 5282 Events 475 in 43 sports Opening ceremony 6 December Closing ceremony 15 December Officially opened by Vajiralongkorn Crown Prince of Thailand Officially closed by Surayud Chulanont Prime Minister of Thailand Athlete's Oath Suebsak Pansueb Judge's Oath Paibul Srichaisawat Torch lighter Udomporn Polsak Ceremony venue 80th Birthday Stadium Website 2007 Southeast Asian Games < Manila 2005 Vientiane 2009 > 
This was the sixth time Thailand hosted the Southeast Asian Games and its first time since 1995. Previously, Thailand also hosted the 1959 inaugural games, 1967 games, 1975 games and the 1985 games. 
The Thai Olympic Committee planned the event to coincide with the commemoration of 80th birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej who was also the gold medalist of the sailing event at the 1967 games. The games was held from 6 to 15 December 2007 although several events had commenced from 27 November 2007. Around 5282 athletes participated at the event which featured 475 events in 43 sports. 
The final medal tally was led by host Thailand, followed by Malaysia and Vietnam. Several Games and National records were broken during the games. The games were deemed generally successful with the rising standards of competition amongst the Southeast Asian Nations. 
Singapore was due to host the 2007 Southeast Asian Games, but it withdrew from hosting to demolish and rebuild its national stadium. A general assembly of the SEA Games Federation Council during the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Hanoi, Vietnam approved Thailand's hosting of the games.[2] 
Nakhon Ratchasima Bangkok Chonburi 2007 Southeast Asian Games host cities 
Most of the games will be held in the $65 million sports complex on Pakthongchai Road in Nakhon Ratchasima.[3] The sports complex holds the 20,000-seater His Majesty the King's 80th Birthday Anniversary, 5th December 2007 Sports Complex. The sports complex also includes a 5,000-seater indoor stadium and 16 tennis court facilities which are among the other facilities finished on June 2007.[4] Aside from Nakhon Ratchasima, events were held at Bangkok[5] and at Chonburi.[6] Athletes were housed in Suranaree University of Technology which was chosen as the games village. 
2007 Southeast Asian Games 
While the yellow colour on the largest boat represents the King itself, it along with red and blue are the colours on the flags of the Southeast Asian nations and represents the unity and friendship among the games participants and the people of Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asian Games Federation logo, the 10-circle chain represents the 10 member nations, excluding Timor-Leste and the Southeast Asian Games itself. The shape of the boats that resemble the Pimai castle, represents the host city Nakhon Ratchasima, the Northeast region of Thailand and its' civilisation one thousand years ago. 
The mascot of the 2007 SEA Games is a Korat cat named Can.[8] The Korat cat is a slate blue-grey shorthair domestic cat with a small to medium build and a low percentage of body fat. It is one of the oldest stable cat breeds in Thailand and named after the Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat) province. As a mascot it wears "Pha Khao Ma", a traditional Thai loincloth, and plays the khaen, a Northeastern-style mouth organ. 
Participating nations 
Hanoi 
The Games 
Candidate cities 
Host selection 
References 
Sports 
Ho Chi Minh City 
XXXI Southeast Asian Games Host city Hanoi , Vietnam Nations participating 11 + 3 Invitees Nations Athletes participating TBA Events TBA Opening ceremony TBA Closing ceremony TBA Officially opened by President of Vietnam (expected) Main venue My Dinh National Stadium, Thống Nhất Stadium < Central Luzon 2019 Phnom Penh 2023 > 
The 2021 Southeast Asian Games (Vietnamese: Đại hội Thể thao Đông Nam Á 2021), commonly known as the 31st SEA Games is scheduled to take place in Vietnam in 2021 and will feature some 30-36 sports, mainly those played at the Olympic Games.[1] 
Currently, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are both bidding to host the games. While Ho Chi Minh City was the initial favored city, Hanoi is deemed to be the prioritized location due to its existing sporting facilities. This came after the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng ordered provinces and cities to not build new facilities for sporting events so as to cut costs, following the country's withdrawal from hosting 2019 Asian Games citing financial restraints.[2][3] 
According to Hanoi's proposal submitted to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST), the city would spend 1.4 trillion VND (US$77 million) on preparing and organizing the 2-week Games running from late November to December. 97 billion VND (US$4.3 million) is expected to be earned back from broadcast rights, advertisements, sponsors and other contributions.[4] 
My Dinh National Stadium, Hanoi, Vietnam 
However, another 8.2 trillion VND (US$360 million) is needed for the construction of Rach Chiec Sports Complex while an athletes' village will not be built. The Games would run for 12 days in mid August and see 30-36 sports being contested. The provinces of Đồng Nai and Bình Dương would also host a portion of Games.[5] 
All 11 members of Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF) and 3 Invitees Nations are expected to take part in the 2021 SEA Games. Below is a list of all the participating NOCs. 
Guests Nations 
The 31st SEA Games will feature some 30-36 sports, mainly those played at the Olympic Games 
2021 Southeast Asian Games 
Athletics mode 
References 
Football/Rugby mode 
National Stadium Stadium Nasional Singapura 新加坡国家体育场 சிங்கப்பூர் தேசிய அரங்கம் National Stadium Full name National Stadium Address 1 Stadium Drive, Singapore 397629 Location Kallang, Singapore Coordinates 1°18′2.5″N 103°52′27.2″E / 1.300694°N 103.874222°E / 1.300694; 103.874222Coordinates: 1°18′2.5″N 103°52′27.2″E / 1.300694°N 103.874222°E / 1.300694; 103.874222 Public transit Stadium Mountbatten Kallang Tanjong Rhu (from 2023) Owner Sport Singapore Operator Dragages Singapore Pte. Ltd. 
Capacity 55,000 (Football/Rugby), 52,000 (Cricket), 50,000 (Athletics) Record attendance 52,107 (Arsenal vs Everton, 18 July 2015) Surface Grass Construction Broke ground 29 September 2010 Opened 30 June 2014 Construction cost S$1.87 billion Architect Arup Associates (Sports venues), DP Architects (Non-sport venues, QP), AECOM (landscape) Structural engineer Arup Tenants Singapore national football team Singapore national cricket team 2016 Sunwolves Super Rugby Franchise 
The National Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Kallang, Singapore. It opened its doors on 30 June 2014, replacing the former National Stadium at the same site, which was closed in 2007 and demolished in 2010. 
The stadium features a domed roof structure with a retractable roof and configurable seating on the lowest tier to make it the only stadium in the world that is custom designed to host football, rugby, cricket and athletics events. It is also the worlds largest retractable dome.The lowest tier has mechanised and automated retractable seating configurations, allowing the stadium to host concerts and other entertainment purposes at any given point of time. It takes approximately 48 hours to reconfigure seating arrangements to suit an upcoming event. 
Retractable roof of the stadium 
National Stadium, Singapore 
History 
Member countries 
Retrieved 18 February 2018. ↑ "Afghanistan | Afghanistan National Olympic Committee | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Bahrain | Bahrain Olympic Committee | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. 
Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Kazakhstan | National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea | National Olympic Committee". 
Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Kyrgyzstan | National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Lao People's Democratic Republic | National Olympic Committee of Lao | National Olympic Committee". 
Olympic Council of Asia. Retrieved 2013-11-16. ↑ "Malaysia | Olympic Council of Malaysia | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. 
Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Myanmar (ex Burma until 1989) | Myanmar Olympic Committee | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. 
Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Syrian Arab Republic | Syrian Olympic Committee | National Olympic Committee". 
Olympic.org. ↑ "Tadjikistan | National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste | National Olympic Committee". 
Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "United Arab Emirates | United Arab Emirates National Olympic Committee | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Uzbekistan | National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan | National Olympic Committee". 
Olympic.org. ↑ "Vietnam | Vietnam Olympic Committee | National Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. ↑ "Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes | Medailles, Resultats, Sports et Athletes des Jeux Olympiques". olympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ↑ "Israel | The Olympic Committee of Israel | National Olympic Committee". 
Olympic Council of Asia Formation 16 November 1982 Type Sports federation Headquarters Kuwait City, Kuwait Membership 45 National Olympic Committees Official language English President Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah Website www.ocasia.org 
The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) is a governing body of sports in Asia, currently with 45 member National Olympic Committee. The current president is Sheikh Fahad Al-Sabah. The oldest NOCs are from Japan and the Philippines, recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1911; whereas East Timor is the newest, joining in 2003. 
In 1948 during the London Summer Olympics, Asian National Olympic Committees (NOCs) decided to organize the Asian Games. The following year the Asian Games Federation was organized leading to the establishment of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) in New Delhi on 16 November 1982. The International Olympic Committee recognized the OCA within the same year.[1] 
NOC name Established IOC recognition Afghanistan AFG Afghanistan National Olympic Committee 1935 1936 [2] Bahrain BRN Bahrain Olympic Committee 1978 1979 [3] Bangladesh BAN Bangladesh Olympic Association 1979 1980 [4] Bhutan BHU Bhutan Olympic Committee 1983 [5] Brunei BRU Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council 1984 [6] Cambodia CAM National Olympic Committee of Cambodia 1983 1994 [7] China CHN Chinese Olympic Committee 1910 1979 [8] Hong Kong, China HKG Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China 1950 1951 [9] India IND Indian Olympic Association 1927 [10] Indonesia INA Indonesian Olympic Committee 1946 1952 [11] Iran IRI National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1947 [12] Iraq IRQ National Olympic Committee of Iraq 1948 [13] Japan JPN Japanese Olympic Committee 1911 1912 [14] Jordan JOR Jordan Olympic Committee 1957 1963 [15] Kazakhstan KAZ National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1990 1993 [16] North Korea PRK Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1953 1957 [17] South Korea KOR Korean Sport & Olympic Committee 1946 1947 [18] Kuwait KUW Kuwait Olympic Committee 1957 1966 [19] Kyrgyzstan KGZ National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan 1991 1993 [20] Laos LAO National Olympic Committee of Lao 1975 1979 [21] Lebanon LBN Lebanese Olympic Committee 1947 1948 [22] Macau, China MAC Macau Sports and Olympic Committee 1989 [23] Malaysia MAS Olympic Council of Malaysia 1953 1954 [24] Maldives MDV Maldives Olympic Committee 1985 [25] Mongolia MGL Mongolian National Olympic Committee 1956 1962 [26] Myanmar MYA Myanmar Olympic Committee 1947 [27] Nepal NEP Nepal Olympic Committee 1962 1963 [28] Oman OMA Oman Olympic Committee 1982 [29] Pakistan PAK Pakistan Olympic Association 1948 [30] Palestine PLE Palestine Olympic Committee 1931 1995 [31] Philippines PHI Philippine Olympic Committee[note 1] 1911 1929 [32] Qatar QAT Qatar Olympic Committee 1979 1980 [33] Saudi Arabia KSA Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee 1964 1965 [34] Singapore SGP Singapore National Olympic Council 1947 1948 [35] Sri Lanka SRI National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka 1937 [36] Syria SYR Syrian Olympic Committee 1948 [37] Chinese Taipei TPE Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee 1960 [38] Tajikistan TJK National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan 1992 1993 [39] Thailand THA National Olympic Committee of Thailand 1948 1950 [40] Timor-Leste TLS National Olympic Committee of Timor-Leste 2003 [41] Turkmenistan TKM National Olympic Committee of Turkmenistan 1990 1993 [42] United Arab Emirates UAE United Arab Emirates National Olympic Committee 1979 1980 [43] Uzbekistan UZB National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan 1992 1993 [44] Vietnam VIE Vietnam Olympic Committee 1976 1979 [45] Yemen YEM Yemen Olympic Committee 1971 1981 [46] 
Olympic Council of Asia 
Closing ceremony 
Organisation 
The games 
Mascot 
Development and preparation 
Songs 
Torch relay 
Logo 
Venues 
Opening ceremony 
Marketing 
Following the flag were Boy Scouts of the Philippines and Girl Scouts of the Philippines from Sienna College and some of the host country's best athletes and SEA Games alumni, basketball star Allan Caidic, sprinter Lydia de Vega-Mercado, boxer Mansueto "Onyok" Velasco, swimmer Akiko Thomson, sharpshooter Nathaniel "Tac" Padilla, taekwondo star Monsour del Rosario, equestrian champion Mikee Cojuangco-Jaworski, bowler Paeng Nepomuceno and world boxing champion Manny Pacquiao. The now defunct San Miguel Philharmonic Orchestra and the San Miguel Master Chorale, under the baton of Maestro Ryan Cayabyab, rendered "Sabihin Mo Ikaw Ay Pilipino" during the parade and entrance of the Philippine flag, and then the Philippine National Anthem during the flag raising ceremony. After the national anthem, a colourful cultural dance was presented by the world-renowned Bayanihan Dance Troupe and Jocson Tribe groups.[7] 
At the same time the mask captures the exuberant spirit and hospitality of the Filipinos. The logo was inspired by the MassKara Festival held annually in Bacolod City, one of the satellite venues of the event. The logo was designed by Filipino freelance graphic designer Joel Manalastas. 
The eagle is a symbol of elegance, strength and pride and winning spirit of the athletes. Gilas was inspired by the Filipino words Maliksi (agile), Malakas (strong), Matalino (smart), Mataas (high), and Matalas (sharp). The SEA Games mascot was originally a Philippine tarsier until the Philippine SEA Games Organising Committee (PhilSOC) changed it to the Philippine eagle. 
The theme of the games was "One Heritage, One Southeast Asia". Highlighted during the games' opening ceremony, the theme emphasises unity and co-operation among the 11 member nations of the SEA Games Federation. 
Among the audiences were the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), the Philippines’ largest Islamic separatist group which sent representatives to attend the opening ceremonies as spectators. Renowned director Maria Montelibano was in charge of the overall program direction, while Ryan Cayabyab and Robert Tongco were in charge of musical and dance direction, respectively. Creative director Pogs Mendoza and assistant director Bebot Pondevida designed the stage.[5] For the first time in the history of the Southeast Asian Games, the opening ceremony was held in an open-air location.[6] 
Bayang Barrios led the colorful song and dance number, "Ang Alamat ng Timog Silangan" ("The Legend of the Southeast"), signifying the theme for the games, "One Heritage, One Southeast Asia." The ten-minute number featured the talents of the Bayanihan Dance Troupe, Hot Legs and various volunteer dancers from different schools around the country. The number ended with a presentation of dances from different Southeast Asian countries and the entrance of the flags of the participating nations, to the delight of the crowd and the athletes.[5] 
The closing ceremony of the Games was held at the Quirino Grandstand on 5 December at 20:00 PST. 
XXIII Southeast Asian Games Host city Manila, Philippines Motto One Heritage, One Southeast Asia Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 5336 Events 443 in 40 sports Opening ceremony 27 November Closing ceremony 5 December Officially opened by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo President of the Philippines Athlete's Oath Mikaela "Mikee" Cojuangco-Jaworski Judge's Oath Caesar Mateo Torch lighter Maria Antoinette Rivero Ceremony venue Quirino Grandstand, Rizal Park Website 2005 Southeast Asian Games < Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh 2003 Nakhon Ratchasima 2007 > 
The 2005 Southeast Asian Games (Filipino: Palaro ng Timog Silangang Asya 2005), officially known as the 23rd Southeast Asian Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Manila, Philippines.[1] 
Around 5336 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games which featured 443 events in 40 sports. The games was held from 27 November to 5 December 2005, although several events had commenced from 20 November 2005. The games was opened and closed by Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo, the President of the Philippines at the Quirino Grandstand, Rizal Park. 
The final medal tally was led by host Philippines, followed by Thailand and Vietnam. Several Games and national records were broken during the games. Though there were several controversies, the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Southeast Asian Nations. 
The Philippine SEA Games Organising Committee (PhilSOC) was formed to oversee the staging of the games.[2] 
Manila Cavite Zambales Laguna Pampanga Host cities / provinces of the 2005 Southeast Asian Games (Luzon). 
The 23rd Southeast Asian Games had 38 venues for the games, 19 in Manila, 5 each in Cebu and Negros Occidental respectively, 4 in Zambales, 2 each in Cavite and Laguna respectively and 1 in Pampanga 
2005 Southeast Asian Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
1st Southeast Asian Peninsular Games Host city Bangkok, Thailand Nations participating 6 Sports 12 Opening ceremony 12 December Closing ceremony 17 December Officially opened by Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand Ceremony venue Suphachalasai Stadium 1961 > 
The 1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 1st Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was the first and inaugural edition of the biennial multi-sport event for Southeast Asian athletes, organised by the SEAP Games Federation. It was held in Bangkok, Thailand from 12 to 17 December 1959 with 12 sports featured in the games. Cambodia, one of the six founding members of the SEAP Games Federation, did not compete at the inaugural edition.[1] For the first time and first among all Southeast Asian nations, Thailand hosted the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, which later known as the Southeast Asian Games. 
1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games Host city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nations participating 7 Sports 14 Opening ceremony 14 December Closing ceremony 21 December Officially opened by Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu King of Malaysia Main venue Stadium Merdeka < 1961 1967 > 
The 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games officially known as the 3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 14 to 21 December 1965 with 14 sports featured in the games. Originally to be hosted by Laos, the third edition of the games was hosted by Malaysia after the former was not able to honour its hosting commitment citing financial difficulties and would later known to have hosted the 2009 Southeast Asian Games decades later. Two years earlier, the third SEAP Games was cancelled as Cambodia pulled out of hosting the event due to internal strife. 
1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
4th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games Host city Bangkok, Thailand Nations participating 6 Sports 16 Opening ceremony 9 December Closing ceremony 16 December Officially opened by Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand Ceremony venue Suphachalasai Stadium < 1965 1969 > 
The 1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 4th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Bangkok, Thailand from 9 to 16 December 1967 with 16 sports featured in the games. Cambodia once again declined to host this edition of the games, as it did in 1963. This was Thailand's second time hosting the Southeast Asian Games, and its first time since the 1959 inaugural games. 
1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
6th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games Host city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nations participating 7 Sports 15 Opening ceremony 6 December Closing ceremony 13 December Officially opened by Abdul Halim of Kedah King of Malaysia Ceremony venue Stadium Merdeka < 1969 1973 > 
The 1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 6th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 6 to 13 December 1971 with 15 sports featured in the games. In this edition of the games, host country Malaysia joined Singapore in pressuring Thailand to let the SEAP Games Federation expand to include the Philippines and Indonesia, but to no avail. Thai officials felt that such expansion would be contrary to the small family affair they had intended the games to be, and would not be in keeping with the close-neighbours spirit the games was supposed to cultivate.[1] This was the second time Malaysia hosted the games and its first time since 1965. 
Burma Khmer Republic Laos Malaysia Singapore South Vietnam Thailand 
Aquatics () Athletics () Badminton () Basketball () Boxing () Cycling () Football () Hockey () Judo () Sepak Takraw () Shooting () Table tennis () Tennis () Volleyball () Weightlifting () 
1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 
External links 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games Host city Singapore, Singapore Nations participating 7 Sports 16 Opening ceremony 1 September Closing ceremony 8 September Officially opened by Benjamin Sheares President of Singapore Officially closed by Benjamin Sheares President of Singapore Torch lighter C. Kunalan Ceremony venue Singapore National Stadium < 1971 1975 > 
The 1973 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Singapore from 1 to 8 September 1973 with 16 sports featured in the games. This was the first time Singapore hosted the games.[1][2][3][4][5] Singapore is the fourth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Burma and Malaysia. The games was opened and closed by Benjamin Sheares, the President of Singapore at the Singapore National Stadium. 
1973 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
8th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games Host city Bangkok, Thailand Nations participating 4 Sports 18 Opening ceremony 9 December Closing ceremony 16 December Officially opened by Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand Ceremony venue Suphachalasai Stadium < 1973 1977 > 
The 1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 8th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Bangkok, Thailand from 9 to 16 December 1975. This was the third time Thailand hosted the games, and its first time since 1967. Previously, Thailand also hosted the 1959 inaugural games.[1] South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, which only sent token squads made up of military personnel to previous games, declined to participate due to internal political problems. 
1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
9th Southeast Asian Games Host city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nations participating 7 Sports 18 Opening ceremony 19 November Closing ceremony 26 November Officially opened by Yahya Petra of Kelantan Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia Ceremony venue Stadium Merdeka < 1975 1979 > 
Previously, it also hosted the games for the first time in 1965.[1][2] Brunei, Indonesia, and the Philippines were finally admitted into the SEAP Games Federation in February that year. Although the word 'Peninsula' was omitted from the new federation title to reflect the expansion, in which the games is the first games to bear the name, its emblem (which featured six rings representing the six founding members), and the sequential numbering of the games was kept to provide continuity, as well as reverence to the objectives, aspirations and contributions of the founders. The six-ring emblem was not replaced until 1999, when the present ten-ring emblem was first used in an official games logo. 
1977 Southeast Asian Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
10th Southeast Asian Games Host city Jakarta, Indonesia Nations participating 7 Sports 16 Opening ceremony 21 September Closing ceremony 30 September Officially opened by Suharto President of Indonesia Officially closed by Adam Malik Vice President of Indonesia Ceremony venue Gelora Senayan Stadium < 1977 1981 > 
The 1979 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 10th Southeast Asian Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 21 to 30 September 1979. This was the first time that Indonesia hosted the games. Indonesia is the fifth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Burma, Malaysia and Singapore. 
Burma Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand 
1979 Southeast Asian Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
11th Southeast Asian Games Host city Manila, Philippines Nations participating 7 Sports 18 Opening ceremony 6 December Closing ceremony 15 December Officially opened by Ferdinand Marcos President of the Philippines Torch lighter Benjamin Silva-Netto Ceremony venue Rizal Memorial Stadium < 1979 1983 > 
The 1981 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 11th Southeast Asian Games was a multi-sport event held in Manila, Philippines from 6 to 15 December 1981. This was the first time that the Philippines hosted the Games since its first participation in 1977. Philippines is the sixth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. 
Burma Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand 
Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Bowling Boxing Cycling Football Gymnastics Judo Sepak Takraw Shooting Softball Table tennis Tennis Volleyball Weightlifting 
1981 Southeast Asian Games 
Participating nations 
The games 
References 
Sports 
Medal table 
12th Southeast Asian Games Host city Singapore, Singapore Nations participating 8 Sports 18 Opening ceremony 28 May Closing ceremony 6 June Officially opened by Devan Nair President of Singapore Ceremony venue Singapore National Stadium < 1981 1985 > 
The 1983 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 12th Southeast Asian Games was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Singapore from 28 May to 6 June 1983. Scheduled to be hosted by Brunei in accordance to the renewed alphabetical rotation of hosting duties, the 1983 SEA Games were offered to be hosted by Singapore as Brunei prepared for its forthcoming independence from the United Kingdom. The games also marked the return of Cambodia, as People's Republic of Kampuchea after an 8-year-long absence since the Khmer Rouge seized power in 1975. 
Burma Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand 
Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Bowling Boxing Equestrian Football Hockey Judo Sailing Sepak Takraw Shooting Table tennis Tennis Volleyball Weightlifting 
1983 Southeast Asian Games 
References 
Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council (IOC code: BRU) is the National Olympic Committee representing Brunei. It is also the body responsible for Brunei's representation at the Commonwealth Games.[1] 
Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council 
Ecosystem and biosphere 
The main range of this species in Iran closely overlaps with that of bezoar ibex. Hence, it is found throughout Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian plateau. The leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation.[6] Apart from bezoar ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer, (either Caspian red deer or roe deer), and domestic animals constitute leopards' diet in Iran. 
Ramsar sites (23/06/75) Area (km2) Anzali Wetland Complex,[9] Gilan Province 150 Arjan Meadow,[10] Fars Province 22 Lake Gori,[11] East Azerbaijan Province 1.2 Lake Kobi,[12] West Azerbaijan Province 12 Lake Parishan,[10] Fars Province 40 Miankaleh Peninsula, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan[13] Mazandaran Province 1000 
Natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast 
Environment – current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water in some areas; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization. 
Iranian provinces' contribution to GDP. Tehran host 45% of Iran's industries.[14] 
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf continental shelf: natural prolongation 
Maritime boundaries: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman 
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caspian Sea −28 metres (−92 ft) highest point: Mount Damavand 5,610 metres (18,410 ft) 
Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries. The mountains enclose several broad basins, on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located. Until the 20th century, when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers, these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another. 
Iran map of Köppen climate classification. 
Locator map of Iran 
Typically, one major town dominated each basin, and there were complex economic relationships between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it. In the higher elevations of the mountains rimming the basins, tribally organized groups practiced transhumance, moving with their herds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures. There are no major river systems in the country, and historically transportation was by means of caravans that followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains. 
With an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres (636,000 sq mi), Iran ranks eighteenth in size among the countries of the world. Iran shares its northern borders with three post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. These borders extend for more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), including nearly 650 kilometres (400 mi) of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. 
The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) southern border. To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the far south. Iran's diagonal distance from Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast is approximately 2,333 kilometres (1,450 mi). 
Iran at night 
Topography of Iran 
The topography of Iran consists of rugged, mountainous rims surrounding high interior basins. The main mountain chain is the Zagros Mountains, a series of parallel ridges interspersed with plains that bisect the country from northwest to southeast. Many peaks in the Zagros exceed 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) above sea level, and in the south-central region of the country there are at least five peaks that are over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft). 
As the Zagros continue into southeastern Iran, the average elevation of the peaks declines dramatically to under 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). Rimming the Caspian Sea littoral is another chain of mountains, the narrow but high Alborz Mountains. Volcanic Mount Damavand, 5,610 metres (18,406 ft), located in the center of the Alborz, is not only the country's highest peak but also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush. 
The center of Iran consists of several closed basins that collectively are referred to as the Central Plateau. The average elevation of this plateau is about 900 metres (2,953 ft), but several of the mountains that tower over the plateau exceed 3,000 metres (9,843 ft). The eastern part of the plateau is covered by two salt deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) and the Dasht-e Lut. 
Parts of northwestern Iran are part of the Armenian highlands, which adjoins it topographically with other parts of neighbouring Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.[4] 
Iran has only two expanses of lowlands: the Khuzestan Plain in the southwest and the Caspian Sea coastal plain in the north. The former is a roughly triangular-shaped extension of the Mesopotamia plain and averages about 160 kilometres (99 mi) in width. It extends for about 120 kilometres (75 mi) inland, barely rising a few meters above sea level, then meets abruptly with the first foothills of the Zagros. 
The Caspian plain is both longer and narrower. It extends for some 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the Caspian shore, but its widest point is less than 50 kilometres (31 mi), while at some places less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) separate the shore from the Alborz foothills. The Persian Gulf coast south of Khuzestan and the Gulf of Oman coast have no real plains because the Zagros in these areas come right down to the shore. 
In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfall and subfreezing temperatures during December and January. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and the summers are very hot, having average daily temperatures in July exceeding 38 °C (100.4 °F). 
The major exceptions are the higher mountain valleys of the Zagros and the Caspian coastal plain, where precipitation averages at least 500 millimetres (19.7 in) annually. In the western part of the Caspian, rainfall exceeds 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) annually and is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. This contrasts with some basins of the Central Plateau that receive ten centimeters or less of precipitation. 
The most extensive growths are found on the mountain slopes rising from the Caspian Sea, with stands of oak, ash, elm, cypress, and other valuable trees. On the plateau proper, areas of scrub oak appear on the best-watered mountain slopes, and villagers cultivate orchards and grow the plane tree, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, and mulberry. Wild plants and shrubs spring from the barren land in the spring and afford pasturage, but the summer sun burns them away. 
Caspian forests of the northern districts – 19,000 km2 (7,300 sq mi) Limestone mountainous forests in the northeastern districts (Juniperus forests) – 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi) Pistachio forests in the eastern, southern and southeastern districts – 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) Oak forests in the central and western districts – 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) Shrubs of the Kavir (desert) districts in the central and northeastern part of the country – 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) Sub-tropical forests of the southern coast, like the Hara forests – 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi) 
Wildlife of Iran is diverse and composed of several animal species including bears, gazelles, wild pigs, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, and foxes. Domestic animals include, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are also native to Iran. 
As of 2001, 20 of Iran's mammal species and 14 bird species are endangered. Among them are the Baluchistan bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus), a subspecies of Asian black bear, Persian fallow deer, Siberian crane, hawksbill turtle, green turtle, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong and dolphins. The Asiatic cheetah is a critically endangered species which is extinct elsewhere and now can only be found in central to northeastern parts of Iran. 
Syrian brown bears in the mountains, wild sheep and goats, gazelles, Persian onagers, wild pigs, Persian leopards, and foxes abound. Domestic animals include sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, and falcon are native to Iran. 
International territorial disputes 
See also 
Climate 
Area and boundaries 
Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.[7] There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17 million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger.[8] 
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur arable land: 10.87% permanent crops: 1.19% other: 87.93% (2012 est.) 
Total renewable water resources: 137 km3 (2011) 
Irrigated land: 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) (2009) 
Area[15]: total: 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) land: 1,531,595 km2 (591,352 sq mi) water: 116,600 km2 (45,000 sq mi) 
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 93.3 km3/yr (7%/1%/92%) per capita: 1,306 m3/yr (2004) 
Land boundaries: total: 5,894 kilometres (3,662 mi) border countries: Afghanistan 921 kilometres (572 mi), Armenia 44 kilometres (27 mi), Azerbaijan-proper 432 kilometres (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan exclave 179 kilometres (111 mi), Iraq 1,599 kilometres (994 mi), Pakistan 959 kilometres (596 mi), Turkey 534 kilometres (332 mi), Turkmenistan 1,148 kilometres (713 mi). 
1,148 kilometres (713 
Iran is currently engaged in international territorial disputes with several neighbouring countries. 
Iran and the United Arab Emirates have a territorial dispute over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa islands, which are administered by Iran. Iran currently insists on dividing the Caspian Sea resources equally among the five littoral states, after the Russian-backed former soviet breakaway republics refused to respect the 50-50 agreements between Iran and the Soviet Union (despite their international obligation). Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan continue to claim territorial waters thus regarding the Caspian Sea as open international body of water, dismissing its geographically lake nature.[16] 
Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ↑ ""CESWW" – Definition of Central Eurasia". Cesww.fas.harvard.edu. 
Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. 
Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. 
Retrieved 26 November 2014. ↑ "Armenian Highland". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015. ↑ "Unasylva - Vol. 
8, No. 2 - The work of FAO". www.fao.org. 
Archived from the original on 2007-09-09. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. 
Retrieved 2010-04-07. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. 
Retrieved 2012-12-21. ↑ 74 Iranian wildlife species red-listed by Environment Department Archived 2015-05-20 at the Wayback Machine.. (February 28, 2014) Radio Zamaneh via Payvand Iran News. Retrieved April 04, 2014 ↑ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Anzali Wetlands Complex" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 28 November 2008 1 2 "Ramsar Information Sheet: Lake Lake Parishan and Dashte-Arjan" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 1 December 2008 ↑ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Lake Gori" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 1 December 2008 ↑ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Lake Kobi" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 1 December 2008 ↑ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Miankaleh Peninsula, Gorgan Bay and Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandans" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 28 November 2008 ↑ CSIS: The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran Archived 2010-08-06 at the Wayback Machine.. 
Retrieved January 27, 2010. ↑ "Land area (sq. km) - Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. ↑ CIA – The World Factbook – Iran Archived February 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. 
Geography of Iran Continent Asia Region Western Asia[1][2][3] Coordinates 32°00'N, 53°00'E Area Ranked 17th • Total 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) • Land 99.27% • Water 0.73% Coastline 2,440 km (1,520 mi) Borders Total land borders: 5,894 km (3,662 mi) Afghanistan: 921 km (572 mi) Armenia: 44 km (27 mi) Azerbaijan (proper): 432 km (268 mi) Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan exclave): 179 km (111 mi) Iraq: 1,599 km (994 mi) Pakistan: 959 km (596 mi) Turkey: 534 km (332 mi) Turkmenistan: 1,148 km (713 mi) Highest point Mount Damavand 5,610 m (18,406 ft) Lowest point Caspian Sea −28 m (−91.9 ft) Longest river Karun Largest lake Lake Urmia 
Of the small rivers and streams, the only one that is navigable is the 830 kilometres (520 mi)-long Karun, which shallow-draft boats can negotiate from Khorramshahr to Ahvaz, a distance of about 180 kilometres (110 mi). Other major rivers include the Karkheh, spanning 700 kilometres (430 mi) and joining the Tigris; and the Zayandeh River, which is 300 kilometres (190 mi) long. Several other permanent rivers and streams also drain into the Persian Gulf, while a number of small rivers that originate in the northwestern Zagros or Alborz drain into the Caspian Sea. 
External links 
National Olympic Committee of Cambodia (Khmer: គណៈកម្មាធិការជាតិអូឡាំពិកកម្ពុជា, IOC code: CAM) is the National Olympic Committee representing Cambodia. 
National Olympic Committee of Cambodia 
External links 
Indonesian Olympic Committee (Indonesian: Komite Olimpiade Indonesia, abbreviate: KOI) is the national Olympic committee of Indonesia and the member of Olympic Council of Asia. Their duty is to organize Indonesian participation in international sporting events, such as Olympic Games, Asian Games, Southeast Asian Games, etc. As well as submitting bid for Indonesia as the host, planning and organizing official international sporting events to be held in Indonesia. 
Indonesian Olympic Committee 
References 
Olympic Council of Malaysia (Malay: Majlis Olimpik Malaysia, IOC code: MAS) is the National Olympic Committee representing Malaysia. It is also the body responsible for Malaysia's representation at the Commonwealth Games.[1] 
Olympic Council of Malaysia 
External links 
National Olympic Committee of Laos (Lao: ຄະນະກໍາມະໂອລິມປິກແຫ່ງຊາດຂອງສປປລາວ, IOC code: LAO) is the National Olympic Committee representing Laos. 
National Olympic Committee of Laos 
References 
The Singapore National Olympic Council, or commonly SNOC, (Chinese: 新加坡国家奥运理事会) is a registered society, recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). SNOC was founded in 1947 as Singapore Olympic and Sports Council (SOSC), and subsequently renamed in 1970. It is also the body responsible for Singapore's representation at the Commonwealth Games.[1] 
Singapore National Olympic Council 
External links 
The National Olympic Committee of Thailand (NOCT, Thai: คณะกรรมการโอลิมปิกแห่งประเทศไทย), officially known as the National Olympic Committee of Thailand under the Royal Patronage of His Majesty the King (Thai: คณะกรรมการโอลิมปิกแห่งประเทศไทย ในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์) is the national Olympic committee in Thailand for the Olympic Games movement, based in Ampawan House, Bangkok, Thailand. It is a non-profit organisation that selects teams and raises funds to send Thailand competitors to Olympic events organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Asian Games events organised by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) and Southeast Asian Games events organised by the Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF). 
National Olympic Committee of Thailand 
The Philippine Olympic Committee Inc.[1] (POC) is the National Olympic Committee of the Philippines. 
Philippine Olympic Committee 
National Olympic Committee of East Timor (IOC code: TLS) is the National Olympic Committee representing East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste. 
National Olympic Committee of East Timor 
Vietnam Olympic Committee (Vietnamese: Ủy ban Olympic Việt Nam, IOC code: VIE) is the National Olympic Committee representing Vietnam. 
Vietnam Olympic Committee 
Majulah Singapura (English: Onward Singapore; Chinese: 前进吧，新加坡; Tamil: முன்னேறட்டும் சிங்கப்பூர்) is the national anthem of Singapore. 
↑ "National Anthem". singapore.sg. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2014. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint), Art. 153A: "Malay, Mandarin, Tamil and English shall be the 4 official languages in Singapore." 1 2 National anthem – Majulah Singapura, Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore, archived from the original on 28 September 2008, retrieved 9 December 2007 . ↑ "National anthem originally for City Council", The Straits Times, p. 28, 9 March 1990 . ↑ Zubir Said (1984), Zubir Said [oral history interview, accession no. 
See National anthem – Majulah Singapura, Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore, archived from the original on 28 September 2008, retrieved 9 December 2007 . ↑ 1959 – Singapore's State Arms, Flags and National Anthem, NS40, Ministry of Defence, 2007, archived from the original on 27 August 2007, retrieved 27 August 2007 . ↑ First performance of National Anthem, Singapore Infopedia, archived from the original on 19 February 2014, retrieved 17 February 2014 . ↑ Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 (No. 70 of 1959), now the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.). 
1 2 3 Bonny Tan (23 December 2004), The Singapore National Anthem, Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board, archived from the original on 5 November 2007, retrieved 9 December 2007 . 
1 2 3 Frankie Chee; Magdalen Ng (4 October 2009), "Majulah muddle: Many Singaporeans either don't know the words to the national anthem or don't understand the lyrics", The Sunday Times (Singapore) (LifeStyle), p. 8 . ↑ See also Lee Hsien Loong (17 May 1997), National Education: Speech by BG Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister at the launch of National Education on Saturday 17 May 1997 at TCS TV Theatre at 9.30 am, Ministry of Education, archived from the original on 28 October 2007, retrieved 4 November 2007 , para. 
22; Teo Chee Hean (8 July 2003), Getting the fundamentals right: Speech by RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Education and Second Minister for Defence at the NIE Teachers Investiture Ceremony at 2.30 pm on 8 Jul 2003 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium, Ministry of Education, archived from the original on 15 August 2007, retrieved 4 November 2007 , para. 
18; Press release: Submission of proposals for privately-funded schools, Ministry of Education, 5 June 2006, archived from the original on 29 October 2007, retrieved 4 November 2007 , para. 
1 2 The National Anthem – guidelines, Singapore Infomap, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA), 2004, retrieved 9 December 2007 . ↑ For instance, by the National University of Singapore: see "A time to rejoice, a time to remember", Knowledge Enterprise, Singapore: National University of Singapore, September 2002 (updated online 14 October 2002), retrieved 10 December 2007 Check date values in: |date= (help) . ↑ See, for example, Leonard Lim (6 June 2005), "This time he gets it right", The New Paper . ↑ N. Sivasothi (19 September 2006), "Majulah Singapura", a cappella, by Olivia Ong, Otterman Speaks...: Weblog about Cycling, Macintosh, Natural History and Life in Singapore, archived from the original on 13 February 2007, retrieved 10 December 2007 . ↑ Gary Lim (12 January 2005), "Taufik misses big chance", The New Paper (reproduced on Taufik-Batisah.net – The Original Fan Site), archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . ↑ Judges: Jacintha Abisheganaden, Singapore Idol, MediaCorp, 2006, retrieved 9 December 2007 . 
See Peter Estrop, chmn., ed. committee (April 2006), Our Army: customs and traditions: Understanding why we do what we do (PDF), Singapore: Ministry of Defence, p. 27 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) . ↑ Frequently asked questions, Majulah Connection, 2003, retrieved 9 December 2007, MC stands for Majulah Connection. 
Singapore's national anthem is titled Majulah Singapura . ↑ About us, Majulah Connection, 2006, archived from the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 9 December 2007 . ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules (Cap. 
296, R 1, 2004 Rev. Ed.), as amended by the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem (Amendment) Rules 2007 (S 377/2007). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 11(2). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 11(1). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 12. ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 13(1). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 13(2). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 13(3). ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, rule 14(3). ↑ Toh Chin Chye (1989), Dr Toh Chin Chye [oral history interview, accession no. A1063, reel 1], National Archives of Singapore . 
See National anthem – Majulah Singapura, Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore, archived from the original on 28 September 2008, retrieved 9 December 2007 . 
1 2 3 Tan Hsueh Yun (26 July 1991), "Few understand lyrics of National Anthem", The Straits Times (reproduced on Headlines, Lifelines), archived from the original on 9 December 2007 . 1 2 3 S. Rajaratnam (9 March 1990), "Majulah Singapura has been sung patriotically for 32 years", The Straits Times (reproduced on Headlines, Lifelines), archived from the original on 2 January 2008 . ↑ The 1989 recording was released on compact disc as Zubir Said (1994), Majulah Singapura: National anthem of Singapore [sound recording], Singapore: Ministry of Information and the Arts . 
It was contained in The National Symbols Kit, Singapore: Prepared by Programmes Section, Ministry of Information and the Arts, 1999 . ↑ Caroline Boey (6 April 1983), "Learning to sing National Anthem again", The Sunday Monitor . ↑ "Short version of anthem is official", The Straits Times, p. 32, 8 May 1993 . 1 2 The National Anthem, Singapore Infomap, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA), 2004, retrieved 9 December 2007 . ↑ The National Anthem: Credits, Singapore Infomap, MICA, 2004, retrieved 9 December 2007 ; Judges: Ken Lim, Singapore Idol, MediaCorp, 2006, retrieved 9 December 2007 . ↑ Zubir Said (2000), Majulah Singapura: The national anthem of Singapore [sound recording], [Singapore]: Ministry of Information and the Arts . ↑ S.E. Tan (22 January 2001), "It's easier to sing now", The Straits Times (Life!), pp. 1, 6 . ↑ Peters, Joe (5 August 2014). 
"Pak Zubir Said and Majulah Singapura". The Sonic Environment. Retrieved 12 October 2016. ↑ Peters, Joe (4 August 2014), Dr Joe Peters Comments on Singapore National Anthem, retrieved 12 October 2016 
The original is currently on display at the Malay Heritage Centre. National anthem of Singapore Lyrics Zubir Said, 1958 Music Zubir Said, 1958 Adopted 1965 Audio sample Majulah Singapura performed by the US Navy Band. file help 
Majulah Singapura 
External links 
The Media of Iran are privately and publicly owned but is subject to censorship. As of 2016, Iran had 178 newspapers, 83 magazines, 15,000 information sites and 2 million blogs.[1] A special court has authority to monitor the print media and may suspend publication or revoke the licenses of papers or journals that a jury finds guilty of publishing anti-religious material, slander, or information detrimental to the national interest. The Iranian media is prohibited from criticizing the Islamic doctrines (as interpreted by the Iranian regime). 
Popular daily and weekly newspapers include Iran, Ettelaat, Kayhan, Hamshahri and Resalat. Iran Daily and Tehran Times are both English language papers.[2] Iran’s largest media corporation is the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB).[2] Financial Tribune is the main English language (online) economic journal. Iran Front Page ( IFP News ) is an English News website which provides its audiences with the English version of the latest news and views from Iran published by the Iranian Farsi Media.[3] 
A number of foreign broadcasts into the country exist, including Persian language programmes from Kol Israel and Radio Farda; however, these broadcasts tend to encounter occasional radio jamming.[4] The government engages in censorship programs to anything divergent from the country's regulations.[5][6] The majority of Iranians- upwards of 80 percent- get their news from government-owned media.[7] Attempts to establish private, independent media outlets in Iran have been restricted or banned, and Reporters Without Borders has declared Iran to have the highest number of jailed journalists in the Middle East. According to the 1979 Iranian Constitution, all broadcasting must exclusively be government-operated, and in 1994 the Islamic state banned the use of satellite television.[8] Yet, over 30 percent of Iranians watch satellite channels.[9] 
Iranian news agencies Iranian newspapers Iranian blogs Persian language magazines Persian language television stations (Not all Iranian) 
Ministry of Culture & Islamic Guidance Of Iran Official Website Ministry of Culture & Islamic Guidance Of Iran - Foreign Media Office Official Website - Get Iran Media & Press License 
"Iran Media Program". University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies. Collaborative network designed to enhance the understanding of Iran's media ecology Get Iran Latest News - Financialtribune Newspaper Media Monitoring in Iran "Media Landscapes: Iran", Medialandscapes.org, Netherlands: European Journalism Centre 
Media in Iran - Part I Part II Part III - PressTV A Close Look at Iran's Media - PressTV Newspapers in Iran - PressTV (2011) 18th International Press Fair in Iran - PressTV (2011) Media war against Iran - PressTV (2012) 
See also 
Television in Iran Cinema of Iran Persian literature Music of Iran Communications and Internet in Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Censorship in Iran Encyclopædia Iranica International Rankings of Iran in Communication Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance Education in Iran 
Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018 – via YouTube. 1 2 Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). 
ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. 
"Listening to Iran" - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ↑ Reporters sans frontières - Internet - Iran Archived February 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Molavi, Soul of Iran, Norton, (2002) p.5 ↑ "State Department's First Persian-Language Spokesperson Could Appear In Iranian State Media". www.payvand.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ↑ Sanati, Kimia (4 July 2007). 
Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. ↑ "Iran's war on satellite dishes: "We just buy new ones the next day"". france24.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. 
Background 
The Gargash summit will host INO 3.4m optical telescope, wide angle survey station and site monitoring facilities 
Iranian National Observatory (INO) aims at the construction of observing facilities for astronomical research and education purpose.[1] The primary goal is the design and construction of a 4m-class optical telescope and other smaller observing facilities to respond to a growing demand.[2] INO is executed at the Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), one of the leading research institutes in fundamental sciences. 
Site Selection 
External links 
Science with INO 
Site Monitoring Facility 
Telescope Design 
The current research and training capabilities in observational astronomy in Iran is unable to meet the growing demand due to a rapid growth in higher education over the past two decades. While almost every big university in Iran has an astronomy department or group, the existing observational facilities consist of a number of small telescopes in various university campus observatories generally used for undergraduate and graduate training. 
A medium size optical telescope is thought to be a step to facilitate research in astronomy and observational cosmology. The geographic location of Iran, 32N 53E, relatively dry climate and high altitude mountains, offer suitable locations for optical telescopes to carry out surveys and time critical observations. 
At the present, the flagship of the INO observing facilities is a 3.4m optical telescope under construction, known as INO340. 
The site selection activities began in 2000 before the formal approval of the project in 2004. With two sites in hand after the conclusion of the site selection (2000–2007) INO made seeing measurements to be able to compare the two sites, Dinava ~3000m and Gargash ~3610m. In 2011, INO announced Mount Gargash as the site for this project. 
Optics 
The telescope is a Ritchey-Chrétien f/11 which provides unvignetted 20 arcmin field of view at the main Cassegrain focus. In addition, 3 broken side foci are also provided, each with a field of view of 8 arcmin. The main mirror (M1) is a single segment fast f/1.5 mirror with a diameter of 3.4m, which makes INO340 one of the most compact telescopes for its size. 
The structure 
The telescope mount is altitude over azimuth (alt-az) which allows the telescope to be compact and provides direct load paths from the telescope down through the structure to the pier and foundations. The drive motors used to move the telescope in azimuth and elevation will be servo motors with position feedback will be provided by linear tape encoders.[7] 
Telescope Control System (TCS) 
The TCS is responsible for controlling a number of subsystems, such as the mount control system (MCS) which is responsible for pointing and tracking the targets and the mirrors control system or active control systems (ACS). MCS receives commands from the user interface.[8] 
The station is located around 500m to the south of the main Gargash peak where the 3.4 m Telescope is planned to be constructed. The site monitoring station is equipped with an automatic DIMM seeing monitor at a height of 6m above the surface of the mountain, remotely operated from Tehran. The station also includes a standard weather station at 9m above the ground. 
Live site data is available from the INO website. 
A vast amount of scientific issues in observational astronomy and cosmology can be addressed using a medium class telescope such as INO 3.4m telescope. At the same time, as it is designed for a wavelength interval limited to between 325 and 2500 nm, INO340 is an excellent tool for collaborative programs joining other, major, similar size and/or larger telescopes as well as with space-based telescopes optimized to work at similar or different, not least very different, wavelength ranges.[11] 
The study of galaxies and our current understanding of the formation and evolution of the large and small scale structures are, to a large extent, based on the observations carried out by mid-size telescopes. Even at the era of large and very large telescopes, such observations are still pursued thanks to advances in the instrumentation. While there are new frontiers to be explored by very large and extremely large telescopes, there are still enormous details which require further explorations. 
For the community of astronomers in Iran, extra-galactic astronomy and observational cosmology are new undertakings mostly because of the absence of suitable observing facilities in the past and thus INO340 will focus on this line of developing research. Taking advantage of the location, INO340 is designed to respond to time-critical astronomical events. Large programs and surveys are also pursued in instrumentation planning. 
ISSN 2058-7058. ↑ "Feature: New observatory aims to put Iranian astronomy on the map". Science | AAAS. 
2015-09-02. 
Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ Khosroshahi, Habib G. (2011-01-20). "Site characterization studies for the Iranian National Observatory". arXiv:1101.3883 [astro-ph]. ↑ "Site Selection | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ http://ino.org.ir/en/?p=226 ↑ "INO 340 | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. 
Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ "INO 340 | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. 
Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ "INO 340 | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. 
Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ "Site Monitoring | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ "INO site monitoring station | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. Retrieved 2016-10-22. ↑ "Science with INO | Iranian National Observatory". ino.org.ir. 
Iranian National Observatory 
Infrastructure and the economy 
Outward tourism 
Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran 
Iran Air is Iran's national airline 
(Source: EIU)[3] 2004 2005 2006 est. International tourism, departures ('000) 3,478 3,648 3,986 International tourism, expenditure (US$ m) 4,353 1,380 1,579 
Traditionally, only a small number of wealthy Iranian tourists traveled abroad, and the majority of the trips were business departures, mostly to neighboring states in the Persian Gulf and the wider Middle East (1 million each year), Central Asia and Turkey (~1 million). Although this is likely to continue to characterize much Iranian travel abroad, since the change of regime in Iraq in 2003, Iranians from all walks of life have visited their western neighbor. In addition, a large proportion of Iranians traveling abroad are likely to be visiting family, especially in Europe, the US and Australia (~1 million).[3] Up until early 2012, because the Iranian rial was overvalued, the Iranian government was subsidizing its travelers abroad (2010). 
Abbasi Hotel in Isfahan 
Tourism in Iran is diverse, providing a range of activities from hiking and skiing in the Alborz and Zagros mountains, to beach holidays by the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, but the main reason that tourist visit Iran is because of Iran Cultural and Iran History and places such as Persepolis, Naghsh-e Rosta, Naghshe Jahan and other places in Iran also we have near 22 World Cultural Heritage . The Iranian government has been making concerted efforts to attract tourists to the various destinations in the country and arrivals have increased during the past few years. Kish Island alone attracts around 1 million visitors per year, the majority of whom are Iranian but the area also attracts many non-Iranian Muslims who like to have beach holidays with Islamic style beaches where men and women use separate beaches .[3][4] 
Before the Iranian revolution, tourism was characterized by significant numbers of visitors traveling to Iran for its diverse attractions, the country boasts cultural splendours and a diverse and beautiful landscape suitable for a range of activities.[3] Tourism declined dramatically during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. 
Since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the majority of foreign visitors to Iran have been religious pilgrims and business people. In Iran there are many Shi'ite Shrines, the two main ones being Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad and Fatimah al-Ma'sūmah Shrine in Qom. Each year millions of pilgrims from Iran and other Shi'ite countries visit these holy places.[3][5] Official figures do not distinguish between those traveling to Iran for business and those coming for pleasure, and they also include a large number of diaspora Iranians returning to visit their families in Iran or making pilgrimages to holy Shia sites near Mashhad, Qom and else where .[3] Domestic tourism in Iran is one of the largest in the world.[6] The government continues to project strong rises in visitor numbers and tourism revenue for the foreseeable future, and plans to build an additional 100 hotels to expand its currently limited stock.[3] In 2013, the number of foreign tourists in Iran reached 4.76 million, contributing more than $2 billion to the national economy.[5][7] The strong devaluation of the Iranian Rial since early 2012 is also a positive element for tourism in Iran. 
According to a report published by World Travel and Tourism Council in 2015 the size of its tourism industry – including cultural and ecotourism as major components of it – is estimated as having the potential to create jobs for 1,285,500 and rise by 4.1% pa to 1,913,000 jobs in 2025. Based on the report in the year of 2014 Travel & Tourism directly supported 413,000 jobs (1.8% of total employment). This is expected to rise by 4.4% in 2015 and rise by 4.3% pa to 656,000 jobs (2.2% of total employment) by 2025.[9] 
Dizin ski resort near Tehran. 
In the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and personnel training.[16] In late 2003 there were about 640 hotels in Iran and around 63,000 beds.[3] 
In FY 2003 Iran had about 69,000 restaurants and 6,000 hotels and other lodging places; about 80 percent of these establishments were in urban areas. Some 875 restaurants and hotels were publicly managed by cooperatives and government organizations. More than 95 percent of restaurants and hotels had fewer than five employees, and only 38 had more than 100 employees. 
In recent years, 235 hotels, hotel apartments, motels and guesthouses have become operational nationwide. As at 2010, 400 hotels and 200 hotel apartments are under construction nationwide. Some 66 percent of these projects are underway in the provinces of Tehran, Gilan, Mazandaran, Razavi Khorasan and Isfahan.[18] 
Mount Damavand in Amol. 
Visa requirement 
See also 
London, U.K.: The Business Year: 166. ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "Iran Travel And Tourism Forecast", Economist Intelligence Unit, August 18, 2008 |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ "Iran seeks more tourists, but will they come?". 
2010-12-06. Retrieved 2012-02-06. ↑ Laura Bly, USA TODAY (25 February 2013). "Tourists see a different Iran reality than 'Argo' image". 
1 2 "Nearly One Million Azerbaijani Tourists visit Iran annually" - Retrieved 19 November 2015 ↑ "Iran Tourism Need to Rebuild its Image After the Nuclear Deal". SURFIRAN. Retrieved 2016-04-21. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/travel/iran-tourism-sanctions.html?_r=0 ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-02-06. ↑ http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jun14.pdf ↑ iran-daily Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Iran Visa Application - Iranian Visa (evisa)". Retrieved 9 June 2015. ↑ COUNTRY PROFILE: IRAN Retrieved 12 February 2008 ↑ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. 
Retrieved 2012-02-06. ↑ Butler, Richard; O'Gorman, Kevin D.; Prentice, Richard (2012-07-01). "Destination Appraisal for European Cultural Tourism to Iran". International Journal of Tourism Research. 
14 (4): 323–338. doi:10.1002/jtr.862. ISSN 1522-1970. ↑ "Fars News Agency :: Ahmadinejad Stresses Iran's Growing Medical Tourism Industry". English.farsnews.com. 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-02-06. ↑ "Medical Tourism in Iran - Fanack Chronicle". Fanack Chronicle. 
Retrieved 9 June 2015. ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.ir. Retrieved 2012-02-06. ↑ Tehran Times: Iran’s foreign tourist arrivals continue to increase Archived 2012-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. 
Retrieved February 16, 2012 ↑ "Doing business in Iran - For Australian exporters". Austrade. Retrieved 2012-02-06. ↑ http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/10/02/487363/Iran-offers-13year-tax-break-to-hoteliers ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG8C4n4gDuE ↑ Peter Grant (October 4, 2016). 
"Developers Make Bets on Iran". Wall Street Journal. 
Missing or empty |url= (help) ↑ http://www.iran-daily.com/1391/1/24/MainPaper/4207/Page/4/Index.htm# ↑ "Iranian airfares soar higher". Retrieved 9 June 2015. ↑ Asa Fitch and Nicolas Parasie (6 April 2015). "Western Companies See Potential in Reaching Iran's Consumers After Nuclear Deal". 
Kish Island 
Shapuri House, Shiraz 
Golestan Palace, Tehran 
The most up-to-date figures from the World Tourism Organisation for the origin of visitors to Iran show that building up visitors from the Islamic and wider Asian world will have to start from a low base. Around three-quarters of those entering Iran in 1999 came from Europe.[3] According to the New York Times, unlike most Americans who stopped visiting Iran after the Revolution, European tourists continued to visit the country in similar numbers after the revolution. This was mainly because the Revolution was far more Anti-American and not so much Anti-European.[10] It doesn't means American can't travel to Iran, just that Americans must have tour guide with them at all times, this law is also applicable for UK citizens and Canadians. 
The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims, who presumably intended to visit important pilgrimage sites in Mashhad and Qom. Several organized tours from Germany, France, the UK and other European countries come to Iran annually to visit archaeological sites and monuments. Iran has 21 places on the world cultural heritages list,[11] because of this lots of cultural tourist come to visit Iran each year. 
According to Iranian officials about 1,659,000 foreign tourists visited Iran in 2004 - although government statistics don't distinguish between tourism, business and religious pilgrims; most came from Asian countries, including the republics of Central Asia, while a small share (about 10%) came from North America and the European Union, including Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, France and Belgium.[3] The most popular tourist destinations are Northern Iran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Yazd and Shiraz. There is undoubtedly great scope for increased visitors from the Islamic world, and possibly also from non-Muslim countries with which Iran is developing business and political links, such as China and India.[3] 
Visa policy of Iran 
From 2004, the country experienced a 100-percent growth in foreign tourist arrivals until mid-2008 when the number of foreign arrivals surged up to 2.5 million. Specially, there has been an enormous increase in the number of German tourists traveling to Iran since 2008.[12] 
The World Travel and Tourism Council claims that business and personal tourism rose by 11.3% and 4.6%, respectively, in real terms in 2007, with the growth in personal tourism only modestly below that of the preceding year.[3] 
Tourism in Iran 
In 2011, most of Iran’s international visitors arrived in Iran solely for the purpose of leisure travel. Leisure tourists arriving from abroad are also often relatives of Iranian citizens or expatriates residing outside of Iran returning to visit. Another key segment of international arrival traffic are pilgrims come to pay a visit to one of the many holy sites scattered throughout the country.[2] 
The number of international arrivals has been steadily increasing, up from 2.2 million people in 2009 to 3.6 million in 2011, with per capita spending of $1,850 per visit on average.[2][13] 
Over five million tourists visited Iran in the fiscal year of 2014-2015, ending March 21, four percent more year-on-year.[8] 
Cyrus' tomb lies in Pasargadae, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Iran is home to 22 historic sites which have been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List. 
(Source: EIU)[3] 2004 2005 2006 est. International tourism, arrivals ('000) 1,656 1,720 1,769 International tourism, receipts (US$ m) 917 971 1,022 
Iran will equip all airports with electronic visa facilities by February 2009 to issue online entry permits to foreign nationals.[14] Visas can now be secured electronically and be collected from Iranian consulates or international airports.[15] Iran has 15 road border crossings connecting it with Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Rail lines from Turkey and Turkmenistan can also be used to enter Iran.[3] About 70% of visitors arrived by land in 2002, about 29% by air and less than 1% by sea.[3] The price of internal flights is heavily subsidised, deterring competition and hampering profitability. In April 2005 the Imam Khomeini International Airport was reopened under the management of a consortium of four local airlines—Mahan Air, Aseman, Caspian Air and Kish Air—although no formal contract appeared to have been awarded.[3] 
Reason for domestic travel and overnight stay[2] Visiting friends and relatives (49%) Sightseeing and entertainment (24%) Pilgrimage (17%) Medical (6%) Other (4%) 
Iran's Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization is responsible for the establishment, development and operation of tourism facilities in Iran, planning for the repair or extension of tourism facilities through direct investment or providing loans to the private sector or entering into partnership with the private sector, issuing licenses and supervising the establishment and administration of hotels and restaurants and travel agencies and qualification and rating of these units.[19] 
Area considered for further expansion in the tourism sector in Iran are eco tourism, coastlines, restoration of historical relics, handicraft townships, and health tourism (e.g. water therapy).[6][18] 30,000 people come to Iran each year to receive medical treatment (2012).[20] As a matter of fact, Iran might become the leading country in the Islamic World when it comes to the medical tourism field due to a number of reasons that include the country's unique geographical position, the fluctuation of Iranian currency that leads to lower prices in healthcare services, as well as the development in medical research and technology. The rapid growth rate of the healthcare system which, according to the World Tourism Organization, has increased of 5% in last decade, seems to indicate that in the future Iran will be one of the most visited countries by medical tourists, above all coming from the neighbouring countries, such as Arzebaijan, Iraq and Persian Gulf States.[21] 
Officials state that Iran has in recent years earned about US$1bn a year from tourism.[3] Close to 1.8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector.[2] Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of tourism.[3] 
Iran's '20-Year Vision' document projects investment of over $32 billion in the country's tourism sector and tragets 20 million tourists by 2025.[22][23] In order to encourage domestic and foreign direct investment in this sector, the 50 percent tax exemption previously granted to tourism enterprises has been extended to include five-star hotels.[24] In 2016 Iran announced that it will grant 100 percent tax holidays between five and 13 years depending on the region for hoteliers investing in Iran.[25] Tariffs for utilities comply with industrial ones.[18] Investment in Iran's free trade zones are exempt from taxes for up to 20 years.[18] As of 2016, international hotel operators investing in Iran are Rotana (Abu Dhabi), Accor (France), Meliá (Spain) and Steigenberger (Germany) among others.[26][27] 
See also 
The first level of country subdivisions of Iran are the (Persian: استان‌ها‎; ostānhā) provinces. 
Each province is further subdivided into counties called shahrestan (Persian: شهرستان‎, translit. shahrestān), and each shahrestan is subdivided into districts called bakhsh (Persian: بخش‎, translit. bakhsh). There are usually a few cities (Persian: شهر‎, translit. shahr) and rural districts (Persian: دهستان‎, translit. dehestān) in each county. Rural districts are a collection of a number of villages. 
According to the government of Iran,[1] as of March 2016 (Iranian calendar 1394), the figures are as follows: 
English Persian sing. Persian pl. number Provinces استان ostān استان‌ها ostānhā 31 Counties شهرستان shahrestān 429 Districts بخش bakhsh 1057 cities شهر shahr 1245 rural districts دهستان dehestān 2589 
According to the Statistical Center of Iran,[2] the figures are as follows, as of March 2016 (end of Iranian calendar 1394): [3] 
English Persian sing. Persian pl. number Provinces استان ostān استان‌ها ostānhā 30 Counties شهرستان shahrestān شهرستانها shahrestānhā 429 Districts بخش bakhsh بخشها bakhshhā 1057 cities شهر shahr شهرها shahr hā 1245 rural districts دهستان dehestān دهستانها dehestānhā 2589 
Assume that province P is divided into two counties: A and B. County A has 3 districts: Central, X, and Y. The Central district is the district that contains City M, the capital of the county. Each district might contain one or more cities or one or more RDs (rural districts). In our example, the Central district contains City M, City N, and RD T composed of the villages V1, V2, V3, and V4, in turn; district X contains City O and RD U; and district Y has no cities and one RD V. The minimal county consists of only one city as the only district, named Central, which is most common. 
Province County District City / RD* Villages P A Central City M (c) City N RD T V1, V2, V3, V4 X City O RD U V5, V6 Y RD V V7, V8, V9 B Central City Q 
Ostan (Geography) -stan -abad 
Administrative divisions of Iran 
↑ https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Geo/GEO94-summary.pdf ↑ website of the Statistical Center of Iran Archived October 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. website in English is no longer updated (2006). ↑ https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Geo/GEO94-summary.pdf 
Y-chromosome DNA 
Iranian citizens abroad 
Number of children 0-14 Number of people 15-49 Proportion Number of women 15-49 Proportion 17,681,629 (2006) 43,049,709 (2006) 0.4107 (2006) ~21,524,855 (2006) 0.8215 (2006) 17,561,778 (2011) 45,174,366 (2011) 0.3888 (2011) ~22,587,183 (2011) 0.7775 (2011) 
Age group Number(2006) Percentage(2006) Number(2011) Percentage(2011) Total 70,495,782 100 75,149,669 100 0–4 5,463,978 7.75 6,232,552 8.29 5–9 5,509,057 7.81 5,657,791 7.53 10–14 6,708,591 9.52 5,671,435 7.55 15–19 8,726,761 12.38 6,607,043 8.79 20–24 9,011,422 12.78 8,414,497 11.20 25–29 7,224,952 10.25 8,672,654 11.54 30–34 5,553,531 7.88 6,971,924 9.28 35–39 4,921,124 6.98 5,571,018 7.41 40–44 4,089,158 5.80 4,906,749 6.53 45–49 3,522,761 5.00 4,030,481 5.36 50–54 2,755,420 3.91 3,527,408 4.69 55–59 1,887,981 2.68 2,680,119 3.57 60–64 1,464,452 2.08 1,862,907 2.48 65–69 1,197,550 1.70 1,343,731 1.79 70–74 1,119,318 1.59 1,119,968 1.49 75–79 694,122 0.98 913,531 1.22 80+ 645,601 0.92 919,539 1.22 Unclear - - 46,322 0.06 
Year 0-14 15-64 65+ 1976 44.5 52 3.5 1985 45.5 51.5 3 1996 39.5 56.1 4.3 2006 25.08 (17,681,629) 69.73 (49,157,562) 5.19 (3,656,591) 2011 23.37 (17,561,778) 70.91 (53,297,122) 5.72 (4,290,769) 
Changes in population of Iran 
Provinces of Iran by population in 2014. 
1 The population of the provinces of Alborz and Tehran for 2006 and their average annual growth have been calculated based on the data of 2011. 
Most of those Georgians who live in the north Iranian provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Tehran Province and the rest of Iran no longer speak the language but keep a Georgian conscience. The Circassians in Iran, a very large minority in the past and speakers of the Circassian language, have been strongly assimilated and absorbed within the population in the past few centuries. However, significant pockets do exist spread over the country, and they are the second-largest Caucasus-derived group in the nation after the Georgians.[18][19] 
1 The population of the provinces of Alborz and Tehran for 2006 and their average annual growth have been calculated based on the data of 2011. 
Ethnicities and religions in Iran 
Jews have had a continuous presence in Iran since the time of Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. In 1948, there were approximately 140,000–150,000 Jews living in Iran. According to the Tehran Jewish Committee, the Jewish population of Iran was (more recently) estimated at about 25,000 to 35,000, of which approximately 15,000 are in Tehran with the rest residing in Hamadan, Shiraz, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Yazd, Kerman, Rafsanjan, Borujerd, Sanandaj, Tabriz and Urmia. 
Other sources, such as the Library of Congress, and the Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden)[22] give Iran's ethnic groups as following: Persians (including Lurs and other sub-groups of Persians) 71%, Azerbaijanis 16%, Kurds 7%, Arabs 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmens 1%, Turkic tribal groups (e.g. Qashqai) 1%, and non-Persian, non-Turkic groups (e.g. Armenians, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, Basseri ) less than 1%.[23] For sources prior to and after 2000, see Languages and ethnicities in Iran. 
The CIA World Factbook (which is based on 2013 statistics) gives the following numbers for the languages spoken in Iran today: Persian, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani 66%; Azerbaijani and other Turkic languages 18%; Kurdish 10%; Arabic 2%; Baloch 2%; others 1% (Armenian, Georgian, Circassian, Assyrian, etc.).[21] 
Tehran (Tehran Province) 12,765,238 (conurbation and commuter towns included)[26] (8,088,287 in the city itself)[26] 2. Mashhad (Razavi Khorasan) 2,868,350 (this includes suburban population) (2,410,800 in the city itself)[26] 3. Isfahan (Isfahan Province) 3,430,353 (including its metropolitan area and the population living within the Isfahan conurbation) (1,602,110 in the city itself)[26] 4. 
The entrance to Shah Mosque (aka Imam Mosque or Shah Jame' Mosque) in Isfahan. This mosque is a prominent example of Persian architecture during the Safavid dynasty. 
Population of Iran according to religion 1956-2011 per the UN[13][15] Religion census 1956 census 1966 census 1976 census 2006 census 2011 Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Muslims 18,654,127 98.4 24,771,922 98.8 33,396,908 99.1 70,097,741 99.4 74,682,938 99.4 Christians 114,528 0.6 149,427 0.6 168,593 0.5 109,415 0.2 117,704 0.2 Zoroastrians 15,723 0.1 19,816 0.1 21,400 0.1 19,823 0.0 25,271 0.0 Jews 65,232 0.3 60,683 0.2 62,258 0.2 9,252 0.0 8,756 0.0 Other 59,256 0.3 77,075 0.3 54,234 0.1 49,101 0.1 Unknown 45,838 0.2 59,583 0.2 205,317 0.3 265,899 0.4 
Population pyramid of Iran 
There are hundreds of Christian churches in Iran.[31] The Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest non-Muslim religious minority with a population around 300,000, is not officially recognized (and therefore not included in the census results), and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran. Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.[32][33] Unofficial estimates for the Assyrian Christian population range between 20,000,[34][35] and 70,000.[36][37] The number of Iranian Mandaeans is a matter of dispute. In 2009, there were an estimated 5,000 and 10,000 Mandaeans in Iran, according to the Associated Press.[38] Whereas Alarabiya has put the number of Iranian Mandaeans as high as 60,000 in 2011.[39] 
Iran hosts one of the largest refugee population in the world, with more than one million refugees, mostly from Afghanistan (80%) and Iraq (10%). Since 2006, Iranian officials have been working with the UNHCR and Afghan officials for their repatriation.[45][46] Between 1979 and 1997, UNHCR spent more than US$1 billion on Afghan refugees in Pakistan but only $150 million on those in Iran. In 1999, the Iranian government estimated the cost of maintaining its refugee population at US$10 million per day, compared with the US$18 million UNHCR allocated for all of its operations in Iran in 1999.[46] As of 2016, some 300,000 work permits have been issued for foreign nationals in Iran.[47] 
0-14 years: 23.69% (male 9,937,715/female 9,449,716) 15-24 years: 17.58% (male 7,386,826/female 6,998,188) 25-54 years: 46.87% (male 19,534,794/female 18,817,480) 55-64 years: 6.58% (male 2,650,049/female 2,731,997) 65 years and over: 5.28% (male 1,990,961/female 2,326,544) (2015 est.) 
total: 28.8 years male: 28.6 years female: 29.1 years (2015 est.) 
Urbanization 
urban population: 73.4% of total population (2015) rate of urbanization: 2.07% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) 
1.2% (2015 est.) 
17.99 births/1,000 population (2015 est.) 
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2015 est.) 
total population: 71.15 years male: 69.56 years female: 72.82 years (2015 est.) 
Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, the Iranian Y-chromosome pool is as follows where haplogroups, R1 (25%), J2 (23%) G (14%), J1 (8%) E1b1b (5%), L (4%), Q (4%), comprise more than 85% of the total chromosomes.[50] 
1.83 children born/woman (2015 est.) 
Youth literacy 
definition: age 15-24 can read and write total population: above 90%[49] male youth: 98% female youth: 98.0% (2008 est.) 
Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016.[1][2] In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly. Studies project that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes above 100 million by 2050.[3][4] More than half of Iran's population is under 35 years old (2012).[5] 
In 2009, the number of households stood at 15.3 million (4.8 persons per household).[6] Families earn some 11.8 million rials (about $960) per month on average (2012).[7] 
According to the OECD/World Bank statistics population growth in Iran from 1990 to 2008 was 17.6 million and 32%.[8] The literacy rate was 80% in 2007,[9][10][11] and 85% in 2008.[12] 
According to the 2016 population census the population of Iran was 79.9 million,[1] a fourfold increase since 1956. Between 1976 and 1986, an average annual population growth of almost 4% was reached, but due to decreasing fertility levels the growth decreased to 1.2% between 2011 and 2016. 
Population census results[13] Census date Population Average annual growth (%) Population density/km2 Proportion urban (%) Household size 1956-11-01 18,954,704 . 12 31.4 1966-11-01 25,785,210 3.13 16 ~37.5 1976-11-01 33,708,744 2.71 20 47.0 5.02 1986-11-22 49,445,010 3.91 30 ~54.0 5.11 1996-11-01 60,055,488 2.0 37 ~61.0 4.84 2006-11-01 70,495,782 1.62 43 68.5 4.03 2011-11-01 75,149,669 1.29 46 71.4 3.55 2016-11-01 79,926,270 1.24 49 74.0 3.3 
Urban population 
Average population (× 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total Fertility Rate 1959 864,846 176,268 688,578 1960 876,206 171,040 705,166 1961 902,260 159,371 742,889 1962 957,500 165,488 792,012 1963 920,967 135,912 785,055 1964 1,118,911 145,174 973,737 1965 1,139,663 171,940 967,723 1966 1,101,606 178,991 922,615 1967 1,019,373 179,159 840,214 1968 1,037,022 174,201 862,821 1969 1,091,513 167,660 923,853 1970 1,189,203 163,430 1,025,773 1971 1,231,227 149,325 1,081,902 1972 1,138,843 153,568 985,275 1973 1,199,777 155,081 1,044,696 1974 1,248,256 149,785 1,098,471 1975 1,339,267 148,543 1,190,724 1976 1,401,426 155,981 1,245,445 1977 1,399,977 146,369 1,253,608 1978 1,369,597 127,587 1,242,010 1979 1,689,908 142,402 1,547,506 1980 2,450,308 162,176 2,288,132 1981 2,421,611 178,099 2,243,512 1982 2,101,894 200,614 1,901,280 1983 2,203,448 207,228 1,996,220 1984 2,067,803 186,440 1,881,363 1985 2,033,285 190,061 1,843,224 1986 2,259,055 199,511 2,059,544 1987 1,832,089 204,230 1,627,859 1988 1,944,149 238,390 1,705,759 1989 1,784,811 199,645 1,585,166 1990 1,722,977 217,597 1,505,380 1991 1,582,931 217,637 1,365,294 1992 1,433,243 188,647 1,244,596 1993 1,388,017 208,161 1,179,856 1994 1,426,784 3.50 1995 1,205,372 3.22 1996 1,187,903 2.95 1997 1,179,260 2.73 1998 1,185,639 551,345 634,294 2.53 1999 62,738 1,177,557 374,838 802,719 18.8 6.0 12.8 2.36 2000 63,658 1,095,165 382,674 712,491 17.2 6.0 11.2 2.19 2001 64,592 1,110,836 421,525 689,311 17.2 6.5 10.7 2.09 2002 65,540 1,122,104 337,237 784,867 17.1 5.1 12.0 2.01 2003 66,480 1,171,573 368,518 803,055 17.6 5.5 12.1 1.92 2004 67,477 1,154,368 355,213 799,155 17.1 5.3 11.8 1.87 2005 68,467 1,239,408 363,723 875,685 18.1 5.3 12.8 1.82 2006 70,496 1,253,912 408,566 845,346 17.8 5.8 12.0 1.79 [17] 2007 71,532 1,286,716 412,736 873,980 18.0 5.8 12.2 1.81 2008 72,584 1,300,166 417,798 882,368 17.9 5.8 12.2 1.80 2009 73,651 1,348,546 393,514 955,032 18.3 5.3 13.0 1.78 2010 74,733 1,363,542 441,042 922,500 18.3 5.9 12.4 1.77 2011 75,149 1,382,229 422,133 960,096 18.3 5.6 12.7 1.74 2012 76,026 1,421,689 367,512 1,054,177 18.7 4.8 13.9 1.73 2013 77,059 1,471,834 372,279 1,099,555 19.1 4.8 14.3 1.70 2014 1,534,362 446,333 1,088,029 1.68 2015 1,570,219 374,827 1,195,392 19.9 4.8 15.1 2016 79,926 1,528,054 388,792 1,139,262 19.2 4.9 14.3 
In Iran outliers in the Y-chromosomes and Mitochondrial DNA gene pool are consisted by the north Iranian ethnicities, such as the Gilaki's and Mazandarani's, who's genetic build up including chromosomal DNA are nearly identical to the major South Caucasian ethnicites, namely the Georgians, Armenians and Azerbaijani's. Other outliers are made by the Baloch people, representing a mere 1-2% of the total Iranian population, who have more patrilinial and mitochondrial DNA lines leaning towards northwest South Asian ethnic groups. 
Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Iranian mitochondrial DNA shows more Western Eurasian lineages than the Y-DNA lineages.[52] Nonetheless, a West Eurasian MtDNA makes up over 90% of the Iranian population on average. (2013).[53] 
Among them, U3b3 lineages appear to be restricted to populations of Iran and the Caucasus, while the sub-cluster U3b1a is common in the whole Near East region.[53] 
Levels of genetic variation in Iranian populations are comparable to the other groups from the Caucasus, Anatolia and Europe.[53] 
1 2 Iran Census Results 2016 Archived December 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. United Nations ↑ Asia-Pacific Population Journal, United Nations. 
"A New Direction in Population Policy and Family Planning in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. 
Retrieved 2006-04-14. ↑ "International Programs". census.gov. ↑ Iran News, Payvand.com. "Iran's population growth rate falls to 1.5 percent: UNFP". Retrieved 2006-10-18. ↑ "International News | World News - ABC News". 
Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ "Iran". Iran economy: Social indicators & living standards. Economist Intelligence Unit. 
June 23, 2009. ↑ "Central bank: Income equality improved in Iran". Tehran Times. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971-2008 (pdf pages 83-85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57) ↑ UNDP.org Table H 1 2 "CIA - The World Factbook". 
Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ "Iran: Country Brief". 
Development Economics, Development Data Group (DECDG). 
World Bank. 
June 2009. ↑ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. 1 2 Iran Census Results 2011 Archived December 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. United Nations ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision". un.org. 
1 2 "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". un.org. ↑ ".:: National Organization for Civil Registration-Home ::". sabteahval.ir. ↑ John Weeks. "Weeks Population". weekspopulation.blogspot.com. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Facts On File, Incorporated ISBN 143812676X p 141 ↑ "Circassian (people)". Retrieved 28 April 2014. ↑ "Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute". 
The Times of Israel. November 28, 2012. Retrieved Aug 16, 2014. 
A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran ↑ "The World Factbook - Iran". 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. 
Retrieved 2013-05-13. ↑ See Iran in Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden. C.E. Bosworth (editor) ↑ Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (May 2008). 
"Country Profile: Iran" (PDF). 
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. p. 5. 
Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
1 2 "Statistical Center of Iran". Migrationinformation.org. 
Archived from the original on 2015-10-15. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ↑ Annamoradnejad, Rahimberdi; Annamoradnejad, Davoud (2014). 
Table 9 – Population and Average Annual Growth by Provinces: 2006 and 2011 
Province 2006 2011 Average annual growth Alborz 2,076,991 2,412,513 3.04 Ardabil 1,228,155 1,248,488 0.33 Bushehr 886,267 1,032,949 3.11 Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari 857,910 895,263 0.86 East Azerbaijan 3,603,456 3,724,620 0.66 Fars 4,336,878 4,596,658 1.17 Gilan 2,404,861 2,480,874 0.62 Golestan 1,617,087 1,777,014 1.90 Hamadan 1,703,267 1,758,268 0.64 Hormozgan 1,403,674 1,578,183 2.37 Ilam 545,787 557,599 0.43 Isfahan 4,559,256 4,879,312 1.37 Kerman 2,652,413 2,938,988 2.07 Kermanshah 1,879,385 1,945,227 0.69 Khuzestan 4,274,979 4,531,720 1.17 Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad 634,299 658,629 0.76 Kurdistan 1,440,156 1,493,645 0.73 Lorestan 1,716,527 1,754,243 0.44 Markazi 1,351,257 1,413,959 0.91 Mazandaran 2,922,432 3,073,943 1.02 North Khorasan 811,572 867,727 1.35 Qazvin 1,143,200 1,201,565 1.00 Qom 1,046,737 1,151,672 1.93 Razavi Khorasan 5,593,079 5,994,402 1.40 Semnan 589,742 631,218 1.37 Sistan and Baluchestan 2,405,742 2,534,327 1.05 South Khorasan 636,420 662,534 0.81 Tehran 11,345,375 12,183,391 1.44 West Azerbaijan 2,873,459 3,080,576 1.40 Yazd 990,818 1,074,428 1.63 Zanjan 964,601 1,015,734 1.04 Total 70,495,782 75,149,669 1.29 
Province 2006 2011 Alborz 2.95 3.21 Ardabil 1.74 1.66 Bushehr 1.26 1.37 Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari 1.22 1.19 East Azerbaijan 5.11 4.96 Fars 6.15 6.12 Gilan 3.41 3.30 Golestan 2.29 2.36 Hamadan 2.42 2.34 Hormozgan 1.99 2.10 Ilam 0.77 0.74 Isfahan 6.47 6.49 Kerman 3.76 3.91 Kermanshah 2.67 2.59 Khuzestan 6.06 6.03 Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad 0.90 0.88 Kurdistan 2.04 1.99 Lorestan 2.43 2.33 Markazi 1.92 1.88 Mazandaran 4.15 4.09 North Khorasan 1.15 1.15 Qazvin 1.62 1.60 Qom 1.48 1.53 Razavi Khorasan 7.93 7.98 Semnan 0.84 0.84 Sistan and Baluchestan 3.41 3.37 South Khorasan 0.90 0.88 Tehran 16.09 16.21 West Azerbaijan 4.08 4.10 Yazd 1.41 1.43 Zanjan 1.37 1.35 Total 100 100 
Unofficial Translation 17 
Table 10 – Population Percentages by Province: 2006 and 2011 (Percentage) 
Evolution of Iran population divided into urban and rural population. 
Provinces of Iran by population density in 2013. 
In addition to its international migration pattern, Iran also exhibits one of the steepest urban growth rates in the world according to the UN humanitarian information unit. According to 2015 population estimates, approximately 73.4 percent of Iran's population lives in urban areas, up from 27 percent in 1950.[24] Changes in urbanization law and regulations eased the urbanization process of rural areas, which created more than 400 cities only in the period of 1996-2005.[25] 
Religion in Iran (2011) [27] Islam (99.4%) Other (includes Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian) (0.3%) Unspecified (0.4%) 
The term "Iranian citizens abroad" or " Iranian/Persian diaspora" refers to the Iranian people born in Iran and their children but living outside of Iran. Migrant Iranian workers abroad remitted less than two billion dollars home in 2006.[40] 
As of 2010, there are about four to five million Iranians living abroad, mostly in the United States, Canada, Europe, Persian Gulf States, Turkey, Australia and the broader Middle East.[24][41][42] According to the 2000 Census and other independent surveys, there are an estimated 1 million Iranian-Americans living in the U.S., in particular, the Los Angeles area is estimated to be host to approximately 72,000 Iranians, earning the Westwood area of LA the nickname Tehrangeles.[43] Other metropolises that have large Iranian populations include Dubai with 300,000 Iranians, Vancouver, London, Toronto, San Francisco Bay Area, Washington D.C., Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Stockholm, Berlin, Hamburg and Frankfurt. Their combined net worth is estimated to be $1.3 trillion.[44] 
Note that this differs from the other Iranian peoples living in other areas of Greater Iran, who are of related ethnolinguistical family, speaking languages belonging to the Iranian languages which is a branch of Indo-European languages. 
Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year crude birth rate1 crude death rate1 natural change1 total fertility rate2 infant mortality rate3 1950–1955 933,000 529,000 404,000 50.6 28.7 21.9 6.93 262.1 1955–1960 1,018,000 505,000 514,000 49.2 24.4 24.8 6.93 212.5 1960–1965 1,093,000 479,000 614,000 46.5 20.3 26.2 6.93 172.6 1965–1970 1,164,000 455,000 709,000 43.3 16.9 26.4 6.70 140.7 1970–1975 1,253,000 443,000 811,000 40.8 14.4 26.4 6.24 116.4 1975–1980 1,503,000 430,000 1,073,000 42.1 12.0 30.1 6.27 92.2 1980–1985 1,889,000 720,000 1,170,000 44.4 16.9 27.5 6.54 69.8 1985–1990 1,955,000 550,000 1,406,000 38.6 10.8 27.8 5.62 55.4 1990–1995 1,633,000 359,000 1,274,000 28.5 6.3 22.2 3.95 47.1 1995–2000 1,316,400 333,200 983,200 20.9 5.3 15.6 2.63 32.0 2000–2005 1,214,400 345,800 868,600 17.9 5.1 12.8 1.97 25.0 2005–2010 1,308,000 369,800 938,200 18.1 5.2 13.0 1.79 19.0 2010–2015 1,390,600 376,200 1,014,400 18.2 4.7 13.5 1.75 15.0 2015–2020 1,266,800 366,600 900,200 15.6 4.5 11.1 1.62 2020–2025 1,059,800 391,400 668,400 12.4 4.6 7.8 1.53 2025–2030 906,600 439,800 466,800 10.3 5.0 5.3 1.50 1per 1000; 2 TFR = number of children per woman; 3per 1000 births 
Demographics of Iran 
History 
The legal code is now based on Islamic law or sharia, although many aspects of civil law have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system. According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic, the judiciary in Iran "is an independent power". The entire legal system—"from the Supreme Court to regional courts, all the way down to local and revolutionary courts"—is under the purview of the Ministry of Justice, but in addition to a Minister of Justice and head of the Supreme Court, there is also a separate appointed Head of the Judiciary.[1] Parliamentary bills pertaining to the constitution are vetted by the Council of Guardians. 
According to one scholar, the administration of justice in Islamic Iran has been until recent times 
Judicial system of Iran قوه قضاییه جمهوری اسلامی ایران Kakh Dadgostari Tehran Established 1905 Country Islamic Republic of Iran Location Tehran Composition method Supreme Leader selection with Judges approval Authorized by Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Judge term length 5 years Chief Justice Currently Sadeq Larijani Since 30 June 2009 Deputy Chief Justice Currently Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i Since 23 August 2014 
A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza Shah, with further changes during the second Pahlavi era. 
Since the sixteenth century AD Iran has been the only country in the world having Shi'ah Islam as its official religion, consequently the general principles of its legal system differed somewhat from those of other countries which followed Islamic law. 
The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: نيروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ايران‎) include the Army (Artesh), the Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepāh) and the Law Enforcement Force (Police).[4] 
These forces total about 523,000 active personnel (not including the Law Enforcement Force).[1] All branches of armed forces fall under the command of General Staff of Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics is responsible for planning logistics and funding of the armed forces and is not involved with in-the-field military operational command. 
Iran's military, which is equipped with relatively modern sophisticated U.S-made military equipment delivered before 1979, has been described as the Middle East's "most powerful military force" (exempting Israel) by retired US General John Abizaid.[5] 
History 
Budget 
Cyberwarfare 
Structure 
Islamic Republic of Iran Army Day 
Ballistic missile program 
Commanders 
Military aid 
Defense industry 
Weapons of mass destruction 
UAV program 
Fateh-110 is a type of short range missile. 
It has been reported that Iran is one of the five countries that has a cyber-army capable of conducting cyber-warfare operations. It has also been reported that Iran has immensely increased its cyberwarfare capability since the post presidential election un-rest.[25][26][27][28][29] Furthermore, China has accused the United States of having initiated a cyber war against Iran, through websites such as Twitter and YouTube and employing a hacker brigade for the purpose of fomenting unrest in Iran.[30][31] It has also been reported in early 2010, that two new garrisons for cyberwarfare have been established at Zanjan and Isfahan.[32] 
Iranian military spending as a % of Iran's GDP. 
Iran's 2007 defense budget was estimated to be $11.096 billion by SIPRI (2.5% of GDP). Per capita or percentage of GDP, this was a lower figure than for other Persian Gulf states.[33] 
IAIO Qaher-313 is a planned Iranian single-seat stealth fighter aircraft. 
A formation flight of Iranian F-14 Tomcats, in 2008. 
Iran has three Russian-built Kilo-class submarines patrolling the Persian Gulf. 
Emad is a medium-range ballistic missile. 
Under the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's military industry was limited to assembly of foreign weapons. In the assembly lines that were put up by American firms, such as Bell, Litton and Northrop, Iranian workers put together a variety of helicopters, aircraft, guided missiles, electronic components and tanks.[34] In 1973 the Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) was established.[35] The company was set up in a first attempt to organize the assembly and repair of foreign-delivered weapons.[36] The Iranian Defense Industries Organization was the first to succeed in taking a step into what could be called a military industry by reverse engineering Soviet RPG-7, BM-21, and SAM-7 missiles in 1979.[36] 
Nevertheless, most of Iran's weapons before the Islamic revolution were imported from the United States and Europe. Between 1971 and 1975, the Shah went on a buying spree, ordering $8 billion in weapons from the United States alone. This alarmed the United States Congress, which strengthened a 1968 law on arms exports in 1976 and renamed it the Arms Export Control Act. 
After the Islamic revolution, Iran found itself severely isolated and lacking technological expertise. Because of economic sanctions and a weapons embargo put on Iran by the United States, it was forced to rely on its domestic arms industry for weapons and spare parts, since there were very few countries willing to do business with Iran.[38] 
The Islamic Revolutionary Guards were put in charge of creating what is today known as the Iranian military industry. Under their command, Iran's military industry was enormously expanded, and with the Ministry of Defense pouring investment into the missile industry, Iran soon accumulated a vast arsenal of missiles.[34] Since 1992, it also claiming has produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, radar systems, guided missiles, marines, military vessels and fighter planes.[39][40] Iran is also producing its own submarines.[41] 
On November 2, 2012, Iran's Brigadier General Hassan Seifi reported that the Iranian Army had achieved self-suffiency in producing military equipment, and that the abilities of Iranian scientists have enabled the country to make significant progress in this field. He was quoted saying, Unlike Western countries which hide their new weapons and munitions from all, the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army is not afraid of displaying its latest military achievements and all countries must become aware of Iran's progress in producing weaponry."[44] 
In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Fajr-3 (MIRV), Hoot, Kowsar, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 missile systems and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles, at least one of which Israel claims has been used to spy on its territory.[42] In 2006, an Iranian UAV acquired and allegedly tracked the American aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan for 25 minutes without being detected, before returning safely to its base.[43] 
Iran is also believed to have started the development of an ICBM/IRBM missile project, known as Ghadr-110 with a range of 3000 km; the program is believed to be a parallel of the advancement of a satellite launcher named IRIS. Iran also dedicated underground ballistic missile programs 
Iran has produced several domestically developed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which can be used for reconnaissance and combat operations. Iran has also claimed to have downed, captured and later reverse-engineered US and Israeli drones, a claim military experts doubt. 
The missiles had ranges from 300 km to up to 2,000 km. Iranian experts have made some changes to Shahab-3 missiles installing cluster warheads in them with the capacity to carry 1,400 bombs." These launches came after some United States-led military exercises in the Persian Gulf on October 30, 2006, meant to train for blocking the transport of weapons of mass destruction.[45] 
Iran started a major campaign to produce and stockpile chemical weapons after a truce was agreed with Iraq after 1980-88 Iran–Iraq War.[46] However, Iran ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997. Iranian troops and civilians suffered tens of thousands of casualties from Iraqi chemical weapons during the 1980-88 Iran–Iraq War. 
Even today, more than twenty-four years after the end of the Iran–Iraq War, about 30,000 Iranians are still suffering and dying from the effects of chemical weapons employed by Iraq during the war. The need to manage the treatment of such a large number of casualties has placed Iran’s medical specialists in the forefront of the development of effective treatment regimens for chemical weapons victims, and particularly for those suffering from exposure to mustard gas.[47] 
Iran ratified the Biological Weapons Convention in 1973.[48] Iran has advanced biological and genetic engineering research programs supporting an industry that produces vaccines for both domestic use and export.[49] 
List of Iranian two-star generals since 1979 List of military equipment manufactured in Iran Equipment of the Iranian Army Current Iranian Navy vessels List of Iranian Air Force aircraft Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force Rank insignia of the Iranian military 
In 2013, Iran was reported to supply money, equipment, technological expertise and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to Syria's Government and Lebanon's Hezbollah during the Syrian civil war, and to the Iraqi government, Iraqi Shia militia, and Peshmerga during War on ISIL.[50] 
The Iranian Government makes a show of military force on Islamic Republic of Iran Army Day with parades every 18 April, often demonstrating new defense technologies.[51][52][53] 
The former Supreme leader of Iran, Ruhollah Khomeini named 18 April as Army Day, calling for military parades to exhibit the nation's military preparedness. The Iranian armed forces honor the country's National Army Day by annually parading in many cities of Iran every 18th day of April. The biggest march is held in front of the mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini.[54] 
1 2 3 4 5 IISS 2016, p. 328. ↑ https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/1_Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932017%20in%20constant%20%282016%29%20USD.pdf ↑ "Overview". ↑ No Operation Archived May 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Presstv.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ "Why war with Iran would spell disaster". www.aljazeera.com. 
Retrieved 2015-10-25. ↑ Pipes, Daniel; Patrick Clawson (1992–1993). 
"Ambitious Iran, Troubled Neighbors". Foreign Affairs. 
72: 127. doi:10.2307/20045501. 1 2 Cole, Juan (2009-10-02). "The top ten things you didn't know about Iran: The assumptions most Americans hold about Iran and its policies are wrong". 
Salon. ↑ "Russian Military Alliance With Iran Improbable Due To Diverging Interests". 
RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 
1 2 Spillius, Alex (9 February 2012). "Syria: Iran's elite Quds force 'advising Assad regime'" – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ↑ Webb, Sam (26 November 2015). "Pilot of Russian jet downed by Turkey was 'rescued by elite Iranian squad'". ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ↑ i24news http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/108495-160404-iran-sends-special-forces-to-syria-as-advisors-report. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ No Operation Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. 
Presstv.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ No Operation Archived September 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Presstv.ir. 
Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ "Government creates 4th military arm: Air Defense". Iran Times International. February 20, 2009. ↑ "Apponitment of Farzaf Esmaili as commander of IRIADF". 
February 20, 2009. ↑ "Appoitment of Mohammad Pakvar as commander of IRGC Ground Force". dolat.ir. 1 2 Archived October 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Appoitment of Ali Fadavi as commander of IRGC Navy". Mehrnews. ↑ "Iran Revolutionary Guards expect key changes in high command". 
Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. 
Retrieved 2011-12-25. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . iranfocus.com. 4 August 2005 1 2 "The Consequences of a Strike on Iran: The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy" Global Bearings, 15 December 2011. ↑ "Air Defense Unit Added to Iran's Armed Forces". Farsnews. 
Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2008, p.244 ↑ GlobalSecurity.org. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ Leyne, Jon (2010-02-11). 
"How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ "Iran among 5 states with cyber warfare capabilities: US institute". 
Payvand.com. 2006-11-22. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ "Who's winning Iran's cyber-war?". 
Channel 4 News. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ "BBC فارسی - ايران - سایت رادیو زمانه هک شد". 
BBC News. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ Alka Marwaha (2009-06-24). "What rules apply in cyber-wars?". 
Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ Simon Tisdall (2010-02-03). "Cyber-warfare 'is growing threat'". The Guardian. 
Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ "Beijing accuses U.S. of cyberwarfare". Washington Times. 2010-01-26. 
Retrieved 2010-02-13. ↑ BBC فارسی - ايران - قرارگاه های 'جنگ نرم' در اصفهان و زنجان راه اندازی شد. Bbc.co.uk (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ "SIPRI Publications". milexdata.sipri.org. 
Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011. Select "Iran" and click "mit" 1 2 Dar Al Hayat. 
Dar Al Hayat. Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-19. 
Retrieved 2008-07-20. 1 2 NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Missile Chronology Archived June 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "A Code of Conduct for Weapons Sales". Archived from the original on 2006-03-08. 
Retrieved 2012-02-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . cdi.org. May 22, 1994 ↑ Procurement: November 3, 2004. Strategypage.com (2004-11-03). 
Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ Iran Launches Production of Stealth . 
FOXNews.com (2005-05-10). Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ PressTv: Advanced attack chopper joins Iran fleet Archived May 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 24, 2009 ↑ "Iran set to unveil new submarine class". 
UPI. 
July 19, 2010. ↑ British Broadcasting Corporation, Hezbollah drone flies over Israel, 7 December 2004 ↑ Sputnik. "Iranian drone plane buzzes U.S. aircraft carrier in Persian Gulf". en.rian.ru. ↑ Iran reports that Iran's Army has achieved self-suffiency in producing military equipment Archived November 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. - Armyrecognition.com, November 5, 2012 ↑ "Iran fires unarmed missiles". Archived from the original on 2006-11-07. 
Retrieved 2014-02-27. ↑ Times, Michael R. Gordon With Stephen Engelberg and Special To the New York. "A GERMAN CONCERN SOLD CHEMICALS TO IRAN, U.S. SAYS". ↑ "Basic Facts on Chemical Disarmament". Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. 
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. opcw.org ↑ Signatories of the Biological Weapons Convention. Opbw.org. Retrieved on 2014-06-09. ↑ "Razi Institute produces dlrs 100 m worth of vaccines, serums a year". 
Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-22. ↑ Warrick, Joby (2013-06-02). "National Security". 
The Washington Post. ↑ Iran's Annual Army Day Parades, IrDiplomacy.ir; accessed 29 November 2015. ↑ "Deputy top commander: Iran standing against threats powerfully", United Press International; accessed 29 November 2015. ↑ "'We are not after war, we are after logic': Iran's president Rouhani reaches out to the West as army displays show of strength", Daily Mail; accessed 19 November 2015. ↑ "Islamic Republic of Iran Army Day". Islamic Revolution Document Center. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. 
Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران Nīrūhā-ye Mosallah-e Jomhūri-ye Eslāmi-ye Īrān Logo of the General Staff of the Armed Forces Service branches Army (Artesh) Revolutionary Guards (Sepāh) Law Enforcement (Police) Leadership Commander-in-chief Ali Khamenei Chief-of-Staff MG Mohammad Bagheri IRIA Commander MG A. Mousavi IRGC Commander MG Mohammad Ali Jafari LEF Commander BG Hossein Ashtari Manpower Active personnel 523,000, including 220,000 conscripts[1] Reserve personnel 350,000[1] Expenditures Budget US$14.1 billion(2017)[2] Percent of GDP 2.5% (2015)[3] Industry Domestic suppliers Defense Industries Organization Iran Aviation Industries Organization Aerospace Industries Organization Iran Electronics Industries Marine Industries Organization Related articles History Military history of Iran Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Dhofar Rebellion Seizure of Abu Musa Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution Iran–Iraq War Kurdish Civil War Herat Uprising Balochistan conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Syrian civil war Iraqi Civil War (2014–17) Ranks Rank insignia of the Iranian military 
With the Iranian revolution in 1979, deteriorating relations with the United States of America resulted in international sanctions led by the USA, including an arms embargo being imposed on Iran. 
Simultaneously, the Iranian armed forces had to learn to maintain and keep operational, their large stocks of U.S.-built equipment and weaponry without outside help, due to the American-led sanctions. Reaching back on equipment purchased from the U.S.A. in the 1970s, Iran began establishing its own armaments industry; its efforts in this remained largely unrecognised internationally, until recently. However, Iran was able to obtain limited amounts of American-made armaments, when it was able to buy American spare parts and weaponry for its armed forces, during the Iran–Contra affair. 
The Iranian government established a five-year rearmament program in 1989 to replace worn-out weaponry from the Iran–Iraq War. Iran spent $10 billion between 1989 and 1992 on arms. Iran ordered weapons designed to prevent other states' naval vessels from accessing the sea, including marines and long-range Soviet planes capable of attacking aircraft carriers.[6] 
A former military-associated police force, the Iranian Gendarmerie, was merged with the National Police (Sharbani) and Revolutionary Committees in 1990. 
In 1991, the Iranian armed forces received a number of Iraqi military aircraft being evacuated from the Persian Gulf War of that year; most of which were incorporated into the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force. 
From 2003, there have been repeated U.S. and British allegations that Iranian forces have been covertly involved in the Iraq War. In 2004, Iranian armed forces took Royal Navy personnel prisoner, on the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud in Persian) river, between Iran and Iraq. They were released three days later following diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran. 
In 2007, Iranian Revolutionary Guard forces also took prisoner Royal Navy personnel when a boarding party from HMS Cornwall was seized in the waters between Iran and Iraq, in the Persian Gulf. They were released thirteen days later. 
According to Juan Cole, Iran has never launched an "aggressive war" in modern history, and its leadership adheres to a doctrine of "no first strike".[7] The country's military budget is the lowest per capita in the Persian Gulf region besides the UAE.[7] 
Since 1979, there have been no foreign military bases present in Iran. According to Article 146 of the Iranian Constitution, the establishment of any foreign military base in the country is forbidden, even for peaceful purposes.[8] 
On 4 December 2011, an American RQ-170 Sentinel unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was captured by Iranian forces near the city of Kashmar in northeastern Iran. 
In 2012, it was announced that Iran's Quds Force is operating inside Syria providing the government of Bashar al-Assad with intelligence and direction against rebel opposition.[9] There is an emphasis on the monitoring of protesters' use of the internet and mobile phone networks, including text messaging.[9] 
In December 2012, Iran stated it had captured an American ScanEagle UAV that violated its airspace over the Persian Gulf. Iran later stated it had also captured two other ScanEagles. 
The general assumed command of the ground operation and Russian aircraft had to carry out air cover and enable satellite surveillance. Once the location of the Russian pilot was determined via satellite through the built-in GPS device, it became clear that the pilot was located six kilometers behind the front line between the Syrian army forces and the opposition forces. The Special squad that entered the territory controlled by militants was not only able to save the Russian pilot, but also destroy all of the remaining terrorists there who had the most modern weapons in their possession. 
In April 2016, Iran sent advisors from the 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade to Syria in support of the government.[12] 
In 2016, Revolutionary Guard forces captured U.S. Navy personnel when their boats entered Iranian territorial waters off the coast of Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf. They were released the next day following diplomatic discussions between the U.S. and Iran. 
Major general Mohammad Bagheri, brigadier general Habibollah Sayyari and brigadier general Abdolrahim Mousavi reviewing plans of Velayat-90 Naval Exercise. 
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic, in Persian: فرمانده کل قوا‎, translit. Fermānande-ye Kol-e Qavā) Brigadier General Amir Hatami (امیر سرتیپ امیر حاتمی) (Minister of Defence) Major General Mohammad Bagheri (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار محمد باقری) (Commander of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, in Persian: رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح‎) Major General Ataollah Salehi (امیر سرلشکر عطاءالله صالحی) (Deputy commander of General Staff of the Armed Forces, in Persian: جانشین رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح‎) Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار یحیی رحیم صفوی) (Senior Military Advisor to the Leader of the Islamic Revolution)[13] Islamic Republic of Iran Army Major General Abdolrahim Mousavi (امیر سرلشکر عبدالرحیم موسوی)(Commander-in-Chief of the Army, in Persian: فرمانده کل ارتش‎) Brigadier General Ahmad Reza Pourdastan (امیر سرتیپ احمدرضا پوردستان) (Deputy Commander in Chief of the Army) Brigadier General Mohammad Hossein Dadras (امیر سرتیپ محمدحسین دادرس) (Chief of the Army Joint Headquarters) Brigadier General Kioumars Heydari (امیر سرتیپ کیومرث حیدری) (Commander of the Ground Force) Brigadier General Hassan Shahsafi (امیر سرتیپ حسن شاه‌صفی) (Commander of the Air Force)[14] Brigadier General Farzad Esmaili (امیر سرتیپ فرزاد اسماعیلی) (Commander of Air Defense Force)[15][16] Rear Admiral Hossein Khanzadi (امیر دریادار حسین خانزادی) (Commander of the Navy) IRGC Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار محمدعلی جعفری)(Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC, in Persian: فرمانده کل سپاه پاسداران‎) Brigadier General Hossein Salami (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار حسین سلامی) (Deputy Commander of the IRGC) Brigadier General Mohammad Hejazi (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار محمد حجازی) (Chief of the IRGC Joint Headquarters) Brigadier General Mohammad Pakpour (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار محمد پاکپور) (Commander of IRGC Ground Force)[17] Brigadier General Amir Ali Hajizadeh (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار امیرعلی حاجیزاده) (Commander of the IRGC Aerospace Force)[18] Rear Admiral Ali Fadavi (سردار دريادار پاسدار علی فدوی) (Commander of IRGC Navy)[19] Major General Qasem Soleimani (سردار سرلشکر پاسدار قاسم سلیمانی) (Commander of Quds Force)[20] Brigadier General Gholamhossein Gheybparvar (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار غلامحسین غیب پرور) (Commander of the Basij Resistance Force)[18] Law Enforcement Force Brigadier General Hossein Ashtari (سردار سرتیپ پاسدار حسین اشتری) (Commander-in-Chief of the Law Enforcement Force, in Persian: فرمانده کل نیروی انتظامی‎) 
Islamic Republic of Iran Army personnel marching during Islamic Republic of Iran Army Day, 17 April 2012. 
Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran 
The Iranian regular military, or Islamic Republic of Iran Army, consist of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy,[21] Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, and the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force. The regular armed forces have an estimated 398,000 personnel: the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces, 350,000 personnel, of which 220,000 are conscripts; the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy, 18,000 personnel, and the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, 30,000 airmen.[1] The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force is a branch split off from the IRIAF.[22] The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, or Revolutionary Guards, has an estimated 125,000 personnel in five branches: Its own Navy,[21] Aerospace Force, and Ground Forces; and the Quds Force (special forces).[1] The Basij is a paramilitary volunteer force controlled by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. Its membership is a matter of controversy. 
History 
References 
Department of Sports and Physical Education အားကစားနှင့်ကာယပညာဦးစီးဌာန Department overview Formed 1972 (1972) Jurisdiction Government of Myanmar Headquarters Office Building (31) Naypyidaw, Myanmar Minister responsible Myint Htwe, Dr Department executive Myo Hlaing, Director General Website www.spedmyanmar.com 
Department of Sports and Physical Education is the only one department for sports affairs under the Ministry of Health and Sports.There are 3 deputy director general and 15 child agencies including 6 Institutes of Sports and Physical Education under the department. 
On 27 May 1964, "Burma Sports and Physical Education Committee" was organized.The health minister served as chairman and the director general for SPEC Office served as Secretary.In 1972,it was organized as "Sports and Physical Education Department" under the Ministry of Health.On 1 July 1993,it moved under the Ministry of Prime Minister Office.[1] 
Department of Sports and Physical Education (Myanmar) 
References 
Department of Higher Education အဆင့်မြင့်ပညာဦးစီးဌာန(အဆည) Department overview Formed October 1983 (1983-10) Preceding agencies Universities Administrive Office Department of High Education Jurisdiction Government of Myanmar Headquarters Naypyidaw, Myanmar Minister responsible Myo Thein Gyi, Dr Department executives Thein Win, Dr, Director General Aung Naing Soe, Dr Website www.myanmar-education.edu.mm 
Department of Higher Education is created for administration and coordination of higher education institutions under the Ministry of Education (Myanmar).[1][2] 
Department of Higher Education (Myanmar) 
Preparation and Development 
Mascot 
Venues 
XIX ASEAN University Games Host city Naypyidaw, Myanmar Motto Youth and Friendship Events 18 Opening ceremony December 17, 2018 (2018-12-17) Main venue MICC-II (Opening and Closing Ceremony) Website 2018 ASEAN University Games < Singapore 2016 2020 > 
The 2018 ASEAN University Games, officially known as the 19th ASEAN University Games, is a Southeast Asian university multi-sports event which will be held in Myanmar in 2018. This is the first time Myanmar will host the ASEAN University Games.[1] 
The Ministry of Health and Sports organized the 19th AUG Organization Committee,led by chairperson VP Myint Swe and other ten working committees. They selected the athletes from all of the universities and training them. 
The 19th ASEAN University Games has 11 venues for the games.[3]The athlete's village is in Zabuthiri Township with two Cluster , Myitkyina Cluster and Monywa Cluster. 
Host citiy 
They are the most intelligent animal among all animals all over the world. And they are adorable, active, intelligent, friendly and helpful. So using the Ayeyarwady Dolphin can reflect that young people are active, intelligent, youthful, helpful and kind.For Myanmar, Ayeyarwady Dolphin is one of the luckiest one of Myanmar because they always help Fishermen in catching fishes and can attract the interest of foreigners by Ecotourism.Nowadays there are a few left and almost endanger.So Myanmar want all of you to know that all of us must protect Ayeyarwady Dolphin from disappearing. 
2018 ASEAN University Games 
Renewable energy 
Primal Energy Demand 
Geothermal 
The Karun-3 dam & hydroelectric power plant in Iran was commissioned in 2005. Iran has emerged as one of the world's largest dam builders in recent years.[27] 
By 2004, the addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal- and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts (MW). Of that amount, about 75 percent was based on natural gas, 18 percent on oil, and 7 percent on hydroelectric power. However, in 2004 Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant was to come online in 2009. 
IR-40 facility in Arak 
Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8 percent per year. The government’s goal of 53,000 megawatts of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line new gas-fired plants financed by independent power producers, including those with foreign investment backing, and by adding hydroelectric and nuclear power generating capacity. It has also been estimated that Iran has the potential to produce at least 6,150 MWh of electricity by Wave power from its coastline on Persian Gulf alone.[43] Iran is also experimenting with electricity generation from organic wastes and plans to build power plants using sewage and organic waste of domestic and industrial origin as fuel.[44] Another area in which there is ongoing research is assessment of Iran's tidal power potential.[45][46] With about 300 clear sunny days a year and an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour solar radiation per square meter, Iran has a great potential to tap solar energy.[47] 
Iran plans to generate 23,000 MWh of electricity through nuclear technology by 2025 to meet its increasing demand for energy.[48] The first of four 915 MW reactors of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, built with help from Russia, came online in August 2010[49] after numerous delays and Iran's indigenously designed Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant is scheduled to come online in 2016. Overall, Iran remains a net exporter of electricity and exchanges electrical power with all its land neighbors.[50] While nuclear power in the US costs a little over 10 cents per kilowatt hour, Iran, with domestic uranium enrichment capabilities, high interest rates, low energy output (a single 1,000-watt reactor), low efficiency, extremely slow reactor construction, and no reprocessing pays around 68 cents per kilowatt hour (this assumes a price of $140 per separative working unit and of $40 per kilogram of uranium).[51] 
In 2010, the Iranian government announced plans to build 2,000MW of renewable energy capacity between 2010-2015. As of 2010, Iran had 8,500MW of hydroelectric capacity and 130MW of wind energy capacity. As at 2010, private companies had signed contracts to build more than 600MW of biomass systems and 500MW of new wind energy projects.[53] 
Iran is also working to make renewable energy commercially viable and the Ministry of Energy is required to buy privately produced renewable energy at world market prices. A feed-in-tariff (FiT) for wind and biomass energy around 13 cents/kWh is helpful.[53] 
In 2012, Iran allocated €500 million from the National Development Fund for renewable energy projects. Also supporting the solar industry is the state-sponsored Renewable Energy Organization of Iran (SUNA), which is attached to the Energy Ministry and enjoys a budget of around $60 million.[53] 
Hydropower makes up 10,000 megawatts or 14% of Iran’s overall energy mix (2015).[54] Iran is able to build its water turbines domestically.[54] 
That is half of the total energy consumption needs of the country. As at 2012 Iran had 163 wind turbines with an installed capacity of 92470 kWh.[57] Sadid Industrial Group is a well known domestic manufacturer in this field. India's Sulzon Energy and Germany's Siemens are also potential providers of wind turbines to Iran.[54] 
In 2016, the Iranian Biofuel Society (IBS) in collaboration with the Vice Presidency for Science of Technology and Tehran and the Suburbs Bus Company executed the first urban pilot project for the consumption of waste cooking oil biodiesel in Tehran`s bus fleet in an attempt to generate public awareness regarding Global Climate Change, wherein they recommend “reducing net anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere” and “minimizing anthropogenic disturbances of” atmospheric gasses by partial replacement of fossil fuels with waste-oriented biofuels.[55] The program was also supported by Small Grant Programme, Global Environmental Facility, United Nation Development Program (SGP/GEF/UNDP) Office in Iran.[56] 
Iran's unique geographical position means 90% of the country has enough sun to generate solar power 300 days a year. According to PressTV Iran has 520 watts per hour per square meter of solar radiation every day.[57] Other sources give an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour solar radiation per square meter.[58] Energy generated by solar power reached 53 MW in 2005 and 67 MW in 2011.[57] 
Iran has the potential to become the 9th largest geothermal energy producer.[57] According to global tectonic Iran is effected by some phenomenas as subduction of Arabian plate under central Iranian plate also two trust that have made southern Caspian sea depression and two trust fault in north of Iran and Caucasian range as well as. Northwest of Iran is located in boundary of these plates. Mt. 
The stratovolcano is created on a possible horst trending northeast-southwest erupted possibly in Holocene in latest time. Caldera collapsing has caused a depression about 400 m height and 12 km diameter. The lava flows consists of trachyandesite, andesite and dacite and pyroclastic deposits. 
Source: CIA factbook, unless stated otherwise. 
production: 3,589,000 bbl/d (570,600 m3/d) (2012 est.)[62] consumption: 1,755,000 bbl/d (279,000 m3/d) (2008 est.) (expected to increase 10% each year since 2006) exports: 2,377,000 bbl/d (377,900 m3/d) (2010 est.) imports: 156,000 bbl/d (24,800 m3/d) (2010 est.) proved reserves: 154.6 Gbbl (24.58×10^9 m3) based on Iranian claims (1 January 2009 est.) 
production: 151.8 billion cu m (2011 est.) consumption: 144.6 billion cu m (2010 est.) exports: 9.05 billion cu m (2011 est.) imports: 10.59 billion cu m (2011 est.) proved reserves: 33.61 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 est.) 
$84 billion for oil, gas and electricity (2008)[64] 
CO2 emissions per capita (mt): 624.9 million Mt (2011 est.) GDP per unit of energy use: 4.0 (2007)[20] Energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent) (2005 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent): 2,352 (2007)[20] 
Iran holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas. It is OPEC's second largest exporter and the world's fourth oil producer. 
Energy in Iran describes energy and electricity production, consumption, import and export in Iran. Iran has the fourth largest oil reserves and the largest natural gas reserves in the world.[1][2] 
The energy consumption in the country is extraordinarily higher than international standards. Iran recycles 28 percent of its used oil and gas whereas the figure for certain countries stands at 60 percent.[4] Iran paid $84 billion in subsidies for oil, gas and electricity in 2008.[5] Iran is one of the most energy-intensive countries of the world, with per capita energy consumption 15 times that of Japan and 10 times that of European Union. Also due to huge energy subsidies, Iran is one of the most energy inefficient countries of the world, with the energy intensity three times higher than global average and 2.5 times the middle eastern average.[6] Half of the country’s energy is wasted in domestic sector, 3.4 of which is wasted through single-occupancy vehicle use and 2/3 parts of power plants' energy are also wasted.[7] 
Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants and it has won a good number of international bids in competition with foreign firms.[10][11] 
Energy plays an important role in Iranian politics. Robert Baer in his book The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower argues that Iran has attained the status of an energy superpower and is on its way to become a military-political superpower.[13] 
Iran plans to create an energy saving company in conjunction with the Iranian subsidy reform plan (2014).[14] 
Energy in Iran[15] Capita Prim. energy Production Export Electricity CO2-emission Million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt 2004 67.0 1,696 3,233 1,530 137 369 2007 71.0 2,151 3,757 1,602 165 466 2008 72.0 2,350 3,801 1,429 174 505 2009 72.9 2,514 4,068 1,537 168 533 2010 73.97 2,423 4,060 1,574 196 509 2012 74.80 2,467 4,113 1,614 200 521 2012R 76.42 2,554 3,523 961 210 532 2013 77.45 2,656 3,477 649 224 526 Change 2004-10 10.4% 42.9% 25.6% 2.9% 43.0% 37.8% Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses 2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated 
Top oil-producing countries (million barrels per day) 
According to 2006 estimates Iran produced about five percent of total global crude oil production. They produced 4.2 million barrels per day (670,000 m3/d) of total liquids and 3.8 million of those barrels were crude oil. Iran plans to invest $100 billion during the next four years in different sections of its oil industry (2009).[16] By the end of 2009, Iranian oil R/P ratio was 89.4 years which is the world's highest.[17] By 2009, Iran had 52 active rigs and 1,853 producing oil wells.[18] 
Iran held 10.3% of the world's total proven oil reserves and that figures out to be about 137.6 billion barrels (2.188×1010 m3) of oil reserves at the end of 2009.[17] Oil also is found in northern Iran and in the offshore waters of the Persian Gulf. Nevertheless, in 2005 Iran spent US$4 billion on gasoline imports, mainly because of contraband and inefficient domestic use that result from subsidies. Iran is one of the largest gasoline consumers in the world ranking second behind United States in consumption per car.[19] 
Cheap energy has encouraged wasteful consumption in Iran, and a brisk business in smuggling petrol into Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Demand has also been supported by rapid increases in car production in recent years. In the absence of imports, the car industry has developed strongly (albeit from a low base) with output reaching over 1m vehicles in fiscal year 2006/07 (March 21 – March 20).[20] 
Iran oil production, domestic consumption and exports 
The growth in consumption of domestically produced oil has been modest, owing to refining constraints. By contrast, fuel imports rose to 180,000 barrels per day (29,000 m3/d) in January 2005 from 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m3/d) in 2000, and petrol consumption is estimated to have been around 1,800,000 barrels per day (290,000 m3/d) in 2007 (before rationing), of which about one-third is imported. These imports are proving expensive, costing the government about US$4bn in the first nine months of 2007/08, according to parliamentary sources.[20] Nearly 40% of refined oil consumed by Iran is imported from India.[21] 
History 
Natural gas 
Electricity 
Overview 
It is estimated that some 18.5 percent of electricity generated in Iran are wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems.[33] Iran is among the top ten manufacturers of gas turbines with a capacity of 160 megawatts.[34] Iranian experts of JEMCO (a subsidiary of IDRO) have succeeded in developing the capacity to produce one-megawatt generators.[35] Iran has acquired self-sufficiency of over 80 percent in constructing hydraulic turbines and over 90 percent in producing gas turbines. Within the next few years, Iran can join the list of countries that produce power plant technology (2009).[36] Iran has achieved the technical expertise to set up hydroelectric, gas and combined cycle power plants.[37] Iran is not only self-sufficient in power plant construction but has also concluded a number of contracts on implementing projects in neighboring states.[38][39] 
Iran's gas production, domestic consumption and exports 
Iran is the world's third producer of natural gas (5.1% of the world's total and 184 BCM); which is primarily used for domestic electricity generation or heat production.[22] It contains an estimated 1,187.3 trillion cubic feet (33,620 km3) (Tcf) in proven natural gas reserves.[2] In 2005 a large share of Iran’s natural gas reserves were believed to remain untapped. About 62% of these reserves are located in non-associated fields. Iranian production of natural gas is expected to increase over the next few years due to continuing discoveries in the North Pars and South Pars regions.[23] 
Domestic consumption is expected to go up at about 7% per year for the following decade. The Iranian government has also subsidized natural gas prices along with gasoline prices, and this is expected to sustain this high level of domestic consumption. In lieu of this increasing domestic demand, natural gas exports are expected to decrease in the following years.[24] 
Iran has the third largest consumption of natural gas in the world after United States and Russia.[25] Iran also has the world's largest growth rate in natural gas consumption.[17] 
Energy consumption in Iran is 6.5 times that of global average.[26] It is estimated that 18.5% of electricity generated in Iran is wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems. Electric power wastage hit $1.1 billion in 2006.[27] 
Electricity generation by fuel in Iran - 2012[28] natural gas (69%) oil (25%) hydropower (6%) non-hydro renewables (e.g. wind, geothermal or solar) (<1%) coal (<1%) 
Shazand power plant 
Iran’s domestic consumption and production have steadily grown together since 1984 and it is still heavily reliant on traditional thermal energy sources of electricity, with a small fraction being produced by hydroelectric plants.[29] Consumption has steadily risen and it is expected to rise at about 6 percent per year for the following decade. Accordingly, the Iranian energy sector must focus its efforts on meeting this continuing demand. Today Iran ranks 19th largest producer and 20th largest consumer of electricity in the world.[30] A research by the Ministry of Energy indicated that between 15,000-20,000 megawatts of capacity should be added in Iran in the next 20 years.[31] In recent years Iran has put greater emphasis on participation of domestic and foreign investors in electricity generation sector, with projects underway to add 40,000 MWh more capacity to the national grid.[32] 
Plans are being made to make oil efficient power plants as well as an emphasis on natural gas production in order to meet their growing electricity demand. Nuclear power and hydroelectric power are not focused on for the time being, but they are part of an overall strategy to meet electricity demands. The electricity sector is also heavily subsidized and mostly state owned companies control power distribution, transmission and generation. 
Although some criticize Iran's hydroelectric power plans as potentially dangerous to the environment, most agree that the country's current state of hydroelectric production is much better off than in the past. Iran has displayed a new approach to this sector. After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the construction of hydroelectric power plants became both a popular private and public venture. 
2010-15 growth 2015-20 growth 2010-20 growth Remarks MENA-Power generation 1,222 TWh 1,518 TWh +24.2% N/A N/A where markets were depressed by the economic slowdown in 2009. MENA-Thermal power generation 1.140 TWh (93.3% of total electricity supplied in the region) 1,378 TWh (90.8% of total electricity supplied in the region) N/A N/A N/A thanks in part to environmental concerns that should be promoting renewables, hydro-electricity and nuclear generation. MENA-Energy demand N/A 1117 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) +20.8% N/A N/A N/A MENA-Nuclear demand N/A ~25 TWh N/A N/A N/A N/A IRAN-Real GDP growth N/A N/A 2% per year (average) N/A N/A N/A IRAN-Population 73.9 million 78.6 million N/A N/A N/A N/A IRAN-GDP per capita growth N/A N/A +31% N/A N/A N/A IRAN-Electricity consumption per capita N/A N/A +5% N/A N/A N/A IRAN-Power consumption 161 TWh 179 TWh 2.2% per year (average) N/A N/A a broadly balanced market IRAN-Electricity generation N/A N/A +12.2% +11.9% +25.5% N/A IRAN-Thermal generation 192 TWh (16.85% of MENA's market share) (14.45% of MENA's market share) N/A N/A N/A N/A IRAN-Primary Energy Demand (PED) & Growth 37.8% (gas), 40.4% (oil), 0.8% (hydro) N/A +14.4% +12.6% +28.8% N/A IRAN-Energy demand 22.38% (Iran's MENA market share) 21.21% (Iran's MENA market share) N/A N/A N/A N/A IRAN-Nuclear demand 0 10 TWh (38.46% of MENA's market share) N/A N/A N/A Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant set to go online in 2011. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iran at a glance" (PDF), Development Economics, Development Data Group (DECDG)., World Bank, 27 March 2009, retrieved 2009-07-12 ↑ Does US road to better relations with Iran pass through India?, The Christian Science Monitor, July 18, 2009 ↑ https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2016.pdf ↑ National Iranian Gas Company ↑ EIA, Iran’s Energy Data Archived 2009-04-02 at the Wayback Machine., April 1, 2008 ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ Iran daily:Energy Wastage Criticized Retrieved April 15, 2009 1 2 Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 02/01/07 Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=IR ↑ retrieved April 2, 2008. 
Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ Iran Daily - National - 04/11/07 Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ ↑ http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3374/html/economy.htm. Retrieved April 15, 2009. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090521090141/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3402/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009. 
Retrieved May 24, 2009. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.com. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090819023142/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3473/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2009. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.com. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.com. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ Iran-Daily:Hydroelectric Power Generation Will Increase Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ EIA, “Iran’s Energy Data”, "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-07. , Retrieved April 2, 2008 ↑ "No Operation". Presstv.com. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ International Journal of Water Resources Development; Mar2002, Vol. 
18 Issue 1, p179-182, 4p ↑ "Study on feasibility of establishing a wave power-plant in Persian Gulf". 
Civilica.com. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ Suna. "مطالعه امکان سنجی و طراحی مفهومی نیروگاه بیوگاز ساوه سازمان انرژی های نو ایران". Suna.org.ir. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "Tidal Power". 
Unjobs.org. 2003-11-13. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "Study and calculation of extractable tidal power in south coastal zones of Iran". 
Civilica.com. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "Solar Power Plants To Replace Fossil Fuel". 
Zawya. 2010-12-20. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "Iran and Nuclear Energy". 
Irvl.net. 
Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ PRIS.Contact-Point@iaea.org. "Power Reactor Details - BUSHEHR 1". 
Iaea.org. Archived from the original on 2010-08-26. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "PressTV - Iran exports 5.5 bn kWh of electricity". 
Presstv.ir. 
2010-09-06. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ http://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Iran-s-nuclear-program-has-been-an-astronomical-6359024.php ↑ "Iran to Account for 14.79% of MEA Power Generation by 2015: BMI". Payvand.com. 
Retrieved 2012-02-05. 1 2 3 http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2012/0910/Invest-in-Iran-s-renewable-energy-Not-so-crazy 1 2 3 http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2015/07/23/421482/iran-electricity-turbine-power- ↑ "تفاهم نامه استفاده از سوخت های زیستی در اتوبوسرانی تهران امضا شد". ↑ "UNDP-GEF Small Grant Programme". 1 2 3 4 http://presstv.com/Program/251519.html ↑ "Solar Power Plants To Replace Fossil Fuel". 
Zawya. 2010-12-20. 
Retrieved 2012-02-07. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20091001021913/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3323/html/economy.htm. 
Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100612004113/http://iranyellowpages.net/en/about_iran/Economy/electricity_industry/electricity_industry01.shtm ↑ Nuclear power by country ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook - Iran". 
Cia.gov. 
Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ "Iran Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal". Eia.doe.gov. 
Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2012-02-05. ↑ Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 04/27/08 Archived June 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. 
"CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
Iran is one of the leading members of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and the Organization of Gas Exporting Countries (GECF). Iran received $47 billion in oil export revenues, which accounts for about 50% of state revenues.[8] Natural gas and oil consumption both account for about half of Iran’s domestic energy consumption. With its heavy dependence on oil and gas revenues Iran continues to explore for new sources of natural gas and oil. 
Energy generation capacity of Iranian thermal power plants reached 173 terawatt hours in 2007. Accounting for 17.9 percent of energy production in the Middle East and African region. Natural gas has been the main energy in Iran in 2007, comprising over 55 percent of energy needs, while oil and hydroelectricity accounted for 42 and 2 percent respectively. 
Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels (640,000 m3) per day in 2005, compared with the peak output of 6 million barrels per day (950,000 m3/d) reached in 1974. Following the 1979 revolution, however, the government reduced daily oil production in accordance with an oil conservation policy. Further production declines occurred as result of damage to oil facilities during the war with Iraq. 
A USGS map of countries where oil is located. 
Iran contains 27 onshore and 13 offshore oil-producing fields, largely concentrated in the southwestern Khuzestan region near the Iraqi border.[9] The Iranian government is heavily reliant on oil revenues and they have heavily subsidized the energy industries, which figures out to be about 12% of Iran’s GDP. However, domestic oil consumption has decreased due to the alternative use of natural gas. Economic growth from these resources is uncertain and stunted in Iran due to these subsidies and population growth. 
References 
Tun Tun Hein ထွန်းထွန်းဟိန် 3rd Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives Incumbent Assumed office 22 March 2018 Preceded by T Khun Myat Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw Incumbent Assumed office 1 February 2016 Constituency Nawnghkio Township Member-elect of the Pyithu Hluttaw Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by Constituency abolished Constituency Nawnghkio Township Majority 18,886 (56.59%) Personal details Born (1949-04-30) 30 April 1949 Zipingyi village, Pyinoolwin Township, Burma (Myanmar) Nationality Burmese Political party National League for Democracy Spouse(s) Sein Sein Thein (m. 1973) Children May Thingyan Hein Parents Kya Hein (father) Mya Khin (mother) Residence Kamayut Township, Yangon Education B.Sc. 
Zoology Alma mater Mandalay Arts and Sciences University 
Tun Tun Hein (Burmese: ထွန်းထွန်းဟိန်, also known as Tun Aung ; born 30 April 1949) is a Burmese politician and incumbent Deputy Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Myanmar parliament. In 2015 election, he contested and won the Nawnghkio Township constituency for a seat in the country's lower house. 
Tun Tun Hein 
Bilal ibn Rabah[4] (Arabic: بلال ابن رباح‎‎; 580–640 AD) also known as Bilal al-Habashi, Bilal ibn Riyah, and ibn Rabah), was one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. 
Combined heads of state and government 
Notes and references 
Titles of respective heads of government 
In some models the head of state and head of government are one and the same. These include: 
An alternative formula is a single chief political body (e.g., presidium) which collectively leads the government and provides (e.g. by turns) the ceremonial Head of state 
A head of government (or chief of government) is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. The term "head of government" is often differentiated from the term "head of state", (e.g. as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list),[1][2][3] as they may be separate positions, individuals, or roles depending on the country. 
The authority of a head of government, such as a president, chancellor, or prime minister and the relationship between that position and other state institutions, such as the relation between the head of state and of the legislature, varies greatly among sovereign states, depending largely on the particular makeup of the government that has been chosen, won, or evolved over time. 
In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto political leader of the government, and is answerable to one chamber or the entire legislature. Although there is often a formal reporting relationship to a head of state, the latter usually acts as a figurehead who may take the role of chief executive on limited occasions, either when receiving constitutional advice from the head of government or under specific provisions in a constitution. 
In presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, according to the constitution (or other basic laws) of the particular state. 
This is used as a formal title in many states, but also informally a generic term to describe whichever office is considered the principal minister under an otherwise styled head of state, as Minister — Latin for servants or subordinates — is a common title for members of a government (but many other titles are in use, e.g. chancellor and secretary of state). Formally the head of state can also be the head of government as well (ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation, such as a ruling monarch exercising all powers himself) but otherwise has formal precedence over the Head of Government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior (ruling monarch, executive president) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character (constitutional monarch, non-executive president). Various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. 
Head of government 
Bibliography 
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state.[1] Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government. 
In countries with parliamentary systems, the head of state is typically a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities or is not empowered to exercise any kind of secular political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II of the Commonwealth Realms).[2] In countries where the head of state is also the head of government, the head of state serves as both a public figurehead and the actual highest-ranking political leader who oversees the executive branch (e.g., the President of Brazil).[1] 
World's parliamentary states, as of 2018, coloured by form of government Green = republics with an executive president elected by a parliament Orange = parliamentary republics Red = parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power 
Head of state 
References 
Htun Htun Oo ထွန်းထွန်းဦး Union Attorney General of Myanmar Incumbent Assumed office 5 April 2016 President Htin Kyaw Myint Swe (acting) Win Myint Preceded by Tun Shin Deputy Attorney General of Myanmar Personal details Born Myanmar Nationality Burmese Occupation Attorney 
Htun Htun Oo (Burmese: ထွန်းထွန်းဦး; also spelt Tun Tun Oo) is the incumbent Attorney General of Myanmar (Burma). He previously served as Deputy Attorney General in President Thein Sein's Cabinet.[1][2] 
Htun Htun Oo (attorney-general) 
References 
Htun Htun Oo ထွန်းထွန်းဦး Chief Justice of Myanmar Incumbent Assumed office 30 March 2011 Appointed by Thein Sein Deputy Chief Justice of Myanmar In office 2007–2011 Personal details Born (1956-07-28) 28 July 1956 Burma Nationality Burmese Political party Union Solidarity and Development Party Spouse(s) Aye Aye Thein Education B.A. 
(Law), LL.B (1979) Occupation Lawyer Military service Allegiance Myanmar Service/branch Myanmar Army Commands Southwest Command (1981-1989) Major, Military Advocate General Office (1990-1994) 
Htun Htun Oo (Burmese: ထွန်းထွန်းဦး; also spelt Tun Tun Oo) is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Myanmar (Burma). he was nominated by President Thein Sein to the post in February 2011.[1] He previously served as Captain in the Southwestern Regional Command of the Myanmar Army from 1981 to 1989, and held the posts of Military Advocate General (1990-1994) and Deputy Chief Justice (2007-2011).[2] 
Htun Htun Oo (chief justice) 
History 
Formation 
References 
Ministry of the Office of the Union Agency overview Formed 24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) Jurisdiction Government of Myanmar Agency executive Thaung Tun, Union Minister 
The Ministry of the Office of the Union Government is a ministry-level body that serves the Government of Myanmar. 
Htun Htun Oo, Union Attorney General, posted a bill from the president to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw for the formation of two new ministries on 20 November 2017. 
As regards the duties and responsibilities of the Union Government, the Secretary of the Union Government, Director-General of the Office of the Union Government is carrying out, submitting it to the President. 
In forming the Ministry of the Office of the Union Government, the office routine work will be carried out with the labor forces of the set-up of the Office of the Union Government. 
Ministry of the Office of the Union Government (Myanmar) 
References 
Career 
Myint Htwe မြင့်ထွေး Minister for Health and Sports Incumbent Assumed office 30 March 2016 President Htin Kyaw Myint Swe (acting) Win Myint Preceded by Than Aung Personal details Born (1948-09-24) 24 September 1948 Sittwe, Burma Nationality Burmese Spouse(s) Nang Kham Mai Children 2 Alma mater Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon University of the Philippines Johns Hopkins University Occupation Public health physician 
On 22 March 2016, he was nominated to be Minister for Health in President Htin Kyaw's Cabinet. On 24 March, the Assembly of the Union confirmed his nomination. He is a public health physician and previously served as the chairperson of the Preventive and Social Medicine Society, Myanmar Medical Association. 
Myint Htwe graduated from Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon and worked in the Ministry of Health for 17 years until 1994 in various positions. In 1994, he was appointed as a Regional Adviser for World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, and served for various positions including Programme Management Director until his retirement in 2010.[1][2] 
Myint Htwe 
Kyaw Win ကျော်ဝင်း Minister for Planning and Finance Incumbent Assumed office 30 March 2016 President Htin Kyaw Myint Swe (acting) Win Myint Preceded by Kan Zaw (National Planning and Economic Development) Win Shein (Finance) Pyithu Hluttaw MP In office 1 February 2016 – 30 March 2016 Constituency Dagon Seikkan Personal details Born (1948-02-23) February 23, 1948 Labutta, Burma (Myanmar) Political party National League for Democracy (NLD) Spouse(s) Khin Saw Yu Children 3 Alma mater Yangon Institute of Economics 
Kyaw Win (Burmese: ကျော်ဝင်း [tɕɔ̀ wɪ́ɴ]; born 23 February 1948) is a Burmese politician who has been a National League for Democracy (NLD) Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw for the constituency of Dagon Seikkan since the Myanmar general election, 2015.[1][2] 
Born in Labutta, in 2016 he was nominated as Minister of Planning and Finance in Htin Kyaw's inaugural Cabinet, whereupon his academic credentials came under scrutiny and he was revealed to have listed a bogus PhD on his CV from a fictitious online university, Brooklyn Park University.[3][4] 
Kyaw Win 
References 
Tun Shin ထွန်းရှင် Union Attorney General of Myanmar In office 30 March 2011 – 30 March 2016 Succeeded by Htun Htun Oo Deputy Attorney General of Myanmar In office ? – 30 March 2011 Personal details Born (1948-10-02) 2 October 1948 Burma Nationality Burmese Political party Union Solidarity and Development Party Occupation Attorney 
Tun Shin (Burmese: ထွန်းရှင်; born 2 October 1948[1]) was Attorney General of Myanmar (Burma) from 2011 to 2016.[2] He is an attorney by profession, with an LLB degree from Yangon, as a Master of Arts degree in business law from London.[3] 
Tun Shin 
References 
List of Attorneys General of Myanmar 
Union Attorney General of Myanmar ပြည်ထောင်စုရှေ့နေချုပ် Incumbent Htun Htun Oo since 5 April 2016 Office of the Attorney General Nominator President of Myanmar Inaugural holder Chan Htoon Formation 1948 Deputy Deputy Union Attorney General Website www.oag.gov.mm 
The Attorney General of Myanmar (Burmese: ပြည်ထောင်စုရှေ့နေချုပ်) is the Government of Myanmar's chief legal advisor, and also appears on behalf of the Burmese government in civil and criminal cases.[1] The Office of the Attorney General was established in 1948 under the 1947 Constitution of Myanmar and 1948 Attorney General of the Union Act.[1] From 1974 through 1988, the post was called the Chairman of the Council of People's Attorney.[2] The present law, the 2010 Attorney General of the Union Law was promulgated on 28 October 2010.[1] The Attorney General is appointed by the President of Myanmar.[1] The Attorney General leads the Office of the Attorney General in Naypyidaw.[3] 
Attorney General of Myanmar 
References 
Aung Thu အောင်သူ Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation Incumbent Assumed office 30 March 2016 President Htin Kyaw Win Myint Deputy Tun Win Preceded by Myint Hlaing (Agriculture and Irrigation) Ohn Myint (Livestock and Fisheries) Amyotha Hluttaw MP In office 1 February 2016 – 30 March 2016 Constituency Yangon Region № 6 Rector of Yangon University In office 2014–2015 Succeeded by Phoe Kaung Rector of Taungoo University In office 2008–2014 Personal details Born (1955-07-08) July 8, 1955 Yesagyo, Burma (Myanmar) Nationality Burmese Political party National League for Democracy Spouse(s) Khin Thida Children 1 Residence Naypyidaw Alma mater Yangon University 
Aung Thu (Burmese: အောင်သူ [àʊɴ θù]; born 8 July 1955) is a Burmese politician and incumbent Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation of Myanmar (Burma). On 22 March 2016, he was nominated to be Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation in President Htin Kyaw's Cabinet. On 24 March, the Assembly of the Union confirmed his nomination.[1][2][3] 
Aung Thu (minister) 
External links 
Departments 
References 
Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Irrigation စိုက်ပျိုး​ရေး၊​မွေးမြူ​ရေးနှင့်​​ရေလုပ်ငန်းဝန်ကြီးဌာန Seal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation Agency overview Formed 30 March 2016 (2016-03-30) Jurisdiction Government of Myanmar Headquarters Office No (36), Naypyidaw 19°47′11″N 96°06′51″E / 19.7862975°N 96.1141331°E / 19.7862975; 96.1141331 Minister responsible Dr.Aung Thu Deputy Minister responsible Hla Kyaw Website www.moali.gov.mm 
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation(Burmese: စိုက်ပျိုး​ရေး၊​မွေးမြူ​ရေးနှင့် ​ရေလုပ်ငန်းဝန်ကြီးဌာန) (MOALI) is the ministry which was composed with two former ministries, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development and Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. 
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (Myanmar) 
Current Cabinet 
Heads and Deputy Heads 
Win Myint's Cabinet cabinet of Myanmar incumbent The Head and the Deputy Heads of the Government Date formed 30 March 2018 People and organisations Head of state Win Myint Head of government Win Myint (de jure) Aung San Suu Kyi (de facto) Deputy head of government Aung San Suu Kyi (State Counsellor) Myint Swe (Vice President) Henry Van Thio (Vice President) No. of ministers 24 Member party NLD-Military Opposition party USDP History Predecessor Htin Kyaw's Cabinet 
The Cabinet of Win Myint (Burmese: ဦးဝင်းမြင့်အစိုးရ), co-headed by President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, is the current executive body of Myanmar which took office on 30 March 2018. The new president was elected after the resignation of former president, Htin Kyaw.[1] 
Win Myint's Cabinet 
Tours 
External links 
Other work 
Awards 
References 
Discography 
Filmography 
Early life 
↑ "JJ Lin - singer/actor". jpopasia.com/. 1 2 (in Chinese) GIO, Taiwan 15th Golden Melody Awards winners list Archived 25 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 12 May 2004. 
Retrieved 2011-06-20 ↑ Birchmeier, Jason. 
"Biography: JJ Lin". AMG. Retrieved 16 May 2010. ↑ "JJ Lin Earns Autograph-Signing World Record". 
CRIENGLISH. 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2013-05-08. ↑ Duzhe Issues 9-16 - Page 69 2008 "期待你的愛/林俊杰 " ↑ "SMUDGE STORE - ABOUT THE STORE". ↑ "COMPASS - 14th Compass Annual Awards Presentation". 
Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. ↑ JJ Lin among recipients of Singapore Youth Award 2009 1 July 2009 ↑ "Connecting with American Fans: an interview with JJ Lin and Evonne Hsu". Asia Pacific Arts. 18 August 2010. ↑ "林俊傑 - 官方網站". 
Retrieved 2017-12-28. ↑ "《梦想的声音》第二期收视大涨 萧敬腾、林俊杰玩合体". 联合早报网 (in Chinese). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018. ↑ "《梦想的声音2》导师林俊杰回归，什么歌曲让JJ表示压力山大？_娱乐_新闻_新视听网站". news.jnnc.com (in Chinese). 
Retrieved 2018-04-17. 1 2 3 4 "Biography of JJ Lin" Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine..JJ Lin Official Website.Retrieved 2013-06-14. ↑ (in Chinese) GIO, Taiwan 22nd Golden Melody Awards nomination list Archived 25 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 
13 May 2011. 
Retrieved 2011-06-20 ↑ "Mnet Asian Music Awards 2014 Winners". 
Mnet Asian Music Awards. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2014. 
Official website 
JJ Lin Lin in 2012. Background information Chinese name 林俊傑 (traditional) Chinese name 林俊杰 (simplified) Pinyin Lín Jùnjié (Mandarin) Born (1981-03-27) 27 March 1981 Singapore Residence Singapore Taipei, Taiwan Other names Wayne Lim Alma mater Saint Andrew's Junior College Occupation Singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, businessman Years active 2003–present Nationality Singaporean Genre(s) Mandopop Instrument(s) Vocals, piano, guitar, drums, beatboxing Voice type(s) Tenor Label(s) Ocean Butterflies, Warner Ancestry Kinmen, Fujian, Republic of China Website jjlin.com Awards Golden Melody Awards Best New Artist 2004 Music Voyager Best Mandarin Male Singer 2014 Stories Untold 2016 From M.E. to Myself Best Composer 2016 "Twilight" 
JJ Lin (simplified Chinese: 林俊杰; traditional Chinese: 林俊傑; pinyin: Lín Jùnjié; born 27 March 1981) is a Singaporean singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor.[1] Lin debuted his musical career by releasing his debut album, Music Voyager (2003). Lin has received three Golden Melody Awards, including one Best New Artist and two Best Mandarin Male Singer.[2] 
Lin was born in Singapore and studied at Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) and Saint Andrew's Junior College before completing his national service. 
In addition to Mandarin, Lin also sings in Hokkien (his mother's dialect) and Cantonese using romanized pronunciation system, and has released his songs in Cantonese. In Taiwan, he was awarded the Best New Artist award at the Golden Melody Awards.[3] 
He is well known for his songwriting skills. He has written songs for various musical artists while he was still a trainee under Ocean Butterflies under his mentors, Billy Koh and Sunkist Ng. His notable compositions include "Remember" (記得) for Taiwanese singer A-Mei, A-Do's "Let Go" (放手), Harlem Yu's "What's Wrong With You?" (幹嘛你看不爽我 , Comic Boyz's "Heart of Superman" (超人心). 
In Singapore, he was selected to perform the remixed version of "Home", the theme song of the National Day Parade in 2004. Lin has sold 1 million copies in less than a week and is extremely successful throughout Asia. 
In July 2007, he broke a Guinness record by signing 3,052 CDs in 2 hours and 30 minutes. During the signing, he was not allowed to drink or eat. The average time for him to sign a CD was 2.7 seconds.[4] 
In May 2010, Lin performed in America for the first time at the Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Concert Tour (APAHM).[9] 
Lin has appeared in various advertisements for brands such as Sprite, Durex, Dota 2 and Cornetto Royale. 
He is also the tourist ambassador for Singapore. 
He was also involved in an anti-drugs event as an ambassador, in Taiwan. The theme song for this event is "Baby Baby", which is from his album Westside. 
On August 14, 2015, Lin was selected to be the advisor for Team Harlem Yu on The Voice of China (season 4). 
On November 4, 2016, Lin joined the variety show "Dream Voice" as one of the mentors alongside A-mei Zhang, Jam Hsiao, Hebe Tian, and Yu Quan[15]. He stayed on as a mentor for the second season of the show, which was released in October, 2017[16]. 
JJ Lin 
Youth and Reserves 
Career statistics 
Loan to Bolton Wanderers 
References 
Club 
Club career 
2008–09 season 
International 
Early life 
Arsenal 
International goals 
1 14 June 2015 Stožice Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia 28 Slovenia 1–1 3–2 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying [119] 2 2–1 
Jack Wilshere Wilshere warming up with Arsenal in 2014 Personal information Full name Jack Andrew Garry Wilshere[1] Date of birth (1992-01-01) 1 January 1992[2] Place of birth Stevenage, England Height 5 ft 8 in (1.72 m)[3] Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Arsenal Number 10 Youth career 2001 Luton Town 2001–2008 Arsenal Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 2008– Arsenal 125 (7) 2010 → Bolton Wanderers (loan) 14 (1) 2016–2017 → Bournemouth (loan) 27 (0) National team‡ 2006–2007 England U16 2 (0) 2007–2009 England U17 9 (0) 2009 England U19 1 (0) 2009 England U21 7 (0) 2010– England 34 (2) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 14:20, 14 May 2018 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 16:56, 2 April 2018 (UTC) 
Jack Andrew Garry Wilshere (/ˈwɪlʃər/; born 1 January 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Arsenal and the English national team. 
Wilshere was born in Stevenage, Hertfordshire[4] and lived in nearby Hitchin, where he grew up and captained his school team.[5] He captained The Priory School football team to County Cup and District Cup glory from Year 7 through to Year 10, and also added the Under 15s National Cup to his list in Year 8.[6] 
Wilshere joined the Arsenal Academy in October 2001 at the age of nine, after a short spell in the Luton Town youth programme.[7][8] He rose through the ranks, and at the age of 15 was named the captain of the under-16s; he also made a few appearances for the under-18s. In the summer of 2007, Wilshere featured in the Champions Youth Cup in Malaysia and upon his return to England, Arsenal Academy coach Steve Bould gave him a start for the under-18s first match against the Chelsea under-18 team.[9] He scored his first goal against Aston Villa under-18s in a 4–1 win.[10] He then scored a hat-trick against Watford under-18s, helping his side to an Academy Group A title.[11] He finished his first full season with the under-18s with 13 goals in 18 appearances, most of which coming at age 15.[12] 
He played in the under-16s victory in the Ferroli Cup, being named as player of the tournament.[15] He played an important role in Arsenal's 2009 FA Youth Cup win, scoring goals in the semi-final[16] and producing a man-of-the-match display in the first leg of the final against Liverpool, assisting two goals and scoring himself.[17] 
Wilshere playing for Arsenal in 2009 
Wenger gave Wilshere a place in Arsenal's first team squad for the 2008–09 season,[18] and he was given the number 19 shirt.[19] He made his competitive debut in a Premier League match against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park in September 2008, as an 84th-minute substitute for Robin van Persie.[20] At the age of 16 years and 256 days, he was Arsenal's youngest-ever league debutant, a record previously held by Cesc Fàbregas.[21] Ten days later, on 23 September, Wilshere scored his first competitive Arsenal goal in a 6–0 victory against Sheffield United in the League Cup.[22] On 25 November 2008, Wilshere came on as a substitute in a UEFA Champions League match against Dynamo Kyiv, becoming the fifth sixteen-year-old to ever play in the competition.[23] In January 2009 Wilshere signed his first professional contract,[24] extending it in July the same year.[25] 
On 29 January 2010, Wilshere joined Premier League side Bolton Wanderers on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season.[28] He made his first league start in the away match at Manchester City on 9 February, and scored his first Bolton goal, his first in the Premier League, on 6 March 2010 in the 2–1 victory at West Ham United.[29] He impressed at Bolton and they tried, unsuccessfully, to sign him on loan for another season.[30] 
Jack Wilshere 
References 
Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin SCA Michelin headquarters in Clermont-Ferrand Type Société en commandite par actions Traded as Euronext: ML CAC 40 Component Industry Auto and truck parts Founded 28 May 1889 (1889-05-28) Headquarters Clermont-Ferrand, France Area served Worldwide Key people Jean-Dominique Senard (General partner and CEO) Michel Rollier (chairman of the supervisory board) Products Tires, travel assistance services Revenue € 20.907 billion (2016)[1] Operating income € 2.692 billion (2016)[1] Net income € 1.667 billion (2016)[1] Total assets € 25.322 billion (2016)[1] Total equity € 10.646 billion (2016)[1] Number of employees 112,800 (2017)[2] Website michelin.com 
Michelin (/ˈmɪʃ(ə)lɪn, -læ̃/; French: [miʃlɛ̃]; full name: SCA Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin) is a French tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world after Bridgestone and larger than both Goodyear and Continental.[3] In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Tigar, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal (in North America) tyre brands. Michelin is also notable for its Red and Green travel guides, its roadmaps, the Michelin stars that the Red Guide awards to restaurants for their cooking, and for its company mascot Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man. 
Michelin 
Stars 
References 
Michelin Guides (French: Guide Michelin [ɡid miʃ.lɛ̃]) are a series of guide books published by the French tyre company Michelin for more than a century. The term normally refers to the annually published Michelin Red Guide, the oldest European hotel and restaurant reference guide, which awards up to three Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments.[1] The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. Michelin also publishes a series of general guides to cities, regions, and countries, the Green Guides. 
Michelin reviewers (commonly called "inspectors") are anonymous; they do not identify themselves, and their meals and expenses are paid for by Michelin, never by a restaurant being reviewed: 
(Establishments that Michelin deems unworthy of a visit are not included in the guide.)[11] 
A menu course from a Michelin rated restaurant in Helsinki, Finland 
Michelin Guide 
A course in a Michelin starred restaurant in Geneva, Switzerland 
A course in a Michelin starred restaurant in Tokyo, Japan 
Filmography 
2006–2014: Transition into acting 
Film 
1985–2005: Early life and music career 
Television series 
External links 
Life and career 
16 September 2017. ↑ "'Familyhood' director talks about Seo Hyun-jin: "An actress with accumulated skills and knowledge, amazing acting ability"". Osen. 20 June 2016. ↑ Park Yoon-jin (11 August 2016). "'싸우자귀신아' 측 "서현진, 존재감 있는 역할로 13회에 등장"". 
MyDaily (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved 2016-08-23. ↑ Lee, Hye-won (4 August 2015). 
"Let's Eat 2 spin-off to premiere Wednesday". 
K-pop Herald. Retrieved 2015-08-10. ↑ Cumulative sales for "What Is Love":"Gaon Download Chart – Year 2016". gaonchart.co.kr. 
Seo Hyun-jin Seo Hyun-Jin in 2010 Born (1985-02-27) February 27, 1985 Seoul, South Korea Alma mater Dongduk Women's University Occupation Actress singer Years active 2001–present Agent Jump Entertainment Management SOOP[1] Musical career Genres K-pop Instruments Vocals Years active 2001–2007 Labels S.M. Entertainment Associated acts M.I.L.K SM Town 
Seo Hyun-jin (born February 27, 1985) is a South Korean actress and singer. Seo debuted as the main vocalist of South Korean girl group, M.I.L.K in 2001 and continued until the group disbanded in 2003. She contributed songs as a solo artist after the group disbandment before she transitioned into acting in 2006. 
She was scouted by S.M. Entertainment and later debuted as the main vocalist of South Korean girl group, M.I.L.K in 2001, under the label subsidiary, SM Entertainment. However, the group soon fell by the wayside due to fierce competition among manufactured bands, which led to one of the members quitting before they completely disbanded in 2003. After M.I.L.K. was dissolved, Seo attended Dongduk Women's University, where she majored in applied musicology to keep her dream of singing career alive. 
Seo had the chance to perform in her first musical, The Sound of Music in 2006, which she saw as the turning point in her acting career.[2] 
Supporting roles followed in the period drama Hwang Jini (2006), TV police procedural H.I.T (2007) and the queer film Ashamed (also known as Life Is Peachy, 2011). Seo first drew attention for her subtler performances in her career-making performance in The Duo (2011), as a neighborhood tomboy who later becomes a gisaeng.[3][4] She played her first villain in Feast of the Gods (2012), as an overly ambitious chef caught in a rivalry.[2][5] Seo was then cast in leading roles for two historical dramas The King's Daughter, Soo Baek-hyang (2013)[6] and The Three Musketeers (2014).[7] 
In 2017, Seo was cast in the television series Temperature of Love penned by Ha Myung-hee.[17] 
Seo Hyun-jin 
Filmography 
Awards and nominations 
References 
Early life and education 
Television series 
Yang Se-jong (born (1992-12-23)December 23, 1992) is a South Korean actor and model. He worked as a fashion model in 2011 for a short period. Yang is known for his role in the hit medical drama Dr. Romantic which marks his acting debut. 
In his first two years of high school, Yang worked at a book and DVD rental store as a part-time job. While in his second year of high school, Yang began to dream to become an actor after watching school plays with his friends. In 2012, Yang enrolled in Korea National University of Arts, majoring in Theater and Film.[1] 
After a month of finishing filming for Saimdang, Memoir of Colors, Yang auditioned for Dr. Romantic and got cast in the hit medical drama, which marks his acting debut. He attracted attention after playing the role of Yoo Yeon-seok's rival.[2][3][4] 
In January 2017, Yang played the roles of young Song Seung-heon and Lee Young-ae's assistant in SBS's historical drama Saimdang, Memoir of Colors.[5][6][7] The same year, he starred in OCN's sci-fi thriller Duel,[8] gaining praise for his portrayal of three different characters.[9][10] He then starred in the romance series Temperature of Love by Ha Myung-hee, which won him the Best New Actor award at the Baeksang Arts Awards.[11] Following his acting roles, Yang experienced a rise in popularity and was labeled "monster rookie" by the press.[12] 
In 2018, Yang was cast in the romance comedy drama Thirty But Seventeen, playing the role of a stage designer.[13] 
Yang Se-jong 
July 26, 2017. ↑ "양세종 "난 연기자일 뿐, 인기에 연연하지 않는다"". Sisa Press (in Korean). January 14, 2018. ↑ Sung Ji-eun (May 17, 2018). 
"Shin Hae-sun, Yang Se-jong cast in SBS show". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. ↑ "'[더서울어워즈] '비밀의 숲'·'박열', 대상 수상…반박 불가 ★들의 잔치(종합) 본문듣기 설정". 
Naver (in Korean). News1. October 27, 2017. 
Retrieved 2017-10-27. ↑ "[2017 SBS연기대상] 양세종·김다솜, 남녀 신인연기상 "솔직한 사람 되겠다"". Korea Daily (in Korean). December 31, 2017. ↑ "[SBS Star] 'The 54th Baeksang Arts Awards' Complete List of Winners". 
Personal life 
References 
Early life and playing career 
Managerial career 
Arsenal 
Managerial statistics 
Retrieved 12 June 2016. ↑ "Unai Emery named coach of PSG in succession to Laurent Blanc". The Guardian. 
28 June 2016. 
Retrieved 28 June 2016. 
1 2 "New-look Paris Saint-Germain rout Lyon to win Trophee des Champions". 
ESPN FC. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017. ↑ "Paris Saint-Germain 4–0 Barcelona: Angel Di Maria stars as PSG take commanding first-leg lead". 
Sky Sports. 
14 February 2017. 
Retrieved 9 March 2017. ↑ "Barcelona shatter PSG as Roberto caps absurd 6–1 comeback win". The Guardian. 8 March 2017. 
Retrieved 9 March 2017. 
1 2 "PSG thrash Monaco to lift French League Cup for fourth year in a row". France 24. 2 April 2017. 
Retrieved 2 April 2017. ↑ "Unai Emery: 'A great experience'". ↑ "Welcome Unai". Arsenal. Retrieved 23 May 2018. ↑ "Arsenal confirm Emery appointment as Wenger successor". 
Goal.com. 
Retrieved 23 May 2018. ↑ Unai Emery at Soccerway ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". 
BDFutbol. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". BDFutbol. 
Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". BDFutbol. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". 
BDFutbol. 
Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". BDFutbol. 
Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". BDFutbol. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". 
BDFutbol. 
Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Emery: Unai Emery Etxegoien". BDFutbol. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ↑ "Sevilla results". 
Sky Sports. 
Retrieved 13 February 2016. ↑ "Sevilla results". Sky Sports. Retrieved 13 February 2016. ↑ "Sevilla results". 
Sky Sports. 
Retrieved 13 February 2016. ↑ "Sevilla results". 
Sky Sports. Retrieved 13 February 2016. ↑ "Welcome Unai". Arsenal. 
Retrieved 23 May 2018. ↑ "Spot-on Sevilla leave Benfica dreams in tatters". 
UEFA.com. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014. ↑ "Liverpool 1–3 Sevilla". 
BBC.com. ↑ "PSG clinch Ligue 1 title by thrashing Monaco". Goal.com. ↑ "Angers 0–1 Paris Saint Germain". BBC.com. ↑ Emery, protagonista a nivel nacional (Emery, a national protagonist) Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.; at UD Almería (in Spanish) ↑ Premios BBVA a los mejores de marzo (BBVA Awards for best in March); Liga de Fútbol Profesional, 7 April 2014 (in Spanish) ↑ Unai Emery, Liga BBVA manager of the month for January; Liga de Fútbol Profesional, 5 February 2015 ↑ "Unai Emery wins the UNFP Manager of the Year Award". 
Unai Emery Emery with Sevilla in 2016 Personal information Full name Unai Emery Etxegoien[1] Date of birth (1971-11-03) 3 November 1971[1] Place of birth Hondarribia, Spain Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1] Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Arsenal (manager) Youth career 1986–1990[2] Real Sociedad Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 1990–1995 Real Sociedad B 89 (7) 1995–1996 Real Sociedad 5 (1) 1996–2000 Toledo 126 (2) 2000–2002 Racing Ferrol 61 (7) 2002–2003 Leganés 28 (0) 2003–2004 Lorca Deportiva 30 (1) Total 339 (18) Teams managed 2004–2006 Lorca Deportiva 2006–2008 Almería 2008–2012 Valencia 2012 Spartak Moscow 2013–2016 Sevilla 2016–2018 Paris Saint-Germain 2018– Arsenal * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only 
Unai Emery Etxegoien (Basque: [unai emeɾi etʃeɣoien]; born 3 November 1971) is a Spanish football manager and former player. He is the current manager of Premier League club Arsenal. 
After a playing career spent mostly in Spain's Segunda División, he became a manager in 2005, beginning with Lorca and Almería before spending four years with Valencia and leading the team to three third-place finishes in four La Liga seasons. 
After a short spell at Spartak Moscow, Emery moved to Sevilla in 2013, and led the club to three consecutive Europa League victories. He moved to Paris Saint-Germain in 2016, where he won Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions in his first year.[3] In his second year, he won all four domestic trophies including Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions. He was replaced by German coach Thomas Tuchel at PSG following the conclusion of the 2017–18 season.[4] 
Emery was born in Hondarribia, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country.[5][6] His father and grandfather, named Juan and Antonio respectively, were also footballers, both goalkeepers. The former appeared for several clubs in the second tier, whilst the latter competed with Real Unión in the top division.[7][8][9] Emery's uncle, Román, played as a midfielder.[10][11] 
Emery, a left-sided midfielder, was a youth graduate of Real Sociedad, but never really broke into the first team (aged 24 he appeared in five La Liga games, scoring against Albacete Balompié in an 8–1 home win).[12] After that, he resumed his career mostly in the Segunda División, amassing totals of 215 matches and nine goals over seven seasons. 
Unai Emery is married to Luisa Fernandez since 1998. They have a son Lander (born March 29 2003). [13] 
Unai Emery 
On 23 May 2018, Arsenal confirmed on their official website that Emery will be their new manager.[41] He agreed a two-year deal with the club.[42] 
References 
Hla Htwe လှ​ထွေး Speaker of the Kayah State Hluttaw Incumbent Assumed office 8 February 2016 Preceded by Kyaw Swe Member of the Kayah State Hluttaw Constituency Shadaw Township Personal details Born (1954-03-29) 29 March 1954 Mong Hsat, Shan State Nationality Burmese Political party NLD Parents Thet Htun Residence Loikaw, Kayah State, Myanmar Alma mater B.A (History) 
Hla Htwe is the current speaker of the Kayah State Hluttaw.He previously served in the Ministry of Cooperative and Ministry of Information.He was elected as the MP of State Hluttaw from Shadaw Township constituency No.2 and became the speaker on February 8. 
Hla Htwe 
Personal life 
Awards 
References 
Career 
Discography 
Early life and education 
Diramore ဓီရာမိုရ် Born Maung Maung Zaw Htet (1974-06-04) 4 June 1974 Kawkareik Karen State Myanmar Residence Yangon, Myanmar Alma mater National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music Occupation conductor, composer, vocalist, music director Years active 2000–present Spouse(s) May Htoo Children 2 Awards Myanmar Academy Award 
Diramore (Burmese: ဓီရာမိုရ်; born Maung Maung Zaw Htet; born 4 June 1974) is a Burmese musician and professor of music at the National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon. 
Diramore was born on 4 June 1974. He graduated from National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon (NUAC) and completed his master's degree, specialized in music composition, from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. 
After graduating, Diramore produced his debut album named Guitar Shi Lar (Do You Have a Guitar?) in 2000 while working as a tutor at the NUAC. His second album, Kyun Taw Nae Gi Ta (Music and I), produced in 2007, became a success among the audience in Myanmar. His third album, Lamin Phan Pwel (Race of Catching the Moon), came in 2011, and fourth album, Myit O Gyi (The Old River) consolidated his success. 
Along with the Japanese music production company Airplane Labels, Diramore produced a series of collections of Myanmar traditional, old and rare music, performed anew by famous modern singers and players. A project, called The Beauty of Tradition, started with the first collection, 100 Myanmar Classical Songs. Some nat (spirit) songs and others have already been distributed in Japan. 
He has arranged many concerts for local and international musicians, and was appointed musical director for the 2013 Southeast Asian Games and the 2014 ASEAN Para Games, and conducted music at the 2014 ASEAN Summit in Naypyidaw.[1] 
He works as a conductor, composer, vocalist, and professor and head of Music Department at National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon. He is the musical director of his own orchestra, Gita Gabyar.[2][3] On February 5, 2016, Diramore and students from National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon staged Orchestra Music Showcase in combination with Myanmar traditional orchestra and western music at the National Theatre of Yangon.[4][5] 
Diramore has won two Myanmar Motion Picture Academy Awards for Best Theme Music. The first award was for 2009, with the film Zaw-Ka Ka Nay Thi (Dancing the Zawgyi Dance) and the second was for 2016, with the film Luu Yadanar Thaik (Luu Treasure Trove).[6] 
Do You Have A Guitar? - Guitar Shi Larr (2000) Music And I - Kyanaw nae Gita (2008) Race Of Catching The Moon - La Min Phan Pwe (2012) The Old River - Myit O Gyi (2016) 
Diramore married to May Htoo, together they have a daughter and a son. 
Diramore 
Biography 
Scientific achievements 
Ninoslav Marina Нинослав Марина Born (1974-04-25)April 25, 1974 Skopje, Macedonia Alma mater EPFL Princeton UKIM Skopje Known for Information theory Number of faces in the Polymatroid of the Multiple Access Channel N ( M , D ) = ∑ i = D M ( M i ) [ ( i + 1 − D ) i − ∑ j = 1 i − D ( i − D j − 1 ) ( − 1 ) i − D − j j i ] {\displaystyle N(M,D)=\sum _{i=D}^{M}{M \choose i}\left[(i+1-D)^{i}-\sum _{j=1}^{i-D}{i-D \choose j-1}(-1)^{i-D-j}j^{i}\right]} Number of vertices N V ( M ) = ⌊ e M ! ⌋ {\displaystyle N_{V}(M)=\left\lfloor eM!\right\rfloor } in the Polymatroid Number of edges N ( M , 1 ) = M ⌊ e M ! ⌋ / 2 {\displaystyle N(M,1)=M\left\lfloor eM!\right\rfloor /2} in the Polymatroid Awards Marie Curie Fellowship (2008) Swiss NSF Fellowship (2007) Scientific career Fields Applied Mathematics and Electrical Engineering Institutions Princeton EPFL University of Oslo University of Hawaiʻi Nokia Thesis Successive Decoding (2004) Doctoral advisor Bixio Rimoldi 
Ninoslav Marina (Macedonian: Нинослав Марина; born 25 September 1974) is Rector of the University of Information Science and Technology "St. Paul the Apostle" located in Ohrid, Macedonia and President of the Rectors' Conference of the public universities in the Republic of Macedonia. Under the leadership of Rector Marina, UIST is currently ranked third in Macedonia. The ranking was made by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the score was improved from 44.1 points in 2012 to 94.5 out of 100 in 2016. 
After completing the undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Saints Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, he obtained a Ph.D. degree at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2004. In partnership with Nokia Research Centre in Helsinki, his thesis was in information theory and wireless communications. Ninoslav Marina was Director of R & D at Sowoon Technologies from 2005 to 2007, where he was leading the development of a headset to measure fatigue, stress and sleepiness for astronauts, cosmonauts, drivers and security personnel. 
He has raised multiple funding through various instruments both in academia and industry, including programs such as the Swiss CTI, Swiss NSF, Research Council of Norway, the European Commission and the European Space Agency. He has been an expert of the European Commission’s Framework Programmes. Dr. Marina is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Technical Program Committee Chair of the International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems (ICUMT). 
Retrieved 2015-03-10. ↑ "UIST 'St Paul the Apostle'". www.uist.edu.mk. Retrieved 2014-08-27. ↑ "Ninoslav Marina at Princeton". www.princeton.edu. ↑ "Ninoslav Marina at the Football Federation of Macedonia (in Macedonian)". www.crnobelo.com. ↑ "Diploma ceremony for the first generation of students (in Macedonian)". www.webohrid.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12. ↑ "Ninoslav Marina at the Politehnica University of Timișoara". www.opiniatimisoarei.ro. 
Retrieved 2013-07-04. ↑ "Ninoslav Marina at the University of Porto". up.pt. Retrieved 2012-06-26. ↑ "Ninoslav Marina at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology". www.ust.hk. Retrieved 2010-04-26. ↑ "Ninoslav Marina at the Czech Technical University in Prague" (PDF). www.cvut.cz. 
Composition 
References 
Current Ethnic Affairs Ministers 
An Ethnic Affairs Minister (Burmese: တိုင်းရင်းသားရေးရာ ဝန်ကြီးများ) is a representative elected by an ethnic minority in a given state or region of Myanmar if that division is composed of an ethnic minority population of 0.1 percent or greater of the total populace [roughly 51,400 people].[1] If one of the country's ethnic minorities counts their state of residence as its namesake, however, it is not granted an ethnic affairs minister (e.g. there is no Mon ethnic affairs minister in Mon State). Only voters who share an ethnic identity with a given ethnic affairs minister post are allowed to vote for candidates to the position.[2] 
There are currently 29 Ethnic Affairs Ministers elected to the State and Regional Hluttaws, with the number of Ministers per Hluttaw ranging from 1 to 7 sitting at once. Ethnic Affairs Ministers are considered to be a member of their State or Regional legislature, but unlike State MPs represent a geographically dispersed ethnic group, and are accountable only to them for the purposes of re-election. Ethnic Affairs Ministers are elected in all but one of Myanmar's states and regions, with only Chin State electing no Ministers at all.[3] 
The current Ethnic Affairs Ministers were elected in the 2015 General Election, which resulted in a sweeping victory for the National League for Democracy. 
Ethnic Affairs Minister 
External links 
See also 
List of governors 
References 
History 
Roles and responsibilities 
Bank of Thailand ธนาคารแห่งประเทศไทย Bang Khun Phrom Palace Headquarters Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand Established 1942 (1942) Governor Veerathai Santiprabhob Central bank of Kingdom of Thailand Currency Thai baht THB (ISO 4217) Website www.bot.or.th 
The Bank of Thailand (BOT, Thai: ธนาคารแห่งประเทศไทย) is the central bank of Thailand. 
The Bank of Thailand (BOT) was first set up as the Thai National Banking Bureau. The Bank of Thailand Act was promulgated on 28 April 1942 vesting upon the Bank of Thailand the responsibility for all central banking functions. The Bank of Thailand started operations on 10 December 1942.[1] 
Bank of Thailand 
The Bank of Thailand's mission is to provide a stable financial environment for sustainable economic growth in order to achieve continuous improvement in the standard of living of the people of Thailand.[2] 
References 
External links 
Bank of the Lao P.D.R. Headquarters Vientiane, Laos Coordinates 17°57′57″N 102°36′25″E / 17.9658°N 102.6070°E / 17.9658; 102.6070Coordinates: 17°57′57″N 102°36′25″E / 17.9658°N 102.6070°E / 17.9658; 102.6070 Established 7 October 1968 Central bank of Laos Currency Lao kip Website http://www.bol.gov.la 
Bank of the Lao P.D.R., located in Vientiane, is the central bank of Laos. It is also the bank of last resort, controlling the money supply, managing the country's reserves, and supervising the commercial banks operating in Laos. 
Bank of the Lao P.D.R. 
External links 
Media related to Central Bank of Malaysia at Wikimedia Commons (in Malay) (in English) Official website Islamic Banking Law 
Central Bank of Malaysia Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) Logo Headquarters Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Established 26 January 1959 Governor Muhammad bin Ibrahim Central bank of Malaysia Currency Malaysian ringgit MYR (ISO 4217) Website www.bnm.gov.my 
The Central Bank of Malaysia (Malay: Bank Negara Malaysia), abbreviated BNM, is the Malaysian central bank. Established on 26 January 1959 as Central Bank of Malaya (Bank Negara Tanah Melayu), its main purpose is to issue currency, act as banker and adviser to the Government of Malaysia and regulate the country's financial institutions, credit system and monetary policy. Its headquarters is located in Kuala Lumpur, the federal capital of Malaysia. 
Bank Negara Malaysia 
References 
National Bank of Cambodia ធនាគារជាតិនៃកម្ពុជា Banque Nationale du Cambodge Headquarters Headquarters Phnom Penh, Cambodia Established 23 December 1954 Governor Chea Chanto Central bank of Cambodia Currency Riel 
The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) (Khmer: ធនាគារជាតិនៃកម្ពុជា), located in Phnom Penh, is the central bank of Cambodia. The bank's duties include, inter alia, the management of monetary and exchange policies, the regulation of banks and financial institutions, and the control of the national currency, the riel.[1] The bank was established in 1954[2] after the Indochina Printing Institution closed [3] when Cambodia obtained its independence from France. The National Bank of Cambodia is also known as the "Red Bank" or "Banque Rouge".[4] 
National Bank of Cambodia 
History 
Governor of the State Bank of Vietnam[4] 
External links 
References 
State Bank of Vietnam Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam State Bank of Vietnam building in Hanoi Headquarters Hanoi, Vietnam Established 6 May 1951 (1951-05-06) Governor Lê Minh Hưng Central bank of Vietnam Currency Vietnamese đồng VND (ISO 4217) Website www.sbv.gov.vn 
The State Bank of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam) is the central bank of Vietnam. It currently holds an about 65% stake of VietinBank - the country's largest listed bank by capital. 
State Bank of Vietnam building in Ho Chi Minh City. 
When Indochina was under French rule, the colonial government governed the Indochinese monetary system through Indochinese Bank, which also acted as a commercial bank in French Indochina. After the August Revolution in 1945, the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam gradually attempted to exercise a monetary system independent from France. On 6 May 1951, president Hồ Chí Minh signed decree 15/SL on establishment of National Bank of Vietnam (Ngân hàng Quốc gia Việt Nam). 
After the fall of Saigon, the two Vietnams were united but not until July 1976 did the two countries’ administrations and institutions unite. In July 1976, the National Bank of Vietnam (the central bank of Republic of Vietnam) was merged into the State Bank of Vietnam. 
State Bank of Vietnam 
(in Vietnamese) (in English) State Bank of Vietnam official website 
List of Governors 
History 
Offices 
External links 
References 
Bank Indonesia Headquarters Jakarta, Indonesia Established 1 July 1953 Governor Perry Warjiyo Central bank of Indonesia Currency Indonesian rupiah IDR (ISO 4217) Website www.bi.go.id 
Agus Martowardojo, formerly the finance minister, is the current governor. The last governor before Agus Martowardojo was Darmin Nasution who resigned at 23 May 2013. Agus Martowardojo was sworn in by president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 23 May 2013. 
The office of De Javasche Bank in Batavia (old Jakarta), presently the Bank Indonesia Museum. 
King William I of the Netherlands granted the right to create a bank in the Indies in 1826 which was named "De Javasche bank" or "The Java Bank". It was founded on 24 January 1828 and later became the circulation bank of the Dutch East Indies. The bank regulated and issued the Netherlands Indies gulden. 
In 1881, an office of the Java Bank was opened in Amsterdam. Later followed the opening of an office in New York. By 1930 the bank owned sixteen office branches in the Dutch East-Indies: Bandung, Cirebon, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaja, Malang, Kediri, Banda Aceh, Medan, Padang, Palembang, Banjarmasin, Pontianak, Makassar, and Manado. 
The Java Bank was operated as a private bank and individuals as well as industries etc. could get help in the bank’s offices.[1] 
The branch of De Javasche Bank in Bandung, built in 1918, it is a museum today. 
Bank Indonesia was founded on 1 July 1953 from the nationalisation of De Javasche Bank, three years after the recognition of Indonesia's independence by Netherlands. [2] 
BI operates 37 offices across Indonesia, and four representative offices in New York City, London, Tokyo and Singapore. In addition, Bank Indonesia also operates a well-appointed museum (Museum Bank Indonesia) which is housed in the former De Javasche Bank head office building in old Jakarta (Kota). 
Bank Indonesia 
External links 
Official website 
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Logo The BSP complex in Manila Headquarters Manila, Philippines Coordinates 14°33′39″N 120°59′18″E / 14.56083°N 120.98833°E / 14.56083; 120.98833Coordinates: 14°33′39″N 120°59′18″E / 14.56083°N 120.98833°E / 14.56083; 120.98833 Established January 3, 1949 (January 3, 1949) (original) July 3, 1993 (July 3, 1993) (re-established due to the New Central Bank Act) Governor Nestor Espenilla, Jr. Central bank of Philippines Currency Philippine piso PHP (ISO 4217) Reserves US$81 billion[1] Bank rate 3.50% Website www.bsp.gov.ph 
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (lit. Central Bank of the Philippines; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English) is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on 3 July 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993.[2] 
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 
History 
External links 
List of Chairmen 
Monetary Authority of Singapore Logo of MAS Headquarters 10 Shenton Way MAS Building, Singapore 079117 Established 1971 Chairman Tharman Shanmugaratnam Central bank of Singapore Currency Singapore dollar SGD (ISO 4217) Reserves US$273.1 billion[1] Bank rate 5.35%[2] Website http://www.mas.gov.sg 
Monetary Authority of Singapore Agency overview Formed 1971 Preceding agency Board of Commissioners of Currency Jurisdiction Government of Singapore Headquarters 10 Shenton Way MAS Building, Singapore 079117 Minister responsible Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Deputy Prime Minister Agency executive Ravi Menon, Managing Director Parent agency Prime Minister's Office Website www.mas.gov.sg 
The Monetary Authority of Singapore (Abbreviation: MAS; Chinese: 新加坡金融管理局; Malay: Penguasa Kewangan Singapura) is Singapore's central bank and financial regulatory authority. It administers the various statutes pertaining to money, banking, insurance, securities and the financial sector in general, as well as currency issuance. The acronym is a play on words, as "mas" means "gold" in Malay. 
The MAS was founded in 1971 to oversee various monetary functions associated with banking and finance. Before its establishment, monetary functions were performed by government departments and agencies. The acronym for its name resembles mas, the word for 'gold' in Malay, Singapore's national language – although it is not pronounced in the same way.[3] 
Monetary Authority of Singapore 
History 
External links 
Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam Headquarters Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Established January 1, 2011 Chairman Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah Central bank of Brunei Currency Brunei dollar BND (ISO 4217) Preceded by Brunei Currency and Monetary Board Website http://www.ambd.gov.bn 
The Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam (Malay: Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam, abbreviated as AMBD) is the central bank of Brunei. It was established under the Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam Order, 2010, and began operations on January 1, 2011.[1] It succeeded the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board. 
The Brunei Currency Board was established on June 12, 1967, and the introduction of the Brunei Dollar as the new currency of Brunei in replacing the Malaya and British Borneo dollar after the Currency Union Agreement between Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei was terminated and all three countries issued their own currencies which continued to be interchangeable until May 8, 1973, when Malaysia terminated the agreement with Singapore and Brunei.[2] The Currency Interchangeability Agreement between Singapore and Brunei is still existent. On 27 June 2007, Singapore and Brunei celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Currency Interchangeability Agreement (since 12 June 1967) with the joint-issue of the commemorative $20 notes.[3] 
The Brunei Currency Board was dissolved and rechartered under the new name the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board pursuant to Section 3-1 of the Currency and Monetary Order of 2004 on February 1, 2004.[4] It was then succeeded by the Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam (Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam) in 2011. 
Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam 
External links 
East Timor Central Bank Banco Central de Timor-Leste Headquarters Avenida Xavier do Amaral No. 9, Dili, East Timor Established 13 September 2011 Governor Abraão de Vasconselos Central bank of East Timor Currency East Timor centavo coins Website www.bancocentral.tl/en 
Banco Central de Timor-Leste (BCTL) is the central bank of East Timor located in its capital Dili. 
BCTL was formally established on 13 September 2011, replacing the Banking and Payments Authority of Timor-Leste (BPA) and the Central Payments Office. It is responsible for the monetary policy. 
Banco Central de Timor-Leste 
Cast 
External links 
Synopsis 
Main 
City Hunter Promotional poster for City Hunter Genre Action Thriller Romance Based on City Hunter by Tsukasa Hojo Written by Hwang Eun-kyung Choi Soo-jin Directed by Jin Hyuk Starring Lee Min-ho Park Min-young Lee Joon-hyuk Kim Sang-joong Hwang Sun-hee Goo Ha-ra Chun Ho-jin Opening theme "It's Alright" by Yang Hwa-jin Ending theme "Suddenly" by Kim bo-kyung Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 20 Production Executive producer(s) Kim Eui-joon Producer(s) Kim Young-sup Sebastian Dong-hun Lee Location(s) Korea, Thailand Running time Wednesdays and Thursday at 21:55 (KST) Production company(s) SSD Release Original network Seoul Broadcasting System Original release 25 May (2011-05-25) – 28 July 2011 (2011-07-28) Chronology Preceded by 49 Days Followed by Protect the Boss External links Website 
City Hunter (Hangul: 시티헌터) is a 2011 South Korean television drama based on the Japanese manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Tsukasa Hojo,[1] starring Lee Min-ho, Park Min-young, Lee Joon-hyuk, Kim Sang-joong, Kim Sang-ho, Hwang Sun-hee, Goo Ha-ra, Chun Ho-jin and Lee Kwang-soo. It premiered on May 25, 2011 on SBS and finished broadcasting on July 28, 2011. 
Lee Jin-pyo and Park Moo-yul, two Presidential Security Service bodyguards and best friends who were present at the bombing, organize a 21-man team for the mission. However, as the team wreaks havoc in Pyongyang, the five officials abort the plan to avoid an international crisis if the mission is discovered. Their major concern is that the United States will withdraw its nuclear protection if the mission is made public, in light of Seoul's official declaration that it will not retaliate. 
The operation is successful, but as the troops swim out from Nampo to an ROK Navy submarine assigned for their extraction, snipers aboard the submarine open fire on them. An already injured Park sacrifices his life to save Lee. Lee swims back to shore and returns to South Korea, where he finds out that the assault team's service and personal records have been erased. 
Promising to avenge his fallen comrades, Jin-pyo kidnaps Moo-yul's infant son, and names him Lee Yoon-sung. He flees to the Golden Triangle to raise the child as his own and trains the boy intensively in combat. Following an attack on a village they are living in, Jin-pyo confesses his long-term plan for revenge to a teenaged Yoon-sung. 
Lee Min-ho as Lee Yoon-sung/Poochai Chae Sang-woo as young Yoon-sung/Poochai 
Park Min-young as Kim Na-na 
Forced to take care of herself at an early age after her mother was killed in a drunk driving accident and her father became comatose, she is independent and strong-willed. Her exceptional skills in martial arts eventually earns her an assignment with the Presidential Security Service. During her time as a bodyguard, she falls in love with Lee Yoon-sung and eventually discovers his real identity. 
Lee Joon-hyuk as Kim Young-joo 
An intelligent prosecutor, Kim Young-joo possesses a strong sense of justice, even against the corrupt politicians of South Korea. He is the son of one of the members of the "Council of Five." He is a constant rival of City Hunter, working towards the same goals under legal cover, while trying to figure out his identity at the same time. 
Kim Sang-joong as Lee Jin-pyo 
Operation Clean Sweep's sole survivor, Lee spends the mediate years in the Golden Triangle as a drug lord. Full of anger, he wants to kill all of the people who ordered his team dead. He pretends to be a Korean-American investor and uses Lee Yoon-sung as his agent of vengeance. 
Kim Sang-ho as Bae Man-duk/Bae Shik-joong 
A problem gambler but a very good cook whom Lee Yoon-sung saves from thugs in Thailand and later becomes his close friend. Over the course of the series, Bae and Lee become partners under Lee Jin-pyo's scheme – and also racks up huge debts buying stuff from the home-shopping network. However, it is revealed that Bae witnessed the accident that resulted in Kim Na-na's woes and was hiding in Thailand by the start of the series after being paid off by the culprit – Kim Jong-shik, a member of the Council of Five – to change his story 
Hwang Sun-hee as Jin Sae-hee 
A veterinarian by trade, Sae-hee is Young-joo's ex-wife and a good friend to the other characters. She is the first of Lee Yoon-sung's accomplices to learn of his secret identity as the City Hunter. 
City Hunter (TV series) 
An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article.[3] The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders and ultimately persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization, its leadership, products, or political decisions. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and companies, government, and public officials as PIOs and nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations. Jobs central to public relations include account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, and media relations manager.[4] 
Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organisation's target audience, the media, relevant trade media, and other opinion leaders. Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns, writing news releases and other content for news, working with the press, arranging interviews for company spokespeople, writing speeches for company leaders, acting as an organisation's spokesperson, preparing clients for press conferences, media interviews and speeches, writing website and social media content, managing company reputation (crisis management), managing internal communications, and marketing activities like brand awareness and event management [5] Success in the field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company's many stakeholders. The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade, which is publicity.[6] 
Public relations 
To a lesser extent, Burmese has also imported words from Sanskrit (religion), Hindi (food, administration, and shipping), and Chinese (games and food).[17] Burmese has also imported a handful of words from other European languages such as Portuguese. 
Here is a sample of loan words found in Burmese: 
Orthographic changes followed shifts in phonology (such as the merging of the [-l-] and [-ɹ-] medials) rather than transformations in Burmese grammatical structure and phonology, which has not changed much from Old Burmese to modern Burmese.[17] For example, during the Pagan era, the medial [-l-] ္လ was transcribed in writing, which has been replaced by medials [-j-] ျ and [-ɹ-] ြ in modern Burmese (e.g. "school" in old Burmese က္လောင် [klɔŋ] → ကျောင်း [tɕáʊɴ] in modern Burmese).[47] Likewise written Burmese has preserved all nasalized finals [-n, -m, -ŋ], which have merged to [-ɴ] in spoken Burmese. 
Burmese မြန်မာစာ (written Burmese) မြန်မာစကား (spoken Burmese) Pronunciation IPA: [mjəmàzà] [mjəmà zəɡá] Native to Myanmar Ethnicity Bamar people Native speakers 33 million (2007)[1] Second language: 10 million (no date)[2] Language family Sino-Tibetan Lolo-Burmese Burmish Burmese Early forms Old Burmese Middle Burmese Writing system Burmese alphabet Burmese Braille Official status Official language in Myanmar Regulated by Myanmar Language Commission Language codes ISO 639-1 my ISO 639-2 bur (B) mya (T) ISO 639-3 mya – inclusive code Individual codes: int – Intha tvn – Tavoyan dialects tco – Taungyo dialects rki – Arakanese language ("Rakhine") rmz – Marma ("Burmese") Glottolog sout3159[3] Linguasphere 77-AAA-a 
1058 from the Mon script.[48] However, evidence shows that the Burmese script has been in use at least since 1035 (perhaps as early as 984) while the earliest Burma Mon script, which is different from the Thailand Mon script, dates to 1093.[49] The Burmese script may have been sourced from the Pyu script.[49] (Both Mon and Pyu scripts are derivatives of the Brahmi script.) 
Burmese orthography originally followed a square format but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when popular writing led to the wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as parabaiks ပုရပိုက်.[50] Much of the orthography in written Burmese today can be traced back to Middle Burmese. 
From the 19th century onward, orthographers created spellers to reform Burmese spelling, because ambiguities arose over spelling sounds that had been merged.[17] During British colonial rule, Burmese spelling was standardized through dictionaries and spellers. 
The latest spelling authority, named the Myanma Salonpaung Thatpon Kyan မြန်မာ စာလုံးပေါင်း သတ်ပုံ ကျမ်း, was compiled in 1978 at the request of the Burmese government.[17] 
Burmese is monosyllabic (i.e., every word is a root to which a particle but not another word may be prefixed).[51] Sentence structure determines syntactical relations and verbs are not conjugated. 
For example, the verb "to eat," စား ca: [sà] is itself unchanged when modified. 
External Links 
Early Life and Education 
Educational Career 
References 
Member of Pyithu Hluttaw 
Maung Thin Dr ​မောင်သင်း Member of the House of Representatives Incumbent Assumed office 1 February 2016 Constituency Meiktila Township Majority 96,314 (58.80%)[1] Rector of Mandalay University In office 6 May 2014 – 31 July 2015 Preceded by Khin Swe Myint Succeeded by Saw Pyone Naing Rector of Meiktila University In office 27 June 2008 – 6 May 2014 Personal details Born (1955-04-13) 13 April 1955 Myanmar Nationality Burmese Political party Union Solidarity and Development Party Parents U Marci (father) Residence 157/1, Nget Taw Street, 14 Qtr, South Okkalapa Township, Yangon,Myanmar Alma mater Yangon University (B.Sc)(M.Sc) University of Marburg (Ph.D) Occupation Politician, Rector 
Dr Maung Thin (Burmese: ​မောင်သင်း; born 13 April 1955) was a Burmese politician and rector, currently serving as Member of parliament in the Pyithu Hluttaw. In the Myanmar general election, 2015, he contested the Meiktila Township constituency for a seat in the Pyithu Hluttaw MP, the country's lower house.[2] 
He graduated Bachelor and Master degrees for Botany in these universities. He studied in University of Marburg, Germany from 1985 to 1989 and got Ph.D. He learned Cryobiology in Jadavpur University as postgraduate student from 26 June 1990 to 17 July 1990. He attended postgraduate Research Programme in University of Marburg 1996,1999 and 2001. 
He was promoted as Vice Rector of new Yadanabon University in 21 November 2005 untill 31 March 2007.From 1 April 2007 to 26 June 2008, he became Deputy Director General of Department of Higher Education (Upper Myanmar). He served as Rector in Meiktila University from 27 June 2008 to 6 May 2014 and Mandalay University from 6 May 2014 to 31 July 2015. He retired from the education carrer in 2015 as the Rector of Myanmar's Second Oldest University. 
He was elected in 2015 General Election from Meiktila Township. He competed in the election for Pyithu Hluttaw Deputy Speaker in March 2018. But, Tun Tun Hein became deputy speaker. 
Maung Thin 
History 
Location 
Demolish 
References 
Facilities 
Rebuild 
Man Thida park was a park situated in Mandalay.It was the largest and modernized park of Mandalay. It was built in 1959 and demolished in 1993.[1] 
The park was built by North Western Command of Tatmadaw(in those days NWC was based in Mandalay) and Mandalay Municipal Council.The commendation for arrested communist leader,ArrLarWaka.In those days,the chief of NWC is San Yu. 
The park was situated between 73rd Road and 80th Road and between 26th Road and 24th street.It was built on the ground between the moat and the wall of Mandalay Palace.There is a small bridge called Myittar Paung Kuu Bridge(pat bridge) which was built across the moat. 
There are playground,plants and trees and library.There is a statue of General Aung San on the water. 
It was demolished in 1993 by State Peace and Development Council to rebuilt the moat. [2] 
The project was introduced in the 100 days projects of Mandalay by new cabinet.But,the budget was not allowed.The Mandalay City Development Committee report the project to the Security Committee.The Hluttaw allowed 300 millions for the project in 2017-2018 Budget year.But,Central Command of Tatmadaw declared that they will build the park because of the security of the palace.As the first step for the project ,they built a park near the South gate of Mandalay Palace.[3] 
↑ (in Burmese) http://www.7daydaily.com/story/94799. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Sidewalks and steel railings around Mandalay moat are renovated ↑ "  " (in Burmese). ↑ "          " (in Burmese). 
Man Thida Park 
Etymology 
References 
Notes 
The piggy bank is known to collectors as a "still bank" as opposed to the "mechanical banks" popular in the early 20th century. These items are also often used by companies for promotional purposes. The use of the name 'piggy bank' gave rise to its widely recognized 'pig' shape, and many financial services companies use piggy banks as logos for their savings products. 
Piggy banks are usually made of ceramic or porcelain.[1] They are generally painted and serve as a pedagogical device to teach the rudiments of thrift and savings to children; money can be easily inserted. Many piggy banks have a rubber plug located on the underside; others are made of vinyl and have a removable nose for easy coin access. Some incorporate electronic systems which calculate the amount of money deposited.[2] Some piggy banks do not have an opening besides the slot for inserting coins, which will lead to smashing the piggy bank with a hammer or by other means, to obtain the money within.[3][4] 
Pygg is an orange colored clay commonly used during the Middle Ages as a cheap material for pots to store money, called pygg pots or pygg jars.[5] There is dispute as to whether "pygg" was simply a dialectal variant of "pig."[6] By the 18th century, the term "pig jar" had evolved to "pig bank".[7] As earthenware was supplanted by other materials, such as glass, plaster, and plastic, the name gradually began to refer specifically to the shape of the bank, instead of what was used to make it. 
The oldest Western find of a money box dates from 2nd century BC Greek colony Priene, Asia Minor, and features the shape of a miniature Greek temple with a slit in the pediment. Money boxes of various forms were also excavated in Pompeii and Herculaneum, and appear quite frequently on late ancient provincial sites, particularly in Roman Britain and along the Rhine.[8] 
Warman's Americana & Collectibles. Krause Publications. p. 367. ISBN 1440228221. ↑ "DigiBank Piggy and Panda Banks Learn to Count". 
Gizmodo. Retrieved 2008-11-09. ↑ "The Accidental Invention: The Origin Of Piggy Banks". Retrieved 2015-10-25. ↑ "Piggy Banks". 
Retrieved 2015-10-25. ↑ "The Accidental Invention: The Origin Of Piggy Banks". Retrieved 2015-10-25. ↑ "Piggy Banks". Retrieved 2015-10-25. ↑ "What's the origin of the piggy bank?". 
The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 1 2 Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg): "Money boxes", Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (ed.): New Pauly, Brill, 2009 
Piggy bank 
1 2 Sweeney, Mark (11 August 2010). "Richard Desmond rebrands Five as Channel 5". 
London: The Guardian. ↑ 'Mini-revamp planned for Channel 5 News' ATV Network, 30 October 2010 ↑ 'The Wright Stuff/The Vanessa Show' Daily Star, 17 January 2011 1 2 "Viacom to buy Channel 5 for £450m". BBC News. 1 May 2014. 
Retrieved 1 May 2014. ↑ Conlan, Tara (31 August 2011). 
"CSI: Miami helps Channel 5 cruise past ITV1". 
The Guardian. 
Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ French, Dan (18 March 2009). 
"'CSI' hits series high with 4m". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ French, Dan (1 July 2009). 
"'CSI: Miami' makes record-breaking return". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ Millar, Paul (2 April 2012). 
"'Once Upon a Time' Channel 5 premiere enchants 2.2m". 
Digital Spy. 
Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ Millar, Paul (27 August 2012). "'Once Upon a Time' jumps to 1.2m in UK for season one finale". 
Digital Spy. 
Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ Lee, Ben (11 January 2012). 
"Dana Delany's 'Body of Proof' begins with 1.7m on Channel 5". 
Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ White, Peter (31 July 2014). "C5 to free production arm to pitch projects to rivals". 
Broadcast. 
Retrieved 31 July 2014. ↑ "Berlusconi tenta la carta inglese pronto per l' asta di Channel Five con Mike Bolland tra gli alleati" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 28 February 1992. 
Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. 
Retrieved 17 June 2009. ↑ "Berlusconi fa l' Inglese: nel mirino 'Channel 5'" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 28 February 1992. Retrieved 17 June 2009. ↑ "BERLUSCONI rinuncia anche a Channel 5" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 
7 May 1992. Retrieved 17 June 2009. ↑ "Channel Five Bidding Closes". ITN. 
Retrieved 11 February 2016. 
1 2 "Channel 5 Give me five" (PDF). Wold Olins. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2007. 
Retrieved 21 July 2007. ↑ "Channel 5 (UK) Pre-Launch Promo [1997]". YouTube. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ↑ "” (22 November 2008). 
"Spice Girls launch Channel 5 (UK)". 
YouTube. Retrieved 24 June 2010. ↑ "Power of Five" Lyrics, 365Lyrics; Retrieved 19 August 2009 ↑ "Channel 5". DOG Watch!. 
Andrew Wiseman's Television Room. Retrieved 11 February 2008. ↑ Helen Power and Patrick Foster "ITV floats idea of merger with Channel 4 and Five", Times Online, 25 February 2009 ↑ "RTL Group announces strategic relationship between Five and Top Up TV" (Press release). RTL Group. 
18 November 2005. 
Archived from the original on 4 July 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2006. ↑ "Five unveils digital TV channels". BBC News. 
5 June 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006. ↑ "UK: Media tycoon Desmond seals deal for Five". The Spy Report. 
Media Spy. 24 July 2010. 
Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010. ↑ Robinson, James (23 July 2010). "Richard Desmond promises Channel Five 'investment, drive and leadership'". 
The Guardian. 
London. 
Retrieved 24 July 2010. ↑ "RTL Group sells UK broadcaster Five" (Press release). RTL Group. 23 July 2010. 
Retrieved 24 July 2010. ↑ Sweney, Mark (27 July 2010). "Channel 5 chief reassures staff as experts question strategy". The Guardian. 
London. ↑ Chris Blackhurst Get ready Channel 5, Richard Desmond is on his way Evening Standard, 26 July 2010 ↑ "New Five owner Desmond eyes Corrie". Express.co.uk. 23 July 2010. ↑ Richard Desmond's Channel 5 to air reality show set in lesbian bar guardian.co.uk, 11 February 2011 ↑ Illusion show heads up Channel 5 season Digital Spy, 11 February 2011 ↑ Jason Deans Channel 5 relaunch does OK! guardian.co.uk, 15 February 2011 ↑ Andrews, Amanda (6 April 2011). 
"Big Brother to return this year on Channel 5". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ Plunkett, John (10 January 2013). 
"BBC1 and Channel 5 increase their audience share in 2012". 
The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ Munn, Patrick (9 May 2013). "LA Screenings: Channel 4 & Channel 5's New Acquisitions Teams Less Bullish On U.S. Content?". 
TVWise. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ↑ Sweney, Mark (2 January 2014). 
"Richard Desmond appoints Barclays to explore sale of Channel 5". 
The Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2014. ↑ "Bids for Channel 5 expected to be less than half £700m asking price". The Telegraph. 
2 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014. ↑ Sweney, Mark (10 September 2014). 
"Viacom and Channel 5 unveil joint commissions as takeover deal closes". The Guardian. 
Retrieved 14 September 2014. ↑ "Channel 5 regions cease". a516digital. 
Retrieved 4 August 2015. 
1 2 "Channel 5 tilts at Channel 4 with 'emotional' post-Richard Desmond rebrand". The Independent. 11 February 2016. 
Retrieved 11 February 2016. ↑ Patrick Goss (5 November 2008). "Five's Freesat arrival confirmed". TechRadar. ↑ "Five to Make HD Debut on Sky this Summer". 
British Sky Broadcasting. 
17 March 2010. 
Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010. ↑ "A Virgin Media high five for High Definition Five". Virgin Media. 
13 July 2010. 
Retrieved 13 July 2010. ↑ "Ofcom hands Five's Freeview HD slot back to BBC". 
Tech Radar. 
15 May 2010. ↑ "Channel 5 takes Freeview HD slot". Broadband TV News. 1 November 2011. ↑ "Response to Ofcom's Third Invitation to Apply for DTT Multiplex B Capacity" (PDF). 
Channel 5 Launched 30 March 1997 (1997-03-30) Network 5 Owned by Viacom International Media Networks Picture format 576i 4:3/16:9 (SDTV) 1080i 16:9 (HDTV) Audience share 3.55% 0.27% (+1) (March 2018 (2018-03), BARB) Country United Kingdom Language English Formerly called Five (2002–11) Sister channel(s) List 5Spike 5Star 5USA 5Select BET Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra MTV MTV OMG MTV Base MTV Classic Club MTV MTV Hits MTV Live MTV Music MTV Rocks VH1 Nickelodeon Nick Jr. 
Too Nicktoons Timeshift service Channel 5 +1 Website channel5.com Availability Terrestrial Freeview Channel 5 Channel 44 (+1) Channel 105 (HD) Satellite Freesat Channel 105 (SD/HD) Channel 128 (+1) Sky (UK only) Channel 105 (SD/HD) Channel 205 (+1) Channel 805 (SD) Astra 2G 10964 H 22000 5/6 10964 H 22000 5/6 (+1) 10964 H 22000 5/6 (HD) Cable Virgin Media Channel 105 Channel 150 (HD) Channel 155 (+1) UPC Cablecom (Switzerland) Channel 167 (digital CH-D) WightFibre Channel 5 Streaming media TVPlayer Watch live (UK only) Sky Go Watch live (UK and Ireland only) Virgin TV Anywhere Watch live (UK only) 
Leonardo DiCaprio DiCaprio in 2016 Born Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (1974-11-11) November 11, 1974 Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Actor Film producer with Appian Way Productions Years active 1989–present Works Filmography Political party Democratic[1] Parent(s) George DiCaprio Irmelin Indenbirken Awards Full list Website Official website Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation 
Career 
Early life 
1987–1993: Early work 
Pitt at the Burn After Reading premiere in August 2008 
For his next film, Pitt starred opposite Cate Blanchett in Alejandro González Iñárritu's multi-narrative drama Babel (2006).[95] Pitt's performance was critically well-received, and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said that he was credible and gave the film visibility.[96] Pitt later said he regarded taking the part as one of the best decisions of his career.[97] The film was screened at a special presentation at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival[98] and was later featured at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival.[99] Babel received seven Academy and Golden Globe award nominations, winning the Best Drama Golden Globe, and earned Pitt a nomination for the Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe.[38] That same year, Pitt's company Plan B Entertainment produced The Departed, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Pitt was credited on-screen as a producer; however, only Graham King was ruled eligible for the Oscar win.[100] 
Best Drama 
[98] 
Brad Pitt Pitt at the premiere of Fury in Washington, D.C., October 2014 Born William Bradley Pitt (1963-12-18) December 18, 1963 Shawnee, Oklahoma, U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Kickapoo High School University of Missouri Occupation Actor • producer with Plan B Entertainment Years active 1987–present Works Filmography Home town Springfield, Missouri, U.S. Net worth $240 million Spouse(s) Jennifer Aniston (m. 2000; div. 2005) Angelina Jolie (m. 2014; sep. 2016) Children 6 Relatives Douglas Pitt (brother) Julie Pitt Neal (sister) 
William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. He has received multiple awards and nominations including an Academy Award as producer under his own company Plan B Entertainment. 
Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise (1991). His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with the drama films A River Runs Through It (1992) and Legends of the Fall (1994), and horror film Interview with the Vampire (1994). He gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys (both 1995), the latter earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination. 
His greatest commercial successes have been Troy (2004), Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), and World War Z (2013). Pitt received his second and third Academy Award nominations for his leading performances in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) and Moneyball (2011). He produced The Departed (2006) and 12 Years a Slave (2013), both of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and also The Tree of Life, Moneyball, and The Big Short (2015), all of which garnered Best Picture nominations. 
As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry. For a number of years, he was cited as the world's most attractive man by various media outlets, and his personal life is the subject of wide publicity. Divorced from actress Jennifer Aniston after five years of marriage, he married actress Angelina Jolie in 2014. 
[1] 
Brad Pitt 
History 
References 
The emblem of Vietnam is circular, has red background and a yellow star in the middle which represent the Communist Party of Vietnam, the revolutionary history and bright future of Vietnam. The cog and crops represent the cooperation of agriculture and industrial labor.[1] 
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) adopted its emblem on November 30, 1955. The coat of arms was designed by artist Bùi Trang Chước and was edited by artist Trần Văn Cẩn. Usage went nationwide following reunification with South Vietnam on July 2, 1976.[3] (The emblem of South Vietnam featured the blue dragon and the yellow-red stripes of the imperial Nguyễn dynasty.) 
The design closely resembles the emblem of the People's Republic of China and the entire emblem is based on the coat of arms of the Soviet Union. In 2007 a representative of the National Assembly of Vietnam, the artist Trần Khánh Chương, commented that the printing process of Vietnam's national emblems featured too many errors and problems,[4] resulting in many inaccurate "versions". Notable errors included: the rice corn is too big (just like the wheat corn), the gear only has 6 teeth instead of 10, the circles inside the gear are not accurate, and the space between the rice corn appears uneven.[5] 
Emblem of Vietnam 
Design and history 
References 
Vietnam Name Cờ đỏ sao vàng ("Red flag with a gold star") Use Civil and state flag Proportion 2:3 Adopted September 5, 1945 Design A large yellow star centered on a red field. Designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến (or Lê Quang Sô) Variant flag of Vietnam Name Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam Use War flag Proportion 2:3 Design A yellow star centered on a red field, and yellow words "Quyết thắng" (determined to win) in the upper left. Designed by Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam Variant flag of Vietnam Name Ensign of the Vietnam People's Navy Use Naval ensign Proportion 2:3 Adopted January 15, 2014 Design A white flag with an emblem of the Vietnam People's Navy in its upper canton with a blue strip below. 
The flag of Vietnam, or "red flag with a gold star" (cờ đỏ sao vàng), was designed in 1940 and used during an uprising against French rule in southern Vietnam that year . Red symbolizes the goals of social revolution behind the Vietnamese, national uprising. The star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society—intellectuals, farmers, workers, businesspeople and military personnel.[1] 
According to the 1992 constitution: "The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is rectangular in shape, its width is equal to two thirds of its length, in the middle of fresh red background is a bright five-pointed golden star".[5] 
Design proportions of the flag. 
Scheme Red Yellow Pantone 1788 Yellow 116 CMYK 0.88.88.11 0.0.100.0 RGB (226,28,28) (255,255,0) Hex triplet #E21C1C #FFFF00 NCS S 1085 Y80R S 0570 G70Y 
Flag of Vietnam 
References 
Plot 
Zootopia Theatrical release poster Directed by Byron Howard Rich Moore Produced by Clark Spencer Screenplay by Jared Bush Phil Johnston[1] Story by Byron Howard Rich Moore Jared Bush Jim Reardon Josie Trinidad Phil Johnston Jennifer Lee Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jason Bateman Idris Elba Jenny Slate Nate Torrence Bonnie Hunt Don Lake Tommy Chong J. K. Simmons Octavia Spencer Alan Tudyk Shakira Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Nathan Warner Brian Leach Edited by Fabienne Rawley Jeremy Milton Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10) (Belgium) March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04) (United States) Running time 108 minutes[2][3] Country United States Language English Budget $150 million[4] Box office $1.024 billion[5] 
It is the 55th Disney animated feature film. It was directed by Byron Howard and Rich Moore, co-directed by Jared Bush, and stars the voices of Ginnifer Goodwin, Jason Bateman, Idris Elba, Jenny Slate, Nate Torrence, Bonnie Hunt, Don Lake, Tommy Chong, J. K. Simmons, Octavia Spencer, Alan Tudyk, and Shakira. It details the unlikely partnership between a rabbit police officer and a red fox con artist, as they uncover a conspiracy involving the disappearance of savage predator inhabitants of a mammalian metropolis. 
In a world populated by anthropomorphic mammals, Judy Hopps from rural Bunnyburrow fulfills her childhood dream of becoming a police officer in urban Zootopia. Despite being the academy valedictorian, Judy is delegated to parking duty by Chief Bogo, who doubts her potential because she is a rabbit. On her first day, she is hustled by a con artist fox duo, Nick Wilde and Finnick. 
The next day, Judy abandons parking duty to arrest Duke Weaselton, a weasel who stole a bag of crocus bulbs known as Midnicampum holicithias. Bogo reprimands her, but Mrs. Otterton enters Bogo's office pleading for someone to find her husband Emmitt, one of fourteen predators who are missing. When Judy volunteers and Assistant Mayor Dawn Bellwether praises the assignment, Bogo gives her 48 hours to find Otterton on the condition that she resign if she fails. 
Judy blackmails Nick into assisting her by covertly recording his confession to tax evasion. They track Otterton to a limousine owned by crime boss Mr. Big, who reveals Otterton went "savage"—reverted to a feral state—and attacked his chauffeur Manchas. At his home, Manchas mentions Otterton yelled about "night howlers" before the attack. 
They discover Manchas was captured by wolves, who Judy surmises are the "night howlers". They locate the missing predators—all gone savage—imprisoned at Cliffside Asylum, where Mayor Leodore Lionheart hides them from the public while trying to determine the cause of their behavior. Lionheart and those involved are arrested for false imprisonment and Bellwether becomes the new mayor. 
Judy, praised for solving the case, has become friends with Nick and asks him to join the ZPD as her partner. However, she upsets him at a press conference by suggesting a predatory biological cause for the recent savage behavior, and her comments cause tension between predators and prey throughout the city. Feeling guilty for the results of her words, Judy quits her job. 
Back in Bunnyburrow, Judy learns that the night howlers are actually toxic flowers that have severe psychotropic effects on mammals. After returning to Zootopia and reconciling with Nick, the pair confront Weaselton, who tells them the bulbs he stole were for a ram named Doug. They find Doug in a laboratory hidden in the city subway, developing a drug made from night howlers, which he has been shooting at predators with a dart gun. 
Judy and Nick obtain the serum as evidence, but before they can reach the ZPD, Bellwether confronts them in the Natural History Museum and takes the evidence, revealing herself as the mastermind behind a prey-supremacist conspiracy. Judy and Nick are trapped after Nick refuses to abandon an injured Judy. Bellwether shoots a serum pellet at Nick to make him kill Judy, and summons the ZPD for help, but Judy and Nick have replaced the serum pellets in Bellwether's gun with blueberries. 
Lionheart publicly denies knowledge of Bellwether's plot and states that his imprisonment of the savage predators was a "wrong thing for the right reason". With the cause of the epidemic identified, the savage animals are cured and Judy rejoins the ZPD. Nick graduates from the Zootopia Police Academy as the city's first fox police officer and becomes Judy's partner. 
Zootopia 
References 
Plot 
Coco Theatrical release poster Directed by Lee Unkrich Produced by Darla K. Anderson Screenplay by Adrian Molina Matthew Aldrich Story by Lee Unkrich Jason Katz Matthew Aldrich Adrian Molina Starring Anthony Gonzalez Gael García Bernal Benjamin Bratt Alanna Ubach Renée Victor Ana Ofelia Murguía Edward James Olmos Music by Michael Giacchino[1] Cinematography Matt Aspbury[2] Danielle Feinberg[2] Edited by Steve Bloom[2] Lee Unkrich[2] Production company Walt Disney Pictures[3] Pixar Animation Studios[3] Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) (Morelia)[4] November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22) (United States) Running time 105 minutes[5] Country United States Language English[6] Budget $175–200 million[7][8][9] Box office $806.5 million[10] 
Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich, it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina. The film's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez, Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Alanna Ubach, Renée Victor, Ana Ofelia Murguía, and Edward James Olmos. The story follows a 12-year-old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead, where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great-great-grandfather to return him to his family among the living. 
In Santa Cecilia, Mexico, Imelda Rivera is the wife of a musician, who leaves her and their 3-year-old daughter Coco to pursue a career in music. When he never returns, Imelda banishes music from her family's life and starts a shoemaking business with her family. 
Many years later, Imelda's great-great-grandson, 12-year-old Miguel, now lives with Coco and their family. Miguel secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz, a popular actor and singer of Coco's generation. One day, Miguel accidentally damages the picture frame holding a photo of Coco with her parents at the center of the family ofrenda and removes the photograph, discovering that his great-great-grandfather (whose face had been torn out) was holding Ernesto's famous guitar. 
However, he can interact with his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday. Taking him there, they learn that Imelda cannot visit, as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda. Miguel discovers that he is cursed for stealing from the dead, and must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead; to do so, he must receive a blessing from a member of his family. 
Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto's mansion, learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor's death. Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant, but Héctor confronts them, again imploring Miguel to take his photo to the Land of the Living. After an argument between Ernesto and Héctor, Miguel realizes that Ernesto murdered Héctor by poisoning him and stole his songs, passing them off as his own to become famous. 
Miguel reveals that Héctor's decision to return home to Imelda and Coco resulted in his death, and Imelda and Héctor gradually reconcile. They infiltrate Ernesto's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor's photo from Ernesto, who attempts to kill Miguel to prevent him from returning with the photo. The incident is caught on camera, discrediting Ernesto, but the photo is lost in the chaos. 
Imelda and Héctor bless Miguel unconditionally so he can return to the Land of the Living. Miguel plays "Remember Me," a song Héctor used to sing for Coco, revitalizing her memory of Héctor. She gives Miguel the torn-out piece of the photo from the ofrenda, which shows Héctor's face, and tells her family stories about her father, thus keeping his memory alive. 
One year later, Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda – including the restored photo of Héctor and Imelda, and a photo of the now-deceased Coco – to his new baby sister Socorro. Letters of Coco's which contain evidence that Ernesto stole Héctor's songs have vindicated Héctor and discredited Ernesto in the Land of the Living. In the Land of the Dead, Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his relatives, both living and dead. 
Coco (2017 film) 
References 
Plot 
Big Hero 6 Theatrical release poster Directed by Don Hall Chris Williams Produced by Kristina Reed Roy Conli Screenplay by Jordan Roberts Dan Gerson Robert L. Baird Based on Big Hero 6 by Man of Action Starring Ryan Potter Scott Adsit Daniel Henney T.J. Miller Jamie Chung Damon Wayans, Jr. 
Genesis Rodriguez James Cromwell Maya Rudolph Alan Tudyk Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Rob Dressel Adolph Lusinsky Edited by Tim Mertens Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23) (Tokyo International Film Festival) November 7, 2014 (2014-11-07) (United States) Running time 102 minutes[1][2] Country United States Language English Budget $165 million[3][4] Box office $657.8 million[4] 
Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film.[5] Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain. The film features the voices of Scott Adsit, Ryan Potter, Daniel Henney, T.J. Miller, Jamie Chung, Damon Wayans, Jr., Genesis Rodriguez, Alan Tudyk, James Cromwell, and Maya Rudolph. 
Hiro Hamada is a 14-year-old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo who spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights. To redirect Hiro, his elder brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, where Hiro meets Tadashi's friends, GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred. Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan, the head of the university's robotics program. 
To enroll, he signs up for the school's science fair and presents his project: microbots, swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable using a neurocranial transmitter. At the fair, Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei, CEO of Krei Tech, to market the microbots, and Callaghan accepts him into the school. At the end of the day, a fire breaks out among the exhibits and Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan, the only person left inside. 
Weeks later, a depressed Hiro inadvertently activates Baymax, the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created; the two find Hiro's only remaining microbot and follow it to an abandoned warehouse. There they discover that someone has been mass-producing the microbots, and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them. After they escape, Hiro equips Baymax with armor and a battle chip containing various karate moves, and they track the masked man to the docks. 
The group tracks the masked man, whom they suspect to be Krei, to an abandoned Krei Tech laboratory which was used for teleportation research until a test pilot was lost in an accident. The masked man attacks, but the group subdues him and knocks off his mask – revealing him to be Callaghan, who had stolen Hiro's microbots to shield himself from the explosion and allowed Tadashi to die. Enraged, Hiro removes Baymax's healthcare chip, leaving only the battle chip, and orders him to kill Callaghan. 
Back home, Hiro tries to remove the healthcare chip again, but Baymax stops him and states that vengeance is not what Tadashi would have wanted. To calm him down, Baymax shows Hiro videos of Tadashi running numerous tests during Baymax's development as a demonstration of Tadashi's benevolence and legacy. Hiro remorsefully apologizes to his friends, who reassure him they will catch Callaghan the right way. 
Big Hero 6 (film) 
Film 
Education 
Career 
Television series 
Filmography 
2010–2011: Breakthrough 
2005–2009: Beginnings 
"Kim Myung Min, Park Min Young and More Introduce Drama and Characters of Reformation". enewsWorld. Retrieved 2014-08-20. ↑ "Park Min-young puts career over love". K-pop Herald. 
4 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-16. ↑ Yoon, Sarah (5 March 2015). "Ji Chang-wook initially nervous of Park Min-young". 
Retrieved 2015-03-05. ↑ "'Healer' Park Min-young has plans for China". 
K-pop Herald. 6 March 2015. ↑ Yoon, Sarah (22 June 2015). "Park Min-young shares photos from Chinese period drama". 
K-pop Herald. ↑ "Park Min-young, Yoo Seung-ho star in new TV drama". 
The Korea Times. 
21 October 2015. ↑ "Park Min Young confirmed for female lead role in Chinese drama 'City Of Time'". 
Korea.com. 
24 May 2016. ↑ "Park Min-young is ready to laugh on set and screen: The 'Queen for Seven Days' star is ready for a break after serious role". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. 18 August 2017. 1 2 "Netflix announces star-studded reality show". 
Korea JoongAng Daily. 5 April 2018. ↑ "Park Min Young to Join Lee Joon Gi·Moon Geun Young's Agency". 
SBS News. 
27 December 2017. ↑ "Park Seo-jun, Park Min-young cast in drama". Korea JoongAng Daily. 4 May 2018. ↑ "Park Min-young talks about starring in rom-com". 
Kpop Herald. 
30 May 2018. ↑ "정일우·오정태, 박민영·이국주, MBC 연예대상 코미디시트콤 남녀신인상". Star News (in Korean). 29 December 2007. ↑ "2007 Year-end Korean drama awards round-up". 
Hancinema. Star Money. 
7 January 2007. ↑ "2008 Asia Model Awards 모델특별상 박민영". AMFOC. 
Retrieved 2018-03-02. ↑ "2008 KBS Drama Awards". KBS (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-03-02. ↑ Hong, Lucia (3 January 2011). 
"Jang Hyuk scores top prize at KBS Drama Awards". 
10Asia. Retrieved 2013-05-12. ↑ Hong, Lucia (2 January 2012). "Shin Ha-kyun scores top prize at 2011 KBS Drama Awards". 
10Asia. 
Retrieved 2013-05-12. ↑ "Park Min-young Emerges as Asian Fashion Icon". The Chosun Ilbo. 17 April 2012. 
Retrieved 2013-05-12. ↑ "KBS Drama Awards 2014 Winners". Hancinema. 
31 December 2014. ↑ "Park Min-young, Ji Chang-wook snag Best Couple Award". Kpop Herald. 1 January 2015. ↑ "2015 Asia Model Awards 'Asia Specia Award Lim Si Wan & Park Min Yeong'". 
AMFOC. 
Retrieved 2018-03-02. ↑ "Kim Hee Sun & EXO win Grand Prize Awards at the 2017 Asia Artist Awards". KBS World. 16 November 2017. 
Park Min-young In December 2010 Born (1986-03-04) March 4, 1986 Seoul, South Korea Other names Rachel Park Alma mater Dongguk University (Theatre) Occupation Actress Years active 2005–present Agent Culture Depot Namoo Actors Korean name Hangul 박민영 Hanja 朴敏英 Revised Romanization Bak Min-yeong McCune–Reischauer Pak Minyŏng Website at Namoo Actors 
Park Min-young (Hangul: 박민영; born March 4, 1986) is a South Korean actress.[1] She rose to fame in the historical coming-of-age drama Sungkyunkwan Scandal (2010) and has since starred in television series City Hunter (2011), Glory Jane (2011), Dr. Jin (2012), Healer (2014-2015), Remember: War of the Son (2015-2016) and Queen for Seven Days (2017). 
In February 2013, Park graduated from Dongguk University with a degree in Theatre.[2] 
Park made her entertainment debut in an SK Telecom commercial in 2005. She launched her acting career a year later in the hit sitcom Unstoppable High Kick! (2006).[3] She continued to appear in television dramas, in roles such as the only daughter of a notorious gangster in I Am Sam (2007),[4] and a gumiho (nine-tailed fox in Korean mythology) in an episode of horror-themed drama Hometown of Legends (2008),[5] She played a villainous princess in the period drama Ja Myung Go (2009),[6] and a girl caught between two marathon runners in Running, Gu (2010).[7] 
Park's breakthrough came with the 2010 drama Sungkyunkwan Scandal, a coming-of-age drama in which her character, an intelligent and resourceful young woman, disguises herself as a boy in order to enter the most prestigious learning institution in Joseon.[8][9][10] This was followed in 2011 by another success with City Hunter, based on the titular Japanese manga. Park starred opposite Lee Min-ho in a story about a vigilante out for revenge and justice, and the secret service agent he falls for.[11][12][13] Park's success on the small screen resulted in increased advertising offers for the actress.[14] 
Park Min-young 
The HTTP 404, 404 Not Found and 404 error message is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) standard response code, in computer network communications, to indicate that the client was able to communicate with a given server, but the server could not find what was requested. 
The website hosting server will typically generate a "404 Not Found" web page when a user attempts to follow a broken or dead link; hence the 404 error is one of the most recognizable errors encountered on the World Wide Web. 
Strategic management is the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a company's top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes.[1] 
Strategic management 
MSConfig (officially called System Configuration in Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows 10 Microsoft System Configuration Utility in previous operating systems) is a system utility to troubleshoot the Microsoft Windows startup process. It can disable or re-enable software, device drivers and Windows services that run at startup, or change boot parameters. 
Career and research 
Education 
Jeannette Wing Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, on January 26, 2013. Born Jeannette Marie Wing Nationality American Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of Technology Scientific career Fields Computer science Institutions Columbia University, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Southern California Thesis A Two-Tiered Approach to Specifying Programs (1983) Doctoral advisor John Guttag[1] Doctoral students C. Damon D. Detlefs B. Horn D. Kindred F. Knabe · R. Lerner G. Morrisett S. Nettles R. O'Callahan · O. Sheyner M. Tschantz H. Wong T. Wong A. Zaremski [1] Website cs.cmu.edu/~wing/ 
Jeannette Marie Wing is Avanessians Director of the Data Sciences Institute at Columbia University, where she is also a professor of computer science.[2] Until June 30, 2017, she was Corporate Vice President of Microsoft Research with oversight of its core research laboratories around the world and Microsoft Research Connections.[3][4] Prior to 2013, she was the President's Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. She also served as assistant director for Computer and Information Science and Engineering at the NSF from 2007 to 2010.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] 
Wing earned her S.B. and S.M. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT in June 1979. Her advisers were Ronald Rivest and John Reiser. In 1983, she earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science at MIT under John Guttag.[1] 
Wing was on the faculty of the University of Southern California from 1982 to 1985 and then the faculty of Carnegie Mellon from 1985 to 2012. She served as the head of the Computer Science Department from 2004 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2012. In January 2013, she took a leave from Carnegie Mellon to work at Microsoft Research. 
Wing has been a leading member of the formal methods community, especially in the area of Larch. She has led many research projects and has published widely.[15] 
With Barbara Liskov, she developed the Liskov substitution principle, published in 1993. 
She has also been a strong promoter of computational thinking, expressing the algorithmic problem-solving and abstraction techniques used by computer scientists and how they might be applied in other disciplines.[5] 
She is a member of the editorial board of the following journals: 
28 (4): 626. doi:10.1145/242223.242257. ↑ "Jeannette M. Wing". cs.cmu.edu. 
Jeannette Wing 
Open educational resources (OER) are freely accessible, openly licensed text, media, and other digital assets that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing as well as for research purposes. There is no universal usage of open file formats in OER. 
Open educational resources 
↑ Robinson, Rhonda; Molenda, Michael; Rezabek, Landra. "Facilitating Learning" (PDF). Association for Educational Communications and Technology. 
Retrieved 18 March 2016. ↑ Seels, B. B., & Richey, R. C. (1994). 
Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the field. 
Washington, DC: AECT. ↑ Geng, F. (2014). Confusing terminologies: #e-learning, learning technologist, educational technologist,…discussed by @A_L_T members. 
Educational technology is "the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources".[1] 
Educational technology 
"Open Access Overview". Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ↑ Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Hélène (2013). 
ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies. 6 (2(12)): 65–86. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. ↑ Schwartz, Meredith (2012). 
"Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live". Library Journal. 
Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. ↑ Suber 2012, pp. 138–139 ↑ Machovec, George (2013). 
"The diamond model of open access publishing: Why policy makers, scholars, universities, libraries, labour unions and the publishing world need to take non-commercial, non-profit open access serious". TripleC. 
Open access: key strategic, technical and economic aspects, Chandos. 1 2 Eysenbach, G. (2006). 
PMID 16683865. 1 2 Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (2012). 
Retrieved on 2011-12-03. ↑ Gaulé, P.; Maystre, N. (2011). 
"Getting cited: Does open access help?". 
Research Policy. 
40 (10): 1332–1338. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.025. 
1 2 Gargouri, Yassine; Hajjem, Chawki; Larivière, Vincent; Gingras, Yves; Carr, Les; Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Futrelle, Robert P. (18 October 2010). 
"Self-selected or mandated, open access increases citation impact for higher quality research". 
PLOS One. 
5 (10): e13636. arXiv:1001.0361 . 
PMID 20976155. ↑ Teplitskiy, M.; Lu, G.; Duede, E. (2016). "Amplifying the impact of open access: Wikipedia and the diffusion of science". 
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 
68 (9): 2116. arXiv:1506.07608 . doi:10.1002/asi.23687. ↑ Maximising the Return on the UK's Public Investment in Research – Open Access Archivangelism Archived 2017-07-02 at the Wayback Machine.. 
Openaccess.eprints.org (2005-09-14). 
Retrieved on 2011-12-03. ↑ Garfield, E. (1988) Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis? Archived 2005-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. 
Current Comments, No. 44, October 31, 1988 ↑ Gentil-Beccot, Anne; Mele, Salvatore; Brooks, Travis (2009). 
"Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. 
How a Community Stopped Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories". arXiv:0906.5418 [cs.DL]. ↑ Committee on Electronic Information and Communication (CEIC) of the International Mathematical Union (15 May 2001). 
2016-08-31. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Suber, Peter (2003). "Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians". 
College & Research Libraries News. 62 (2): 92–94, 113. ↑ SPARC-OAForum@arl.org Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine.. 
Retrieved on 2013-06-12. ↑ Suber, Peter (April 3, 2008). 
"More on libraries as OA publishers". 
Open Access News. 
Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. ↑ Hahn, Karla. 
Retrieved 7 October 2013. ↑ Vogel, Gretchen (January 14, 2011). 
"Quandary: Scientists Prefer Reading Over Publishing 'open-access' Papers". 
Science. 
Retrieved 2012-11-13. ↑ Hathcock, April (8 February 2016). 
"Open But Not Equal: Open Scholarship for Social Justice". 
At The Intersection. Retrieved 2018-03-16. ↑ Inefuku, Harrison; Roh, Charlotte (2016). 
"Agents of Diversity and Social Justice: Librarians and Scholarly Communication". 
In Smith, Kevin; Dickson, Katherine. Open Access and the Future of Scholarly Communication: Policy and Infrastructure. 
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 107–127. ↑ Roh, Charlotte (1 February 2016). 
"Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009". PLoS ONE. 
5 (6): e11273. 
Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511273B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011273. 
13 (4): e115. doi:10.2196/jmir.1802. PMC 3278101 . PMID 22173122. ↑ "Directory of Open Access Journals". 
Other logos are also in use. 
"Area-wide transition to open access is possible: A new study calculates a redeployment of funds in Open Access". www.mpg.de/en. Max Planck Gesellschaft. 27 April 2015. 
Open access (OA) refers to research outputs which are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers,[1] and possibly with the addition of a Creative Commons license to promote reuse.[1] Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses,[2] book chapters,[1] and monographs.[3] 
Open access 
Library branch Subscription library 
Community library 
Taurus is Latin for "Bull" and may refer to: 
Taurus 
In classical antiquity, the cornucopia /ˌkɔːrnjəˈkoʊpiə, ˌkɔːrnə-/ (from Latin cornu copiae), also called the horn of plenty, was a symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers or nuts. 
Cornucopia 
Phoenix most often refers to: 
Phoenix (mythology), a mythical bird from Greek and Roman legends, tales and stories Phoenix, Arizona, United States, the capital of Arizona 
Phoenix 
Matching and converting 
When to use SWOT analysis 
Elements to consider 
Application in community organization 
Steps for implementation 
In community organization 
Use 
Strategy building 
Internal and external factors 
↑ "SWOT Analysis: Discover New Opportunities, Manage and Eliminate Threats". www.mindtools.com. 1006. Retrieved 24 February 2018. ↑ Humphrey, Albert (December 2005). 
Retrieved 2012-06-03. ↑ Blake, Martin; Wijetilaka, Shehan (26 February 2015). "5 tips to grow your start-up using SWOT analysis". Sydney. 
Retrieved 10 August 2015. ↑ Osita, Christian; Onyebuchi, Idoko; Justina, Nzekwe (31 January 2014). 
"Organization's stability and productivity: the role of SWOT analysis" (PDF). 
2 (9). International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research (2014): 23–32. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ See for instance: Mehta, S. (2000) Marketing Strategy ↑ Armstrong. 
Pittsburg City, California, www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid. ↑ "Urban Analysis of Urmia, Iran" (PDF). Reviste. 1 2 3 Chermack, Thomas J.; Bernadette K. Kasshanna (December 2007). 
SWOT analysis (or SWOT matrix) is a strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to business competition or project planning.[1] It is intended to specify the objectives of the business venture or project and identify the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving those objectives. Users of a SWOT analysis often ask and answer questions to generate meaningful information for each category to make the tool useful and identify their competitive advantage. 
Strengths and Weakness are frequently internally-related, while Opportunities and Threats commonly focus on environmental placement. 
"So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you can win a hundred battles without a single loss. If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose. If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself." 
SWOT analysis aims to identify the key internal and external factors seen as important to achieving an objective. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories: 
SWOT analysis may be used in any decision-making situation when a desired end-state (objective) is defined. Examples include non-profit organizations, governmental units, and individuals. SWOT analysis may also be used in pre-crisis planning and preventive crisis management. 
SWOT analysis can be used effectively to build organizational or personal strategy. Steps necessary to execute strategy-oriented analysis involve identification of internal and external factors (using the popular 2x2 matrix), selection and evaluation of the most important factors, and identification of relations existing between internal and external features.[4] 
For instance, strong relations between strengths and opportunities can suggest good conditions in the company and allow using an aggressive strategy. On the other hand, strong interactions between weaknesses and threats could be analyzed as a potential warning and advice for using a defensive strategy.[5] 
Another tactic is to convert weaknesses or threats into strengths or opportunities. An example of a conversion strategy is to find new markets. If the threats or weaknesses cannot be converted, a company should try to minimize or avoid them.[6] 
Plot 
Home Alone Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Columbus Produced by John Hughes Written by John Hughes Starring Macaulay Culkin Joe Pesci Daniel Stern John Heard Catherine O'Hara Music by John Williams Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Raja Gosnell Production company Hughes Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date November 16, 1990 (1990-11-16) Running time 103 minutes[1] Country United States Language English Budget $18 million[2] Box office $476.7 million[2] 
Home Alone is a 1990 American comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister, a boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation. Kevin initially relishes being home alone, but soon has to contend with two would-be burglars played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern. 
Peter and Kate's youngest son, eight-year-old Kevin, is being ridiculed by his siblings and cousins. A fight with his older brother, Buzz, results in Kevin getting sent to the third floor of the house for punishment, where he wishes that his family would disappear. During the night, heavy winds cause damage to power lines, which causes a temporary power outage and resets the alarm clocks, causing the entire family to oversleep. 
Kevin wakes up to find the house empty and, thinking his wish has come true, is overjoyed with his newfound freedom. However, Kevin soon becomes frightened by his next door neighbor, "Old Man" Marley, who is rumored to have murdered his family with a snow shovel in 1958; as well as the "Wet Bandits", Harry and Marv, a pair of burglars who have been breaking into other vacant houses in the neighborhood and have targeted the McCallisters' house. Kevin tricks the pair into thinking his whole family is home, forcing them to put their plans on hold. 
Peter and the rest of the family go to his brother Rob's apartment in the city while Kate manages to get a flight back to the United States, only to get as far as Scranton, Pennsylvania. She attempts to book a flight to Chicago but again, everything is booked. Unable to accept this, Kate is overheard by Gus Polinski, the lead member of a traveling polka band, who offers to let her travel with them to Chicago on their way to Milwaukee in a moving van, which she graciously accepts. 
He meets Old Man Marley, who sits with Kevin and they briefly speak; he learns that Marley is actually a nice man and that the rumors about him are false. He points out his granddaughter in the choir, whom he never gets to meet as he and his son are estranged and have not been on speaking terms for some time. Kevin suggests that he try to reconcile with his son. 
On Christmas Day, Kevin is disappointed to find that his family is still gone. He then hears Kate enter the house and call for him; they reconcile and are soon joined by the rest of the McCallisters, who waited in Paris until they could get a direct flight to Chicago. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv, although Peter finds Harry's missing gold tooth. 
Home Alone 
Powers and abilities 
Publication history 
Creation and conception 
Enemies 
Comic books and comic strips 
Personality 
Age and birthday 
Copyright battles 
Influences 
Peter Lang. p. 72. 
ISBN 0820488925. ↑ Holt, Douglas B. (2004). 
They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, in 1938. Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 (cover-dated June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype and establish its primacy within the American comic book.[2] The character is also referred to by such epithets as the Big Blue Boy Scout, the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and the Last Son of Krypton.[3] 
Superman 
History 
Usage 
Research 
Participating institutions 
Functionality 
Leadership 
edX Type of site Online education Available in English, Mandarin, French, Hindi, Spanish Created by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University Website www.edx.org Alexa rank 983 (April 2018) [1] Commercial No Registration Required Users ~14 million (December 2017) [2] Launched May 2012 Current status Active Content license Copyright of edX [3] 
It hosts online university-level courses in a wide range of disciplines to a worldwide student body, including some courses at no charge. It also conducts research into learning based on how people use its platform. EdX is a nonprofit organization and runs on the free Open edX open-source software platform.[4] 
Open edX is the open-source platform software developed by EdX and made freely available to other institutions of higher learning that want to make similar offerings. On June 1, 2013, edX open sourced its entire platform.[20] The source code can be found on GitHub.[21] 
External audio Interview with edX President Anant Agarwal [17:47] on the first anniversary of edX, Degree of Freedom[28] 
Retrieved 27 March 2018. ↑ "edX Terms of Service". ↑ "About Us". edX. ↑ "Schools and Partners". edX. ↑ Studying Learning in the Worldwide Classroom: Research Into edX's First MOOC, RPA Journal, June 14, 2013, By Lori Breslow, David E. Pritchard, Jennifer DeBoer, Glenda S. Stump, Andrew D. Ho, and Daniel T. Seaton. 
Slate Magazine. ↑ "Stanford to collaborate with edX to develop a free, open source online learning platform". Stanford University. ↑ "EdX-platform". GitHub. ↑ "Open edX Architecture". edX Inc. 
Participating nations 
The Games 
References 
Development and preparation 
XXXII Southeast Asian Games Host city Phnom Penh, Cambodia Nations participating 11 Athletes participating TBA Opening ceremony TBA Closing ceremony TBA Officially opened by King of Cambodia (expected) Main venue Morodok Techo National Sports Complex < Hanoi 2021 Ubon Ratchathani 2025 > 
The 2023 Southeast Asian Games, will be held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The announcement was made at the SEA Games Federation Council meeting at Singapore, in conjunction of 2015 Southeast Asian Games,[1] by the President of the National Olympic Committee of Cambodia, Thong Khon.[2][3] 
The 60,000-seat main stadium, which is estimated to cost about $100 million and will be built by a Chinese construction firm, will be completed between 2019 and 2020 with a Chinese grant covering the entire project. A multipurpose arena, the Morodok Techo National Sports Complex will house an Olympic swimming pool, an outdoor football pitch, a running track, tennis courts and dormitories for athletes.[4] 
All 11 members of Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF) are expected to take part in the 2023 SEA Games. Below is a list of all the participating NOCs. 
2023 Southeast Asian Games 
Candidate cities 
Host selection 
References 
2019 replacement plan 
XXXIII Southeast Asian Games Host city TBA, Thailand Nations participating 11 Athletes participating TBA Events TBA Opening ceremony TBA Closing ceremony TBA Officially opened by King of Thailand (expected) Main venue TBA < Phnom Penh 2023 2027 > 
The 2025 Southeast Asian Games (Thai: กีฬาภูมิภาคแห่งเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้, translit. Kīḷā p̣hūmip̣hākh h̄æ̀ng xecheīy tawạnxxk c̄heīyng tı̂ 2025), officially known as the XXXIII Southeast Asian Games and commonly known as SEA Games 2025, are an upcoming biennial Southeast Asian multi-sport event due to be celebrated in the tradition of the Southeast Asian Games as governed by the Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF). 
On 21 July 2017, The Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) addressed the POC that it is withdrawing its support for the Philippine hosting of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games saying that government decided to reallocate funds meant for hosting to the rehabilitation efforts of Marawi which was left devastated following the Marawi crisis.[2] 
On 10 August 2017, Maj.Gen. Charouck Arirachakaran, the vice president and secretary general of the National Olympic Committee of Thailand (NOCT) addressed that Thai prime minister Prayut Chan-o-cha agreed the 2019 Games replacement plan after the Philippine's withdrawal. The potential city were Chiang Mai, Chonburi, and Songkhla.[3] 
However, On August 16, 2017, The Philippines, through the Philippine Olympic Committee president Peping Cojuangco, confirmed that the country will hosting the 2019 Games, after Cojuangco wrote Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte and appealed for reconsideration. [4] 
On 18 August 2017, the SEAGF meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia confirmed that Thailand would host the Southeast Asian Games in 2025, such as the Philippines in 2019, Vietnam in 2021, Cambodia in 2023, and Laos in 2027.[1] 
On 2 September 2016, Ubon Ratchathani Governor, Somsak Changtrakul and the bid committee announced that Ubon Ratchathani will bid the 33rd Southeast Asian Games and 13th Asean Para Games in 2025 at the Ubon Racthani Citizen Association in Bangkok, and then they delivered Candidature File to the Sports Authority of Thailand Governor, Sakon Wannapong.[5] 
2025 Southeast Asian Games 
History 
Map name 
Participating countries 
List of sports 
All-time medal table 
List of ASEAN Para Games 
Logo 
Nineteen different sports have been part of the ASEAN Para Games in one point or another. Sixteen of which comprised the schedule of the recent 2017 ASEAN Para Games in Kuala Lumpur. The games saw the return of sailing as a full medal sport once again after its debut at the 2009 ASEAN Games in Kuala Lumpur. 
The table below accounts for the total number of medals awarded to all participating National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) of ASEAN member countries as of the recent 2017 ASEAN Para Games. 
ASEAN Para Games ASEAN Para Games Logo First event Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 26–29 October 2001 Occur every 2 years Last event Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 17–23 September 2017 Purpose Multi sport event for disabled people of the nations on the Southeast Asian sub-continent Headquarters Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia President Osoth Bhavilai Website aseanparasports.org 
The ASEAN Para Games is a biannual multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian Games involving disabled athletes from the current 11 Southeast Asia countries. Participating athletes have a variety of disabilities ranging from spastic, cerebral palsy, mobility disabilities, visual disabilities, amputated to intellectual disabilities. The ASEAN Para Games is under the regulation of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation (APSF) with supervision by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the Asian Paralympic Committee and is traditionally hosted by the country where the Southeast Asian Games took place. 
In May 2000, delegates from the countries in Southeast Asia attending the Malaysian Paralympiad in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia had a meeting and agreed to establish a disabled sport organisation. The ASEAN Para Games was conceptualised by Zainal Abu Zarin, the founding president of the Malaysian Paralympic Council.[1][2][3] The proposed rationale was that a regional sports event will be held after the Southeast Asian Games and help [4]promoting friendship and solidarity among persons with disabilities in the ASEAN region and rehabilitating and integrating persons with disability into mainstream society.[5][6] 
Ten countries, Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were the founding members. These countries agreed to hold the Games biennally on 28 April 2001 and ASEAN Para Sports Federation (APSF) was formed on 23 October 2001 with Pisal Wattanawongkiri, president of the Paralympic Committee of Thailand who proposed the games' name, being elected as its' first president. 
The first ASEAN Para Games was held in Kuala Lumpur from 26–29 October 2001 comprising more than 700 athletes and officials from Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam participating in 2 sports. 
At the 2nd ASEAN Para Games in Vietnam, East Timor was admitted into the federation as a provisional member.[7] 
The logo of the ASEAN Para Games depicting the ASEAN logo positioned in the center with the symbol of the 1994 to 2004 three pa Paralympic logo on top and a victory laurel surrounding the ASEAN logo. It is used on all ASEAN Para Games edition logos begins 2008 onwards. Previously, an unofficial symbol resembled the red colour version of the Southeast Asian Games Federation logo depicting the 11 red rings forming a circle was used on the logos of the 2003 ASEAN Para Games and 2005 ASEAN Para Games. 
ASEAN Para Games 
Eight participating countries have hosted the ASEAN Para Games. Malaysia has hosted two Para Games (2001, 2009), more than any nation, and is set to host its third games in 2017. The 5th ASEAN Para Games in 2009 were to be hosted by Laos, but it begged off from hosting the games due to financial difficulty and inexperience in providing necessary support for athletes with disabilities, therefore the games were brought back in Malaysia for the second time after eight years. 
Philippines has hosted one (2005) Para Games, and is set to host its second games in 2019. Vietnam (2003), Thailand (2008), Indonesia (2011), Myanmar (2014) and Singapore (2015) have hosted their first ASEAN Para Games. Brunei, Cambodia, Laos and East Timor have yet to host their first ASEAN Para Games. 
Closing ceremony 
Participating nations 
The games 
Mascot 
References 
Sports 
Development and preparation 
Songs 
Logo 
Venues 
Opening ceremony 
Medal table 
Marketing 
I ASEAN Para Games Host city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Motto ASEAN Solidarity Towards Equality in Sports and in Life Nations participating 10 Athletes participating ≈600 Events 341 in 2 sports Opening ceremony 26 October Closing ceremony 29 October Officially opened by Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong Main venue Bukit Jalil National Stadium (Opening) Putra Indoor Stadium (Closing) Hanoi 2003 > 
The 2001 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 1st ASEAN Para Games was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held a month after the 2001 Southeast Asian Games. It was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 26 to 29 October 2001. This ASEAN Para Games was the first edition held in history for Southeast Asia countries and also the first edition hosted by Malaysia.[1][2] 
Around 600 athletes participated at the event which featured 341 events in 2 sports.[1] It was opened by the Acting Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin at the Bukit Jalil National Stadium.[3][4][5] 
On 28 April 2001, the 1st ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee led by Dato' Zainal Abu Zarin was formed to oversee the staging of the games after the formation of ASEAN Para Sports Federation.[6] 
The 1st ASEAN Para Games had 2 venues for the games. 
The logo of the 2001 ASEAN Para Games is a flower divided into 10 equally shaped triangular petals, represents the 10 ASEAN member nations, which are also the games participating nations. The 10 petal flower circular arrangement represents commitment, unity and harmony of the 10 ASEAN nations as well as equality and opportunity in sports and life for people with disabilities.[9] 
The mousedeer is a native animal in Malaysia locally known as pelanduk or kancil which is shy, but very agile and quick thinking. It is a favourite character in local folktales commonly known as "Sang Kancil", noted for its intelligence, wit, cunning feints and quick reaction to escape from all kinds of danger, especially from its enemies. The adoption of mousedeer as the games mascot is to represent the courage of the Paralympic athletes in overcoming challenges and the odds. 
The theme song of the games composed by Dato' Zainal Abidin Abu Zarin and was sung by Siti Nurhaliza.[6][12] 
The opening ceremony was held at the Putra Stadium in Bukit Jalil at 20:00 on 26 October 2001. The games was opened the Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Mizan Zainal Abidin. 
The closing ceremony was held at the Putra Stadium in Bukit Jalil at 20:00 on 29 October 2001. The games was closed by the Minister for National Unity and Community Development, Datuk Dr Siti Zaharah Sulaiman. Thai swimmer Voravit Kaw Kham was voted the Best Sportsman title, while Theresa Goh of Singapore won the Best Sportswoman title. 
Athletics Swimming 
1 2 MPConlinetv (2011-07-31), Theme Song 1st Asean Para Games Kuala Lumpur 2001, retrieved 2017-08-31 ↑ "H.I.D.S. – Perasmian Sukan Para Asean Yang Pertama". PeKhabar (in Malay). 2015-10-26. 
Retrieved 2017-08-31. ↑ "Sukan Para ASEAN dipinggirkan". 
Utusan Online. Retrieved 2017-08-31. ↑ "APSF launching in Bukit Jalil". ↑ TAHIR, Dicatat oleh PAK MAT. 
"1st ASEAN PARA GAMES KL 2001". 
Retrieved 2017-08-31. ↑ "Mascot". ↑ "Siti Nurhaliza made ambassador for ASEAN Para Games 2001". Utusan Online. Retrieved 2017-08-31. ↑ "Medal". ↑ "Thais proved supremacy in the pool". ↑ "Summary of First ASEAN Para Games". ↑ "Disabled athletes made the nation proud". 
2001 ASEAN Para Games 
Closing ceremony 
Participating nations 
The games 
Mascot 
References 
Sports 
Development and preparation 
Songs 
Logo 
Venues 
Opening ceremony 
Medal table 
Marketing 
II ASEAN Para Games Host city Hanoi, Vietnam Motto Peace, Love and Aspire Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 740 Events 287 in 5 sports Opening ceremony 21 December Closing ceremony 27 December Officially opened by Pham Gia Khiem Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam Main venue Mỹ Đình National Stadium (opening) Hanoi Sports Palace (closing) Website 2003 ASEAN Para Games < Kuala Lumpur 2001 Manila 2005 > 
The 2003 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 2nd ASEAN Para Games, was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held eight days after the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Hanoi, Vietnam from 21 to 27 December 2003. This was the first time Vietnam hosted the ASEAN Para Games and the first time East Timor participated at the ASEAN Para Games. 
The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Vietnam and Malaysia. Several Games and National records were broken during the games. The games were deemed generally successful, with the rising standards of disabled sports competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations. 
The 2nd ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee was formed to oversee the staging of the games. 
The 2nd ASEAN Para Games had 5 venues for the games.[1] 
At the top of the emblem, 11 small circles linked together around the image of "Khue Van Cac" (room for reciting poems). The linked small circles represents solidarity, cooperation, and friendship of disabled athletes among 11 countries in the Southeast Asian region, while the Khue Van Cac represents the host country Vietnam. The colours of the athlete and the Khue Van Cac are dark sea blue which represents unity while the colours of the 11 circles are vermilion which represents courage and passion.[2] 
The mascot of the 2003 ASEAN Para Games is "The Golden Goat" which was designed by Nguyen The Nguyen. It was selected by the Organising Committee because the year 2003, year of which Vietnam hosting the second ASEAN Para Games is a goat year in most lunar calendars, especially in Vietnamese and Chinese calendar. The goat is widely described in many art and literary works of Vietnam as a very intimate, friendly and useful animal to the people in daily life. 
The theme song of the 2003 ASEAN Para Games is "Welcome to Para Games-Hanoi".[4] 
Bạch Quang Thái, Mai Ngọc Trung and Lê Văn Lịch carried the torch into the stadium and passed it to Tran Nguyen Thai, Trinh Cong Luan and Pham Thi Thu Thanh and afterwards, Tran Nguyen Thai ignited the cauldron in the stadium. Vu Van Xoan take the athletes' oath whereas, Duong Duc Thuy take the judges' oath. The opening ceremony was divided into five chapters namely, Chapter 1: Genesis, Chapter 2: Challenges and Stormy, Chapter 3: The strength of the heart - Hello brother, Chapter 4: Our Aspirations and Chapter 5: In great joy.[5][6] 
The closing ceremony was held at the Hanoi Sports Palace on 27 December 2005 at 19:00 (VST). The ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was handed over to the Philippines, host of the 2005 ASEAN Para Games.[7][8] 
5 Sports are introduced for the 2003 ASEAN Para Games with 4 of them are Paralympics events. 
Athletics Badminton Powerlifting Swimming Table tennis 
A total of 760 medals comprising 287 gold medals, 245 silver medals and 228 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Vietnam's performance was its' best ever yet in ASEAN Para Games History and was second behind Thailand as overall champion.[9] 
2003 ASEAN Para Games 
Closing ceremony 
See also 
Participating nations 
The games 
Mascot 
References 
Sports 
Development and preparation 
Songs 
Logo 
Venues 
Opening ceremony 
Medal table 
Marketing 
III ASEAN Para Games Host city Manila, Philippines Motto Triumph of the Competitive Spirit Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 1000 Events 394 in 10 sports Opening ceremony 14 December Closing ceremony 20 December Officially opened by Lito Atienza Mayor of Manila Ceremony venue Rizal Memorial Stadium Website 2005 ASEAN Para Games < Hanoi 2003 Nakhon Ratchasima 2008 > 
The 2005 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 3rd ASEAN Para Games, was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held in Manila, Philippines from 14 to 20 December 2005, nine days after the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. This was the first time Philippines hosted the ASEAN Para Games. 
Philippines is the third country to host the ASEAN Para Games after Malaysia and Vietnam. Around 1000 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games which featured 394 events in 10 sports. The games was opened by Lito Atienza, the Mayor of Manila at the Rizal Memorial Stadium. 
The 3rd ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee was formed to oversee the staging of the games. 
The 3rd ASEAN Para Games had 11 venues for the games. 
The logo was inspired by previous Paralympic Games logos and the 1992 Summer Olympics logo. The four colours represent the four primary colours of the Philippine flag. The three stars symbolise the three main geographical regions of the Philippines as well as the three objectives of the games. 
The mascot of the 2005 ASEAN Para Games is a whale shark named Buboy Butanding. The whale shark is said to be the largest fish in the world, which can be seen in the waters off the eastern coast of the province of Sorsogon.[1] 
The games' theme song is Power Of My Dream sung by Broadway actress and Tony Award winner Lea Salonga. 
The opening ceremony was held at the Rizal Memorial Stadium on 14 December 2005 at 20:00 (PST). The games was opened by Manila's Mayor, Lito Atienza.[2][3] 
The closing ceremony was held at the Rizal Memorial Stadium on 20 December 2005 at 20:00 (PST). The ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was handed over to Thailand, host of the 2008 ASEAN Para Games. 
10 Main Sports are introduced for the 2005 ASEAN Para Games, with 8 of them are Paralympics events. 
Demonstration sports 
Among the various sports introduced was sailing, using the disability-friendly Access 2.3 Dinghys.[4] This sport is open to those with mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy as detailed by the International Association For Disabled Sailing rules. The sailing demo introduced the ease of dinghy sailing to disabled guests, as coached by disabled sailors from Malaysia, Singapore and host country Philippines. The subsequent 4-part triangle course race between said representatives from the 3 countries, was also held near Baywalk, Roxas Boulevard and the Manila Yacht Club.[5] After the games, two Access 2.3 dinghys were donated by Sailability Singapore[6] to the Philippine Sailing Association[7] to [8] encourage people with any type of disability, the elderly, the financially and socially disadvantaged to start sailing in the Philippines. 
Boccia Wheelchair fencing Sailing[9] Ten-pin bowling 
2005 ASEAN Para Games 
A total of 784 medals comprising 394 gold medals, 236 silver medals and 154 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Philippines' performance was their best ever yet in ASEAN Para Games History and was placed sixth overall among participating nations. 
Early years 
Publication history 
Characterization 
References 
Creation 
Personality 
1939)[82] 
1 2 3 "DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. 
Retrieved September 21, 2015. 1 2 3 Sims, Chris (October 21, 2015). "Bill Finger Has A Creator Credit On This Week's Batman Comics". 
Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. 
Retrieved October 21, 2015. ↑ Batman #242 (June 1972) ↑ Detective Comics #846 (Sept. 
2008) ↑ Fleisher, Michael L. The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes Volume 1 Batman Collier Books 1976 ISBN 978-0-02-080090-3 p. 
31 1 2 Beatty, Scott (2008). "Batman". In Dougall, Alastair. 
The DC Comics Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 40–44. ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1. ↑ "The Big Question: What is the history of Batman, and why does he still appeal?". 
Retrieved October 1, 2016. ↑ "DIAL B for BLOG - THE WORLD'S GREATEST COMIC BLOGAZINE". Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. ↑ Daniels, Les. 
Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger,[1][2] and first appeared in Detective Comics #27, in 1939. Originally named the "Bat-Man", the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the World's Greatest Detective.[5] 
Batman 
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IV ASEAN Para Games Host city Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand Motto Friendship, Equality, Opportunity Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 1000 Events 488 in 14 sports Opening ceremony 20 January Closing ceremony 26 January Officially opened by Surayud Chulanont Prime Minister of Thailand Ceremony venue 80th Birthday Stadium Website 2008 ASEAN Para Games < Manila 2005 Kuala Lumpur 2009 > 
The 2008 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 4th ASEAN Para Games, was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand from 20 to 26 January 2008, one month after the 2007 Southeast Asian Games. This was the first time Thailand hosted the ASEAN Para Games. 
Around 1000 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games which featured 488 events in 14 sports. Thailand is the fourth nation to host the games after Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines.[1] The games was opened and by Surayud Chulanont, the Prime Minister of Thailand at the 80th Birthday Stadium. 
The 4th ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee was formed to oversee the staging of the games. 
The 4th ASEAN Para Games had 14 venues for the games.[2] 
It also denotes the exquisite Thai art and culture. Curvy blue and red lines represent the pageantry of fluttering flags leading eager, excited athletes marching into the stadium. The ASEAN Para Sports Federation logo sits in the center of the emblem, representing friendship and co-operation between participants from ASEAN countries.[3] 
The mascot of the 2008 ASEAN Para Games, is a dove named Nok-Khao karom which is recognised as a symbol of Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Nok-Khao Karom is a local animal name of Nakhon Ratchasima for dove. Karom is described as a wise, cheerful, gentle, and friendly, reflecting the characteristics of Thai people. 
The opening ceremony was held at the 80th Birthday Stadium on 20 January 2008 at 19:00 (TST). The games was declared opened by Thai Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont.[5][6] 
The closing ceremony was held at the 80th Birthday Stadium on 26 January 2008 at 19:00 (TST). The ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was officially handed over to Malaysia, host of the 2009 ASEAN Para Games after Laos, the host of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games, declined to host the games, citing financial difficulties. 
A total of 1052 medals comprising 488 gold medals, 320 silver medals and 244 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Thailand's performance was their best ever yet in ASEAN Para Games History and emerged as overall champion of the games.[7][8] 
2008 ASEAN Para Games 
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Marketing 
V ASEAN Para Games Host city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Motto Asean Moving Together Nations participating 10 Athletes participating 980 Events 409 in 11 sports Opening ceremony 15 August Closing ceremony 19 August Officially opened by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Former Prime Minister of Malaysia[1] Athlete's Oath Lee Seng Chow Ceremony venue Putra Indoor Stadium Website 2009 ASEAN Para Games < Nakhon Ratchasima 2008 Surakarta 2011 > 
The 2009 ASEAN Para Games officially known as the 5th ASEAN Para Games, was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 15 to 19 August 2009. This was the second time Malaysia hosted the games and its first time since 2001. 
Around 980 athletes participated at the Games, which featured 409 events in 11 sports.[2][3][4] The games was opened by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the Former Prime Minister of Malaysia at the Putra Indoor Stadium. 
The 5th ASEAN Para Games was originally scheduled for Laos in January 2010, but Laos begged off from hosting the games due to financial constraints and inexperience in providing disability-accessible venue adaptations for disabled athletes. Hence, the 5th ASEAN Para Games was instead held five months ahead of the Laos 2009 Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 15 to 19 August 2009, featuring 409 events in 11 sports.[5][6] 
The Kuala Lumpur Asean Para Games Organising Committee (KLAPGOC) was formed to oversee the staging of the event.[7] 
The 5th ASEAN Para Games had 11 venues for the games. 9 in Kuala Lumpur and 1 each in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan respectively. 
The logo of the 2009 ASEAN Para Games is an image of a heart shape surrounded by ten doves which represents the ten ASEAN nations. The initial KL in the logo represents Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia as the host of the games, the number ’09 represents the year 2009, the heart shape in the ‘0’ represents the loving, caring and hospitality of Malaysian people, while the brush stroke sphere represents the unity of the ASEAN Community. The Games logo is mostly rehashed from the 2006 FESPIC Games logo, and due to Malaysian athletes excellent performance at the 2006 FESPIC Games, the rehash of the 2006 FESPIC Games logo as the 2009 edition games logo is meant to reflect Malaysia's intention to replicate its' 2006 FESPIC Games success at the 2009 ASEAN Para Games.[11] 
The mousedeer is a native animal in Malaysia locally known as pelanduk or kancil which is shy, but very agile and quick thinking. It is a favourite character in local folktales commonly known as "Sang Kancil", noted for its intelligence, wit, cunning feints and quick reaction to escape from all kinds of danger, especially from its enemies. The adoption of mousedeer as the games mascot is to represent the courage of the Paralympic athletes in overcoming challenges and the odds. 
The opening ceremony was held on Thursday, 15 August 2009, beginning at 20:00 MST (UTC+8) at the Putra Indoor Stadium in Kuala Lumpur. The opening ceremony begins with the cultural performances by a troupe from Kuala Lumpur City Hall followed by a march past by the 10 contingents taking part in the games. After all the contingents took their respective places, former prime minister of Malaysia Abdullah Ahmad Badawi was given the honour to declare the meet open. 
The flag of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation was lowered by the six Royal Malaysian Navy personnel and the cauldron was extinguished. The ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was officially handed over to Indonesia, host of the 2011 ASEAN Para Games, where the Indonesia ambassador received the flag of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation as its symbolisation. The troupe from Kuala Lumpur City Hall, the same troupe who performed at the opening ceremony before, concluded the ceremony with a cultural performance.[13] 
Did not enter 
East Timor was absent from the games due to financial constraint.[14] 
2009 ASEAN Para Games 
A total of 936 medals comprising 409 gold medals, 288 silver medals and 239 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Malaysia's performance was their second best in ASEAN Para Games History and was second behind Thailand as overall champion.[20][21] 
Bernama. ↑ "Medal Winners At Asean Para Games Plant A Tree Each At Paralympic Park". ↑ "Tree planting schedule". ↑ KL '09 Logo ↑ Mascot KL '09 ↑ "2009 ASEAN Para Games Concluded: Malaysia is second overall". ↑ "Kuala Lumpur Welcomes Asean Para Games Athletes". Official Website. Archived from the original on 2009-09-11. ↑ "Malaysia hoping to emulate success of 2001". 
Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. 
Retrieved 20 May 2009. ↑ KL ASEAN Para Games need more sponsors ↑ "MPM Short Of RM6 Million". Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009. ↑ Cabinet Approves RM4 Million For Asean Para Games ↑ Asean Para Games To Feature 11 Sports, 1,500 Medals ↑ "Medal tally at the official website". 
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VI ASEAN Para Games Host city Surakarta, Indonesia Motto United and rising through sports for all Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 870 Events 380 in 11 sports Opening ceremony 15 December Closing ceremony 20 December Officially opened by Boediono Vice President of Indonesia Ceremony venue Manahan Stadium Website 2011 ASEAN Para Games < Kuala Lumpur 2009 Naypyidaw 2014 > 
The 2011 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as 6th ASEAN Para Games was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held in Surakarta[1], Indonesia three weeks after the 2011 Southeast Asian Games from 15 to 20 December 2011. 
Around 870 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games which featured 380 events in 11 sports. This was the first time Indonesia hosted the ASEAN Para Games.[2][3][4] Indonesia is the fifth nation to host the ASEAN Para Games after Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines and Thailand. The games was opened by Boediono, the Vice-president of Indonesia at the Manahan Stadium 
The 6th ASEAN Para Games was hosted by Surakarta (Solo), Central Java. Previously, Indonesia hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games in Jakarta and Palembang. But given the fact that both the Southeast Asian Games host did not provide disabled-friendly facilities, Surakarta was chosen as the host city of the games because it provides facilities friendly to disabled athletes. 
The 6th ASEAN Para Games had 11 venues for the games.[5] 
The logo of the 2011 ASEAN Para Games is a Garuda image which includes the ASEAN Para Sports Federation logo in within. The national symbol of Indonesia, the Garuda represents strength, its wings epitomise glory and splendor. The green strokes symbolise the islands, forests and mountainous terrain of the Indonesian archipelago, while the blue strokes represents the vast Nusantara ocean which unifies differences. 
The mascot of the 2011 ASEAN Para Games are a pair of Komodo dragons named Modo and Modi.[8] Komodo dragons are found in the Komodo National Park and the adoption of Komodo dragons as the games' mascot was due to it being an animal endemic to Indonesia and to promote the Komodo National Park as a candidate for the New 7 Wonders of Nature online contest. 
The opening ceremony was held at the Manahan Stadium on 15 December 2011 at 19:00 (WIT). Boediono, the Indonesian Vice-President officially opened the Games.[9] 
The closing ceremony was held at the Manahan Stadium on 21 December 2011 at 19:00 (WIT). The Games was officially closed by Agung Laksono, Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare of the Republic of Indonesia and the ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was officially handed over to Myanmar, host of the 2014 ASEAN Para Games.[10] 
Indonesian Paralympic Organising Committee (INASPOC) President James Tangkudung confirmed a total of 11 sports for the games[3] for the games. Sailing which debuted as a medal sport in the 2009 ASEAN Para Games, was not included by the organisers in this edition of the Games, despite the 2011 SEA Games included Sailing in its sport line-up. 
A total of 1051 medals comprising 380 gold medals, 338 silver medals and 333 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Indonesia's performance was its' best ever yet in ASEAN Para Games History and was second behind Thailand as overall champion. 
2011 ASEAN Para Games 
Closing ceremony 
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The logo of the 2015 ASEAN Para Games draws its inspiration from the 28th SEA Games and is an image depicts the human figures and arms, raised in jubilation and seamlessly joined, weave together to form the shape of a heart, represents the essence of the international paralympic movement of Spirit in motion and the gumption to overcome challenges, and the indomitable triumph of the human spirit. The radiance of the colour palette represents the dynamism of sport. The three figures also represent inclusiveness, uplifting and transforming sports with disabilities, and national pride and represents the unity of competing athletes, as individuals, as a movement, and as a region, reaching for extraordinary.[22] 
Similar to the 2015 Southeast Asian Games, the mascot of the 2015 ASEAN Para Games is a lion named Nila. The name comes from Sang Nila Utama, the founder of Singapura. Nila has a red mane and heart-shaped face and is described as courage, passionate and friendly. 
The opening ceremony was held on Thursday, 3 December 2015,[27] beginning at 20:00 SST (UTC+8) at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Singapore.[28] There were five section of performance dubbed the movements in the opening ceremony, which were Stretching the Boundaries, A World of Creative Possibilities, Shooting For the Best, Fire Your Imagination and Celebration of the Extraordinary. The opening ceremony was designed by creative designer Phillip Tan[29] and was helmed by 661 performers including Lily Goh, Samantha Gray, Daniel Purnomo, Sumbut Simla and Li Chi Chao, 120 motivators, 174 volunteers and 454 students mostly from Singapore's special education schools and 75 creative team members. 
The torch was extinguished and the ASEAN Para Games responsibilities was officially handed over to Malaysia, host of the 2017 ASEAN Para Games[34][35] where Saravanan Murugan receives the flag of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation as its symbol from Zainal Abu Zarin and Lanny Kwok Ping Ping during a flag handover ceremony. The national anthem of Malaysia was played as the National flag of Malaysia was raised. A Malaysia segment performance was also performed by a drum band named Republic of Gendang, highlighting Malaysia as the next host of the ASEAN Para Games.[36][37][38][39] 
Did not enter 
East Timor was suspended by the International Paralympic Committee, hence the ASEAN Para Sports Federation decided to bare Timor-Leste from participating at the games.[40][41][42] 
The Singapore ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee (SAPGOC) had confirmed a total of 15 sports for the 8th ASEAN Para Games. This was the most number of sports offered at the ASEAN Para Games in its history. The announcement took place after the sports were endorsed at the 1st ASEAN Para Sports Federation Board of Governors’ Meeting at Marina Bay Sands.[43] 
As a result, a total of 981 medals comprising 336 gold medals, 324 silver medals and 321 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. 
VIII ASEAN Para Games Host city Singapore Motto Celebrate the Extraordinary Nations participating 10 Athletes participating 1181 Events 336 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 3 December Closing ceremony 9 December Officially opened by Tony Tan Keng Yam President of Singapore Athlete's Oath Yong Phen Chong Thomas[1] Judge's Oath Lanny Kwok Ping Ping Torch lighter Yip Pin Xiu, Tay Wei Ming and Gan Kai Hong Aloysius[2] Main venue Singapore Indoor Stadium[3] Website 2015 ASEAN Para Games < Naypyidaw 2014 Kuala Lumpur 2017 > 
The 2015 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 8th ASEAN Para Games was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event hosted by the city-state of Singapore[4]Unlike the previous editions the games were held six months after the closing of the 2015 Southeast Asian Games from 3 to 9 December 2015. This was Singapore's first time as host of the ASEAN Para Games.[5] 
Around 1811 athletes participated at the Games, which featured 336 events in 15 sports. Singapore is the seventh nation to host the event after Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and Myanmar.[6] It was opened by Tony Tan Keng Yam, the President of Singapore at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. 
Singapore's selection as the host of the 28th Southeast Asian Games was announced in 2011 during the 26th Southeast Asian Games, held in Indonesian cities Palembang and Jakarta. Singapore had previously been nominated to host the event in 2007 and 2013, but turned down both opportunities citing costs associated with the construction of the new Singapore Sports Hub. According to the rules of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation, the host of the SEA Games is automatically the host of the ASEAN Para Games. 
The Singapore ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee (SAPGOC) was formed to oversee the staging of the event. 
Singapore National Stadium, venue of the athletics and football 7-a-side event of the 8th ASEAN Para Games. 
The 2015 ASEAN Para Games used a mix of new, existing and temporary venues. Given the city-state's compact size, most venues were pre-existing public-sporting facilities located in the suburban heartlands which will revert to public use after the games. No major retrofitting work were done in most venues as most had been used to host major multi-disciplinary events such as the 2010 Youth Olympic Games and the 2015 Southeast Asian Games. 
2015 ASEAN Para Games 
Nila, the official mascot 
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Parade of nations at the Opening ceremony of the 9th ASEAN Para Games. 
The opening ceremony was held in Bukit Jalil National Stadium on 17 September 2017 at 20:17 MST (UTC+8) which highlighted aspects of disabled people overcoming challenges in life. The ceremony was directed by film director Saw Teong Hin alongside the Memories Entertainment creative team with co-operation from the Malaysian Armed Forces.[65] The time 20:17 was chosen to start the opening ceremony to mark the year 2017, the year which Malaysia hosted the 9th ASEAN Para Games.[66] 
The closing ceremony was held in Bukit Jalil National Stadium on 23 September 2017 at 20:30 MST (UTC+8). Like the opening ceremony, the closing ceremony was directed by film director Saw Teong Hin alongside the Memories Entertainment creative team with co-operation from the Malaysian Armed Forces.[69][70][71] 
The 2017 ASEAN Para Games featured 369 events, resulting in 369 medal sets to be distributed. 
IX ASEAN Para Games Host city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Motto Rising Together (Malay: Bangkit Bersama) Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 1452 Events 369 in 16 sports Opening ceremony 17 September Closing ceremony 23 September Officially opened by Najib Razak Prime Minister of Malaysia Athlete's Oath Sharifah Raudzah Syed Akil Judge's Oath Teo Kian Joo Torch lighter Hasihin Sanawi Main venue Bukit Jalil National Stadium Website 2017 ASEAN Para Games < Singapore 2015 Philippines 2019 > 
The 2017 ASEAN Para Games (Malay: Sukan Para ASEAN 2017), officially known as the 9th ASEAN Para Games (Malay: Sukan Para ASEAN ke-9), was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17 days after the 2017 Southeast Asian Games from 17 to 23 September 2017. This was the third time Malaysia host the ASEAN Para Games and its first time since 2009.[1] Previously, Malaysia also hosted the inaugural games in 2001. 
Around 1452 athletes participated at the event, which featured 369 events in 16 sports. It was opened by the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak at the Bukit Jalil National Stadium. 
As per ASEAN Para Games traditions, the games are usually held after every Southeast Asian Games and usually the host country of the Southeast Asian Games is also the host of the ASEAN Para Games. Like the Southeast Asian Games, each country is assigned a year to host but may choose to do so or not. 
Previously, in July 2012, the SEAGF meeting in Myanmar confirmed that Malaysia would host the Southeast Asian Games in 2017, should there be no other country willing to bid for the host job. Olympic Council of Malaysia (OCM) secretary general Sieh Kok Chi, who attended the meeting, said that Myanmar would host the Games in 2013, followed by Singapore in 2015. Then it should be Brunei's turn but it wanted to host the 2019 Games instead of the 2017 edition. 
By 14 July, the proposal has been rejected by SEA Games Federation (SEAGF) Council, with 9 member countries have opposed the proposal while only two (Malaysia and Laos) agreed, citing the reason for the rejection was due to the tradition and culture that has long been maintained by SEAGF.[4] Hence, the date of the 2017 ASEAN Para Games was set from 17 to 23 September 2017. 
The Malaysia SEA Games Organising Committee (MASOC) is the governing body for the 2017 ASEAN Para Games. It was formed in 2015 to oversee the staging of the event. 
Kuala Lumpur Selangor Negeri Sembilan Putrajaya 2017 ASEAN Para Games host states 
The 9th ASEAN Para Games had 17 venues for the games. 14 in Kuala Lumpur and 1 each in Selangor, Putrajaya and Negeri Sembilan respectively.[13] 
2017 ASEAN Para Games 
Development 
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References 
X ASEAN Para Games Nations participating 11 Athletes participating 2,000[1] (expected) Events 400 in 20 sports[1] Opening ceremony TBA Closing ceremony TBA Officially opened by President of Philippines (expected) < Kuala Lumpur 2017 Vietnam 2021 > 
The 2020 ASEAN Para Games is an upcoming biannual multi-sport event to be held after the 2019 Southeast Asian Games in the Philippines for athletes with physical disabilities. Participants came from 11 countries in Southeast Asia. The games, patterned after the Paralympics, included athletes with various disabilities. 
It is customary for the host nation of the Southeast Asian Games to also host the ASEAN Para Games within the same year. In July 2012, Brunei was initially selected to host the 30th Southeast Asian Games; consequentially the 10th ASEAN Para Games.[4] However in 4 June 2015, Brunei withdrew its hosting rights to the Games due to absence of government support.[5] The withdrawal of Brunei's hosting rights were also due to the country's lack of sporting facilities, accommodation, and preparation of their athletes. 
With Brunei's withdrawal, the Philippines[6] and Thailand expressed its interest to host the games.[7] Vietnam, the 2021 Southeast Asian Games host, was also offered to host the 2019 SEA Games, but declined.[8] 
The Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) in July 2017 announced that the Philippines will be hosting the Games.[9] However within the same month, the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) addressed the POC that it is withdrawing its support for the Philippine hosting of the 2019 Games, saying that government decided to reallocate funds meant for hosting to the rehabilitation efforts of Marawi, which was left devastated following the Battle of Marawi.[10][11] It was later reported that the POC's insistence on handling all matters of the hosting; finance, security and the conduct of the Games as it did for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games, which led to the withdrawal of support by the PSC.[12] However, on August 16, the Philippines, through the POC president Peping Cojuangco, confirmed that the country will hosting the 2019 SEA Games, after Cojuangco wrote to President Rodrigo Duterte and appealed for reconsideration.[13] 
During the closing ceremony of the 2017 ASEAN Para Games in Kuala Lumpur, the symbolic ASEAN Para Sports Federation council flag was handed over by Malaysian Paralympic Council President SM Nasarudin SM Nasimuddin to the Paralympic Committee of the Philippines (PPC) president Michael I. Barredo. In contrast of other closing ceremonies held throughout the ASEAN Para Games, only a video promoting tourism and featured disabled athletes in the Philippines was presented instead of a grand presentation for the next host country. 
Just like the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, the 2020 ASEAN Para Games will be hosted in three named hubs; Subic, Manila, and Clark.[3] 
2020 ASEAN Para Games 
Host selection 
Candidate city 
XIII ASEAN Para Games Host city TBA, Thailand Nations participating 11 < 2023 
The 2025 ASEAN Para Games (Thai: กีฬาอาเซียนพาราเกมส์ 2025, translit. Kīḷā xāseīyn phārā kems̄̒ 2025), officially known as the XIII ASEAN Para Games and commonly known as ASEAN Para Games 2025, are an upcoming biennial Southeast Asian multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities due to be celebrated in the tradition of the ASEAN Para Games as governed by the ASEAN Para Sports Federation (APSF). 
On 18 August 2017, the SEAGF meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia confirmed that Thialnd would host the Southeast Asian Games in 2025, such as the Philippines in 2019, Vietnam in 2021, Cambodia in 2023, and Laos in 2027.[1] 
2025 ASEAN Para Games 
References 
A very important person (VIP) is a person who is accorded special privileges due to their status or importance.[1] 
Examples include celebrities, heads of state or heads of government, other politicians, major employers, high rollers, high-level corporate officers, wealthy individuals, or any other socially notable person who receives special treatment for any reason. The special treatment usually involves separation from common people, and a higher level of comfort or service. 
In some cases, such as with tickets, VIP may be used as a title in a similar way to premium."These "VIP tickets" can be purchased by anyone, but still meaning separation from other customers, own security checks etc." 
The term VVIP or Very Very Important Person is also used,[2] especially with reference to VIPs with very high spending power.[3] 
Very important person 
Performance 
Russian soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing “Angels” at the opening ceremony 
Former World Cup winner Ronaldo 
Russian President Vladimir Putin, FIFA President Gianni Infantino and Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman 
Putin and Mohammad bin Salman 
The opening ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on Thursday, 14 June 2018, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia[1] at 3:30 (BST), about a half hour before the opening match which Russia won 5-0 over Saudi Arabia.[2][3] 
English pop singer Robbie Williams then took centre stage with a rendition of "Let Me Entertain You" before Russian soprano Aida Garifullina was carried out on to the pitch on the back of a 'firebird' float. Williams sang a section of "Feel" before he and Garifullina performed a duet of "Angels" as performers emerged, dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation. Ronaldo returned with the official ball – the Adidas Telstar 18 – which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June.[4] 
2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony 
Screenshot Type of site Online education Available in English, Spanish, French, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Portuguese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hebrew, German, Italian Headquarters Mountain View, California Founder(s) Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller Key people Jeff Maggioncalda (CEO) Employees 280 (June 2018) Website www.coursera.org Alexa rank 642 (April 2018)[1] Commercial Yes Registration Required Users 33 million (June 2018)[2] Launched April 2012 (2012-04) Current status Active 
Coursera (/kərˈsɛrə/) is an online learning platform founded by Stanford professors Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller that offers courses, specializations, and degrees. 
Coursera works with universities and other organizations to offer online courses, specializations, and degrees in a variety of subjects, such as engineering, humanities, medicine, biology, social sciences, mathematics, business, computer science, digital marketing, data science, and others. 
20 June 2018. ↑ "From Founding CEO Of One Of The Largest FinTechs To CEO Of The Largest EdTech - Coursera". “Forbes”. 18 June 2018. ↑ "Meet the 2018 CNBC Disruptor 50 companies - 42. 
Coursera". “CNBC.com”. 22 May 2018. ↑ Tamar Lewin (17 July 2012). 
Coursera 
External links 
References 
Career 
Advertising 
Early life and education 
Filmography 
MC and Host 
Acting caeer 
Kyaw Htet Aung Native name ကျော်ထက်အောင် Born (1985-09-14) 14 September 1985 Yangon, Myanmar Nationality Burmese Alma mater East Yangon University Occupation Actor, Model, Television Host Years active 2007-present (presenter, MC) 2016-present (acting) Parent(s) Win Lwin Myint Myint Oo Website www.kyawhtetaung.com 
Kyaw Htet Aung (Burmese: ကျော်ထက်အောင်; born 14 September 1985) is a Burmese television host, MC, presenter, actor and model. He is best known for hosting in the televised singing competition show Myanmar Idol, which propelled him to fame in Myanmar.[1][2][3][4] 
Kyaw Htet Aung was born on 14 September 1985 in Yangon, Myanmar to parent Win Lwin and Myint Myint Oo. He graduated from East Yangon University. He studing acting at Talents & Models Agency in 2000.[5] 
He is the second generation of the first young TV presenters and worked as a host for Family Entertainment from 2010 to 2014. After that, he started as a freelance model and MC. He has been TV host for many talk show programs and received acceptance of audience for famous reality show Myanmar Idol.[6][1][7] He make TV host for Myanmar Motion Picture Academy Awards Ceremony 2016 and 2017 and also host at Miss Universe Myanmar 2018.[8] 
He is set to star in a short film project, sponsored by Myanmar Brewery. As he would play the role of a dancer for the first time, he is now practicing dance moves with the “Secret Pieces Dance Crew”. Rising to fame in 2016, he became a professional actor.[9][10] He started his debut acting career as a supporting role in 2016 big screen movie, "Kyat Gu " (Coffin Cave), directed by Lu Min, and which showing in myanmar cinemas on 2018. 
He debut lead role big screen movie was "Thu Nge " (Burmese:သူငယ်), together with Yan Aung, Ye Aung, Min Oo, Soe Myat Thuzar, Htun Eaindra Bo, Khine Thin Kyi and Mari Ko, directed by Arr Yone Oo Pwint Thingi Zaw, and the movie which will be showing in Myanmar cinemas in 23 June 2017. In the same year, he start acting role as Nyein Chan in the his 2nd big screen movie "Nay Chi Mhar Shwe Yi Laung ", alongside with actress Aye Myat Thu, Nan Myat Phyo Than. The movie was directed by Zaw Myint Oo, and which showing in myanmar cinemas on 15 September 2017 and nominated as Myanmar Acadamy Awards "Best Actor" to Kyaw Htet Aung.[12][13] 
In 2018, He starring role as a military doctor in the military figures film “Sit Ko Mone Ywae Tite Khae Ti ” was base on true story and film which showing and aired on Myawaddy Channel in 25 March 2018. In the same year, he has starring as lead role in big screen movie "Za Yike ", with actor Lu Min, actress Khine Thin Kyi and Htun Eaindra Bo, the movie which will be showing in myanmar cinemas on soon.[14] And also starring in big screen movie "Carbon Dioxide ", with actor Alinn Young, actress Phway Phway and Yadabar Bo, directed by Wyne, and which showing in myanmar cinemas on 27 July 2018. He starring in big screen movie "Chu Si ", and started shooting movie "The Masks " at May 6, 2018.[15] 
Kyaw Htet Aung was appointed as brand ambassador of Red Bull and Nescafé in 2017 and also brand ambassador of Nutrivita in 2018.[1] 
Kyaw Htet Aung 
Searching 
History 
Copyright and licensing 
See also 
Further reading 
Recommendation systems 
References 
Future development 
Features of digital libraries 
Digital archives 
Types of digital libraries 
Terminology 
Software 
Metadata 
Digital preservation 
Drawbacks of digital libraries 
Institutional repositories 
↑ Witten, Ian H.; Bainbridge, David Nichols (2009). 
How to Build a Digital Library (2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufman. 
ISBN 9780080890395. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Lanagan, James; Smeaton, Alan F. 
(September 2012). "Video digital libraries: contributive and decentralized". 
International Journal on Digital Libraries. 12 (4): 159–178. doi:10.1007/s00799-012-0078-z. ↑ Lynch, Clifford (2005). 
The Next Decade for Digital Libraries". 
D-Lib Magazine. 11 (7/8). 
ISSN 1082-9873. 
Archived from the original on 16 Jan 2018. 
Retrieved 30 April 2018. This is a field with an incredibly rich, and, as yet, poorly chronicled pre-history and early history. 
There is a stream of work and ideas that reaches back to at least the turn of the 20th century, and includes such thinkers as H.G. Wells and Paul Otlet; later contributors to the pre-history of visions of new, technologically-enabled means of knowledge organization, access and distribution also include Vannevar Bush and J.C.R. Licklider. ↑ Stocker, Gerfried (1 January 2014). 
"Beyond Archives (or the Internet 100 years before the Internet)". In Magalhães, Ana Gonçalves; Beiguelman, Giselle. Possible Futures: art, museums and digital archives. 
ISBN 9788575963548. 
Retrieved 30 April 2018. Actually it was 1895 when Paul Otlet together with Henry La Fontaine, who was later awareded the Nobel Peace Prize, started a project - Mundaneum - that was initiated and driven by their idea that, if they would be able to collect all human knowledge and make it accessible to everybody worldwide, then this would bring about peace on Earth. ↑ Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). "As We May Think" (PDF). 
The Atlantic Monthly: 101–108. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2018. 
Retrieved 30 April 2018. ↑ Bourne, Charles P.; Hahn, Trudi Bellardo (2003). 
A History of Online Information Services, 1963–1976. MIT Press. pp. 169–170. 
ISBN 9780262261753. 
Retrieved 30 April 2018. 
1696 Milestone - DIALOG, with the ERIC database, provided the first instance of extensive availability of abstracts online for search output. ↑ Besser, Howard (2004). "The Past, Present, and Future of Digital Libraries". In Schreibman, Susan; Siemens, Ray; Unsworth, John. 
A Companion to Digital Humanities. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 557–575. doi:10.1002/9780470999875.ch36. 
ISBN 9781405103213. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. 
Retrieved 30 April 2018. ↑ Candela, Leonardo; Castelli, Donatella; Pagano, Pasquale; Thanos, Constantino; Ioannidis, Yannis; Koutrika, Georgia; Ross, Seamus; Schek, Hans-Jörg; Schuldt, Heiko (2007). 
D-Lib Magazine. 13 (3/4). 
ISSN 1082-9873. 
Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. ↑ L. Candela et al.: The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model - Foundations for Digital Libraries. 
Version 0.98, February 2008 (PDF Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine.) ↑ Gonçalves, Marcos André; Fox, Edward A.; Watson, Layne T.; Kipp, Neill A. (2004). 
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS). 22 (2): 270–312. doi:10.1145/984321.984325. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Isah, Abdulmumin; Serema, Batlang Comma; Mutshewa, Athulang; Kenosi, Lekoko (2013). 
Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice. 1 (4): 38–47. doi:10.1633/JISTaP.2013.1.4.3. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Fox, Edward A. (1999). 
Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science. 26 (1). ISSN 2373-9223. 
Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. 
Retrieved 30 April 2018. ↑ "digital libraries, electronic libraries and virtual libraries". www2.hawaii.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-01-18. ↑ Yi, Esther, Inside the Quest to Put the World's Libraries Online Archived 2016-11-19 at the Wayback Machine., The Atlantic, July 26, 2012. ↑ Castagné, Michel. 
"Institutional repository software comparison: DSpace, EPrints, Digital Commons, Islandora and Hydra". open.library.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2016-04-25. ↑ Pitti, D. and Duff, W. M. (2001). 
A digital library, digital repository, or digital collection, is an online database of digital objects that can include text, still images, audio, video, or other digital media formats. Objects can consist of digitized content like print or photographs, as well as born-digital content like word processor files or social media posts. In addition to storing content, digital libraries provide means for organizing, searching, and retrieving the content contained in the collection. 
Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals or organizations.[1] The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. These information retrieval systems are able to exchange information with each other through interoperability and sustainability[2]. 
The early history of digital libraries is poorly documented, but several key thinkers are connected to the emergence of this concept.[3] Predecessors include Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, an attempt begun in 1895 to gather and systematically catalogue the world's knowledge, with the hope of bringing about world peace.[4] Vannevar Bush and J.C.R. Licklider are two more contributors that advanced this idea into newer technology. Bush was seen as a researcher that assisted in making the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima. After seeing the disaster, he wanted to create a machine that would show how technology can lead to understanding instead of destruction. 
Early projects centered on the creation of an electronic card catalogue known as Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). By the 1980s, the success of these endeavors resulted in OPAC replacing the traditional card catalog in many academic, public and special libraries. This permitted libraries to undertake additional rewarding co-operative efforts to support resource sharing and expand access to library materials beyond an individual library. 
An early example of a digital library is the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), a database of education citations and abstracts, which was created in 1964 and made available online through DIALOG in 1969.[6] 
In 1994, digital libraries became popular due to the $24.4 million that the U.S. federal funded among six universities for research[7]. The universities included Carnegie Mellon University, University of California-Berkeley, University of Michigan, University of Illinois, University of California-Santa Barbara, and the Stanford University. 
Early attempts at creating a model for digital libraries included the DELOS Digital Library Reference Model[8][9] and the 5S Framework[10][11]. 
The term digital libraries was first popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.[12] These draw heavily on Vannevar Bush's essay As We May Think (1945), which set out a vision not in terms of technology, but user experience. The term virtual library was initially used interchangeably with digital library, but is now primarily used for libraries that are virtual in other senses (such as libraries which aggregate distributed content). In the early days of digital libraries, there was discussion of the similarities and differences among the terms digital, virtual, and electronic.[13] 
A distinction is often made between content that was created in a digital format, known as born-digital, and information that has been converted from a physical medium, e.g. paper, through digitization. It should also be noted that not all electronic content is in digital data format. The term hybrid library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical collections and electronic collections. 
Some important digital libraries also serve as long term archives, such as arXiv and the Internet Archive. Others, such as the Digital Public Library of America, seek to make digital information from various institutions widely accessible online.[14] 
Many academic libraries are actively involved in building institutional repositories of the institution's books, papers, theses, and other works which can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where the publishers often limit access rights. Institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries. 
Digital library 
External links 
See also 
References 
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the Ethnic Armed Organisations Drafted 31 March 2015 (2015-03-31) Signed 15 October 2015 (2015-10-15) Location Naypyidaw, Myanmar Signatories Myanmar ABSDF Arakan Liberation Party Chin National Front DKBA-5 Karen National Union KNU/KNLA Peace Council Lahu Democratic Union New Mon State Party Pa-O National Liberation Army Restoration Council of Shan State Depositary Government of Myanmar Languages English, Burmese 
The Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (Burmese: တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံး ပစ်ခတ်တိုက်ခိုက်မှု ရပ်စဲရေး သဘောတူစာချုပ်; abbreviated NCA) was a landmark ceasefire agreement between the government of Myanmar and representatives of various ethnic insurgent groups, officially known as "ethnic armed organisations" (EAOs) by the government. The draft was agreed upon by a majority of the invited parties on 31 March 2015,[1] and the agreement was signed by President Thein Sein on 15 October 2015.[2] The signing was witnessed by observers and delegates from the United Nations, the United Kingdom, Norway, Japan and the United States.[3][4] A ceremony is held by the government annually on the anniversary of the signing of the agreement.[5][6] 
The government of Myanmar originally sent invitations to 15 different ethnic insurgent groups, inviting them to participate in long-term peace negotiations with them. However, seven of those invited declined or dropped out during negotiations due to perceived unfairness.[7] 
The Lahu Democratic Union and the New Mon State Party later joined the ceasefire[8] and signed the agreement on 13 February 2018.[9][10][11][12] 
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement 
History 
States 
Kantarawadi 
Karenni States Princely States of British Burma ← 18th century–1959 → Location of Karenni States 1917 map of the Karenni States Government Monarchy History • Independence of the feudatory Karenni predecessor state. 
18th century • Abdication of the Kayah rulers 1959 Area • 1901 8,106 km2 (3,130 sq mi) Population • 1901 45,795 Density 5.6 /km2 (14.6 /sq mi) 
References 
Western Karenni 
Post-independence Burma 
British rule in Burma 
Karenni princes at the Delhi Durbar in 1903. The rulers of Bawlake, Kantarawadi and Kyebogyi standing in the back row. 
Territories claimed by Thailand in the Shan and Karenni States during World War II and Saharat Thai Doem northern province. 
The Karenni States, also known as Red Karen States, was the name formerly given to the states inhabited mainly by the Red Karen, in the area of present-day Kayah State, eastern Burma. They were located south of the Federated Shan States and east of British Burma. 
The British government recognised and guaranteed the independence of the Karenni States in an 1875 treaty with Burmese King Mindon Min, by which both parties recognised the area as belonging neither to Burma nor to Great Britain. Consequently, the Karenni States were never fully incorporated into British Burma. The Karenni states formed for a time the "Kayah State" in post-independent Burma,[1] but on 29 April 1959 both the Shan and the Kayah rulers formally surrendered their ruling powers to the Burmese government.[2] 
According to local tradition in the early times of the Karenni states there was a principality led by a "Sawphya" that was under the over lordship of a Shan prince. This state finally became independent in the 18th century. In the 19th century the Karenni state was divided into five principalities (sawphyas). 
After the death of this prince in 1869 his two sons renewed the petition claiming that they feared Burmese ambitions on their state. The British refused again, but agreed to arbitrate before the King of Burma. Since the Burmese monarchy insisted in their demands on the Karenni territories, the British granted recognition to four states, Kyebogyi, Namekan (Nammekon), Naungpale and Bawlake, which became independent under British protection on 21 June 1875. 
The Karenni States were recognized as tributary to British Burma in 1892, when their rulers agreed to accept a stipend from the British government. An Assistant Superintendent of the Shan States was based at Loikaw as Agent of the British government. He was exercising control over the local Karenni Rulers, being supervised by the Superintendent at Taunggyi.[3] On 10 October 1922 the administrations of the Karenni states and the Shan states were officially unified to establish the Federated Shan States,[4] under a commissioner who also administered the Wa States. 
On 27 May 1942, during World War II, nearby Kengtung State was invaded and its capital captured by the Thai Phayap Army.[5] Following a previous agreement between Thai Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram and the Japanese Empire, in December the same year the Thai administration occupied Kengtung and parts of Möngpan. The annexation by Thailand as Saharat Thai Doem northern province was formalized on 1 August 1943.[2] 
Thailand left the territories in 1945, but officially relinquished its claim over the trans-Salween part of Kantarawadi State only in 1946 as part of the condition for admission to the United Nations and the withdrawal of all wartime sanctions for having sided with the Axis powers.[6] 
The Constitution of the Union of Burma in 1947 proclaimed that the three Karenni States be amalgamated into a single constituent state of the union, called Karenni State. It also provided for the possibility of secession from the Union after 10 years. In 1952, the former Shan state of Mong Pai was added, and the whole renamed Kayah State, possibly with the intent of driving a wedge between the Karenni in Kayah State and the rest of the Karen people in Karen State, both fighting for independence. 
There were five Karenni states, divided into two regions. 
The Western Karenni States were the four Karenni states located west of the Salween River: 
Kyebogyi, 350 square miles or 910 square kilometres, population 9,867 in 1901. Bawlake, 200 square miles or 520 square kilometres, population 5,701 in 1901. Naungpale, 30 square miles or 78 square kilometres, population 1,265 in 1901. 
Kantarawadi State was also known as "Eastern Karenni". It had an area of 2,500 square miles or 6,500 square kilometres and a population of 26,333 in 1901.[3] More than half of its territory was located east of the Salween River, an area that was annexed by Thailand during World War II. 
Karenni States 
Saophas 
History 
See also 
Rulers 
Kantarawadi (Eastern Karenni) Princely State of the Karenni States ← 18th century–1959 → Location of Kantarawadi 1917 map of the Karenni States Government Monarchy History • Independence 18th century • Abdication of the Kayah rulers 1959 Area • 1931 6,475 km2 (2,500 sq mi) Population • 1931 30,677 Density 4.7 /km2 (12.3 /sq mi) 
References 
Myozas 
Territories claimed by Thailand in the Shan and Karenni States during WWII. 
The ruler of Kantarawadi (standing in the middle of the back row), at the Delhi Durbar in 1903 
Kantarawadi (Thai: กันตรวดี), also known as Gantarawadi,[1] was one of the Karenni States in what is today Kayah State in Burma. It was also known as "Eastern Karenni" owing to the location of part of its territory east of the Salween River.[2] 
According to local tradition in the early times of the Karenni states there was a principality led by a "Sawphya" that was under the overlordship of a Shan prince. This state finally became independent in the 18th century. In the 19th century the Karenni state was divided into five principalities (sawphyas). 
Since the Burmese monarchy insisted in their demands on the Karenni territories, the British granted recognition to four states, Kyebogyi, Namekan (Nammekon), Naungpale and Bawlake, which became independent under British protection on 21 June 1875. Kantarawadi state, however, remained independent without official protection. Kantarawadi was heavily fined in 1888 for the disturbances caused by Myoza Sao Law Paw (Sawlapaw).[3] After his successor Sao Lawi agreed to pay a tribure of Rs 5,000 to the British government, he was granted the title of Saopha.[1] 
In November the same year the government of Siam tried to establish its territorial rights over the eastern tract of land in Kantarawadi. Following the expedition against the Red Karens in the Karenni area the Anglo-Siamese Boundary Commission of 1892-93 would be set up in order to resolve the disputes about the territory the Siamese had occupied on the eastern side of the Salween as well as the Trans-Salween territories that had been handed over to the Saopha of Mong Pan State to which Siam also laid claim.[3] 
The defense of the Shan States had been left to the Nationalist Chinese forces, upon the request of the British. The 93rd Division of the Chinese Army defended the Keng Tung, while the 249th and 55th Divisions guarded from the Kengtung to Karenni States along the Thai border. The Japanese forces with superior air power went on to dislodge the Nationalist Chinese forces by November 1942.[4] The IJA allowed the Phayap Army to occupy all of Kengtung State and the four trans-Salween districts of Möng Tang, Möng Hang, Möng Kyawt and Möng Hta of Mongpan State. 
Following the defeat and surrender of the Japanese Empire, Thailand left the territories it had annexed to the north in 1945. However, the Thai government officially relinquished its claim over Kantarawadi State only in 1946 as part of the condition for admission to the United Nations and the withdrawal of all wartime sanctions for having sided with the Axis powers.[7] 
The rulers of Kantarawadi bore the title of Saopha after 1903.[8] 
Maung Pon (Pe Baw) 1845? Papaw Kyi 1850? Sao Lasa c.1850 - 1866 Sao Pyatin 1866 - 1868 Sao Law Paw (d. 
1868 - Dec 1888 Sao Law Paw (s.a.) 28 Jan 1889 - 3 Jan 1903 Sao Lawi (b. 1852 - d. 1907) 
1 Jan 1903 - 8 Jul 1907 Sao Lawi (s.a.) 2 Dec 1907 - 1909 Hkun Nan (b. 1880 - d. 1909) 22 Apr 1910 - c.1948 Hkun Li (b. 
Kantarawadi 
Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007. ↑ Westminster speech by Rob Woodward Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., stvplc.tv, 16 October 2008 ↑ Tryhorn, Chris (11 September 2009). "STV defends dropping ITV dramas". 
The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 May 2010. ↑ Sweeney, Charlene (23 September 2009). 
"ITV to take STV to court over 38m programme bill". 
The Times. 
London. Retrieved 23 May 2010. ↑ "ITV launches £38m STV legal claim". 
Retrieved 27 April 2011. ↑ Kanter, Jake (5 March 2012). "ITV strikes 'landmark' agreements with STV and UTV". Broadcast. 
Retrieved 5 May 2013. ↑ Farey-Jones, Daniel (5 March 2012). "ITV, STV and UTV agree new network arrangements". 
Media Week. 
Retrieved 5 May 2013. ↑ "STV confirms network deal is up and running". BBC News. 23 August 2012. 
Retrieved 5 May 2013. ↑ Johnson, Simon (3 March 2010). "Ofcom probes Alex Salmond 'cash-for-programmes' row". The Daily Telegraph. 
London. 
Retrieved 3 March 2010. ↑ OFCOM broadcast bulletin – STV sponsorship report, 26 July 2010 ↑ The Theatre Royal : Entertaining a Nation by Graeme Smith ISBN 978-0-9559420-0-6 ↑ "STV Group plc Chairman's AGM Statement and IMS" (PDF). 
STV Group plc. 
21 April 2010. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. ↑ "HD television is coming to STV". STV. Retrieved 1 June 2010. ↑ "STV Launches HD Service on Freeview and Virgin Media". allmediascotland. 
1 June 2010. ↑ "STV announces its HD channel to be on satellite from end of April". STV News. 26 March 2014. ↑ "ITV1 + 1 to launch on 11 January 2011". 
Freeview. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011. 
1 2 "STV launches +1 channel". STV. 
11 January 2011. ↑ "a516digital : Satellite update: STV adds last remaining micro region". a516digital.com. ↑ "TV Genius to Power Content Discovery for STV". Digital Spy. 13 September 2010. 
Retrieved 7 January 2011. ↑ "STV opts for TV Genius". Cuesupplychain.com. 
10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. 
STV Launched 31 August 1957 Closed 31 December 2018 Network ITV Owned by STV Group plc Picture format 576i (SDTV) 1080i (HDTV) Audience share ITV Network: 13.21% 0.79% (+1) 2.46% (HD) (September 2015, BARB) Slogan "It's Good to..." Country United Kingdom Broadcast area Central and northern Scotland Headquarters Pacific Quay, Glasgow, Scotland Replaced Grampian Television (Northern Scotland); Scottish Television (Central Scotland) Sister channel(s) STV2 Timeshift service STV +1 Website stv.tv Availability Terrestrial Freeview Channel 3 Channel 33 (+1) Channel 103 (HD) Satellite Freesat Channel 103 Channel 111 (HD) Sky Channel 103 (SD: Central East/North; HD: Central West) Channel 176 (HD: Central East/North) Channel 803 (SD: Central West) Astra 2E 10906 V 22000 5/6 Astra 2F 11068 V 23000 2/3 S2 (HD) Cable Virgin Media Channel 103 Channel 114 (+1) Channel 113 (HD) Streaming media STV Player Watch live (STV West, STV regions only) – Catch up (STV regions only) TVCatchup Watch live (STV Central/North, UK only) Zattoo Watch live (STV West region) Sky Go Watch live (Scotland only) 
STV HD STV HD logo (2014 – present) Launched 6 June 2010 (2010-06-06) Owned by STV Group plc Picture format 16:9, 1080i (HDTV) Country Scotland Broadcast area STV Central and STV North regions Sister channel(s) STV Website stv.tv/stvhd Availability Terrestrial Freeview Channel 103 Satellite Freesat Channel 111 Sky Channel 178 (East/North regions); Channel 103 (West region) Astra 2F 11068 V 23000 2/3 S2 (HD) Cable Virgin Media Channel 113 
References 
The Mandalay Cultural Museum (Burmese: မန္တလေး ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ပြတိုက်) is a museum located at the corner of 80th Road and 24th Street, in Mandalay, Myanmar. 
It displays objects of past ministers over the centuries, including materials and furniture used by King Mindon and King Thibaw, paintings by Royal artist Saya Chon and sculptures.[1] 
The museum charges US$2 to foreign visitors. For Burmese people, the charge is 500 Kyats for adults and 250 kyats for children. 
It is open from 10:00 am to 3:30 pm from Tuesday to Sunday. 
Mandalay Cultural Museum 
Music career 
References 
Solo albums 
Career 
Advertising 
Discography 
Early life and education 
Filmography 
Acting career 
Singles 
Sophia Everest Sophia Everest at Shwe FM Show, Novotel Yangon Max Background information Native name ဆိုဖီယာ အဲဗရက်စ် Birth name Myat Su Khine Born (1992-04-30) 30 April 1992 Yangon, Myanmar Genres R&B Pop Occupation(s) Singer Actress Instruments Vocals Years active 2015-present 
Sophia Everest (Burmese: ဆိုဖီယာ အဲဗရက်စ်, also Sophia Everest Aurora; born Myat Su Khine on 30 April 1992) is a Burmese singer and actress. She gained recognition from competing in Myanmar Idol Season 1, a televised singing competition.[1][2][3] 
She is a practicing Buddhist. She attended high school at Practising School Yangon Institute of Education and graduated in Biotechnology from Republic Polytechnic in 2014. Everest was interested in singing since childhood, participating in City FM singing contest, and winning first prize when she was 11 years old.[1][4][5] 
Sophia performing for her 2nd solo "Nin Yae ablum" release show 
Everest started her music career as a contestant in the first season of Myanmar Idol, a televised singing competition. In the Myanmar Idol Top 4 finalists contest week, she competed with Saw Lah Htaw Wah, M Zaw Rain and Ninzi May, performing Saung Oo Hlaing's songs and was placed in the top 4. Since then she has performed in many concerts and released her hit single, "Crush On You " on 1 November 2016.[1][6] 
Everest launched her debut solo album, "NVM" (Never Mind) on 26 February 2017.[7] The album was listed No. 4 at "The best seller top 10 album of 2017".[8] Her second solo album, "Nint Yae" (နင့်ရဲ့), was released on 18 March 2018.[1][9][10] 
Sophia Everest made her film debut with a leading role in the Burmese film "Naung Bal Tot Mha Ma Mone " (Never Hate Again), alongside actress Hsu Eaint San and actor Thu Riya. The film was directed by Mal Min Bone, and released in October 2017. Her second film was "Nauk Kyaw Ka Dar" in the lead role with actor Thu Riya, released in November 2017.[1][11] 
She was appointed as brand ambassador of Tuborg on 26 February 2018.[12] 
Naung Bal Tot Mha Ma Mone (နောင်ဘယ်တော့မှမမုန်း) (2017) Nauk Kyaw Ka Dar (နောက်ကျောကဓား) (2017) 
NVM (Never Mind) (2017) Nint Yae (နင့်ရဲ့) (2018) 
Crush On You (2016) 
Sophia Everest 
ISBN 0-942260-60-0 ↑ Michael R. Solomon (1990). 
ISBN 0-940639-48-3 ↑ Keath Roberts (2006). 
Contact 
Initial searches 
References 
Rescue operations 
Disappearance 
Tham Luang cave rescue Personnel and equipment in Tham Luang cave Date 23 June 2018 (2018-06-23) – present Location Tham Luang Nang Non cave, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand Outcome The children and their coach found alive after being trapped in the cave for 10 days 
On 23 June 2018, a group of twelve boys, aged 11 to 16, from a local football (soccer) team, along with their coach, became stranded in Tham Luang Nang Non cave in Thailand's Chiang Rai Province, after heavy rains partially flooded the cave during their visit.[1] They were reported missing after a few hours, and search operations were immediately commenced. Although found belongings confirmed that the group were likely in the cave, efforts to locate them were hampered by rising water levels, which blocked access to the cave's inner chambers, and no contact could be made with them for over a week. The rescue effort expanded into a massive government-led operation, amid intense media coverage and public interest. 
After struggles through narrow passages and muddy waters, divers discovered the missing people, all alive, on an elevated rock about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the cave mouth, on 2 July, over nine days after they went missing.[1] To leave the cave, they may need to learn to dive or wait months for the flooding to recede at the end of the monsoon season.[2] 
More than 1,000 people have been involved in the rescue operation, including the Thai Navy Seals as well as teams from the United Kingdom, China, Myanmar, Laos, Australia, and the United States.[3] 
Tham Luang cave is a sprawling complex beneath the Doi Nang Non mountain on the border between Thailand and Myanmar.[4] The system is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long, and one of the most difficult cave systems to navigate due to narrow passages and winding tunnels. A sign advising against entering the caves during the rainy season (July–November) is posted at the entrance.[5] 
On 23 June 2018, a group of twelve boys aged between 11 and 16 from a local junior football team, Moo Pa (meaning "wild boar"), went missing after setting out to explore the cave with their 25-year-old coach. The thirteen people appeared to have been stranded in the dark tunnels by a sudden and continuous downpour after they entered the cave.[6] A ranger of the Department of National Parks alerted authorities of the missing boys after seeing their unclaimed belongings at the cave entrance. 
Military divers searched the cave, which was complicated by increasing rain and murky waters.[7] Owing to continuous rain which further flooded the cave entrance the search had to be periodically interrupted.[8] After four days the Thai Navy Seals were joined by a group of 30 personnel of the United States Pacific Command and British cave diving rescue experts Richard Stanton MBE, John Volanthen, and Robert Harper.[9] 
External video The first video released by Thai Navy SEALs showing the children and their coach after they were found by British volunteer divers 
The twelve boys and the coach were located, all alive, on 2 July 2018, approx. 22:00 local time.[3] The group was discovered by British divers Richard Stanton and John Volanthen about 400 metres (1,300 ft) beyond a chamber nicknamed Pattaya Beach,[3][11] in reference to an above-ground beach in Thailand by that name, Pattaya Beach. The elevated rock where the boys and their coach were found is about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the cave mouth.[1] 
A video of the encounter was posted on Facebook by the Thai Navy Seals, which shows the boys and their interactions with the divers.[12] In the video, the dazed boys appear to be unaware of how long they had been trapped deep underground when they asked the divers what day it was.[6] 
Thai officials told reporters that rescuers were providing health checks and treatment, and keeping the boys entertained, adding that none of those trapped were in a serious condition. "They have been fed with easy-to-digest, high-energy food with vitamins and minerals, under the supervision of a doctor," Rear Admiral Apagorn Youkonggaew, head of the Thai Navy's Special Forces, told reporters. In this occasion a video made by the rescue mission and shared a few hours later by the Thai Navy SEALs shows all 13 boys introducing themselves and stating their age. 
Tham Luang cave rescue 
History 
External links 
See also 
Financial model 
References 
Publications 
Footnotes 
Headquarters 
Other partners 
Official website Harold Varmus's short talk: "Changing the Way We Publish" Editorial in the 7 August 2003 edition of The New York Times concerning Public Library of Science journals 
PLOS (for Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit open access science, technology and medicine publisher, innovator and advocacy organization with a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. It launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in October 2003 and publishes seven journals, as of October 2015.[1][2] The organization is based in San Francisco, California, and has a European editorial office in Cambridge, England. The publications are primarily funded by payments from the authors. 
The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[4][5] The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals that did not make the full text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than 6 months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced they would start their own non-profit publishing operation.[6] In December 2002, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.[7] 
↑ "Journals". plos.org. Retrieved 2012-04-17. ↑ Ownes, Simon (2015-07-13). "Why Academic Journals Are Teaming Up With Reddit". 
Media Shift. Retrieved 2015-10-26. ↑ Giannetti, A. M.; Snow, P. M.; Zak, O.; Björkman, P. J. (2003). "Mechanism for Multiple Ligand Recognition by the Human Transferrin Receptor". 
PLoS Biology. 1 (3): e1. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000051. PMC 300677 . 
PMID 14691533. ↑ "History". Retrieved 24 August 2014. ↑ "Professor Michael Eisen: A Pioneer of Open Access Science". The Tower. 
2014. Retrieved 2015-10-26. ↑ Brower, V. (2001). "Public library of science shifts gears: As scientific publishing boycott deadline approached, advocates of free scientific publishing announce that they will create their own online, free-access archive". 
EMBO Reports. 2 (11): 972–973. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve239. PMC 1084138 . 
PMID 11713184. ↑ "Public Library of Science to launch new free-access biomedical journals with $9 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation". Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. 17 December 2002. 
Retrieved 24 August 2014. ↑ "How organisations support HIFA2015". 
Retrieved 22 July 2013. ↑ "HIFA2015 Webinars". Retrieved 22 July 2013. ↑ David Knutson (23 July 2012). 
Retrieved 2014-01-01. ↑ "2014-2015 Progress Update" (PDF). PLOS. 
2015-09-15. 
Retrieved 2015-10-26. ↑ "Press". 
Initiative for Open Citations. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ↑ "Contact". 
Types of thesis included 
Data recorded in EThOS 
EThOS services 
Development and contact 
References 
Searching EThOS metadata 
E-Theses Online Service: EThOS Type of site Bibliographic database Available in English Owner British Library Website ethos.bl.uk Registration Optional Launched 2009 (2009)[1] Current status Active 
E-Theses Online Service (EThOS) is a bibliographic database and union catalogue of electronic theses provided by the British Library, the National Library of the United Kingdom.[1][2][3][4] As of March 2018 EThOS provides access to approximately 480,000 doctoral theses awarded by over 140 UK higher education institutions,[5] with around 3000 new thesis records added every month.[6][7][8][9][10] 
EThOS records thesis data and metadata which can then be searched with basic[4] and advanced search terms.[18] 
Theses indexed by EThOS have a minimum of a thesis title, author, awarding body and date, for example Brian Cox[16] and Elizabeth Blackburn's PhD theses.[19] Optional additional metadata may be included such as the thesis abstract, doctoral advisor, sponsor, cross links to other databases and the full text of the thesis itself.[18] 
As of September 2017 the EThOS website gives open access to the full text of around 160,000 UK doctoral theses that have been digitised, for example the full text of David Beerling[20] and Yadvinder Malhi's[21] theses can be accessed by freely registering for then logging into EThOS. Open access is also provided by links to the Institutional repository of the awarding body, for example the full text of John Sulston's PhD thesis[22] is available by following links in EThOS to the Apollo repository of the University of Cambridge. Since 2015,[7] EThOS has integrated authority control and other unique identifiers including: 
The author's ORCID identifier, for example Stephen Hawkings thesis record[12] links to the author's Entry at ORCID The International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI), for example Brian May's PhD thesis record[14] links to the author's ISNI record.[23] The Handle System, for example Adrian Bird's thesis record[24] links to the full text via the handle.net resolver. 
Some thesis records include the name of the doctoral advisor, for example: 
Stephen Hawking is recorded as the research supervisor for Ricardo Monteiro's thesis.[27] Freda Newcombe is recorded as the supervisor of Dorothy V. M. Bishop's thesis.[28] Amanda Fisher is recorded as the supervisor of Hakan Bagci's thesis.[29] 
Doctoral advisor metadata can be used in academic genealogies like academictree.org,[30][31] Wikidata[32][33] and the Mathematics Genealogy Project. Academic genealogies in Wikidata are built using the doctoral advisor relation (Property:P184).[32] 
Where present, metadata can be used as search criteria. So for example, in addition to a basic search,[4] an advanced search facility allows users to search for theses by publication year, awarding body, author's given name, surname, thesis title, doctoral advisor and various other metadata.[18] Data in EThOS can also be accessed programmatically (by machines) using the Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (PMH) from the Open Archives Initiative (OAI),[34] DataCite[35] and its Application Programming Interface (API).[36] 
"EThOS Toolkit: A guide to using and participating in EThOS". ethostoolkit.cranfield.ac.uk. Cranfield University. 
Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. ↑ Anon (2017). 
"Professor Stephen Hawking's PhD viewed two million times". bbc.co.uk. 
London: BBC News. 1 2 Hawking, Stephen William (1966). Properties of Expanding Universes. repository.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). 
University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.11283. 
OCLC 62793673. 
EThOS uk.bl.ethos.601153. ↑ Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1937). 
X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols. lib.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.727110. 
1 2 May, Brian Harold (2008). 
A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. imperial.ac.uk (PhD thesis). 
Imperial College London. 
Bibcode:2008srvz.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77706-1. hdl:10044/1/1333. ISBN 9780387777054. 
OCLC 754716941. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.443586. ↑ Franklin, Rosalind (1946). The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids, with special reference to the structure of coal and related materials. lib.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). 
1 2 Cox, Brian Edward (1998). 
Double diffraction dissociation at large momentum transfer (PDF). desy.de (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. 
OCLC 644443338. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.675409. ↑ Greer, Germaine (1968). The Ethic of Love and Marriage in Shakespeare's Early Comedies. ethos.bl.uk (PhD thesis). 
"British Library EThOS: Advanced Search". ethos.bl.uk. ↑ Blackburn, Elizabeth Helen (1974). 
Sequence studies on bacteriophage ØX174 DNA by transcription. ethos.bl.uk (PhD thesis). 
University of Cambridge. ↑ Beerling, David John (1990). 
The ecology and control of two introduced invasive plants Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) and Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle.) on river banks in South Wales (PhD thesis). 
University of Wales. OCLC 557284857. ↑ Malhi, Yadvinder Singh (1993). Sensible heat flux from heterogeneous surfaces. ethos.bl.uk (PhD thesis). 
University of Reading. OCLC 59851222. ↑ Sulston, John Edward (1966). 
Aspects of oligoribonucleotide synthesis. repository.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.648083. ↑ "Brian May ISNI record". isni.org. ↑ Bird, Adrian (1971). 
The cytology and biochemistry of DNA amplification in the ovary of Xenopus laevis. lib.ed.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/11977. OCLC 606104514. 
EThOS uk.bl.ethos.641632. ↑ McMurry, Julie A.; Juty, Nick; Blomberg, Niklas; Burdett, Tony; Conlin, Tom; Conte, Nathalie; Courtot, Mélanie; Deck, John; Dumontier, Michel; Fellows, Donal K.; Gonzalez-Beltran, Alejandra; Gormanns, Philipp; Grethe, Jeffrey; Hastings, Janna; Hériché, Jean-Karim; Hermjakob, Henning; Ison, Jon C.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Jupp, Simon; Kunze, John; Laibe, Camille; Le Novère, Nicolas; Malone, James; Martin, Maria Jesus; McEntyre, Johanna R.; Morris, Chris; Muilu, Juha; Müller, Wolfgang; Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Sariyar, Murat; Snoep, Jacky L.; Soiland-Reyes, Stian; Stanford, Natalie J.; Swainston, Neil; Washington, Nicole; Williams, Alan R.; Wimalaratne, Sarala M.; Winfree, Lilly M.; Wolstencroft, Katherine; Goble, Carole; Mungall, Christopher J.; Haendel, Melissa A.; Parkinson, Helen (2017). "Identifiers for the 21st century: How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data". PLOS Biology. 
15 (6): e2001414. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001414. 
ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 5490878 . PMID 28662064. ↑ Cleaveland, Sarah (1996). 
The epidemiology of rabies and canine distemper in the Serengeti, Tanzania (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. doi:10.17037/PUBS.00682291. 
OCLC 557370493. ↑ Monteiro, Ricardo (2010). 
Classical and thermodynamic stability of black holes. ethos.bl.uk (PhD thesis). 
University of Cambridge. OCLC 879378276. ↑ Bishop, Dorothy Vera Margaret (1977). Comprehension of grammar : normal and abnormal development. ethos.bl.uk (DPhil thesis). 
Wire size 
Resistance and conductance 
Conductor materials 
Overhead conductors carry electric power from generating stations to customers. 
In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively charged electrons, positively charged holes, and positive or negative ions in some cases. 
For a given material, the resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.[1] For example, a thick copper wire has lower resistance than an otherwise-identical thin copper wire. Also, for a given material, the resistance is proportional to the length; for example, a long copper wire has higher resistance than an otherwise-identical short copper wire. The resistance R and conductance G of a conductor of uniform cross section, therefore, can be computed as[1] 
The resistivity and conductivity are proportionality constants, and therefore depend only on the material the wire is made of, not the geometry of the wire. Resistivity and conductivity are reciprocals: ρ = 1 / σ {\displaystyle \rho =1/\sigma } . Resistivity is a measure of the material's ability to oppose electric current. 
Annealed copper is the international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared; the International Annealed Copper Standard conductivity is 7001580000000000000♠58 MS/m, although ultra-pure copper can slightly exceed 101% IACS. The main grade of copper used for electrical applications, such as building wire, motor windings, cables and busbars, is electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper (CW004A or ASTM designation C100140). If high conductivity copper must be welded or brazed or used in a reducing atmosphere, then oxygen-free high conductivity copper (CW008A or ASTM designation C10100) may be used.[3] Because of its ease of connection by soldering or clamping, copper is still the most common choice for most light-gauge wires. 
Silver is 6% more conductive than copper, but due to cost it is not practical in most cases. However, it is used in specialized equipment, such as satellites, and as a thin plating to mitigate skin effect losses at high frequencies. Famously, 14,700 short tons (13,300 t) of silver on loan from the Treasury were used in the making of the calutron magnets during World War II due to wartime shortages of copper. 
Electrical conductor 
Aluminum wire is the most common metal in electric power transmission and distribution. Although only 61% of the conductivity of copper by cross-sectional area, its lower density makes it twice as conductive by mass. As aluminum is roughly one-third the cost of copper by weight, the economic advantages are considerable when large conductors are required. 
In North America, conductors are measured by American wire gauge for smaller ones, and circular mils for larger ones. The size of a wire contributes to its ampacity. The American wire gauge article contains a table showing allowable ampacities for a variety of copper wire sizes. 
History 
Fields 
References 
Power 
A steam turbine used to provide electric power. 
Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power – the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks. Power engineering draws the majority of its theoretical base from electrical engineering. 
A sketch of the Pearl Street Station, the first steam-powered electric power station in New York City 
Electricity became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the incandescent light bulb and the voltaic pile.[1][2] Probably the greatest discovery with respect to power engineering came from Michael Faraday who in 1831 discovered that a change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force in a loop of wire—a principle known as electromagnetic induction that helps explain how generators and transformers work.[3] 
The station employed two waterwheels to produce an alternating current that was used to supply seven Siemens arc lamps at 250 volts and thirty-four incandescent lamps at 40 volts.[4] However supply was intermittent and in 1882 Thomas Edison and his company, The Edison Electric Light Company, developed the first steam-powered electric power station on Pearl Street in New York City. The Pearl Street Station consisted of several generators and initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers.[5][6] The power station used direct current and operated at a single voltage. Since the direct current power could not be easily transformed to the higher voltages necessary to minimise power loss during transmission, the possible distance between the generators and load was limited to around half-a-mile (800 m).[7] 
The practical value of Gaulard and Gibbs' transformer was demonstrated in 1884 at Turin where the transformer was used to light up forty kilometres (25 miles) of railway from a single alternating current generator.[8] Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes. Perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in series so that switching one lamp on or off would affect other lamps further down the line. Following the demonstration George Westinghouse, an American entrepreneur, imported a number of the transformers along with a Siemens generator and set his engineers to experimenting with them in the hopes of improving them for use in a commercial power system. 
Transmission lines transmit power across the grid. 
Power Engineering deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors and power electronics. 
Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather than pay for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical. 
Electricity generation covers the selection, design and construction of facilities that convert energy from primary forms to electric power. 
Electric power transmission requires the engineering of high voltage transmission lines and substation facilities to interface to generation and distribution systems. High voltage direct current systems are one of the elements of an electric power grid. 
Electric power distribution engineering covers those elements of a power system from a substation to the end customer. 
Power system protection is the study of the ways an electrical power system can fail, and the methods to detect and mitigate for such failures. 
In most projects, a power engineer must coordinate with many other disciplines such as civil and mechanical engineers, environmental experts, and legal and financial personnel. Major power system projects such as a large generating station may require scores of design professionals in addition to the power system engineers. At most levels of professional power system engineering practice, the engineer will require as much in the way of administrative and organizational skills as electrical engineering knowledge. 
Power engineering 
References 
Electricity generation 
When loosely used to describe energy absorbed or maybe delivered by an electrical circuit (for example, one provided by an electric power utility) "electrical energy" talks about energy which has been converted from electric potential energy. This energy is supplied by the combination of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by the circuit. At the point that this electric potential energy has been converted to another type of energy, it ceases to be electric potential energy. 
Electricity generation is the process of generating electrical energy from other forms of energy. 
The fundamental principle of electricity generation was discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.[1] 
For electric utilities, it is the first step in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.[2] 
There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power. 
Electrical energy 
Electric power industry 
Explanation 
References 
Alternating current 
Electromagnetic fields 
Definition 
Use 
Resistive circuits 
The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. Electric power is generated by central power stations or by distributed generation. The electric power industry has gradually been trending towards deregulation - with emerging players offering consumers competition to the traditional public utility companies.[4] 
Electrical energy is used directly in processes such as extraction of aluminum from its ores and in production of steel in electric arc furnaces. Reliable electric power is essential to telecommunications and broadcasting. Electric power is used to provide air conditioning in hot climates, and in some places electric power is an economically competitive source of energy for building space heating. 
Electric power is transmitted on overhead lines like these, and also on underground high-voltage cables. 
Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. 
It is usually supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry through an electric power grid. Electric power is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3.6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure power using an electricity meter, which keeps a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer. 
Electrical power provides a low entropy form of energy and can be carried long distances and converted into other forms of energy such as motion, light or heat with high energy efficiency.[1] 
Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter P. The term wattage is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in watts produced by an electric current I consisting of a charge of Q coulombs every t seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage) difference of V is 
where 
Q is electric charge in coulombs t is time in seconds I is electric current in amperes V is electric potential or voltage in volts 
Animation showing electric load 
Electric power is transformed to other forms of energy when electric charges move through an electric potential (voltage) difference, which occurs in electrical components in electric circuits. From the standpoint of electric power, components in an electric circuit can be divided into two categories: 
These devices are called passive components or loads; they 'consume' electric power from the circuit, converting it to other forms of energy such as mechanical work, heat, light, etc. Examples are electrical appliances, such as light bulbs, electric motors, and electric heaters. In alternating current (AC) circuits the direction of the voltage periodically reverses, but the current always flows from the higher potential to the lower potential side. 
Animation showing power source 
Active devices or power sources: If the charges are moved by an 'exterior force' through the device in the direction from the lower electric potential to the higher, (so positive charge moves from the negative to the positive terminal), work will be done on the charges, and energy is being converted to electric potential energy from some other type of energy, such as mechanical energy or chemical energy. Devices in which this occurs are called active devices or power sources; such as electric generators and batteries. 
Some devices can be either a source or a load, depending on the voltage and current through them. For example, a rechargeable battery acts as a source when it provides power to a circuit, but as a load when it is connected to a battery charger and is being recharged, or a generator as a power source and a motor as a load. 
Electric power 
In the case of resistive (Ohmic, or linear) loads, Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law (V = I·R) to produce alternative expressions for the amount of power that is dissipated: 
where R is the electrical resistance. 
In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductance and capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power flow that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as real power (also referred to as active power). That portion of power flow due to stored energy, that returns to the source in each cycle, is known as reactive power. 
Vp is the peak voltage in volts Ip is the peak current in amperes Vrms is the root-mean-square voltage in volts Irms is the root-mean-square current in amperes θ is the phase angle between the current and voltage sine waves 
Power triangle: The components of AC power 
The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. 
Electrical energy flows wherever electric and magnetic fields exist together and fluctuate in the same place. The simplest example of this is in electrical circuits, as the preceding section showed. In the general case, however, the simple equation P = IV must be replaced by a more complex calculation, the integral of the cross-product of the electrical and magnetic field vectors over a specified area, thus: 
Notes 
Capacitors 
Parallel circuits 
See also 
Notation 
Inductors 
Series circuits 
Resistors 
Current 
The value of two components in parallel is often represented in equations by two vertical lines, ∥, borrowing the parallel lines notation from geometry.[4][5] 
This simplifies expressions that would otherwise become complicated by expansion of the terms. For instance: 
Network analysis (electrical circuits) Wheatstone bridge Y-Δ transform Voltage divider Current divider Combining impedances Equivalent impedance transforms Resistance distance Series-parallel partial order 
A series circuit with a voltage source (such as a battery, or in this case a cell) and 3 resistors 
Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in many different ways. The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur frequently. Components connected in series are connected along a single path, so the same current flows through all of the components.[1][2] Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths, so the same voltage is applied to each component.[3] 
A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit. 
In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component.[1] In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component.[1] 
If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop, the bulbs are said to be in parallel. If the four light bulbs are connected in series, there is same current through all of them, and the voltage drop is 1.5 V across each bulb, which may not be sufficient to make them glow. If the light bulbs are connected in parallel, the currents through the light bulbs combine to form the current in the battery, while the voltage drop is across each bulb and they all glow. 
In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. One bulb burning out in a series circuit breaks the circuit. In parallel circuits, each light bulb has its own circuit, so all but one light could be burned out, and the last one will still function. 
Series circuits are sometimes called current-coupled or daisy chain-coupled. The current in a series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current. 
A series circuit's principle characteristic is that it has only one path in which its current can flow. Opening or breaking a series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to "open" or stop operating. For example, if even one of the light bulbs in an older-style string of Christmas tree lights burns out or is removed, the entire string becomes inoperable until the bulb is replaced. 
In a series circuit, the current is the same for all of the elements. 
The total resistance of resistors in series is equal to the sum of their individual resistances: 
Electrical conductance presents a reciprocal quantity to resistance. Total conductance of a series circuits of pure resistors, therefore, can be calculated from the following expression: 
For a special case of two resistors in series, the total conductance is equal to: 
Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors in series is equal to the sum of their individual inductances: 
Capacitors follow the same law using the reciprocals. The total capacitance of capacitors in series is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual capacitances: 
Series and parallel circuits 
The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage is applicable to all circuit components connected in parallel. The total current is the sum of the currents through the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff’s current law. 
Other uses 
External links 
Consumer complaints 
Broadcast media 
Event promotion 
References 
Style 
Origin and use 
Sports 
Uses 
Purchasing 
In popular culture 
Function 
A hashtag is a type of metadata tag used on social networks such as Twitter and other microblogging services, allowing users to apply dynamic, user-generated tagging which makes it possible for others to easily find messages with a specific theme or content; it allows easy, informal markup of folk taxonomy without need of any formal taxonomy or markup language. 
Hashtag 
History 
Destinations 
1 2 "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 74. ↑ "联系我们 Archived December 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.." 
Shenzhen Donghai Airlines. 
Post code：518128" - Chinese address: "地址：深圳市宝安区宝安国际机场航站四路3009号东海航空基地 邮政编码:518128" ↑ Flight International 5–11 April 2005 ↑ Payload Asia Archived November 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. August 2006 ↑ Bombardier Archived August 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. November 2010 ↑ "Donghai Airlines". 
Airliner World: 19. 
November 2015. ↑ "From the Top End to Shenzhen: Darwin to China direct flights launched for the first time". 
ABC News. 
2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-04-12. ↑ 2017, UBM (UK) Ltd. 
"Donghai Airlines plans international debut in mid-Sep 2017". Routesonline. Retrieved 2017-09-01. ↑ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/279309/donghai-airlines-adds-myanmar-service-from-july-2018/ ↑ "Global Airline Guide 2017 (Part One)". 
Donghai Airlines 东海航空 IATA ICAO Callsign DZ EPA DONGHAI AIR Founded 2002 Hubs Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Focus cities Shenzhen Frequent-flyer program Seagull Club Subsidiaries Donghai Jet Co. Ltd. Fleet size 16 Destinations 41 Parent company Sichuan Airlines, Shenzhen Donggang Trade, Donghai United Group and Yonggang Headquarters Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Shenzhen, China Website www.donghaiair.com 
Donghai Airlines is an airline headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, with its base at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport.[1][2] 
The company was established in November 2002 as Jetwin Cargo Airline, with 2005 being the originally anticipated launch date for flight operations, using Boeing 737 aircraft. Initially, it was owned by Orient Holdings Group (65%) and (Hong Kong company) East Pacific Holdings (35%).[3] 
By 2006, the airline still had not become operational, and its name changed to East Pacific Airlines. By then, the company's ownership was as follows: Shenzhen Donggang Trade (51%), Donghai United Group (25%) and Yonggang (24%),[1] and it expected to begin service in August 2006, subject to gaining approval from Chinese aviation authorities). Delivery of its first freighter aircraft, three Boeing 737-300 converted passenger planes, occurred in September 2006.[4] 
In 2015, the airline announced plans for a major increase in its operations, including the beginning of international and long-haul flights between 2020 and 2023 and to have 120 aircraft by 2025, including Boeing 787 Dreamliners and additional Boeing 737-800 and Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.[6] 
Donghai Airlines 
Venues in West Java 
Palembang 
Participating nations 
Jakarta (Gelora Bung Karno Sport Complex) 
Hanoi 
Venues and infrastructures 
References 
Development and preparations 
Costs 
Appointment of Jakarta and Palembang 
Bidding process 
Torch relay 
Other venues in Jakarta 
Marketing 
Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium will host the final of women's football. 
All 45 members of the Olympic Council of Asia are scheduled to participate in the games. It has been agreed that North Korea and South Korea will compete as a unified team in some events, as they did at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[58] 
XVIII Asian Games Official emblem of the 2018 Asian Games. Host city Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia[1] Motto "Energy of Asia"[2] (Indonesian: Energi Asia) Nations participating 45 Events 462 in 40 sports Opening ceremony 18 August[3] Closing ceremony 2 September Main venue Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium[4] Website Official website < Incheon 2014 Hangzhou 2022 > 
The 2018 Asian Games (Indonesian: Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018), officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta Palembang 2018, is a pan-Asian multi-sport event scheduled to be held from 18 August to 2 September 2018 in the Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang. 
Hanoi, Vietnam was originally selected to be the host after they won the bid against two other candidates, Surabaya and Dubai. They were awarded the winning bid on 8 November 2012, with 29 votes against Surabaya's 14 votes.[5] Dubai pulled out at the last minute, instead announcing their intention to focus on future bids. The UAE's National Olympic Committee's vice-president denied any pullout and claimed that Dubai "did not apply for hosting 2019 Asian Games" and had "only considered" doing so.[6][7][8] 
These included concerns over whether the anticipated budget of US$150 million was realistic. There were claims that the government would eventually spend over US$300 million. In addition, critics were concerned that several stadiums built in conjunction with 2003 Southeast Asian Games had not been utilized since.[9] Former chairman of the Vietnam Olympic Committee Ha Quang Du also claimed that hosting the Asian Games would not boost tourism in Vietnam.[10] 
On 17 April 2014, the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng officially announced Hanoi's withdrawal from hosting. 
After Hanoi's withdrawal, the OCA said that Indonesia, China, and the United Arab Emirates were major candidates under consideration to host.[14] Indonesia was widely regarded as a favourite, since Surabaya was the runner-up of the previous bid,[15] and willing to do so if selected.[16] The Philippines[17] and India expressed their interest about hosting the Games, but India failed to submit a late bid because it was unable to get an audience with Prime Minister Narendra Modi after being given an extended deadline by the OCA.[18] 
On 5 May 2014, the OCA visited some Indonesian cities including Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Palembang. At this time Surabaya decided to drop their bid to host the Games and instead focus on hosting the already scheduled 2021 Asian Youth Games.[19] On 25 July 2014, during a meeting in Kuwait City, the OCA appointed Jakarta as the host of the Games with Palembang as the supporting host. Jakarta was chosen because of its well-equipped sport facilities, adequate transportation networks, and other facilities such as hotels and lodgings for guests.[20] On 20 September 2014, Indonesia signed the host city contract,[21] and during the closing ceremony of 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, Indonesia was appointed symbolically by the OCA to host the next Games.[22][23][24] 
Total cost for the games is estimated as $3.2 billion.[27][28]The central government has allocated a budget of IDR 3 trillion (USD 224 million) to prepare for the Games, with regional administrations also expected to supply some part of the funding.[29] 
The emblem for the 2018 Asian Games was first unveiled on 9 September 2015, in celebration of the country's National Sports Day. The emblem featured a stylised depiction of a cenderawasih, a rare species of a bird in Indonesia. [30] 
Organizers withdrew the design in January 2016, after it was widely-criticized for its outdated appearance (with some Indonesians joking that the bird depicted into the looked more like a chicken than a cenderawasih). Its accompanying mascot, Drawa, was also criticized for having little connection to Indonesian culture and history. An open call for a new design was held, resulting in 60 submissions. 
The same day the logo was unveiled, three new mascots were also unveiled, replacing the previous cenderawasih mascot, which are Bhin Bhin—a cenderawasih, Atung—a Bawean Deer, and Kaka—a Javan rhinoceros. They represents the Eastern, Central, and Western regions of Indonesia and also strategy, speed and strength respectively.[34]. 
2018 Asian Games countdown clock at the Selamat Datang Monument. 
The torch relay will begin at the Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium in New Delhi, host of the 1st Asian Games, on 17 July 2018. The flame will be generated from a parabolic mirror directed straight at the sun.[37] The torch will then be transported to an eternal flame in Mrapen, Central Java on 18 July and will continue to travel all around Indonesia. The relay will finish on 17 August, the 73rd anniversary of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in the National Monument, Jakarta before being carried into the opening ceremony at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium the next day.[37] 
Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium will host the ceremonies and athletics. 
2018 Asian Games 
Skin care is the range of practices that support skin integrity, enhance its appearance and relieve skin conditions. They can include nutrition, avoidance of excessive sun exposure and appropriate use of emollients. Practices that enhance appearance include the use of cosmetics, botulinum, exfoliation, fillers, laser resurfacing, microdermabrasion, peels, retinol therapy.[1] Skin care is a routine daily procedure in many settings, such as skin that is either too dry or too moist, and prevention of dermatitis and prevention of skin injuries.[2] 
Skin care 
See also 
References 
Classification 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 25 October 2013. 
Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014. 1 2 Lynne M Dunphy (2011). 
Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. 
F.A. Davis. p. 242. 
ISBN 9780803626478. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "General Information About Melanoma". 
NCI. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. 
Retrieved 30 June 2014. 1 2 3 4 5 Gallagher, RP; Lee, TK; Bajdik, CD; Borugian, M (2010). 
"Ultraviolet radiation". 
Chronic diseases in Canada. 
29 Suppl 1: 51–68. PMID 21199599. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cakir, BÖ; Adamson, P; Cingi, C (November 2012). 
388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. ↑ "Defining Cancer". 
National Cancer Institute. 
Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014. 1 2 Marsden, edited by Sajjad Rajpar, Jerry (2008). 
Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9781444312508. 
Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ↑ Maverakis E, Miyamura Y, Bowen MP, Correa G, Ono Y, Goodarzi H (2010). 
Retrieved 30 June 2014. ↑ "Malignant Melanoma: eMedicine Dermatology". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. ↑ Hanson Kerry M.; Gratton Enrico; Bardeen Christopher J (2006). 
"Incidence of malignant melanoma in Auckland, New Zealand: The highest rates in the world". World Journal of Surgery. 
23 (7): 732–5. doi:10.1007/pl00012378. 
Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. ↑ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. 
Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009. 1 2 Lozano, R (December 15, 2012). 
Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin. They are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[10] There are three main types of skin cancers: basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) and melanoma.[1] The first two, along with a number of less common skin cancers, are known as nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC).[5][11] Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or result in death.[5] It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, that may be shiny with small blood vessel running over it or may present as a raised area with an ulcer.[1] Squamous-cell skin cancer is more likely to spread.[5] It usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but may also form an ulcer.[2] Melanomas are the most aggressive. Signs include a mole that has changed in size, shape, color, has irregular edges, has more than one color, is itchy or bleeds.[3] 
There are three main types of skin cancer: basal-cell skin cancer (basal-cell carcinoma) (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma) (SCC) and malignant melanoma. 
Skin cancer 
SK-II Industry Personal care Founded 1980 Headquarters Japan Area served Worldwide Products Cosmetics and beauty products Parent Procter & Gamble Website www.sk-ii.com 
SK-II (pronounced S-K-Two) is a Japanese cosmetics brand launched in 1980. It is owned by parent company Procter & Gamble (P&G) and is sold and marketed as a premium skin care solution in East Asia as well as North America, South America, Europe and Australia.[1] 
1 2 "Birth of an Icon: SK-II". Procter & Gamble. 2012-11-26. 
1 2 3 Jack Neff (2003-04-07). 
"P&G to launch SK-II in U.S". 
Advertising Age. Retrieved 2018-06-25. ↑ "Style Icons Team Up To Face World's Toughest Environments". HuffPost UK. 
2017-03-01. 
Retrieved 2018-05-17. ↑ "Beauty defined". 
Toronto Star. 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2018-05-17. ↑ "How Behati Prinsloo-Levine keeps her skin glowing". 
SK-II 
See also 
Facial mask 
References 
A facial is a family of skin care treatments for the face, including steam, exfoliation, extraction, creams, lotions, facial masks, peels, and massage. They are normally performed in beauty salons, but are also a common spa treatment. They are used for general skin health as well as for specific skin conditions. 
There are different kinds of masks (e.g. cactus, cucumber, etc.) for different purposes: deep-cleansing, by penetrating the pores; healing acne scars or hyper-pigmentation; brightening, for a gradual illumination of the skin tone. Some masks are designed to dry or solidify on the face, almost like plaster; others just remain wet. The perceived effects of a facial mask treatment include revitalizing, healing, or refreshing; and, may yield temporary or long-term benefits (depending on environmental, dietary, and other skincare factors). 
↑ "Differences between sheet masks, cream masks, clay masks and peel-off masks…". LUIERE. Retrieved 2018-07-03. 
Facial 
Other uses 
People 
Science 
Law 
Military 
Transportation 
Places 
The term kg is an abbreviation for a kilogram, the SI base unit of mass. 
KG 
Government Office 
External links 
States 
Regions 
References 
Cabinets 
Heads 
Executive Authority 
State and Region Governments of Myanmar ပြည်နယ်နှင့်တိုင်းဒေသကြီးအစိုးရအဖွဲ့များ Government overview Formed 30 March 2010 (2010-03-30) Jurisdiction Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Headquarters Myanmar Parent department Government of Myanmar 
The State and Region Governments (Burmese: ပြည်နယ်နှင့်တိုင်းဒေသကြီးအစိုးရအဖွဲ့များ) are the sub-cabinet of each states and regions of Myanmar. The Head of the state or region cabinet is Chief Minister. The Member of cabinet is Minister of the state or region. 
Not contradict with the provisions of the Constitution, the executive power of the Region or State Government by the Region or State Legislative Affairs extends. Moreover, under the federal law allows the Region or State Government extends into matters. 
Region or State Administration Department position as chief secretary of the entity, the relevant Region or State Government. In addition, the Region or State Department of General Administration is also the office of the relevant Region or State Mission. 
State and Region Government of Myanmar 
Hybrids 
See also 
Description 
58–95*1 Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Salicaceae Tribe: Saliceae[1] Genus: Salix L. Type species Salix alba L. Species About 400.[2] See List of Salix species 
References 
Flowers 
Ecological issues 
Willows, also called sallows, and osiers, form the genus Salix, around 400 species[2] of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred to as sallow (from Old English sealh, related to the Latin word salix, willow). Some willows (particularly arctic and alpine species) are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example, the dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) rarely exceeds 6 cm (2.4 in) in height, though it spreads widely across the ground. 
Willow 
Notable alumni and faculty 
References 
Mandalay 2 High School အ.ထ.က. (၂) မန္တလေး Location Mandalay, Mandalay Region Myanmar Information Type Public School number 2 Grades K-10 
Basic Education High School (BEHS) No. 2 Mandalay (Burmese: အခြေခံ ပညာ အထက်တန်း ကျောင်း အမှတ် (၂) မန္တလေး; formerly, Mandalay National High School) is a public high school in Mandalay, Myanmar. It was formerly called Mandalay National High School. 
Patron of the old student association of this school.[4] Thakin Chan Tun. Revolutionist, awarded First Prize of Nainggan Gonyi.[5] Thuriya Than Maung, President of the Rangoon University Student Union and All Burma Student Union. Journalist.[6] Maung Maung Mya, President of the Malun Rice Cherity Association Mandalay [7] Theikpan Hmu Tin Ret. 
Basic Education High School No. 2 Mandalay 
List of Mayors (2011–present) 
References 
The Mayor of Mandalay is the head of Mandalay City Development Committee.[1] The current mayor is Ye Lwin who was appointed by President Htin Kyaw.[2] 
Mayor of Mandalay မန္တ​လေးမြို့​တော်ဝန် Incumbent Ye Lwin since 5 April 2016 Mandalay City Development Committee Member of Mandalay Region Government Reports to Chief Minister Residence Mayor's House Nominator Mandalay Region Hluttaw Appointer President Term length 5 years Deputy Ye Mon 
Mayor of Mandalay 
History 
Players 
Current squad 
Arsenal Women Full name Arsenal Women Football Club Nickname(s) The Gunners Founded 1987 (1987) as Arsenal Ladies F.C. Ground Meadow Park Borehamwood, Hertfordshire Ground Capacity 4,502 (1,700 seated) Chairman Ivan Gazidis General Manager Clare Wheatley Manager Joe Montemurro League FA WSL 2017–18 FA WSL 1, 3rd of 10 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours 
Arsenal Women Football Club, formerly known as Arsenal Ladies Football Club, is an English women's association football club affiliated with Arsenal Football Club.[1][2] Founded in 1987, they are the most successful club in English women's football having won 49 national honours to date; 2 FA WSL titles, 12 FA Women's Premier League titles, 14 FA Women's Cups, ten Women's Premier League Cups, 5 FA WSL Cups and one UEFA Women's Champions League (formerly the UEFA Women's Cup). 
The club was founded in 1987 as Arsenal Ladies Football Club by Vic Akers,[3] the kit manager for the Arsenal men's team, who remained the club's manager until his retirement in 2009.[4] They won their first major honour, the Women's League Cup in 1991–92. Later in 1992 they won promotion to the FA Women's Premier League and won the title at the first time of asking. As of 2010 they have won 12 of the 17 League titles, finishing as runners–up three times[5] and won a record seven titles in a row between 2004 and 2010.[6] 
As of 2016 Arsenal have won the FA Women's Cup fourteen times, and the Women's League Cup ten times.[5] This includes eight League and FA Women's Cup Doubles; in 1992–93, 1994–95, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09, and four domestic Trebles, in 1992–93, 2000–01 and 2006–07, 2008–09. Arsenal have represented England a total of seven times in the UEFA Women's Champions League (formerly the UEFA Women's Cup), and had previously reached the semi-finals twice (in 2002–03 and 2004–05). 
The 2006–07 season was Arsenal's most successful ever, having won not just all three domestic trophies but also the 2006–07 UEFA Women's Champions League (then called the UEFA Women's Cup), beating Umeå IK in the final 1–0 on aggregate; this was the first time any British club won the competition. On top of that Arsenal won the FA Women's Community Shield as well as the local London County FA Women's Cup. The end result was that the team won every single competition available to them, earning a unique sextuple. 
They ended the season on a high, winning the league for the fifth season in a row with 20 wins and two draws from their 22 games, and another FA Women's Cup, beating Leeds 4–1 in the final. Season 2008–09 saw the end of a record five year unbeaten run in the League; between 16 October 2003 (a defeat against Charlton Athletic)[10] and 29 March 2009 (a 0–3 defeat at home to Everton) Arsenal went 108 games without defeat. During that spell, Arsenal won a record 51 league games in a row, between November 2005 and April 2008.[3] Despite the defeat to Everton, Arsenal went on to complete a domestic treble in 2008–09, beating Everton 1–0 away on the final day of the league season and giving Vic Akers his eleventh title and fourth Treble. 
The following month Arsenal were named as founder members of the FA WSL which commenced in the spring of 2011.[13] Arsenal won the inaugural season, the eighth consecutive English title, qualifying again to the UEFA Women's Champions League.[14] 
Arsenal completed another domestic treble by becoming inaugural WSL champions, winning the FA Cup, and lifting the Continental Cup in 2011. 
On 1 February 2013 Shelley Kerr was announced as Laura Harvey's successor as manager of Arsenal Women. The club under her management won the FA Women's Cup twice and Continental Cup and finish third in the league during the 2013 season.[15] After a poor run of form which saw the club gain only one point from the opening four league matches of the 2014 season, exit the Champions League to Birmingham and suffer a shock lose to Reading, Kerr decided to resign. 
On 1 June 2014, Arsenal Women won the 2014 FA Women's Cup 2 weeks after Arsenal won the 2014 FA Cup, completing a rare FA Cup double for the club. 
In July 2017, the club rebranded as Arsenal Women Football Club.[4][1][2] 
Arsenal W.F.C. 
References 
The Arsenal Football Club Museum is a museum in Holloway, London, run by Arsenal Football Club and dedicated to the history of the club. 
The museum houses a wide range of exhibits and memorabilia from throughout the club's history, including Charlie George's shirt from the 1971 FA Cup Final, Michael Thomas's boots from Arsenal's 1988-89 title-deciding match against Liverpool, Alan Smith's shirt from the 1994 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final and a custom trophy commemorating Arsenal's 2003-04 Premier League season, where they won the title unbeaten.[1] 
The museum is currently housed in the Northern Triangle Building, to the immediate north of Emirates Stadium, the club's home ground.[1] It had been previously housed inside the North Bank Stand of Arsenal's Highbury stadium from the stand's opening in 1993 to 2006, when Highbury was closed and redeveloped.[2] It currently attracts over 120,000 visitors a year.[3] 
The museum is open every day of the week. On matchdays the museum is only open from 10am till half an hour before kick-off. Admission is also included as part of tours of Emirates Stadium.[1] 
Arsenal Football Club Museum 
For much of Arsenal F.C.'s history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. 
Arsenal F.C. kit history 
Current title holders 
Member associations 
References 
Club 
International 
Competitions 
Rankings 
AFF Awards 
ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) AFF logo Formation 31 January 1984[1] Type Sports organisation Headquarters Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Region served Southeast Asia and Australia Membership 12 member associations President DYMM Sultan Ahmad Shah Website www.aseanfootball.org/v3/ 
The ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) is a smaller organisation within the greater Asian Football Confederation, and centres on Southeast Asia, founded in 1984 by the nations of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[1] ASEAN stands for Association of South East Asian Nations, although the AFF also includes East Timor and Australia, which are not members of ASEAN. 
Other nations to join have been Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (all in 1996),[1] East Timor in 2004, and Australia in 2013,[2] although the latter had been considered an invited affiliate of the AFF since their move to the Asian Football Confederation in 2006,[3] since which time they have sent youth squads to the ASEAN Youth Tournaments. 
In 1996, the federation ran the first AFF Championship (then known as the Tiger Cup for sponsorship reasons). 
ASEAN Football Federation 
The AFF runs the AFF Championship (since 2008 known as the Suzuki Cup for sponsorship reasons) and AFF Women's Championship - both competitions are held every two years and determine the Champions of Southeast Asia. 
The AFF also organises the AFF Futsal Championship, AFF Beach Soccer Championship, various age-level international youth football tournaments, the AFF U-16 Championship, AFF U-19 Youth Championship, AFF U-16 Women's Championship and AFF U-19 Women's Championship. 
The only AFF club competition is the Mekong Club Championship, which started in the 2014 season and includes the champions from 5 of the 6 countries through which the Mekong river flows (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam). 
The AFF also runs an annual Southeast Asian futsal club competition, the AFF Futsal Club Championship. 
History 
External links 
See also 
Advantages 
References 
Terminology 
Types 
Management 
A management information system (MIS) is an information system[1] used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organisation; especially in a company. 
Decision support systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle and higher management to compile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making. A DSS is used mostly for semi-structured and unstructured decision problems. Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations. 
The following are some of the benefits that can be attained using MIS:[8] 
The availability of customer data and feedback can help the company to align its business processes according to the needs of its customers. The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. MIS can help a company gain a competitive advantage. 
Management information system 
The Saylor Academy. p. 5. ↑ "What is Management Information Systems?". 
References 
Stephen P. Synnott (born 1946) is an American astronomer and Voyager scientist at JPL, and expert in spacecraft optical navigation techniques.[1][2] He has discovered several natural satellites of outer Solar System planets such as Metis, Puck, Larissa (recovered), Cressida, Thebe and Proteus.[3][4] 
Stephen P. Synnott 
Kang Daniel Kang Daniel at Wanna One Premiere Show Concert in August 2017 Native name 강다니엘 Born (1996-12-10) December 10, 1996 Busan, South Korea Nationality South Korean Occupation Singer Years active 2017–present Agent MMO Entertainment Musical career Genres K-pop Instruments Vocals Labels YMC Entertainment Swing Entertainment Associated acts Wanna One Korean name Hangul 강다니엘 Revised Romanization Kang Daniel McCune–Reischauer Gang Daniel Signature 
↑ "'프듀2' 강다니엘 워너원 최종 센터, 2등 박지훈·11등 하성운(종합)" (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-16. ↑ "[엑's 토크] '한끼줍쇼'PD "솔직한 강다니엘·박지훈, 규동형제와 케미 굿"" (in Korean). 
Notes 
The Alantaya Taungdan[1] (Alantaya Range; Burmese: အလံတရာတောင်တန်း) is a range of mountains or hills in Kayin State, in the southern part of the Burma (Myanmar).[2] It is part of the Tenasserim Range. 
Alantaya Taungdan Alantaya Taungdan Location in Myanmar Highest point Elevation 439 m (1,440 ft) Coordinates 15°52′30″N 098°01′52″E / 15.87500°N 98.03111°E / 15.87500; 98.03111Coordinates: 15°52′30″N 098°01′52″E / 15.87500°N 98.03111°E / 15.87500; 98.03111 Geography Location Kayin State, Burma Parent range Tenasserim Range 
Tenasserim Hills 
↑ "Alantaya Taungdan (Approved)" Alantaya Taungdan at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ↑ Burma 1:250,000 topographic map, Series U542, ND 47-02 Ye U.S. Army Map Service, December 1959 
External links 
Ancestry 
References 
Family 
Edward Taw Phaya Native name တော်ဘုရား Born 22 March 1924 (1924-03-22) (age 94) Maymyo, British Burma Residence Pyin U Lwin, Myanmar Nationality Burmese Other names Htun Aung Known for Pretender to the Throne of Burma Spouse(s) Phaya Rita (m. 1944) Children Richard Taw Phaya Myat Gyi David Taw Phaya Myat Edward Taw Phaya Myat Nge Joseph Taw Phaya Myat Aye Paul Taw Phaya Myat Thaike Ann-Marie Su Phaya Lay Rose-Marie Su Phaya Naing Parent(s) Ko Ko Naing Myat Phaya Galay Relatives Thibaw (grandfather) Supayalat (grandmother) Taw Phaya Gyi (brother) Hteik Su Phaya Gyi (sister) Taw Phaya Nge (brother) Taw Phaya Galay (brother) Hteik Su Phaya Htwe (sister) 
Prince Edward Taw Phaya (Burmese: တော်ဘုရား, born 22 March 1924, also known as Tun Aung) is the Pretender to the Throne of Burma (abolished in 1885), the second son of Princess Myat Phaya Galay, his older brother being assassinated by Communist insurgents in 1948.[1] Upon the death of his aunt in 1956,[2] he became the Head of the Royal House of Konbaung. 
Six siblings of Taw Phaya 
On 4 May 1944, he married his first cousin, Princess Phaya Rita, daughter of Prince Kodawgyi Naing and Princess Myat Phaya, who was the daughter of Burma's last king, Thibaw Min and the sister of his mother, Princess Mayat Phaya Galay.[2] 
He has issue, five sons and two daughters:[2] 
Taw Phaya 
References 
H.R.H.Princess Htake Hsu Myat Phaya Myat Phaya at Maymyo Native name ထိပ်စုမြတ်ဘုရား Born 7 March 1886 Madras, British India Died 21 July 1962 (1962-07-22) (aged 76) Maymyo, Burma Cause of death Cancer Nationality Burmese Spouse(s) Kodaw Gyi Naing (1922-1929) Mya U Children Phaya Rita (Hteik Su Gyi Phaya) Parent(s) Thibaw Min Supayalat Relatives Myat Phayagyi (sister) Myat Paya Lat (sister) Myat Phaya Galay (sister) 
Princess Htake Hsu Myat Phaya (Burmese: ထိပ်စုမြတ်ဖုရား; born in Madras at 7 March 1886 - 21 July 1962), was a Burmese princess and senior member of the Royal House of Konbaung. she is the third daughter of the last ruling king of Burma, King Thibaw. 
The wedding ceremony of Princess Myat Phaya and Prince Htake Tin Ko Taw Gyi 
She married her first husband, Htake Tin Ko Taw Gyi (died at Rangoon, 22 October 1954 or 11 November 1954), a grandson of Kanaung Mintha in 1922 and divorced him in 1929. She gave birth to their only daughter, Phaya Rita, also known as Hteik Su Gyi Phaya, she married to her cousin Taw Phaya. 
She married her second husband, U Mya U (who died during the Japanese occupation), a lawyer. She died at Maymyo on 21 July 1962. 
The four daughters of King Thibaw; Myat Phaya Galay, Myat Phaya Gyi, Myat Phaya Lat, Myat Phaya 
Myat Phaya 
References 
H.R.H. Princess Myat Phaya Lat Native name မြတ်ဘုရားလတ် Born 4 October 1883 Royal Palace, Burma Died 4 April 1956 (1956-04-05) (aged 72) Kalimpong, India Nationality Burmese Spouse(s) Khin Maung Lat Parent(s) Thibaw Min Supayalat Relatives Myat Phayagyi (sister) Myat Phaya (sister) Myat Phaya Galay (sister) 
Princess Myat Phaya Lat (Burmese: မြတ်ဘုရားလတ်, pronounced [mjaʔ pʰəjá laʔ]; 4 October 1883 – 4 April 1956) was the most senior member of the Burmese Royal Household after the death of her father, King Thibaw while in exile in 1916. Born at the Royal Palace to Thibaw and Supayalat, Mandalay, the princess married at the Collector’s Bungalow, Ratnagiri, Bombay, India, 20 February 1917, Khin Maung Lat [Burma Raja Sahib], Private Secretary to Ex-King Thibaw, sometime Officer in the Indian Police, a nephew of King Thibaw and son of the "Duke and Duchess" of Ngape and Mindat. She died at Kalimpong, India, 4 April 1956, having adopted the son of her Nepalese maidservant. 
The four daughters of King Thibaw, Myat Phaya Galay, Myat Phaya Gyi, Myat Paya Lat, Myat Phaya 
Myat Phaya Lat 
See also 
Division into branches 
From Saqifa to Karbala 
Madelung, Wilferd (1996). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. 
Muhammad's bloodline continues only through his daughter Fatima Zahra and cousin Ali who alongside Muhammad's grandsons comprise the Ahl al-Bayt. Thus, Shias consider Muhammad's descendants as the true source of guidance. Shia Islam, like Sunni Islam, has at times been divided into many branches; however, only three of these currently have a significant number of followers, and each of them has a separate trajectory. 
The Fatimid Caliphate formed in Ifriqiya in 909, and ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt and the Levant until 1171. The Buyid dynasty emerged in Daylaman, north of Iran, about 930 and then ruled over central and western parts of Iran and Iraq until 1048. In Yemen, Imams of various dynasties usually of the Zaidi sect established a theocratic political structure that survived from 897 until 1962. 
According to Sunni accounts, Muhammad died without having appointed a successor, and with a need for leadership, they gathered and voted for the position of caliph. Shi'a accounts differ by asserting that Muhammad had designated Ali as his successor on a number of occasions, including on his death bed. Ali was supported by Muhammad's family and the majority of the Muhajirun, the initial Muslims, and was opposed by the tribal leaders of Arabia who included Muhammad's initial enemies, including, naturally, the Banu Umayya.[1] Abu Bakr's election was followed by a raid on Ali's house led by Umar and Khalid ibn al-Walid (see Umar at Fatimah's house). 
History of Shia Islam 
Alibris ID 8126171834. ↑ See: Holt (1977a), p.57 Lapidus (2002), p.32 Madelung (1996), p.43 Tabatabaei (1979), p.30–50 ↑ Sahih Bukhari 5.57.50 ↑ Alkhateeb, Firas (2014). Lost Islamic History. London: Hurst Publishers. p. 85. 
ISBN 9781849043977. ↑ Ochsenwald, William (2004). 
The Middle East: A History. Boston: McGraw Hill. p. 90. 
ISBN 0072442336. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". 
Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. 
Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
Of the total Muslim population, 11-12% are Shia Muslims and 87-88% are Sunni Muslims. ↑ "Religions". 
References 
Sai Sam Tun Native name စိုင်းဆမ်ထွန်း Born 10 April 1946 (1946-04-10) (age 72) Nationality Burmese Occupation Businessman Known for Owner of Loi Hein Company 
Sai Sam Htun Burmese: စိုင်းဆမ်ထွန်း; also spelt Sai Sam Tun; born 10 April 1946[1]) is a Burmese businessman and founder of Loi Hein Company, a major Burmese consumer product manufacturer, known for its bottled water, energy drink, soft drink, beer and cigarette lines.[2][3] 
He earned a medical degree in 1971 and an MBA from Washington University in the United States in 2008.[3] He lived in Canada for 5 years, and in the United States from 1987 to 1991 before returning in 1992.[3] He also owns Yadanabon FC.[3] 
Sai Sam Htun 
Pre-season 
Appearances and goals 
Kits 
Transfers out 
References 
Club 
Players 
Review 
Friendlies 
Squad statistics 
Transfers 
Transfers in 
Name Premier League FA Cup EFL Cup Europa League Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 1 GK CZE Petr Čech 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 DF ESP Héctor Bellerín 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 MF EGY Mohamed Elneny 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 DF GRE Sokratis Papastathopoulos 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 DF FRA Laurent Koscielny 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 MF ARM Henrikh Mkhitaryan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 MF WAL Aaron Ramsey 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 FW FRA Alexandre Lacazette 0(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0(1) 0 10 MF GER Mesut Özil 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 MF URU Lucas Torreira 0(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0(1) 0 12 DF SUI Stephan Lichtsteiner 0(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0(1) 0 13 GK COL David Ospina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 FW GAB Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 MF ENG Ainsley Maitland-Niles 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 DF ENG Rob Holding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 FW NGA Alex Iwobi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 DF ESP Nacho Monreal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 GK GER Bernd Leno 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 DF GER Shkodran Mustafi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 FW ENG Danny Welbeck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 DF ENG Carl Jenkinson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 GK ARG Emiliano Martinez 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 DF GRE Konstantinos Mavropanos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 MF FRA Mattéo Guendouzi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 DF BIH Sead Kolašinac 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 MF SUI Granit Xhaka 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35 FW CRI Joel Campbell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Players out on loan for rest of the season 21 DF ENG Calum Chambers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/A FW JPN Takuma Asano 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Boreham Wood v Arsenal 14 July 2018 (2018-07-14) Boreham Wood 0–8 Arsenal Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, England 15:00 BST Report Aubameyang 7', 9', 17' (pen.) 
Nelson 35' Lacazette 40' Nketiah 53' Reine-Adélaïde 71' Mkhitaryan 80' Stadium: Meadow Park 
Arsenal v Lazio 4 August 2018 (2018-08-04) Arsenal 2–0 Lazio Stockholm, Sweden 20:00 CEST 19:00 BST Nelson 18' Aubameyang 64' Holding 77' Report Stadium: Friends Arena Referee: Martin Strömbergsson (Sweden) 
Atlético Madrid v Arsenal 26 July 2018 (2018-07-26) 2018 ICC (Asia) Atlético Madrid 1–1 (3–1 p) Arsenal Kallang, Singapore 19:30 SST 12:30 BST Vietto 41' Report Smith-Rowe 47' Chambers 80' Stadium: National Stadium Attendance: 23,095 Referee: Ahmad A'Qashah (Singapore) Penalties Correa Rodri Moreno Mollejo Adán Mkhitaryan Willock Maitland-Niles Nketiah 
Arsenal v Paris Saint-Germain 28 July 2018 (2018-07-28) 2018 ICC (Asia) Arsenal 5–1 Paris Saint-Germain Kallang, Singapore 19:30 SST 12:30 BST Özil 13' Lacazette 67', 71' Holding 87' Nketiah 90+4' Report Diarra 51' Nkunku 60' (pen.) Stadium: National Stadium Attendance: 50,308 Referee: Nathan Rong De Chan (Singapore) 
Arsenal v Chelsea 1 August 2018 (2018-08-01) 2018 ICC (Europe) Arsenal 1–1 (6–5 p) Chelsea Dublin, Ireland 21:05 CEST 20:05 BST Lacazette 90+3' Report Rüdiger 5' Stadium: Aviva Stadium Attendance: 46,002 Referee: Paul McLaughlin (Republic of Ireland) Penalties Lacazette Nelson Guendouzi Maitland-Niles Özil Iwobi Drinkwater Abraham Moses Emerson Piazon Loftus-Cheek 
Retrieved 5 June 2018. ↑ "Stephan Lichtsteiner to join the club". Arsenal F.C. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018. ↑ "Bernd Leno to join Arsenal". 
Arsenal F.C. 19 June 2018. 
Retrieved 19 June 2018. ↑ "Sokratis Papastathopoulos signs". 
Arsenal F.C. 2 July 2018. 
Retrieved 2 July 2018. ↑ "Lucas Torreira to join Arsenal". Arsenal F.C. 10 July 2018. 
Retrieved 10 July 2018. ↑ "Sam Greenwood on Instagram". 
Instagram. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018. ↑ "Matteo Guendouzi joins the club". 
Arsenal F.C. 11 July 2018. 
Retrieved 11 July 2018. ↑ "Joel Lopez on Instagram". 
18 July 2018. 
Retrieved 18 July 2018. ↑ "Arsenal sign Marcelo Flores from Ipswich academy". Ipswich Town FC. 27 July 2018. 
Retrieved 27 July 2018. ↑ "Santi Cazorla leaves the club". 
Arsenal F.C. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018. ↑ "Cazorla returns home". 
Villarreal C.F. 5 June 2018. 
Retrieved 5 June 2018. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Premier League clubs reveal released lists". Premier League. 8 June 2018. 
Retrieved 8 June 2018. ↑ "Marc Bola Signs". 
Blackpool F.C. 17 July 2018. 
Retrieved 17 July 2018. ↑ "Eyoma says Rams switch couldn't be missed after joining from Arsenal". Dery County F.C. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ↑ "Champions League Pedigree Here To Keep". 
Boreham Wood F.C. 26 July 2018. 
Retrieved 26 July 2018. ↑ "Jack Earing signs pro deal as trio join club". Bolton Wanderers F.C. 30 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018. ↑ "Albion sign Goalkeeper for Under-23 squad". 
Brighton and Hove Albion. 
9 July 2018. 
Retrieved 9 July 2018. ↑ "One Moore Through the Door". pafc.co.uk. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ↑ "Yassin Fortune joins FC Sion after rejecting new Arsenal deal". 
Jorge Bird's Arsenal Youth. 
12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018. ↑ "Good luck Jack". Arsenal F.C. 19 June 2018. 
Retrieved 19 June 2018. ↑ "West Ham United sign Jack Wilshere". 
West Ham United. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ↑ "Released players, young pros, scholars confirmed". 
Arsenal F.C. 29 June 2018. 
Retrieved 29 June 2018. ↑ "Dragomir signs 3-year-deal in Italy". 
Sport.ro. 3 August 2018. 
Retrieved 3 August 2018. ↑ "Armstrong Okoflex seals Celtic deal as Hoops land teenage prodigy from Arsenal". 
Daily Record (Scotland). 13 July 2018. 
Retrieved 13 July 2018. ↑ "Southampton Football Cub has handed two-year scholarships to fifteen players as part of its latest intake to the Under-18s squad". 
Southampton F.C. 14 July 2018. 
Retrieved 14 July 2018. ↑ "Jeff Reine-Adelaide joins Angers". 
Arsenal F.C. 26 July 2018. 
Retrieved 26 July 2018. ↑ "Chuba Akpom joins PAOK". www.arsenal.com. 
Retrieved 2018-08-03. ↑ "Goalkeeper Virginia Signs For Everton". 
Everton F.C. 3 August 2018. 
Retrieved 3 August 2018. ↑ "Lucas Perez leaves for West Ham United". www.arsenal.com. 
Retrieved 2018-08-09. ↑ "Asano to join Hannover 96 on loan". Arsenal F.C. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018. ↑ "Arsenal's Nwakali joins Porto B on loan with transfer option". 
Evening Standard. 18 July 2018. 
Retrieved 18 July 2018. ↑ "Matt Macey joins Plymouth Argyle on loan". Arsenal F.C. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ↑ "Calum Chambers joins Fulham on loan". 
Arsenal F.C. 7 August 2018. 
Retrieved 7 August 2018. ↑ "Arsenal and PUMA unveil 2018/19 home kit". Arsenal F.C. 22 May 2018. 
Retrieved 30 July 2018. ↑ "Away kit launched at Leicester Square". Arsenal F.C. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ↑ "Arsenal and PUMA unveil third kit in Singapore". 
Arsenal F.C. 27 July 2018. 
Retrieved 31 July 2018. ↑ "Pictures: Third kit launch in Singaporee". Arsenal F.C. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018. ↑ "Man City visit Arsenal on first weekend". 
14 June 2018. 
Retrieved 14 June 2018. ↑ "Arsenal Scores & Fixtures". 
BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 June 2018. ↑ "Staff". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ↑ "Sven Mislintat appointed head of recruitment". 
Arsenal F.C. 20 November 2017. 
Retrieved 21 November 2017. ↑ "Head of football relations joins from Barcelona". 
Arsenal F.C. 28 November 2017. 
Retrieved 28 November 2017. ↑ Woods, David (11 May 2018). "Arsene Wenger pays tribute to Vic Akers, another Arsenal stalwart". 
Daily Star. 
Retrieved 14 May 2018. ↑ "Colin Lewin: Arsenal head of medical services loses job after 23 years at Gunners". BBC Sport. 15 May 2018. 
Retrieved 15 May 2018. ↑ Marsden, Rory (15 May 2018). 
"Arsenal Let Go of 6 Backroom Staff in Preparation for Post-Arsene Wenger Era". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 15 May 2018. ↑ "First-team coaching staff confirmed". 
Arsenal F.C. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018. ↑ "Arsenal football club in £150m Emirates deal". BBC News. 
23 November 2012. ↑ "Arsenal agree £30m-a-year deal with Puma in most lucrative kit contract in Britain". dailymail.co.uk. 
8 May 2013. ↑ "Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda'". Arsenal F.C. 23 May 2018. ↑ "Arsenal announce partnership with Acronis". 
Arsenal F.C. 27 July 2018. ↑ "Club sign global electric vehicle deal with BYD". Arsenal F.C. 23 April 2018. ↑ "Cooper Tire Europe becomes club partner". 
Arsenal F.C. 1 June 2014. ↑ "Club welcomes Cover-More as official partner". Arsenal F.C. 25 October 2017. ↑ "Global deal with Gatorade extended". 
Arsenal F.C. 11 May 2017. ↑ "Vitality extends partnership with the club". Arsenal F.C. 22 September 2017. ↑ "Club welcomes WorldRemit as new partner". 
The 2018–19 season will be Arsenal's 27th season in the Premier League, 102nd overall season in the top flight and 93rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football. The club will participate in the Premier League, the FA Cup, the EFL Cup, and the UEFA Europa League. 
This will be the club's first season in 22 years without manager Arsène Wenger.[1] For the second consecutive season, Arsenal qualified for the UEFA Europa League, and will be the first season under new coach Unai Emery.[2] 
Arsenal began their off-season by completing some squad alterations. They started by announcing the departure of club captain Per Mertesacker, who retired to become their new academy coach.[3] After six years at the club, Santi Cazorla's departure was also announced upon the expiry of his contract.[4] Furthermore, Petr Cech, Hector Bellerin, Mohamed Elneny, Mesut Özil, Granit Xhaka and Ainsley Maitland-Niles all received new squad numbers, with the latter two also extending their contracts with the club. 
The first signing of the Emery era was Swiss right-back Stephan Lichtsteiner, who joined on a free transfer from Juventus on 5 June.[6] The club then signed German goalkeeper Bernd Leno from Bayer Leverkusen two weeks later, for a rumored fee of £19.2 million.[7] Meanwhile, club stalwart Jack Wilshere departed following the expiry of his contract, after seventeen years at the club,[8] and Greek central defender Sokratis Papastathopoulos joined the club from Borussia Dortmund for £14.8 million on 8 July.[9] Shortly thereafter, the club signed defensive midfielder Lucas Torreira from Sampdoria for a reported fee of £26.4 million on 10 July, and announced the transfer of Mattéo Guendouzi from Lorient for a rumoured £7 million a day later. 
On 7 August 2018 American Businessman Stan Kroenke was set to buy 30% of Arsenal for £600m to take full control of the club. 
2018–19 Arsenal F.C. season 
# Position Player Transferred to Fee Date Team Source 4 DF Per Mertesacker n/a Retired 17 May 2018 First team [3] 19 MF Santi Cazorla Villarreal Free transfer (Released) 21 May 2018 [19][20] 38 DF Marc Bola Blackpool 8 June 2018 Academy [21][22] 41 GK Alex Crean n/a [21] 45 MF Aaron Eyoma Derby County [21][23] 49 GK Ryan Huddart Boreham Wood [21][24] 51 DF Chiori Johnson Bolton Wanderers [21][25] 53 GK Hugo Keto Brighton & Hove Albion [21][26] 59 DF Tafari Moore Plymouth Argyle [21][27] 46 FW Yassin Fortune Sion Free transfer 12 June 2018 [28] 10 MF Jack Wilshere West Ham United 19 June 2018 First team [29][30] 44 Vlad Dragomir Perugia 29 June 2018 Academy [31][32] — FW Armstrong Okoflex Celtic 13 July 2018 [33] David Agbontohoma Southampton 14 July 2018 [34] 22 MF Jeff Reine-Adélaïde Angers Undisclosed (£1,500,000) 26 July 2018 First team [35] 32 FW Chuba Akpom PAOK Undisclosed (£2,000,000) 3 August 2018 First team [36] 58 GK João Virgínia Everton Undisclosed (£250,000) Academy [37] 28 FW Lucas Pérez West Ham United Undisclosed (£4,000,000) 9 August 2018 First team [38] 
Swimming 
Men 
Medal table 
Aquatics at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Wunna Theikdi Swimming Pool, Naypyidaw, Myanmar for Swimming, Diving, Zayyarthiri Swimming Pool for Water Polo between December 6–21.[1] 
Aquatics at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
Records broken 
Event schedule 
References 
Medal table 
Swimming at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place at the Wunna Theikdi Aquatics Centre, Naypyidaw, Myanmar from 12 to 16 December 2013.[1] This Aquatics discipline had 32 long course events: 16 for males and 16 for females. 
Swimming at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
References 
Medal table 
Diving at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw, Myanmar between December 18–21.[1] Eight competitions held in both, men and women's. All competition took place at the Wunna Theikdi Aquatics Centre.[2] 
Diving at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
Men's tournament 
Medal table 
Water polo at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place at Zayyarthiri Sports Complex, Naypyidaw, Myanmar between December 6–10.[1] 
Water polo at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
↑ "Competition Schedules". 27seagames2013.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. 
Retrieved 14 December 2013. ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2013-12-17. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). 
Archery at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
References 
Medal table 
At the 2013 Southeast Asian Games, the athletics events took place in Naypyidaw, Myanmar. The track and field events took place at the Wunna Theikdi Stadium. The competition lasted between December 15–19.[1] 
↑ "Competition Schedules". 27seagames2013.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. 
Retrieved 14 December 2013. 1 2 Washif, Jad Adrian (2013-12-20). Thailand triumph at South East Asian Games. 
Athletics at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
Medal summary 
Badminton at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games was held in Wunna Theikdi Indoor Stadium, Myanmar between December 10–14. This edition was the first time that team event was not held.[1] 
Badminton at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
Competition format 
Setting 
Men's tournament 
Basketball contests at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games were held from 8 December to 16 December 2013.[1] This edition of the tournament featured both men's and women's tournaments. All matches took place at Zayyar Thiri Indoor Stadium in Naypyidaw. 
All games took place at the Zayyar Thiri Indoor Stadium (near Zayarthiri Stadium) located in Naypyidaw. The stadium's capacity is about 3,000 with a dimension of 91,809 square feet.[2] 
Basketball at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
Billiards and snooker in the 27th Southeast Asian Games took place at Wunna Theikdi Billiard & Snooker Indoor Stadium in Naypyidaw, Myanmar between December 13–20. 
Billiards and snooker at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
References 
Mya Lay Sein is a current deputy minister of health and sports and former Myanmar badminton player. 
Mya Lay Sein မြ​လေးစိန် Deputy Minister for Health and Sports Incumbent Assumed office 2 July 2018 President Win Myint Minister Myint Htwe Personal details Nationality Myanmar Alma mater Institute of Medicine 1, Yangon University of New South Wales Occupation Sport Physician 
She has always been very active in sports,culminating in 15- years of international representation in badminton for Myanmar team.At the same time she has also studied at Yangon Institute of Medicine1 and graduated in 1882.She received the certificate of the Postgraduate Training Sports Medicine (Singapore Sports Council), the degrees of MSpMed (Master of Sports Medicine) and PhD (Sports Medicine & Shoulder) from the University of New South Wales, Australia.She served as the vice president of Myanmar Badminton Federation.On 2 July 2018, the president Win Myint appointed her as the deputy minister for MOHS.[1][2] 
Mya Lay Sein 
References 
Myanmar at the Olympics Flag of Myanmar IOC code MYA NOC Myanmar Olympic Committee Website www.myasoc.org (in Burmese) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 Other related appearances Burma (1948-1988) 
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Burma and Myanmar at the Olympics.[1] 
# Event year Season Flag bearer Sport 8 2016 Summer Yan Naing Soe Judo 7 2012 Summer Zaw Win Thet 6 2008 Summer Phone Myint Tayzar 5 2004 Summer Hla Win U 4 2000 Summer Maung Maung Nge 3 1996 Summer Soe Myint 2 1984 Summer Latt Zaw 1 1972 Summer Win Maung 
List of flag bearers for Myanmar at the Olympics 
Canoeing 
Archery 
Taekwondo 
Sepak takraw 
Wushu 
Football 
Volleyball 
Medalists 
Competitors 
Rowing 
Shooting 
Preliminary Round 
The Myanmar team will participate in both men's and women's team. 
Myanmar at the 2018 Asian Games IOC code MYA NOC Myanmar Olympic Committee in Jakarta and Palembang August 18 (18-08) – September 2 (2-09) Competitors 134 in 8 sports Medals Ranked 23rd Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 2 Total 2 Asian Games appearances (overview) 1951 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 
Myanmar will compete at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia, from 18 August to 2 September 2018.[1] Myanmar has participated in all the editions of the Asian Games except in the 1986 Games in Seoul. 
The following is a list of the number of competitors representing Myanmar that will participate at the Games: 
Sport Men Women Total Archery 2 4 6 Canoe sprint 4 0 4 Football 25 0 25 Rowing 10 5 15 Sepak takraw 15 12 27 Shooting 2 2 4 Taekwondo 3 1 4 Volleyball 10 0 10 Wushu 6 3 9 Total 77 27 104 
The Myanmar team will participate in both men's and women's team.There are 6 competitors from Myanmar. 
Medals Archery Total Men 0 0 0 0 Archery 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0 0 
Myanmar at the 2018 Asian Games 
Myanmar men's team were drawn in Group F at the Games.[5] 
Summary 
Team Event Group Stage Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition score Opposition score Opposition score Rank Opposition score Opposition score Opposition score Opposition score Rank Myanmar men's Men's tournament North Korea D 1–1 Saudi Arabia L 0–3 Iran W 2-0 
References 
Medal table 
Bodybuilding at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games was held at Myanmar Convention Center, Yangon, Myanmar between December 12–16.[1] 
Bodybuilding at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
Medal table 
Boxing at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place at Wunna Theikdi Boxing Indoor Stadium, Naypyidaw, Myanmar between December 8–14.[1] 
Boxing at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games 
References 
4th National Sports Festival Host city Naypyidaw Country Myanmar Teams participating 15 Events 34 Opening ceremony February 21, 2015 (2015-02-21) Closing ceremony February 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) Officially opened by Nyan Tun (Vice President) Main venue Wunna Theikdi Indoor Stadium < 1997 
The 2015 Myanmar National Sports Festival, officially known as 4th National Sports Festival (Burmese: စတုတ္ထအကြိမ် အမျိုးသားအားကစားပွဲတော်) is the sport competition of 1 Union Territory, 7 Regions and 7 States. It is the first time after 18 years later which the 3rd National Sports Festival was last held in Yangon in 1997. 
The sports festival was held to produce new generations for all kinds of sports and to prepare for the 28th SEA Games.[1] 
The 1st, 2nd and 3rd National Sports Festivals were held in 1992, 1994 and 1997 in Yangon.The festival could not be held after 1997 because of the difficulty of organising the events.From this year, the government is trying to hold the sports festival annually.[2] 
2015 Myanmar National Sports Festival 
References 
Palembang Chinese 巨港 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jù gǎng Hakka Romanization Ki-kóng Yue: Cantonese Jyutping geoi6 gong2 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kī-káng 
Palembang (Indonesian pronunciation: [palɛmˈbaŋ]) is the capital city of South Sumatra province of Indonesia. The city proper covers 369.22 square kilometres (142.56 square miles) of land on both banks of lower Musi River on eastern lowland of southern Sumatra with an estimated population of 1,708,413 in 2014,[4] making it the second most populous city on Sumatra after Medan, the ninth most populous city in Indonesia and the nineteenth most populous city in Southeast Asia. The metropolitan area of Greater Palembang also comprises part of regencies around the city such as Banyuasin, Ogan Ilir, and Ogan Komering Ilir, with total estimated population of more than 3.5 million in 2015.[5] 
Palembang 
History 
References 
Geography 
Mueang Mae Hong Son (Thai: เมืองแม่ฮ่องสอน, pronounced [mɯ̄a̯ŋ mɛ̂ː hɔ̂ŋ sɔ̌ːn]) is the capital district (amphoe mueang) of Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand. 
The Interior Ministry upgraded Mueang Mae Hong Son to a fourth-class city under Monthon Phayap on 10 May 1910.[1] It then consisted of the four districts: Mueang Mae Hong Son, Mueang Yuam (now Mae Sariang District), Pai, and Khun Yuam. 
In 1917, the district was renamed from Mueang to Muai To (ม่อยต่อ).[2] In 1938 it was renamed Mueang Mae Hong Son.[3] The northeastern part of the district was split off in 1987 and formed the new district Pang Mapha.[4] 
The Daen Lao Range dominates the landscape of this district. Neighboring districts are (from south clockwise) Khun Yuam of Mae Hong Son Province, Kayah State of Myanmar, Pang Mapha, Pai of Mae Hong Son Province and Galyani Vadhana and Mae Chaem of Chiang Mai Province. 
Mueang Mae Hong Son District 
History 
References 
Transportation 
Mae Hong Son (Thai: แม่ฮ่องสอน, pronounced [mɛ̂ː hɔ̂ŋ sɔ̌ːn]) is a town (thesaban mueang) in north-west Thailand, capital of Mae Hong Son Province. It is in the Shan Hills, near the border with Burma along the banks of the River Pai. As of 2005, the town had some 6,023 inhabitants. 
The territory of Mae Hong Son Province was formerly part of Mawkmai State, one of the Shan States which had been founded in 1767 by Hsai Khiao, hailing from a noble family of Chiang Mai.[1] 
As a result of the Anglo-Siamese Boundary Commission of 1892-93 Mae Hong Son district was ceded to Siam,[2] but the adjacent Möngmaü and Mehsakun trans-Salween districts— also claimed by Siam as territories located on the eastern side of the Salween River— were kept as part of British Burma.[3] 
It is also home to the only commercial Diesel power station in Thailand. The station has only a very small capacity of 4.40 MW (4,400 kW). It seems like it was placed here because of the remote location of the town. 
Mae Hong Son 
See also 
References 
Upper Burma (Burmese: အထက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Real Myanmar) refers to a geographic region of Burma (Myanmar), traditionally encompassing Mandalay and its periphery (modern Mandalay, Sagaing, Magway Regions), or more broadly speaking, Kachin and Shan States. 
In the Burmese language, people originating from Upper Burma are typically called a-nya tha (အညာသား), whereas those from Lower Burma are called auk tha (အောက်သား). 
The term was first used by the British to refer to the central and northern area of what is now the country of Myanmar (Burma). After the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, Lower Burma was annexed by the British Empire, while Upper Burma remained independent under the Kingdom of Burma until the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. Upper Burma was also known as Burma proper and the Kingdom of Ava. 
This distinction between Upper and Lower Burma is also found in some government departments (for instance, the Ministry of Education has departments assigned to Upper or Lower Burma), while some newspapers make a distinction between the two bodies. The Burmese language edition of The Myanmar Times is an example; the newspaper devotes a section to news from Upper Burma.[1] In terms of linguistic differences, there are minute differences between the variants of Burmese spoken by Upper Burmese, especially in vocabulary choice (such as kinship terms that differentiate the maternal and paternal sides of a family, which is not made in Lower Burmese speech). However, there is remarkable uniformity in the Burmese spoken throughout the Irrawaddy River valley, which also includes the delta-lying and coastal region of Lower Burma. 
Lower Burma 
Upper Myanmar 
See also 
References 
Lower Burma (Burmese: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Outer Myanmar) is a geographic region of Burma (Myanmar) and includes the low-lying Irrawaddy delta (Ayeyarwady, Bago and Yangon Regions), as well as coastal regions of the country (Rakhine and Mon States and Tanintharyi Region). 
In the Burmese language, people originating from Upper Burma are typically called a-htet-tha for men and a-hiet-lhu for women, whereas those from Lower Burma are called auk tha (အောက်သား) for men and auk thu for women.[1] While a-nya tha (အညာသား) refers to interior inhabitants of the country.[2] 
Upper Burma Second Burmese War 
Lower Myanmar 
References 
Since 1985, Southeast Asian Games have had a mascot in each edition. 
List of Southeast Asian Games mascots 
See also 
References 
Myanmar at the Paralympics IPC code MYA NPC National Paralympic Committee of Myanmar Medals Gold 2 Silver 3 Bronze 2 Total 7 Summer appearances 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996–2004 2008 2012 2016 Other related appearances Burma (1976-1984) 
These athletes were fairly successful, Ngwe Maung Tin becoming Burma's first Paralympic champion by winning the men's 100m sprint in the C1 category. Than Maung Aung won silver in the same event, while Win Maung Tin took bronze in the men's 100m in category C. Burma was absent from the 1980 Games, returning in 1984 to take part in volleyball and track and field. Tin Ngwe, in category A3, won gold in the men's high jump, and silver in the long jump, while Aung Gyi won silver and bronze, respectively, in those same two events. 
Following the 8888 Uprising in August 1988, and the military coup which established the State Peace and Development Council in September, Burma was absent from the 1988 Summer Paralympics, held in October. The country's name was officially changed to Myanmar. As it also changed its IPC country code from BIR to MYA and the International Paralympic Committee being established only in 1989, the International Paralympic Committee maintains separate records for "Burma" and "Myanmar". 
Myanmar's delegation to the Barcelona Games consisted in a single athlete (Kyaw Khaing) to compete in sprinting. He finished last in both his races. The country was then absent for three consecutive editions of the Summer Paralympics, before returning to the Paralympics in 2008, with a male competitor in javelin (Win Naing), and two male swimmers (Naing Sit Aung and Win San Aung). 
Although "Burma" had won a total of seven medals (two gold, three silver, two bronze), no athlete has ever won a Paralympic medal for "Myanmar". The country has never taken part in the Winter Paralympics, in either form.[3] 
Myanmar at the Olympics 
Myanmar at the Paralympics 
References 
Burma at the 1976 Summer Paralympics IPC code BIR in Toronto Medals Ranked 28th Gold 1 Silver 1 Bronze 1 Total 3 Summer Paralympics appearances 1976 1980 1984 Other related appearances Myanmar (1992-) 
Burma sent a delegation to compete at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its athletes finished twenty eight in the overall medal count.[1] 
Burma at the 1976 Summer Paralympics 
See also 
References 
Burma at the 1984 Summer Paralympics IPC code BIR in Stoke Mandeville/New York Competitors 10 Medals Ranked 32nd Gold 1 Silver 2 Bronze 1 Total 4 Summer Paralympics appearances 1976 1980 1984 Other related appearances Myanmar (1992-) 
Burma competed at the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Stoke Mandeville, Great Britain and New York City, United States. 10 competitors from Burma won 4 medals, 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze and finished 32nd in the medal table.[1] 
Burma at the 1984 Summer Paralympics 
References 
Myanmar at the 1992 Summer Paralympics IPC code MYA NPC National Paralympic Committee of Myanmar in Barcelona Competitors 1 Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Paralympics appearances 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996–2004 2008 2012 2016 Other related appearances Burma (1976-1984) 
Myanmar competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, Spain. 1 competitors from Myanmar won no medals and so did not place in the medal table.[1] 
Myanmar at the 1992 Summer Paralympics 
References 
Myanmar at the 2008 Summer Paralympics IPC code MYA NPC National Paralympic Committee of Myanmar in Beijing Competitors 3 in 2 sports Flag bearer Win Naing Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Paralympics appearances 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996–2004 2008 2012 2016 Other related appearances Burma (1976-1984) 
Myanmar competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. The country's delegation consisted of three competitors: swimmers Win San Aung and Naing Sit Aung and athlete Win Naing. Both Naing Sit Aung and Win Naing won three gold medals at the ASEAN ParaGames earlier in 2008.[1] 
Myanmar at the 2008 Summer Paralympics 
Swimming 
Athletics 
Myanmar at the 2012 Summer Paralympics IPC code MYA NPC National Paralympic Committee of Myanmar in London Competitors 2 in 2 sports Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Paralympics appearances 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996–2004 2008 2012 2016 Other related appearances Burma (1976-1984) 
Myanmar competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from August 29 to September 9, 2012.[1] 
Athlete Event Distance Points Rank Naing Win Javelin Throw F57-58 29.91 589 14 
Athletes Event Heat Final Time Rank Time Rank Sit Aung Naing 100m backstroke S6 1:27.00 9 Did not advance 50m butterfly S6 35.41 9 Did not advance 
Myanmar at the 2012 Summer Paralympics 
Athlete Events Heats Final Time Rank Time Rank Aung Myint Myat 100 m freestyle S6 1:14.12 14 Did not advance 100 m backstroke S6 1:21.00 7 Q 1:24.23 8 
Swimming 
References 
Athletics 
Myanmar at the 2016 Summer Paralympics IPC code MYA NPC National Paralympic Committee of Myanmar in Rio de Janeiro Competitors 2 in 2 sports Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Paralympics appearances 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996–2004 2008 2012 2016 Other related appearances Burma (1976-1984) 
Myanmar competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016. 
Athlete Events Heat Final Time Rank Time Rank Kyaw Kyaw Win 400 m T43-44 55.90 4 Q 56.74 8 
Myanmar at the 2016 Summer Paralympics 
International Paralympic Committee 
See also 
Notes 
Name and symbols 
The Paralympic Games is a major international multi-sport event involving athletes with a range of disabilities, including impaired muscle power (e.g. paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). 
IPC headquarters in Bonn 
First Paralympic symbol (1988–1994) used five pa. 
It also serves as the International Federation for nine sports (Paralympic athletics, Paralympic swimming, Paralympic shooting, Paralympic powerlifting, Para-alpine skiing, Paralympic biathlon, Paralympic cross-country skiing, ice sledge hockey and Wheelchair DanceSport). This requires the IPC to supervise and coordinate the World Championships and other competitions for each of the nine sports it regulates.[15] IPC membership also includes National Paralympic Committees [17] and international sporting federations.[20] International Federations are independent sport federations recognized by the IPC as the sole representative of a Paralympic Sport. International Federations responsibilities include technical jurisdiction and guidance over the competition and training venues of their respective sports during the Paralympic Games. 
Paralympic Games 
The Paralympic flag 
Although the name was originally coined as a portmanteau combining "paraplegic" (due to its origins as games for people with spinal injuries) and "Olympic," the inclusion of other disability groups meant that this was no longer considered very accurate. The present formal explanation for the name is that it derives from the Greek preposition παρά, pará ("beside" or "alongside") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games.[23] The Summer Games of 1988 held in Seoul was the first time the term "Paralympic" came into official use. 
External links 
Participating nations 
All-time medal count 
References 
List of ASEAN School Games 
Sports 
Objectives 
Officially, there were a total of 20 sports, which were held till date in the ASEAN School Games. 
ASEAN School Games Abbreviation ASG First event 2009 Suphanburi, Thailand Occur every Year Last event 2017 Singapore, Singapore 
Prior to 2009, the games were played based on satellite, single sports events. This was changed in 2009, where a games format was implemented. The 1st ASG planned under the new games format was hosted by Thailand in 2009, while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th ASG were hosted by Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, respectively.[1][2][3] 
To promote ASEAN Solidarity in our youth through school sports; To provide opportunities for school athletes to benchmark their sporting talents in the ASEAN region; and To provide opportunities for school athletes to interact and engage in cultural exchange within ASEAN. 
ASEAN School Games 
Aftermath 
References 
Fire 
Background 
On September 2, 2018, at around 19:30 local time, a large fire broke out at the Paço de São Cristóvão, which houses the National Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro. Reaction to the cultural loss was swift, as the museum's holdings included over 20 million items, with Brazil's president Michel Temer calling the loss of the historical and cultural heritage "incalculable". The cause of the fire has yet to be determined, but many connected it to the museum's ongoing lack of funding for the previous half-decade. 
The National Museum building before the fire, in 2004. 
With continued budget cuts, the museum did not receive its sum of R$520,000 per year, necessary for its maintenance, since 2014, even with visible signs of poor conservation, such as peeled walls and exposed wires.[3] The museum had celebrated 200 years in June 2018, amidst a situation of abandonment.[4] 
The museum vice-director, Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte, referred to the neglect suffered by the museum during successive governments.[5] 
On September 2, 2018, shortly after the closing of access by the public, a fire of great proportions hit all three floors of the National Museum building, at the Quinta da Boa Vista park.[6][7][8] The firefighters were called at 19:30 (local time),[9] arriving quickly to the scene.[4] 
By 21:00, the fire was out of control, with great flames and occasional crashes,[10] being fought by firefighters of four quarters.[2] Dozens of people went to Quinta da Boa Vista to see the fire.[4] 
At 21:15, a specialized team of firefighters entered the building to try to block areas still not hit by the flames, and to evaluate the extent of the damage.[11] 
By 21:30, the whole building had been engulfed by the fire, as well as two exhibitions that were in two areas at the front of the main building. The four security guards who were working at the museum managed to escape; there have been no reports of casualties.[2] 
At 21:45, firefighters of three corporations were fighting the fire. Two fire engines with turntable ladders were being used, with two water trucks taking turns in the supply of water for the firemen.[11] 
At 22:00, dozens of employees of the museum were following the fight against the flames. Two floors of the building were already destroyed, and the ceiling had fallen. According to Edson Vargas da Silva, librarian and an employee for 43 years at the museum, who was witnessing the destruction, "There is too much paper, the wood floor, too many things that burn quickly."[11] 
An assessment of what has been destroyed is yet to be completed, as the fire was too intense, and there was the risk of explosions.[2] 
A portion of the museum's collection is housed elsewhere and has not been affected. The fire has consumed all that was being exhibited. The Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden, located very close to the National Museum, was not damaged.[11] 
1 2 3 4 "Incêndio no Museu Nacional destrói coleções e exposições" [Fire in the National Museum destroys collections and expositions]. Agência Brasil (in Portuguese). September 2, 2018. 
Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Incêndio atinge o Museu Nacional na Quinta da Boa Vista, no Rio. Mais antigo do país, museu tem 20 milhões de itens e apresentava problemas de manutenção" [Fire hit the National Museum, at the Quinta da Boa Vista, in Rio. Most ancient of the country, the museum has 20 million items and presented maintenance issues]. 
Folha de São Paulo (in Portuguese). 
September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. 1 2 3 "Incêndio atinge Museu Nacional, no Rio - Brasil" [Fire hit the National Museum, in Rio - Brazil]. 
Estado de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Vice-diretor do Museu Nacional cita 'descaso' de vários governos e que incêndio destruiu tudo" [Vice-director of the National Museum cites 'neglect' of multiple governments and that the fire destroyed everything]. 
G1 (in Portuguese). September 2, 2018. 
Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Fire engulfs 200-year-old Brazil museum". BBC. 
September 2, 2018. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Rio's 200-year old National Museum hit by massive fire". 
Reuters. September 2, 2018. 
Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. 
Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Incêndio de grandes proporções atinge o Museu Nacional, na Quinta da Boa Vista. Ainda não há informações sobre feridos ou sobre as causas do fogo, que começou após o fechamento do museu a visitantes. Instituição criada por Dom João VI tem 200 anos de história" [Fire of great proportions hit the National Museum, at Quinta da Boa Vista. 
There are still no information on injured or the causes of the fire, that began soon after the closing of the museum to visitors. Institution created by Dom João VI has 200 years of history.]. G1 (in Portuguese). 
September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Incêndio destrói prédio do Museu Nacional no Rio de Janeiro" [Fire destroys building of the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro]. VEJA.com (in Portuguese). 
September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. ↑ "Incêndio atinge Museu Nacional, no Rio" [Fire hit the National Museum, in Rio]. 
Terra Online (in Portuguese). 
September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. 1 2 3 4 "Parte do teto do Museu Nacional já desabou com incêndio" [Part of the ceiling of the National Museum has already fallen due to the fire]. 
National Museum of Brazil fire 
See also 
Culture 
References 
Geography 
Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula and previously as Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia east of India and south of China that is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. 
The Indochinese Peninsula projects southward from the Asian continent proper. It contains several mountain ranges extending from the Tibetan Plateau in the north, interspersed with lowlands largely drained by three major river systems running in a north–south direction: the Irrawaddy (serving Myanmar), the Chao Phraya (in Thailand), and the Mekong (flowing through Northeastern Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). To the south it forms the Malay Peninsula, on which are located Southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia; the latter is variably considered part of Mainland Southeast Asia or separately as part of Maritime Southeast Asia. 
The region except Malaysia is predominantly Buddhist. [2][3][4][5][6][7] 
Mainland Southeast Asia 
External links 
References 
National Museum website National Museum of Brazil at the Wayback Machine (archive index) The National Museum and its European employees Jens Andermann The National Museum at Rio de Janeiro Jens Andermann Guided visit to museum on YouTube (in Portuguese) 
The National Museum (Portuguese: Museu Nacional) is the oldest scientific institution of Brazil and one of the largest museums of natural history and anthropology in the Americas. The museum is located inside the Quinta da Boa Vista, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and was installed in the Paço de São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher's Palace). The palace served as residence for the Portuguese Royal Family between 1808 and 1821, housed the Brazilian Imperial Family between 1822 and 1889, and also hosted the Republican Constituent Assembly from 1889 to 1891, before being assigned to the use of the museum in 1892. 
Formed along more than two centuries through expeditions, excavations, acquisitions, donations and exchanges, the collection was subdivided into seven main nuclei: geology, paleontology, botany, zoology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and ethnology. The collection was the principal basis for the research conducted by the academic departments of the museum – which are responsible for carrying out activities in all the regions of the Brazilian territory and several places of the world, including the Antarctic continent. The museum also held one of the largest scientific libraries of Brazil, with over 470,000 volumes and 2,400 rare works.[3] 
The palace, which houses the museum, was engulfed by a fire that started during the night of 2 September 2018.[8][9][10] 
References 
Kepler-27 is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, the swan, that is orbited by a planet found to be unequivocally within the star's habitable zone. It is located at the celestial coordinates: Right Ascension 19h 28m 56.825s, Declination +41° 05′ 09.15″.[5] With an apparent visual magnitude of 15.855,[3] this star is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. 
History 
Fleet 
References 
Destinations 
Current Fleet 
9 Air (Chinese: 九元航空; pinyin: Jiǔyuán Hángkōng) is a low-cost airline, created as a subsidiary of Juneyao Airlines in 2014. 
Daily operations were initiated on 15 January 2015 for the route Guangzhou – Wenzhou – Harbin.[2] 
Myanmar 
Mandalay - Mandalay International Airport (begins 30 September 2018) 
China 
Changchun - Changchun Longjia International Airport Changsha - Changsha Huanghua International Airport Dalian - Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport Guangzhou - Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport [HUB] Guiyang - Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport Harbin - Harbin Taiping International Airport Haikou - Haikou Meilan International Airport Hailar District - Hulunbuir Hailar Airport Hohhot - Hohhot Baita International Airport Jieyang - Jieyang Chaoshan International Airport Korla - Korla Airport Lanzhou - Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport Nanchang - Nanchang Changbei International Airport Nanjing - Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanning - Nanning Wuxu International Airport Ningbo - Ningbo Lishe International Airport Sanya - Sanya Phoenix International Airport Shaoyang - Shaoyang Wugang Airport Shenyang - Shenyang Taoxian International Airport Shihezi - Shihezi Huayuan Airport Tianjin - Tianjin Binhai International Airport Urumqi - Urumqi Diwopu International Airport Xi'an - Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Xishuangbanna - Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport Wenzhou - Wenzhou Longwan International Airport Wuxi - Sunan Shuofang International Airport Zhengzhou - Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport 
As of August 2017, 9 Air operates an all-Boeing fleet consisting of the following aircraft:[3][4] 
9 Air fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes Y Total Boeing 737-800 16 51 189 189 Total 16 51 
9 Air 
TVN (stylized as tvN; formerly known as Channel M between 2012 and 2016) is a Korean language entertainment channel managed by CJ E&M, available to audiences in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. TVN broadcasts a variety of South Korean television programmes from television channels operated by CJ E&M (which includes the namesake channel in South Korea, as well as Mnet, OCN and others), with a number of original shows made for the Southeast Asian version. The channel is distributed by Fox Networks Group, except the Philippines, where it is distributed by Creative Programs of ABS-CBN Corporation.[1][2][3] 
History 
TVN Movies with owned by CJ E&M from Singapore only & network by Fox Networks Group from Malaysia only. June 2017, tvBlue is launch broadcasting on VTC5, which formerly is VBC, Same Month, tvN Asia Singapore Version will be Without Original Version, and Telecasting From Korea at 24 Hours Drama Duel. August 13, 2017, tvN Asia Malaysia & Indonesia Version Was Launch, Same The Telecasts Within Singapore, and Telecasting For express From The Korea at 24 Hours Drama Live Up to Your Name and Black. 
Programming 
External links 
Glođo was born Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1] During the Bosnian War, Glođo's leg was wounded by sniper-fire.[2][3] 
Glođo portrayed Lejla in In the Land of Blood and Honey (2011), a film about the Bosnian War, written, produced and directed by Angelina Jolie.[4] 
Television 
Filmography 
Early life 
Films 
Vanessa Glođo Born (1974-06-08) 8 June 1974 Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia Occupation Actress Years active 1998–present 
Vanessa Glođo (born 8 June 1974), often credited as Vanessa Glodjo, is a Bosnian actress. She is best known for her roles in In the Land of Blood and Honey (2011) directed by Angelina Jolie, and Ja sam iz Krajine, zemlje kestena (2013). 
Vanessa Glodjo 
Lily Collins, Bower, and Kevin Zegers at the 2013 WonderCon 
Film 
Personal life 
References 
Career 
Television 
Awards and nominations 
Filmography 
Early life 
Stage 
Year Award Category Work Result 2011 National Movie Awards One to Watch: Brits Going Global Himself Won[15] 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor: Action The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones Nominated 
Jamie Campbell Bower Bower at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con. Born James Metcalfe Campbell Bower (1988-11-22) 22 November 1988 London, England Occupation Actor, singer, model Years active 2007–present Website http://therealcounterfeit.com/ 
James Metcalfe Campbell Bower[1] (born 22 November 1988) is an English actor, singer, and model. He is best known for his roles as Anthony Hope in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Caius in The Twilight Saga, King Arthur in the Starz series Camelot, the young Gellert Grindelwald in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, Jace Wayland in The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and playwright Kit Marlowe in the short-lived series Will. 
Bower is also the lead vocalist, guitarist and founding member of Counterfeit, a band formed in 2015 in London. 
Bower was born in London.[2] His mother, Anne Elizabeth (née Roseberry), is a music manager, and his father, David Bower, works for the Gibson Guitar Corporation.[3] His maternal great-great-great-great-grandfather was Sir John Campbell, of Airds, Lieutenant Governor of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[4] He attended Bedales School, a co-educational independent school in Hampshire, and is a former member of the National Youth Music Theatre and the National Youth Theatre.[2] 
Bower began his professional career when his friend Laura Michelle Kelly, recommended him to her agent. He was a part-time model with Select Model Management in London.[2] He played Rocker in the film RocknRolla and Jack in Winter in Wartime.[5] He starred in the 2009 remake of the series The Prisoner as Number 11–12.[6] 
Also in 2009, he played the vampire Caius Volturi in the film The Twilight Saga: New Moon and both Twilight: Breaking Dawn films.[7] He appeared as the younger Gellert Grindelwald, the dark wizard defeated by Albus Dumbledore, in the 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. He played King Arthur in the 2011 television series Camelot.[8] In 2010, he starred in the music video for "Young (Belane)" by The Xcerts. 
In 2012, Bower appeared in the music video for "Never Let Me Go" by Florence + The Machine. He played Jace Wayland in The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones, the film adaption of The Mortal Instruments series, by Cassandra Clare.[9] In December 2013, he joined the cast of Burberry's Campaign Stars for spring/summer 2014.[10] 
In June 2015, Bower began playing the role of Joe, in the new West End musical Bend It Like Beckham.[11] 
He is the frontman for the band Counterfeit, which released its first album in March 2017. 
As of July 2017, he is on the TNT original series, Will. 
In February 2010, Bower was confirmed to be dating actress Bonnie Wright whom he had met on the set of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. In April 2011, they confirmed their engagement.[12] On 30 June 2012, they amicably called off their engagement.[13] 
Year Title Role Notes 2007 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Anthony Hope 2008 RocknRolla Rocker 2008 Winter in Wartime Jack 2009 The Twilight Saga: New Moon Caius 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Young Gellert Grindelwald 2010 London Boulevard Whiteboy 2011 Anonymous Young Oxford 2011 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Caius 2012 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Caius 2013 The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones Jace Wayland 2015 Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure Skiff UK/US Voice 2018 Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald[14] Young Gellert Grindelwald 
Jamie Campbell Bower 
Year Title Role Notes 2009 The Prisoner 11–12 6 episodes 2011 Camelot King Arthur 10 episodes 2016–present Thomas & Friends Skiff UK/US voice 2017 Will Christopher Marlowe 10 episodes 
[1] 
Comparison with other procedures 
Terminology 
[27] 
[44] 
FGM harms women's physical and emotional health throughout their lives.[55][56] It has no known health benefits.[9] The short-term and late complications depend on the type of FGM, whether the practitioner has had medical training, and whether they used antibiotics and sterilized or single-use surgical instruments. In the case of Type III, other factors include how small a hole was left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, whether surgical thread was used instead of agave or acacia thorns, and whether the procedure was performed more than once (for example, to close an opening regarded as too wide or re-open one too small).[7] 
The highest concentrations among the 15–49 age group are in Somalia (98 percent), Guinea (97 percent), Djibouti (93 percent), Egypt (91 percent) and Sierra Leone (90 percent).[80] As of 2013, 27.2 million women had undergone FGM in Egypt, 23.8 million in Ethiopia, and 19.9 million in Nigeria.[81] There is also a high concentration in Indonesia, where Type I (clitoridectomy) and Type IV [symbolic nicking]) are practised. The Indonesian Ministry of Health and the Indonesian Ulema Council both say that the clitoris should not be cut. The prevalence rate for the 0–11 group in Indonesia is 49 percent (13.4 million).[79]:2 Smaller studies or anecdotal reports suggest that FGM is also practised in Colombia, the Congo, Malaysia, Oman, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, and the United Arab Emirates, by the Bedouin in Israel,[3][82] in Rahmah, Jordan,[83] and by the Dawoodi Bohra in India.[84] It is also found within immigrant communities around the world.[85] 
[3] 
In half the countries for which national figures are available, most girls are cut before the age of five.[6] Procedures differ according to the country or ethnic group. They include removal of the clitoral hood and clitoral glans; removal of the inner labia; and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva. In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid; the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth.[7] 
outer labia 
There have been international efforts since the 1970s to persuade practitioners to abandon FGM, and it has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, although the laws are poorly enforced. Since 2010 the United Nations has called upon healthcare providers to stop performing all forms of the procedure, including reinfibulation after childbirth and symbolic "nicking" of the clitoral hood.[10] The opposition to the practice is not without its critics, particularly among anthropologists, who have raised difficult questions about cultural relativism and the universality of human rights.[11] 
Female genital mutilation 
clitoral crura 
Mariane van Neyenhoff was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, to a Dutch-Jewish father and Cuban mother of Afro-Chinese-Cuban descent. Her paternal grandfather was a diamond merchant in the Netherlands.[4][5][6][7] Mariane and her brother Satchi Van Neyenhoff were raised in Paris, where they both started their careers. Satchi Van Neyenhoff became a sound editor.[5][8] 
Daniel Pearl Foundation 
Lawsuit 
External links 
References 
Adaptation of memoir 
Book 
Life and career 
Filmography 
Mariane Pearl Mariane Pearl in 2003 Born Mariane van Neyenhoff (1967-07-23) 23 July 1967 Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France Nationality French Occupation Journalist Employer Glamour Spouse(s) Daniel Pearl (m. 1999; his death 2002) Children Adam Daniel Pearl 
Mariane van Neyenhoff Pearl (born 23 July 1967) is a French freelance journalist[1] and a former reporter and columnist[2] for Glamour magazine. She is the widow of Daniel Pearl,[3] an American journalist who was the Southeast Asia bureau chief for the Wall Street Journal. He was kidnapped and murdered by terrorists in Pakistan in early 2002, during the early months of the United States' War on Terror. 
Pearl published a memoir, A Mighty Heart (2003), about her husband and his life. It was adapted as a film of the same name, released in 2007. 
She became a reporter for international Glamour magazine. In addition, she had a column with the magazine, known as the Global Diary Column. She explored aspects of globalization as seen through fashion and its business elements. 
Van Neyenhoff met American journalist Daniel Pearl in 1999, while he was on assignment in Paris.[9] 
They married in August 1999 in Paris.[1] After Pearl was promoted to South Asia Bureau Chief for The Wall Street Journal, they lived for a time in Mumbai, India. She also traveled with him to Karachi, Pakistan, to cover aspects of the United States' War on Terrorism. In 2002 he was kidnapped after meeting a source for dinner. 
Mariane Pearl's memoir, A Mighty Heart, deals with the events surrounding her husband's kidnapping and murder by Pakistani militants in 2002. Both United States and Pakistani agencies joined to try to capture his killers and bring them to justice. 
In July 2002, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, a British national of Pakistani origin, was sentenced in Pakistan to death by hanging for Pearl's abduction and murder, his sentence was commuted to life in jail. Three other men were convicted of their roles in the journalist's murder.[14][15] 
Her book was adapted for the 2007 film of the same name. Co-produced by Brad Pitt, Andrew Eaton and Dede Gardner[16] and directed by Michael Winterbottom, the film stars Angelina Jolie and Dan Futterman as Mariane and Daniel Pearl.[17][18][19][20] 
Pearl is a member of the honorary board of the Daniel Pearl Foundation[21] which was founded by Daniel's parents Ruth and Judea Pearl. Honorary board members include international correspondent Christiane Amanpour; former US President Bill Clinton; Pakistani philanthropist Abdul Sattar Edhi; president of Stanford University John L. Hennessy; Nightline anchorman Ted Koppel; Queen Noor of Jordan; Palestinian professor and president of Al-Quds University Sari Nusseibeh; violinist Itzhak Perlman; author Elie Wiesel, and others. 
Following the trials in Pakistan and revelations in 2007 by Al-Qaeda terrorists held by the United States of participation in Daniel Pearl's abduction and murder, in July 2007 Mariane Pearl filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York[22][23] against a dozen named terrorists and a bank which may have financed them; she was seeking damages for their alleged roles in the abduction, torture and murder of her husband. Those named in the suit include Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, already convicted of murder and sentenced to death; Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, being held by the US at Guantanamo Bay; and Habib Bank of Pakistan. On 24 October 2007, her attorneys dropped the lawsuit. 
Lawyers for Mariane Pearl noted that Habib Bank Limited and the other defendants in the case had not answered the lawsuit filed in July (although Habib Bank Limited had denied ever supporting terrorism).[24] They did not explain their reason for dropping the action.[25] A spokesman has stated that the withdrawal was due to personal reasons of Pearl and should have no bearing on the merits of the lawsuit.[24] 
Mariane Pearl and Sarah Crichton. New York: Scribner, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-4442-7, ISBN 978-0-7432-4442-8. 
Tout le monde en parle (2003)[26] The Robert MacNeil Report (2002) American Morning (2002) A Mighty Heart (2007) 
Mariane Pearl 
Sanchong District (Chinese: 三重區; pinyin: Sānchóng Qū; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sam-tiông-khu) is an inner city district in the western part of New Taipei City, Taiwan. With an area of 16.32 km² and a population of 384,618 people (2003), it has the fourth highest population density in Taiwan and 23rd in the world,[1] with over 23,900 people per km². 
The 2010 Population Census[4] reported that Sanchong has a population of 390,904. The population density was 24,172.6 inhabitants per square kilometer. 
Education 
National San Chung Senior High School New Taipei Municipal New Taipei Senior High School New Taipei Municipal SanChong High School New Taipei Municipal San-Chung Commercial and Industrial Vocational High School 
Tourist attractions 
River scene of Sanchong, from Taipei Bridge. 
New Taipei Bridge Xianse Temple Erchong Riverside Park Erchong Lotus Park Chongyang Bridge — a cable-stayed bridge and a beautiful night-time landmark 
Shopping and eating 
Sanhe Nightmarket Carrefour Chongxin Shopping Mall B&Q Home Improvements, Hardware IKEA Home Furnishings Etc. 
Transportation 
Sanchong Elementary School Station 
Geography 
The district is served by the Taipei Metro Luzhou Line (Line 4) at Sanchong Elementary School and Sanhe Junior High School, as well as Xinzhuang Line at Taipei Bridge, Cailiao, Sanchong, and Xianse Temple stations. The future Taoyuan Airport MRT will have a stop at Sanchong station. 
By road, the district is accessible by National Highway No. 1, Provincial Highway No. 1 and No.1A, and Provincial Highway No. 64. The district is connected to Taipei City via Chongyang Bridge, Taipei Bridge, Zhongxiao Bridge, and Zhongxing Bridge. It is also connected to Xinzhuang, Luzhou, Wugu, and Banqiao. 
See also 
New Taipei City 
References 
Taiwan Govt Medical Facility listings 
External links 
Government website (in Chinese) 
Sanchong is bounded to the north and northwest by Luzhou, Wugu, the west by Xinzhuang, and is separated from Taipei City by Tamsui River. 
History 
Sanchong was called Satengpo (Chinese: 三重埔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Saⁿ-têng-po͘ / Sam-tiông-po͘),[2] which literally means "The Third Plain" by the early settlers. The settlers from the modern-day Xinzhuang area moved up north and named the plains they settle as "The First Plain" (頭前埔, located in modern-day Xinzhuang District), "The Second Plain" (二重埔, located in modern-day Sanchong) and The Third Plain. 
Republic of China 
The district has been an important suburb of Taipei. On 1 April 1962, Sanchong was upgraded from an urban township to be a county-controlled city. On 25 December 2010 with the creation of New Taipei City from former Taipei County, Sanchong City was upgraded into a district. 
Demography 
As of October 2015, there were 388,550 people living in the district.[3] 
The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Yangon (Latin: Archidioecesis Yangonensis) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Myanmar. Charles Bo, SDB was appointed Archbishop of Yangon by Pope John Paul II on May 24, 2003. 
History 
The diocese was erected as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southwestern Burma by Pope Pius IX on November 27, 1866, and renamed as the Southern Burma on July 19, 1870 and later as the Apostolic Vicariate of Rangoon on May 7, 1953. It was elevated to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Pius XII on January 1, 1955, with the suffragan sees of Mawlamyine, Pathein, Pyay and Hpa-an which was newly erected on 24 January 2009. Pope John Paul II renamed it as the Archdiocese of Yangon on October 8, 1991. 
See also 
Roman Catholicism in Myanmar List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Burma 
Statistics 
As of 16 July 2007 there are 83 priests and 312 religious in the archdiocese.[1] 
Bernard Lawrence Madoff (/ˈmeɪdɒf/;[1] born April 29, 1938) is an American former stockbroker, investment advisor, financier and convicted fraudster who is currently serving a federal prison sentence for offences related to a massive Ponzi scheme that he ran.[2] He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market,[3] the confessed operator of the largest Ponzi scheme in world history, and the largest financial fraud in U.S. history.[4] Prosecutors estimated the size of the fraud to be $64.8 billion, based on the amounts in the accounts of Madoff's 4,800 clients as of November 30, 2008.[5] 
Madoff founded a penny stock brokerage in 1960 which eventually evolved into Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities. He served as its chairman until his arrest on December 11, 2008.[6][7] The firm was one of the top market maker businesses on Wall Street,[8] which bypassed "specialist" firms by directly executing orders over the counter from retail brokers.[9] At the firm, he employed his brother Peter as senior managing director and chief compliance officer, Peter's daughter Shana Madoff, as the firm's rules and compliance officer and attorney, and his sons Andrew and Mark. Peter has since been sentenced to 10 years in prison[10] and Mark committed suicide by hanging exactly two years after his father's arrest.[11][12][13] Andrew died of lymphoma on September 3, 2014.[14] 
On December 10, 2008, Madoff's sons told authorities that their father had confessed to them that the asset management unit of his firm was a massive Ponzi scheme, and quoted him as describing it as "one big lie".[15][16][3] The following day, FBI agents arrested Madoff and charged him with one count of securities fraud. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had previously conducted multiple investigations into Madoff's business practices, but had not uncovered the massive fraud.[4] 
The Madoff investment scandal defrauded thousands of investors of billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the mid-1980s[18] and may have begun as far back as the 1970s.[19] Those charged with recovering the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate.[3][21] The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion.[22] The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion.[20] On June 29, 2009, Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed.[23][24] 
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβ̞lo eˈmiljo eskoˈβ̞aɾ ɣ̞aˈβ̞iɾja]; 1 December 1949 – 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist. His cartel supplied an estimated 80% of the cocaine smuggled into the United States at the height of his career, turning over US$21.9 billion a year in personal income.[2][3] He was often called "The King of Cocaine" and was the wealthiest criminal in history, with an estimated known net worth of between US$25 and US$30 billion by the early 1990s (equivalent to between about $48.5 and $56 billion as of 2017),[4][5] making him one of the richest men in the world in his prime.[6][7] 
In the 1970s, he began to work for various contraband smugglers, often kidnapping and holding people for ransom before beginning to distribute powder cocaine himself, as well as establishing the first smuggling routes into the United States in 1975. His infiltration to the drug market of the U.S. expanded exponentially due to the rising demand for cocaine; and, by the 1980s, it was estimated that 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the U.S. monthly. His drug network was commonly known as the Medellín Cartel, which often competed with rival cartels domestically and abroad, resulting in massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and prominent politicians. 
In 1982, Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia as part of the Liberal Alternative movement. Through this, he was responsible for the construction of houses and football fields in western Colombia, which gained him notable popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented. However, Colombia became the murder capital of the world, and Escobar was vilified by the Colombian and American governments.[1] In 1993, Escobar was shot and killed in his hometown by Colombian National Police, one day after his 44th birthday.[9][10] 
References and notes 
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth. It is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom, and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field. The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump (Hanks), a slow-witted but kind-hearted man from Alabama who witnesses and unwittingly influences several defining historical events in the 20th century in the United States. 
Loving Pablo is a 2017 English-language Spanish drama film directed by Fernando León de Aranoa, based on Virginia Vallejo's memoir Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar.[3][4] It was screened Out of Competition in the 74th Venice International Film Festival and in the Special Presentations section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.[5] 
Plot 
Between 1983 and 1987, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar had an affair with journalist and television presenter, Virginia Vallejo. 
Cast 
See also 
Htamin Jin (Burmese: ထမင်းချဉ်‌, pronounced [tʰəmɪ́ɴ dʑɪ̀ɴ]; also spelt Htamin Gyin) is a Burmese dish of fermented rice. It is the regional specialty and signature dish of the Intha people of Inle Lake in Shan State, Myanmar. 
The dish consists of either fresh or fermented rice, kneaded with boiled fish (usually caught from the Inle Lake, such as nga gyin), fresh tomato paste, mashed boiled potatoes and garlic garnish. Highland Shan rice, similar to Japanese rice, is used alongside the creamier Shan potatoes, giving the dish a very rich texture. 
Garlic chives roots, garlic oil and crispy garlic garnish are added as a final touch. Htamin Jin is usually served with roasted chili flakes in oil. 
Cuisine of Burma Shan Inspired Burmese Dishes 
Htamin jin 
References 
Sigyet khauk swe (Burmese: ဆီချက်ခေါက်ဆွဲ) is a Burmese cuisine dish. It is offered at the YKKO chain. 
Sigyet khauk swè 
Van operators were involved in frequent violence and intimidation tactics. A driver and his family were killed in an arson attack that resulted in a 20-year court battle. The conflicts generated widespread public outrage, and earned the Strathclyde Police the nickname of "serious chimes squad" (a pun on Serious Crime Squad) for its perceived failure to address them.[3][4] 
Glasgow Ice Cream Wars Ice cream vans, such as this one, announce their arrivals at the stops along their "runs" with musical chimes, played via loudspeakers Date 1980s Location Glasgow, Scotland Belligerents Glasgow organised crime syndicates Strathclyde Police Casualties and losses 6 civilians killed, unknown number wounded 
Glasgow Ice Cream Wars 
The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. A process known as just-in-time compilation converts compiled code into machine instructions which the computer's CPU then executes.[1] The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety, exception handling, garbage collection, security and thread management. All programs written for the .NET framework, regardless of programming language, are executed by the CLR. 
Common Language Runtime 
Brand endorsements 
In the media 
See also 
Humanitarian, social and political causes 
Personal life 
Film production and direction 
References 
1990–2001: Successful career and acting break 
2005–2007: Acting comeback and directorial debut 
Early life and background 
Bibliography 
Awards and honours 
Filmography 
1984–1989: Debut and career challenges 
Television career 
2008–present: Resurgence and global success 
Acting career 
↑ Awards in certain categories come without a prior nomination. 
Aamir Khan Khan at an event for NDTV in 2012 Born Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan (1965-03-14) 14 March 1965 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Education Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics Occupation Actor, filmmaker, talk show host Years active 1984–present Spouse(s) Reena Dutta (m. 1986; div. 2002) Kiran Rao (m. 2005) Children 3 Parent(s) Tahir Hussain (father) Relatives Faisal Khan (brother) See Khan-Hussain family Honours Padma Shri (2003) Padma Bhushan (2010) Signature 
Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan (pronounced [ˈaːmɪr ˈxaːn]; born 14 March 1965), widely known as Aamir Khan, is an Indian film actor, filmmaker and television talk-show host. Through his thirty-year career in Hindi films, Khan has established himself as one of the most popular and influential actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] He has a significant following in India and China, and has been described by Newsweek as "the biggest movie star" in the world.[3][4][5] Khan is the recipient of numerous awards, including nine Filmfare Awards, four National Film Awards, and an AACTA Award. He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010,[6] and received an honorary title from the Government of China in 2017.[7] 
As an adult, his first feature film role was in the experimental film Holi (1984), and he began a full-time acting career with a leading role in the tragic romance Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988). His performance in the film and in the thriller Raakh (1989) earned him a National Film Award in the Special Mention category. He established himself as a leading actor of Hindi cinema in the 1990s by appearing in a number of commercially successful films, including the romantic dramas Dil (1990) and Raja Hindustani (1996), for which he won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor, and the thriller Sarfarosh (1999).[8][9] He also played against type in the acclaimed Canadian-Indian co-production 1947: Earth (1998).[10] 
Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation (1992–1995) 
References 
Minister for Education (1980–81 & 1985–91) 
Education and early career 
Presidency (2011–2017) 
Minister for Trade & Industry (1981–86) 
2011 presidential election 
Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005) 
Tony Tan Keng Yam DUT (First Class) (born February 7, 1940) is a Singaporean politician who was the seventh President of Singapore, holding office from 2011 to 2017 after winning the Singaporean presidential election, 2011. Formerly a member of the country's governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Minister for Finance, Minister for Defence, Minister for Education, Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence and Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) representing Sembawang GRC between 1988 and 2006 and Sembawang SMC between 1979 and 1988. 
Tan was educated at St Patrick's School and St Joseph's Institution. As a recipient of a government scholarship, he graduated with first class honours in physics from the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore), topping his class.[3] As an Asia Foundation scholar, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he completed a Master of Science in operations research. He later earned a Doctor of Philosophy in applied mathematics at the University of Adelaide, and went on to lecture mathematics in the University of Singapore.[4] [5] 
In 1969, Tan left the University of Singapore to begin a career in banking with Overseas-Chinese Banking Corporation (OCBC), where he rose to become General Manager, before leaving the bank to pursue a career in politics in 1979. 
A member of the People's Action Party (PAP) until June 2011, Tan became a Member of Parliament (MP) in 1979. He was appointed as a Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in 1979. 
He joined the Cabinet in 1980, serving as Minister for Education (MOE). 
As the Minister for Education, Tan scrapped a policy that favoured children of more well-educated mothers ahead of children of less-educated mothers in primary school placement in response to popular discontent and public criticism of the policy which saw PAP receiving the lowest votes since independence during the 1984 general election.[6][7] He also introduced the independent schools system, allowing established educational institutions in Singapore to charge its own fees and have control over their governance and teaching staff, though this was criticised by parents as being "elitist" and made top-ranked schools increasingly out of reach to poorer families due to subsequent fee hikes.[8][9] 
Tan took on the role of Minister for Trade & Industry from 1981 to 1986. He was also appointed Minister for Finance (1983–85), and Minister for Health (1985–86).[3] 
In December 1991, Tan stepped down from the Cabinet to return to the private sector, and rejoined the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation (OCBC) as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer from 1992 to 1995, while retaining his seat in Parliament as a representative for the Sembawang Group Representation Constituency. 
After Ong Teng Cheong and Lee Hsien Loong were diagnosed with cancer in 1992,[15] and 1993[16] Tan was asked[17] to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005) and Minister for Defence (1995–2003). It was reported that he declined an offer of make-up pay, which compensated ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.[18] Tan declared that "the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations".[19] 
In August 2003, he relinquished the defence portfolio and became the Co-ordinating Minister for Security and Defence, while retaining the post of Deputy Prime Minister.[3] He later persuaded the Minister for National Development Mah Bow Tan to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.[20] Dubbed the "Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore", it was later designated a heritage site.[21] 
Tan's poster for the 2011 presidential election in English 
Tan's presidential campaign logo, a pair of spectacles 
On 22 December 2010, Tan announced that he would step down from his government-linked positions at GIC and SPH to run for the office of President of Singapore.[28] Tan's campaign stressed his independence and his divergent views from the PAP government in specific policies, citing a remark made by East Coast GRC MP Tan Soo Khoon in 2005: "It is probably the first time that I have heard Cabinet Ministers, starting with no less than the Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Tony Tan, expressing divergent views [on the Integrated Resorts question]."[29][30] However, competing presidential election candidates and former PAP members Tan Kin Lian and Tan Cheng Bock questioned Tan's independence from the party.[31] On 7 July 2011, Tony Tan submitted his presidential eligibility forms.[32] 
Tony Tan 
Tan opening the "International Evening" at the 2012 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting 
Tan sought to distinguish his presidency by promoting a more active civil society, believing that Singapore needed to build up its "social reserves" to complement the substantial financial reserves the city state had accumulated over time.[59] An example of this, he said, was the way that he had expanded Singapore's President's Challenge charity event to go beyond fund-raising to promote volunteerism and social entrepreneurship.[60] 
Early life and ancestry 
Family and education 
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson was born on January 17, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois, to Fraser Robinson III,[3] a city water plant employee and Democratic precinct captain, and Marian Shields Robinson, a secretary at Spiegel's catalog store.[4] Her mother was a full-time homemaker until Michelle entered high school.[5] 
Robinson met Barack Obama when they were among the few African Americans at their law firm, Sidley Austin LLP (she has sometimes said only two, although others have noted ut there were others in different departments).[55] She was assigned to mentor him while he was a summer associate.[56] Their relationship started with a business lunch and then a community organization meeting where he first impressed her.[57] 
Family life 
Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, Obama is a graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School. In her early legal career, she worked at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met Barack Obama. She subsequently worked in non-profits and as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the Vice President for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center. 
Obama campaigned for her husband's presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008, delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She returned to speak for him at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. During the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, she delivered a speech in support of the Democratic presidential nominee, Hillary Clinton, a former First Lady. 
As First Lady, Obama served as a role model for women, and worked as an advocate for poverty awareness, education, nutrition, physical activity and healthy eating. She supported American designers and was considered a fashion icon.[1][2] 
Her father, Fraser C. Robinson III, died from complications from his illness in March 1991.[53] She would later say that although he was the "hole in my heart" and "loss in my scar", the memory of her father has motivated her each day since.[38] Her friend Suzanne Alele died from cancer around this time as well. These losses made her think of her contributions toward society and how well she was influencing the world from her law firm, in her first job after law school. She considered this a turning point.[54] 
Before meeting Obama, Michelle had told her mother she intended to focus solely on her career.[58] The couple's first date was to Spike Lee debut movie Do the Right Thing.[59] Barack Obama has said that the two had an "opposites attract" scenario in their initial interest in each other, since Michelle had stability from her two-parent home while he was "adventurous".[60] They married on October 3, 1992.[57] Michelle and her husband Barack Obama had to do In vitro fertilisation,[61] after she suffered miscarriage, to conceive their two daughters- Malia Ann (born 1998) and Natasha (known as Sasha, born 2001).[62] 
Michelle Obama 
Music videos 
Film 
2010–present 
Stunt work 
See also 
Personal life 
Guest 
References 
Career 
Television 
2003–2008 
Video games 
Awards and nominations 
Filmography 
Early life 
Tatchakorn Yeerum[1][2] (Thai: ทัชชกร ยีรัมย์; RTGS: Thatchakon Yeeram; born February 5, 1976; formerly Phanom Yeerum (Thai: พนม ยีรัมย์; [pʰanom jiːram])), better known internationally as Tony Jaa and in Thailand as Jaa Phanom (Thai: จา พนม; RTGS: Cha Phanom), is a Thai martial artist, actor, action choreographer, stuntman, director and Buddhist monk.[3] His films include Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (2003), Tom-Yum-Goong (also called Warrior King or The Protector) (2005), Ong Bak 2: The Beginning (2008), Furious 7 (2015) and Sha po lang 2 (also called SPL II: A Time for Consequences or Kill Zone 2) (2015). 
Tony Jaa was born and raised in a rural area in Surin Province to Rin Saipetch and Thongdee Yeerum.[4] He is of Kuy descent and he can speak Thai, Northern Khmer and Kuy.[5] 
In his youth Jaa watched films by Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Li at temple fairs, which was his inspiration to learn martial arts. He was so inspired by them that while he was doing chores or playing with friends, he would imitate the martial arts moves that he had seen, practicing in his father's rice paddy. 
Tony initially worked as a stuntman for Muay Thai Stunt for 14 years, appearing in many of Panna's films. He doubled for Sammo Hung when the martial-arts actor made a commercial for an energy drink that required him to grasp an elephant's tusks and somersault onto the elephant's back.[8] He was also a stunt double in the Thai television series Insee Daeng (Red Eagle).[9] 
Jaa in 2006 
Tony Jaa 
Tony Jaa officially registered his marriage to longtime girlfriend Piyarat Chotiwattananont on 29 December 2011. The wedding ceremony was held on 3 May 2012. The couple have a daughter and a son.[26] 
Ivana Marie "Ivanka" Trump (/ɪˈvɑːŋkə/; born October 30, 1981) is an American businesswoman, fashion designer, author and reality television personality. She is the daughter of the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, and former model Ivana Trump. Ivanka is her father's senior advisor and is also the first Jewish member of a First Family, having converted before marrying her Jewish husband, Jared Kushner.[1] 
Ivana Marie Trump[7] was born in Manhattan, New York City, and is the second child of Czech-American model Ivana (née Zelníčková) and Donald Trump, who in 2017 became the 45th President of the United States.[8] Her father has German[9] and Scottish ancestry[10] and her mother has Czech and Austrian ancestry.[11] For most of her life, she has been nicknamed "Ivanka," a diminutive form of Ivana.[12] Trump's parents divorced in 1992 when she was ten years old.[8][13] She has two brothers, Donald Jr. and Eric, a half-sister, Tiffany, and a half-brother, Barron. 
Career 
Business 
Trump briefly worked for Forest City Enterprises. In 2005, she joined the family business as Executive Vice-President of Development & Acquisitions at The Trump Organization.[19] 
In 2007, she formed a partnership with Dynamic Diamond Corp., the company of diamond vendor Moshe Lax, to create Ivanka Trump Fine Jewelry, a line of diamond and gold jewelry, sold at her first flagship retail store in Manhattan.[20][21] In November 2011, her retail flagship moved from Madison Avenue to 109 Mercer Street, a larger space in the fashionable Soho district.[22][23] 
She also has her own line of Ivanka Trump fashion items, including clothes, handbags, shoes, and accessories, which is available in major U.S. and Canadian department stores, including, Macy's and Hudson's Bay.[27] Her brand was criticized for allegedly copying designs by other designers,[28][29] and by PETA and other animal rights activists for using fur from rabbits.[30][31] In 2016, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission recalled "Ivanka Trump"-branded scarves because they did not meet federal flammability standards.[32][33] A 2016 analysis found that most of the fashion line was produced outside the U.S.[34] Ivanka Trump-brand shoes have been supplied by Chengdu Kameido Shoes in Sichuan and Hangzhou HS Fashion (via G-III Apparel Group) in Zhejiang.[35] 
On July 24, 2018, Ivanka Trump announced that she decided to shut down her company after deciding to pursue a career in public policy instead of returning to her fashion company.[40][41] 
Modeling 
Trump in July 2007 
When Trump was attending boarding school as a teenager, she got into modeling "on weekends and holidays and absolutely not during the school year," according to her mother, Ivana Trump.[42] She was featured in print advertisements for Tommy Hilfiger and Sasson Jeans[43][44] and walked fashion runways for Versace, Marc Bouwer and Thierry Mugler.[42] In May 1997, she was featured on the cover of Seventeen which ran a story on "celeb moms & daughters".[42] 
Trump joined the Trump Organization in an executive position. Soon after that, she started her jewelry, shoe, and apparel lines, and she appeared in advertisements promoting the Trump Organization and her products. She was also featured in women's and special interest publications in "soft-hitting" profiles focusing on her "looks, lifestyles, and product lines", and featuring her on the cover of the same issue, like Harper's Bazaar, Forbes Life, Golf Magazine, Town & Country, and Vogue.[45][46] 
Books 
In October 2009, Trump's first self-help book, The Trump Card: Playing to Win in Work and Life, was published; according to ghostwriter Daniel Paisner, he co-wrote the book.[56][57] 
In May 2017, her second self-help book, Women Who Work: Rewriting the Rules for Success, was published; she used the services of a writer, a researcher, and a fact-checker.[58][59][60] 
Political involvement and role in the Trump administration 
2016 presidential campaign and election 
In 2015, she publicly endorsed her father's presidential campaign. She was involved with the campaign by making public appearances to support him.[61] and defending him.[62][63] However, she admitted mixed feelings about his presidential ambitions, saying, in October 2015, "As a citizen, I love what he's doing. As a daughter, it's obviously more complicated."[64] In August 2015, Donald Trump stated that she was his leading advisor on "women's health and women" and said it was she who propelled him to elaborate on his views of women.[65][66] 
Trump speaks about child-care policy during the 2016 presidential campaign. (September 13, 2016 in Aston, PA) 
Trump is a fourth generation businessperson who followed in the footsteps of her great-grandmother Elizabeth Christ Trump (who founded the company), grandfather Fred Trump, and father Donald Trump. Ivanka was an executive vice president of the family-owned Trump Organization. She was also a boardroom judge on her father's TV show The Apprentice.[2] She moved to Washington, D.C. in January 2017 after her husband was appointed Senior Advisor to the President. 
In January 2016, Trump was featured in a radio ad which aired in the early voting states of Iowa and New Hampshire, in which she praised her father.[67][68] She appeared by his side following the results of early voting states in 2016, in particular briefly speaking in South Carolina.[69][70] She was not able to vote in the New York primary in April 2016 because she had missed the October 2015 deadline to change her registration from independent to Republican.[71] 
Trump introduced her father in a speech immediately before his own speech at the 2016 Republican National Convention (RNC) in July.[72] The George Harrison song "Here Comes the Sun" was used as her entrance music. She stated: "One of my father's greatest talents is the ability to see the potential in people", and said he would "Make America Great Again".[73] Her speech was well received as portraying Donald Trump "in a warmer-than-usual light", according to the Washington Post.[74] An earlier Post article had questioned whether the policy positions Ivanka Trump espoused were closer to those of Hillary Clinton than to those of her father.[75] After the speech, the George Harrison estate complained about the use of his song as being offensive to their wishes.[76] The next morning, Ivanka's official Twitter account tweeted, "Shop Ivanka's look from her #RNC speech" with a link to a Macy's page that featured the dress she wore.[77] 
Advisor to the President of the United States 
After Donald Trump's election, rumors swirled about the future role that Ivanka would play in her father's administration. In early 2017, she stepped down from her post at the Trump Organization; the organization also removed images of Ivanka Trump and Donald Trump from their websites, in accordance with official advice on federal ethics rules.[83] In the early months of her father's presidency, some commented that she was filling a quasi-First Lady role[84] while First Lady Melania Trump remained in New York City (her son Barron completed the school year in New York before the First Lady moved to Washington);[84] Ivanka Trump stated that she had no intention of being First Lady.[85][86] 
Trump (fourth from right) attending the signing ceremony for the INSPIRE Women Act on Tuesday, February 28, 2017, in the Oval Office of the White House 
After advising her father in an unofficial capacity for the first two months of his administration, she was appointed Advisor to the President, a government employee, on March 29, 2017. She takes no salary.[1] Prior to becoming a federal employee, she used a personal email for government work.[87] 
Starting in March 2017, she began serving in her father's presidential administration. She assumed this official, unpaid position[3] after ethics concerns were raised about her having access to classified material while not being held to the same restrictions as a federal employee.[4][5] She was considered part of the president's inner circle[6] even before becoming an official employee in his administration. 
In early April 2017, the government of China extended trademarks to Trump's businesses.[90] On the same day, Donald Trump hosted Chinese President Xi Jinping at Mar-A-Lago and Trump and Kushner sat next to the Chinese leader and his wife[91] Peng Liyuan[92] at the state dinner.[93][94] Also during the visit, Trump and Kushner's five-year-old daughter Arabella "sang a traditional Chinese song, in Mandarin, [for Xi]. The video, which was lavishly praised by Chinese state media, played over 2.2 million times on China's popular news portal", Tencent QQ.[91] 
Biographer and journalist Michael Wolff wrote a book that is based on numerous interviews with members of Donald Trump's circle. In an extract of this book, Wolff claims—but cites no sources—that Trump and her husband have reached a deal that "[i]f sometime in the future the opportunity arose, she'd be the one to run for president".[100] 
She has also received criticism on Twitter for acting as Secretary of State after the firing of Rex Tillerson by meeting with the South Korean foreign minister.[101] 
Personal life 
Kushner and Trump at an event in North Charleston, South Carolina, February 2017 
In January 2017, it was announced that Trump and her husband had made arrangements to establish a family home in the Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, DC.[112] Federal filings implied that, in 2017, Trump and her husband may have assets upwards of $740 million.[113] 
According to her mother, Ivanka Trump speaks French and understands Czech.[114] 
Sarah Ellison writing for Vanity Fair in 2018 indicated that Ivanka Trump was the family member whom "everyone in the family seems to acknowledge" is Donald Trump's "favorite" child.[115] This was previously confirmed by the family members themselves in an interview with Barbara Walters on network television from 2015 where the siblings were gathered together and acknowledged that she was the favorite among the siblings.[116] 
Relationships 
In 2005, she started dating real estate developer Jared Kushner, whom she met through mutual friends.[119][120] The couple broke up in 2008 due to the objections of Kushner's parents,[119] but they got back together and married in a Jewish ceremony on October 25, 2009.[119][121] They have three children, a daughter and two sons, born in 2011 and later.[122] In an interview on The Dr. Oz Show, Trump revealed that she had suffered from postpartum depression after each of her pregnancies.[123] 
Trump has a close relationship with her father, who has publicly expressed his admiration for her on several occasions.[124][125] Ivanka has likewise praised her father, complimenting his leadership skills and saying he empowers other people.[126] 
Awards and nominations 
In 2012, The Wharton Club of New York, the official alumni association of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for the New York metropolitan area,[137] gave Trump the Joseph Wharton Award for Young Leadership, one of their four annual awards for Wharton alumni.[138] 
References 
Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2017. 
For level of honor see last paragraph of website bio. ↑ Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). 
Retrieved June 28, 2017. ↑ "Sasson print ad". June 1, 1997. 
Retrieved June 28, 2017. 
"Sasson" is not a typo, no connection to Vidal Sassoon brand. ↑ Shiver Jr., Jube (October 11, 1986). 
Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. ↑ Kaplan Sommer, Allison, "Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner, visit Lubavitcher rebbe's grave to pray for election victory" Archived November 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Haaretz, November 6, 2016. ↑ Rafferty, Andrew (May 23, 2017). "Trump Becomes First Sitting U.S. President to Visit Western Wall". 
NBC News. New York City. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. 
Retrieved May 24, 2017. 
Baker, Luke; Holland, Steve (May 23, 2017). 
"In U.S. presidential first, Trump prays at Jerusalem's Western Wall". Reuters. 
London, England. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017. 
Diamond, Jeremy (May 23, 2017). "Trump makes historic visit to Western Wall". CNN. 
Atlanta, Georgia. 
Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. 
Retrieved May 24, 2017. ↑ Cohen, Moshe; Hashavua, Maariv; Hochmon, Alon (May 22, 2017). 
"Hours before Trump arrives, updated visit schedule released". The Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem, Israel. 
Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. 
Retrieved June 1, 2017. ↑ "About the Wharton Club of New York". Wharton Club of New York. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ↑ "Joseph Wharton Award Recipients". 
Legacy 
Sellapan Ramanathan ( /ˈsɛləpən rɑːməˈnɑːðən/; 3 July 1924 – 22 August 2016),[1] usually referred to as S. R. Nathan, was a Singaporean politician who was the sixth President of Singapore from 1999 to 2011, having been elected in uncontested elections in 1999 and 2005. In 2009, he surpassed Benjamin Sheares to become Singapore's longest-serving President. 
Returning to Singapore, Nathan received his primary education in Anglo-Chinese Primary School and Rangoon Road Afternoon School, and his secondary education at Victoria School. However, he was expelled from school twice and, after quarrelling with his mother, ran away from home at the age of 16.[3] During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, Nathan learned Japanese and worked for the Japanese civilian police as a translator.[4][5] After the war, whilst working, he completed his secondary education through a correspondence course with Wolsey Hall, Oxford,[6] and entered the University of Malaya (then in Singapore), where he became the secretary of the University Socialist Club in his second year of university.[7] He graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies (Distinction).[2] 
External links 
Further reading 
Personal life 
Selected works 
References 
Awards and honours 
Civil service career 
Death and funeral 
Early life 
Presidency 
Retirement 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alvin Chua (2011), S. R. Nathan, Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board, archived from the original on 31 October 2013. 
1 2 3 4 Rachel Chang (23 August 2016), "An exceptional life spurred on by call of duty", The Straits Times, pp. A4–A5, archived from the original on 25 August 2016. ↑ Zuraidah Ibrahim; Lydia Lim (22 August 1999), "He ran away from home when he was 16", The Straits Times (reproduced on the Ministry of Education website), archived from the original on 17 July 2007 ↑ Goh Chin Lian (5 December 2008), Youth see different side of President, AsiaOne, archived from the original on 14 October 2012. 
1 2 S. R. Nathan; Timothy Auger (2011), An Unexpected Journey: Path to the Presidency, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, p. 141, ISBN 978-981-426073-2. ↑ Nathan, S. R. (2013). 
Lee, Siew Hua (19 October 2007), "President's tip on ageing: Don't think about it", The Straits Times, p. 29. 
Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng Kam (2009), Men in White – The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party, Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings, p. 145, ISBN 978-981-4266-24-6. 
Nathan experienced a troubled youth – his father committed suicide, his three brothers died at an early age, he was twice expelled from school, and he ran away from home. After living by his wits as a translator for the Japanese during World War II, he completed his secondary education through a correspondence course, and then earned a diploma from the University of Malaya in Singapore in 1954. This was followed by a distinguished career in the Singapore Civil Service, which he joined in 1955. 
Nathan left the Civil Service in 1982 to take up the executive chairmanship of the Straits Times Press; he also held directorships in other companies. Between 1988 and 1996 he served as Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia and Ambassador to the United States, before his 12-year term as President of the Republic from 1999 to 2011. 
Following retirement, Nathan turned to writing and also became a Distinguished Senior Fellow at the School of Social Sciences of Singapore Management University (SMU), and at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. He died in 2016 and was accorded the honour of a state funeral by the Government. 
Among the awards and honours Nathan received were the renamed of Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) School of Human Development and Social Services to S R Nathan School of Human Development (NSHD) in 2018, Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) in 1964, the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Perak) (Public Administration Medal, Silver) in 1967, the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Meritorious Service Medal) in 1975, and the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek) (First Class) in 2013; and honorary degrees from the National University of Singapore and SMU. 
Sellapan Ramanathan, of Tamil Indian descent, was born in Singapore on 3 July 1924. He spent his childhood with his parents, V. Sellapan and Abirami, and two older brothers in Muar, Johor, in a house overlooking the sea.[2] Nathan would eventually be one of seven siblings; his three older brothers died in childhood.[3] His father had been posted to the Malayan town as a lawyer's clerk for a firm that serviced rubber plantations, but the Great Depression and rubber slump of the 1930s sent the family's fortunes crashing. Nathan's father accrued debts and eventually committed suicide when Nathan was eight.[2] 
The Fullerton Hotel Singapore, formerly Fullerton Building. Nathan worked in the building in the 1950s as the Seamen's Welfare Officer with the Marine Department. In recognition of this, during his state funeral procession his cortège passed by the building. 
Nathan began his career in the Singapore Civil Service as a medical social worker in 1955. He was appointed Seamen's Welfare Officer the following year. In 1962, he was seconded to the Labour Research Unit of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), first as Assistant Director and later as Director of the Labour Research Unit until January 1966.[2] Nathan negotiated Singapore's membership of the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation.[3] He later served as a member of the NTUC's Board of Trustees from 1983 to April 1988.[8][9] 
In February 1966, Nathan was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as Assistant Secretary and rose to be Deputy Secretary before being appointed Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs in January 1971. On 6 August of the same year, Nathan moved to the Ministry of Defence where he was Director of the Security and Intelligence Division (SID).[10] In the Laju incident on 31 January 1974, members of the terrorist Japanese Red Army and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine[11] bombed petroleum tanks on Pulau Bukom off the coast of Singapore; Nathan was among a group of government officers who volunteered to be held hostage by the JRA and flown to Kuwait to secure the release of civilian hostages and ensure the terrorists' safe passage.[12][13] For his bravery, in August 1974 he was awarded the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Service Medal).[14] 
In February 1979, Nathan returned to the Foreign Ministry and became its First Permanent Secretary until February 1982, when he left to become the Executive Chairman of the newspaper company the Straits Times Press. The appointment was viewed dimly by journalists who felt that the Government was trying to limit freedom of the press; they wore black armbands in protest. According to Nathan in a 2010 interview, " When they saw I was not doing what they expected me to do, they began to have confidence."[3] At various times between 1982 and 1988, Nathan also held directorships of several other companies, including the Singapore Mint, The Straits Times Press (London), Singapore Press Holdings and Marshall Cavendish. 
In April 1988 Nathan was appointed Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia, and in July 1990 he became Ambassador to the United States, serving until June 1996.[9] On his return, Nathan was made an Ambassador-at-Large and was concurrently Director of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies at the Nanyang Technological University. He resigned as Ambassador and Director of the Institute on 17 August 1999 to become a candidate in the Singapore presidential election, 1999.[9] 
During the 1999 presidential election, as two other prospective candidates were found to be constitutionally ineligible, Nathan was elected unopposed as President on 18 August 1999.[2] His candidacy was supported by Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew and former President Wee Kim Wee.[2] Nathan succeeded the fifth President of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, and was sworn in on 1 September 1999.[15] 
S. R. Nathan receiving the United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen at the Istana during the latter's visit to Singapore 
Nathan launched the annual President's Challenge charity fundraising initiative in 2000. Continued in 2012 by his successor, President Tony Tan Keng Yam, as of 2016 about S$160 million had been raised by the movement.[16] 
For the 2005 presidential election, the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC) declared Nathan as the only eligible candidate on 13 August, rejecting three other applications based on constitutional criteria.[17] Thus, Nathan was elected unopposed for a second term on 17 August 2005.[2] He was sworn in for a second term of office on 1 September 2005,[9] and as of 2016, is the only person who has served two terms as President.[1] 
S. R. Nathan 
On 21 January 2009, Nathan approved in principle the Government's request to draw $4.9 billion from the nation's past financial reserves to fund the Government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the financial downturn: the Jobs Credit scheme, which provided employers with financial assistance to pay employees' salaries; and the Special Risk-Sharing Initiative, which helped mid-sized companies to obtain credit. This was the first time the President's discretionary powers had been exercised for this purpose.[18] The President's formal approval of the drawdown was subsequently signified in two notifications dated 13 March 2009.[19] 
President Nathan and his wife Urmila Nandey at the BBCares Carnival organised by the Boys' Brigade in Singapore in July 2005 
On 1 July 2011, Nathan announced that he would not be seeking a third term in office as President. He cited his age as one of the reasons, as he did not believe he could undertake indefinitely the heavy responsibilities and physical demands of the position of head of state at 87. He left office on 1 September 2011 and was succeeded by Tony Tan.[20] A few weeks later, on 19 September, his book An Unexpected Journey: Path to the Presidency[6] was launched by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[21] At the same time, the S. R. Nathan Educational Upliftment Fund was inaugurated to provide bursaries, scholarships and other forms of financial assistance to needy Institute of Technical Education, polytechnic and university students.[22] 
As President, Nathan had been the patron of Singapore Management University from 2000 to 2011, and after completing his term of office he became a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the SMU School of Social Sciences.[23] Additionally, he was also a patron of the Singapore University of Social Sciences from 2006 to 2011. He held a similar position at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.[2] He was also the first patron of the Inter-Religious Organisation from 2012 till his death.[24] 
On 15 December 1958, Nathan married Urmila Nandey (born 1929)[25][26] and had one son and one daughter. 
Nathan suffered a stroke on the morning of 31 July 2016 and was taken to Singapore General Hospital's Intensive Care Unit.[27] He died in hospital on 22 August 2016 at 9:48 pm SST, aged 92.[1] He was survived by his wife Urmila Nandey (known as Umi), their daughter Juthika and son Osith, three grandchildren, and his sister Sundari.[1][28] 
As a mark of respect, the Government directed that the National Flag would fly at half-mast from all government buildings from 23 to 26 August. Nathan's body lay in state at Parliament House on 25 August to enable members of the public to pay their respects.[29] 
His body was conveyed by a ceremonial 25-pounder gun carriage from Parliament House to the University Cultural Centre of the National University of Singapore (NUS). The state funeral procession passed by landmarks of significance to his life, including City Hall, where he had attended three National Day Parades; The Fullerton Hotel Singapore, formerly the Fullerton Building which had housed the Marine Department where he had worked; and NTUC Centre, recalling Nathan's time in the labour movement.[30] Speakers who delivered eulogies at the state funeral included Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Ambassadors-at-Large Tommy Koh and Gopinath Pillai.[31] The music played at the ceremony included the song "Thanjavooru Mannu Eduthu" ("The Sands of Thanjavur") from the Tamil film Porkkaalam (Golden Age, 1997), about a dollmaker who moulds a doll of a beautiful lady with sand, clay and water from different lands, and eventually gives life to the doll. It was Nathan's favourite song as he saw it as a metaphor for Singapore's multiracial heritage.[32] 
The state funeral was followed by a private cremation at Mandai Crematorium.[29] 
In 2018, Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) School of Human Development and Social Services was renamed the S R Nathan School of Human Development (NSHD) in honor of Singapore's sixth president, Mr S. R. Nathan to recognise his advocacy of social and community causes when he was patron of SUSS. 
In addition to the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Service Medal) he was awarded in 1975 for his actions during the Laju incident, Nathan was conferred the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) in 1964 and the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Perak) (Public Administration Medal, Silver) in 1967.[2] On 8 August 2013, Nathan was conferred the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek) (First Class).[33]On 2006 he was conferred with Order of the Bath. 
Nathan, who had been Chancellor of NUS from 1999 to 2011 during his Presidency, was conferred an Eminent Alumni award by the University in 2007,[34] and an honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) on 5 July 2012.[35] SMU also conferred on him an honorary D.Litt. on 14 July 2014.[36] In 2015, the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of NUS gave him its Distinguished Arts and Social Sciences Alumni Award for lifetime achievement.[37] 
Nathan was the Singapore Scout Association's Chief Scout when he was President.[38] He received the Asia-Pacific Regional Distinguished Scout Award in 2005, and the Association's Distinguished Service Award (Gold) in 2010.[2] 
Nathan's achievements were also recognised abroad. During a state visit to Bahrain on 22 November 2010 he was given the Al-Khalifa Order,[39] and while on a state visit to Mauritius in June 2011 he was conferred an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Mauritius for his contributions to education and culture.[40] In 2012, the Government of India conferred the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman (Overseas Indian Award) to Nathan in recognition of his contribution in building closer links between Singapore and India.[41] 
Nathan, S. R. (2008), Singapore's Foreign Policy: Beginnings and Future, Singapore: MFA Diplomatic Academy, ISBN 978-981-0808-34-1. 
Nathan, S. R. (2010), Tan, Bernard T. G.; Wee, Seo Lay, eds., Why Am I Here?: Overcoming Hardships of Local Seafarers, Singapore: Centre for Maritime Studies, National University of Singapore, ISBN 978-981-0850-91-3. Nathan, S. R.; Auger, Timothy (2011), An Unexpected Journey: Path to the Presidency, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-4260-73-2. Nathan, S. R. (2011), Winning against the Odds: The Labour Research Unit in NTUC's Founding, Singapore: Straits Times Press, ISBN 978-981-4266-87-1. 
Nathan, S. R. (2013), The Crane and the Crab, Singapore: Epigram Books, ISBN 978-981-0735-90-6. 
Nathan, S. R.; Auger, Timothy (2013), S. R. Nathan: 50 Stories from My Life, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-4385-34-3. Nathan, S. R.; Auger, Timothy (2015), S. R. Nathan in Conversation with Timothy Auger, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-4610-03-2. 
The Embassy 
Background 
The Embassy of the Republic of Singapore in Manila is the diplomatic mission of Singapore in the Philippines. The chancery is located at 505 Rizal Drive in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Metro Manila. 
Full diplomatic relations commenced between Singapore and the Philippines on May 16, 1969.[1] Singaporean interests in the Philippines were handled by the Malaysian Embassy prior to the establishment of the chancery.[2][3] The first resident ambassador accredited to the Philippines was Haji Ya'acob bin Mohamed, when he presented his credentials to then President Ferdinand Marcos in October 16, 1969.[4][5] Finally, the embassy was established in 1973. 
The embassy is currently headed by Ambassador Kok Li Peng and staffed by the Deputy Chief of Mission and Counsellor, another Counsellor, the Defence Attaché, the First Secretary, the First Secretary (Political) and the Second Secretary (Admin & Consular).[6] The present chancery is designed by Forum Architects of Singapore together with local EBP Architects, to complete the multi-structure complex in 2008.[7][8] Its former location was housed in The Enterprise Center Tower 1 in Makati Central Business District. 
Embassy of Singapore, Manila 
NGC 700 is a lenticular galaxy located 200 million light-years away[2] in the constellation Andromeda. NGC 700 was discovered by astronomer Bindon Stoney on October 28, 1850.[3] It is also a member of Abell 262.[4][5] 
References 
Music videos 
Film 
References 
Television 
Awards and nominations 
Filmography 
Official agency profile at Stardust Promotion (in Japanese) Nana Komatsu on Instagram Nana Komatsu on IMDb 
Nana Komatsu Native name 小松 菜奈 Born (1996-02-16) February 16, 1996 Tokyo, Japan Occupation Actress, model Years active 2008–present Agent Stardust Promotion Height 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) 
Nana Komatsu (小松 菜奈, Komatsu Nana, born February 16, 1996 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actress and model. 
Komatsu was born in Tokyo and brought up in Yamanashi. She started modeling at 12. 
Iranian presidential election, 2017 Candidate Party Votes % Hassan Rouhani Moderation and Development Party 23,636,652 57.14 Ebrahim Raisi Combatant Clergy Association 15,835,794 38.28 Mostafa Mir-Salim Islamic Coalition Party 478,267 1.16 Mostafa Hashemitaba Executives of Construction Party 214,441 0.52 Invalid/blank registered votes 1,200,931 2.90 Total registered votes 41,366,085 100 Registered voters/turnout 56,410,234 73.33 Source: Ministry of Interior 
See also 
2016 Parliamentary election 
2016 Assembly of Experts election 
2017 Local election 
Iran Electoral Archive 
Are You Human?[4] (Hangul: 너도 인간이니; RR: Neodo Inganini; lit. Are You Human Too?) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Seo Kang-joon and Gong Seung-yeon.[2] It aired on KBS2's Mondays and Tuesdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot, from June 4 to August 7, 2018.[6][7][8] 
Awards and nominations 
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date. 
Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref. 2018 11th Korea Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actor Seo Kang-joon Pending [28] 
↑ "'Are You Human Too?' producer confident about computer graphics, ratings improvement". 
Kpop Herald. 
June 11, 2018. ↑ Park, Jin-hai (May 16, 2017). 
"Drama viewers angry over commercial breaks". Press Reader. 
The Korea Times. 
Retrieved January 21, 2018. ↑ "<너도 인간이니> 모든 촬영 마쳤다! #1인2역 #인공지능로봇 #제작비100억". iMBC (in Korean). MBC&iMBC. Retrieved November 29, 2017. ↑ "Are You Human?". 
KBS World. Retrieved August 18, 2018. 
1 2 "Kang-joon, Seung-yeon open era of 'AI love story'". Kpop Herald. November 29, 2017. ↑ "Seo Kang-joon, Gong Seung-yeon to ask 'Are You Human?'". 
Kpop Herald. 
May 31, 2018. ↑ "New TV series asks what makes humans truly human via artificial intelligence". 
Yonhap News Agency. 
May 31, 2018. ↑ "Are humans ready to fall for a robot?". Korea JoongAng Daily. June 1, 2018. ↑ "Seo Kang-joon to play warmhearted robot". 
April 10, 2018. ↑ KBS 드라마 '너도 인간이니', OST 작곡 공모전 개최 ↑ "TNMS Daily Ratings at Naver". 
National Television of Kampuchea (Khmer: ទូរទស្សន៍ជាតិកម្ពុជា Latin:Tourotossaa Cheate Kampouchea) was formed by National Radio of Kampuchea and National Television of Kampuchea and is a national public broadcasting state media government mass media conglomerate of radio and television services in the Kingdom of Cambodia. It is owned and operated by Government. It owns and operates about 12 radio stations and one television channel (terrestrial free-to-air) from Phnom Penh. 
Official website 
History 
Year Date Event 1954 Radio of Cambodia was established 1966 Television of Cambodia was established 1975 17 April Radio and TV stations were destroyed by the Khmer Rouge 1983 Television returns to broadcasting 
Programming 
Regional Station 
12 Station 
Television 
TVK Television 
Television Station Network 
TVK broadcasts nine hours on weekdays and seventeen hours on weekends, on weekdays is separated into two sessions, morning session from 11:30 to 14:30, and evening session from 17:00 to 23:00, and on weekends broadcast in one section from 6:00 to 23:00. Reruns are also broadcast at night. RNK broadcasting 19 hours on daily, on weekdays in separation intonation all session, sign-on and sign-off session on 05:00-00:00. 
Regional Station 
Temporary adjustments are a set of operations necessary in order to make a theodolite ready for taking observations at a station. These include its setting up, centering, leveling up and elimination of parallax, and are achieved in four steps: 
Setting up - fixing the theodolite onto a tripod along with approximate levelling and centering over the station mark. Centering - bringing the vertical axis of theodolite immediately over station mark using a centering plate also known as a tribrach. Levelling - leveling of the base of the instrument to make the vertical axis vertical usually with an in-built bubble-level. 
A theodolite /θiːˈɒdəlaɪt/ is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching.[1] 
History 
It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with great accuracy, typically to milliradian or seconds of arc. 
Principles of operation 
Preparation for making sightings 
Sightings 
Sightings are taken by the surveyor, who adjusts the telescope's vertical and horizontal angular orientation so the cross-hairs align with the desired sighting point. Both angles are read either from exposed or internal scales and recorded. The next object is then sighted and recorded without moving the position of the instrument and tripod. 
Modern electronic theodolites 
Lao National Television is the national television station of the country of Laos. 
Channels 
Name Channel[1] Launched Broadcasting hours Programs per week Websites LNTV1 VHF 9 1983 05:00-23:00 50 http://tnl.gov.la/ LNTV3 UHF 33 1994 24 hours 43 Lao Star Channel 2006 24 hours http://www.laostartv.la/ TV Lao 2013 24 hours http://ww1.tvlao.tv/ Lao PSTV 2012 24 hours http://laopstv.com/ MV Lao 2010 24 hours http://mvlao.com/ Provincial LNTV Attapeu LNTV Bokeo LNTV Borikhamsai LNTV Champassak LNTV Houaphan LNTV Khammouane LNTV Luangnamtha LNTV Luangprabang LNTV Oudomxai LNTV Phongsali LNTV Saiyabouli LNTV Saravane LNTV Savannakhet LNTV Sekong LNTV Xiengkhouang Various VHF 7 VHF 5 VHF 8 VHF 11 VHF 8 VHF 6 VHF 9 VHF 9 VHF 8 VHF 7 VHF 8 VHF 5 VHF 12 VHF 9 VHF 8 2001 Varied by province Unknown 
See also 
Lao National Radio, an organization that was once affiliated with this television station. 
Official website 
Channels 
VTV today has the following channels:[1][2][3][4] 
It is considered as one of seven essential national channels, and it must be carried by all satellite and cable providers in Vietnam. VTV2: Science, lifestyle and technology; broadcast 24 hours a day. The channel also broadcasts Japanese and American cartoons (e.g: Pokémon, Yo-kai Watch, Disney Television Animation and Cartoon Network animated series), China and South Korea TV series. 
Defunct regional channels (5) 
Since 2003, all the above channels are also available via satellite, digital terrestrial and digital cable networks across Vietnam. The VTV itself offers 15 pay TV channels through satellite television and digital cable which are called K+ and VTVCab, respectively, with channels such as Reuters, ESPN, Disney Channel, Discovery Channel, BBC, HBO plus about 40 original channels. 
Changes to VTV regional channels were made on January 1, 2016. VTV Huế, VTV Đà Nẵng, and VTV Phú Yên ceased programming and became VTV8, a specific channel for Central and Highland Regions of Vietnam. Both the old VTV9 (which was only for Ho Chi Minh City and Southeast Vietnam regions) and VTV Cần Thơ 1 (which was only for Cần Thơ City and Hậu Giang Province) merged to form the new VTV9 for both southeast and southwest of Vietnam, while VTV Cần Thơ 2 was renamed VTV5 Tây Nam Bộ, a bilingual Khmer-Vietnamese channel and the first regional variation of VTV5. 
Future channels 
It will be Vietnam's first 24/7 newschannel, starts broadcasting somewhere around 4/2017. VTV4k: a new entertainment channel, together with current VTV3. VTV4k will be in ultra high definition (4K resolution) and will be on air from the first quarter of 2017.[9] VTV7 Kids, VTV7 English and VTV7 News will be on air in 2020.[9] VTV World will be the successor channel to the now-airing VTV4 as the new official Foreign Affairs channel of the government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[10] After the launching of VTV5 Tây Nguyên on 17 October 2016, VTV5 Tây Bắc, along with VTV5 Miền Trung and VTV5 Đông Nam Bộ will also be launched as other regional variations of VTV5. 
List of VTV channels on VTVcab 
EPG name Channel name Channel type Availability Notes 1 VTV1 VTV1 Free TV Free-to-air News and current affairs channel. Channel numbers 1 and 300 (non-HD). 2 VTV2 VTV2 Free TV Free-to-air Education and science channel. 
VTV Worldwide Bureaux 
As of 2018, VTV has 14 bureaux with stationed staff and correspondents at: 
Vientiane, Laos Phnom Penh, Cambodia Singapore (ASEAN region) Beijing, China Tokyo, Japan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Manila, Philippines Moscow, Russia Brussels, Belgium (Europe region) London, United Kingdom (UK & Ireland area) Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Middle East region) Washington, D.C., United States New York City, United States Los Angeles, United States 
VTV's regional broadcasting centres are located in Ho Chi Minh City, Huế, Da Nang, Phu Yen, Nha Trang, and Cần Thơ. Programming is relayed nationwide via a network of provincial and municipal television stations. There are transmitters in most outlying areas of the country. 
Vietnam Television, or VTV (Vietnamese: Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam), is the national television broadcaster of Vietnam. 
Stepped spillway 
Bell-mouth spillway 
Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and reservoir level. Such a spillway can be used to regulate downstream flows – by releasing water in small amounts before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent sudden large releases that would happen if the dam were overtopped. 
Energy dissipation 
A spillway is located at the top of the reservoir pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets. 
A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and damage or destroy the dam. 
Ah Boy (Burmese: အာဘွိုင်း; born Kyaw Phyo Tun; on 13 January 1986) is a Burmese hip hop singer-songwriter and businessman of Burmese-Chinese descent. He is the lead vocalist of Rock$tar, a Burmese hip hop boy band.[1][2] 
Discography 
Personal life 
In 2006, Ah Boy married with Burmese singer Cindy, they have two daughters. They divorced relationship after some years. 
On 23 June 2012, Ah Boy relationship with Burmese famous actress San Yati Moe Myint, but they broke up relationship after some years.[6] 
In 2016, Ah Boy relationship with Burmess actress and model Myat Yadanar Kyaw and married on 21 December 2017.[7] Myat gave birth to their first daughter Scarlett Phyo Tun in 2018. 
External links 
Early life and education 
Ah Boy was born on 13 January 1986 in Yangon, Myanmar to Burmese-Chinese descent parents. He is the eldest son of Burmese business tycoon Sein Wan and his wife Myint Zu Htun. His father Sein Wan is a Burmese-Chinese descent from Mawlamyine. 
Career 
He started endeavoring to be able to produce and distribute a solo album. He launched his debut solo album "Ta Yoke Tan" (Chinatown) in 2007. His name was disappeared for some years when he was busy with his business. 
Business 
His family was owns many business in Myanmar, including Myanmar Lighting - IPP Co.,Ltd and Bedok Construction and Engineering Co., Ltd. He is a Managing director of Myanmar Lighting - IPP Co.,vLtd and Bedok Construction and Engineering Co., Ltd.[3][4] 
Ah Boy is also a co-owner of FUSE, a huge club in Yangon.[5] 
Ah Moon was born Lung Sitt Ja Moon in Myitkyina in Burma.[1] She was first exposed to music in church where her father was a Baptist minister.[6] Moon studied acting, singing, dance, languages, violin and piano.[3][7] Ah Moon speaks five languages and graduated with a degree in Russian from the Yangon University of Foreign Language in 2012.[5] Ah Moon began her career in modeling. In 2009, she won Best Talent in the Miss Christmas Pageant in Yangon, which led her to pursue singing.[6] She also won the Miss Alliance Francaise Pageant, a beauty contest held by the French Embassy, in 2009.[3] 
Ah Moon is a singer, songwriter and actress from the Kachin State of Myanmar.[1][2][3] She is a solo artist who was a member of the all-female pop music group the Me N Ma Girls, Burma’s first all-girl pop band.[4][5] 
Min Pay Tae a Chit, 2014 Automatic , 2015 Very Dangerous, 2017 
Filmography 
Mystery of Burma: Beyond The Dotehtawady (2018) 
Career 
In 2010, Ah Moon was one of five women chosen from 120 candidates responding to a radio and newspaper advertisement to be a part of a girl band named The Tiger Girls created by Nicole May, an Australian dancer who came to Myanmar.[1][8] In 2011, the Tiger Girls released their first album, Year of the Tiger Girls, and gained domestic and international attention as Burma’s first pop girl band.[3] The band later separated from their producer and reformed with a new name, Me N Ma Girls, which is a homophone for Myanmar girls. Me N Ma Girls released a new album, Mingalabar (Welcome), in 2011.[4][8] 
Solo career 
In 2014, Moon began working on her first Burmese solo album Min Pay Tae A Chit, which has songs in both Burmese and English.[1] In 2015, she released her second album Automatic. In 2017, she released her third album Very Dangerous, which was the number one seller on music stores in Myanmar. Her songs are both in Burmese and English. 
Discography 
N Kai Ra (Burmese: Nကိုင်ရာ) is a Burmese pop singer of Kachin descent.[1][2] A native of Mogok, she married Mahaw Phone Aung (M Phung Awng) in January 2014.[3] 
References 
TVRI today 
TVRI has 22 regional stations and more than 6,800 employees, 2,000 of whom are based in Jakarta. It broadcasts information and educational content as well as entertainment from 4:00 am to 1:30 am on the next day. 
Along with government digital television, TVRI also has 4 channels, currently broadcast in DVB-T. TVRI 1 (on-air identity as TVRI Nasional) with national coverage, TVRI 2 which will be the regional network of regional TVRI broadcasters, TVRI 3 with programmes focused on culture and TVRI Sport HD (formerly TVRI 4) with sport programmes. 
Logos 
List of slogans 
Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI) is a state-owned, public broadcasting television network and the oldest television entity in Indonesia. It is based in Gelora, Central Jakarta.[1] 
TVRI monopolised television broadcasting in Indonesia until 24 August 1989, when the first commercial television station RCTI went on the air. 
The television tower of TVRI at its headquarters in Jakarta. 
Radio stations 
Current Channel in other Countries 
Singapore 
Radio Televisyen Malaysia is a Malaysian public broadcaster. It has 36 radio and 4 television stations in Malaysia, based in Kuala Lumpur. RTM is the first broadcaster in Malaysia. 
RTM celebrates its 70th anniversary on 1 April 2016.[1] 
History 
RTM started broadcasting radio on 1 April 1946, and television on 28 December 1963. The first two radio stations are Radio Malaya (in Malay) and The Blue Network (in English). The transmitters were located first in Singapore and later in Kuala Lumpur (opened in 1950). 
The Future Forward Party[1] (Thai: พรรคอนาคตใหม่, RTGS: Phak Anakhot Mai, pronounced [pʰák ʔā.nāː.kʰót màj]; literally "New Future Party") is a political party in Thailand founded in March 2018[15] by Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit, former Vice President of Thai Summit Group and Piyabutr Saengkanokkul, legal scholar.[3][4] 
Abraham,[lower-alpha 1] originally Abram,[lower-alpha 2] is the common patriarch of the Abrahamic religions.[1] In Judaism, he is the founding father of the covenant of the pieces, the special relationship between the Jewish people and God; in Christianity, he is the prototype of all believers, Jewish or Gentile; and in Islam he is seen as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.[2] 
Various candidates are put forward who might inherit the land after Abraham; and, while promises are made to Ishmael about founding a great nation, Isaac, Abraham's son by his half-sister Sarah, inherits God's promises to Abraham. Abraham purchases a tomb (the Cave of the Patriarchs) at Hebron to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin, thus ruling the Canaanites out of any inheritance. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods", while the other sons receive only "gifts" (Genesis 25:5–8).[3] 
Weathering with You (天気の子, Tenki no Ko, literally "Child of Weather") is an upcoming Japanese animated film written and directed by Makoto Shinkai and produced by CoMix Wave Films, following the 2016 film Your Name. It is scheduled for release in Japan on July 19, 2019, starring Kotaro Daigo and Nana Mori.[1] 
Plot 
Then one day in a corner of the crowded and busy city, Hodaka meets a young girl named Hina Amano. Due to certain circumstances, Hina and her younger brother live together, but have a cheerful and sturdy life. This bright and strong­willed girl possesses a strange and wonderful ability: the power to stop the rain and clear the sky.[1][2] 
Characters 
Hodaka Morishima (森嶋帆高, Morishima Hodaka) Kotaro Daigo [1] A high school student who leaves his isolated island home for Tokyo, but he quickly becomes broke. He lives his days in isolation, but finally finds a job as a writer for a shady occult magazine.[2] Hina Amano (天野陽菜, Amano Hina) Nana Mori A cheerful and sturdy girl living with her brother. She has a certain power: the power to stop the rain and clear the sky.[6] Keisuke Suga Shun Oguri [3] Natsumi Tsubasa Honda Tomi Chieko Baisho Nagisa Amano Sakura Kiryū Yasui Sei Hiraizumi Takai Yūki Kaji 
Production 
On August 2, 2018, Makoto Shinkai revealed that he was making a new feature film for next year.[7] The film staff includes Masayoshi Tanaka as character designer, Atsushi Tamura as animation director and Hiroshi Takiguchi as art director.[8][6][9][5] 
Casting 
The film's voice recording sessions began on April 27.[12] 
Voicing 
Official website (in Japanese) Official web page at CoMix Wave Films (in English) U.S. and Canada official website (in English) Weathering with You on IMDb Weathering With You (film) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia 
Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. 
Pig carcass in the different stages of decomposition: Fresh > Bloat > Active decay > Advanced decay > Dry remains 
Media related to Decomposition at Wikimedia Commons 1Lecture.com – Food decomposition (a Flash animation) 
The six Hill Forts of Rajasthan, spread across Rajasthan state in northern India, clustered together as a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. The forts are mainly based in the Aravalli Range,[1] and were built and enhanced between the 5th and 18th centuries CE by several Rajput kings of different kingdoms. They comprise: 
Chittor Fort at Chittorgarh Kumbhalgarh Fort at Kumbhalgarh Ranthambore Fort at Sawai Madhopur Gagron Fort at Jhalawar Amer Fort at Jaipur Jaisalmer Fort at Jaisalmer 
Jeddah (sometimes spelled Jiddah or Jedda; English: /ˈdʒɛdə/; Arabic: جدة‎ Jidda, Hejazi pronunciation: [ˈd͡ʒɪd.da]) is a city in the Tihamah region of the Hejaz on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province,[3] the largest seaport on the Red Sea, and with a population of about four million people (as of 2017[update]), the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. Jeddah is Saudi Arabia's commercial capital.[4] 
Bamboo scaffolding used for the construction of the Four Seasons Hotel Hong Kong. 
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging,[1] is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man made structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to.[2] Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects. 
There are five main types of scaffolding used worldwide today. These are Tube and Coupler (fitting) components, prefabricated modular system scaffold components, H-frame / facade modular system scaffolds, timber scaffolds and bamboo scaffolds (particularly in China). Each type is made from several components which often include: 
The standard, the upright component with connector joins. The ledger, a horizontal brace. The transom, a horizontal cross-section load-bearing component which holds the batten, board, or decking unit. 
Vangte[1] or Vangteh is a large village in southern Tedim Township, Falam District, Chin State, in Myanmar. Vangteh is also the name of the village tract where Vangte lies.[2] 
Oral traditions gives at least glimpses of the proud history of Vangteh as being one of the once political centers of the ruling Guite or Nwite (Vuite, Nguite [local pronunciation in Vangteh], Gwete, Gwite[9]) family in the region,[10] that its sovereignty in the region was lasted for more than half a millennium (c. AD 1300–1900).[11] 
Oral tradition 
The birth of Vangteh 
It is sometimes spelled as Wunkathe, probably a mispronunciation by Burmese guides when the British came to the land for the first time,[3] and also recorded as Vangte by contemporary writers as can be seen in the information provided by such as the Satellite Views,[4] the Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.,[5] the Travel Post, and such.[6] 
In the local area, Vangteh is still known as a "khua-pi", in the language of the natives, "khua" generally means any human abode, big or small, and "pi" is a suffix meaning "large" in extent or "great" in character or "big" in size.[7] Hence may be a reference to former greatness despite its very discouraging geographical situation in the mountainous Chin Hills, where elevations vary from 1500 and 2700 meters.[8] 
In common poetic expression, Vangteh is also addressed as "Khumhnuai", meaning "under the shade of Khumh", in respect of the peak of Khumh Mt. (Khumh Vum in local dialect), under its shade this ancient city is laid for centuries. For instance, in a poetic song composed by Mr. Ngul L. Zam, a villager of Vangteh, for an event commemorating the founding of Vangteh, Vangteh is directly attributed as Khumhnuai as seen in following: 
Tuan aa pupa’ siahtaang kaihna, Khumhnuai ka Vang khua hi ee; Zingvai hawmpih hanzai sakpih pawl le gual ih kim nam aw [N. L. Zam, Spring 1994]. 
(Translation) 
The Khumhnuai is my native town of Vang (short form for Vangteh), where forefathers collected their respective taxes and tributes; Are we all here, friends and comrades, who usually join hands together in pains and in comforts? 
Ciimnuai was the legendary city-state of Zomi, who are mostly referred to as Chins in Myanmar, Mizo, Kuki or even as Paite in India, and Bawmzo in Bangladesh.[1] Being their birthplace, Ciimnuai bears many accounts of myths and legends of Zomi. Carey and Tuck even called the city "Eden of the Chins".[2] 
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure. 
Forensic scientists collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during the course of an investigation. While some forensic scientists travel to the scene of the crime to collect the evidence themselves, others occupy a laboratory role, performing analysis on objects brought to them by other individuals.[1] 
In addition to their laboratory role, forensic scientists testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases and can work for either the prosecution or the defense. While any field could technically be forensic, certain sections have developed over time to encompass the majority of forensically related cases.[2] Forensic science is a combination of two different Latin words: forensis and science. The former, forensic, relates to a discussion or examination performed in public. 
Etymology 
This origin is the source of the two modern usages of the word forensic – as a form of legal evidence and as a category of public presentation. In modern use, the term forensics in the place of forensic science can be considered correct, as the term forensic is effectively a synonym for legal or related to courts. However, the term is now so closely associated with the scientific field that many dictionaries include the meaning that equates the word forensics with forensic science. 
Social media users have criticised the speed and professionalism of the police response after the girl's family filed a complaint more than a month ago, underscoring a lack of trust in the authorities in a country still emerging from decades of military rule.[7] 
On 6 July 2019, Thousands of protesters marched to a police office in Yangon, demanding speedy and transparent justice in a child-rape case that has sparked national outrage. Organisers estimated as many as 6,000 protesters gathered at the Yangon office of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) wearing white T-shirts, some printed with the words "Justice for Victoria".[8][9] 
Naypyidaw Victoria Rape Case refers to the rape of a two-year-old girl, given the pseudonym name Victoria, believed to have happened in Wisdom Hill Nursery School in Naypyidaw, Myanmar, which sparked national outrage. The police filed a case at court against a driver who worked in nursery, named Aung Gyi.[1] Thousands of people marched to Criminal Investigation Department on 6 July 2019 to show their dissatisfaction with the police handling of the case.[2] 
The state leaders have verbally instructed officials from the Ministry of Home Affairs and Myanmar Police Force (MPF) to bring justice to the case.[3] 
Victoria came back from school on 16 May 2019 with injuries and the doctor from government hospital confirmed that it was the result of rape.[4] Her mother opened a complaint with police on the following day.[5] 
The police remanded the driver from Nursery named Aung Gyi and he was released on 30 May 2019 with no charges. He was re-arrested on 2 July 2019 and charged at Dekkhinathiri District Court on 4 July 2019.[6] 
The government closed seven nurseries schools in Naypyidaw following the cases. Many netizens changed their profile pictures as Facebook to a silhouette of little girl with titled "Justice for Victoria" to demand the justice to be served in the case.[1] Rising public demand on social media especially on Facebook forced the government to come out and pledged that the truth about the case will be revealed.[2] 
On 1 July 2019, Department of Social Welfare shut down 15 nurseries across Naypyitaw that were operating without proper licenses, including Wisdom Hill.[1] 
NGC 6530 is an open cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. It has a diameter of 10 arc minutes, with stars as bright as 7th magnitude. It exists within nebula Messier 8, the Lagoon Nebula. 
Olive Yang (Chinese: 楊金秀; pinyin: Yáng Jīnxiù; also known as Yang Kyin Hsiu, nicknamed Miss Hairy Legs) was a prominent opium warlord and the sister of Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai, the saopha (chief) of Kokang, a state in post-independent Burma from 1949 to 1959. 
Biography 
Olive Yang was born on 24 June 1927 in northern Shan States, British Burma. She received an education at Lashio's Guardian Angel's Convent School.[3] At the age of 19, she organized ethnic Kokang forces, nicknamed the Olive's Boys, an army of over a thousand soldiers and consolidated control of opium trade routes from the highlands to lowlands.[4] She dominated Kokang's opium trade from the end of World War II to the early 1960s.[5] In the 1950s, after the Nationalist defeat and their subsequent expulsion from mainland China, she partnered with the Kuomintang to establish opium trade routes along the Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia).[6] 
From 1948 to 1950, she was married to Twan Sao Wen, the son of Tamaing's chieftain, and had a son, Duan Jipu (段吉卜), in 1950.[2] Her son is a teacher in Chiang Mai, Thailand.[1] 
From the 1950s to the mid-1960s, she was the commander of the Kokang Kakweye (People's Defense Forces).[7] She was a prominent figure in opium trafficking and gold trading.[7] She was arrested in 1962, along with her brother Jimmy, a member of parliament in Yangon, by Burmese authorities, to remove them from power and place Kokang territory under Burmese administration.[2][8] She was imprisoned at Insein Prison and released in 1968.[2] 
Yang was known to be a bisexual woman who carried on affairs with film actresses and singers, including Wah Wah Win Shwe (ဝါဝါဝင်းရွှေ).[1][2] In the late 1980s, she was recruited by Khin Nyunt to help broker ceasefires in Burma with ethnic rebel groups.[9] 
After her release, she reportedly spent her final years as a nun.[1] In 2003, after a period of chronic illness, she returned to Kokang, where she lived until her death at the age of 90.[10] 
He was best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and the Furious franchise. Walker began his career as a child actor during the 1970s and 1980s, but first gained recognition in the early 1990s after appearing in the television soap opera The Young and the Restless. He soon transitioned into film, and received praise in 1999 for his performances in the teen films She's All That and Varsity Blues, which helped kickstart his career. 
Aphrodite Goddess of love, beauty and sexuality Aphrodite Pudica (Roman copy of 2nd century AD), National Archaeological Museum, Athens Abode Mount Olympus Symbol Dolphin, Rose, Scallop Shell, Myrtle, Dove, Sparrow, Girdle, Mirror, Pearl and Swan Personal information Consort Hephaestus, Ares, Poseidon, Hermes, Dionysus, Adonis, and Anchises Children With Ares: Eros,[1] Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, With Hermes: Hermaphroditus, With Poseidon: Rhodos, Eryx, With Dionysus: Peitho, The Graces, Priapus, With Anchises: Aeneas Parents In the Iliad: Zeus and Dione[2] In Theogony: Uranus's severed genitals[3] Siblings Aeacus, Angelos, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Dionysus, Eileithyia, Enyo, Eris, Ersa, Hebe, Helen of Troy, Hephaestus, Heracles, Hermes, Minos, Pandia, Persephone, Perseus, Rhadamanthus, the Graces, the Horae, the Litae, the Muses, the Moirai, or the Titans, the Cyclopes, the Meliae, the Erinyes (Furies), the Giants, the Hekatonkheires Equivalents Roman equivalent Venus Mesopotamian equivalent Inanna/Ishtar Canaanite equivalent Astarte 
Aphrodite[lower-alpha 1] is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, beauty, pleasure, passion and procreation. She is identified with the planet Venus, which is named after the Roman goddess Venus, with whom Aphrodite was extensively syncretized. Aphrodite's major symbols include myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. 
The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. 
Plato, in his Symposium 180e, asserts that these two origins actually belong to separate entities: Aphrodite Ourania (a transcendent, "Heavenly" Aphrodite) and Aphrodite Pandemos (Aphrodite common to "all the people"). Aphrodite had many other epithets, each emphasizing a different aspect of the same goddess, or used by a different local cult. Thus she was also known as Cytherea (Lady of Cythera) and Cypris (Lady of Cyprus), because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth. 
Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Along with Athena and Hera, Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War and she plays a major role throughout the Iliad. Aphrodite has been featured in western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of western literature. 
The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpart Aphrodite for Roman art and Latin literature. In the later classical tradition of the West, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of Greco-Roman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality. 
Ploutōn was frequently conflated with Ploutos, the Greek god of wealth, because mineral wealth was found underground, and because as a chthonic god Pluto ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest.[1] The name Ploutōn came into widespread usage with the Eleusinian Mysteries, in which Pluto was venerated as both a stern ruler and a loving husband to Persephone. The couple received souls in the afterlife and are invoked together in religious inscriptions, being referred to as Plouton and as Kore respectively. Hades, by contrast, had few temples and religious practices associated with him, and he is portrayed as the dark and violent abductor of Persephone. 
In Greek cosmogony, the god received the rule of the underworld in a three-way division of sovereignty over the world, with his brother Zeus ruling the sky and his other brother Poseidon sovereign over the sea. His central narrative in myth is of him abducting Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm.[2] Plouton as the name of the ruler of the underworld first appears in Greek literature of the Classical period, in the works of the Athenian playwrights and of the philosopher Plato, who is the major Greek source on its significance. Under the name Pluto, the god appears in other myths in a secondary role, mostly as the possessor of a quest-object, and especially in the descent of Orpheus or other heroes to the underworld.[3] 
Pluto's Roman equivalent is Dis Pater, whose name is most often taken to mean "Rich Father" and is perhaps a direct translation of Plouton. Pluto was also identified with the obscure Roman Orcus, like Hades the name of both a god of the underworld and the underworld as a place. The borrowed Greek name Pluto is sometimes used for the ruler of the dead in Latin literature, leading some mythology handbooks to assert misleadingly that Pluto was the Roman counterpart of Hades.[4][citation needed] Pluto (Pluton in French and German, Plutone in Italian) becomes the most common name for the classical ruler of the underworld in subsequent Western literature and other art forms. 
David E. Marchant (born 1965) is a USA-based, British journalist who is the owner and editor of OffshoreAlert, a news service and conference organizer that specialises in exposing serious financial crime while in progress. Marchant and/or OffshoreAlert have received several death threats and have been sued in several countries and jurisdictions, including state and federal court in the USA, Vancouver, Toronto, London, Panama, Grenada, and the Cayman Islands. 
Andy Warhol (/ˈwɔːrhɒl/;[1] born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist, director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) and Marilyn Diptych (1962), the experimental film Chelsea Girls (1966), and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966–67). 
Francesco Maria Columbu[3] (August 7, 1941 – August 30, 2019) was an Italian bodybuilder, powerlifter, actor, and author. 
Originally a boxer, Columbu won the Mr. Olympia in 1976 and 1981, and competed in the inaugural edition of the World's Strongest Man in 1977, where he placed fifth.[4] He also had an acting career and authored numerous books on bodybuilding and nutrition. Columbu was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 2001, and received the Arnold Classic Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009.[2] 
Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (Hebrew: ההיסטוריה של המחר) is a book written by Israeli author Yuval Noah Harari, professor at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The book was first published in Hebrew in 2015 by Dvir publishing; the English-language version was published in September 2016 in the United Kingdom and in February 2017 in the United States. 
As with its predecessor, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Harari recounts the course of history while describing events and the individual human experience, along with ethical issues in relation to his historical survey. However, Homo Deus deals more with the abilities acquired by humans (Homo sapiens) throughout their existence, and their evolution as the dominant species in the world. The book describes mankind's current abilities and achievements and attempts to paint an image of the future. 
Many philosophical issues are discussed, such as the human experience, individualism, human emotion, and consciousness. 
Manson's biological father appears to have been Colonel Walker Henderson Scott Sr. (1910–1954)[13] of Catlettsburg, Kentucky, against whom Kathleen Maddox filed a paternity suit that resulted in an agreed judgment in 1937. Manson may never have known his biological father.[2][3] Scott worked intermittently in local mills, and also had a local reputation as a con artist. He allowed Maddox to believe he was an army colonel, although "Colonel" was merely his given name. 
In August 1934, before Manson's birth, Maddox married William Eugene Manson (1909–1961), whose occupation was listed on Charles's birth certificate as a "laborer" at a dry cleaning business.[15] Maddox went on drinking sprees for days at a time with her brother Luther, leaving Charles with a variety of babysitters. They were divorced on April 30, 1937, when a court accepted Manson's charge of "gross neglect of duty".[15] 
They were incompetent thieves, and were found and arrested within hours. At the trial seven weeks later, Luther was sentenced to ten years in prison, and Kathleen was sentenced to five years.[16] Manson was placed in the home of an aunt and uncle in McMechen, West Virginia.[17] His mother was paroled in 1942. Manson later characterized the first weeks after she returned from prison as the happiest time in his life.[18] 
As well as constantly playing truant, Manson began stealing from stores and his home. In 1947, Maddox looked for a temporary foster home for Manson, but she was unable to find a suitable one. She decided to send him to the Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute, Indiana, a school for male delinquents run by Catholic priests. 
First offenses 
He was eventually caught, and a sympathetic judge sent him to Boys Town, a juvenile facility in Omaha, Nebraska. After four days, he and a student named Blackie Nielson stole a car and somehow obtained a gun. They used it to rob a grocery store and a casino, as they made their way to the home of Nielson's uncle in Peoria, Illinois.[20][21] 
Nielson's uncle was a professional thief, and when the boys arrived he apparently took them on as apprentices.[22] Manson was arrested two weeks later during a nighttime raid on a Peoria store. In the investigation that followed, he was linked to his two earlier armed robberies. He was sent to the Indiana Boys School, a strict reform school. 
Driving a stolen car across state lines is a federal crime that violates the Dyer Act. Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys.[1] On arrival he was given aptitude tests. He was illiterate, and his IQ was 109 (the national average was 100). 
First imprisonment 
Manson was transferred to the Federal Reformatory in Petersburg, Virginia. There he committed a further "eight serious disciplinary offenses, three involving homosexual acts". He was then moved to a maximum security reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, where he was expected to remain until his release on his 21st birthday in November 1955. 
Charles Manson Manson at Corcoran State Prison, August 2017 Born Charles Milles Maddox (1934-11-12)November 12, 1934 Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Died November 19, 2017(2017-11-19) (aged 83) Bakersfield, California, U.S. Occupation Singer-songwriter Known for Manson Family murders, Tate murders Height 5 ft 2 in (157 cm)[1] or 5 ft 6 in (168 cm)[2] depending on source Spouse(s) Rosalie Willis (m. 1955; div. 1958) Leona Stevens (m. 1959; div. 1963) Children 2 (1 alleged) Parent(s) Colonel W. H. Scott Sr. (father) Kathleen Maddox (mother) William Manson (stepfather) Criminal charge Murder, conspiracy Penalty Death (commuted to life with the possibility of parole after the death penalty was abolished in California) Partner(s) Members of the Manson Family, including Susan Atkins, Mary Brunner, and Tex Watson Signature 
Booking photo, Federal Correctional Institute Terminal Island, May 2, 1956 
In January 1955, Manson married a hospital waitress named Rosalie Jean Willis.[26] Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, Manson was again charged with a federal crime for taking the vehicle across state lines. After a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' probation. Manson's failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in Florida resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. 
During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from Rosalie and his mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles. In March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried to escape by stealing a car. 
Second imprisonment 
By November, he was pimping a 16-year-old girl and was receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. In September 1959, he pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S. Treasury check, which he claimed to have stolen from a mailbox; the latter charge was later dropped. He received a 10-year suspended sentence and probation after a young woman named Leona, who had an arrest record for prostitution, made a "tearful plea" before the court that she and Manson were "deeply in love ... and would marry if Charlie were freed".[1] Before the year's end, the woman did marry Manson, possibly so she would not be required to testify against him.[24] 
When he disappeared in violation of his probation, a bench warrant was issued. An indictment for violation of the Mann Act followed in April 1960.[1] When one of the women was arrested for prostitution, Manson was arrested in June in Laredo, Texas, and was returned to Los Angeles. For violating his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his ten year sentence.[24] 
Manson spent a year trying unsuccessfully to appeal the revocation of his probation. In July 1961, he was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington. There, he took guitar lessons from Barker–Karpis gang leader Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and obtained from another inmate a contact name of someone at Universal Studios in Hollywood, Phil Kaufman.[27] According to Jeff Guinn's 2013 biography of Manson, his mother moved to Washington State to be closer to him during his McNeil Island incarceration, working nearby as a waitress.[28] 
Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. Manson's September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself", an observation echoed in September 1964.[1] In 1963, Leona was granted a divorce. During the process she alleged that she and Manson had a son, Charles Luther.[24] According to a popular urban legend, Manson auditioned unsuccessfully for the Monkees in late 1965; this is refuted by the fact that Manson was still incarcerated at McNeil Island at that time.[29] 
By the time of his release day on March 21, 1967, he had spent more than half of his 32 years in prisons and other institutions. This was mainly because he had broken federal laws. Federal sentences were, and remain, much more severe than state sentences for many of the same offenses.[1] Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested permission to stay.[24] 
1968–1971: Cult formation, murders, and trial 
Manson's followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. According to the Los Angeles County district attorney, Manson plotted to start a race war, though he and others involved long disputed this motive.[3] In 1971, he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people. Although the prosecution conceded that Manson never literally ordered the murders, they contended that his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy.[4] Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for the deaths of Gary Hinman and Donald Shea. 
They were later dubbed the Manson Family. The group was involved in the murder of Gary Hinman in July 1969, then gained national notoriety after the murder of actress Sharon Tate and four others in her home on August 8 and 9, 1969,[30] and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca the next day. Tex Watson and three other members of the Family executed the Tate–LaBianca murders, acting under Manson's specific instructions.[31][32] Family members were also responsible for other assaults, thefts, crimes, and the attempted assassination of United States President Gerald Ford in Sacramento by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme.[33] 
The core members of Manson's following include Charles 'Tex' Watson, a musician and former actor; former musician and pornographic actor, Robert Beausoleil; Mary Brunner, previously a librarian; Susan Atkins; Linda Kasabian; Patricia Krenwinkel; and Leslie Van Houten.[34][35][36] While most members are still serving their sentences, Grogan was released on parole in 1985 and Kasabian was granted immunity for her role as a witness to the prosecution in Manson's trial.[37] 
While it is often thought that Manson never murdered or attempted to murder anyone himself, there is evidence that he shot drug dealer Bernard Crowe and left him for dead on July 1, 1969, although Crowe survived.[1]:99–113[9]:91–96[38] 
On March 6, 1970 (the day the court vacated Manson's status as his own attorney),[39] LIE, an album of Manson music, was released.[40][41][42] This included "Cease to Exist", a Manson composition the Beach Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "Never Learn Not to Love".[43][44] Over the next couple of months only about 300 of the album's 2,000 copies sold.[45] 
Sentencing 
Manson was admitted to state prison from Los Angeles County on April 22, 1971, for seven counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of Abigail Ann Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Earl Parent, Sharon Tate Polanski, Jay Sebring, and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. He was sentenced to death. When the death penalty was ruled unconstitutional in 1972, he was resentenced to life with the possibility of parole. 
On December 13, 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder in Los Angeles County Court for the July 25, 1969 death of musician Gary Hinman. He was also convicted of first-degree murder for the August 1969 death of Donald Jerome "Shorty" Shea. A footnote to the conclusion of California v. Anderson, the 1972 decision that neutralized California's death sentences, stated that, "any prisoner now under a sentence of death ... may file a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the superior court inviting that court to modify its judgment to provide for the appropriate alternative punishment of life imprisonment or life imprisonment without possibility of parole specified by statute for the crime for which he was sentenced to death."[46] This made Manson eligible to apply for parole after seven years' incarceration.[47] Accordingly, his first parole hearing took place on November 16, 1978, at California Medical Facility in Vacaville, and his petition was rejected.[48][49] 
1980s–1990s 
At the time the Manson Family began to form, Manson was an unemployed ex-convict who had spent more than half of his life in correctional institutions for a variety of offenses. Before the murders, he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly through a chance association with Dennis Wilson, drummer and founding member of the Beach Boys. In 1968, the group recorded one of Manson's songs, "Cease to Exist", retitled "Never Learn Not to Love", as a single B-side, but without a credit to Manson. 
In the 1980s, Manson gave four interviews to the mainstream media. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired on June 13, 1981 was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin State Prison and aired on March 7, 1986 was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch, and it won the national news Emmy Award for Best Interview in 1987.[50] The third, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of the journalist's prime-time special on Satanism.[51] At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a swastika in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been.[52] 
Nikolas Schreck conducted an interview with Manson for his documentary Charles Manson Superstar (1989). Schreck concluded that Manson was not insane but merely acting that way out of frustration.[53][54] 
On September 25, 1984, Manson was imprisoned in the California Medical Facility at Vacaville when inmate Jan Holmstrom poured paint thinner on him and set him on fire, causing second- and third-degree burns on over 20 percent of his body. Holmstrom explained that Manson had objected to his Hare Krishna chants and verbally threatened him.[55] 
After 1989, Manson was housed in the Protective Housing Unit at California State Prison, Corcoran, in Kings County. The unit houses inmates whose safety would be endangered by general population housing. He had also been housed at San Quentin State Prison,[1] California Medical Facility in Vacaville,[2] Folsom State Prison and Pelican Bay State Prison.[56][citation needed] In June 1997, a prison disciplinary committee found that Manson had been trafficking drugs.[56] That August he was moved from Corcoran State Prison to Pelican Bay State Prison.[56] 
2000s–2017 
Manson, age 76, June 2011 
On September 5, 2007, MSNBC aired The Mind of Manson, a complete version of a 1987 interview at California's San Quentin State Prison. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on The Today Show, for which it had been recorded.[57] 
In March 2009, a photograph of Manson showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray beard and hair, and the swastika tattoo still prominent on his forehead was released to the public by California corrections officials.[58] 
In 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that Manson was caught with a cell phone in 2009 and had contacted people in California, New Jersey, Florida and British Columbia. A spokesperson for the California Department of Corrections stated that it was not known if Manson had used the phone for criminal purposes.[59] Manson also recorded an album of acoustic pop songs with additional production by Henry Rollins, titled Completion. Only five copies were pressed: two belong to Rollins, while the other three are presumed to have been with Manson. 
Allegedly guided by his interpretation of the band's lyrics, Manson adopted the term "Helter Skelter" to describe an impending apocalyptic race war. At trial, the prosecution claimed that Manson and his followers, who were mostly young women, believed that the murders would help precipitate that war. Other contemporary interviews and those who testified during the penalty phase of Manson's original trial insisted that the Tate–LaBianca murders were copycat crimes designed to exonerate Manson's friend Bobby Beausoleil.[5][6] 
Illness and death 
On January 1, 2017, Manson was suffering from gastrointestinal bleeding at California State Prison in Corcoran when he was rushed to Mercy Hospital in downtown Bakersfield. A source told the Los Angeles Times that Manson was seriously ill,[61] and TMZ reported his doctors considered him "too weak" for surgery.[62] He was returned to prison on January 6, and whatever treatment he had received was not disclosed.[63] On November 15, 2017, a source not authorized to speak on behalf of the corrections department confirmed that Manson had returned to a hospital in Bakersfield.[64] In compliance with federal and state medical privacy laws, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation did not confirm this.[65] He died from cardiac arrest resulting from respiratory failure and colon cancer at the hospital four days later on November 19.[66][67][68] 
Three people stated their intention to claim Manson's estate and body.[69][70][71] Manson's grandson, Jason Freeman, stated his intent to take possession of Manson's remains and personal effects.[72] Michael Channels, a pen pal of Manson, has a will, dated February 14, 2002, that leaves Manson's entire estate plus his body to him.[73][74] A friend of Manson's, Ben Gurecki, has a will dated January 2017. It gives the estate and Manson's body to his alleged son, Matthew Roberts.[69][70] In 2012, CNN News ran a DNA match to see if Freeman and Roberts were related to each other and found they were not. (Matches between Roberts and Manson were attempted but the results were reportedly "contaminated".)[7] On March 12, 2018, the Kern County Superior Court in California decided in favor of Freeman in regard to Manson's body. 
Personal life 
Religion 
In July 1961, Manson claimed his religion was Scientology,[77] and identified as a Scientologist after studying the religion while incarcerated with the help of fellow inmate Lanier Rayner, however, he was not a member of the Church of Scientology.[78][79][80] Manson completed 150 hours of auditing before declaring Scientology "too crazy".[81] 
Relationships and alleged child 
In 2009, a Los Angeles disk jockey and songwriter named Matthew Roberts released correspondence and other evidence indicating that he might be Manson's biological son. Roberts' biological mother claims to have been a member of the Manson Family who left in mid-1967 after being raped by Manson; she returned to her parents' home to complete the pregnancy, gave birth on March 22, 1968, and put Roberts up for adoption. Manson himself stated that he "could" be the father, acknowledging the biological mother and a sexual relationship with her during 1967, nearly two years before the Family began its murderous phase.[82] A DNA test between Matthew Roberts and Manson's known biological grandson Jason Freeman was conducted by CNN in 2012, showing that Roberts and Freeman did not share DNA.[75] Roberts' subsequent attempts to establish that Manson is his father have not been successful.[83] 
In 2014, it was announced that the imprisoned Manson was engaged to 26-year-old Afton Elaine "Star" Burton and had obtained a marriage license on November 7.[84] Manson personally dubbed Burton with the name "Star". She had been visiting Manson in prison for at least nine years, and maintained several websites that proclaimed his innocence.[85] The wedding license expired on February 5, 2015, without a marriage ceremony taking place.[86] It was later reported, according to journalist Daniel Simone, the wedding was cancelled after it was discovered Burton only wanted to marry Manson so she and a friend, Craig "Gray Wolf" Hammond, could use his corpse as a tourist attraction after his death.[86][87] According to Simone, Manson believed he would never die, and may simply have used the possibility of marriage as a way to encourage Burton and Hammond to continue visiting him and bringing him gifts. Together with co-author Heidi Jordan Ley, and with the assistance of some of Manson's fellow prisoners, Simone wrote a book about Manson and was seeking a publisher for it. 
Psychology 
On April 11, 2012, Manson was denied release at his 12th parole hearing, which he did not attend. After his March 27, 1997 parole hearing, Manson refused to attend any of his later hearings. The panel at that hearing noted that Manson had a "history of controlling behavior" and "mental health issues" including schizophrenia and paranoid delusional disorder, and was too great a danger to be released.[88] The panel also noted that Manson had received 108 rules violation reports, had no indication of remorse, no insight into the causative factors of the crimes, lacked understanding of the magnitude of the crimes, had an exceptional, callous disregard for human suffering and had no parole plans.[89] At the April 11, 2012 parole hearing, it was determined that Manson would not be reconsidered for parole for another 15 years, i.e. not before 2027, at which time he would have been 92 years old.[90] 
Cultural impact 
Beginning in January 1970, Manson was embraced by the underground newspapers Los Angeles Free Press and Tuesday's Child, with the latter proclaiming him "Man of the Year". In June 1970, he was the subject of a Rolling Stone cover story, "Charles Manson: The Incredible Story of the Most Dangerous Man Alive".[91] When a Rolling Stone writer visited the Los Angeles District Attorney's office in preparing that story,[92] he was shocked by a photograph of the bloody "Healter [sic] Skelter" that would bind Manson to popular culture.[93] Prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi pointed out the dispute in the underground press over whether Manson was "Christ returned" or "a sick symbol of our times"[where?] to his Helter Skelter co-author Curt Gentry. 
Bernardine Dohrn, a leader of the Weather Underground, reportedly said of the Tate murders: "Dig it, first they killed those pigs, then they ate dinner in the same room with them, then they even shoved a fork into a victim's stomach. Wild!"[94] Neo-Nazi and Manson follower James Mason founded the Universal Order, a group which has influenced alt-right movements such as the neo-Nazi terrorist Atomwaffen Division. Universal Order's name and logo, a swastika between scales of justice, were remotely designed by Manson. 
In an afterword composed for the 1994 edition of the non-fiction book Helter Skelter, Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existing then in Europe was represented by, among other things, approximately 70 rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him".[95] 
There have been several releases of Manson recordings – both musical and spoken. One of these, The Family Jams, includes two compact discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan;[96] additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others.[97] One Mind, an album of music, poetry, and spoken word, new at the time of its release, in April 2005, was put out under a Creative Commons license.[98][99] 
American rock band Guns N' Roses recorded Manson's "Look at Your Game, Girl", included as an unlisted 13th track on their 1993 album "The Spaghetti Incident?"[1][100][101] "My Monkey", which appears on Portrait of an American Family by the American rock band Marilyn Manson, includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey / I sent him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread / Along came a choo-choo / Knocked my monkey cuckoo / And now my monkey's dead." These lyrics are from Manson's "Mechanical Man",[102] which is heard on LIE. Crispin Glover covered "Never Say 'Never' to Always" on his album The Big Problem ≠ The Solution. 
The Solution=Let It Be released in 1989. 
Musical performers such as Kasabian,[103] Spahn Ranch,[104] and Marilyn Manson[105] derived their names from Manson and his lore. 
Charles Manson was born on November 12, 1934, to 16-year-old Kathleen Manson-Bower-Cavender,[7] née Maddox (1918–1973),[8] in the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was first named "no name Maddox".[9][10][11] Within weeks, he was called Charles Milles Maddox.[9][12] 
The Long Island serial killer (also referred to as LISK, the Gilgo Beach Killer or the Craigslist Ripper) is an unidentified suspected serial killer who is believed to have murdered 10 to 16 people over a period of nearly 20 years, mostly women associated with prostitution, and left their bodies in areas on the South Shore of Long Island, New York. 
On November 29, 2011 police announced that they believed one person is responsible for all 10 murders, and that the person is almost certainly from Long Island. The single killer theory was related to common characteristics among the condition and forensic evidence related to the bodies.[20] 
On December 13, 2011, police announced that the remains of Shannan Gilbert were found in a marsh about half a mile from where she had disappeared. A week earlier, they had found some of her clothes and belongings in the same vicinity. Police believe that Gilbert accidentally drowned after stumbling into the marsh. 
On December 10, 2015, Suffolk County Police Commissioner Tim Sini announced that the FBI had officially joined the investigation. The day before, former Police Commissioner James Burke, who resigned in October, had been indicted for alleged police brutality and other issues. He was said to have blocked FBI involvement in the LISK cases for years.[21] A spokesperson for the FBI confirmed their official involvement. 
Identity of the killer 
The media has speculated about a profile of the killer, referred to by police as "Joe C" (unknown subject). According to the New York Times, it is most likely a white male in his mid-20s to mid-40s who is very familiar with the South Shore of Long Island and has access to burlap sacks, which he uses to hold the bodies for disposal.[26] He may have a detailed knowledge of law enforcement techniques, and perhaps ties to law enforcement, which have thus far helped him avoid detection.[26][27] 
Newsday reporters speculated that serial killer Joel Rifkin, a former resident on LI, may have been responsible for some of the older remains found in March and April 2011. Four of the victims' complete bodies were never found.[28] In an April 2011 prison interview with Newsday, Rifkin denied having anything to do with recently discovered remains.[28] 
Suspects and persons of interest 
James Burke 
On December 15, 2016, the attorney for Gilbert's family said that an escort who had conducted business with former Suffolk County Police Chief James Burke claimed he was connected to the Long Island murders.[29] In November 2016, Burke had been sentenced to 46 months in federal prison, along with three years of supervised release, for beating a man who stole a duffel bag filled with sex toys and pornography from his vehicle. Burke had pleaded guilty in February 2016 to charges of a civil rights violation and conspiracy to obstruct justice.[30] Gilbert's attorney said in December that one escort claimed that she had had "rough sex" with Burke during an Oak Beach party.[29] Burke was reported to have blocked an FBI probe of the LISK case during his time as police chief.[31] 
John Bittrolff 
On September 12, 2017, Suffolk County prosecutor Robert Biancavilla said that John Bittrolff, a Suffolk county resident, was a suspect in at least one of the LISK murders. Biancavilla stated that Bittrolff was likely responsible for the deaths of other women, and that there were similarities between the Gilgo Beach crime scenes and Bittrolff's known murders, for which he was convicted in May 2017 and sentenced in September.[1][32][33] 
Bittrolff was arrested in 2014, linked by DNA found on two prostitute homicide victims, Rita Tangredi and Colleen McNamee, whose bodies were found in 1993 and 1994, respectively. (The match had been made through DNA submitted by his brother, convicted in 2013 in an unrelated case.)[23] Bittrolff was convicted in May 2017 of these murders, and in September sentenced to consecutive terms of 25 years for each murder.[23] The Suffolk County police did not comment on the prosecutor's statement, due to the active homicide investigation of the LISK murders. Bittrolff's attorney rejected the prosecutor's assertion.[2] 
A married carpenter, Bittrolff had lived in Manorville, three miles from where the torsos of LISK victims Jessica Taylor and "Jane Doe No. 6" were recovered. (See victims in section below) Biancavalli said that Bittfolff was a hunter who was said to enjoy the killing of animals.[1] 
The grown daughter of Rita Tangredi, one of Bittrolff's known victims, was reported to be "best friends" with Melissa Barthelemy, one of the Gilgo Beach victims.[34] Barthelemy's mother said that her daughter Melissa "had a lot of calls to Manorville from her phone" before her death.[2][34] 
Joseph Brewer 
Brewer said that shortly after Gilbert arrived at his residence, she began acting erratically and fled into the night. Gilbert was reported seen running through Oak Beach, pounding on the doors of homes in Brewer's neighborhood. Around this time, Gilbert called 9-1-1, saying that "they were trying to kill her". 
Dr. Peter Hackett 
Gilbert's family filed a wrongful death suit against Hackett in November 2012, claiming that he took Gilbert into his home that morning and administered drugs to her, facilitating her death. Later police revealed that Hackett had a history of inserting himself into, or exaggerating his role in certain major events. Police also noted that Hackett's wife and two children were home on the night of Gilbert's disappearance. 
Bodies discovered in December 2010 
Of the ten bodies or sets of remains found since late 2010, the four discovered in December 2010 have been identified as missing sex workers who all advertised their services on Craigslist. Each had been strangled and her body wrapped in a burlap sack before being dumped along Gilgo Beach.[37] All are believed to have been killed elsewhere. 
Identified 
Maureen, who was four feet eleven inches tall and one hundred five pounds, was last seen on July 9, 2007, saying that she planned "to spend the day in New York City." She was never seen again.[38][39] Maureen, a struggling mother, worked as a paid escort via Craigslist to pay the mortgage on her house. She had been out of the sex industry for seven months, but she returned to the work in order to pay her bills after receiving an eviction notice.[40] Her body was found in December 2010.[41] Shortly after her disappearance, a friend of Maureen's, Sara Karnes, received a call from a man on an unfamiliar number. 
Remains discovered in March and April 2011 
The four sets of remains discovered on March 29 and April 4 were all within two miles and to the east of those found in December. They included two women, a man, and a toddler.[1] A skull and a partial set of remains were found on April 11 after the search expanded into Nassau County.[48] They were found about one mile apart, approximately five miles west of those found in December.[49] 
Identified 
On July 26, 2003, her naked and dismembered torso, missing its head and hands, was discovered 45 miles east of Gilgo Beach in Manorville, New York;[50] these remains were identified by DNA analysis later that year. Taylor's torso was found atop a pile of scrap wood at the end of a paved access road off of Halsey Manor Road, just north of where it crosses the Long Island Expressway. Plastic sheeting was found underneath the torso, and a tattoo on her body had been mutilated with a sharp instrument.[51] On May 9, 2011, it was reported that the remains of a skull, a pair of hands, and a forearm found on March 29 at Gilgo were matched to Taylor.[52][4] She had worked in Washington, D.C., and Manhattan as a prostitute.[5][54] 
Unidentified 
"Jane Doe No. 6": A human head, right foot, and hands, found on April 4, 2000, were determined to have belonged to an unidentified victim. The rest of her body was found on November 19, 2000, in the same part of Manorville where most of Jessica Taylor's remains were later discovered. The victim's torso was found wrapped in garbage bags and dumped in the woods near the intersection of Halsey Manor Rd and Mill Rd, adjacent to a set of power lines and a nearby power line access road. 
Other possible victims 
These additional cases have not been officially linked to the other 10 bodies, but are being reviewed by police: 
One of her dismembered legs washed up at Cold Spring Harbor on March 21, 2007, and her other leg washed up at Oyster Bay in the village of Cove Neck the following day. "Cherries" was dismembered in a fashion similar to three other victims: Jessica Taylor, "Peaches," and "Jane Doe No. 6," meaning she may be linked to the other official victims.[61][62] On May 17, 2011, the New York Post reported that Long Island police were revisiting other similar unsolved murders of prostitutes. Named in the article was Tanya Rush, 39, a mother of three from Brooklyn whose dismembered body was found in a small suitcase in June 2008 on the shoulder of the Southern State Parkway in Bellmore, New York.[63] Shannan Maria Gilbert (October 24, 1986 – May 1, 2010) was an escort who may have been a victim of the Long Island serial killer. 
Police investigation 
A few months later, in late March and early April 2011, four more bodies were discovered in another area off the parkway, near Oak Beach and Gilgo Beach. Suffolk Police expanded the search area up to the Nassau County border, looking for more victims.[13] On April 6, Detective Lt. Kevin Smith of the Nassau County Police Department said that his office will "further explore and investigate any criminal activity which may be in close proximity to the recently discovered human remains found in Suffolk." Smith also said that Nassau County Police would be coordinating with Suffolk County and New York State Police on the investigation.[14] 
The victims were found along the Ocean Parkway, near the remote beach towns of Gilgo and Oak Beach in Suffolk County, and the area of Jones Beach State Park in Nassau County. The remains of four victims were found in December 2010, while six more sets of remains were found in March and April 2011.[1][2][3] Police believe the latest sets of remains predate the four bodies found in December 2010.[4] 
Five days later, the search for more bodies began in Nassau County. An additional set of partial human remains was found, as well as a separate skull, bringing the potential total number of victims found since December to ten.[15] On April 22, two human teeth were found about a foot from the skull.[16] On June 16, 2011, Suffolk County police raised the reward from $5,000 to $25,000 (the largest offered in the county's history) for information leading to an arrest in the Long Island murders.[17] 
On September 20, police released composite sketches of two of the unidentified victims whose remains were found in March and April (an Asian male and Jane Doe No. 6), as well as photos of jewelry found on the remains of a female toddler and her mother, found on April 4 and 11, respectively.[18] The toddler's mother was reported as one of the sets of remains found in Nassau County on April 11.[18] Also on September 20, police revealed that the second set of remains found in Nassau County on April 11 matched two legs found in 1996 in a garbage bag that had washed up on Fire Island.[18][19] As of September 22, 2011[update], the police had received over 1,200 tips via text, email and phone since the beginning of the investigation.[19] 
On September 12, 2017, Suffolk County prosecutor Robert Biancavilla, from the county DA's office, announced that John Bittrolff, a carpenter from Manorville, Long Island, who was convicted in May 2017 and sentenced in September in the homicides of two prostitutes in 1993 and 1994, was a suspect in at least one of the LISK murders. Bittrolff had been linked to the 1990s murders by DNA. The police made no comment, as the LISK homicide investigation is active.[1][24] In June 2019, a proposal was made to use genetic genealogy to identify the unidentified victims and possibly the killer.[25] 
On May 9, 2011, authorities surmised that two of the newest sets of remains might be the work of a second killer.[5] On November 29, 2011, the police stated their belief that one person is responsible for all 10 deaths. They also had concluded that the case of Shannan Gilbert, an escort who went missing before the first set of bodies were found, was not related.[6] "It is clear that the area in and around Gilgo Beach has been used to discard human remains for some period of time," said Suffolk County District Attorney Thomas Spota.[7] 
In May 2010 Suffolk County Police were searching for Shannan Gilbert, a 24-year-old woman from New Jersey, who was working as an escort and was reported missing on May 1 of that year.[8][9] She was last seen in the Oak Beach area after she ran from a client's house, where her driver, Michael Pak was waiting outside.[10] 
In December 2010, a police officer and his dog, on a routine training exercise, discovered the first body: "the skeletal remains of a woman in a nearly disintegrated burlap sack."[11] This discovery led to a search, and three more bodies were found two days later in the same area, on the north side of the Ocean Parkway. Suffolk County Police Commissioner Richard Dormer said, "Four bodies found in the same location pretty much speaks for itself. It's more than a coincidence. 
Another suspect was Kenneth Bianchi, who at the time was an ice cream vendor in Rochester, New York, vending from sites close to the first two murder scenes. He was a Rochester native who later moved to Los Angeles and, with his cousin Angelo Buono, Jr., committed the Hillside Strangler murders between 1977 and 1978.[3] 
Bianchi was never charged with the alphabet murders, and he has repeatedly tried to have investigators officially clear him of suspicion. However, there is circumstantial evidence that his car may have been seen at two of the murder scenes. 
Details 
Carmen Colon, 10, disappeared November 16, 1971. She was found two days later in Riga, New York, near Churchville, 12 miles from where she was last seen.[4] Michelle Maenza, 11, disappeared November 26, 1973. She was found two days later in Macedon, New York, 15 miles from Rochester. 
On April 11, 2011, 77-year-old Joseph Naso, a New York native who lived in Rochester, New York, during the 1970s, was arrested in Reno, Nevada, for four murders in California (in 1977, 1978, 1993, and 1994). He was a professional photographer who had traveled between New York and California extensively for decades.[1][2][7][8][9] 
All four of the murdered women were described by authorities as prostitutes.[5][6] 
Naso was a person of interest in the Rochester, New York, alphabet murders, but his DNA did not match samples taken from those victims.[10] 
During the investigation authorities discovered a "List of 10", which they believed to be the locations (nine in California and one in Florida) of where Naso had buried the victims' bodies.[11] 
On January 12, 2012, in his preliminary hearing in Marin County, California, his alleged "rape diary" was entered into evidence. It mentioned the death of a girl in the "Buffalo woods," a possible allusion to Upstate New York.[12] 
The Alphabet murders (also known as the double initial murders) occurred in the 1970s in the Rochester, New York, area and possibly in Los Angeles, California. 
On June 18, 2013, Naso was tried for the murder of the four California alphabet murder victims.[13] On August 20, 2013, Naso was convicted by a Marin County jury of the murders. On November 22, 2013, Naso was sentenced to death for the murders.[14] 
New York alphabet murders 
Three young girls were raped and strangled in the Rochester, New York area. 
The case received its name from the fact that each of the girls' first and last names started with the same letter. Furthermore, each body was found in a town that had a name starting with the same letter as the victim's name: 
Carmen Colon in Churchville Michelle Maenza in Macedon Wanda Walkowicz in Webster 
Investigators have theorized that a series of killings with similar circumstances in California, in the late 1970s, is connected to these three murders. 
Although hundreds of people were questioned, the killer was never caught. One man, considered to be a person of interest (he committed suicide six weeks after the last of the murders) was cleared in 2007 by DNA profiling.[1] 
In the case of Carmen Colon, her uncle was also considered a suspect until his suicide in 1991.[2] 
The Monster with 21 Faces (かい人21面相, Kaijin Nijūichi Mensō) was a name (originally of the villain in Edogawa Rampo's detective novels) used as an alias by the person or group responsible for the blackmail letters in the Glico Morinaga case in Japan. Variations of the name's translation, including “the Mystery Man with the 21 Faces”[1] and “the Phantom with 21 Faces”,[2] have also been used in articles and books featuring the case. 
Letters 
Unable to capture the suspect believed to be the mastermind behind the Monster with 21 Faces, the police superintendent Yamamoto of Shiga Prefecture died by suicide by self-immolation in August 1985. Five days after this event, on August 12, "the Monster” sent its final message to the media: 
So we decided to give our condolence. We decided to forget about torturing food-making companies. If anyone blackmails any of the food-making companies, it's not us but someone copying us. 
After this letter, the Monster with 21 Faces was not heard from again. The statute of limitation for the kidnapping of Katsuhisa Ezaki, president of Glico, ran out in June 1995, and the statute of limitation for the attempted poisonings ran out in February 2000. No suspect was ever caught or convicted of the crimes, and the identity of the Monster with 21 Faces remains a mystery. 
Major suspects 
"The Videotaped Man" 
The released image of the "Videotaped Man" 
Following threats by the Monster with 21 Faces to poison Glico confections and the resulting mass withdrawal of Glico products from shelves, a man wearing a Yomiuri Giants baseball cap was caught placing Glico chocolate on a store shelf by a security camera. This man was believed to be behind the Monster with 21 Faces. The security camera photo was made public after this incident.[5] 
On June 28, 1984, two days after the Monster agreed to stop harassing Marudai Ham in exchange for 50 million yen, police came close to capturing the suspected mastermind. An investigator disguised himself as a Marudai employee and followed the Monster's instructions for the money exchange. As he was riding a train to the money's drop point, he noticed a suspicious man watching him. 
Tokyo Metropolitan Police at first identified Manabu Miyazaki, a known yakuza, as the Fox-eyed Man and the Videotaped Man because of his resemblance to these suspects, but after his alibis were checked, he was cleared of the Glico-Morinaga crimes. 
Letters to Ezaki Glico 
A film about the crimes, "The Monster With 21 Faces" was produced by writer/director Michael Welborn. On October 13th, 2018 it headlined at the "A Slice of Fright Film Festival" hosted by CinemaSlice located at the State Theatre in Bay City, Michigan.[6][7] 
The Monster with 21 Faces sent its first letter on May 10, 1984, to the giant food company Ezaki Glico following the kidnapping and escape of Katsuhisa Ezaki, president of Glico. The letter stated it had laced $21 million worth of the company's confections with potassium cyanide soda, and it later threatened to put them on store shelves. None of these poisoned candies were found, but Glico products were removed from stores, resulting in a loss of more than $20 million and the laying off of 450 part-time workers. 
Meanwhile, the Monster with 21 Faces also sent letters to the media, taunting police efforts to capture the culprit(s) behind the scare. An excerpt from one such letter, written in hiragana and with an Osaka dialect, reads, “Dear dumb police officers. Don't tell a lie. 
On June 26, the Monster with 21 Faces issued a message proclaiming its forgiveness of Glico, and subsequent harassment of the company ceased. 
Letters to Morinaga 
After ceasing its harassment of Glico, the Monster with 21 Faces began targeting Morinaga, another confectionery company, and food companies Marudai Ham and House Food Corporation with similar criminal campaigns, using the same alias. 
In October 1984, a letter addressed to "Moms of the Nation" and signed by the Monster with 21 Faces was sent to Osaka news agencies with a warning similar to those sent to Glico. It stated that 20 packages of Morinaga candy had been laced with deadly sodium cyanide. After receiving this letter, police searched stores in cities from Tokyo to western Japan and found over a dozen lethal packages of Morinaga Choco Balls and Angel Pie before anyone was poisoned.[3] These packages had labels, such as "Danger: Contains Toxins", put on them. 
Death of Superintendent Yamamoto and cessation of letters 
Although he admitted to murdering 21 people,[1] mostly prostitutes and wealthy old men, the Seoul Central District Court convicted him of 20 murders (one case was dismissed on a technicality). Yoo burned three and mutilated at least 11 of his victims, admitting he ate the livers of some of them.[1] He committed his crimes between September 2003 and July 2004, when he was arrested. Yoo explained his motives in front of a TV camera saying "Women shouldn't be sluts, and the rich should know what they've done." 
Yoo was taken into custody on 15 July 2004 and confessed to murdering as many as 19 people, initially, specifically targeting affluent senior citizens and masseuses.[3] Yoo had raised suspicions by calling a massage parlor where several employees had recently gone missing after receiving similar phone calls, so the owner of the massage parlor, accompanied by several employees and a single police officer, went to the agreed-upon meeting place. The police officer left before Yoo arrived, and Yoo was apprehended by the employees of the massage parlor. Another police officer placed handcuffs on Yoo after he was detained by the massage parlor employees.[14] 
While in custody, Yoo feigned epileptic symptoms and escaped from the police after his restraints were loosened. However, he was re-arrested twelve hours later.[1] Yoo had attempted to escape after being arrested in 2002 for rape by faking an epileptic seizure.[15] 
The mother of the Imun-dong murder victim rushed at Yoo with an umbrella when he was brought to the Prosecutor's office later in July, screaming that her daughter would still be alive if the police had captured him earlier. A policeman kicked the mother in the chest to subdue her, claiming that his hands were occupied in holding Yoo.[16][17] 
Motives 
Based on the content of his apartment, searched after his arrest, there was some speculation that he patterned his killings after several movies, including Public Enemy, Very Bad Things, and Normal Life.[1][18] Yoo later confessed to being inspired by serial killer Jeong Du-yeong, who had murdered nine wealthy people in Busan from 1999–2000.[3][9] 
Yoo stated his resentment of the rich stemmed from early childhood, when he felt envy of a large house due to his childhood poverty.[1][2] Yoo's resentment of women stemmed from a lover, who worked as a masseuse, leaving him after learning of his criminal past.[1] 
Trial and penalty 
Police admitted they had little physical evidence linking Yoo to the murders.[19] Yoo first appeared in court on 6 September 2004, refusing to defend himself, declaring his intention to boycott the remainder of the trial, and apologizing to the victims.[20] Yoo boasted that he had no intention of stopping.[21] When he was forced to return two weeks later, he lunged at the three presiding judges and recanted his confession for the February 2004 Imun-dong murder.[22][23] He refused to appear at the next court session on 4 October 2004,[24] after attempting suicide the night before.[25] Yoo again disrupted a hearing three weeks later when he tried to attack a spectator who had cursed him, which ended with Yoo signing a statement that he would not cause further commotion.[26] 
Prosecutors requested the death penalty, which Yoo thanked them for,[27] and Yoo was sentenced to death on 13 December 2004 for 20 counts of murder (the count of murder for the woman in Imun-dong in February 2004 was thrown out).[28][29] Prosecutors appealed the verdict to secure the 21st count of murder, but the lower court's sentence was upheld on 8 June 2005 by the Supreme Court.[30][31] 
His case, which appalled South Koreans, has fueled the debate on capital punishment in South Korea. Although the death penalty is still permissible under law, it has not been carried out since 1997. It appeared capital punishment might be abolished prior to Yoo's arrest, but support for the death penalty has grown since learning of his crimes.[32] 
Biographical sketch 
The Seoul Central District Court said: "Murders of as many as 20 people are unprecedented in the nation and a very serious crime. The death penalty is inevitable for you in light of the enormous pains inflicted on the families concerned and the entire society." 
Yoo is currently detained at the Seoul Detention Center.[33] 
List of events and his crimes 
1988: Theft 1991: Theft (sentenced 10 months in prison) June 23, 1993: Married his girlfriend 1993: Theft (sentenced 8 months in prison) October 26, 1994: His son was born 1995: Selling child pornography (sentenced 30 million KRW, 2 years in prison) 1998: Theft, forgery, identity theft (sentenced 2 years in prison) 2000: Child sexual abuse (rape) (sentenced 3 years 6 months in prison) October 27, 2000: Divorced by his wife September 11, 2003: Released from prison September 24, 2003: Killed first victims December 13, 2004: Sentenced to death 
Killing spree 
1st, September 24, 2003 (victims age 72, 67), Gangnam-gu, Seoul: Stabbed the first victim's neck and hit the victim's head with his hammer (4 kg), and killed the second victim (the first victim's wife) with his hammer.[34] 2nd, October 9, 2003 (victims age 85, 60, 35), Jongno-gu, Seoul: Killed three people with the hammer 3rd, October 16, 2003 (victim age 60), Gangnam-gu, Seoul: Hit the victim's head with the hammer. Later the victim was found by her son at 13:30 but died at 14:00. 4th, November 18, 2003 (victims age 53, 87), Jongro-gu, Seoul: Killed the three people with the hammer, got hurt when he tried open a safe, and burned down the house to destroy evidence. 
In film 
The Chaser (2008), a feature film loosely based on Yoo's story. 
Yoo married in 1992 and had one son. Yoo was convicted 14 times previously for several different charges, serving a total of seven years in prison prior to his string of murders.[1][4] 
From September to November 2003, Yoo killed several wealthy senior citizens, breaking into their houses and bludgeoning them with a hammer. In each case, Yoo left the appearance of a robbery-homicide, although no money was taken, which confused the police investigators.[1] When the investigation started to intensify, Yoo switched to targeting female masseuses. Yoo was briefly arrested in January 2004, on a minor theft charge but released two days later.[2] 
Starting in March 2004, Yoo called prostitutes to his residence in western Seoul and bludgeoned them after having sex with them.[6] His prostitute victims were dismembered and mutilated to hinder their identification. They were buried in the mountains surrounding the city.[2] Police recovered 11 bodies from the mountain behind Bongwon Temple after Yoo's arrest.[6][7] 
During initial interrogations, Yoo confessed to killing 19 people. On July 18, 2004, he admitted to an additional murder: the killing of a 45-year-old male street vendor.[5] Yoo eventually confessed to killing 26 individuals on July 19, 2004, several days after his arrest, although no details were given. The list of purported victims included several individuals that did not match his prior pattern of wealthy seniors or masseuses.[2] Friends of two of the masseuse victims, whose bodies had been recovered, claimed they were not involved in massage therapy, meaning that Yoo could have other, unreported victims.[8] Although the "Rainy Thursday" murderer was active contemporaneously starting in April 2004, stabbing multiple women late at night in southwest Seoul,[4][10][11] police were unable to link Yoo to those murders.[7] 
Several days later, Yoo also confessed to killing a young woman (a worker in a clothing store) on 6 February 2004 in Imun-dong after he suspected her of being a prostitute. Yoo had approached her for questioning by pretending to be a police officer.[12] Approximately a month after his arrest, Yoo confessed to eating the flesh of his victims, although no evidence to prove this was available.[2][13] 
Arrest for murder 
The Chijon Family was a South Korean gang. The gang was founded in 1993 by Kim Ki-hwan, a former convict, and six other former prisoners and unemployed workers who shared his grudge against the rich. 'Chijon' is a name given to the gang by prosecutors working on the case — Kim had originally named his gang the Mascan, a supposed Greek word for 'ambition' (though no Greek words of similar meaning and pronunciation can be identified).[1] 
Criminal activities 
Kim ordered his gang members to kidnap wealthy people to extort money from their families. The gang's hatred of the rich led them to systematically kill some of the highest paying consumers at one of the most exclusive department stores in Seoul. The six gang members were found guilty of murdering five people in 1994, burying some of the corpses on remote hillsides and burning the rest in an incinerator that was specifically installed to dispose the bodies, in the cellar of their hide-out. 
Acts of violence 
One gang member admitted to dismembering his victims and eating their flesh, saying this was to fire up his courage and to renounce his humanity. The gang, emboldened by a series of successful murders and kidnappings, decided that they needed a more effective way to pick out wealthy victims. They were able to buy the mailing list from Seoul's exclusive Hyundai department store from a disgruntled worker. 
Death sentencing 
On November 1, 1994, the Chijon Family was sentenced to death for murdering five people.[2] After sentencing, none of the murderers showed any trace of remorse. One told television reporters before his trial that his only regret was that he had not killed more rich kids. 
He would typically approach them in public places, feigning injury or disability, or impersonating an authority figure, before overpowering and assaulting them in secluded locations. He sometimes revisited his secondary crime scenes, grooming and performing sexual acts with the decomposing corpses until putrefaction and destruction by wild animals made any further interactions impossible. He decapitated at least 12 victims and kept some of the severed heads as mementos in his apartment.[3] On a few occasions, he broke into dwellings at night and bludgeoned his victims as they slept. 
In 1975, Bundy was jailed for the first time when he was incarcerated in Utah for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault. He then became a suspect in a progressively longer list of unsolved homicides in several states. Facing murder charges in Colorado, he engineered two dramatic escapes and committed further assaults in Florida, including three murders, before his ultimate recapture in 1978. 
Biographer Ann Rule, who had previously worked with Bundy, described him as "a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human's pain and the control he had over his victims, to the point of death, and even after."[5] He once called himself "the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet."[6][1] Attorney Polly Nelson, a member of his last defense team, wrote he was "the very definition of heartless evil."[8] 
Theodore Robert Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer and necrophile who kidnapped, raped, and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. After more than a decade of denials, before his execution in 1989 he confessed to 30 homicides that he committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true number of victims is unknown and possibly higher. 
William George Heirens (November 15, 1928 – March 5, 2012) was an American convicted serial killer who confessed to three murders in 1946. Heirens was called the Lipstick Killer after a notorious message scrawled in lipstick at a crime scene. At the time of his death, Heirens was reputedly Chicago's longest-serving prisoner, having spent 65 years in prison.[2] 
He spent the later years of his sentence at the Dixon Correctional Center in Dixon, Illinois. Though he remained imprisoned until his death, Heirens had recanted his confession and claimed to be a victim of coercive interrogation and police brutality.[3] 
Charles Einstein wrote a novel called The Bloody Spur about Heirens, published in 1953 which was adapted into the 1956 film While the City Sleeps by Fritz Lang. 
On March 5, 2012, Heirens died at the age of 83 at the UIC Medical Center from complications arising from diabetes.[4] 
Amanda Marie Knox (born July 9, 1987) is an American woman who spent almost four years in an Italian prison following her conviction for the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher, a fellow exchange student who shared her apartment. In 2015, Knox was definitively acquitted by the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation. 
Knox, aged 20 at the time of the murder, had called the police after returning to her and Kercher's flat after spending the night with her boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito, and finding Kercher's bedroom door locked and blood in the bathroom. Following an interrogation, the conduct of which is a matter of dispute, Knox implicated herself and her employer, Patrick Lumumba. Knox and Sollecito were initially accused of murdering Kercher while acting in concert with Lumumba, but Lumumba was soon released. 
Pre-trial publicity in Italian media (and repeated by other media worldwide) portrayed Knox in a negative light, leading to complaints that the prosecution was using character assassination tactics. A guilty verdict at Knox's initial trial and her 26-year sentence caused international controversy, as U.S. forensic experts thought evidence at the crime scene was incompatible with her involvement. A prolonged legal process, including a successful prosecution appeal against her acquittal at a second-level trial, continued after Knox was freed in 2011. 
Knox subsequently became an author, an activist, and a journalist.[2][3] Her memoir, Waiting to Be Heard, became a best seller.[4] In December 2017, Facebook Watch announced that Knox would be hosting a show, The Scarlet Letter Reports, produced by Vice Media on its service.[5] 
The Hwaseong serial murders (Korean: 화성 연쇄 살인 사건; Hanja: 華城連鎖殺人事件; RR: hwaseong yeonswae sarin sageon) are an unsolved serial murder case that occurred in the South Korean city of Hwaseong between September 15, 1986 and April 3, 1991.[1] In each case, a woman or girl was found bound and murdered. The murders are considered to be the most infamous in the modern history of South Korea and have been compared to those of the Zodiac Killer.[2] 
History 
The women, ages ranging from fourteen to seventy-one, were each found gagged,raped and murdered over a four-year and seven-month period in the rural city of Hwaseong in Gyeonggi Province.[citation needed] Each woman was strangled to death with her own clothes.[citation needed] The evidence compiled from forensics pointed to a man in his 20s, about 165 to 170 cm tall, with blood type B.[citation needed] 
The case is infamous within Korea for being the first truly identifiable string of murders with a modus operandi.[citation needed] Police officers involved spent two million man-days on the case.[3] The total number of suspects also grew to enormous numbers, eventually ending with a total count of 21,280 individuals.[4] 
In 2004, a female college student was murdered, sparking new interest in the Hwaseong serial murders, though the case also remains unsolved.[5] 
Crime Date Location Victim Remarks 1 September 15, 1986 Hwaseong, Annyeong-ri (Now called Hwasan-dong) pastures Lee Wan-im (71 years old) Statute of limitations expired on September 15, 2001, at 12 am. 
2 October 20, 1986 Hwaseong, Jinan-ri (Now called Jinan-dong) canal Park Hyun-sook (25 years old) Statute of limitations expired on October 19, 2001, at 12 am. 
3 December 12, 1986 Hwaseong, Annyeong-ri (Now called Hwasan-dong) embankment Kwon Jung-bon (25 years old) Statute of limitations expired on December 11, 2001, at 12 am. 
4 December 14, 1986 Jeongnam-myeon, Gwanhang-ri canal Lee Kye-sook (23 years old) Statute of limitations expired on December 13, 2001, at 12 am. 
5 January 10, 1987 Hwaseong, Hwanggye-ri (Now called Hwasan-dong) rice paddy Hong Jin-young (19 years old) Statute of limitations expired on January 9, 2002, at 12 am. 
6 May 2, 1987 Hwaseong, Jinan-ri (Now called Jinan-dong) hill Park Eun-joo (29 years old) Statute of limitations expired on May 1, 2002, at 12 am. 
7 September 7, 1988 Paltan-myeon, Gajae-ri canal Ahn Gi-soon (54 years old) Statute of limitations expired on September 6, 2003, at 12 am. 
8 September 16, 1988 Hwaseong, Jinan-ri (Now called Jinan-dong) house Park Sang-hee (14 years old) On July 27, 1989, Yoon-mo (22 years old) was arrested. 9 November 15, 1990 Hwaseong, Byeongjeom-dong (Now called Byeongjeom 1(il)-dong) hill Kim Mi-jung (14 years old) Statute of limitations expired on November 14, 2005, at 12 am. 
10 April 3, 1991 Dongtan-myeon, Bansong-ri (Now called Dongtan 1-dong) hill Kwon Soon-sang (69 years old) Statute of limitations expired on April 2, 2006, at 12 am. 
In media 
Several films and television shows are based on these murders.[1][7] 
Until it was lifted in July, 2015 by the National Assembly, the statute of limitations for murder in Korea was fifteen years. The statute for the killings had expired in April 2, 2006.[1] However, police records were still kept due to the significance of the case.[citation needed] With the statute's lifting, cold cases have been re-visited.[citation needed] 
Sharon Marie Tate Polanski (January 24, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress and model. During the 1960s, she played small television roles before appearing in films and was regularly featured in fashion magazines as a model and cover girl. After receiving positive reviews for her comedic and dramatic acting performances, Tate was hailed as one of Hollywood's most promising newcomers. 
She was next seen in 1966 with the occult-themed Eye of the Devil. Her most remembered performance was as Jennifer North in the 1967 cult classic film, Valley of the Dolls, earning her a Golden Globe Award nomination. Tate's last completed film, 12+1, was released posthumously in 1969.[1][2] 
On August 9, 1969, Tate and four others were murdered by members of the Manson Family in the home she shared with her husband, director Roman Polanski. At the time of her death, she was eight-and-a-half months pregnant with the couple's son.[1] 
Yang Xinhai (Chinese: 杨新海; 29 July 1968 – 14 February 2004), also known as Yang Zhiya, and Yang Liu,[1][2][3] was a Chinese serial killer who confessed to committing 67 murders and 23 rapes between 1999 and 2003, and was sentenced to death and executed for 67. He was dubbed the "Monster Killer" by the media. He is the most prolific known serial killer China has seen since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. 
Shortly after he was arrested, Yang confessed to 65 murders, 23 rapes and five attacks causing serious injury: 49 murders, 17 rapes and five attacks in Henan; eight murders and three rapes in Hebei; six murders and two rapes in Anhui; and two murders and one rape in Shandong. Police also matched his DNA with that found at several crime scenes.[1][14] Later it was discovered that Yang contracted HIV from one of his victims.[3][14] 
On 1 February 2004, Yang was found guilty of 67 murders and 23 rapes, and sentenced to death in Luohe City Intermediate People's Court, Henan. At the time of his sentencing, official Chinese media believed he had carried out China's longest and grisliest killing spree.[1][2][3][15] Yang was executed on 14 February 2004 by firing squad.[16] 
According to some media reports at the time of his arrest, Yang's motive for the killings was revenge against society as a result of a break up.[1][2] Allegedly his girlfriend had left him because of his previous sentences for theft and rape.[2][9] Later media reports claimed that his enjoyment of robbery, rape and murder was the motive.[3][4] 
While Yang never formally provided a motive, he was quoted as saying: 
I don't care whether they deserve to live or not. It is none of my concern...I have no desire to be part of society. Society is not my concern."[1][17] 
List of his serial murders 
Totals: 26 incidents, 67 murders, 23 rapes, 10 intentional serious injuries 
See also 
Biography 
List of serial killers by number of victims List of serial killers by country 
His family was one of the poorest in their village. The youngest of four children, Yang was clever and introverted. He dropped out of school in 1985, at age 17, and refused to return home, instead travelling around China and working as a labourer.[1][4][5][6][7] 
Crimes 
In 1988 and 1991, Yang was sentenced to labour camps for theft in Xi'an, Shaanxi and Shijiazhuang, Hebei.[1] In 1996, he was sentenced to five years in prison for attempted rape in Zhumadian, Henan and released in 1999.[4][8] 
Yang's killings took place between 1999 and 2003 in the provinces of Anhui, Hebei, Henan and Shandong. At night, he would enter his victims' homes, and kill all of the occupants—mainly farmers—with axes, hammers, and shovels, sometimes killing entire families. Each time he wore new clothes and large shoes.[1][9][10][11] 
In October 2002, Yang killed a father and a six-year-old girl with a shovel and raped a pregnant woman, who survived the attack with serious head injuries.[1] 
Arrest, trial and execution 
Yang was detained on 3 November 2003 after acting suspiciously during a routine police inspection of entertainment venues in Cangzhou, Hebei. Police took him in for questioning and discovered that he was wanted for murder in four provinces. As news of his arrest and crimes spread, the media dubbed him the "Monster Killer".[1][2][3][4][12][13] 
19 September 2000, Guozhuang Village, Beijiao Township, Chuanhui District, Zhoukou, Henan, 2 murders 1 October 2000, Chunshuzhuang, Xiaoying Village, Wangdian Town, Yingzhou District, Fuyang, Anhui, 3 murders, 1 rape 15 August 2001, Fangcheliu Village, Juling Township, Linying County, Luohe, Henan, 3 murders, 1 rape Autumn 2001, Kanglou Township, Xihua County, Zhoukou , Henan, 2 murders Winter 2001, a village southeast of the county town of Ye County, Pingdingshan, Henan, 2 murders 27 January 2002, Tongxu County, Kaifeng, Henan, 3 murders, 1 rape 30 June 2002, Chaigang Township, Fugou County, Zhoukou , Henan, 4 murders, 1 rape 28 July 2002, Dengzhou, Nanyang, Henan, 4 murders, 2 rapes 22 October 2002, Zhaihu Village, Songji Township, Xiping County, Zhumadian , Henan, 2 murders, 1 rape, 1 seriously injured 8 November 2002, Gaoli Village, Shaodian Township, Shangcai County, Zhumadian , Henan, 4 murders, 2 rapes, 1 seriously injured 16 November 2002, Liuzhuang Village, Zhangshi Town, Weishi County, Kaifeng , Henan, 2 murders, 1 rape 19 November 2002, Shiguai Village, Wangmeng Township, Linying County, Luohe , Henan, 2 murders 1 December 2002, Yanwan Village, Wangpiliu Town, Luyi County, Zhoukou , Henan, 2 murders, 1 rape, 1 seriously injured 6 December 2002, Liuzhuang Village, Renhe Township, Xiping County, Zhumadian , Henan, 5 murders, 1 rape 13 December 2002, Sijia Village, Malan Township, Yanling County, Xuchang, Henan, 2 murders 15 December 2002, Xiaolizhuang, Miaocha Town, Linquan County, Fuyang , Anhui, 3 murders, 1 rape 5 February 2003, Kuzhuang Township, Xiangcheng County, Xuchang , Henan, 3 murders, 1 rape, 1 seriously injured 18 February 2003, Chiying Township, Xihua County, Zhoukou , Henan, 4 murders, 2 rapes 23 March 2003, Chengguan Town, Minquan County, Shangqiu, Henan, 4 murders, 1 rape 2 April 2003, Sanlizhai Village, Taoyuan Town, Cao County, Heze, Shandong, 2 murders 5 August 2003, Lidao Village, Xingtai, Hebei, 3 murders 8 August 2003, Dongliangxiang Village, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 5 murders 
Wang Qiang (simplified Chinese: 王强; traditional Chinese: 王強; pinyin: Wáng Qiáng) (16 January 1975 - 17 November 2005) was a Chinese serial killer from Budayuan Town, Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning, China[1] and one of the most notorious murderers and rapists in Chinese history. 
Wang grew up in the small village of Kaiyuan, Liaoning city. His father was abusive, addicted to drinking and gambling, and denied Wang the chance to enter school.[2] 
Wang committed his first murder on 22 January 1995. He was arrested on 14 July 2003. Official records show he was convicted of 45 murders and 10 rapes. 
Wang was sentenced to death for the murders and executed in November 2005.[3] 
Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985),[1] known professionally as Lana Del Rey, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, poet and music video director. Her music has been noted by critics for its stylized cinematic quality; its preoccupation with themes of tragic romance, glamour, and melancholia; and its references to pop culture, particularly 1950s and 1960s Americana.[2][3] 
Zhao Zhihong (born September 5, 1972 – July 30, 2019), nicknamed the "Smiling Killer" and "Demon", was a Chinese serial killer and rapist. He admitted to committing a total of 20 serious crimes between 1996 and 2005, including raping and killing at least 6 women in Ulanqab and Hohhot in Inner Mongolia. He was executed in 2019, following a court verdict.[1] 
Nevertheless, on February 9, 2015, the District Court of Hohhot found the 42-year-old guilty of 6 murders, 10 rapes and at least one case of robbery. He was deprived of his civil rights and sentenced to death by firing squad. In addition, according to the court's verdict, he was obliged to pay a fine of 155,000 yuan, of which 53,000 to the state and 102,000 to the victims' relatives.[6] 
On July 30, 2019, Zhao was executed. Before his execution, he refused a last meeting with the victim's relatives, which was due to him by law.[7] 
Biography 
Zhao Zhihong was born on September 5, 1972, in the village of Yongxing, Liangcheng County. After graduating from school, he worked in low-skill jobs without staying anywhere for a long time. 
Zhao committed the first murder on April 9, 1996, raping and strangling a young textile mill worker surnamed Yang a public toilet in Hohhot.[2] Her body was discovered by an 18-year-old Chinese Mongol named Huugjilt, who was mistakenly accused of the murder, forced to confess by investigators and sentenced to death on May 23, 1996. He was executed by firing squad on June 10, 1996.[3] 
He did not kill again until 2005, when he raped and killed 4 girls and women. The first two occurred on January 2 and 7, and the third on February 24. At the same time, local authorities were seriously worried about the serial killings, offering a reward of 2,000 yuan for information about the killer's identity and whereabouts.[4] In July 2005, Zhao killed his last victim. 
Arrest, trial and execution 
In June 2005, a resident of the village of Tali by name of Yun Wen, in suburban Hohhot, where Zhao committed his last killings, identified the killer from a photo shoot. However, she did not know his name and place of residence. While looking for the offender with the police, she identified Zhao Zhihong at his workplace, and on October 23, 2005, he was arrested. 
Zhao immediately confessed, admitting to having committed more than 20 crimes between 1996 and 2005, including 6 murders and 10 rapes, two of which were against minors. In addition, he was also responsible for several cases of robberies, theft and misappropriation of property. Most controversially, he admitted to killing the mill worker Yang in 1996, a crime for which the 18-year-old Huugjilt was executed.[1] 
Due to the constantly opening up of new circumstances of Zhao's crimes, the trial of the killer was adjourned all the time. At the same time, on December 15, 2014, the Hohhot District Court posthumously acquitted Huugjilt, publicly apologizing to his relatives and paying them 330,000 yuan in compensation.[5] 
No mayday call was received. The date of the last radio transmission from the vessel had been 28 October 2008. A search of 21,000 square miles (54,000 square km) of the Pacific Ocean north of Fiji by a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules and a New Zealand Air Force P-3 Orion found no trace of the Taiwanese captain (顏金港 Yán Jīn-gǎng) or crew (18 Chinese, 6 Indonesians, and 4 Filipinos).[1][2] 
"Clocaenog Forest Man" refers to an unidentified murder victim found in the Clocaenog Forest in Denbighshire, Wales, in November 2015. The body had lain undiscovered for over 20 years and despite extensive investigations by North Wales Police, national and UK appeals and input from a notable serial killer the identities of the body and the murderer(s) remain a mystery. 
The victim had an injury to his spine, fused vertebrae, a broken nose and possible injury to his left wrist.[1][17] He had arthritis and an inflammatory condition in his spine and other joints. In life, the victim would have experienced pain and reduced movement.[12] 
The victim had lost a number of teeth during life which would have resulted in sunken cheeks.[1] All the victim's posterior molar teeth were absent which suggests that he was not dentally-aware early in his life; however, this appeared to be followed by a sudden change of circumstance due to extensive dental work of very high quality completed later in life.[18] Police stated that the victim had undergone two identifiable dental procedures in life.[19] The first was that the victim had a number of crowns to his front teeth,[4] work which appeared to have been done in the UK between 1980 and 2000.[5] The second procedure was an uncommon procedure: a remedial filling to a temporary plastic crown which had been badly worn.[19] John Rosie, a forensic odontologist, stated that, as the dental work was highly distinctive and involved specialist work, it could allow a dentist to identify the victim.[4] Information regarding the victim's dental work was published in dentistry journals by the police.[20] 
Some items of clothing were found near to the body but it could not be confirmed that they were associated with the victim. These items were: a dark green Pringle jumper and some dark red decomposed Marks and Spencer underwear.[1][2] The underwear was manufactured in 1999[21] and Pringle of Scotland confirmed that the jumper was produced between 2000 and 2004.[22] 
Subsequent investigations 
In June 2016, the police released a photograph of the victim's jawbone in the hope that dentists may recognise their dental work and therefore identify the victim.[23][2] The police also announced that they were undertaking familial DNA research.[3] 
On 26 September 2016, police released images showing how the man could have looked when he was alive at the ages of 50, 60 and 70 on the BBC Crimewatch programme.[1] 
in March 2017, the police confirmed that they had been contacted by, and met with, serial killer Peter Moore following his claims that he knew the identity of Clocaenog Forest Man.[11] Moore claimed in a letter that the victim was a mature student at Aberystwyth University who had disappeared in 1996.[11] Moore did not disclose the victim's name but Daily Post journalists identified a Roger Evans of Bradeley near Stoke-on-Trent who disappeared on 16 January 1996, aged 46, during his first year at Aberystwyth University.[11] Moore later stated that his theory had been discounted by the police due to conflicting dates.[11] 
In October 2017, Police support officers and race marshals distributed leaflets to attendees of the 2017 Wales Rally GB.[1] 
The remains were found on the evening of 14 November 2015 by two brothers.[1][2] Andrew and Mark Middle were camping in Cloceanog Forest during the 2015 Wales Rally GB which they were spectating.[3][4] It was dark and Mark was using a torch to look for firewood in the woods when he found a skull on the forest floor and after a closer inspection realised it was human.[4] The skull was covered in moss and was largely concealed by the undergrowth.[5] North Wales Police were notified of the discovery at 20:35.[6] A local officer attended the scene and concluded that the brothers had found the fully decomposed remains of a human male.[7] 
Based on tree growth, body decomposition and the fact that the area of the forest where the victim was found was planted in 1985, the police believe that the body was deposited between 1995 and 2005.[8] 
The remains were found close to one of the Clocaenog sections of the rally and near to Pentre-llyn-Cymmer and Llyn Brenig.[1] The deposition location of the body was easily accessible as it was only few metres from two forest roads.[9] The location of the discovery was known to be near to the murder and burial location of Edward Carthy, who, at 28, was the youngest victim of serial killer Peter Moore.[10] Moore later claimed that Clocaenog Forest Man was found in "exactly the same place" as Edward Carthy.[4] 
Initial investigation 
After the discovery, the police started a large-scale search of the forest which took five weeks.[1] The police uncovered an almost entire skeleton of a human male.[2][12] The majority of the skeleton was discovered beneath in dense trees and undergrowth a few metres away from the location of the skull.[13] The remains were removed two days after the discovery and taken away to be examined by a pathologist.[5] A DNA profile was extracted from the skeleton.[2] No match was found in the UK national DNA database or the UK Missing Persons Unit.[2] 
Biologists and forensic anthropologists gathered samples and evidence from the undergrowth in an attempt to date the body.[1] A pathological investigation indicated that the man died from a blunt trauma to the head.[14] Police established that it was likely that the man was murdered in an unknown location between 2004 and 2010 and the body dumped in location where it was found.[3] 
Description of the victim 
It is likely that the man would have been born before 1950 and aged over 54 at the time of his death and most likely in his 60s. [1] He would have been 'well-built' in life and would have had a height of between 5ft 8in and 5ft 10.5in (1.73–1.78m).[15][16] 
Subjects 
The Reverend Father John Patrick Kerrigan (born January 20, 1926[9]), had served as a priest in Plain, Montana, before being transferred to the Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Ronan, on July 18, 1984.[10] On the evening of July 20, two days after Kerrigan's arrival and appointment in the church, he left a bakery in downtown Ronan.[3] This was the last time he was seen.[8] Kerrigan failed to report for his 6:30 a.m. mass on July 21,[5] and a missing person report was filed on July 23.[8] On July 29,[7] articles of bloody clothing were found lying alongside Montana Highway 35 on the shores of Flathead Lake near Polson, along with a bloodied coat hanger; these items were located roughly 5 miles (8.0 km) from Ronan.[8] On July 30, Kerrigan's vehicle—also a brown Chevrolet Malibu—was discovered abandoned several miles away.[6] In the trunk, Kerrigan's wallet, which contained US$1,200, was found, along with a blood-stained shovel and pillow case.[3] Though Kerrigan's remains have never been recovered, he is believed to have been murdered.[7] 
Two days after Kerrigan disappeared, 31-year-old schoolteacher Curtis Holmen went missing from Missoula,[11] and his vehicle was found abandoned approximately 40 miles (64 km) from where Kerrigan's was discovered.[12] Though there was no evidence connecting the two disappearances, Holmen's brother publicly insisted that they may be linked due to the proximity in location and time frame.[12] As of 2019[update], Holmen's whereabouts are also unknown.[12] 
In 2015,[13] after two groups of individuals brought a 2011 class action lawsuit against the Diocese of Helena for sexual abuse, the Diocese published a list of 80 clergy members who had been suspected or implicated in the sexual abuse of minors.[4] Kerrigan was included among those on this list, which consisted largely of priests and nuns.[4] 
Between 1982 and 1984, two Roman Catholic priests of the Franciscan order were murdered or disappeared under mysterious circumstances in the western United States. On August 5, 1982, Father Reynaldo Rivera, a priest at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis in Santa Fe, New Mexico, was murdered in an unknown location, and his body found three days later. 
In 1988, their cases were profiled together on the documentary series Unsolved Mysteries. During this broadcast, it was revealed that Kerrigan had been subject of numerous sexual abuse allegations. In 2015, the Diocese of Helena published an extensive list of clergy and staff who had been implicated in sexual abuse of minors, in which Kerrigan was included. 
Fr. Reynaldo Rivera 
The Reverend Father Reynaldo John Rivera (born October 29, 1924[2]), a Catholic priest of the Franciscan order, served at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[2] On the evening of August 5, 1982, a phone call was placed to the rectory by a man who went by the name Michael Carmello; he claimed his grandfather was dying near a rest stop in Waldo, and that he had requested his last rites.[3] Father Patrick Gerard,[4] the priest who answered the call, told the man that his eyesight was too poor for him to safely drive, and asked that he call back momentarily.[3] Rivera took the second call, and agreed to meet the man and perform his grandfather's last rites.[3] The caller stated he would be waiting for Rivera in a blue pickup truck.[5] 
Days later, Rivera's body was found several miles away from the rest stop[6] lying in a muddy field near the Waldo exit on Interstate 25.[7] He had been shot once in the stomach[7] and strangled with wire,[3][4] possibly a coat hanger.[5] His brown 1974 Chevrolet Malibu[5] sedan was discovered parked at a rest stop on Interstate 40 near Grants,[7] its gas tank empty.[5] Rivera's last rites kit was never found.[6] The Federal Bureau of Investigation intervened in the investigation, and produced a psychological portrait of the person(s) responsible for Rivera's death; the forensic psychologist determined the motive for Rivera's murder was revenge.[6] Law enforcement briefly considered a recent parolee a suspect, but he was ruled out due to his alibi, as well as his fingerprints not matching the unknown prints discovered on Rivera's vehicle.[6] Another unnamed suspect, a former Santa Fe resident who later moved to New York, was considered a suspect.[6] 
Phone card with the photos, names, and ages of the Frog Boys used to raise awareness and help find them. The boys are listed as one year older due to Korean age reckoning. 
The Frog Boys (Korean: 개구리소년, Gaegurisonyeon) is a group of five boys who disappeared in Daegu, South Korea, on March 26, 1991. 
Discovery of bodies 
The Frog Boys incident has been the subject of two films: Come Back, Frog Boys (1992)[9] and Children (2011). There are also several songs that make reference to the case.[10] 
See also 
List of solved missing persons cases List of unsolved deaths 
U Cheol-won, Jo Ho-yeon, Kim Yeong-gyu, Park Chan-in, and Kim Jong-sik, aged between 9 and 13 years-old, disappeared after catching frogs in the western outskirts of Daegu on a public holiday. The Frog Boys received widespread attention and caused a media frenzy in South Korea, and President Roh Tae-woo ordered a massive manhunt by the police and military to find them. 
On September 26, 2002, the remains of the Frog Boys were discovered near their frog-catching site, with some showing signs of blunt-force trauma. The investigation of the Frog Boys has been inconclusive and numerous theories about their deaths exist. Since March 2006, the statute of limitations expired and the case has remained unsolved. 
The five boys were between 9 and 13 years old:[1] 
U Cheol-won (aged 13) Jo Ho-yeon (aged 12) Kim Yeong-gyu (aged 11) Park Chan-in (aged 10) Kim Jong-sik (aged 9) 
All five boys were from the Dalseo District of Daegu and attended the same elementary school. A sixth child, 10-year-old Kim Tae-ryong, had left the group to go home and eat, having missed breakfast that morning. 
Circumstances and disappearance 
The day of 26 March 1991 was a public holiday in South Korea for the 1991 local elections, and the boys decided to spend the day catching frogs in the streams of Mount Waryong (35°52′01″N 128°30′47″E / 35.867°N 128.513°E / 35.867; 128.513) in Dalseo on the western outskirts of Daegu.[2] The boys never returned to their homes, and after they were reported missing their story became a national sensation. President Roh Tae-woo sent 300,000 police and military troops to search for the missing boys,[2] with the searches shown on live TV.[3] Several of the boys' parents left their jobs to travel around the country, looking for their children.[1] Mount Waryong was searched over 500 times.[4] 
On September 26, 2002, a man searching for acorns discovered their bodies in the mountain, an area that had been previously searched. He first reported the remains via an anonymous phone call.[5] Initially, the police stated that they thought the boys had died of hypothermia. However, the parents did not accept that conclusion and demanded a full investigation.[2] The families questioned the conclusion that the boys had simply died after getting lost due to the oddities of the boys' clothes being found tied in knots and of their bodies being found a short distance from the village in an area the boys knew very well.[6] Forensic experts found the skulls of threes showed blunt-force trauma, possibly from metal tools. 
In 2006, the statute of limitations expired on the case. This means authorities cannot prosecute anyone for the murders.[8] The police said they will continue the investigation to get answers.[8] 
Lee Han-yeol Memorial 
In the 1980s, many student activists in universities struggled against Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorship and the aftermath of the 1980 Gwangju Massacre. Park Jong-chol, the president of the student council in the linguistics department of Seoul National University, was one of those students. Detained during an investigation into such activities, Park refused to confess the whereabouts of one of his fellow activists. 
Information surrounding the events of Park Jong-chol's death was initially suppressed. However, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice (CPAJ), revealed the truth to the public on May 18, further inflaming public sentiment. CPAJ planned a June 10th demonstration in his honor. 
Death of Lee Han-yeol 
As demonstrations intensified, students in Yonsei University swore to take the field and demonstrated at the university on June 9. During the protest, Yonsei student Lee Han-yeol was seriously injured when a tear gas grenade penetrated his skull. In critical condition, he quickly became a symbol of the subsequent protests over the weeks that followed. 
Main demonstrations 
On June 10, Roh Tae-woo was nominated as a candidate for the presidency in a party convention of Democratic Justice Party at Jamsil Arena. Major demonstrations occurred throughout the country, with an estimated 240,000 people participating in 22 cities including Seoul.[citation needed] Many people of all social standings joined and supported participants. 
On June 18, the National rally for banishment of tear gas grenades (최루탄추방국민대회) brought 1.5 million people into the streets across at least 16 cities.[citation needed] Finally, the white collar workers who had before remained on the sidelines joined protests, throwing rolls of toilet paper, applauding and otherwise voicing their support. On June 19th, Chun issued orders to mobilize the army, but fearing a reprise of the violent Kwangju Massacre, he rescinded them within hours.[1] On June 26, the Great national march of peace (국민평화대행진) was held by Guk-bon (National Movement Headquarters for the Gain of Democratic Constitution - 민주헌법쟁취국민운동본부); over 1 million people[2] in 34 cities participated and 3,467 people were detained.[citation needed] 
Eventually, Roh Tae-woo issued the June 29 Declaration, capitulating to the demands of the protesters by promising to amend the Constitution and to release Kim Dae-jung. 
Aftermath 
1987 Great Labor Action 
After the June Democratic Uprising, Hyundai Engine Trade Union was established in Ulsan on July 3. Many workers started to unify labor unions and strike. Between July and September, 1,060 new labor unions were organized and walkouts occurred 3,458 times.[citation needed] 
The 9th amendment of Constitution 
After the 6.29 Declaration, amendment of the Constitution finally began in earnest. On October 12 the constitutional bill was passed, and on October 28 it was approved. It officially took effect on February 25, 1988, when Roh Tae-woo was inaugurated as president. 
The 10th Constitution strengthened civil rights. Natural and legal rights were explicitly specified, direct presidential elections were implemented, and the power of the president was reduced in favor of the power of National Assembly of Korea. 
The first democratic election in South Korea 
Roh retained his June 10 nomination as a candidate for the presidency of Democratic Justice Party, and he remained Chun's chosen successor. Roh had enough legitimate support within the Korean electorate to compete in the elections in December 1987. His position was greatly improved by the divisions within the opposition, as Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam were unable to unite, or even back a two-tier voting system that would create a runoff.[1] 
Two weeks before the presidential election, Korean Air Flight 858 exploded when it was flying to Bangkok. The revelation of the North Korean conspiracy against the plane, and the arrival in Seoul of Kim Hyon Hui, one of the agents responsible for the attack, the day before the election created a profitable environment for Roh Tae-woo. 
In the end Roh Tae-woo was the winner, receiving 36.6% of the vote on turnout of 89.2%. The opposition vote was split in two, with Kim Young-sam receiving 28% and Kim Dae-jung 27% of the vote. This election marked the beginning of the Sixth Republic. 
In popular culture 
Unwilling to resort to violence before the 1988 Olympic Games, and (correctly) believing that Roh could win competitive elections anyway given divisions within the opposition,[1] Chun and Roh acceded to the key demands of direct presidential elections and restoration of civil liberties. Although Roh was duly elected as president that December with a bare plurality, the democratic consolidation of South Korea was fully underway. 
The 2017 film 1987: When the Day Comes, directed by Jang Joon-hwan, depicts how the death of student activist Park Jong-chol sparked nationwide pro-democracy protests that changed the course of Korean history in June 1987. 
See also 
Indirect presidential elections 
Since the 1972 implementation of the Yusin Constitution by then president Park Chung-hee, South Korean presidents were elected indirectly by an electoral college. This system persisted even after Park was assassinated and replaced by Choi Kyu-ha, who was himself replaced by Chun after the Coup d'état of December Twelfth. Since the college was generally hand picked by the regime itself, it did not represent any sort of democratic check on presidential power.[1] 
The result was a major moral victory for the opposition, led by Kim Dae Jung and Kim Young Sam. The opposition's key demand was direct presidential elections, and Chun sought to foil this by initiating a campaign of delay, deliberation, and deferment. A parliamentary committee debated various proposals for months; on April 13, 1987, Chun suspended even this committee until after the Olympics.[1] This action intensified unrest, but resulting demonstrations did not impress the regime and Chun decided to continue his program to install Roh as his successor. 
Torture and death of Park Jong-chol 
Ensuing strife was focused in South Jeolla Province, particularly in the then-provincial capital, Gwangju, for complex political and geographical reasons. These factors were both deep and contemporary: 
[The Jeolla, or Honam] region is the granary of Korea. However, due to its abundant natural resources, the Jeolla area has historically been the target for exploitation by both domestic and foreign powers.[14] 
Oppositional protest had existed in Korea historically – especially in the South Jeolla Province region – during the Donghak Peasant Revolution, Gwangju Students Movement, Yeosu–Suncheon Rebellion, regional resistance to the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), and more recently under the Third Republic of South Korea and Fourth Republic of South Korea, as can be seen by the excerpts below: 
Park Chung Hee's dictatorship had showered economic and political favors on his native Gyeongsang Province in the southeast, at the expense of the Jeolla region of the southwest. The latter became the real hotbed of political opposition to the dictatorship, which in turn led to more discrimination from the centre. Finally, in May 1980 the city of Gwangju in South Jeolla province exploded in a popular uprising against the new military strongman, General Chun Doo Hwan, who responded with a bloodbath that killed hundreds of Gwangju's citizens.[15] 
The city of Kwangju was subject to particularly severe and violent repression by the military after [nationwide] martial law was imposed. The denial of democracy and the heightening authoritarianism that accompanied the coming to power of Chun Doo Hwan to replace Park prompted nation-wide protests which, because of Cholla's [Jeolla's] historical legacy of dissent and radicalism, were most intense in that region.[16] 
Timeline 
May 18–21 
There the conflict broadened, to around 2000 participants by afternoon. Initially, police handled the Geumnamno protests; at 4 pm, though, the ROK Special Warfare Command (SWC) sent paratroopers to take over. The arrival of these 686 soldiers, from the 33rd and 35th battalions of the 7th Airborne Brigade, marked a new, violent, and now infamous phase of suppression.[17] 
May 18th Movement Archives 
Testimonies, photographs, and internal records attest to the use of bayonets. The first known fatality was a 29-year-old deaf man named Kim Gyeong-cheol, who was clubbed to death on May 18 while passing by the scene. As citizens were infuriated by the violence, the number of protesters rapidly increased and exceeded 10,000 by May 20. 
As the conflict escalated, the army began to fire on citizens, killing an unknown number near Gwangju Station on May 20. That same day, angered protesters burned down the local MBC station, which had misreported the situation then unfolding in Gwangju (acknowledging only one civilian casualty, for example).[18] Four policemen were killed at a police barricade near the Provincial Government Building after a car rammed into them.[19] 
These "drivers of democracy" showed up to support the citizens and the demonstration because of troop brutality witnessed earlier in the day. As the drivers joined in the demonstration, troops used tear gas on them, and pulled them out of their vehicles and beat them. This in turn led more drivers to come to the scene in anger after many taxi drivers were assaulted when trying to assist the injured and while taking people to the hospital. 
In response, some protesters raided armories and police stations in nearby towns and armed themselves with M1 rifles and carbines. Later that afternoon, bloody gunfights between civilian militias and the army broke out in the Provincial Office Square. By 5:30 pm, militias had acquired two light machine guns and used them against the army, which began to retreat from the downtown area. 
May 22–25 
Blockade of Gwangju, and further atrocities 
Although there was a lull in fighting between militias and the army, more casualties were incurred on May 23 when soldiers fired at a bus that attempted to break out of the city in Jiwon-dong, killing 17 of the 18 passengers. The following day, soldiers mistook boys swimming in the Wonje reservoir for an attempted crossing and opened fire on them, resulting in one death. Later that day, the army suffered its heaviest casualties when troops mistakenly fired at each other in Songam-dong. 
Settlement Committees 
The former was composed of about 20 preachers, lawyers and professors. They negotiated with the army, demanding the release of arrested citizens, compensation for victims, and prohibition of retaliation in exchange for disarmament of militias. The latter was formed by university students, and took charge of funerals, public campaigns, traffic control, withdrawal of weapons, and medical aid. 
Support or denial of the Gwangju Uprising has long acted as a litmus test between conservative and far right groups and beliefs, and mainstream and progressive sectors of the population. The far right groups have sought to discredit the uprising. One of such arguments point to the fact that it occurred before Chun Doo-hwan officially took office, and so contend that it could not really have been a simple student protest against him that started it; however, Chun Doo-hwan had become the de facto leader of South Korea at that time since coming into power on December 12, 1979, after leading a successful military coup of the previous South Korean government.[8][9] 
Protests in other regions 
As the news of the bloody crackdown spread, further protests against the government broke out in nearby regions, including Hwasun, Naju, Haenam, Mokpo, Yeongam, Gangjin, and Muan. While protests ended peacefully in most regions, in Haenam there were gunfights between armed protesters and troops.[citation needed] By May 24, most of these protests had died down; in Mokpo, protests continued until May 28. 
By May 26, the army was ready to reenter Gwangju. Members of the Citizens' Settlement Committee unsuccessfully tried to block the army's advance by lying down in the streets. As the news of the imminent attack spread, civil militias gathered in the Provincial Office, preparing for a last stand. 
May 27 
At 4:00 a.m., troops from five divisions moved into the downtown area and defeated the civil militias within 90 minutes. 
Casualties 
Mangwol-dong cemetery in Gwangju where victims' bodies were buried 
There is no universally accepted death toll for the 1980 Gwangju Uprising. Official figures released by the Martial Law Command[when?] put the death toll at 144 civilians, 22 troops and four police killed, with 127 civilians, 109 troops and 144 police wounded. Individuals who attempted to dispute these figures were liable for arrest for "spreading false rumors".[21] 
Another 76 are still missing and presumed dead. Twenty-three soldiers and four policemen were killed during the uprising, including 13 soldiers killed in the friendly-fire incident between troops in Songam-dong. Figures for police casualties are likely to be higher, due to reports of several policemen being killed by soldiers for releasing captured rioters.[22] 
During Chun Doo-hwan's presidency, the authorities defined the incident as a rebellion instigated by Communist sympathizers and rioters.[10] By 1997, a national cemetery and day of commemoration (May 18), along with acts to "compensate, and restore honor" to victims, were established.[11] 
The official figures have been criticized by some as being too low. Based on reports by foreign press sources and critics of the Chun Doo-hwan administration, it has been argued that the actual death toll was in the 1,000 to 2,000 range.[23][24] 
Aftermath 
Memorial Hall in the May 18th National Cemetery in Gwangju where victims' bodies were buried 
137 victims were carried in handcarts and garbage trucks to be buried at the Old Mangweol-dong Cemetery. located on the outskirts of Gwangju. A New Mangweol-dong Cemetery was created by the state to educate on and commemorate Gwangju's history. 
Chun Doo-hwan already had popularity problems due to his taking power through a military coup, but authorizing the dispatch of Special Forces against citizens damaged his legitimacy even further. The movement also paved the way for later movements in the 1980s that eventually brought democracy to South Korea. The Gwangju Uprising has become a symbol of South Koreans' struggle against authoritarian regimes and for democracy. 
Beginning in 2000, the May 18 Memorial Foundation has offered an annual Gwangju Prize for Human Rights to a notable human rights defender in memory of the uprising.[25] 
On May 25, 2011, the documents of Gwangju Uprising were listed as a 'UNESCO Memory of the World.’ (The official registration name of these documents is 'Human Rights Documentary Heritage 1980 Archives for the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime, in Gwangju, Republic of Korea.')[26] It then became clear that there was an urgent need to systematically collect and preserve these documents. Gwangju Metropolitan City government then decided to establish May 18 Archives[27] by legislating an ordinance known as the 'Management Act on the Archives of May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement.[28] Since then, the Gwangju Metropolitan City government decided to re-model the former Gwangju Catholic center building for record conservation. 
Reevaluation 
At the Mangwol-dong cemetery in Gwangju where victims' bodies were buried, survivors of the democratization movement and bereaved families have held an annual memorial service on May 18 every year since 1980 called the May Movement (O-wol Undong).[29] Many pro-democracy demonstrations in the 1980s demanded official recognition of the truth of the uprising and punishment for those responsible. 
In 2011, 1980 Archives for the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime located in Gwangju's city hall were inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. 
Official reevaluation began after the reinstatement of direct presidential elections in 1987. In 1988, the National Assembly held a public hearing on the Gwangju Uprising, and officially renamed the incident as the Gwangju Uprising. While this official renaming occurred in 1987, it can also be found translated into English as "Gwangju People's Uprising". 
Their punishments were settled in 1997, including an initial death sentence, changed to a life sentence for Chun Doo-hwan. Former President Roh Tae-Woo, Chun's successor and fellow participant in the December 12 coup, was also sentenced to life in prison. But all convicts were pardoned in the name of national reconciliation on December 22 by President Kim Young-sam, based on advice from then president-elect Kim Dae-Jung. 
In 1997, May 18 was declared an official memorial day. In 2002, a law privileging bereaved families took effect, and the Mangwol-dong cemetery was elevated to the status of a national cemetery. 
On May 18, 2013, President Park Geun-hye attended the 33rd anniversary of the Gwangju uprising, saying that "I feel the sorrow of family members and the city of Gwangju every time I visit the National May 18 Cemetery", and that "I believe achieving a more mature democracy is a way to repay the sacrifice paid by those [killed in the massacre]."[30] 
2017 investigation 
In May 2017, newly elected South Korean President Moon Jae-in vowed to reopen the investigation into the South Korean government's role in the suppression of the uprising.[31] 
In February 2018, it was revealed for the first time that the army had used McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender and Bell UH-1 Iroquois attack helicopters to fire on civilians. Defense Minister Song Young-moo made an apology.[32][33] 
On November 7, 2018, Defense Minister Jeong Kyeong-doo issued an apology for the South Korean military's role in suppressing the uprising and acknowledged that soldiers had engaged in acts of sexual violence during the crackdown as well.[34][35] 
In popular culture 
Literature (available in English translation) 
Compositions 
Television 
Film 
26 Years (film) The Attorney Fork Lane May 18 (film) Peppermint Candy A Petal (1996 film) (adapted from the short story "There a Petal Silently Falls" by Choe Yun) A Taxi Driver (2017 film)[38] Symphonic Poem for the Beloved (DPRK Video Archive on YouTube) Sunny (2011 film) 
The abrupt termination of Park's 18-year authoritarian rule left a power vacuum and led to political and social instability. While President Choi Kyu-hah, the successor to the Presidency after Park's death, had no dominant control over the government, South Korean Army major general Chun Doo-hwan, the chief of the Defense Security Command, seized military power through the Coup d'état of December Twelfth and tried to intervene in domestic issues. The military however could not explicitly reveal its political ambitions and had no obvious influence over the civil administration before the mass civil unrest in May 1980.[12] 
The nation's democratization movements, which had been suppressed during Park's tenure, were being revived. With the beginning of a new semester in March 1980, professors and students expelled for pro-democracy activities returned to their universities, and student unions were formed. These unions led nationwide demonstrations for reforms, including an end to martial law (declared after Park's assassination), democratization, human rights, minimum wage demands and freedom of press.[13] These activities culminated in the anti-martial law demonstration at Seoul Station on May 15, 1980 in which about 100,000 students and citizens participated. 
To enforce martial law, troops were dispatched to various[which?] parts of the country. On the same day, the Defense Security Command raided a national conference of student union leaders from 55 universities, who were gathered to discuss their next moves in the wake of the May 15 demonstration. Twenty-six politicians, including South Jeolla Province native Kim Dae-jung, were also arrested on charges of instigating demonstrations. 
The Gwangju Uprising (Korean: 광주 민주화 항쟁; Hanja: 光州民主化抗爭), alternatively called the May 18 Democratic Uprising by UNESCO,[2] and also known as May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement[3] (Korean: 5·18 광주 민주화 운동; Hanja: 五一八光州民主化運動), was a popular uprising in the city of Gwangju, South Korea, from May 18 to 27, 1980. Estimates suggest that up to 606 people may have died.[4] During this period, Gwangju citizens took up arms (by robbing local armories and police stations) when local Chonnam University students who were demonstrating against the martial law government were fired upon, killed, raped and beaten by government troops.[5][6][7] The uprising ended on May 27, 1980. The event is sometimes called 5·18 (May 18; Korean: 오일팔; Hanja: 五一八; RR: Oilpal), in reference to the date the movement began. 
Human Acts (novel) by Han Kang[36] The Old Garden (novel) by Hwang Sok-Yong "I'll be right there" (novel) by Kyung Sook Shin There a Petal Silently Falls: Three Stories by Choe Yun, Columbia University Press (May 31, 2008). 
ISBN 0-231-14296-X[37] 
In 1985 he started to participate in civic movements by assuming permanent power of attorney on behalf of the Busan council of citizen democracy.[1] He opposed the autocratic regime in place at the time in South Korea, and participated in the pro-democracy June Democracy Movement in 1987 against Chun Doo-hwan.[23] The same year he was jailed while investigating the cause of death of the Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering factory worker Lee Seok-Kyu, who had been killed by a stray police tear gas bullet while on strike. Roh was accused of 'unapproved interference in the case' and 'hindering the funeral'. Although he was released in twenty days because of public opinion against the arrest, his lawyer's license was revoked after the incident in political retribution.[22] His lawyer's license was reinstated[when?] and he, along with Chun Jung Bae and Im Jong In, founded Haemaru Law firm.[24] 
Roh was a Catholic (baptismal name: Justin) in the 1980s but then lapsed while continued to identify as a Catholic, though later years he was non-religious while practiced in some form of Mahayana Buddhism.[25][26] 
Early political career 
Roh entered politics in 1988 when he was invited by Kim Young-sam to join the Democratic Reunification Party (Korean: 통일민주당). That same year, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly, representing Dong-gu, Busan. He came to wider public attention with his cross-examination of the government over political corruption allegations in a parliamentary hearing.[27] 
In 1990, Kim Young-sam merged his party with the Democratic Justice Party to form the Democratic Liberal Party, a forerunner of the Grand National Party. Roh did not participate in the party and he criticized it as "betrayal against the democracy movement".[28] 
In 1991, before the election of the national assembly, the Weekly Chosun posted an article that alleging that Roh was a politician with hidden wealth. Roh sued the company for defamation and won, but lost the election for his seat.[29] 
Having lost his seat in the 1992 Assembly elections, he later ran for the mayorship of Busan in 1995, where he lost again. Shortly after the election, Kim Dae-jung founded the National Congress for New Politics, but Roh did not join.[citation needed] In 1996, he ran for the Assembly seat for Jung-gu in Seoul, losing to another future president, Lee Myung-bak. 
Roh founded the new party with Lee Bu-Yeong, Lee Chul, Kim Won-Gi, and Kim Jeong-Gil, but before the presidential election, after the New Korea Party merged with the United Democratic Party, he decided to reconcile with Kim Dae-jung to 'bring the military government and their political heir into justice'. 
Roh Moo-hyun (Korean: 노무현; Hanja: 盧武鉉; RR: No Muhyeon; Korean pronunciation: [no muçʌn]) GOM (1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician who served as President of South Korea (2003–2008). Roh's pre-presidential political career was focused on human rights advocacy for student activists in South Korea. His electoral career later expanded to a focus on overcoming regionalism in South Korean politics, culminating in his election to the presidency. 
At the meeting, Kim Dae-jung welcomed Roh and his party saying "Today is a very pleasant day. That pleasure is not only because we now work together, but also because I could relieve a burden in my mind that I have been carrying (since we separated)." Roh returned to office in 1998, when Lee Myung-bak resigned his seat because of a violation of election law, winning a seat in the ensuing by-election. 
In 2000, Roh was appointed Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries under Kim Dae-jung, and this position would constitute his major government experience prior to the presidency.[32] 
Roh got public attention when he participated in candidate election of his party. The candidate election itself also got high public attention because it allowed the vote not only from the party members, but also the local citizens. At first, his approval rate was 10%, allowing much gap with leading candidate Lee In-Jae, but Roh constantly earned much supporters by his notable speeches, especially in Ulsan,[33] and the result of poll that Roh's approval rate was 41.7%, 1.1% higher than the Lee Hoi-chang, candidate of the opponent party, convinced the voters of his party.[34] 
Roh won the presidency on 19 December 2002, by defeating Lee Hoi-chang with a narrow 2% margin of victory. At 2003, right before his inauguration, he described his plan as "I will root the method of discussion inside the government.", and added, "discussion should be familiarized until we are called 'Republic of discussion'."[35] 
Presidency (2003–08) 
Roh dubbed his administration the "Participatory Government,"[36] and entered office intent on introducing an ambitious new agenda. Policy goals for the Roh administration included the continuance of the Sunshine Policy of engagement towards North Korea,[37] the establishment of Korea as a business hub in Northeast Asia, the expansion of social welfare, the pursuit of "balanced national development" to help underdeveloped areas, the eradication of corruption, reform of education and tax systems, reform of labor-management relations, reform of mass media, and a recasting of the relationship with the United States and Japan.[38] 
Uri Party and impeachment 
Roh's election was notable for the arrival in power of a new generation of Korean politicians, the so-called 386 Generation (people in their thirties, when the term was coined, who had attended university in the 1980s and who were born in the 1960s).[4][5] This generation had been veterans of student protests against authoritarian rule, and advocated a conciliatory approach towards North Korea, even at the expense of good relations with the United States.[6] Roh himself was the first South Korean president to be born after the end of Japanese rule in Korea. 
After Roh refused to apologize, led by the opposition parties holding the majority, the Assembly voted to impeach him for illegal electioneering on 12 March 2004. The vote was 193–2 (Uri Party members abstained from the vote). Roh's supporters physically blocked the motion for three days in open combat, and had to be hauled out by security guards.[44] Roh's executive power was suspended pending a final decision by the Constitutional Court, and Prime Minister Goh Kun ran the country as the Acting President. 
The National Assembly's attempt to impeach Roh was largely opposed by the public. From 12 March 2004, to 27 March, protest against the impeachment motion was led by 'citizen's movement for eradicating corruption'. According to the police, 50,000 people gathered to protest on 13 March alone.[45] 
Although Roh's popularity had hovered around 30%, the impeachment was taken as a power struggle against the political reform and the choice of the citizen, and Roh's popularity went up soon after the assembly's vote to impeach Roh. The results of the April 2004 parliamentary election showed public support for him, with the Uri Party winning a majority of seats. 
On 14 May 2004, the Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision, restoring Roh as President.[46] After the incident, Roh joined the Uri party as a member, officially making the Uri party as the ruling party. It was the first time that a liberal party achieved a majority in the National Assembly. 
After the reinstatement 
With the controversies concerning the capital, perceptions of neglect and mismanagement of the economy had grown.[48] Although exports performed at record levels and the economy grew, growth still lagged behind both the previous administration and the rest of the world, while the domestic economy stagnated.[49] At the same time regulations proliferated, investment capital exited the country,[50] unemployment (especially among the young) increased, wealthy students flocked overseas as the education system stagnated, and housing prices in Seoul soared far beyond the reach of the average citizen. Roh responded by dismissing criticism as "shameless mudslinging,"[51] and touted the achievements of his government in increasing national competitiveness, strengthening the economy.[52] This somewhat cavalier attitude led to his Uri Party suffering consecutive defeats in the Assembly, before eventually collapsing. Roh's unpopularity had become a liability for his party, and a new party was needed to disassociate from him.[53] The Uri Party would thus be revamped and renamed as the Democratic Party, and is currently the main opposition party in the National Assembly. 
Roh's ambitious initial promises to establish Korea as an international business hub in Asia[54] faded soon after his election.[55][56][57][58] Instead, Korea under Roh suffered negative publicity in the foreign business community due to prosecutorial investigations on the purchase and sale of Korea Exchange Bank by the Lone Star Fund, spurring foreign investors to join their domestic counterparts in leaving the country.[59] When housing prices soared, To prevent speculative bubble like Japanese asset price bubble crisis, Roh introduced additional 1~3% of property tax on real estate exceeding 600 million won(about 600,000US$).[60] This efficiently slowed down the bubble, but this policy met high opposition by the riches who had to pay higher tax.[61] At the same time, Roh also increased welfare spending by 18% a year, and drastically increased spending by increasing the size of the civil service by more than 95,700 new hires, or approximately 60 people a day. Criticism of lax discipline among the civil service and police force was high during his government. 
The remainder of Roh's term was characterized by a number of campaigns pursued to varying degrees of success and completion. One of the more successful campaigns (at least during his term) was Roh's pursuit of an FTA with the United States, concluded in April 2007 after many months of negotiations by Kim Hyun-jong, the deputy minister for trade. Roh successfully pushed for the FTA in spite of domestic opposition from his traditional leftist constituency (who denounced it as "neoliberal")[62] and various groups (particularly farmers) opposed to market opening.[63][64] 
South Korea received the highest marks on the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index under his administration. The value of the South Korean won against the US Dollar was the strongest during his administration since 1997.[7] Due to the strong currency, for the first time in history, South Korea became the world's 10th largest economy and exceeded the $20,000 milestone in nominal GDP per capita during his administration. 
Grand coalition plan 
When the Uri party was defeated in by-elections held on 30 April 2005, losing every one of the 23 electoral districts, Uri Party lost its majority in the National Assembly. Facing the outcome of his unpopularity, Roh took a rather strange measure to manage the government when he proposed a grand coalition with the opposition Grand National Party. Roh's rationale was that since it was impossible to continue his presidency with an approval rate of around 20 percent, a grand coalition comprising the Uri party and the Grand National Party was desirable, and that the difference between both parties in terms of political agendas was actually minute. 
Many of the Uri party's supporters who identify as liberals were enraged at Roh holding that his party was not really different from the conservative opposition. The Grand National Party, enjoying relatively strong approval rate but still bent on revenge for the party's defeat in major elections, repeatedly declined to initiate a negotiation for the coalition. While the Uri Party grudgingly supported the President's proposal, a lawmaker defected from the party in protest of Roh's plan, and the loss of popularity was felt when the party suffered yet another complete defeat in the by-election on 26 October 2005, this time including one of the party's stronghold electoral districts. 
Foreign relations 
United States 
Roh was perceived as an anti-American before the presidential race, which was not a handicap during the presidential campaign. Public antipathy to the United States was prevalent in 2002, particularly evoked by the Yangju highway incident, where two South Korean middle school girls were crushed to death by a U.S. Army armored bridge-laying vehicle. The American soldiers involved were tried by a U.S. Army court martial, but the Roh administration continued to demand a South Korean trial, although the incident occurred 'on duty' (as part of a convoy) and thus was an American responsibility under the Status of Forces Agreement between the United States and South Korea. 
Roh endeavored to improve relations with North Korea, becoming the first president to cross the border by foot and meeting Kim Jong-il. He dispatched the Zaytun Division to support the US in the Iraq War by carrying out peacekeeping and other reconstruction-related tasks. Roh explained the deployment as only a peacekeeping mission and claimed that such commitment was required to bring favor from the United States in resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis. 
In February 2006, Roh announced that South Korea would initiate negotiations with the United States for a free trade agreement.[66] 
However, due to his poor performance in economy and diplomacy, Roh was not a popular president, having the worst approval rating on average ever recorded in South Korean political history.[8][9][10] His economic policy was often criticized for persisting with certain obsolete economic views and failing certain livelihood issues.[9][11] There had been a considerable diplomatic dissonance between South Korea and its traditional allies during Roh's presidency as well. Former Bush administration officials such as Condoleezza Rice and Robert Gates, in their published memoirs, claimed that Roh was anti-American and disclosed that there had been numerous conflicts between the U.S. and South Korea because of Roh's unpredictability.[12][13] There has been criticism that Roh's anti-Americanism, nationalism, and pro-North Korean views contributed to a contradiction in diplomacy and impaired credibility in the international community.[11] It also led to a decline in some of his popular support, especially among the older generation.[14] 
In April 2007, Roh presided over an emergency meeting of his aides to discuss the diplomatic fallout from the massacre at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the United States by a South Korean student, Cho Seung-hui, concerning its negative impact on South Korea-U.S. relations.[67] They were discussing comprehensive measures to cope with the unprecedented incident, including issuance of presidential messages of apology and plans to prevent possible harassment of South Koreans living in the United States.[68] Roh issued two messages of condolence already on 17 April 2007.[69] 
Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates described Roh as "anti-American and probably a little crazy" in his book titled Duty, and professed astonishment at Roh telling him at the meeting in November 2007 that "the two biggest security threats in Asia were the United States and Japan".[70][71] 
Japan 
South Korea's relationship with Japan was in a healthy condition when Roh entered office. However, his first visit to the neighboring country in 2003 was scheduled on a date that coincided with Korean Memorial Day. 
During the visit, Roh proclaimed he would not seek any more apologies from Japan over its colonial occupation, in the hope of maintaining a friendly relationship between the two countries. Although Roh's proclamation was made in good faith, some expressed concern that Japan may have interpreted this as the termination of its responsibility for the colonial past, and use it as an excuse to deny any claims for compensation that may arise in the future. 
Despite Roh's hope, relations with Japan deteriorated henceforth, in several areas of conflict such as compensation issues for comfort women, denial of the colonial past in Japanese history textbooks, and disputes over the Liancourt Rocks. Another sensitive issue, former Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi's repeated visits to Yasukuni Shrine were harshly criticized in South Korea, and Roh declared no further meetings with Koizumi would take place unless he stopped visiting the shrine. 
According to Rep. Chung Mong-joon, former leader of the ruling Saenuri Party, "The Roh Moo-hyun administration proposed that the U.S. define Japan as a hypothetical enemy," at the Korea-U.S. Security Consultative Meeting in Seoul in October 2005. "President Roh proposed it because the general public had bad feelings against Japan and Korea had a territorial dispute over the Dokdo islets with Japan, Washington was very embarrassed since it had hoped Korea and Japan would go hand-in-hand as free and democratic countries. A hypothetical enemy in English implies a main enemy."[72][73] 
In an address to the nation on 25 April 2006 regarding disputes over the Liancourt Rocks, Roh reaffirmed that he didn't seek another apology from Japan, but demanded that Japan take action in compliance with its past apologies.[74] The then-Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi characterized the speech as intended for domestic audiences.[75] 
Retirement 
After leaving office, Roh retired to Bongha Maeul, a small village in his hometown. This marked a break with previous custom, where former presidents retired to heavily guarded houses in Seoul.[76] Bongha – a village of 121 people – became a major tourist attraction due to Roh's presence.[76] 
Despite high expectations in the beginning,[15] his presidency encountered strong opposition from the conservative Grand National Party and media. They constantly accused him of incompetence, and insulting criticism was frequently published in the media.[16] As a result, many of Roh's policies, including a plan to move the capital, and a plan to form a coalition with the opposition, were also attacked and made little progress. 
Bribery allegations 
On 4 December 2008, Roh Moo-hyun's elder brother, Roh Gun-Pyeong, was indicted on charges of illegally taking 3 million won from former Daewoo Engineering & Construction and imprisoned. 
In early 2009, allegations of corruption had begun to surface regarding the former President's family and aides, eventually leading to the indictment of Roh's elder brother Roh Gun-Pyeong on suspicion of influence peddling.[77][78] The investigation soon expanded to encompass Roh Moo-Hyun's aides,[79] as well as other members of his family.[80] As the investigation closed in on Roh's former secretary, Chung Sang-Moon, Roh announced on his website that "The accusation should be directed at our household,[81] not Chung. Our household made the request, received money and used it."[82] At the same time, Roh claimed that he himself had not known of the money transfer before his retirement. By May 2009, prosecutors had summoned Roh's wife,[83] son,[84] and eventually the former President himself[85] on suspicion of receiving 1 million dollars in bribes from Park Yeon-Cha, a businessman close to the ex-President. 
Kang Kum-won was another Roh's long time supporter whose business was under thorough investigation by The Supreme Prosecutors' Office (SPO). Even if Kang was Roh's closest long time supporter, he did not expand his business during Roh's presidency to avoid unnecessary suspicion of special benefits. However, his parole was denied during the investigation despite his terminal illness of brain cancer until Roh's death.[88] 
Roh's investigation for corruption came after he had campaigned on pledges to "clean up the presidency,"[89] and root out corruption, while condemning his opponents as hopelessly corrupt.[90] 
In one speech to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Korea's "June Struggle" for democracy, Roh vehemently attacked critics who described him as incompetent, stating, "They even deal out the absurd rhetoric that they would rather have a corrupt administration than an inept one while openly revealing their true colors as forces of corruption and the security-driven dictatorships of the past. What's more, they label the democratic forces as being inept, plotting to rise to power on the back of the nostalgia for the development-oriented dictatorships of the past."[91] 
Roh's characteristically self-righteous stance resulted in harsh condemnation of the ex-President for hypocrisy.[92] In response to the pervasive criticism upon Roh's bribery charges, he stated on his website, "I have lost my moral cause just with the facts I have so far admitted. The only thing left is the legal procedure".[93] Roh further added, "What I have to do now is bow to the nation and apologize. From now on, the name Roh cannot be a symbol of the values you pursue. 
In contrast to scandals involving previous presidents, who reportedly used illicit funds close to $500 million to finance political campaigns and their family activities,[97] Roh's family had to use borrowed funds close to $1.5 million from a friend for personal use, such as the payment of living expenses for study in the United States.[98] 
Roh Moo-Hyun was found seriously injured on the morning of 23 May 2009 after apparently jumping from a 45-meter (150 ft) cliff known as Bueong'i Bawi (lit. Owl's Rock) behind his rural home in his home village of Bongha. He sustained serious head injuries and was sent by car to Seyoung hospital nearby at 7:20 am and moved to Busan University Hospital at around 8:15 am (and pronounced dead at around 9:30 am (00:30 GMT).[1] Security camera footage of the compound were not released. 
After leaving office, Roh returned to his hometown of Bongha Maeul. He ran a duck farm and lived an ordinary life, sharing it through his blog. He also ran a website called "Democracy 2.0" to promote healthy online discussions.[17] Fourteen months later, Roh was suspected of bribery by prosecutors, and the subsequent investigations attracted public attention.[18] Roh committed suicide on 23 May 2009 by jumping from a mountain cliff behind his home, after saying that "there are too many people suffering because of me" on a suicide note on his PC.[19] About 4 million people visited Roh's hometown Bongha Village in the week following his death. 
The police report stated that the suicide note apologized for making "too many people suffer" and requested that his body be cremated.[1] 
I have caused too great a burden to be placed upon them. I can't begin to fathom the countless agonies down the road. The rest of my life would only be a burden for others. 
The 8th president, Kim Dae-jung, stated that "President Roh Moo-hyun loved Koreans more than any other presidents [...] During the unfair investigation, he suffered from all sorts of humiliation, chagrin, deception, and defamation, which left him no option but to commit suicide before his countryman to show his innocence."[100] The 10th president, Lee Myung-bak, stated that "the news was truly unbelievable and deeply saddening." Justice Minister Kim Kyung-han said the corruption case against him would be formally closed. 
Roh's suicide followed the suicides of a number of high-profile figures under corruption investigations in Korea in recent years, including the former secretary of Prime Minister Kim Young-chul,[101] former Busan mayor Ahn Sang-Young (who committed suicide while in prison),[102] Park Tae-young, former governor of Jeolla province,[103] and Chung Mong-hun, a former Hyundai executive. Roh himself had been sued by the widow of former Daewoo E&C head Nam Sang-Guk for allegedly making defamatory comments that drove her husband to throw himself off of a bridge.[104][105][106] Roh's suicide was followed later in the year by the suicide of another politician, the Mayor of Yangsan, who was being subject to a corruption investigation.[107][108] 
By 27 May, Roh's bodyguard revealed that he was not with the former president when he committed suicide.[109] Roh's public funerary ceremony involved both Buddhist and Catholic rites.[110] Hundreds of thousands of supporters turned out to pay their respects in memorial shrines erected around the country, as did President Lee Myung-bak and numerous other prominent politicians.[111][112] Sporadic violent demonstrations in Seoul immediately after the funeral resulted in the detention of 72 people.[113] 
Roh's suicide resulted in a sudden positive shift in domestic perception towards the late President, leading Kim Dong-gil, one of the conservative figures to comment, "How could he become an instant saint upon his suicide?"[114] Perceptions of an excessive investigation on Roh's alleged improprieties boosted support for the opposition Party (itself formed when Roh's then unpopularity made it a liability to be associated with him), giving them enough leverage to demand that President Lee Myung-bak apologize for the "politically motivated" investigation they claimed caused Roh's death, and discipline those responsible.[115] Support for the opposition party increased to 28.3%, outpolling the ruling GNP at 23.5%.[116] The Democratic Party also decided to block the scheduled opening of the National Assembly until the Lee Myung-bak government accepted responsibility for Roh's suicide.[117] The chief prosecutor in Roh's bribery case also resigned.[118] A year after Roh died, his autobiography was published by his personal and political fellows. Based on Roh's previous books, unpublished draft, notes, letters and interviews, it follows Roh's life from birth to death.[119] 
He died about 3 months before former President Kim Dae-jung died on 18 August 2009 of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Former Prime Minister Han Myung-suk and others claimed that the investigation of Roh's corruption case leading to his death was president Lee's political revenge and murder.[120][121][122][123][124][125] 
Legacy 
In January 2010, dissatisfaction with the poor electoral showing of the minority Democratic Party, and a posthumous reappraisal of Roh Moo-hyun's presidency spurred the creation of a new party, the "Participation Party (South Korea)." This party was created to "revive the spirit of former President Roh Moo-hyun."[126][127][128][129] 
Personal background 
One of Roh's biggest accomplishments was revising regulations for political fundraising, which even one of his harshest critics praises.[130] Before the revision, previous presidential candidates received more than $300 million hush money from leaving president to run the presidential campaign. During Roh's initial campaign for the presidency, civilians donated their piggy banks raising close to $1.2 million, but not enough to match about $12 million his opponent raised.[131] 
The Institute for Future Korea (한국미래발전연구원) is established for researching and promoting Roh Moo-hyun's social ideas.[132] 
A WikiLeaks American diplomatic cable to South Korea revealed that Roh Moo-hyun expressed concerns how the US government mistreated North Korea.[133] 
Lee In-gyu (이인규), the former head of the SPO released his book on the involvements of the political corruptions surrounding the investigation against Roh that led to his suicide.[134] In his book, Lee acknowledged that the South Korean National Intelligence Service had intentionally released overly sensational stories about President Roh's bribery charges. 
In 2010, 1 year after his death, the politicians who were Roh's aides won the local elections and became the provincial government heads. In January 2012, Han Myung-Sook who had been one of the prime ministers in Roh's tenure was elected party leader of the biggest opposition party, Democratic United Party. She officially made clear "succession of Roh's policy".[135] Although his policy was regarded as failure when he was in the position, it has been reevaluated as liberal and nationalistic, compared to Lee Myung-Bak's authoritarian and pro-US policy.[136] Even a conservative professor, Lee Sang-Don, who had severely criticized Roh's policy, said that "Roh became a myth (of our age) ."[137] 
On the 10th anniversary of his passing, former US President George W. Bush paid respects at the annual memorial ceremony for Roh Moo-hyun.[138] 
He received high grades, but was quite often absent from school to assist his parents.[21] While in sixth grade, with the encouragement of his school teacher, he became the president of the school. As he entered Jin-yeong middle school, a writing contest was held to commemorate Syngman Rhee's birthday. Roh tried to start a student movement against it, but was caught and suspended from the school.[22] 
Nayirah al-Ṣabaḥ during her testimony. It was later revealed that she was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States and that her testimony could not be verified. 
The testimony was widely publicized, and was cited numerous times by United States senators and President George H. W. Bush in their rationale to back Kuwait in the Gulf War. In 1992, it was revealed that Nayirah's last name was al-Ṣabaḥ (Arabic: نيرة الصباح‎) and that she was the daughter of Saud Al-Sabah, the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States. Furthermore, it was revealed that her testimony was organized as part of the Citizens for a Free Kuwait public relations campaign, which was run by the American public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for the Kuwaiti government. 
The looting of incubators attracted media attention because of allegations that premature babies were being discarded or dying as a result.[11] On September 5, Abdul Wahab Al-Fowzan, the Kuwaiti health minister-in-exile, stated at a press conference in Taif, Saudi Arabia "that Iraqi soldiers had seized virtually all of the country's hospitals and medical institutions after their invasion" and that "soldiers evicted patients and systematically looted the hospitals of high-tech equipment, ambulances, drugs and plasma" which resulted in the death of 22 premature babies.[2][12][12] The Washington Post described the origin of the Kuwaiti baby story as follows: 
It was supplemented by information gathered from fleeing Kuwaitis and other sources by Fawzia Sayegh, a Kuwaiti pediatrician living here. The letter claimed that Iraqi soldiers ordered patients evicted from several hospitals and closed down critical units for treating cancer patients, dialysis patients and those suffering from diabetes. Bahar and Sayegh said the Iraqis hauled sophisticated equipment such as dialysis machines back to Baghdad, part of the haul of cash, gold, cars and jewelry that is said by Arab banking sources to exceed $2 billion. 
The Washington Post also noted that it was unable to verify the accusations as Iraq did not permit access to the area and had quarantined diplomats.[1] 
On September 5, in another letter to the UN Secretary General, Abulhasan reiterated Fowzan's claims writing: 
We are informed by impeccable sources in Kuwait's health institutions that the Iraqi occupation authorities have carried out the following brutal crimes, which may be described as crimes against humanity: ... 2. The incubators in maternity hospitals used for children suffering from retarded growth (premature children) have been removed, causing the death of all the children who were under treatment.[13] 
The letter did not state how many babies had died.[1][14] The allegations in the letter received widespread media coverage in the following days.[15][16][17][18][19][20] That day, in an interview with released hostages on NPR's All Things Considered, a hostage stated that Iraqi troops were "hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators."[21] Reuters also reported they had been told "that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment."[22][23] 
On September 9, NPR reported that "in a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq."[24] 
On September 17, Edward Gnehm Jr., the U.S. ambassador-designate to Kuwait, told reporters that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies had died when Iraqi troops had stolen their incubators.[25] The Los Angeles Times reported that "refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die."[2][26] The San Jose Mercury News also reported the same allegation that day, adding that Western diplomats thought "this is the kind of thing that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to construe it as such, it could be cause for some kind of military intervention."[27] 
On September 25, The Washington Post reported that "Kuwait City's hospitals are being stripped of incubators."[1][28] The president of Citizens for a Free Kuwait wrote to Representative Gus Yatron stating of how he "recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators [in Kuwait], used for treating premature babies, be turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure."[29] 
In her emotional testimony, Nayirah stated that after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait she had witnessed Iraqi soldiers take babies out of incubators in a Kuwaiti hospital, take the incubators, and leave the babies to die. 
On September 29, in a meeting between Kuwaiti leader Sheik Jabbar al Ahmed al Sabah and President George H. W. Bush, the exiled emir told the president that Iraqis were "going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-support machines to send the equipment back to Iraq."[30][31] In his remarks following the discussion, Bush stated that "Iraqi aggression has ransacked and pillaged a once peaceful and secure country, its population assaulted, incarcerated, intimidated, and even murdered" and that "Iraq's leaders are trying to wipe an internationally recognized sovereign state, a member of the Arab League and the United Nations, off the face of the map."[32] 
On September 28, Kuwait's planning minister, Sulaiman Mutawa, reported that 12 babies had died as a result of incubator looting.[33] 
On September 30, U.S. News & World Report reported that it had obtained secret US government cables based on eyewitness accounts that revealed "shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals."[34] The cables stated that on the sixth day of Iraqi invasion, Iraqi soldiers "entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal" and that "they unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators", thus killing the 22 children.[34] 
On October 9, at a Presidential news conference, Bush stated: 
And I am very much concerned, not just about the physical dismantling but of the brutality that has now been written on by Amnesty International confirming some of the tales told us by the Amir of brutality. It's just unbelievable, some of the things at least he reflected. I mean, people on a dialysis machine cut off, the machine sent to Baghdad; babies in incubators heaved out of the incubators and the incubators themselves sent to Baghdad. 
Citizens for a Free Kuwait 
The Citizens for a Free Kuwait was a public relations committee set up by the Kuwaiti embassy, described by The Times News as a "Washington, D.C.- based committee comprised of concerned Kuwaitis and Americans".[36][37] Though the committee occupied embassy office space, they were to be working independently of the embassy.[36] 
Hill & Knowlton 
In 1990, after being approached by a Kuwaiti expatriate in New York, Hill & Knowlton took on "Citizens for a Free Kuwait."[1] The objective of the national campaign was to raise awareness in the United States about the dangers posed by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to Kuwait.[38] 
Hill & Knowlton conducted a $1 million study to determine the best way to win support for strong action.[39] H & K had the Wirthington Group conduct focus groups to determine the best strategy that would influence public opinion.[40] The study found that an emphasis on atrocities, particularly the incubator story, was the most effective.[40] 
Her story was initially corroborated by Amnesty International, a British NGO, which published several independent reports about the killings[3] and testimony from evacuees. Following the liberation of Kuwait, reporters were given access to the country. An ABC report found that "patients, including premature babies, did die, when many of Kuwait's nurses and doctors ... fled" but Iraqi troops "almost certainly had not stolen hospital incubators and left hundreds of Kuwaiti babies to die."[4][5] Amnesty International reacted by issuing a correction, with executive director John Healey subsequently accusing the Bush administration of "opportunistic manipulation of the international human rights movement".[6] 
Hill & Knowlton is estimated to have been given as much as $12 million by the Kuwaitis for their public relations campaign.[1] 
The Congressional Human Rights Foundation is a non-governmental organization that investigates human rights abuse. It was headed by Democratic U.S. Representative Tom Lantos and Republican Representative John Porter and rented space in Hill & Knowlton's Washington headquarters at a $3000 reduced rate.[42] 
Testimony 
On October 10, 1990, Nayirah was the last to testify at the Caucus. In her oral testimony, which lasted 4 minutes,[43] she stated: 
If an Iraqi soldier is found dead in the neighborhood, they burn to the ground all the houses in the general vicinity and would not let firefighters come until the only ash and rubble was left. The Iraqis were making fun of President Bush and verbally and physically abusing my family and me on our way out of Kuwait. We only did so because life in Kuwait became unbearable. 
Although Nayirah did not specify how many babies were in the incubators in her oral testimony, in the written testimony distributed by Hill and Knowlton, it read "While I was there I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where 15 babies were in incubators."[1] The testimony was not given under oath. 
Representative John Porter, co-chairman of the caucus, remarked that in his eight years of service on the caucus, he had never heard such "brutality and inhumanity and sadism."[45] Nayirah's testimony was described as the most dramatic.[45] 
Hill & Knowlton 
It is unclear how much of Nayirah's testimony was coached. Though the firm was supposed to provide only stylistic help,[46] it was reported that H&K "provided witnesses, wrote testimony, and coached the witnesses for effectiveness."[47] 
Nayirah's testimony was widely publicized.[48] Hill & Knowlton, which had filmed the hearing, sent out a video news release to Medialink, a firm which served about 700 television stations in the United States.[49] 
Initial response 
On January 13, 1991, the Sunday Times reported that a Dr. Ali Al-Huwail could vouch for 92 deaths.[54] 
Iraq denied the allegations. On October 16, Iraqi information minister Latif Nassif al-Jassem told the Iraqi News Agency that "now you [Bush] are using what he [Sheikh Jaber] told you to make Congress ratify the budget which is in the red because of your policies" adding that "you, as the president of a superpower, have to weigh words carefully and not act as a clown who repeats what he is told."[55] 
Incubator allegations 
Life-support systems are turned off. ... They are even removing traffic lights. The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or police. — Evacuee's description as reported in St. Louis Post-Dispatch[7] 
Following the Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait, there were reports of widespread looting. On September 2, 1990, in a letter to the UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, Kuwait's UN representative, Mohammad A. Abulhasan, wrote: 
Further to those of our communications which are intended to inform you of the actions perpetrated by the Iraqi occupation authorities in Kuwait in contravention of all international laws, and on the basis of confirmed information provided to us by the Government of Kuwait, we wish to draw attention to a phenomenon which has no precedent in history, namely, the Iraqi occupation authorities' organized operation for the purpose of looting and plundering Kuwait. It is impossible to compare this operation to any similar incidents or to provide an exact account thereof because it is in effect an operation designed to achieve nothing less than the complete removal of Kuwait's assets, including property belonging to the State, to public and private institutions and to individuals, as well as the contents of houses, factories, stores, hospitals, academic institutes, schools, and universities ... What has occurred in Kuwait is the perpetration of an act of armed robbery by a State which has used its military, security and technical organs for that purpose.[8] 
In the letter, Abulhasan also noted that "theft of all equipment from private and public hospitals, including X-ray machines, scanners and pieces of laboratory equipment."[1] The allegations of looting were also retold by evacuees who described "soldiers looting office buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and even infant incubators and radiation equipment." [9] Douglas Hurd, the British Secretary for foreign affairs surmised that "they are looting and destroying in a way which suggests that they may not expect to be there for very long."[10] 
That night, portions of the testimony aired on ABC's Nightline and NBC Nightly News reaching an estimated audience between 35 and 53 million Americans.[1][2] Seven senators cited Nayirah's testimony in their speeches backing the use of force.[Note 1] President George Bush repeated the story at least ten times in the following weeks.[52] Her account of the atrocities helped to stir American opinion in favor of participation in the Gulf War.[4] 
In a visit to Kuwait on October 21, 1990, by journalists who were escorted by Iraqi information ministry officials, doctors at a Kuwaiti maternity facility denied the incubator allegations.[56] In the visit, the Iraqi head of the Kuwaiti health department, Abdul-Rahman Mohammad al-Ugeily, said that "Baghdad had sent 1,000 doctors and other medical to staff to help run Kuwait's 14 hospitals and health centres following the invasion."[56] 
A little reportorial investigation would have done a great service to the democratic process. — John MacArthur[1] 
On March 15, 1991, John Martin, an ABC reporter, reported that "patients, including premature babies, did die, when many of Kuwait's nurses and doctors stopped working or fled the country" and discovered that Iraqi troops "almost certainly had not stolen hospital incubators and left hundreds of Kuwaiti babies to die."[1][2] 
On January 6, 1992, The New York Times published an op-ed piece by John MacArthur entitled "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?"[57] MacArthur discovered that Nayirah was the daughter of the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the U.S., Saud Nasir al-Sabah.[57] MacArthur noted that "the incubator story seriously distorted the American debate about whether to support military action" and questioned whether "their [Representatives Lantos and Porter] special relationship with Hill and Knowlton should prompt a Congressional investigation to find out if their actions merely constituted an obvious conflict of interest or, worse, if they knew who the tearful Nayirah really was in October 1990."[57] The story earned MacArthur the Monthly Journalism Award from The Washington Monthly in April 1992, and the Mencken Award in 1993.[44][58] 
We disseminated information in a void as a basis for Americans to form opinions. — Frank Mankiewicz, Vice Chairman, Hill & Knowlton[59][60] 
On January 15, 1992, the CEO of Hill & Knowlton, Thomas E. Eidson, responded to the concerns raised by MacArthur in a letter to the editor to The New York Times.[61] Eidson stated that "at no time has this firm collaborated with anyone to produce knowingly deceptive testimony", asserting that the firm "had no reason to question her veracity when she testified following her escape from Kuwait."[61] The letter explained that Nayirah's charge that Iraqi soldiers removed newborn babies from incubators was corroborated by Dr. Ibraheem Behbehani, head of the Red Crescent, before the United Nations Security Council and that the media was not permitted back inside Kuwait "until after the liberation, there was no way to check immediately on the stories of refugees."[61] Eidson concluded that "Nayirah's credibility should no more be questioned than if she had been a doctor or teacher" and the company's work with the Kuwaitis was consistent with firm's standards stating that "the public interest was fairly served."[61] 
In August 1992, Howard Paster replaced Robert K. Gray as the general manager of the Washington office in order to clean up the firm's image.[62][63] 
While Lantos was a close friend of Bush at the time, as well as a co-chair of the Congressional Human Rights Foundation, he failed to notify Bush of his position within the Nayirah case, or of her true identity. In an interview, Lantos stated that he had concealed Nayirah's identity at the request of her father in order to protect her family and friends.[53] Lantos denied any allegations of wrongdoing arguing that "The media happened to focus on her. If she hadn't testified, they would have focused on something else."[53] Lantos also stated that: 
The notion that any of the witnesses brought to the caucus through the Kuwaiti Embassy would not be credible did not cross my mind. I have no basis for assuming that her story is not true, but the point goes beyond that. If one hypothesizes that the woman's story is fictitious from A to Z, that in no way diminishes the avalanche of human rights violations.[1] 
Lantos also rejected the allegations of a special relationship between the caucus and Hill & Knowlton, stating that "caucus activities are held without regard to whether these countries are represented by any law firm or public relations firm."[1] 
In a subsequent letter to The New York Times, MacArthur pointed out that the testimony had been retracted.[68] 
Ambassador Sabah 
The ambassador has stated that his daughter had witnessed the atrocities she described and that her presence in Kuwait could be verified by the United States Embassy in Kuwait.[1] He also stated "If I wanted to lie, or if we wanted to lie, if we wanted to exaggerate, I wouldn't use my daughter to do so. I could easily buy other people to do it."[69] 
Pegado was the acting Vice President of Hill & Knowlton at the time of Nayirah's Testimony. It was later confirmed within the Kuwaitis investigation that Pegado was responsible for coaching Nayirah in what was proven to be her false testimony. 
Investigations 
Human Rights Watch 
Its director, Andrew Whitley, told the press, "While it is true that the Iraqis targeted hospitals, there is no truth to the charge which was central to the war propaganda effort that they stole incubators and callously removed babies allowing them to die on the floor. The stories were manufactured from germs of truth by people outside the country who should have known better." One investigator, Aziz Abu-Hamad, interviewed doctors in the hospital where Nayirah claimed she witnessed Iraqi soldiers pull 15 infants from incubators and leave them to die. 
Amnesty International 
Amnesty International initially supported the story, but later issued a retraction.[71][72] It stated that it "found no reliable evidence that Iraqi forces had caused the deaths of babies by removing them or ordering their removal from incubators."[73] 
Kuwaiti officials do not discuss the matter with the press.[1] In order to respond to these charges, the Kuwaiti government hired Kroll Associates to undertake an independent investigation of the incubator story. The Kroll investigation lasted nine weeks and conducted over 250 interviews. The interviews with Nayirah revealed that her original testimony was wildly distorted at best; she told Kroll that she had actually seen only one baby outside its incubator for "no more than a moment." 
Criticism 
The campaign has been described by critics as corrupt, deceptive and unethical and charge that it was used to spread false or exaggerated tales of Iraqi atrocities.[41][2][76] 
Lantos was criticized for his withholding the information.[77] 
Aftermath 
Following the end of the war, Reuters reported that Iraq returned "98 truckloads of medical equipment stolen from Kuwait, including two of the baby incubators". Abdul Rahim al-Zeid, an assistant under-secretary at the Kuwaiti Public Health Ministry, said that by returning the incubators the Iraqis had unwittingly provided proof that they took them.[79] Kuwait's chief ambulance officer, Abdul Reda Abbas, stated that "We think the Iraqis might have returned the incubators by mistake."[79] 
Following the revelation of Nayirah's identity, there was a public outrage that the information had been withheld.[80] 
The content, presentation, distribution, effectiveness, and purpose of Nayirah's testimony have been the subject of multiple public relations studies. 
Hold on to your hats. The grand campaign to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war is on. — Tom Lantos' response to MacArthur[1] 
In fact, nearly everyone involved in peddling the tale of the unplugged babies, from Amnesty International to Kuwaiti doctors, has sprinted away from it. — Newsday[78] 
In the end, the question was not whether H&K effectively altered public opinion, but whether the combined efforts of America's own government, foreign interests, and private PR and lobbying campaigns drowned out decent and rational, unemotional debate. — The power house: Robert Keith Gray and the selling of access and influence in Washington[81] 
Atrocity propaganda is the spreading of information about the crimes committed by an enemy, which can be factual, but often includes or features deliberate fabrications or exaggerations.[citation needed] This can involve photographs, videos, illustrations, interviews, and other forms of information presentation or reporting. 
Techniques 
The extent and devastation of World War I required nations to keep morale high. Propaganda was used here to mobilize hatred against the enemy, convince the population of the justness of one's own cause, enlist the active support and cooperation of neutral countries, and strengthen the support of one's allies.[14] The goal was to make the enemy appear savage, barbaric, and inhumane. 
Before the 20th century 
In a sermon at Clermont during the Crusades, Urban II justified the war against Islam by claiming that the enemy "had ravaged the churches of God in the Eastern provinces, circumcised Christian men, violated women, and carried out the most unspeakable torture before killing them."[16] Urban II's sermon succeeded in mobilizing popular enthusiasm in support of the People's Crusade. 
Lurid tales purporting to unveil Jewish atrocities against Christians were widespread during the Middle Ages.[17] The charge against Jews of kidnapping and murdering Christian children to consume their blood during Passover became known as blood libel.[18] 
In 1782, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published an article purporting to reveal a letter between a British agent and the governor of Canada, listing atrocities supposedly perpetrated by Native American allies of Britain against colonists, including detailed accounts of the scalping of women and children. The account was a fabrication, published in the expectation that it would be reprinted by British newspapers and therefore sway British public opinion in favor of peace with the United States.[20] 
According to Paul Linebarger, atrocity propaganda leads to real atrocities, as it incites the enemy into committing more atrocities, and, by heating up passions, it increases the chances of one's own side committing atrocities, in revenge for the ones reported in propaganda.[5] Atrocity propaganda might also lead the public to mistrust reports of actual atrocities. In January 1944, Arthur Koestler wrote of his frustration at trying to communicate what he had witnessed in Nazi-occupied Europe: the legacy of anti-German stories during World War I, many of which were debunked in the postwar years, meant that these reports were received with considerable amounts of skepticism.[6] 
In the lead up to the Spanish–American War, Pulitzer and Hearst published stories of Spanish atrocities against Cubans. While occasionally true, the majority of these stories were fabrications meant to boost sales.[22] 
20th century 
World War I 
One such story was that German soldiers were deliberately mutilating Belgian babies by cutting off their hands, in some versions even eating them. Eyewitness accounts told of having seen a similarly mutilated baby. As Arthur Ponsonby later pointed out, in reality a baby would be very unlikely to survive similar wounds without immediate medical attention.[26] 
Another atrocity story involved a Canadian soldier, who had supposedly been crucified with bayonets by the Germans (see The Crucified Soldier). Many Canadians claimed to have witnessed the event, yet they all provided different version of how it had happened. The Canadian high command investigated the matter, concluding that it was untrue.[27] 
Other reports circulated of Belgian women, often nuns, who had their breasts cut off by the Germans.[28] A story about German corpse factories, where bodies of German soldiers were supposedly turned into glycerine for weapons, or food for hogs and poultry, was published in a Times article on April 17, 1917.[29] In the postwar years, investigations in Britain and France revealed that these stories were false.[3] 
Like propaganda, atrocity rumors detailing exaggerated or invented crimes perpetrated by enemies are also circulated to vilify the opposing side.[7] 
During World War II, atrocity propaganda was not used on the same scale as in World War I, as by then it had long been discredited by its use during the previous conflict.[31] There were exceptions in some propaganda films, such as Hitler's Children, Women in Bondage, and Enemy of Women, which portrayed the Germans (as opposed to just Nazis) as enemies of civilization, abusing women and the innocent.[32] Hitler's Children is now spoken of as "lurid", while Women in Bondage is described as a low-budget exploitation film; the latter carries a disclaimer that "everything in the film is true", but facts are often distorted or sensationalized.[33] 
Soviet–Afghan War 
The story likely originated from the PFM-1 mine, which was made from brightly colored plastic and had been directly copied from the American BLU-43 Dragontooth design. The Mine Action Coordination Center of Afghanistan reported that the allegations "gained a life for obvious journalist reasons", but otherwise had no basis in reality.[1] 
Yugoslav Wars 
Gulf war 
Her testimony became a lead item in newspapers, radio and TV all over the US. The story was eventually exposed as a fabrication in December 1992, in a CBC-TV program called To Sell a War. Nayirah was revealed to be the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the United States, and actually hadn't seen the "atrocities" she described take place; the PR firm Hill & Knowlton, which had been hired by the Kuwaiti government to devise a PR campaign to increase American public support for a war against Iraq, had heavily promoted her testimony.[37] 
Unification Church 
In their study of 190 newspaper articles about former members of the Unification Church between 1974 and 1977, Bromley and others found that 188 contained atrocity stories and were largely hostile to the church. The most frequent atrocities were: 
Psychological violation of personal freedom and autonomy; Economic violations: reports that the church forced member to sell their private property and to give it to the church; Severing of the parent-child relation. This grew out of the hostility of families who had been rejected by members of the church; Political and legal atrocities, because the church was run by a foreigner. 
According to the American sociologist Kurtz, there was an element of truth to many of these stories, but these things happen in many organizations and the coverage of the church was very negative.[38] 
21st century 
Iraq War 
In the runup to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, press stories appeared in the United Kingdom and United States of a plastic shredder or wood chipper[39][40] into which Saddam and Qusay Hussein fed opponents of their Baathist rule. These stories attracted worldwide attention and boosted support for military action, in stories with titles such as "See men shredded, then say you don't back war".[41] A year later, it was determined there was no evidence to support the existence of such a machine.[42] 
The term atrocity story (also referred to as atrocity tale) as defined by the American sociologists David G. Bromley and Anson D. Shupe refers to the symbolic presentation of action or events (real or imaginary) in such a context that they are made flagrantly to violate the (presumably) shared premises upon which a given set of social relationships should be conducted. The recounting of such tales is intended as a means of reaffirming normative boundaries. By sharing the reporter's disapproval or horror, an audience reasserts normative prescription and clearly locates the violator beyond the limits of public morality. 
In 2004, former Marine Staff Sgt. Jimmy Massey claimed that he and other Marines intentionally killed dozens of innocent Iraqi civilians, including a 4-year-old girl. His allegations were published by news organizations worldwide, but none of the five journalists -embedded with the troops and approved by the Pentagon- who covered his battalion said they saw reckless or indiscriminate shooting of civilians. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch dismissed his claim as "either demonstrably false or exaggerated".[43] 
In July 2003 an Iraqi woman, Jumana Hanna, testified that she had been subjected to inhumane treatment by Baathist policemen during two years of imprisonment, including being subjected to electric shocks and raped repeatedly. The story appeared on the front page of The Washington Post, and was presented to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by then-Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D. Wolfowitz. In January 2005, articles in Esquire and The Washington Post concluded that none of her allegations could be verified, and that her accounts contained grave inconsistencies. 
Other cases 
During the Battle of Jenin, Palestinian officials claimed there was a massacre of civilians in the refugee camp, which was proven false by subsequent international investigations.[45] 
During the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes, a rumor spread among ethnic Kyrgyz that Uzbek men had broken into a local women's dormitory and raped several Kyrgyz women. Local police never provided any confirmation that such an assault occurred.[46] 
During the Arab Spring, Libyan media was reporting atrocities by Muammar Gaddafi loyalists, who were ordered to perform mass "Viagra-fueled rapes" (see 2011 Libyan rape allegations).[47] A later investigation by Amnesty International has failed to find evidence for these allegations, and in many cases has discredited them, as the rebels were found to have deliberately lied about the claims.[48] 
In July 2014, the Russian public broadcaster Channel 1 aired a report claiming that Ukrainian soldiers in Sloviansk had crucified a three-year-old boy to a board, and later dragged his mother with a tank, causing her death.[49] The account of the only witness interviewed for the report was not corroborated by anyone else,[50] and other media have been unable to confirm the story,[51] despite claims in the testimony that many of the city's inhabitants had been forced to watch the killings.[50] A reporter for Novaya Gazeta similarly failed to find any other witnesses in the city.[52] 
moral outrage or indignation; authorization of punitive measures; mobilization of control efforts against the apparent perpetrators. 
The veracity of the story is considered irrelevant.[9] 
The term was coined by Stimson and Webb in discussing the ways in which patients talk about doctors.[10] It has also been applied in health care contexts to examine the way in which such stories are used to assert and defend the character of an occupation against illegitimate claims to its work or social standing.[11] 
Stories of German soldiers impaling children on their bayonets were based on extremely flimsy evidence.[24] 
She served as the 66th United States Secretary of State, the second person to hold that office in the administration of President George W. Bush. Rice was the first female African-American Secretary of State, as well as the second African-American Secretary of State (after Colin Powell), and the second female Secretary of State (after Madeleine Albright). Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term, making her the first woman to serve in that position. 
She obtained her bachelor's degree from the University of Denver and her master's degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame. In 1981 she received a PhD from the School of International Studies at the University of Denver.[1][2] She worked at the State Department under the Carter administration and pursued an academic fellowship at Stanford University, where she later served as provost from 1993 to 1999. Rice served on the National Security Council as the Soviet and Eastern Europe Affairs Advisor to President George H. W. Bush during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification from 1989 to 1991. 
Following her confirmation as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered the policy of Transformational Diplomacy directed toward expanding the number of responsible democratic governments in the world and especially in the Greater Middle East. That policy faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestinian elections, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems (with U.S. backing). She has logged more miles traveling than any other Secretary of State. 
In March 2009, Rice returned to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution.[4][5] In September 2010, she became a faculty member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a director of its Global Center for Business and the Economy.[6] 
She is on the Board of Directors of Dropbox and Makena Capital Management, LLC.[7][8][9] 
First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Belgrade 
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Belgrade, capital of Yugoslavia was the host of the First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in early September 1961. City hosted the Ninth Summit as well in September of 1989. 
Yugoslavia was the proponent of the equidistance towards both blocs during the Cold War and implicitly questioned non-alignment of some of the movement's members. Belgrade feared that close Soviet ally Cuba, together with other self-described progressive members such as Vietnam, South Yemen, Ethiopia and Angola are trying to link the movement to Eastern Bloc on the basis of Lenin's thesis of the natural identity of interest between Soviet socialism and colonial people of Africa and Asia independence struggle.[5] In late 1970' it was the time for Latin America to host the Conference for the first time after it was already organized once in Europe, once in Asia and three times in Africa.[5] Peru is said to be the first tentative choice for the meeting but this idea was canceled after the overthrow of the president Velasco Alvarado.[5] Yugoslavia, together with India, proposed large number of amendments in an successful effort to change what they saw as unacceptably one-sided pro-Soviet draft of the final declaration of the Havana Conference.[5] Cuba, Iran and Iraq, all of which were perceived to belong to the more radical wing of the movement, were absent from the 1989 Belgrade Conference which led to adoption of more equidistant final document.[2] 
European and Mediterranean Element of the Non-Alignment 
25 delegations participated at the First Non-Aligned Summit in Belgrade which included Yugoslavia, Cyprus, Algeria, United Arab Republic, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia from Europe or Mediterranean region. 
Yugoslavia cooperated with other non-aligned and with neutral countries in Europe within the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) in trying to preserve results of the Helsinki Accords.[1] In this framework Yugoslavia cooperated with Austria and Finland on mediation between blocs, organized second CSCE summit in 1977 in Belgrade and proposed drafts on national minorities protection which are still valid and integral part of OSCE provisions on minority rights.[2] Yugoslav foreign minister Miloš Minić stated that "Yugoslavia is a European, Mediterranean, non-aligned and developing country".[6] During his international trips to other non-aligned countries president Tito underlined the need for the Mediterranean to become a zone of peace.[7] 
See also 
References 
Non-alignment and active participation in the movement was the corner-stone of the Cold War period foreign policy and ideology of the Yugoslav federation.[1] The end of the Cold War and subsequent breakup of Yugoslavia, one of the founding and core members, seemed to bring into question the very existence of the Movement which was preserved only by politically pragmatic chairmanship of Indonesia.[2] 
History 
Origins 
Tito's meeting with Kekkonen, president of neutral Finland 
After the 1948 Tito–Stalin split Yugoslavia found itself isolated from the rest of the Eastern Bloc countries and in need to redefine its foreign policy which was following Stalinist principles in the 1945-1948 period. The country initially oriented itself towards the Western Bloc and signed the 1953 Balkan Pact with NATO member states of Kingdom of Greece and Turkey. After the death of Stalin, Yugoslav relations with the USSR improved with the country's verbal support for the Soviet intervention in Hungary (contrary to the 1968 one in Czechoslovakia). 
Ideology 
Movement's Core Members 
Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in Yugoslavia in 1955 
Starring Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester, the series follows the two brothers as they hunt demons, ghosts, monsters, and other supernatural beings. The series is produced by Warner Bros. Television, in association with Wonderland Sound and Vision. Along with Kripke, executive producers have been McG, Robert Singer, Phil Sgriccia, Sera Gamble, Jeremy Carver, John Shiban, Ben Edlund and Adam Glass. 
Map of Königsberg in Euler's time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges 
Since only the connection information is relevant, the shape of pictorial representations of a graph may be distorted in any way, without changing the graph itself. Only the existence (or absence) of an edge between each pair of nodes is significant. For example, it does not matter whether the edges drawn are straight or curved, or whether one node is to the left or right of another. 
Now, if every bridge has been traversed exactly once, it follows that, for each land mass (except for the ones chosen for the start and finish), the number of bridges touching that land mass must be even (half of them, in the particular traversal, will be traversed "toward" the landmass; the other half, "away" from it). However, all four of the land masses in the original problem are touched by an odd number of bridges (one is touched by 5 bridges, and each of the other three is touched by 3). Since, at most, two land masses can serve as the endpoints of a walk, the proposition of a walk traversing each bridge once leads to a contradiction. 
The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler in 1736[1] laid the foundations of graph theory and prefigured the idea of topology.[2] 
The city of Königsberg in Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) was set on both sides of the Pregel River, and included two large islands - Kneiphof and Lomse - which were connected to each other, or to the two mainland portions of the city, by seven bridges. The problem was to devise a walk through the city that would cross each of those bridges once and only once. 
By way of specifying the logical task unambiguously, solutions involving either 
reaching an island or mainland bank other than via one of the bridges, or accessing any bridge without crossing to its other end 
are explicitly unacceptable. 
Euler proved that the problem has no solution. The difficulty he faced was the development of a suitable technique of analysis, and of subsequent tests that established this assertion with mathematical rigor. 
Euler's analysis 
The only important feature of a route is the sequence of bridges crossed. This allowed him to reformulate the problem in abstract terms (laying the foundations of graph theory), eliminating all features except the list of land masses and the bridges connecting them. In modern terms, one replaces each land mass with an abstract "vertex" or node, and each bridge with an abstract connection, an "edge", which only serves to record which pair of vertices (land masses) is connected by that bridge. 
Hyun Bin Born Kim Tae-pyung (1982-09-25) September 25, 1982 (age 37) Seoul, South Korea Alma mater Youngdong High School Chung-Ang University[1] Occupation Actor Years active 2003–present Agent VAST Entertainment Universal D Korean name Hangul 현빈 Hanja 玄彬 Revised Romanization Hyeon-bin McCune–Reischauer Hyŏnbin Birth name Hangul 김태평 Hanja 金泰坪 Revised Romanization Gim Tae-pyeong McCune–Reischauer Kim T'aep'yŏng 
Hyun Bin (born Kim Tae-pyung on September 25, 1982) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the television dramas My Name is Kim Sam-soon (2005), Worlds Within (2008), Secret Garden (2010–2011), Memories of the Alhambra (2018–2019); as well as the films Confidential Assignment and The Swindlers (2017).[2] 
Career 
Year Title Role Ref. 2004 Spin Kick Lee Min-gyu [1] 2005 Daddy Long Legs Hyung-joon [85] 2006 A Millionaire's First Love Kang Jae-kyung [3] 2009 I Am Happy Jo Man-soo [4] 2011 Late Autumn Hoon [5] Come Rain, Come Shine He [6] 2014 The Fatal Encounter King Jeongjo [7] 2017 Confidential Assignment Im Cheol-ryung [8] The Swindlers Hwang Ji-sung [9] 2018 The Negotiation Min Tae-goo [10] Rampant Lee Chung [11] 
Hyun Bin receiving the Producers’ Choice Award at the 2014 Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival 
Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. 2004 MBC Entertainment Awards Special Award, TV Actor category Nonstop 4 Won [100] MBC Drama Awards Best New Actor Ireland Won [101] 2005 41st Baeksang Arts Awards Best New Actor (TV) Nominated MBC Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor My Name Is Kim Sam-soon Won [102] Popularity Award Won [103] Best Couple Award with Kim Sun-a Won 2006 42nd Baeksang Arts Awards Most Popular Actor (Film) A Millionaire's First Love Won [104] KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actor The Snow Queen Nominated Popularity Award Won [105] Netizen Award Won Best Couple Award with Sung Yu-ri Won 2007 43rd Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actor (TV) Nominated 2008 KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries Worlds Within Nominated 2009 MBC Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actor Friend, Our Legend Nominated 2010 SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Drama Special Secret Garden Won [106] Top 10 Stars Won Netizen Popularity Award Won Best Couple Award with Ha Ji-won Won 2011 47th Baeksang Arts Awards Grand Prize (Daesang) for TV Won [8] Best Actor (TV) Nominated 6th Seoul International Drama Awards Outstanding Korean Actor Nominated 2014 18th Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival Producer's Choice Award N/A Won [107] 2015 SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Drama Special Hyde, Jekyll, Me Nominated 2017 6th Korea Film Actors Association Awards Top Star Award Confidential Assignment, The Swindlers Won [108] 2019 55th Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actor (TV) Memories of the Alhambra Nominated [109] 
Hyun debuted as an actor in the 2003 television series Bodyguard.[3] He then starred in the sitcom Nonstop 4 and quirky romance drama Ireland,[4] and made his film debut the same year in the youth sports movie Spin Kick.[5] Hyun shot to stardom with the 2005 romantic comedy series My Lovely Sam Soon with Kim Sun-a.[6] Sam-soon was a massive hit with average ratings of over 37% and 50.5% for the finale,[7] for which Hyun won the Top Excellence Award at the MBC Drama Awards. 
Following the success of Sam-soon, Hyun starred in his first film as a lead actor in A Millionaire's First Love (written by internet novelist Guiyeoni).[8] The movie was a hit among teenage audiences.[9] 
However, Hyun's next television project The Snow Queen was unsuccessful.[10][11] He began choosing more eclectic projects, such as 2008's Worlds Within, which was well-received for Noh Hee-kyung's writing.[12] He then starred in romance film I Am Happy, which was the closing film at the 2008 Busan International Film Festival.[13][14] In 2009, Hyun drew critical acclaim in his portrayal a sociopath in the gangster saga Friend, Our Legend, reportedly watching Kwak Kyung-taek's original film 20 to 30 times.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] 
2010–2013: Overseas popularity 
Hyun experienced a resurgence of fame in 2010 with Secret Garden, a romantic fantasy drama written by Kim Eun-sook.[22][23] The drama brought in 30% ratings and garnered much interest regarding its fashion, catchphrases and music.[24] Hyun was recognized at the 2010 SBS Drama Awards and the 47th Baeksang Arts Awards for his stellar performance.[25][26] He also contributed to the soundtrack of the drama with "That Man", which peaked at number one in eight Korean music portals.[27][28][29] 
A copier service provider helps customers who are in need with their copies and fax documents requirements. It is necessary to have the right equipment when conducting copies of old documents and creating clear copies of the new files. A copier service can produce hundreds to thousands of documents in an hour with the right copier equipment. 
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Kim Jun-myeon (born (1991-05-22)May 22, 1991), better known by his stage name Suho (meaning "guardian" in Korean), is a South Korean singer and actor, and a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy group Exo and its sub-unit Exo-K. Apart from his group's activities, Suho has also starred in various television dramas and movies such as One Way Trip (2016), The Universe's Star (2017), and Rich Man (2018). 
2015–present: Acting roles and musicals 
In January 2015, he starred in SM Entertainment's hologram musical, School OZ, playing the character of Hans alongside labelmates Changmin, Key, Luna, Xiumin and Seulgi.[9] In April 2015, he was a regular cast member in the KBS variety show Fluttering India, where they explored few places in Mumbai,India.[10] 
In March 2016, Suho made his big screen debut the indie film One Way Trip, which premiered at the 20th Busan International Film Festival.[11][12] In April 2016, he was confirmed to be starring in the upcoming web drama How Are You Bread. The series is scheduled to be released in Korea and China.[13] In July 2016, Suho and fellow Exo member Chen released a duet titled "Beautiful Accident" as an original soundtrack for the Chinese movie of the same name.[14] 
In January 2017, Suho starred as the male lead in the MBC drama special The Universe's Star, part of the drama trilogy Three Color Fantasy.[15] He also recorded an original soundtrack titled "Starlight" for the drama.[16] In February 2017, Suho collaborated with jazz pianist Song Young-joo on "Curtain", the last single from the Station project's first season.[17] In September 2017, it was confirmed that Suho will be the male lead of the film Female Middle Schooler A.[18][19] 
In March 2018, Suho collaborated with Jang Jae-in and released two duets titled "Dinner" and "Do you have a moment".[20] In May 2018, Suho returned to the small screen with the South Korean adaption of the 2012 Japanese drama Rich Man, Poor Woman. He played the role of an IT company founder which was portrayed by Shun Oguri in the original.[21][22][23] In July till August 2018, Suho starred in the musical The Man Who Laughs, playing the role of Gwynplaine, a pure character who has a monster like face.[5] He received standing ovation and a positive feedback for his role from the audience on the musical's first day.[25] 
In 2009, Suho began attending Korea National University of Arts, however, he withdrew from it in 2011 and continued his education at Kyung Hee Cyber University along with fellow Exo members Chanyeol and Baekhyun. There he took classes for the Culture and Arts Department of Business Administration.[26] 
Early life 
Title Year Role Notes Attack on the Pin-Up Boys 2007 Dancer Extra Saving Santa 2013 Bernard (voice) Korean dub; lead role One Way Trip 2016 Sang-woo Lead role Middle School Girl A 2018 Hyun Jae Hee Lead role Present 2020 VR film[32] 
Title Year Network Role Notes To the Beautiful You 2012 SBS Himself Cameo; episode 2 Prime Minister & I 2014 KBS2 Han Tae-woong Cameo; episodes 10-12[33] Exo Next Door 2015 Naver TV Cast Suho Recurring; Fictional version of himself The Universe's Star 2017 MBC, Naver TV Cast Woo-joo Lead role Rich Man 2018 Dramax, MBN Lee Yoo-chan How Are You Bread TBA Naver TV Cast Han Do-woo 
Title Year Network Note Korea From Above 2017 Mountain TV Narration with Xiumin 
Title Year Network Role Inkigayo 2014 SBS Co-host Fluttering India 2015 KBS Main cast 
Suho is a native of Seoul and lives in the Seoul area of Apgujeong with his family. During his youth, Suho was the class president in elementary school and the vice-chairman of his school's student body. He graduated from the prestigious Whimoon High School, where he excelled academically.[1] 
Title Year Ref. 
"Saving Santa" (with Eunji) 2013 [34] "My Hero" (with Leeteuk, Jo Young-soo & Kassy) 2016 [35] "Beautiful Accident" (with Chen) [36] "Curtain" (with Song Young-joo) 2017 [37] "Do You Have A Moment" (with Jang Jae-in) 2018 [38] "Dinner" (with Jang Jae-in) [39] Guest appearances "To Mother" (remake; G.O.D.) 2014 [40] 
Theater 
Title Year Role Notes School OZ 2015 Hans Holographic musical; main role The Last Kiss 2017 Crown Prince Rudolf Lead role The Man Who Laughs 2018 Gwynplaine Lead role[24] 
Suho became a trainee through SM Entertainment's Casting System in 2006 when he was 16 years old, after being discovered on the streets by an SM casting manager. In 2007, he was cast with a cameo role in the Super Junior film Attack on the Pin-Up Boys.[2] 
Career 
2012–14: Career beginnings 
Suho was introduced as the tenth member of Exo on February 15, 2012.[3] The group debuted in April 2012 with the extended play Mama with him as their leader.[4] 
In 2013, Suho voiced the main character Bernard for the Korean dub of the animated movie, Saving Santa.[5] He also recorded the movie's original soundtrack of the same name with Apink's Jung Eun-ji.[6] 
In February 2014, Suho became a regular host for SBS' weekly music show Inkigayo alongside fellow Exo member Baekhyun, ZE:A member Kwanghee and actress Lee Yu-bi.[7] Suho and Baekhyun left the position in November 2014 in order to focus on the release of Exo's second studio album.[8] 
A Mechina Kdam-Tzvait (Hebrew: מכינה קדם צבאית; "pre-military preparatory", plural מכינות Mechinot) is an autonomous unit of specialized educational institutions valuing non-formal education and pre-military training in Israel. Funded and supported by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defense, as well as by the Israeli Defense Forces. As for 2017, there are 46 mechinot whose mission is to prepare for the conscientious service in the army, and to educate leaders of local communities that could affect society and state. 
Danish Refugee Council (DRC) (Danish: Dansk Flygtningehjælp) is a private Danish humanitarian organisation, founded in 1956. It serves as an umbrella organization for 33 member organizations. 
In 2017, the Danish government donated DKK 2.5 million to the Danish Refugee Council for them to work together with IBM to develop a model that would track and possibly predict refugee and migrant flows, thereby improving humanitarian response planning.[2] It is currently running its humanitarian campaign in Rohingya camps in Cox's Bazar.[3] 
Formed after the Second World War in response to the European refugee crises caused by the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, DRC has been active in large scale humanitarian projects around the world. Through convoy operations DRC was responsible for delivering half of the international humanitarian aid in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the wars of independence in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. 
Today the Danish Refugee Council works in more than 30 countries around the world, with humanitarian programmes in conflict zones such as Somalia in the Horn of Africa, Afghanistan in Central Asia, Iraq in the Middle East and Chechnya in the Caucasus. 
The situation in and around Syria is the largest humanitarian crisis the world is facing and 30% of the population have left their homes as a consequence of the violence. In Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq, DRC distributes relief aid in the form of mattresses, clothes, blankets and hygiene kits, gives educational assistance in terms of remedial classes and classes for the dropped out students, and rehabilitates shelters. Inside Syria, DRC helps displaced and conflict-affected Syrians in Homs, Daraa, Hama, Aleppo and Damascus. 
The international DRC activities aims to protect refugees and internally displaced persons and to promote long term solutions. DRC assistance in acute refugee crises, remains focused on long-term effects. 
The Danish Refugee Council is currently implementing activities within nine sectors, namely: Housing and small-scale infrastructure, Income generation through grant and micro-finance, Food security & agricultural rehabilitation and development, Displacement-related law and information, Social rehabilitation, NGO networking and capacity development, Humanitarian mine action, Information management and coordination and Emergency logistics and transport management. 
DRC secretary general is Christian Friis Bach. 
In October 2011, two DRC workers on a demining project were captured by Somali pirates in Galkayo. 93 days later they were rescued by United States Navy SEALs.[1] 
Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in the leak on April 15, 2016 (as of May 19, 2016) 
In addition to the much-covered business dealings of British prime minister David Cameron and Icelandic prime minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, the leaked documents also contain identity information about the shareholders and directors of 214,000 shell companies set up by Mossack Fonseca, as well as some of their financial transactions. It is generally not against the law (in and of itself) to own an offshore shell company, although offshore shell companies may sometimes be used for illegal purposes. 
While many of the transactions were legal, since the data is incomplete, questions remain in many other cases; still others seem to clearly indicate ethical if not legal impropriety. Some disclosures – tax avoidance in very poor countries by very wealthy entities and individuals for example – lead to questions on moral grounds. According to The Namibian for instance, a shell company registered to Beny Steinmetz, Octea, owes more than $700,000 US in property taxes to the city of Koidu in Sierra Leone, and is $150 million in the red, even though its exports were more than twice that in an average month in the 2012–2015 period. 
Other offshore shell company transactions described in the documents do seem to have broken exchange laws, violated trade sanctions or stemmed from political corruption, according to ICIJ reporters. For example: 
Uruguay has arrested five people and charged them with money-laundering through Mossack Fonseca shell companies for a Mexican drug cartel.[19] Ouestaf, an ICIJ partner in the investigation, reported that it had discovered new evidence that Karim Wade received payments from DP World (DP). He and a long-time friend were convicted of this in a trial that the United Nations and Amnesty International said was unfair and violated the defendants' rights. The Ouestaf article does not address the conduct of the trial, but does say that Ouestaf journalists found Mossack Fonseca documents showing payments to Wade via a DP subsidiary and a shell company registered to the friend.[20] Swiss lawyer Dieter Neupert has been accused of mishandling client funds and helping both oligarchs and the Qatari royal family to hide money.[21] 
Named in the leak were 12 current or former world leaders; 128 other public officials and politicians; and hundreds of celebrities, businessmen, and other wealthy individuals of over 200 countries.[22] 
Tax havens 
Individuals and entities may open offshore accounts for any number of reasons, some of which are legal[1] but ethically questionable. A Canadian lawyer based in Dubai noted, for example, that businesses might wish to avoid falling under Islamic inheritance jurisprudence if an owner dies.[24] Businesses in some countries may wish to hold some of their funds in dollars also, said a Brazilian lawyer.[25] Estate planning is another example of legal tax avoidance. 
American film-maker Stanley Kubrick had an estimated personal worth of $20 million when he died in 1999, much of it invested in an 18th-century English manor he bought in 1978. He lived in that manor for the rest of his life, filming scenes from The Shining, Full Metal Jacket and Eyes Wide Shut there as well. Three holding companies set up by Mossack Fonseca now own the property, and are in turn held by trusts set up for his children and grandchildren.[26] Since Kubrick was an American living in Britain, without the trust his estate would have had to pay transfer taxes to both governments and possibly have been forced to sell the property to obtain the liquid assets to pay them.[27] Kubrick is buried on the grounds along with one of his daughters, and the rest of his family still lives there.[26][27] 
The Panama Papers (In Spanish: Papeles de Panamá) are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities.[1][2] The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca,[3] and were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source.[4] 
Other uses are more ambiguous. Chinese companies may incorporate offshore in order to raise foreign capital, normally against the law in China.[28] In some of the world's hereditary dictatorships, the law may be on the side of the elite who use offshore companies to award oil contracts to themselves,[29] or gold concessions to their children,[30] however such dealings are sometimes prosecuted under international law.[31] 
"The most obvious use of offshore financial centers is to avoid taxes", The Economist added.[1] Oxfam blamed tax havens in its 2016 annual report on income inequality for much of the widening gap between rich and poor. "Tax havens are at the core of a global system that allows large corporations and wealthy individuals to avoid paying their fair share," said Raymond C. Offenheiser, president of Oxfam America, "depriving governments, rich and poor, of the resources they need to provide vital public services and tackle rising inequality."[34] 
International Monetary Fund (IMF) researchers estimated in July 2015 that profit shifting by multinational companies costs developing countries around US$213 billion a year, almost two percent of their national income.[35] Igor Angelini, head of Europol's Financial Intelligence Group, said that shell companies "play an important role in large-scale money laundering activities" and that they are often a means to "transfer bribe money".[36] Tax Justice Network concluded in a 2012 report that "designing commercial tax abuse schemes and turning a blind eye upon suspicious transactions have become an inherent part of the work of bankers and accountants".[37] 
Money-laundering affects the first world as well, since a favored shell company investment is real estate in Europe and North America. London, Miami, New York, Paris, Vancouver and San Francisco have all been affected. The practice of parking assets in luxury real estate has been frequently cited as fueling skyrocketing housing prices in Miami,[38][39][40] where the Miami Association of Realtors said that cash sales accounted for 90% of new home sales in 2015.[41] "There is a huge amount of dirty money flowing into Miami that's disguised as investment," according to former congressional investigator Jack Blum.[42] In Miami, 76% of condo owners pay cash, a practice considered a red flag for money-laundering.[42] 
Real estate in London, where housing prices increased 50% from 2007 to 2016, also is frequently purchased by overseas investors.[43][44][45] Donald Toon, head of Britain's National Crime Agency, said in 2015 that "the London property market has been skewed by laundered money. Prices are being artificially driven up by overseas criminals who want to sequester their assets here in the UK".[45] Three quarters of Londoners under 35 cannot afford to buy a home.[45] 
Andy Yan, an urban planning researcher and adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia, studied real estate sales in Vancouver—also thought to be affected by foreign purchasers—found that 18% of the transactions in Vancouver's most expensive neighborhoods were cash purchases, and 66% of the owners appeared to be Chinese nationals or recent arrivals from China.[46] Calls for more data on foreign investors have been rejected by the provincial government.[47] Chinese nationals accounted for 70% of 2014 Vancouver home sales for more than CA$3 million.[48] On June 24, 2016 China CITIC Bank Corp filed suit in Canada against a Chinese citizen who borrowed CN¥50 million for his lumber business in China, but then withdrew roughly CA$7.5 million from the line of credit and left the country. He bought three houses in Vancouver and Surrey, British Columbia together valued at CA$7.3 million during a three-month period in June 2014.[49] 
International banking 
"This issue will surely be raised at the G20 summit," predicted Tomasz Kozlowski, Ambassador of the European Union (EU) to India. "We need to strengthen international cooperation for exchange of tax information between tax authorities".[50] 
Panama, Vanuatu and Lebanon may find themselves on a list of uncooperative tax havens that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) re-activated in July 2016 at the request of G20 nations, warned Le Monde, a French newspaper that participated in the investigation. Those three countries followed none of the OECD's three broad guidelines for international banking cooperation:[51] 
information exchange on request a signed multilateral agreement on information standards a commitment to implement automated information exchange in 2017 or 2018[1] 
The OECD, the G20, or the European Union could also institute another list for countries that are inadequate in more than one area. Countries meeting none of these criteria, such as Panama, Vanuatu and Lebanon, would go on the blacklist. Countries that meet only one criterion would go on the greylist.[1] In April 2016, if this greylist had been in place it would have included nine countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Brunei, Dominica, Liberia, Nauru, Samoa, Tobago and the United Arab Emirates.[51] 
Newsroom logistics 
The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists helped organize the research and document review once Süddeutsche Zeitung realized the scale of the work required to validate the authenticity of 2.6 terabytes[1] of leaked data. They enlisted reporters and resources from The Guardian, the BBC, Le Monde, SonntagsZeitung, Falter, La Nación, German broadcasters NDR and WDR, and Austrian broadcaster ORF, and eventually many others.[53] Ultimately, "reporters at 100 news media outlets working in 25 languages had used the documents" to investigate individuals and organizations associated with Mossack Fonseca.[3] 
Security factored into a number of project management considerations. Saying his life was in danger,[54] John Doe insisted that reporters communicate over encrypted channels only and agree that they would never meet face-to-face.[55][56][57] 
SZ also had concerns about security, not only for their source, the leaked documents, and their data, but also for the safety of some of their partners in the investigation living under corrupt regimes who might not want their money-handling practices made public. They stored the data in a room with limited physical access on air gapped computers that were never connected to the Internet. The Guardian also limited access to its journalists' project work area. 
Reporters sorted the documents into a huge file structure containing a folder for each shell company, which held the associated emails, contracts, transcripts, and scanned documents Mossack Fonseca had generated while doing business with the company or administering it on a client's behalf.[1] Some 4.8 million leaked files were emails, 3 million were database entries, 2.2 million PDFs, 1.2 million images, 320,000 text files, and 2242 files in other formats.[52][59] 
Journalists indexed the documents using open software packages Apache Solr and Apache Tika,[60] and accessed them by means of a custom interface built on top of Blacklight.[60][61] Süddeutsche Zeitung reporters also used Nuix for this, which is proprietary software donated by an Australian company also named Nuix.[62] 
Using Nuix, Süddeutsche Zeitung reporters performed optical character recognition (OCR) processing on the millions of scanned documents, making the data they contained become both searchable and machine-readable. Most project reporters then used Neo4J and Linkurious[1] to extract individual and corporate names from the documents for analysis, but some who had access to Nuix used it for this as well.[2] Reporters then cross-referenced the compiled lists of people against the processed documents,[3] then analyzed the information, trying to connect people, roles, monetary flow, and structure legality.[52] 
US banking and SEC expert David P. Weber assisted journalists in reviewing information from the Panama Papers.[63] 
Additional stories were released based on this data, and the full list of companies was released in early May 2016.[64] The ICIJ later announced the release on May 9, 2016 of a searchable database containing information on over 200,000 offshore entities implicated in the Panama Papers investigation and more than 100,000 additional companies implicated in the 2013 Offshore Leaks investigation.[65] Mossack Fonseca asked the ICIJ not to publish the leaked documents from its database. "We have sent a cease and desist letter," the company said in a statement.[66] 
The sheer quantity of leaked data greatly exceeds the WikiLeaks Cablegate leak in 2010[1] (1.7 GB),[67] Offshore Leaks in 2013 (260 GB), the 2014 Lux Leaks (4 GB), and the 3.3 GB Swiss Leaks of 2015. For comparison, the 2.6 TB of the Panama Papers equals approximately 2,660 GB. 
SZ asked the ICIJ for help because of the amount of data involved. Journalists from 107 media organizations in 80 countries analyzed documents detailing the operations of the law firm.[1] After more than a year of analysis, the first news stories were published on April 3, 2016, along with 150 of the documents themselves.[12] The project represents an important milestone in the use of data journalism software tools and mobile collaboration. 
While offshore business entities are not illegal in the jurisdictions where they are registered, and often not illegal at all, reporters found that some Mossack Fonseca shell corporations seem to have been used for illegal purposes including fraud, kleptocracy, tax evasion and evading international sanctions. 
Reports from April 3 note the law firm's many connections to high-ranking political figures and their relatives, as well as celebrities and business figures.[1][82][3] Among other things, the leaked documents illustrate how wealthy individuals, including public officials, can keep personal financial information private. 
Initial reports identified five then-heads of state or government leaders from Argentina, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, and the United Arab Emirates as well as government officials, close relatives, and close associates of various heads of government of more than forty other countries. Names of then-current national leaders in the documents include President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, Petro Poroshenko of Ukraine, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and the Prime Minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.[1] 
Former heads of state mentioned in the papers include: 
Sudanese president Ahmed al-Mirghani, who was president from 1986–1989 and died in 2008.[1][84] Former Emir of Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani owned Afrodille S.A., which had a bank account in Luxembourg and shares in two South African companies. Al Thani also held a majority of the shares in Rienne S.A. and Yalis S.A., holding a term deposit with the Bank of China in Luxembourg. A relative owned 25 percent of these: Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani, Qatar's former prime minister and foreign minister.[85] 
Former prime ministers: 
Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili of Georgia[86] Pavlo Lazarenko of Ukraine[2] Prime Minister Ayad Allawi, a former vice president of Iraq, owned property through Mossack Fonseca shell companies registered in Panama and the British Virgin Islands, for security reasons following an assassination attempt, according to his spokesperson, who added that any income from the properties was reported and taxes paid "promptly and on time."[87] Ion Sturza of Moldova.[88] Ali Abu al-Ragheb of Jordan.[89] 
The leaked files identified 61 family members and associates of prime ministers, presidents and kings,[90] including: 
the brother-in-law of China's paramount leader Xi Jinping[1] the son of former Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak[82] the daughter of former Malaysian prime minister Tessa Tielemans Razak children of former prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif[82] children of Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev[82] Clive Khulubuse Zuma, the nephew of former South African president Jacob Zuma[91] Nurali Aliyev, the grandson of Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev[82] Mounir Majidi, the personal secretary of Moroccan king Mohammed VI[82] Kojo Annan, the son of former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan[82] Mark Thatcher, the son of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher[92] Juan Armando Hinojosa, the "favourite contractor" of Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto.[82] Spanish Royal Family: Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz and her son Bruno Gómez-Acebes, Iñaki Urdangarín, Amalio de Marichalar, and people close to the family like the mistress of former King Juan Carlos I, Corinna Larsen.[82] 
Other clients included less-senior government officials and their close relatives and associates, from over forty countries.[1] 
Disclosures 
A conversation between Süddeutsche Zeitung reporter Bastian Obermayer and anonymous source John Doe[17] 
Nancy Patricia Pelosi (/pəˈloʊsi/; née D'Alesandro; born March 26, 1940) is an American Democratic Party politician serving as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives since January 2019. Also speaker from 2007 until 2011, she is the first woman to have served in this office. First elected to Congress in 1987, she is the highest-ranking elected woman in United States history.[2] As Speaker of the House, she is second in the presidential line of succession, immediately after the vice president.[3] 
Pelosi is currently in her 17th term as a congresswoman, currently representing California's 12th congressional district, which consists of four-fifths of the city and county of San Francisco. She initially represented the 5th district (1987–1993), and then, when district boundaries were redrawn after the 1990 Census, the 8th district (1993–2013). She has led House Democrats since 2003, serving as House minority whip (2002–2003) and as House minority leader (2003–2007 and 2011–2019, when Republicans held the majority), in addition to being Speaker of the House. 
Pelosi was a major opponent of the Iraq War as well as the Bush Administration's 2005 attempt to privatize Social Security. During her first speakership, she was instrumental in the passage of many landmark bills, including the Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, along with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and 2010 Tax Relief Act, which served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession. 
She lost her speakership in January, 2011, after the 2010 midterm elections, when the Democratic Party lost control of the House of Representatives, but retained her role of leader of the House Democratic Caucus and returned to the role of House minority leader which she had held previously. In the 2018 midterm elections, the Democrats won control of the House.[4] Afterward, when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019, Pelosi was again elected speaker,[5] becoming the first former speaker to return to the post since Sam Rayburn in 1955.[6] On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced the start of impeachment hearings into Donald Trump.[7][8] 
That Luang 
King Jayavarman VII of the Khmer Empire. 
The architecture of the building includes many references to Lao culture and identity, and so has become a symbol of Lao nationalism. 
The stupa today consists of three levels, each conveying a reflection of part of the Buddhist doctrine. The first level is 223 feet (67 metres) by 226 feet (68 metres); the second is 157 feet (47 metres) along each side; and the third level is 98 feet (29 metres) along each side.[1] From ground to pinnacle, the Pha That Luang is 147.6 feet (44 metres) high.[3] 
Only the pinnacle is covered in real gold, the remainder of the stupa is painted a gold color. 
The area around Pha That Luang is now gated, to keep traffic out. Previously visitors could drive around the whole complex. The encircling walls are roughly 279 feet (85 metres) long on each side and contain a large number of Lao and Khmer sculptures including one of Jayavarman VII.[1] 
Gallery 
Pha That Luang stupa View of the stupa inside the temple The national symbol of Laos at sunset The naga inside the temple Thatluang Festival (2010) Thatluang Festival (2010) That Luang stupa at night That Luang 
Pha That Luang (Lao: ພຣະທາດຫຼວງ or ທາດຫຼວງ, IPA: [tʰâːt lwǎːŋ] 'Great Stupa') is a gold-covered large Buddhist stupa in the centre of the city of Vientiane, Laos.[1] Since its initial establishment, suggested to be in the 3rd century, the stupa has undergone several reconstructions as recently as the 1930s due to foreign invasions of the area. It is generally regarded as the most important national monument in Laos and a national symbol.[2] 
Pha That Luang and its situation in Vientiane 
Pha That Luang according to the Lao people was originally built as a Hindu temple in the 1st century. Buddhist missionaries from the Mauryan Empire are believed to have been sent by the Emperor Ashoka, including Bury Chan or Praya Chanthabury Pasithisak and five Arahata monks who brought a holy relic (believed to be the breastbone) of Lord Buddha to the stupa.[1] It was rebuilt in the 13th century as a Khmer temple which fell into ruin. 
In the mid-16th century, King Setthathirat relocated his capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane and ordered the construction of Pha That Luang in 1566.[3] It was rebuilt about 4 km from the centre of Vientiane at the end of Pha That Luang Road and named Pha That Luang.[2] The bases had a length of 69 metres each and was 45 metres high, and was surrounded by 30 small Stupas.[2] 
In 1641, a Dutch envoy of the Dutch East India Company, Gerrit van Wuysthoff, visited Vientiane and was received by King Sourigna Vongsa at the temple, where he was, reportedly, received in a magnificent ceremony. He wrote that he was particularly impressed by the "enormous pyramid and the top was covered with gold leaf weighing about a thousand pounds".[4] However, the stupa was repeatedly plundered by the Burmese, Siamese and Chinese.[2] 
Pha That Luang was destroyed by the Thai invasion in 1828, which left it heavily damaged and abandoned. It was not until 1900 that the French restored to its original design based on the detailed drawings from 1867 by the French architect and explorer Louis Delaporte.[1] However the first attempt to restore it was unsuccessful and it had to be redesigned and then reconstructed in the 1930s.[3] During the Franco-Thai War, Pha That Luang was heavily damaged during a Thai air raid. After the end of World War II, the Pha That Luang was reconstructed. 
The Nam Ou (Laotian: ນ້ຳອູ [nâːm ùː], literally: "rice bowl river") is one of the most important rivers of Laos. It runs 448 km from Phongsaly Province to Luang Prabang Province. Along with the Mekong, the Nam Ou is the only natural channel suitable for large-draft boat transportation. 
Dam Construckion at Nam Ou River 
A ferryboat between Nong Kiau and Luang Prabang. 
The 'Nam Ou' is an important transportation route in Laos. 
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States George Town, Penang, Malaysia[4] 
References 
Phuket City (/puːˈkɛt/ poo-KET; Thai: ภูเก็ต, pronounced [pʰūː.kèt]) is a city in the southeast of Phuket island, Thailand. It is the capital of Phuket Province. As of 2007[update] the city had a population of 75,573. 
History 
Phuket is one of the oldest cities in Thailand.[citation needed] It was an important port on the west of the Malay Peninsula where Chinese immigrants first landed. On 13 February 2004 the town was elevated to city status (thesaban nakhon, Thai: เทศบาลนคร). 
The tiles, doors, perforated windows and other details are all influenced by Chinese and European styles combined.[2] "Phuket Old Town" is a 2.7 km2 area covering a total of 210 rai. Ten streets—Klang, Phang Nga, Rassada, Dee Buk, Krabi, Thep Kasattri, Phuket, Yaowarat, Satun, and Soi Rammanee—define a quarter studded with heritage buildings. As of 2019[update], the Fine Arts Department and the Phuket provincial authorities are preparing a proposal to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) that Phuket Old Town be listed as a World Heritage Site.[3] 
The major religion is Buddhism. The Buddhist temples in the city are attractive destinations for national and international tourists. Along the streets some Hindu temples depicting the statues of Ganesha and Brahma can also be seen. 
Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi (Arabic: رافد أحمد علوان الجنابي‎, Rāfid Aḥmad Alwān; born 1968), known by the Defense Intelligence Agency cryptonym "Curveball",[1] is a German citizen who defected from Iraq in 1999, claiming that he had worked as a chemical engineer at a plant that manufactured mobile biological weapon laboratories as part of an Iraqi weapons of mass destruction program.[2] Alwan's allegations were subsequently shown to be false by the Iraq Survey Group's final report published in 2004.[3][4] 
Although the Americans did not have "direct access" to Curveball,[13][14] information collected by the BND debriefing team was later passed on in part to the Defense Intelligence Agency in the United States.[15] As an incentive to keep supplying information to German intelligence, Curveball had been granted asylum, as he had applied earlier in 1999 and failed.[16] He had enough money that he did not have to work. He gave many hours of testimony about Iraq's WMD program and in particular its mobile weapons laboratories. Despite CIA technicians and weapon experts finding major flaws and inconsistencies with the designs and systems he asserted the military was developing, this information made it to the American government and although there were wide doubts and questions about the claimed informant's reliability and background, assertions attributed to Curveball claiming that Iraq was creating biological agents in mobile weapons laboratories to elude inspectors appeared in more than 112 United States government reports between January 2000 and September 2001.[17] His assertions eventually made it into United States Secretary of State Colin Powell's address on February 5, 2003 to the United Nations detailing Iraq's weapons programs. 
In 2003, inspectors led by David Kay conducted additional investigation of Curveball's credibility. They found among other things that he had been placed last in his university class when he had claimed to have been placed first, and that he had been jailed for embezzlement before fleeing to Germany. 
In response to public criticism, U.S. president Bush initiated an investigative commission who released their report on March 31, 2005. Bush's investigative commission came to many conclusions including: 
Curveball's German intelligence handlers saw him as "crazy … out of control", his friends called him a "congenital liar", and a US physician working for the Defense Department who travelled to Germany to take blood samples seeking to discover if Anthrax spores were present was stunned to find the defector had shown up for medical tests with a "blistering hangover",[19] and he "might be an alcoholic".[20] While there were many reports that Curveball was actually a relative (younger brother) of one of Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress (INC) top aides,[3][22] the investigative commission stated that it was "unable to uncover any evidence that the INC or any other organisation was directing Curveball."[23] The Bush administration ignored evidence from the UN weapons inspectors that Curveball's claims were false. Curveball had identified a particular Iraqi facility as a docking station for mobile labs. Satellite photography had showed a wall made such access impossible, but it was theorised that this wall was temporary. 
The Bush administration laid blame on the CIA, criticising its officials for "failing to investigate" doubts about Curveball, which emerged after an October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate. In May 2004, over a year after the invasion of Iraq, the CIA concluded formally that Curveball's information was fabricated. Furthermore, on June 26, 2006, The Washington Post reported that "the CIA acknowledged that Curveball was a con artist who drove a taxi in Iraq and spun his engineering knowledge into a fantastic but plausible tale about secret bioweapons factories on wheels."[1] 
On April 8, 2005, CIA Director Porter Goss ordered an internal review of the CIA in order to determine why doubts about Curveball's reliability were not forwarded to policy makers. Former CIA Director George Tenet and his former deputy, John E. McLaughlin, announced that they were not aware of doubts about Curveball's veracity before the war. However, Tyler Drumheller, the former chief of the CIA's European division, told the Los Angeles Times that "everyone in the chain of command knew exactly what was happening."[26] 
Admission of fabrication 
In February 2011, Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi admitted for the first time that he lied about his story regarding Iraq's secret biological weapons program.[9] He also admitted to being shocked that his false story was used as a justification for the Iraq War but proud that the fabrications helped topple Saddam Hussein. 
Allegedly because the Iraqi informant disliked Americans,[21] Germany's intelligence service (BND) classified him as a "blue" source, meaning the Germans would not permit U.S. access to him (red sources were allowed American contact).[10] Later evidence indicated that he was in fact pro-American, and that the Germans were guarding their source.[29] The Germans did pass on information to the American intelligence agencies and the informant was given the codename "Curveball". Despite it being an American term, the Americans deny coining the name, and its origin is uncertain. The base cryptonym "ball" had been used during the Cold War when dealing with informants who had intelligence about weapons.[10][30] 
In a February 2011 interview with The Guardian he "admitted for the first time that he lied about his story, then watched in shock as it was used to justify the war."[1] 
Rafid Ahmed Alwan studied chemical engineering in university but received low marks. He also worked at the Babel television production company in Baghdad, which was owned by Saddam Hussein's son Uday; sometime after leaving his job, a warrant was issued for his arrest because of theft from the same company.[1] 
Geylang Road 
Geyland Road by night in 2008 
Geylang Road (Chinese: 芽笼路) is a major trunk road linking Singapore's eastern suburban areas with the country's central business district. Deriving its name from the area of Geylang where the road cuts through, it is fronted on both sides by low-rise shophouses protected statutorily from urban redevelopment in keeping with its history and urban heritage. 
The road itself begins at the east where it meets Changi Road at the junction with Geylang Serai and Joo Chiat Road and continues westward until Kallang Road over the Kallang River at Sir Arthur's Bridge. Previously it was the only main thoroughfare linking Changi and Kallang, the former being the location of the Changi Airport while the latter was home to Singapore's first purpose-built civil airport, the Kallang Airport. As traffic mushroomed, Geylang Road was converted into a one-way street, and a parallel road, Sims Avenue, was constructed to the north to cater for traffic in the opposite direction. 
The mansions are reserved for exclusive business or corporate personnel as the fees charged for the same services rendered are beyond the reach of any normal working-class individual. Unlike in Hong Kong and Taipei, male prostitution for women clientele and gigolos are not popular with the Singaporean market. As such, Geylang is exclusively targeted towards heterosexual male clientele from all over the world. 
See also 
Peter K G Dunlop (2000) Street Names of Singapore Who's Who Publishing ISBN 981-4062-11-1 
Tun Thura Thet is a founder of Myanmar Information Technology (MIT) Co Ltd.[1] He is also the vice-president of the Myanmar Computer Federation (MCF) and an active member of the SME Development Working Committee and Digital Economy Development Committee.[2][3] He is EC Member of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce & Industry.[4] 
Practising School Yangon Institute of Education- 1987 Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia - 1995, BCom Information Systems Nanyang Technological University, Singapore - 2009, PhD 
ACM Digital Library This Month Myanmar Insider took a Peek at One Of Yangon’s Businessman. Myanmar Insider Decades-old bets in Myanmar's tech industry finally reap rewards http://pacling.ucsy.edu.mm/ 
Haw Phra Kaew 
Haw Phra Kaew (Lao: ຫໍພຣະແກ້ວ), also written as Ho Prakeo, Hor Pha Keo and other similar spellings, is a former temple in Vientiane, Laos. It is situated on Setthathirath Road, to the southeast of Wat Si Saket. It was first built in 1565 to house the Emerald Buddha, but has been rebuilt several times. 
The building is set in a landscaped garden, and among the items on display in the garden is a 2,000 year old stone jar from the Plain of Jars of Xieng Khouang Plateau.[1] 
References 
Hor Pha Keo Museum 
Ruins of the Ho Phra Keo royal temple as depicted by Louis Delaporte (c.1867) following the destruction of Vientiane in 1828. 
Standing Buddha figures 
Haw Phra Kaew was built in 1565–1566 on the orders of King Setthathirath after he moved the capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane.[2] The temple was built on the grounds of the royal palace to house the Emerald Buddha figurine, which Setthathirath had brought from Chiang Mai, then the capital of Lanna, to Luang Prabang. The temple was used as Setthathirath's personal place of worship, and because of this, there were no resident monks in this temple unlike other temples in Laos.[2] The Emerald Buddha stayed in the temple for over 200 years, but in 1779, Vientiane was seized by the Siamese General Chao Phraya Chakri (who founded the current Chakri Dynasty of Thailand), the figurine was taken to Thonburi and the temple destroyed. The Buddha now resides in Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok, and is considered the palladium of Thailand. 
The ruined temple was depicted in a drawing by Louis Delaporte (c.1867, shown left). The temple was rebuilt by the French between 1936 and 1942 during the colonial period of French Indochina. The surviving structures of the old temple were used as the basis for the rebuilding; even though it followed the plan of the old temple, the rebuilt temple resembles more of a 19th-century Bangkok-style ubosot or sim.[2] In the 1970s the temple was converted from a place of worship to a museum.[3] It was restored again in 1993.[4] 
Exhibits 
Bronze Buddha statues at Haw Phra Kaew 
A number of Buddhas are placed on the terrace, including stone Buddhas dating from the 6th to 9th century, and bronze standing and seated Buddha of later periods.[1] More Buddhas images are displayed in the sim - the sim is the main ordination hall where the religious ceremony is conducted. The ornately carved wooden doors to the sim are original to the old temple. The Buddha images displayed include a wooden copy of Phra Bang, the palladium of Laos.[5] There is also a gilded throne for the Emerald Buddha, Khmer stone steles, wood carvings, bronze frog drum, and Buddhist manuscripts inscribed on palm leaves.[6] 
Thongsing Thammavong (Lao: ທອງສິງ ທຳມະວົງ; born 12 April 1944) is a Laotian politician who was the Prime Minister of Laos from 2010 to 2016. He is a member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) and has been a member of the LPRP Politburo since 1991. He currently serves in the National Assembly of Laos, representing Luang Prabang Province (Constituency 6),[1] and was the President of the National Assembly from 2006 to 2010.[2] He became Prime Minister on 23 December 2010, and left office on 20 April 2016. 
References 
Laos-Myanmar relations is the long, complicated relationship between two neighbors, Laos and Myanmar. Myanmar has an embassy in Vientiane and Laos has an embassy in Yangon. 
History and modern relations 
While both countries share common Theravada Buddhism, two countries often engaged in war from 16th century onward. The Taungoo dynasty had conquered Laos during the reign of Bayinnaung.[1] Setthathirath led the Lan Xang Kingdom into a resistance war against the Burmese but failed.[2] With the collapse of Taungoo Empire, the Laotians soon restored their nation from the Burmese. 
The Burmese would go on conquer Laos for the second time as Konbaung dynasty, and Lan Xang this time was unable to fend off again.[3] Similar to the first invasion, Burma would go on crippled due to war with the Chinese that saw Lan Xang regained independence for the second time. 
At 19th century, both would go on to become British and French colony separately. Since then, there had been no relationship between two and the Vietnam War occurred near Laotian border also prevented Laos and Burma from establishing official relations. Only started from 1990s, Laos and Myanmar established official tie. 
Since 1990s, increasing cooperation started as both joined the ASEAN. 
In 2015, the first official friendship bridge between two was opened.[4] Two countries have attempted to expand bilateral trades and cooperations within.[5] 
References 
The Israel–Philippines relations refers to the bilateral ties between the State of Israel and the Republic of the Philippines. 
Cultural relations 
Bishop Armando Cruzem and his congregation at their local annual Day to Praise Israel Independence Day event in the Philippines, 12 May 2016 
In 2007, Sister Grace Galindez-Gupana, a Filipino businesswoman and supporter of Israel, financed the installation of a giant Israeli flag to honor 50 years of friendly relations between Israel and the Philippines.[10] 
It honored the role of the Philippine Commonwealth Government under President Manuel L. Quezon in officially offering safe haven and issuing 10,000 visas to Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi regime. This was done in coordination with US Commonwealth officials (including High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt and Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower) as well as the local Jewish-Filipino community. Between 1937 and 1941, approximately 1,200 to 1,500 Jewish refugees (mostly from Germany and Austria) were settled in government-provided housing communities in Marikina. 
The fair features booths selling Filipino handicrafts and food, as well as a cultural program showcasing traditional Filipino music and dance. A photography exhibition, “Yesterday and Today: A Look at Philippines-Israel Relations through the Years," opened at the mall. Some of the images date to the Philippines’ “Open Door Policy" in the 1930s, when more than 1,200 European Jews fleeing the Holocaust were given a safe haven in the Philippines.[17] 
Military ties 
In January 2014, the Armed Forces of the Philippines agreed to purchase 28 Israeli armored vehicles.[18] 
In May 2018, the Philippine Navy purchased Spike-ER missiles from Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. These are the first surface-to-surface missiles to be mounted on Philippine Navy ships.[19] 
The Philippines is known to use a variety of Israeli weapons such as Israeli firearms like Galil and TAR-21. The Soltam M-71 155 mm howitzer is used by the Philippine Army and Marines. 
Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were realized upon the signing of the Treaty of Friendship on February 26, 1958. The Israeli embassy in Manila and the Philippine embassy in Tel Aviv both opened in 1962.[1] 
References 
The Philippines was among the 33 countries who supported the establishment of Israel and the only Asian country who voted for the resolution.[2] Israel and the Philippines established full diplomatic relationships in 1957.[3][4] Embassies were opened in Tel-Aviv and Manila in 1962. In 1997, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) institutionalizing the bilateral political dialogue between the respective foreign ministries. The political dialog is accompanied by cooperation in trade and economy, culture, technical assistance, science, academic exchanges, tourism etc. 
On November 28, 2007, the Knesset honored the thirty three countries which supported the UN Resolution 181 in celebration of 60th Anniversary of the State of Israel. The UN resolution, which marked January 27, as a yearly commemorative to honor the Holocaust's victims, was co-sponsored by the Philippines.[5] In October 2012, Vice President Jejomar Binay embarked on a five-day visit to Israel during which he met with President Shimon Peres in Jerusalem.[6] 
Economic relations 
The International Day for Tolerance is an annual observance day declared by UNESCO in 1995 to generate public awareness of the dangers of intolerance. It is observed on 16 November. 
Every year various conferences and festivals are organized in the occasion of International Day for Tolerance. Among them, "Universal Tolerance Cartoon Festival" in Drammen, Norway which organized an International Cartoon Festival in 2013.[1] 
The day is observed in Bangladesh with Peace Summit. Peace Summit is organized by Preneur Lab and the EMK Center. The conference is a platform to talk and share on country’s challenges on issues like peace, tolerance, fake news, online safety and hate.[2] 
Human rights education Toleration UNESCO UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the promotion of tolerance and non-violence. The winner of this bi-annual award established in 1996 is announced on the International Day for Tolerance. United Nations Year for Tolerance List of international days World Conference against Racism 
Operation Bloodstone was a covert operation whereby the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sought out Nazis and collaborators living in Soviet-controlled areas, to work undercover for U.S. intelligence inside of the Soviet Union, Latin America, and Canada, as well as domestically within the United States.[1][2] Many of those who were hired as part of Bloodstone were high-ranking Nazi intelligence agents who had committed war crimes. Several of these were not misguided Nazis or opportunistic collaborators but merely embraced Hitler's regime in the name of anticommunism.[3] 
History 
Operation Bloodstone was initially proposed by the U.S. State Department, and was approved by SANACC (the State, Army, Navy, Air Force Coordinating Committee) on June 10, 1948. In the initial stages of the operation, a brief paper identified these anti-Communist elements in non-Western hemisphere countries outside of the Soviet orbit who "have shown extreme fortitude in the face of the Communist menace" and have "demonstrated the know-how to counter Communist propaganda and techniques to obtain control of mass movements."[4] Operation Bloodstone sought to tap these individuals who were "immobilized" on account of lack of funds and a coordinated international movement. In July, SANACC expanded the operation to:[5] 
"comprise those activities against the enemy which are conducted by Allied or friendly forces behind enemy lines ... [to] include psychological warfare, subversion, sabotage, and miscellaneous operations such as assassination, target capture and rescue of Allied airmen." 
By 1976, Operation Bloodstone was no longer a closely guarded secret but an investigation revealed that there are two highly classified programs that were also connected to it: Operation Paperclip and Alsos Mission.[6] 
See also 
References 
There are many sizes and shapes of bottles used for wine. Some of the known shapes: 
"Bordeaux": This bottle is roughly straight sided with a curved "shoulder" that is useful for catching sediment and is also the easiest to stack. Traditionally used in Bordeaux but now worldwide, this is probably the most common type. "Burgundy": Traditionally used in Burgundy, this has sides that taper down about 2/3 of the height to a short cylindrical section, and does not have a shoulder. 
Codd-neck bottles 
The Codd-neck bottle was designed and manufactured to enclose a marble and a rubber washer/gasket in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape, as can be seen in the photo to the left, to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. 
Soon after its introduction, the bottle became extremely popular with the soft drink and brewing industries, mainly in Europe, Asia and Australasia, though some alcohol drinkers disdained the use of the bottle. One etymology of the term codswallop originates from beer sold in Codd bottles, though this is generally dismissed as a folk etymology.[4] 
Since children smashed the bottles to retrieve the marbles, they are relatively scarce and have become collector items; particularly in the UK. A cobalt-coloured Codd bottle today fetches hundreds of British pounds at auction. The Codd-neck design is still used for the Japanese soft drink Ramune and in the Indian drink called Banta.[5] 
Plastic bottles 
Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk, and ink. The size ranges from very small sample bottles to very large carboys. The main advantage that plastic bottles have over glass is their superior resistance to breakage, in both production and transportation, as well as their low cost of production; however, their contribution towards plastic pollution is considerable. 
Aluminium bottles 
A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material (clay, glass, plastic, aluminium etc.) in various shapes and sizes to store and transport liquids (water, milk, beer, wine, ink, cooking oil, medicine, soft drinks, shampoo, and chemicals, etc.) and whose mouth at the bottling line can be sealed with an internal stopper, an external bottle cap, a closure, or a conductive "inner seal" using induction sealing.[1] Some of the earliest bottles appeared in China, Phoenicia, Crete, and Rome. 
An aluminium bottle is a bottle made of aluminium (or aluminum, in American English). In some countries, it is also referred to as a "bottlecan". It is a bottle made entirely of aluminium that holds beer, soft drinks, wine, and other liquids. 
A hot water bottle is a bottle filled with hot water used to provide warmth. It can be made from various materials, most commonly rubber, but has historically been made from harder materials such as metal, glass, earthenware, or wood. 
A PET bottle Stone ware jar for carrying water A bioplastic shampoo bottle made of PLA-blend bio-flex A contemporary metal bottle (Sigg) Chinese ding-ware porcelain bottle (far left) with iron-tinted pigment under a transparent colorless glaze, 11th century, Song Dynasty Normflasche bottle Reusable glass milk bottles Pontiled soda or beer "blobtop" bottle, circa 1855 Bocksbeutel bottle Metal Water Bottles. Two bottles for Maas wine, called "thieves", 18th century, at the Gourmet Museum and Library, Hermalle-sous-Huy, Belgium A bottle wall of an earthship bathroom Bottle, 18th–19th-century Iran, Brooklyn Museum. 1940s Chianti fiasco Aluminium spray bottle Empty beer bottles of different colors Two modern hot water bottles shown with their stoppers Plastic bottle of milk. 
Etymology 
References 
First attested in 14th century. From the English word bottle derives from an Old French word boteille, from vulgar Latin butticula, from late Latin buttis ("cask"), a latinisation of the Greek βοῦττις (bouttis) ("vessel").[2][3] 
It eventually gave rise to "château bottling", the practice where an estate's wine is put in a bottle at the source, rather than by a merchant. Prior to this, wine used to be sold by the barrel (and before that, the amphora) and put into bottles only at the merchant's shop, if at all. This left large and often abused opportunities for fraud and adulteration, as consumers had to trust the merchant as to the contents. 
The town is historically agricultural, but today derives much income from its traditional pottery shops. The village is centred on a very large church, which was formerly a mediaeval nunnery. The von Ohlen family historically owned much of the land in and around the village, and still has a strong presence in the area. 
Henricia ornata, the reticulated starfish, is a species of starfish in the family Echinasteridae. It is native to the southeastern Atlantic Ocean on the coast of South Africa, the type locality being the Cape of Good Hope.[1] 
References 
In March 1945, at Bonn University, a Polish laboratory technician found pieces of the Osenberg List stuffed in a toilet; the list subsequently reached MI6, who transmitted it to U.S. Intelligence.[14][2] Then U.S. Army Major Robert B. Staver, Chief of the Jet Propulsion Section of the Research and Intelligence Branch of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, used the Osenberg List to compile his list of German scientists to be captured and interrogated; Wernher von Braun, Germany's premier rocket scientist, headed Major Staver's list.[16] 
Identification 
In Operation Overcast, Major Staver's original intent was only to interview the scientists, but what he learned changed the operation's purpose. On May 22, 1945, he transmitted to the U.S. Pentagon headquarters Colonel Joel Holmes's telegram urging the evacuation of German scientists and their families, as most "important for [the] Pacific war" effort.[15] Most of the Osenberg List engineers worked at the Baltic coast German Army Research Center Peenemünde, developing the V-2 rocket. After capturing them, the Allies initially housed them and their families in Landshut, Bavaria, in southern Germany. 
Beginning on July 19, 1945, the U.S. JCS managed the captured ARC rocketeers under Operation Overcast. However, when the "Camp Overcast" name of the scientists' quarters became locally known, the program was renamed Operation Paperclip in November 1945.[1] Despite these attempts at secrecy, later that year the press interviewed several of the scientists.[2][3][18] 
Early on, the United States created the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS). This provided the information on targets for the T-Forces that went in and targeted scientific, military and industrial installations (and their employees) for their know-how. Initial priorities were advanced technology, such as infrared, that could be used in the war against Japan; finding out what technology had been passed on to Japan; and finally to halt the research. 
A project to halt the research was codenamed "Project Safehaven", and it was not initially targeted against the Soviet Union; rather the concern was that German scientists might emigrate and continue their research in countries such as Spain, Argentina or Egypt, all of which had sympathized with Nazi Germany.[citation needed] In order to avoid the complications involved with the emigration of German scientists, the CIOS was responsible for scouting and kidnapping high-profile individuals for the deprivation of technological advancements in nations outside of the US. 
Operation Paperclip was a secret program of the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) largely carried out by Special Agents of Army CIC, in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians, such as Wernher von Braun and his V-2 rocket team, were taken from Germany to America for U.S. government employment, primarily between 1945 and 1959. Many were former members, and some were former leaders, of the Nazi Party.[1][2] 
On orders of Military Government you are to report with your family and baggage as much as you can carry tomorrow noon at 1300 hours (Friday, 22 June 1945) at the town square in Bitterfeld. There is no need to bring winter clothing. Easily carried possessions, such as family documents, jewelry, and the like should be taken along. 
By 1947 this evacuation operation had netted an estimated 1,800 technicians and scientists, along with 3,700 family members. Those with special skills or knowledge were taken to detention and interrogation centers, such as one code-named DUSTBIN,[19] to be held and interrogated, in some cases for months.[citation needed] 
On November 5, 1947, the Office of Military Government of the United States (OMGUS), which had jurisdiction over the western part of occupied Germany, held a conference to consider the status of the evacuees, the monetary claims that the evacuees had filed against the United States, and the "possible violation by the US of laws of war or Rules of Land Warfare". The OMGUS director of Intelligence R. L. Walsh initiated a program to resettle the evacuees in the Third World, which the Germans referred to as General Walsh's "Urwald-Programm" (jungle program); however, this program never matured. In 1948, the evacuees received settlements of 69.5 million Reichsmarks from the U.S., a settlement that soon became severely devalued during the currency reform that introduced the Deutsche Mark as the official currency of western Germany.[citation needed] 
Arrivals 
In May 1945, the U.S. Navy "received in custody" Herbert A. Wagner, the inventor of the Hs 293 missile; for two years, he first worked at the Special Devices Center, at Castle Gould and at Hempstead House, Long Island, New York; in 1947, he moved to the Naval Air Station Point Mugu.[21] 
Beginning in late 1945, three rocket-scientist groups arrived in the United States for duty at Fort Bliss, Texas, and at White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico, as "War Department Special Employees".[11]:27[17] 
The primary purpose for Operation Paperclip was U.S. military advantage in the Soviet–American Cold War, and the Space Race. The Soviet Union was more aggressive in forcibly recruiting more than 2,200 German specialists—a total of more than 6,000 people including family members—with Operation Osoaviakhim during one night on October 22, 1946.[3] 
In 1946, the United States Bureau of Mines employed seven German synthetic fuel scientists at a Fischer-Tropsch chemical plant in Louisiana, Missouri.[22] 
In early 1950, legal U.S. residency for some of the Project Paperclip specialists was effected through the U.S. consulate in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico; thus, German scientists legally entered the United States from Latin America.[1]:226[2] 
Between 1945 and 1952, the United States Air Force sponsored the largest number of Paperclip scientists, importing 260 men, of whom 36 returned to Germany and one (Walter Schreiber) reemigrated to Argentina.[23] 
Eighty-six aeronautical engineers were transferred to Wright Field, Ohio, where the United States had Luftwaffe aircraft and equipment captured under Operation Lusty (Luftwaffe Secret Technology).[24] 
The United States Army Signal Corps employed 24 specialists – including the physicists Georg Goubau, Gunter Guttwein, Georg Hass, Horst Kedesdy, and Kurt Lehovec; the physical chemists Rudolf Brill, Ernst Baars, and Eberhard Both; the geophysicist Helmut Weickmann; the optician Gerhard Schwesinger; and the engineers Eduard Gerber, Richard Guenther, and Hans Ziegler.[25] 
Overall, through its operations to 1990, Operation Paperclip imported 1,600 men, as part of the intellectual reparations owed to the US and the UK, valued at $10 billion in patents and industrial processes.[1][26] 
Major awards (in the United States) 
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) established the first secret recruitment program, called Operation Overcast, on July 20, 1945, initially "to assist in shortening the Japanese war and to aid our postwar military research".[4] The term "Overcast" was the name first given by the German scientists' family members for the housing camp where they were held in Bavaria.[5] In late summer 1945, the JCS established the JIOA, a subcommittee of the Joint Intelligence Community, to directly oversee Operation Overcast and later Operation Paperclip.[6] The JIOA representatives included the army's director of intelligence, the chief of naval intelligence, the assistant chief of Air Staff-2 (air force intelligence), and a representative from the State Department.[7] In November 1945, Operation Overcast was renamed Operation Paperclip by Ordnance Corps (United States Army) officers, who would attach a paperclip to the folders of those rocket experts whom they wished to employ in America.[5] 
The Goddard Astronautics Award is the highest honor bestowed for notable achievements in the field of astronautics by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).[27] For their service, three Operation Paperclip members were awarded the Goddard Astronautics Award: Wernher von Braun (1961), Hans von Ohain (1967), and Krafft Arnold Ehricke (1984). 
The U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama, owns and operates the U.S. Space Camp. Several Operation Paperclip members are members of the Space Camp Hall of Fame (which began in 2007): Wernher von Braun (2007), Georg von Tiesenhausen (2007), and Oscar Holderer (2008). 
The New Mexico Museum of Space History includes the International Space Hall of Fame. Two Operation Paperclip members are members of the International Space Hall of Fame: Wernher von Braun (1976)[28] and Ernst Steinhoff (1979).[29] Hubertus Strughold was inducted in 1978 but removed as a member in 2006. Other closely related members include Willy Ley (1976),[30] a German-American science writer, and Hermann Oberth (1976),[31] a German scientist who advised von Braun's rocket team in the U.S. from 1955 to 1958. 
Two lunar craters are named after Paperclip scientists: Debus after Kurt Debus, the first director of NASA's Kennedy Space Center, and von Braun. 
Scientific accomplishments 
Wernher von Braun was chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the key instrument in getting man to the moon.[32] 
Adolf Busemann was the mind behind the swept wing, which improved aircraft performance at high speeds.[33][34] 
Controversy and investigations 
Before his official approval of the program, President Truman, for sixteen months, was indecisive on the program.[1] Years later in 1963, Truman recalled that he was not in the least reluctant to approve Paperclip; that because of relations with Russia "this had to be done and was done".[35] 
In a secret directive circulated on September 3, 1946, President Truman officially approved Operation Paperclip and expanded it to include one thousand German scientists under "temporary, limited military custody".[8][9][10] 
Several of the Paperclip scientists were later investigated because of their links with the Nazi Party during the war. Only one Paperclip scientist, Georg Rickhey, was formally tried for any crime, and no Paperclip scientist was found guilty of any crime, in America or Germany. Rickhey was returned to Germany in 1947 to stand trial at the Dora Trial, where he was acquitted.[36] 
In 1951, weeks after his U.S. arrival, Walter Schreiber was linked by the Boston Globe to human experiments conducted by Kurt Blome at Ravensbrück, and he emigrated to Argentina with the aid of the U.S. military. 
For fifty years, from 1963 to 2013, the Strughold Award—named after Hubertus Strughold, The Father of Space Medicine, for his central role in developing innovations like the space suit and space life support systems—was the most prestigious award from the Space Medicine Association, a member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.[38] On October 1, 2013, in the aftermath of a Wall Street Journal article published on December 1, 2012, which highlighted his connection to human experiments during WW2, the Space Medicine Association's Executive Committee announced that the Space Medicine Association Strughold Award had been retired.[38][39] 
Key recruits 
Advisors brought into the United States Hermann Oberth Aeronautics and rocketry Hans Amtmann,[40] Herbert Axster, Anton Flettner, Erich Ball,[41] Oscar Bauschinger,[42] Hermann Beduerftig,[43] Rudi Beichel,[44] Anton Beier,[45] Herbert Bergeler,[46] Magnus von Braun, Wernher von Braun, Theodor Buchhold, Walter Burose,[47] Adolf Busemann, GN Constan,[48] Werner Dahm, Konrad Dannenberg, Kurt H. Debus, Gerd De Beek,[49] Walter Dornberger, Gerhard Drawe,[50] Friedrich Duerr,[51] Ernst R. G. Eckert, Otto Eisenhardt,[52] Krafft Arnold Ehricke, Alfred Finzel,[53] Edward Fischel,[54] Karl Fleischer,[55] Anselm Franz, Herbert Fuhrmann,[56] Ernst Geissler, Werner Gengelbach,[57] Dieter Grau, Hans Gruene,[58] Herbert Guendel,[59] Fritz Haber,[60] Heinz Haber, Karl Hager,[61] Guenther Haukohl,[62] Karl Heimburg,[63] Emil Hellebrand,[64] Gerhard Heller,[65] Bruno Helm,[66] Rudolf Hermann,[67] Bruno Heusinger,[68] Hans Heuter,[69] Guenther Hintze,[70] Sighard F. Hoerner, Kurt Hohenemser, Oscar Holderer, Hans Henning Hosenthien, Dieter Huzel,[71] Walter Jacobi, Erich Kaschig,[72] Ernst Klaus,[73] Theodore Knacke,[74] Siegfried Knemeyer, Heinz-Hermann Koelle, Gustav Kroll,[75] Werner Kuers,[76] Hermann Kurzweg,[77] Hermann Lange,[78] Hans Lindenberg,[79] Hans Lindenmayer,[80] Alexander Martin Lippisch, Robert Lusser, Hans Maus,[81] Helmut Merk,[82] Joseph Michel,[83] Hans Milde,[84] Heinz Millinger,[85] Rudolf Minning,[86] Willi Mrazek,[87] Hans Multhopp, Erich Neubert,[88] Gerhard Neumann, Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines), Robert Paetz,[89] Hans Palaoro,[90] Kurt Patt,[91] Hans Paul,[92] Arnold Peter,[93] Theodor Poppel,[94] Werner Rosinski,[95] Heinrich Rothe,[96] Ludwig Roth, Arthur Rudolph, Friedrich von Saurma, Edgar Schaeffer, Martin Schilling,[97] Helmut Schlitt,[98] Albert Schuler,[99] August Schulze,[100] Walter Schwidetzky,[101] Ernst Steinhoff, Wolfgang Steurer,[102] Ernst Stuhlinger, Kurt Tank, Bernhard Tessmann, Adolf Thiel, Georg von Tiesenhausen, Werner Tiller,[103] JG Tschinkel,[104] Arthur Urbanski,[105] Fritz Vandersee,[106] Richard Vogt, Woldemar Voigt (designer of Messerschmitt P.1101), Werner Voss,[107] Theodor Vowe,[108] Herbert A. Wagner, Hermann Weidner,[109] Günter Wendt and Walter Fritz Wiesemann.[110] 
Architecture Heinz Hilten [111] and Hannes Luehrsen.[112] Electronics - including guidance systems, radar and satellites Wilhelm Angele,[113] Ernst Baars, Josef Boehm,[114] Hans Fichtner, Hans Friedrich,[115] Eduard Gerber,[116] Georg Goubau, Walter Haeussermann, Otto Heinrich Hirschler,[117] Otto Hoberg,[118] Rudolf Hoelker,[119] Hans Hollmann, Helmut Hölzer, Horst Kedesdy,[120] Kurt Lehovec, Kurt Lindner,[121] JW Muehlner,[122] Fritz Mueller, Johannes Plendl, Fritz Karl Preikschat, Eberhard Rees, Gerhard Reisig,[123] Harry Ruppe,[124] Heinz Schlicke, Werner Sieber,[125] Othmar Stuetzer,[126] Albin Wittmann,[127] Hugo Woerdemann,[128] Albert Zeiler,[129] and Hans K. Ziegler. 
Material Science (high temperature) Claus Scheufelen [130] and Rudolf Schlidt.[131] Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine Theodor Benzinger, Rudolf Brill, Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner, Richard Lindenberg, Walter Schreiber, Hubertus Strughold, Hans Georg Clamann, and Erich Traub. 
Physics Gunter Guttein, Gerhard Schwesinger,[132] Gottfried Wehner, Helmut Weickmann,[133] and Friedwardt Winterberg. 
Similar operations 
APPLEPIE: Project to capture and interrogate key Wehrmacht, RSHA AMT VI, and General Staff officers knowledgeable of the industry and economy of the USSR.[134] DUSTBIN (counterpart of ASHCAN): An Anglo-American military intelligence operation established first in Paris, then in Kransberg Castle, at Frankfurt.[135][136]:314 ECLIPSE (1944): An unimplemented Air Disarmament Wing plan for post-war operations in Europe for destroying V-1 and V-2 missiles.[136][137]:44 Safehaven: US project within ECLIPSE meant to prevent the escape of Nazi scientists from Allied-occupied Germany.[5] Field Information Agency; Technical (FIAT): US Army agency for securing the "major, and perhaps only, material reward of victory, namely, the advancement of science and the improvement of production and standards of living in the United Nations, by proper exploitation of German methods in these fields"; FIAT ended in 1947, when Operation Paperclip began functioning.[136]:316 On April 26, 1946, the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued JCS Directive 1067/14 to General Eisenhower instructing that he "preserve from destruction and take under your control records, plans, books, documents, papers, files and scientific, industrial and other information and data belonging to ... 
German organizations engaged in military research";[6]:185 and that, excepting war-criminals, German scientists be detained for intelligence purposes as required.[138] National Interest/Project 63: Job placement assistance for Nazi engineers at Lockheed, Martin Marietta, North American Aviation, and other aeroplane companies, whilst American aerospace engineers were being laid off work.[8] Operation Alsos, Operation Big, Operation Epsilon, Russian Alsos: Soviet, American and British efforts to capture German nuclear secrets, equipment, and personnel. 
Operation Osoaviakhim (sometimes transliterated as "Operation Ossavakim"), a Soviet counterpart of Operation Paperclip, involving German technicians, managers, skilled workers and their respective families who were relocated to the USSR in October 1946.[139] Operation Surgeon: British operation for denying German aeronautical expertise to the USSR, and for exploiting German scientists in furthering British research.[140] Special Mission V-2: April–May 1945 US operation, by Maj. William Bromley, that recovered parts and equipment for 100 V-2 missiles from a Mittelwerk underground factory in Kohnstein within the Soviet zone. 
Major James P. Hamill co-ordinated the transport of the equipment on 341 railroad cars with the 144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, from Nordhausen to Erfurt, just before the Soviets arrived.[141] (See also Operation Blossom, Broomstick Scientists, Hermes project, Operations Sandy and Pushover) Target Intelligence Committee: US project to exploit German cryptographers. 
In the later part of World War II, Nazi Germany found itself at a logistical disadvantage, having failed to conquer the USSR with Operation Barbarossa (June–December 1941), the Siege of Leningrad (September 1941 – January 1944), Operation Nordlicht ("Northern Light", August–October 1942), and the Battle of Stalingrad (July 1942 – February 1943). The failed conquest had depleted German resources, and its military-industrial complex was unprepared to defend the Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) against the Red Army's westward counterattack. By early 1943, the German government began recalling from combat a number of scientists, engineers, and technicians; they returned to work in research and development to bolster German defense for a protracted war with the USSR. 
Overnight, Ph.D.s were liberated from KP duty, masters of science were recalled from orderly service, mathematicians were hauled out of bakeries, and precision mechanics ceased to be truck drivers. — Dieter K. Huzel, Peenemünde to Canaveral 
The Nazi government's recall of their now-useful intellectuals for scientific work first required identifying and locating the scientists, engineers, and technicians, then ascertaining their political and ideological reliability. Werner Osenberg, the engineer-scientist heading the Wehrforschungsgemeinschaft (Defense Research Association), recorded the names of the politically cleared men to the Osenberg List, thus reinstating them to scientific work.[13] 
Abubacarr Marie Tambadou (born 12 December 1972), known as Ba Tambadou, is a Gambian politician and lawyer who has served as the Minister of Justice and Attorney General in President Adama Barrow's cabinet since 7 February 2017. He previously worked as a lawyer at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, serving as special assistant to the Prosecutor from 2012 to 2016. 
Tambadou can speak six languages: English, French, Wolof, Mandinka, Krio and Soninke.[1] 
References 
Early life and education 
Tambadou is the son of Alhaji Marie Tambadou and is the brother of Sherriff Tambadou.[1] Tambadou was a student at Saint Augustine's High School in Banjul from 1987 to 1992. From 1994 to 1997, he studied an LLB in law at the University of Warwick, in the United Kingdom, and in 1999 was called to the bar as a barrister-at-law at Lincoln's Inn. From 2001 to 2002, he completed an LLM in international human rights law at SOAS, University of London.[2] 
Legal career 
On 7 February 2017, he was sworn in at a ceremony at Kairaba Beach Hotel. Barrow praised him by saying "A justice system is very important in any society and if you have someone who is willing to work with the Gambian people and who is also good at it, therefore, the Gambia will surely have the best judicial system." Minister of Foreign Affairs Ousainou Darboe, a lawyer himself, said that Tambadou was "not new to the judicial system and very versatile in the area that he is assigned to overseen."[1] The same day he held a meeting with all the staff at the Ministry of Justice.[2] 
Personal life 
Applications 
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and surface active. 
Lubrication 
Etymology 
First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum,[2] which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον (elaion), "olive oil, oil"[3] and that from ἐλαία (elaia), "olive tree", "olive fruit".[4][5] The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀺, e-ra-wo and 𐀁𐁉𐀺, e-rai-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.[6] 
Organic oils 
The United States has at various times in recent history provided support to terrorist and paramilitary organizations around the world. It has also provided assistance to numerous authoritarian regimes that have used state terrorism as a tool of repression.[1][2] 
United States support for non-state terrorists has been prominent in Latin America, the Middle-East, and Southern Africa.[1] From 1981 to 1991, the United States provided weapons, training, and extensive financial and logistical support to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, who used terror tactics in their fight against the Nicaraguan government.[3] At various points the United States also provided training, arms, and funds to terrorists among the Cuban exiles, such as Orlando Bosch and Luis Posada Carriles. 
The Piazza Fontana Bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred on December 12, 1969 at 16:37, when a bomb exploded at the headquarters of Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura [it] (National Agrarian Bank) in Piazza Fontana in Milan, killing 17 people and wounding 88. The same afternoon, three more bombs were detonated in Rome and Milan, and another was found undetonated.[12] 
A 2000 parliamentary report published by the center-left Olive Tree coalition claimed that "U.S. intelligence agents were informed in advance about several right-wing terrorist bombings, including the December 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan and the Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia five years later, but did nothing to alert the Italian authorities or to prevent the attacks from taking place." It also alleged that Pino Rauti (current leader of the MSI Fiamma-Tricolore party), a journalist and founder of the far-right Ordine Nuovo (New Order) subversive organization, received regular funding from a press officer at the U.S. embassy in Rome. "So even before the 'stabilising' plans that Atlantic circles had prepared for Italy became operational through the bombings, one of the leading members of the subversive right was literally in the pay of the American embassy in Rome", the report says.[13] 
Paolo Emilio Taviani, the Christian Democrat co-founder of Gladio (NATO's stay-behind anti-Communist organization in Italy), told investigators that the SID military intelligence service was about to send a senior officer from Rome to Milan to prevent the bombing, but decided to send a different officer from Padua in order to put the blame on left-wing anarchists. Taviani also alleged in an August 2000 interview to Il Secolo XIX newspaper: "It seems to me certain, however, that agents of the CIA were among those who supplied the materials and who muddied the waters of the investigation."[14] 
Guido Salvini said "The role of the Americans was ambiguous, halfway between knowing and not preventing and actually inducing people to commit atrocities."[15] 
Contras 
From 1979 to 1990, the United States provided financial, logistical and military support to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, who used terrorist tactics in their war against the Nicaraguan government[1][16][17][18][19][20] and carried out more than 1300 terrorist attacks.[21] This support persisted despite widespread knowledge of the human rights violations committed by the Contras.[17] 
Background 
Various reasons have been given to justify such support. These include destabilizing political movements that might have aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, including popular democratic and socialist movements.[4] Such support has also formed a part of the war on drugs.[2] Support was also geared toward ensuring a conducive environment for American corporate interests abroad, especially when these interests came under threat from democratic governments.[4][5] 
In 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) overthrew the dictatorial regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and established a revolutionary government in Nicaragua.[22] The Somoza dynasty had been receiving military and financial assistance from the United States since 1936.[23] Following their seizure of power, the Sandinistas ruled the country first as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction, and later as a democratic government following free and fair elections in 1984.[24] 
The Sandinistas did not attempt to create a communist economic system; instead, their policy advocated a social democracy and a mixed economy.[25][26][27][28][29][30] The government sought the aid of Western Europe, who were opposed to the U.S. embargo against Nicaragua, to escape dependency on the Soviet Union. However, the U.S. administration viewed the leftist Sandinista government as undemocratic and totalitarian under the ties of the Soviet-Cuban model and tried to paint the Contras as freedom fighters.[31][32] 
The Sandinista government headed by Daniel Ortega won decisively in the 1984 Nicaraguan elections.[33] The U.S. government explicitly planned to back the Contras, various rebel groups collectively that were formed in response to the rise of the Sandinistas, as a means to damage the Nicaraguan economy and force the Sandinista government to divert its scarce resources toward the army and away from social and economic programs.[34] 
Covert operations 
The United States began to support Contra activities against the Sandinista government by December 1981, with the CIA at the forefront of operations.[35] The CIA provided the Contras with planning and operational direction and assistance, weapons, food, and training, in what was described as the "most ambitious" covert operation in more than a decade.[36][37] 
One of the purposes the CIA hoped to achieve by these operations was an aggressive and violent response from the Sandinista government which in turn could be used as a pretext for further military actions.[38] 
The Contra campaign against the government included frequent and widespread acts of terror.[1][39][40][41] The economic and social reforms enacted by the government enjoyed some popularity; as a result, the Contras attempted to disrupt these programs.[39] This campaign included the destruction of health centers and hospitals that the Sandinista government had established, in order to disrupt their control over the populace.[39][40] Schools were also destroyed, as the literacy campaign conducted by the government was an important part of its policy.[39] The Contras also committed widespread kidnappings, murder, and rape; several thousand people, mostly civilians, were killed, and many more "disappeared."[40][41] The kidnappings and murder were a product of the "low-intensity warfare" that the Reagan Doctrine prescribed as a way to disrupt social structures and gain control over the population. Also known as "unconventional warfare", advocated for and defined by the World Anti-Communist League's (WACL) retired U.S. Army Major General John Singlaub as, "low intensity actions, such as sabotage, terrorism, assassination and guerrilla warfare".[40][42] In some cases, more indiscriminate killing and destruction also took place.[40][41] The Contras also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's Port of Corinto.[43][44][45][46][47] The Reagan administration supported this by imposing a full trade embargo.[48] 
Propaganda 
Throughout the Nicaraguan civil war, the Reagan government conducted a campaign to shift public opinion to favor support for the Contras, and to change the vote in Congress to favor of that support.[55] For this purpose, the National Security Council authorized the production and distribution of publications that looked favorably at the Contras, also known as "white propaganda," written by paid consultants who did not disclose their connection to the administration.[55] It also arranged for speeches and press conferences conveying the same message.[55] The U.S. government continually discussed the Contras in highly favorable terms; Reagan called them the "moral equivalent of the founding fathers."[56] Another common theme the administration played on was the idea of returning Nicaragua to democracy, which analysts characterized as "curious," because Nicaragua had been a U.S.-supported dictatorship prior to the Sandinista revolution, and had never had a democratic government before the Sandinistas.[57] There were also continued efforts to label the Sandinistas as undemocratic although the 1984 Nicaraguan elections were generally declared fair by historians.[58] 
Commentators stated that this was all a part of an attempt to return Nicaragua to the state of its Central American neighbors; that is, where traditional social structures remained and U.S. "imperialist" ideas were not threatened.[59][60][61] The investigation into the Iran-Contra affair led to the operation being called a massive exercise in psychological warfare.[62][63][64] 
The CIA wrote a manual for the Contras, entitled Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare (Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas), which focused mainly on how "Armed Propaganda Teams" could build political support in Nicaragua for the Contra cause through deceit, intimidation, and violence.[65] The manual discussed assassinations.[66] The CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" the extreme violence already being used by the Contras.[67] 
The manual, Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, clearly advocated a strategy of terror as the means to victory over the hearts and minds of Nicaraguans. Chapter headings such as 'Selective Use of Violence for propagandistic Effects' and 'Implicit and Explicit Terror' made that fact clear enough. ... The little booklet thus violated President Reagan's own Presidential Directive 12333, signed in December 1981, which prohibited any U.S. government employee—including the CIA—from having anything to do with assassinations.[68] 
International Court of Justice ruling 
In 1984 the Nicaraguan government filed a suit in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against the United States. Nicaragua stated that the contras were completely created and managed by the U.S.[69] Although this claim was rejected, the court found overwhelming and undeniable evidence of a very close relationship between the Contras and the United States.[69] The U.S. was found to have had a very large role in providing financial support, training, weapons, and other logistical support to the Contras over a lengthy period of time, and that this support was essential to the Contras.[69] 
In 1984, the ICJ ordered the United States to stop mining Nicaraguan harbors, and respect Nicaraguan sovereignty.[70] A few months later the court ruled that it did have jurisdiction in the case, contrary to what the U.S. had argued.[70] The ICJ found that the U.S. had encouraged violations of international humanitarian law by assisting paramilitary actions in Nicaragua. The court also criticized the production of a manual on psychological warfare by the U.S. and its dissemination of the Contras.[70] The manual, amongst other things, provided advice on rationalizing the killing of civilians, and on targeted murder. The manual also included an explicit description of the use of "implicit terror."[70] 
The Years of Lead was a period of socio-political turmoil in Italy that lasted from the late 1960s into the early 1980s. This period was marked by a wave of terrorism carried out by both right- and left-wing paramilitary groups. It was concluded that the former were supported by the United States as a strategy of tension.[6][7][8] 
Having initially argued that the ICJ lacked jurisdiction in the case, the United States withdrew from the proceedings in 1985.[1] The court eventually ruled in favor of Nicaragua, and judged that the United States was required to pay reparations for its violation of International law.[70] The U.S. used its veto on the United Nations Security Council to block the enforcement of the ICJ judgement, and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any compensation.[71] 
The United States government provided support to several Cuban exiles after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, especially under the administration of George H. W. Bush. Among the most prominent of these were Orlando Bosch and Luis Posada Carriles, who were implicated in the 1976 bombing of a Cuban plane. Bosch was also held to be responsible for 30 other terrorist acts, while Carriles was a former CIA agent convicted of numerous terrorist acts committed while he was linked to the agency.[72][73][74][75] Other Cuban exiles involved in terrorist acts, Jose Dionisio Suarez and Virgilio Paz Romero, two other Cuban exiles who assassinated the Chilean diplomat Orlando Letelier in Washington in 1976, were also released by the administration of George H.W. Bush.[76] 
Bosch was a contemporary of Fidel Castro at the University of Havana, where he was involved with the student cells that eventually became a part of the Cuban revolution.[77] However, Bosch became disillusioned with Castro's regime, and participated in a failed rebellion in 1960.[77] He became the leader of the Insurrectional Movement of Revolutionary Recovery (MIRR), and also joined a CIA effort to assassinate Castro, along with Luis Posada Carriles.[2] The CIA later confirmed that they had backed him as an operative.[78] He was the head of Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, which the FBI has described as "an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization".[78] Former U.S. Attorney General Dick Thornburgh called Bosch an "unrepentant terrorist".[79] 
He immediately broke parole and traveled around Latin America.[1] He was eventually arrested in Venezuela for planning to bomb the Cuban embassy there. The Venezuelan government offered to extradite him to the United States, but the offer was declined. He was released quickly and moved to Chile, and according to the US government, spent two years attempting postal bombings of Cuban embassies in four countries.[74] 
General Gianadelio Maletti [it], commander of the counter-intelligence section of the Italian military intelligence service from 1971 to 1975, stated that his men in the region of Venice discovered a right-wing terrorist cell that had been supplied with military explosives from Germany, and alleged that US intelligence services instigated and abetted right-wing terrorism in Italy during the 1970s.[9] 
Political complications quickly arose when Cuba accused the US government of being an accomplice to the attack. CIA documents released in 2005 indicate that the agency "had concrete advance intelligence, as early as June 1976, on plans by Cuban exile terrorist groups to bomb a Cubana airliner." Carriles denies involvement but provides many details of the incident in his book Los caminos del guerrero (The Warrior's Paths).[12][92][93][94][95][96] 
He later admitted to playing a part in the Iran-Contra affair.[1][2][97][98] In 1997, a series of terrorist bombings occurred in Cuba, and Carriles was implicated. The bombings were said to be targeted at the growing tourism there. Carriles admitted that the lone conviction in the case had been of a mercenary under his command, and also made a confession (later retracted) that he had planned the incident.[99][100][101] Human Rights Watch stated that although Carriles might no longer receive active assistance, he benefited from the tolerant attitude of the U.S. government.[102] In 2000, Carriles was arrested and convicted in Panama of attempting to assassinate Fidel Castro.[90] 
His release on bail on April 19, 2007 elicited angry reactions from the Cuban and Venezuelan governments.[104] The U.S. Justice Department had urged the court to keep him in jail because he was "an admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks", a flight risk and a danger to the community. On September 9, 2008 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed the District Court's order dismissing the indictment and remanded the case to the District Court.[105] On April 8, 2009 the United States Attorney filed a superseding indictment in the case. Carriles' trial ended on April 8, 2011 with a jury acquitting him on all charges.[106] Peter Kornbluh described him as "one of the most dangerous terrorists in recent history" and the "godfather of Cuban exile violence."[5] 
Colombian paramilitary groups were responsible for most of the human rights violations in the latter half of the ongoing Colombian conflict.[108] The first paramilitary terrorist[109] groups were organized by U.S. military advisers sent during the Cold War to combat leftist politicians, activists and guerrillas.[110][111] According to several international human rights and governmental organizations, right-wing paramilitary groups were responsible for at least 70 to 80% of political murders in Colombia in a given year.[108][112] Paramilitary violence and terrorism there was principally targeted to peasants, unionists, indigenous people, human rights workers, teachers and left-wing political activists or their supporters.[113][114][115][116][117][118][119] 
Plan Lazo 
In October 1959, the United States sent a "Special Survey Team", composed of counterinsurgency experts, to investigate Colombia's internal security situation, due to the increased prevalence of armed communist groups in rural Colombia which formed during and after La Violencia.[1] Three years later, in February 1962, a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team headed by Special Warfare Center commander General William P. Yarborough, visited Colombia for a second survey.[120] 
In a secret supplement to his report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists: 
A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute paramilitary, sabotage and/or terrorist activities against known communist proponents. 
According to the investigation of Italian judge Guido Salvini, the neo-fascist organizations involved in the strategy of tension, "La Fenice, Avanguardia nazionale, Ordine nuovo" were the "troops" of "clandestine armed forces", directed by components of the "state apparatus related to the CIA."[10] 
The new counter-insurgency policy was instituted as Plan Lazo in 1962 and called for both military operations and civic action programs in violent areas. Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into paramilitary "civil defense" groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla activity. Among other policy recommendations, the US team advised that "in order to shield the interests of both Colombian and US authorities against 'interventionist' charges, any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert in nature."[1][123][124] It was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.[125] 
Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91. 
In 1990, the United States formed a team that included representatives of the U.S. Embassy's Military Group, U.S. Southern Command, the DIA, and the CIA in order to give advice on the reshaping of several of the Colombian military's local intelligence networks, ostensibly to aid the Colombian military in "counter-narcotics" efforts.[1] Advice was also solicited from the British and Israeli military intelligence, but the U.S. proposals were ultimately selected by the Colombian military.[126] The result of these meetings was Armed Forces Directive 200-05/91, issued by the Colombian Defense Ministry in May 1991. However, the order itself made no mention of drugs or counter-narcotics operations at all, and instead focused exclusively on creating covert intelligence networks to combat the insurgency.[126] 
Human Rights Watch concluded that these intelligence networks subsequently laid the groundwork for an illegal, covert partnership between the military and paramilitaries. HRW argued that the restructuring process solidified links between members of the Colombian military and civilian members of paramilitary groups, by incorporating them into several of the local intelligence networks and by cooperating with their activities. In effect, HRW believed that this further consolidated a "secret network that relied on paramilitaries not only for intelligence, but to carry out murder".[1] 
Human Rights Watch argued that this situation allowed the Colombian government and military to plausibly deny links to or responsibility for paramilitary human rights abuses. HRW stated that the military intelligence networks created by the U.S. reorganization appeared to have dramatically increased violence, stating that the "recommendations were given despite the fact that some of the U.S. officials who collaborated with the team knew of the Colombian military's record of human rights abuses and its ongoing relations with paramilitaries".[1] 
HRW stated that while "not all paramilitaries are intimate partners with the military", the existing partnership between paramilitaries and the Colombian military was "a sophisticated mechanism, in part supported by years of advice, training, weaponry, and official silence by the United States, that allows the Colombian military to fight a dirty war and Colombian officialdom to deny it."[127] 
As an example of increased violence and "dirty war" tactics, HRW cited a partnership between the Colombian Navy and the MAS[who?], in Barrancabermeja where: "In partnership with MAS, the navy intelligence network set up in Barrancabermeja adopted as its goal not only the elimination of anyone perceived as supporting the guerrillas, but also members of the political opposition, journalists, trade unionists, and human rights workers, particularly if they investigated or criticized their terror tactics."[1] 
In 1992 Pablo Escobar escaped from his luxury prison, La Catedral. Shortly thereafter, the Calí drug cartel, dissidents within the Medellín cartel and the MAS worked together to create a new paramilitary organization known as Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar ("People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar", Los Pepes) with the purpose of tracking down and killing Pablo Escobar and his associates. The leader of the organization was Fidel Castaño.[128][129][130][131] The Calí cartel provided $50 million for weapons, informants, and assassins, with in hope of wiping out their primary rivals in the cocaine business.[132] Both Colombian and U.S. government agencies (including the DEA, CIA and State Department) provided intelligence to Los Pepes.[129] 
The Institute for Policy Studies is searching[when?] for details of connections the CIA and DEA had to Los Pepes. They have launched a lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act against the CIA. That suit has resulted in the declassification of thousands of documents from the CIA as well as other U.S. agencies, including the Department of State, Drug Enforcement Administration, Defense Intelligence Agency and the U.S Coast Guard. 
Any relationship of the CIA to the terrorist attacks perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead is the subject of debate. Switzerland and Belgium have had parliamentary inquiries into the matter.[11] 
The FR Yugoslav authorities regarded the ethnic Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) as a terrorist group,[135] though many European governments did not. In February 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton's special envoy to the Balkans, Robert Gelbard, condemned both the actions of the Yugoslav government and of the KLA, and described the KLA as "without any questions, a terrorist group".[136][137][138] UN resolution 1160 took a similar stance.[139][140] At first, NATO had stressed that KLA was "the main initiator of the violence" and that it had "launched what appears to be a deliberate campaign of provocation".[141] 
The United States (and NATO) directly supported the KLA.[142] The CIA funded, trained and supplied the KLA (as they had earlier trained and supplied the Bosnian Army).[143] As disclosed to The Sunday Times by CIA sources, "American intelligence agents have admitted they helped to train the Kosovo Liberation Army before NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia".[144][145][146] In 1999, a retired colonel said that KLA forces had been trained in Albania by former US military working for MPRI.[144] 
See also 
References 
Piazza Fontana bombing 
United States war crimes are the violations of the laws and customs of war of which the United States Armed Forces are accused of committing since the signing of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. These have included the summary execution of captured enemy combatants, the mistreatment of prisoners during interrogation (torture), and the use of violence against civilian non-combatants. 
American servicemen in the Pacific War sometimes deliberately killed Japanese soldiers who had surrendered, according to Richard Aldrich, a professor of history at the University of Nottingham. Aldrich published a study of diaries kept by United States and Australian soldiers, wherein it was stated that they sometimes massacred prisoners of war.[15] According to John Dower, in "many instances ... Japanese who did become prisoners were killed on the spot or en route to prison compounds."[16] According to Professor Aldrich, it was common practice for U.S. troops not to take prisoners.[17] His analysis is supported by British historian Niall Ferguson,[18] who also says that, in 1943, "a secret [U.S.] intelligence report noted that only the promise of ice cream and three days leave would ... induce American troops not to kill surrendering Japanese."[19] 
That same year, efforts were taken by Allied high commanders to suppress "take no prisoners" attitudes[1] among their personnel (because it hampered intelligence gathering), and to encourage Japanese soldiers to surrender. Ferguson adds that measures by Allied commanders to improve the ratio of Japanese prisoners to Japanese dead resulted in it reaching 1:7, by mid-1945. Nevertheless, "taking no prisoners" was still "standard practice" among U.S. troops at the Battle of Okinawa, in April–June 1945.[20] Ferguson also suggests that "it was not only the fear of disciplinary action or of dishonor that deterred German and Japanese soldiers from surrendering. 
Rape 
Based on several years of research, Okinawan historian Oshiro Masayasu (former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives) writes: 
According to interviews carried out by the New York Times and published by them in 2000, several elderly people from an Okinawan village confessed that after the United States had won the Battle of Okinawa, three armed marines kept coming to the village every week to force the villagers to gather all the local women, who were then carried off into the hills and raped. The article goes deeper into the matter and claims that the villagers' tale — true or not — is part of a "dark, long-kept secret" the unraveling of which "refocused attention on what historians say is one of the most widely ignored crimes of the war": 'the widespread rape of Okinawan women by American servicemen."[29] Although Japanese reports of rape were largely ignored at the time, academic estimates have been that as many as 10,000 Okinawan women may have been raped. It has been claimed that the rape was so prevalent that most Okinawans over age 65 around the year 2000 either knew or had heard of a woman who was raped in the aftermath of the war.[30] 
Professor of East Asian Studies and expert on Okinawa, Steve Rabson, said: "I have read many accounts of such rapes in Okinawan newspapers and books, but few people know about them or are willing to talk about them."[1] He notes that plenty of old local books, diaries, articles and other documents refer to rapes by American soldiers of various races and backgrounds. An explanation given for why the US military has no record of any rapes is that few Okinawan women reported abuse, mostly out of fear and embarrassment. According to an Okinawan police spokesman: "Victimized women feel too ashamed to make it public."[30] Those who did report them are believed by historians to have been ignored by the U.S. military police. 
Definition 
Samuel Saxton, a retired captain, explained that the American veterans and witnesses may have intentionally kept the rape a secret, largely out of shame: "It would be unfair for the public to get the impression that we were all a bunch of rapists after we worked so hard to serve our country."[1] Military officials formally denied the mass rapes, and all surviving related veterans refused the New York Times request for an interview. Masaie Ishihara, a sociology professor, supports this: "There is a lot of historical amnesia out there, many people don't want to acknowledge what really happened."[30] Author George Feifer noted in his book Tennozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb, that by 1946 there had been fewer than 10 reported cases of rape in Okinawa. He explained it was "partly because of shame and disgrace, partly because Americans were victors and occupiers. 
Some other authors have noted that Japanese civilians "were often surprised at the comparatively humane treatment they received from the American enemy."[32][33] According to Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power by Mark Selden, the Americans "did not pursue a policy of torture, rape, and murder of civilians as Japanese military officials had warned."[34] 
There were also 1,336 reported rapes during the first 10 days of the occupation of Kanagawa prefecture after the Japanese surrender.[1] 
European theater 
In the Laconia massacre, U.S. aircraft attacked Germans rescuing survivors from the sinking British troopship in the Atlantic Ocean. Pilots of a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-24 Liberator bomber, despite knowing the U-boat's location, intentions, and the presence of British seamen, killed dozens of Laconia's survivors with bombs and strafing attacks, forcing U-156 to cast its remaining survivors into the sea and crash dive to avoid being destroyed. 
A confidential inquiry was made, but McCaffrey was never charged with any offense relating to the massacre. He died in 1954. This fact remained virtually unknown in the U.S. until 2005, when Joseph S. Salemi of New York University, whose father witnessed it, reported it.[35] 
In the "Biscari massacre", which consisted of two instances of mass murder, U.S. troops of the 45th Infantry Division killed roughly 75 prisoners of war, mostly Italian.[36][37] 
According to an article in Der Spiegel by Klaus Wiegrefe, many personal memoirs of Allied soldiers have been wilfully ignored by historians until now because they were at odds with the "greatest generation" mythology surrounding World War II. However, this has recently started to change, with books such as The Day of Battle, by Rick Atkinson, in which he describes Allied war crimes in Italy, and D-Day: The Battle for Normandy, by Antony Beevor.[1] Beevor's latest work suggests that Allied war crimes in Normandy were much more extensive "than was previously realized".[2] 
Historian Peter Lieb has found that many U.S. and Canadian units were ordered not to take enemy prisoners during the D-Day landings in Normandy. If this view is correct, it may explain the fate of 64 German prisoners (out of the 130 captured) who did not make it to the POW collecting point on Omaha Beach on the day of the landings.[38] 
Near the French village of Audouville-la-Hubert, 30 Wehrmacht prisoners were massacred by U.S. paratroopers.[39] 
War crimes are defined as acts which violate the laws and customs of war (established by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907), or acts that are grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I and Additional Protocol II.[4] The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 extends the protection of civilians and prisoners of war during military occupation, even in the case where there is no armed resistance, for the period of one year after the end of hostilities, although the occupying power should be bound to several provisions of the convention as long as "such Power exercises the functions of government in such territory."[5][6] 
In the aftermath of the 1944 Malmedy massacre, in which 80 American POWs were murdered by their German captors, a written order from the headquarters of the 328th U.S. Army Infantry Regiment, dated 21 December 1944, stated: "No SS troops or paratroopers will be taken prisoner but [rather they] will be shot on sight."[40] Major-General Raymond Hufft (U.S. Army) gave instructions to his troops not to take prisoners when they crossed the Rhine in 1945. "After the war, when he reflected on the war crimes he authorized, he admitted, 'if the Germans had won, I would have been on trial at Nuremberg instead of them.'"[41] Stephen Ambrose related: "I've interviewed well over 1000 combat veterans. Only one of them said he shot a prisoner ... 
"Operation Teardrop" involved eight surviving captured crewmen from the sunken German submarine U-546 being tortured by U.S. military personnel. Historian Philip K. Lundeberg has written that the beating and torture of U-546's survivors was a singular atrocity motivated by the interrogators' need to quickly get information on what the U.S. believed were potential missile attacks on the continental U.S. by German submarines.[43] 
Among American WWII veterans who admitted to having committed war crimes was former Mafia hitman Frank Sheeran. In interviews with his biographer Charles Brandt, Sheeran recalled his war service with the Thunderbird Division as the time when he first developed a callousness to the taking of human life. By his own admission, Sheeran participated in numerous massacres and summary executions of German POWs, acts which violated the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the 1929 Geneva Convention on POWs. 
While Sheeran's unit was climbing the Harz Mountains, they came upon a Wehrmacht mule train carrying food and drink up the mountainside. The female cooks were first allowed to leave unmolested, then Sheeran and his fellow GI's "ate what we wanted and soiled the rest with our waste." Then the Wehrmacht mule drivers were given shovels and ordered to "dig their own shallow graves." 
Rape 
Korean War 
No Gun Ri Massacre 
World War I 
The No Gun Ri massacre refers to an incident of mass killing of an undetermined number of South Korean refugees by U.S. soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment (and in a U.S. air attack) between 26–29 July 1950 at a railroad bridge near the village of Nogeun-ri, 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Seoul. In 2005, the South Korean government certified the names of 163 dead or missing (mostly women, children, and old men) and 55 wounded. It said that many other victims' names were not reported.[53] Over the years survivors' estimates of the dead have ranged from 300 to 500. 
Vietnam War 
My Lai Massacre 
Initially sentenced to life in prison, Calley had his sentence reduced to ten years, then was released after only three and a half years under house arrest. The incident prompted widespread outrage around the world, and reduced U.S. domestic support for the Vietnam War. Three American Servicemen (Hugh Thompson, Jr., Glenn Andreotta, and Lawrence Colburn), who made an effort to halt the massacre and protect the wounded, were sharply criticized by U.S. Congressmen, and received hate mail, death threats, and mutilated animals on their doorsteps.[59] Thirty years after the event their efforts were honored.[60] 
Following the massacre a Pentagon task force called the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group (VWCWG) investigated alleged atrocities by U.S. troops against South Vietnamese civilians and created a secret archive of some 9,000 pages documenting 320 alleged incidents from 1967-1971 including 7 massacres in which at least 137 civilians died; 78 additional attacks targeting noncombatants in which at least 57 were killed, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted; and 141 incidents of U.S. soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war. 203 U.S. personnel were charged with crimes, 57 were court-martialed and 23 were convicted. The VWCWG also investigated over 500 additional alleged atrocities but could not verify them.[61][62] 
Gulf War 
Highway of Death 
During the American led coalition offensive in the Gulf War, American, Canadian, British and French aircraft and ground forces attacked retreating Iraqi military personnel and fleeing civilian convoys attempting to head towards Baghdad on the night of February 26–27, 1991, resulting in the destruction of thousands of vehicles and 200 to 1,000+ deaths. 
War on Terror 
Command responsibility 
A presidential memorandum of February 7, 2002, authorized U.S. interrogators of prisoners captured during the War in Afghanistan to deny the prisoners basic protections required by the Geneva Conventions, and thus according to Jordan J. Paust, professor of law and formerly a member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General's School, "necessarily authorized and ordered violations of the Geneva Conventions, which are war crimes."[66] Based on the president's memorandum, U.S. personnel carried out cruel and inhumane treatment on captured enemy fighters,[67] which necessarily means that the president's memorandum was a plan to violate the Geneva Convention, and such a plan constitutes a war crime under the Geneva Conventions, according to Professor Paust.[68] 
Gonzales' statement that denying coverage under the Geneva Conventions "substantially reduces the threat of domestic criminal prosecution under the War Crimes Act" suggests, to some authors, an awareness by those involved in crafting policies in this area that U.S. officials are involved in acts that could be seen to be war crimes.[70] The U.S. Supreme Court challenged the premise on which this argument is based in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, in which it ruled that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in Guantanamo Bay and that the military tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of U.S. and international law.[71] 
World War II 
Luis Moreno-Ocampo told The Sunday Telegraph in 2007 that he was willing to start an inquiry by the International Criminal Court (ICC), and possibly a trial, for war crimes committed in Iraq involving British Prime Minister Tony Blair and American President George W. Bush.[77] Though under the Rome Statute, the ICC has no jurisdiction over Bush, since the U.S. is not a State Party to the relevant treaty—unless Bush were accused of crimes inside a State Party, or the UN Security Council (where the U.S. has a veto) requested an investigation. However, Blair does fall under ICC jurisdiction as Britain is a State Party.[78] 
See also 
General 
World War II 
Vietnam War 
Pacific theater 
War on Terror (2001–2006 period) 
Afghanistan 
Iraq War 
References 
On January 26, 1943, the submarine USS Wahoo fired on survivors in lifeboats from the Japanese transport Buyo Maru. Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood asserted that the survivors were Japanese soldiers who had turned machine-gun and rifle fire on the Wahoo after she surfaced, and that such resistance was common in submarine warfare.[8] According to the submarine's executive officer, the fire was intended to force the Japanese soldiers to abandon their boats and none of them were deliberately targeted.[9] Historian Clay Blair stated that the submarine's crew fired first and the shipwrecked survivors returned fire with handguns.[10] The survivors were later determined to have included Allied POWs of the Indian 2nd Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment, who were guarded by Japanese Army Forces from the 26th Field Ordnance Depot.[11] Of 1,126 men originally aboard Buyo Maru, 195 Indians and 87 Japanese died, some killed during the torpedoing of the ship and some killed by the shootings afterwards.[12] 
During and after the Battle of the Bismarck Sea (March 3–5, 1943), U.S. PT boats and Allied aircraft attacked Japanese rescue vessels as well as approximately 1,000 survivors from eight sunken Japanese troop transport ships.[13] The stated justification was that the Japanese personnel were close to their military destination and would be promptly returned to service in the battle.[13] Many of the Allied aircrew accepted the attacks as necessary, while others were sickened.[14] 
SS concentration camp guards being executed at Dachau concentration camp on its day of liberation (U.S. Army soldier photograph/National Archives) 
My Lai Massacre 
Kutupalong refugee camp (Bengali: কুতুপালং শরনার্থী শিবির) is a refugee camp in Ukhia, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, inhabited mostly by Rohingya refugees that fled from ethnic and religious persecution in neighboring Myanmar.[2][3] It is one of two government-run refugee camps in Cox's Bazaar, the other being the Nayapara refugee camp.[4] 
References 
The UNHCR Camp office at Kutupalong is supported by seven international entities: the governments of the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, Finland, Sweden and the IKEA Foundation.[5][6] 
The camp began informally in 1991, after thousands of Rohingyas fled from the Burmese military's Operation Pyi Thaya (Operation Clean up and Beautiful Nation).[8][9] 
The two refugee camps of Kutupalong and Nayapara had a combined population of around 34,000 registered refugees in July 2017.[10] In September 2017, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that the combined population of the two refugee camps had increased to over 77,000.[11] 
On 15 September 2019, the expansion site had a combined population of 613,272, making it the world's largest refugee camp.[12] 
Asian elephants endanger residents as the camps are on their historical migratory route and grazing areas.[13] 
Nayapara refugee camp (Bengali: নয়াপাড়া শরণার্থী শিবির) is a refugee camp in Teknaf, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. It is located next to the village of Dhumdumia and is inhabited mostly by Rohingya people that have fled from religious persecution in neighboring Myanmar.[2] It is one of two government-run refugee camps in Cox's Bazar, the other being the Kutupalong refugee camp.[3] The two refugee camps had a combined population of around 30,000 refugees in July 2017.[4] In September 2017, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that the combined population of the two refugee camps had increased to over 77,000.[5] As of 14 January 2018, the estimated population of Nayapara refugee camp is around 23,065.[1] 
References 
Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation, officially known as Operation Pyi Thaya (Burmese: ပြည်သာယာ စစ်ဆင်ရေး), was a military operation conducted by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) in northern Rakhine State, near Myanmar's border with Bangladesh.[3][5][6][7] The operation took place between 1991 and 1992,[1] under the military junta of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), officially as a response to the military expansion of the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO).[2] 
Similar to Operation Nagamin (Operation Dragon King) in 1978, the government's official explanation for the operation was to expel so-called "foreigners" from the area, as well as capturing RSO insurgents. The resulting violence however, resulted in 200,000[3] to 250,000[2] civilians being displaced (most of whom fled to neighbouring Bangladesh) and failed to prevent further attacks by the RSO, which continued until the end of the 1990s.[3][4] 
In December 1991, Tatmadaw soldiers crossed the border and accidentally fired on a Bangladeshi military outpost, causing a brief strain in Bangladesh–Myanmar relations.[2] 
References 
Crocodile oil is extracted from the fatty tissues of crocodiles and has been used both as preventive and a treatment for a number of human ailments and conditions for many years and across numerous cultures, including Ancient Egypt.[1] It is somewhat red in color, and less viscous than alligator oil. Both were used in the tanning industry.[2] 
Emu oil Snake oil List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 
Mandalay Pictures or Mandalay Vision is an American film production company founded in 1995, which is part of producer and businessman Peter Guber's Mandalay Entertainment. From 1997 until 2002, Lionsgate Entertainment owned a stake in Mandalay Pictures until Lionsgate gave up rights to own Mandalay Pictures. The company's mascot is a tiger.[1] 
References 
Dr. May Win Myint (Burmese: မေဝင်းမြင့်) is a Burmese politician, physician and former inmate who is currently serving as a Pyithu Hluttaw MP for Mayangon Township and member of the National League for Democracy's Central Executive Committee.[1] 
Biography 
A daughter of Thaung Nyunt and San Thwin. She graduated from the Institute of Medicine-1, Rangoon with a medical degree in 1976 and worked as a part-time doctor for North-Okkalapa and Kyauktada Co-operative Clinics from 1978-1981 and also at Rangoon General Hospital from 1981-1983. From 1983-1988 she worked at the Handicap Hospital and spent a decade practicing medicine in Rangoon, before joining the National League for Democracy in 1988, during the 8888 Uprising.[1] 
She contested the Mayangon Township constituency no. 2 and won a Pyithu Hluttaw seat in the 1990 Burmese general election, winning a majority of 28,513 (74% of the votes), but was never allowed to assume her seat.[1] May Win Myint boycotted the National Convention in December 1995 along with other MPs from the National League for Democracy, and is the Secretary of Mayangone Township National League for Democracy. On 28 October 1997, she was arrested and charged on 26 November 2007 under the 1950 Emergency Act, after National League for Democracy members tried to meet with Aung San Suu Kyi, who was in house arrest at the time.[1] She was subsequently jailed for 7 years at the Insein Prison, and her prison term was given two one-year extensions.[2] May Win Myint was released on 28 September 2008.[2] 
In the 2012 Burmese by-elections, she contested the Mayangon Township constituency and won a Pyithu Hluttaw seat. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, re-elect Pyithu Hluttaw MP for Mayangon Township. [3] 
References 
It was developed for local authority housing before the outbreak of World War Two in 1939, around Belmont Avenue, Chalmers Avenue and Morton Road. In the late 1950s, work commenced on a much larger council housing development at South Belmont, in an area enclosed by Peggieshill Road, Fenwickland Avenue, Burnbank Road and Dalmellington Road. The main services within the Belmont area are Belmont Academy, which was originally built in 1960 on the site of the former Belmont House which was the home of the Mathie-Morton family, Yeomanry House on Chalmers Road, St Paul's R.C. Church and a number of shops dotted around the area, including a Morrisons supermarket in the north adjacent to Castlehill Road. 
References 
Notably, it produces smartphones which run on their own version of Android MIUI firmware. Observers suggest that part of Xiaomi's rapid success rests on its ability to differentiate itself within the Android universe.[23][need quotation to verify] The company has increased its range of products; its smartphones include: Mi Series, Mi Note Series (got a new update after 3 years, with the Mi Note 10 Pro), Mi Max Series (discontinued), Mi Mix Series, Pocophone, Blackshark and the Redmi Series. As well as mobile phones, Xiaomi has started selling wearables, mobile accessories, and appliances such as television and speakers. 
Xiaomi operates on a vertically-integrated model that enables the company to sell hardware at cost or below in order to attract users and earn money by selling content.[1] Hugo Barra, a former Google executive who served Xiaomi's vice president from 2014 to 2017, characterized the organization as "an Internet and a software company much more than a hardware company".[24] 
Xiaomi also keeps its prices low or close to "bill-of-material" by keeping most of its products in the market longer, eighteen months rather than the six-month norm followed by many smartphone companies.[1] This strategy allows Xiaomi to take advantage of price reductions in the prices of key components of its products. It enables the company to sell hardware with specifications comparable to high-end devices at a fraction of the cost.[25][need quotation to verify] 
The company's version of the Android operating system, the MIUI skin, with its design, app marketplace, and functionalities, has established a community of users[1] who form a crucial part of Xiaomi's customer base and contribute to the company's drive for market awareness. This ecosystem is a massive source of revenue as indicated in 2015, when sales from the platform reached $750 million.[26] 
Xiaomi's Redmi Note 
The company focuses on India, the world's second-largest smartphone market.[27][28] Xiaomi announced on May 2, 2018, the launch of Mi Music and Mi Video to offer "value-added internet services" in India.[29] On March 22, 2017, Xiaomi announced that it planned to set up a second manufacturing unit in India in partnership with contract manufacturer Foxconn.[30][31] On August 7, 2018, Xiaomi announced on its blog[32] that Holitech Technology Co. 
Ltd., Xiaomi's top supplier, would invest up to $200 million over the next three years to set up a major new plant in India.[33] 
Recently Xiaomi started to sell more simple goods such as sunglasses, caps, pillows, glass lunchboxes, cups, filters, bags, backpacks, luggage, screwdrivers, and umbrellas.[34] 
In April 2019, researchers at Check Point found a security breach in Xiaomi phone apps.[35][36] The security flaw was reported to be preinstalled.[37] 
In 2019, the company announced launching more than 10 5G phones in 2020.[38] 
Xiaomi Corporation (/ˈʃaʊmiː/;[2] Chinese: 小米 [ɕjǎu.mì] (listen)) is a Chinese electronics company founded by Lei Jun in 2010 and headquartered in Beijing. Xiaomi makes and invests in smartphones, mobile apps, laptops, bags, trimmers, earphones, MI Television, Shoes, fitness bands, and many other products.[3] Ranked 468th, Xiaomi is the youngest company on Fortune Global 500 List for 2019.[4] 
Xiaomi released its first smartphone in August 2011 and rapidly gained market share in China to become the country's largest smartphone company in 2014.[5] At the start of second quarter of 2018, Xiaomi was the world's fourth-largest smartphone manufacturer,[6][7][8] leading in both the largest market, China, and the second-largest market, India.[9] Xiaomi later developed a wider range of consumer electronics, including a smart home (IoT) device ecosystem.[10][11][12][13] 
Xiaomi has 15,000 employees[14] in China, India, Malaysia,[15] Singapore and is expanding to other countries including Indonesia, the Philippines, and South Africa.[16][17] According to Forbes magazine, Lei Jun, the founder and CEO, has an estimated net worth of US$12.5 billion.[18] He is China's 11th richest person and 118th in the world.[18] Xiaomi is the world's 4th most valuable technology start-up after receiving US$1.1 billion funding from investors, making Xiaomi's valuation more than US$46 billion.[19] 
On 6 April 2010 mi was co-founded by Lei Jun and six partners: 
Lin Bin, vice president of the Google China Institute of Engineering Dr Zhou Guangping, senior director of the Motorola Beijing R&D center Liu De, department head of industrial design at the Beijing Institute of Technology Li Wanqiang, general manager of Kingsoft Dictionary Wong Kong-Kat, principal development manager Hong Feng, senior product manager for Google China 
On 16 August 2010, Xiaomi officially launched its first Android-based firmware MIUI.[22] 
Amell starred as the real life criminal Joran van der Sloot in the Lifetime film Justice for Natalee Holloway which originally aired in May 2011.[10] 
On October 2, 2011, season 3 of HBO's series Hung premiered with Amell starring as busboy-turned-prostitute Jason, a younger rival "ho" to Thomas Jane's Ray Drecker.[7] He also appeared as Jim in the fourth season of 90210.[2] 
He touches on the experience of filming his first "network half-hour comedy" in an interview with Daemon's TV.[11] On November 9, 2011, Amell was announced for the recurring role of Scottie, a paramedic on ABC's Private Practice.[12] He also played the role of Travis McKenna in Blue Mountain State 
Amell announced in May 2017 that he would be participating on a special celebrity edition of American Ninja Warrior.[14] 
Morgan raised funds for the production through a crowdfunding campaign.[15] The film premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.[16] 
In March 2019, Amell announced the end of Arrow with its eighth and final season set to air in late 2019.[17] His first post-Arrow project was announced the following August: Heels, a Starz drama series set in the world of independent professional wrestling.[18] 
Stephen Adam Amell[1] (born May 8, 1981) is a Canadian actor and producer, best known for playing Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on The CW superhero series Arrow, the progenitor of the Arrowverse. A lifelong professional wrestling fan, he has made appearances in major professional wrestling promotions, including working a match for WWE in 2015 and for Ring of Honor in 2017, joining the stable Bullet Club and later The Elite. 
Amell returned to professional wrestling for Ring of Honor on November 17, 2017, at Survival of the Fittest.[27] On the day of the show, Amell joined the Bullet Club faction, and teamed with Cody Rhodes, Kenny Omega, and The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) in a five-on-four tag team match. 
They defeated The Addiction (Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian), Flip Gordon, and Scorpio Sky, and Amell again participated in the wrestling, including being put through a table by The Addiction.[28] 
Early life 
Television 
Awards and nominations 
Amell was born May 8, 1981,[2] in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Sandra Anne (Bolté) and Thomas J. Amell.[3][4] He is a first cousin of actor Robbie Amell.[5] 
Year Award Category Work Result Refs 2016 CinemaCon Award Male Star of Tomorrow Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Won [41] Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Actor Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Nominated 
Television 
Year Award Category Result Refs 2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Social Media Celebrity Nominated [59] 
He attended St. Andrew's College, a private, independent school for boys.[6] 
Acting career 
Amell appeared in two episodes of the fourth season of Queer as Folk as the Liberty Ride spinning instructor in 2004. Amell played Adam in the first season of the television series Dante's Cove; he was replaced in the second season by Jon Fleming. In 2007, Amell won a Gemini Award for his guest-starring role on ReGenesis.[1] The same year he was also nominated for a Gemini Award in the Best Ensemble Cast Category for Rent-a-Goalie.[8] 
He had recurring roles in the TV series Da Kink in My Hair and Heartland. On December 3, 2010, Amell joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as werewolf 'Brady' for season 2.[9] 
Year Award Category Work Result Refs 2007 Gemini Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role Dramatic Series ReGenesis Won Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series Rent-a-Goalie Nominated 2008 Gemini Awards Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series Nominated 2012 IGN Awards Best TV Hero Arrow Nominated [42] 2013 NewNowNext Awards Cause You're Hot Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi Nominated [43] Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated [43] 2014 IGN Awards Best TV Hero 2nd place [44] People's Choice Awards Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor Nominated Leo Awards Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Nominated [45] Constellation Awards Best Male Performance in a 2013 Science Fiction Television Episode Nominated [46] Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Nominated [47] 2015 Best. 
TV Awards 2015 Best Couple and Steamiest Moment (shared w/ Emily Bett Rickards) Won [48] MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year (shared w/ Emily Bett Rickards) Won [49] Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi Nominated [50] Choice TV Liplock (shared w/ Emily Bett Rickards) Nominated [50] Slammy Awards Celebrity Moment of the Year SummerSlam Won [51] 2016 MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year (shared w/ Emily Bett Rickards) Arrow Won [52] Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Liplock (shared w/ Emily Bett Rickards) Nominated [53] 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Hero Nominated [54] Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Action Nominated [55] 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Action Nominated [56] Choice TV Ship (with Emily Bett Rickards) Nominated [57] 2019 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Action Won [58] 
"The Twelve Days of Christmas" is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day).[1][2] The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin.[3] "The Twelve Days of Christmas" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who introduced the familiar prolongation of the verse "five gold rings" (now often "five golden rings"). 
Anonymous broadside, Angus, Newcastle, 1774–1825 
There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by "my true love" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that established the current form of the carol.[4] The first three verses run, in full, as follows: 
Af = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in) in every month. Am = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least 100 − ( T o t a l A n n u a l P r e c i p i t a t i o n ( m m ) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)} .[1][2] Aw or As = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than 100 − ( T o t a l A n n u a l P r e c i p i t a t i o n ( m m ) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)} .[1][10] 
This type of climate is defined by little precipitation. 
Examples 
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada (Dfc) Thompson, Manitoba, Canada (Dfc) Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (Dfc) Fairbanks, Alaska, United States (Dfc) Fraser, Colorado, United States (Dfc) Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France (Dfc) Oulu, Finland (Dfc) Tampere, Finland (Dfc, bordering on Dfb) Luleå, Sweden (Dfc) Arkhangelsk, Russia (Dfc) Norilsk, Russia (Dfc) Tromsø, Norway (Dfc) St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland (Dfc) Livigno, Italy (Dfc) Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (Dfc bordering on ET and BSk) Anchorage, Alaska, United States (Dsc) Brian Head, Utah, United States (Dsc) Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada (Dsc) Kuujjuarapik, Quebec, Canada (Dsc) Nyurba, Russia (Dsc, bordering on Dsd) Anadyr, Russia (Dsc) Skjåk, Norway (Dsc) Chita, Russia (Dwc) Mohe County, Heilongjiang, China (Dwc) Yushu City, Qinghai, China (Dwc) Lukla, Nepal (Dwc) Delta Junction, Alaska, United States (Dwc) 
Examples 
Multiply the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then add 
Examples 
Mount Rainier, Washington, United States (ET) Macquarie Island, Australia (ET) Crozet Islands (ET) Campbell Island, New Zealand (ET) Kerguelen Islands (ET) Prince Edwards Islands (ET) Stanley, Falkland Islands (ET), borders subpolar oceanic (Cfc) Ushuaia, Argentina (ET), (borders on Cfc) Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia (ET) Mykines, Faroe Islands (ET), (borders on Cfc) Ben Nevis, Scotland, United Kingdom (ET) Cairn Gorm, Scotland, United Kingdom (ET) 
Examples 
(a) 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or (b) 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or (c) 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer. 
Examples 
In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in Nature analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors."[24] 
Group C: Temperate climates 
This type of climate has the coldest month averaging between 0 °C (32 °F)[1] (or −3 °C (27 °F))[2] and 18 °C (64.4 °F) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).[10][8] 
Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates 
As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups are based on what types of vegetation grow in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its link with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes in plant life within that region.[1] 
The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified, within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the C climate group was too broad).[9]:200–1 
The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (dry), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar).[11] The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat.[12] Summers are defined as the 6-month period that is warmer either from April–September and/or October–March while winter is the 6-month period that is cooler.[3][4] 
Group A: Tropical climates 
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by the German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884,[2][3] with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936.[4][5] Later, the climatologist Rudolf Geiger introduced some changes to the classification system, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system.[6][7] 
This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher, with significant precipitation.[1][2] 
IPCC Data Distribution Center 
The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (dry), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. 
This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature below 10 °C (50 °F).[1][2] 
Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher. They are subdivided as follows: 
Group B: Dry (desert and semi-arid) climates 
BS: Semi-arid (Steppe) Climate 
Köppen climate classification scheme symbols description table[1][2][10] 1st 2nd 3rd A (Tropical) f (Rainforest) m (Monsoon) w (Savanna, Dry winter) s (Savanna, Dry summer) B (Arid) W (Desert) S (Steppe) h (Hot) k (Cold) C (Temperate) s (Dry summer) w (Dry winter) f (Without dry season) a (Hot summer) b (Warm summer) c (Cold summer) D (Continental) s (Dry summer) w (Dry winter) f (Without dry season) a (Hot summer) b (Warm summer) c (Cold summer) d (Very cold winter) E (Polar) T (Tundra) F (Eternal frost (ice cap)) 
World War II 
Over the course of 1952 and 1953, flights carrying weapons and ammunition arrived in Mong Hsat in the Shan State of Myanmar on nearly a daily basis. Several tons of medical supplies and communication equipment were flown in as well. General Li Mi reported that such numbers were exaggerated, however, suggesting that there had only been 20 deliveries to Mong Hsat in 1952, and that each plane could only carry ten people and one ton of payload.[6] 
Chemical Weapons Allegations 
A CIA document from 1988 suggests that Burma had a small chemical weapons production facility, supposedly built with the help of West Germany in the early 1980s. The document claims that the facility had produced mustard gas in the past, but had ceased production. The document also goes on to state that ethnic insurgents in Burma have claimed that the Army was importing chemical weapons from China, but the CIA was unable to verify such claims.[7] 
Post-Cold War 
On 10 September 2007, the Myanmar government accused the CIA of assassinating a rebel Karen commander from the Karen National Union who wanted to negotiate with the military government.[8] 
According to media reports citing documents published by Germany's Der Spiegel in 2010, the Embassy of the United States in Yangon is the site of an electronic surveillance facility used to monitor telephones and communications networks. The facility is run jointly by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA) through a group known as Special Collection Service.[9] 
In 2011 the Guardian newspaper published WikiLeaks cable information regarding Myanmar. The cables revealed that the US funded some of the civil society groups in Myanmar that forced the government to suspend the controversial Chinese Myitsone Dam on the Irrawaddy river.[10] 
See also 
References 
Roger Hilsman, a veteran of the efforts to form partisan anti-Japanese resistance fighters among the various ethnic groups 
During World War II, OSS operations in Burma at the time, focused on fighting the Japanese occupation of Myanmar. During what was known as the Burma Campaign, the OSS aided British forces by organizing resistance to the Japanese occupiers among indigenous ethnic groups. The Burma Campaign commenced following the Japanese conquest of Myanmar in 1942.[1] 
Roger Hilsman, later to become Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research, was a veteran of the efforts to form partisan anti-Japanese resistance fighters among the various ethnic groups within Myanmar. Hilsman's experiences in these efforts instilled within him a penchant for guerrilla warfare, as well as for the importance of popular mobilization during counterinsurgency operations, both of which would influence his approach to the later Vietnam war.[2] 
Cold War 
According to released documents from the National Security Archive, the United States continuously worried about communist influence in Myanmar during the Cold War. A main concern was over economic warfare. Since the country was a major exporter of rice, the United States worried that communist control of Myanmar could result in manipulation of price and distribution of Myanmar rice to the detriment of nearby United States allies, such as India, Ceylon, Malaysia, and Japan.[3] 
Kuomintang in Myanmar 
CIA officer Desmond Fitzgerald attempted to correct the situation by dropping more weapons and ammunition into the area. The soldiers, however, refused to fight, and instead settled in the area, growing poppies, and intermarrying with locals. This blunder by the CIA resulted in Li Mi running a major heroin operation, which the CIA would have to eradicate twenty years later.[5] 
Myanmar–United States relations 
Lieutenant General Li Mi, a Chinese nationalist general but, in reality, Commander of the large Anti-Communist National Salvation Army guerrilla force.[4] 
After being eliminated as solo performers, Niall, Liam Payne, Louis Tomlinson, Zayn Malik, and Harry Styles were put together in a band. They went on to finish third in the competition beaten by season winner Matt Cardle. As a group, they have released five albums, embarked on four world tours, and won several awards. 
He is the third and youngest child of Joseph Ratzinger Sr., a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger (née Peintner); his grand-uncle was the German priest-politician Georg Ratzinger. His mother's family was originally from South Tyrol (now in Italy).[21] Pope Benedict's elder brother, Georg Ratzinger, is a Catholic priest and is the former director of the Regensburger Domspatzen choir. His sister, Maria Ratzinger, who never married, managed Cardinal Ratzinger's household until her death in 1991. 
At the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed the visiting Cardinal Archbishop of Munich, Michael von Faulhaber, with flowers. Struck by the cardinal's distinctive garb, he announced later that day that he wanted to be a cardinal. He attended the elementary school in Aschau am Inn, which was renamed in his honour in 2009.[22] 
Ratzinger's family, especially his father, bitterly resented the Nazis, and his father's opposition to Nazism resulted in demotions and harassment of the family.[23] Following his 14th birthday in 1941, Ratzinger was conscripted into the Hitler Youth—as membership was required by law for all 14-year-old German boys after March 1939[24]—but was an unenthusiastic member who refused to attend meetings, according to his brother.[25] In 1941, one of Ratzinger's cousins, a 14-year-old boy with Down syndrome, was taken away by the Nazi regime and murdered during the Action T4 campaign of Nazi eugenics.[26] In 1943, while still in seminary, he was drafted into the German anti-aircraft corps as Luftwaffenhelfer.[25] Ratzinger then trained in the German infantry.[27] As the Allied front drew closer to his post in 1945, he deserted back to his family's home in Traunstein after his unit had ceased to exist, just as American troops established a headquarters in the Ratzinger household.[28] As a German soldier, he was interned in a prisoner of war camp, but released a few months later at the end of the war in May 1945.[28] 
He took as his episcopal motto Cooperatores Veritatis (Co-workers of the Truth) from 3 John 8, a choice he comments upon in his autobiographical work, Milestones. In the consistory of the following 27 June, he was named Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino by Pope Paul VI. By the time of the 2005 Conclave, he was one of only 14 remaining cardinals appointed by Paul VI, and one of only three of those under the age of 80. 
Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈalɔʏzi̯ʊs ˈʁatsɪŋɐ]; 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic Church who served as head of the Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2005 until his resignation in 2013. Benedict's election as pope occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. Benedict chose to be known by the title "pope emeritus" upon his resignation.[1][12] 
Ordained as a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria, Ratzinger had established himself as a highly regarded university theologian by the late 1950s and was appointed a full professor in 1958. After a long career as an academic and professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and Cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia. 
He was originally a liberal theologian, but adopted conservative views after 1968.[15] During his papacy, Benedict XVI advocated a return to fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries. He views relativism's denial of objective truth, and the denial of moral truths in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. He taught the importance of both the Catholic Church and an understanding of God's redemptive love.[16] Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position.[17] He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art, promoted the use of Latin,[18] and reintroduced traditional papal garments, for which reason he was called "the pope of aesthetics".[19] He has been described as "the main intellectual force in the Church" since the mid-1980s.[20] 
He is the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415, and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294. As pope emeritus, Benedict retains the style of His Holiness and continues to dress in the papal colour of white. He was succeeded by Pope Francis on 13 March 2013, and he moved into the newly renovated Mater Ecclesiae Monastery for his retirement on 2 May 2013. 
The birth house of Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger in Marktl, Bavaria 
Loi Krathong[lower-alpha 1] (Thai: ลอยกระทง, pronounced [lɔ̄ːj krā.tʰōŋ]) is a Siamese festival celebrated annually throughout the Kingdom of Thailand and in nearby countries with significant southwestern Tai cultures (Laos, Shan, Mon, Tanintharyi, Kelantan, Kedah and Xishuangbanna). The name could be translated as "to float a basket," and comes from the tradition of making krathong or buoyant, decorated baskets, which are then floated on a river. 
Loi Krathong takes place on the evening of the full moon of the 12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar, thus the exact date of the festival changes every year. In the Western calendar this usually falls in the month of November. In Chiang Mai, the festival lasts three days, and in 2018, the dates were 21–23 November. 
In Thailand, the festival is known as "Loi Krathong" (ลอยกระทง). Outside Thailand, this festival is celebrated under different names, including Myanmar as the "Tazaungdaing festival", Sri Lanka as "Il Full Moon Poya" and Cambodia as "Bon Om Touk".[2][3][4][5][6] 
Plot 
Seppala later becomes upset when a cured girl named Sally deduces that Togo is dying. Seppala intends to continue training his dogs without Togo (who gained a small injury during the run), but he refuses to stop and chases down Seppala who welcomes him with open arms. Over the next two years, Togo welcomes puppies of his own that prove to be famous in their own right. 
Large gong at a Buddhist temple, Roi Et 
Route 214 leads north to Kalasin and south to Kaset Wisai, Surin, and Prasat. Route 2044 leads east to Phon Thong. Route 23 leads west to Maha Sarakham and Ban Phai, and east to Yasothon and Ubon Ratchathani. 
Roi Et is served by Roi Et Airport to the north of the town.[5] 
Roi Et (Thai: ร้อยเอ็ด, pronounced [rɔ́ːj ʔèt]) is a town (thesaban mueang) in north-eastern Thailand, capital of Roi Et Province.[1] It covers the whole tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Roi Et district. As of 2006 it had a population of 34,229. Roi Et is 514 km from Bangkok.[2] 
Roi Et lies on a flat plain about 150 metres (490 ft) above sea level. 
Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at 35.7 °C (96.3 °F). The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. 
Zadok the Priest (HWV 258) is a British anthem which was composed by George Frideric Handel for the coronation of King George II in 1727. Alongside The King Shall Rejoice, My Heart is Inditing and Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened, Zadok the Priest is one of Handel's Coronation Anthems. One of Handel's best-known works, Zadok the Priest has been sung prior to the anointing of the sovereign at the coronation of every British monarch since its composition and has become recognised as a British patriotic anthem.[1][2] 
Part of the traditional content of British coronations, the texts for all four anthems were picked by Handel—a personal selection from the most accessible account of an earlier coronation, that of James II in 1685.[3] The text is a translation of the traditional antiphon, Unxerunt Salomonem,[4] itself derived from the biblical account of the anointing of Solomon by the titular priest Zadok. These words have been used in every English, and later British, coronation since that of King Edgar at Bath Abbey in 973.[5] An earlier setting is thought to have been written by Thomas Tomkins for the coronation of King Charles I in 1626, the text of which has survived but not the music.[6] Henry Lawes wrote another for the coronation of King Charles II in 1661;[7] this was also sung at James II's in 1685, although the music may have been amended to accommodate changes to the text made by Archbishop William Sancroft.[8] 
The Phra Merumat (royal crematorium) of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, whose cremation ceremony was held in 2017. Such temporary structures are purpose-built for the ceremony in the royal field of Sanam Luang. 
Bathing ceremony and sukam sop 
Today, it is held in the Phiman Rattaya Throne Hall in the Grand Palace, and is attended by members of the Royal Family and senior government officials. As with common funerals today, this takes place as a ceremonial pouring of water by the attendees, but the water is usually poured over the deceased's feet instead of the hand, as is done for commoners.[lower-alpha 1] After the bathing ceremony, the hair is ritually combed, once upwards and once downwards, and the comb is broken. For high-ranking royals, a gold death mask is placed on the body (after sealing the orifices with wax, in times before embalming).[7] 
Next is the sukam sop ritual, i.e. the tying, wrapping and placing of the body in the kot. This is performed by officials of the phusa mala, an ancient court office responsible for, among other things, maintaining the king's wardrobe and attending to the bodies of royals after death.[8] The body is first dressed in white, with the appropriate accessories. It is then ritually tied with undyed string, and wrapped in a white shroud. 
Kot 
The funerary urn or kot of King Chulalongkorn atop the five-tiered pedestal in 1911. High-ranking members of the Royal Family usually lie in state for a hundred days within the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall. 
Today it may also be granted to high-ranking government officials. It consists of two layers: an outer shell, usually ornately decorated, with two opening halves and a pointed lid; and an inner cylindrical container known as long.[lower-alpha 3] There are fourteen types of kot, which are granted to the deceased according to their rank and status. The highest-ranking kot, Phra Kot Thong Yai, is reserved for the king and the highest-ranking royal family members.[10] 
For high-ranking royalty today, the kot is enshrined on a decorated pedestal known as bencha in the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall of the Grand Palace. A long strip of cloth known as phusa yong, tied to the shroud within the kot and passing under the lid, is laid down to symbolically connect to the deceased during the sadappakon ritual. A tube runs down from an opening at the base of the kot, connecting it to a jar (tham phra buppho) hidden beneath the pedestal which serves to collect fluids, as the body was mostly allowed to decompose within the kot in the days before embalming. 
The kot probably derived from the use of burial urns in ancient Southeast Asian traditions, which also featured secondary burials, comparable to the custom of waiting a certain period before cremation. Despite the Sanskrit origin of the term, such urns were not used by Medieval cultures of the Indian Subcontinent, from which the practice of cremation spread to Thailand, along with Buddhism.[11] 
During the funeral of Princess Mother Srinagarindra in 1995, the royal body was not physically placed in the kot, in accordance with her wishes. Instead, a coffin was used, placed behind the pedestal which still customarily bore the empty kot. The same was done for the funerals of Princess Galyani Vadhana and King Bhumibol, although Princess Bejaratana opted for her body to be placed in the kot according to tradition.[12] 
They are held for deceased members of the Royal Family, and consist of numerous rituals which typically span several months to over a year. Featuring a mixture of Buddhist and animist beliefs, as well as Hindu symbolism, these rituals include the initial rites that take place after death, a lengthy period of lying-in-state, during which Buddhist ceremonies take place, and a final cremation ceremony. For the highest-ranking royalty, the cremation ceremonies are grand public spectacles, featuring the pageantry of large funeral processions and ornate purpose-built funeral pyres or temporary crematoria known as merumat or men. 
Members of the public queuing to pay their last respects to King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2017 
The kot, containing the body, is enshrined in the throne hall for a period of time (usually at least 100 days). In modern times, this has become analogous to lying-in-state, although the practice predates Western contact and did not originally serve to allow the public to pay their respects. During this time, daily Buddhist rites are held, with chanting by monks around-the-clock, and ceremonial music known as prakhom yam yam is played by the prakhom band every three hours, alongside a piphat nang hong group.[13] Further Buddhist ceremonies are held to mark the 7th, 15th, 50th and 100th days since the death.[14] 
During these Buddhist rites, meal offerings (for morning and midday ceremonies) and offerings of cloth on behalf of the dead, known as sadappakon, are made to the monks.[15] 
While these rites were also historically private affairs, members of the public have been allowed to pay their respects in the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall since the funeral of King Chulalongkorn.[16] 
Historically, the kingdom's subjects had to shave their heads and dress in white to mourn the death of the king. This practice has also been abandoned since the funeral of King Chulalongkorn. The practice of wearing black for mourning was also a Western import introduced around the King's time.[1][17] 
Today, mourning mostly follows Western protocols. The government announces a mourning period to be observed by government officials, and national flags are flown at half-mast.[lower-alpha 4] Public entertainment activities is requested to be withheld for a certain period, and broadcast media also typically suspends entertainment programming as well. Mourning is again observed during the cremation period.[18] 
Preparation for cremation 
Merumat and men 
Cremation pyre of King Mongkut (Rama IV), c. 1869–70. Mongkut was the last king to be cremated in such large merumat, which were typically 80–100 m (260–330 ft) high. 
As the royal funerary services take place, preparations are made and a temporary royal crematorium—a merumat or men (rendered as phra merumat and phra men in the royal register—see explanation under § Glossary below), depending on the rank of the deceased—is erected in the royal field next to the palace. This is Sanam Luang in today's Rattanakosin period; its role as the site of royal cremations explains its former name, Thung Phra Men, which means "royal cremation field".[19] 
The construction of merumat for royal cremations date to the Ayutthaya period, as Hindu beliefs were absorbed from the Khmer Empire. Following the Hindu-Buddhist ideology of divine kingship, the king was believed to be semi-divine, and the merumat symbolizes Mount Meru, the centre of the universe atop which lies the home of the gods, to which the king would return after death.[1][21] 
The one built for King Narai (died 1688) was recorded as being 3 sen (60 fathoms) tall—120 metres according to modern conversion rates. Despite the usual translation of merumat as "funeral pyre", it was actually a mainly decorative structure, within which the much smaller actual pyre was housed. Merumat were always temporary structures purpose-built for the ceremony, and featured the exquisite craftsmanship of the kingdom's best artisans.[20] 
The construction of the merumat often took months, if not years, to complete. This, along with the fact that the cremation had to take place in the dry season, partly contributed to the practice of waiting lengthy periods before cremation. Often, by the time a merumat or men was completed, it would be used for multiple cremations, as multiple royal deaths had occurred.[1] 
The practice of building very large merumat was last seen in the funeral of King Mongkut (Rama IV, died 1868). His successor, King Chulalongkorn, expressed his distaste of the waste of labour and money, and ordered that a simple structure be built for his cremation instead. Since then, royal funerals have employed such simplified designs for the merumat and men, and the terms are now only used to distinguish the rank of the deceased.[1] 
Following cremation, the merumat or men is disassembled and the components and materials are usually donated to Buddhist temples or to charity. Materials from the men of Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand in 1888, for example, were used to build Siriraj Hospital.[22] 
Royal funeral chariots 
Restoration work on the Royal Chariot of Great Victory during preparations for King Bhumibol's cremation in 2017 
As the merumat is being built, restoration and maintenance work is also done to prepare the royal funeral chariots for the cremation ceremony procession, and practice sessions are held.[23] 
A mural in Wat Phra Kaew depicting the funeral procession, represented in Thai style, of Intharachit (Indrajit) from the epic Ramakien 
A few days prior to the cremation ceremony, phusa mala officials will remove the body from the kot in order to remove the materials used during sukam sop, and re-wrap the body in a new shroud. In the past, the partially-decomposed flesh would also be removed and stripped from the bones, in order to be cremated separately, but embalming has rendered this process unnecessary. The sukam sop materials, together with the bodily fluids collected in the tham phra buppho, are cremated in a small ceremony known as thawai phloeng phra buppho. 
Sometimes, however, the body might actually be moved from its place of enshrinement before the morning of the procession, in an unofficial step that is not part of the ceremonies. It takes place at night, somewhat secretly, leading the practice to be known as lak sop (lit. "stealing of the body"). This is done out of necessity or for convenience, e.g. in cases where the site is far from the procession route, or, in modern times, where body is placed in a coffin rather than the kot. 
The royal cremation ceremonies were historically elaborate and celebratory events. Those for the king usually lasted fourteen days and nights, and included processions of relics of the Buddha, fireworks, and days of festivities. Today, it usually lasts about five days, and mainly consists of funeral processions bringing the royal body to the merumat or men, the cremation, and processions returning the cremated remains and ashes to the palace.[1] This section will describe the current rituals for the highest-ranking royals (those held in Sanam Luang), and use merumat to refer to both merumat or men, for simplicity. 
Funeral processions 
The Royal Chariot of Great Victory, bearing the urn of Princess Galyani Vadhana in the second procession to the men, November 2008 
Final Buddhist rites are held in the evening before the cremation ceremony. The following morning, the kot carrying the royal remains is carried to the merumat via a series of funeral processions.[1][2] 
It is then carried from Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall, out of the Grand Palace, and to the front of Wat Pho, where it is transferred to the royal funeral chariot (either the Maha Phichai Ratcharot or Vejayanta Ratcharot). The second procession—the most elaborate—then proceeds towards and enters Sanam Luang, where the kot is transferred either again to Phra Yannamat Sam Lam Khan, or to a royal gun carriage (for kings who held the title of Head of the Armed Forces or royal family members holding high military ranks in the Royal Thai Armed Forces, a tradition initiated on the wishes of King Vajiravudh in 1926). The third procession then circumambulates the merumat three times in a counter-clockwise fashion, before the kot is brought into the merumat.[1][26] During the processions, ceremonial music is played, and gun salutes are fired.[26] 
Cremation 
A bathing ceremony is held shortly after death, followed by the rituals of dressing the body and placing it within the kot, a funerary urn used in place of a coffin. The kot is then placed on display and daily Buddhist rites—which include chants by Buddhist monks and the playing of ceremonial music every three hours—are held for an extended period, which today has come to signify lying-in-state in the Western sense. While these rituals were traditionally private affairs, the royal cremation ceremony has long been a public spectacle; those held for the highest-ranking royalty feature temporary crematoria known as merumat, which are purpose-built in the royal field next to the palace. 
As the kot is brought onto the pyre (known as chittakathan) within the merumat, the outer shell is removed and replaced with a shell of carved sandalwood known as phra kot chan. Further Buddhist rites are held, until the cremation takes place in the evening.[1] 
During the first cremation, which is a mock ceremonial burning, the king lights the cremation fire and lays the first dok mai chan—artificial flowers made of sandalwood and used ceremonially in cremations. The other guests then follow suit, laying flowers one by one. The ritual is repeated later in the night, with a smaller group of guests, when the actual cremation takes place. 
Interment of remains and ashes 
The Royal Cemetery at Wat Ratchabophit serves as one of the final resting places of the royal ashes. 
The remains (atthi) are placed in a small kot known as phra kot phra atthi, while the ashes (sarirangkhan) are placed in a rounder-shaped urn called pha-op. They are then transported back to the Grand Palace in a fourth procession after a morning service and breakfast by the monks. The remains are brought into the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall, while the ashes are temporarily placed in the Phra Si Rattana Chedi stupa in Wat Phra Kaew.[1] 
The next day, final Buddhist rites are held for the cremated remains in the morning, before the kot is transported the short distance to Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall, where the remains will be interred, in the fifth procession. The sixth procession carries the royal ashes to the temple where they will be interred, usually at Wat Ratchabophit, where the Royal Cemetery is located, unlike the five past processions in current royal funerals the ashes are transported to the interment site in a royal automobile with escorts provided by the 29th Cavalry Squadron, Royal Horse Guards.[1] 
Entertainments and theatrical performances used to feature largely during royal cremation ceremonies, but were discontinued during the funeral of King Chulalongkorn. The practice was revived, at the suggestion of Princess Sirindhorn, during the funeral of Princess Mother Srinagarindra in 1996.[1] 
Modern developments 
Phra kot chan of Princess Bejaratana at the Bangkok National Museum 
There are many levels of royal funerals, depending on the rank and status of the deceased royal family member. Such distinctions are reflected in details such as the type of kot used, and the type and location of the crematorium—merumat are only built for the monarch and highest-ranking royals; the cremation of lower-ranking royals employ simpler structures known as men, the simpler variants of which were tents of white cloth, or may be held in the permanent crematoria of temples (similarly to most commoners today) instead of purpose-built ones in the royal field. The supreme patriarch and high-ranking Buddhist monks may also receive royal cremations similar to those of lesser royals.[3] 
Much of the ceremony has been simplified since the funeral of King Chulalongkorn, and the development of embalming has changed the body-handling process. Recent developments introduced in the late twentieth century include live television broadcasts of the ceremony, as well as increased public participation. The public was first allowed to symbolically participate in the royal bathing ceremony in front of royal portraits during the funeral of Princess Mother Srinagarindra, and was allowed to co-host the funeral rites in the funeral of Princess Galyani Vadhana in 2008.[27][28] The phra kot chan of Queen Rambai Barni, Princess Mother Srinagarindra, Princess Galyani Vadhana and Princess Bejaratana have also been preserved, instead of being burnt in the pyre.[29] Electric furnaces were introduced in the cremation ceremonies of Princess Galyani Vadhana.[4] 
Related traditions 
Similar royal funerary traditions are observed in Cambodia and, historically, in Laos, as the countries historically shared the same cultural sphere as Thailand. In Cambodia, the late King Norodom Sihanouk received a royal cremation in 2013, more than 50 years after the ceremony was last held.[30] The last royal cremation to take place in Laos was that of King Sisavang Vong in 1961; the country was later taken over by the Communists, and its last king, Sisavang Vatthana, died in captivity.[31] 
Phra Merumat of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (2017) 
While documentation of historic private rites are scarce, as they were passed on by oral tradition, royal cremation ceremonies have been documented since the Ayutthaya period, and have continued into the current Rattanakosin Kingdom. They were previously very elaborate and grand, but have been much simplified since the funeral of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in 1911.[4] 
This glossary provides spellings, pronunciations, and definitions of the Thai terms used in this article. Formatting of the glossary is shown in the following example entry: 
These are usually indicated by the prefixes phra (พระ, pronounced [pʰráʔ]) and boromma (บรม, [bɔ̄.rōm.maʔ]). For example, a kot (listen) used for royalty is referred to as phra kot (listen), and one used for the king or queen is referred to as phra boromma kot (listen). In the following entries, an asterisk (*) denotes royal terms used for the king or queen. 
atthi อัฐิ • [ʔàt.tʰìʔ] (listen) • phra atthi, phra boromma atthi * cremated remains (bones) bencha เบญจา • [bēn.tɕāː] (listen) • phra bencha five-tiered pedestal used to support the kot buppho บุพโพ • [bùp.pʰōː] (listen) • phra buppho lymph and bodily fluids chittakathan จิตกาธาน • [tɕìt.tà.kāː.tʰāːn] (listen) • phra chittakathan pyre (located within the men or merumat); referred to as choeng takon (เชิงตะกอน) for commoners dok mai chan ดอกไม้จันทน์ • [dɔ̀ːk.máj.tɕān] (listen) sandalwood flower; an artificial flower ritually burned during cremation kot โกศ • [kòːt] (listen) • phra kot, phra boromma kot * funerary urn lak sop ลักศพ • [lák.sòp] • lak phra sop, lak phra boromma sop * "stealing of the body"; the practice of moving the body from its place of enshrinement at night, before the funeral procession long ลอง • [lɔ̄ːŋ] (listen) • phra long inner or outer layer of the funerary urn; sometimes considered part of the kot, other times considered distinct from it, as the terms have switched meanings over time men เมรุ • [mēːn] (listen) • phra men crematorium merumat เมรุมาศ • [mēːrú.mâːt] (listen) • phra merumat crematorium; historically referred to the very large ones built for kings and queens, now mostly resembling men in appearance, though the term is still reserved for kings and queens pha-op ผอบ • [pʰàʔɔ̀p] (listen) small jar or urn; in this context, used to contain the royal ashes (sarirangkhan) phra kot chan พระโกศจันทน์ • [pʰrá.kòːt.tɕān] (listen) kot with outer shell of carved sandalwood, used for cremation phra kot phra atthi พระโกศพระอัฐิ • [pʰrá.kòːt.pʰráʔàt.tʰìʔ] (listen) • phra kot phra boromma atthi small kot for containing the cremated remains (atthi) Phra Kot Thong Yai พระโกศทองใหญ่ • [pʰrá.kòːt.tʰɔ̄ːŋ.jàj] (listen) name of the kot of highest rank, lit. "great gold kot" Phra Yannamat Sam Lam Khan พระยานมาศสามลำคาน • [pʰrá.jāːn.na.mâːt.sǎːm.lām.kʰāːn] (listen) name of the royal palanquin (yannamat) used to transport the kot during the funeral processions, lit. "three-beamed royal palanquin" phusa mala ภูษามาลา • [pʰūː.sǎː.māː.lāː] (listen) ancient court office responsible for maintaining the king's wardrobe, as well as cutting the king's hair, holding the king's umbrella, and attending to bodies of royals (specifically sukam sop) after death; its officials are referred to as chao phanak-ngan phusa mala (เจ้าพนักงานภูษามาลา) phusa yong ภูษาโยง • [pʰūː.sǎː.jōːŋ] (listen) • phra phusa yong long strip of cloth leading from the lid of the kot or coffin and laid in front Buddhist monks during sadappakon or bangsukun; referred to as pha yong (ผ้าโยง) for commoners prakhom yam yam ประโคมย่ำยาม • [pra.kʰōːm.jâm.jāːm] (listen) to play ceremonial music to mark each three-hour period of the day sadappakon สดับปกรณ์ • [sa.dàp.pa.kɔ̄ːn] (listen) offering of cloth to Buddhist monks on behalf of the dead; referred to as bangsukun (บังสุกุล, from Pali paṃsukūla) for commoners; may also refer to the specific chant used for such rituals, i.e. satta pakaraṇa sarirangkhan สรีรางคาร • [sa.rīː.rāːŋ.kʰāːn] (listen) • phra sarirangkhan, phra boromma sarirangkhan * cremated ashes sop ศพ • [sòp] (listen) • phra sop, phra boromma sop * dead body sukam sop สุกำศพ • [sù.kām.sòp] (listen) tying, wrapping and placing of the body in the kot or coffin; referred to as mat tra sang (มัดตราสัง) for commoners tham phra buppho ถ้ำพระบุพโพ • [tʰâm.pʰrá.bùp.pʰōː] (listen) jar hidden beneath the bencha to collect bodily fluids (buppho) draining from the kot thawai phloeng phra buppho ถวายเพลิงพระบุพโพ • [tʰa.wǎj.pʰlɤ̄ːŋ.pʰrá.bùp.pʰōː] (listen) cremation of the bodily fluids (buppho) collected in the tham phra buppho, along with the materials used for sukam sop yannamat ยานมาศ • [jāːn.na.mâːt] (listen) • phra yannamat palanquin, carried by men on their shoulders, used to transport the kot 
Following the abolishment of absolute monarchy in 1932, King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) abdicated and died in England, and royal funerals became a rare occurrence, apart from that of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) in 1950 and Queen Sri Savarindira in 1956. The ceremony received somewhat of a revival in the funeral of Queen Rambai Barni (Prajadhipok's widow) in 1985. Royal cremations held since include those of Princess Mother Srinagarindra in 1996, Princess Galyani Vadhana in 2008, Princess Bejaratana in 2012, and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) in 2017.[5][6] 
Initial rituals and lying-in-state 
Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, 2 League Cups, 15 FA Community Shields, 1 League Centenary Trophy, 1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and 1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. 
Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League, in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division,[3] and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history.[4] In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double. 
He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers,[6] and added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club's kit. Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies. He won a record 7 FA Cups, and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004,[7] receiving the nickname The Invincibles. 
2019–present: Solo activities 
Eaint Mat single cover 
In 2019, she released her first single "Eaint Mat" (Dream) on 1 March 2019[8] that became most popular among the JOOX listeners finally hit the record of first position and maintain the 1-100 position till noand started endeavoring to be able to produce and distribute her first solo album.[9] 
She launched her debut solo album "Eleven" on 22 December 2019.[10][11] 
Eleven (2019) 
ChanMyae MgCho (Burmese: ချမ်းမြေ့မောင်ချို; born 20 September 1999) is a Burmese singer. She rose to prominence following her finish as the runner-up on the third season of Myanmar Idol.[1][2] 
Eaint Mat (2019) 
References 
External Link 
Early life and education 
She is the youngest daughter of Maung Maung Cho, a sailor and his wife Ei Ei, a singer who was famous around 1990s. She has an elder brother, Thura MgCho, is an actor. She graduated high school at Practising School Yangon Institute of Education. 
Career 
She created her own short video clips, sang covered songs on social media. She has street singing experience when she visited to Singapore, in 2015. She participated in school events and sang songs for her teachers and friends.[1] 
In 2017, she sang a song together with her mom as her very first duet song on stage at her age of 18. Then, she started her first step of challenging which is Myanmar Idol Season 3 competition.[1] 
Tin Zar joined Myanmar Idol which is the Myanmar version of American Idol as one of the judges since its Season 2.[7] 
Tin Zar Maw has released seven solo albums to date[8] 
Swal Lann Mhu Pyat Tha Nar (1995) Kyin Nar Thu Nha Oo Sone Naing Yin (1997) A Chit Kyaung Thu (2000) Tin Zar Maw's Tin Zar Maw (2002) Kyal Sin Lo A Chit Myar (2003) Tin Zar Maw's Tin Zar Maw Volume II (2005) Seven (2017) 
Personal life 
Tin Zar has married and has one son and one daughter.[9] 
Awards and nominations 
1st Major M Music Awards (2018) 
Tin Zar Maw (Burmese: တင်ဇာမော်; born 7 February 1976) is a Burmese singer who debuted in the late 1990s. She is considered one of the most commercially successful Burmese female singers.[1][2] Tin Zar is currently one of the judges in Myanmar Idol.[3] 
Year Recipient Award Result 2018 Seven Best Pop Album Won Album of the Year Won People's Choice : Fav Album Nominated Tin Zar Maw Artist of the Year Won People's Choice : Fav Artist Nominated El Thel Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Song Won People's Choice : Fav Song Nominated Bone Best Song with a Social Message Won 7 Concert Best Live Show Nominated 
16th City FM Awards 
Year Recipient Award Result 2018 Seven Best Selling Female Stereo Album Won Best Selling Album of the Yeaar Won 
References 
Aung Ko Latt (Burmese: အောင်ကိုလတ်; born January 10, 1954) is CEO of Aung Ko Latt Motion Pictures in Yangon, Myanmar. He is a prolific director, cinematographer, storyboard artist and musician.[1] His son J-Me is a prominent rapper in Myanmar.[2] 
Career 
After having lived in Japan in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Aung Ko Latt returned to Myanmar to shoot TV commercials. He was the first director in Myanmar to create concept-driven advertising rather than basic product promotions.[3] 
In 2012 he storyboarded, directed, produced and shot the feature film Kayan Beauties (Kayan Ahla in Myanmar),[4] which was the first film in Myanmar to be shot using HD technology.[5] It was also the first film to use the Dolby Digital Surround EX sound system.[6] 
The film won the Special Jury Award at the ASEAN International Film Festival (AIFFA) and Awards in Kuching, Malaysia in March 2013, on the back of two nominations: Best Director of Photography (Aung Ko Latt) and Best Supporting Actress (Rose Mary).[7] 
On December 29, 2013, Aung Ko Latt won the Best Cinematography Award for Kayan Beauties at the 56th Annual Myanmar Academy Awards ceremonies. The film also won the Award for Best Sound.[8] 
In 2015, Aung Ko Latt directed the eight-part television series, The Sun, The Moon and The Truth about real-life legal cases concerning land rights, industrial relations, human trafficking, defamation, wrongful dismissal and fraud in Myanmar. He co-produced the series through his company Aung Ko Latt Motion Pictures.[9] 
References 
Roman numerals on stern of the ship Cutty Sark showing draught in feet. The numbers range from 13 to 22, from bottom to top. 
References 
Further reading 
External links 
Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value:[1] 
The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day. 
One place they are often seen is on clock faces. For instance, on the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as: 
The notations IV and IX can be read as "one less than five" (4) and "one less than ten" (9), although there is a tradition favouring representation of "4" as "IIII" on Roman numeral clocks.[2] 
Burmese numerals (Burmese: မြန်မာဂဏန်း, [mjàɴmà ɡa̰náɴ]) are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Burmese language, although Arabic numerals are also used. Burmese numerals follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world. 
Burmese numerals in various script styles (from the equivalent of zero to nine) 
Zero to nine 
References 
See also 
Burmese language Burmese numerical classifiers Indian numbering system Indian numerals 
External links 
Number Burmese Numeral Written (MLCTS) IPA 0 ၀ သုည1 (su.nya.) IPA: [θòʊɴɲa̰] 1 ၁ တစ် (tac) IPA: [tɪʔ] 2 ၂ နှစ် (hnac) IPA: [n̥ɪʔ] 3 ၃ သုံး (sum:) IPA: [θóʊɴ] 4 ၄ လေး (le:) IPA: [lé] 5 ၅ ငါး (nga:) IPA: [ŋá] 6 ၆ ခြောက် (hkrauk) IPA: [tɕʰaʊʔ] 7 ၇ ခုနစ် (hku. nac) IPA: [kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ]2 8 ၈ ရှစ် (hrac) IPA: [ʃɪʔ] 9 ၉ ကိုး (kui:) IPA: [kó] 10 ၁၀ ဆယ် (ta. hcai) IPA: [sʰɛ̀] 
1 Burmese for zero comes from Sanskrit śūnya. 2 Can be abbreviated to IPA: [kʰʊ̀ɴ] in list contexts, such as telephone numbers. 
Ten to a million 
Number Burmese Numeral Written IPA 10 ၁၀ တစ်ဆယ် IPA: [təsʰɛ̀]1 11 ၁၁ တစ်ဆယ်တစ် IPA: [təsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ] or [sʰɛʔ tɪʔ] 12 ၁၂ တစ်ဆယ်နှစ် IPA: [təsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ] or [sʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ] 20 ၂၀ နှစ်ဆယ် IPA: [n̥əsʰɛ̀] 21 ၂၁ နှစ်ဆယ့်တစ် IPA: [n̥əsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ] or [n̥əsʰɛʔ tɪʔ] 22 ၂၂ နှစ်ဆယ့်နှစ် IPA: [n̥əsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ] or [n̥əsʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ] 100 ၁၀၀ ရာ IPA: [jà] 1 000 ၁၀၀၀ ထောင် IPA: [tʰàʊɴ]1 10 000 ၁၀၀၀၀ သောင်း IPA: [θáʊɴ]1 100 000 ၁၀၀၀၀၀ သိန်း IPA: [θéɪɴ]1 1 000 000 ၁၀၀၀၀၀၀ သန်း IPA: [θáɴ]1 10 000 000 ၁၀၀၀၀၀၀၀ ကုဋေ IPA: [ɡədè] 1 × 1014 . ကောဋိ IPA: [kɔ́dḭ] 1 × 1021 . ပကောဋိ IPA: [pəkɔ́dḭ] 1 × 1028 . ကောဋိပကောဋိ IPA: [kɔ́dḭpəkɔ́dḭ] 1 × 1035 . နဟုတံ IPA: [nəhoʊ̼ʔtàɴ] 1 × 1042 . နိန္နဟုတံ IPA: [neɪɴnəhoʊ̼ʔtàɴ] 1 × 1049 . အက္ခဘေိဏီ IPA: [ʔɛʔkʰàbènì] 1 × 1056 . ဗိန္ဒု IPA: [beɪɴdu̼] 1 × 1063 . အဗ္ဗုဒ IPA: [àɴbu̼da̼] 1 × 1070 . နိရဗ္ဗုဒ IPA: [ni̼ràɴbu̼da̼] 1 × 1077 . အဗဗ IPA: [ʔəbəba̼] 1 × 1084 . အဋဋ IPA: [ʔətəta̼] 1 × 1091 . သောကန္ဓိက IPA: [θɔ́kàɴdi̼ka̼] 1 × 1098 . ဥပ္ပလ IPA: [ʔoʊ̯pəla̼] 1 × 10105 . ကုမုဒ IPA: [ku̼mùda̼] 1 × 10112 . ပဒုမ IPA: [pədùma̼] 1 × 10119 . ပုဏ္ဍရိက IPA: [pòʊ̯dəri̼ka̼] 1 × 10126 . ကထာန IPA: [kətàna̼] 1 × 10133 . မဟာကထာန IPA: [məhàkətàna̼] 1 × 10140 . အသင်္ချေ2 IPA: [əθìɴ tɕʰèi] 
Ei Ei (Burmese: အိအိ; born 14 November 1965) is a Burmese singer. She is best known for her music around 1990s and was a popular singer in karaoke musical industry.[1][2] She sings and works together with singer Zarli Naing and Thiri Ko Ko. They released a solo album "3 Arrows".[3] 
Her husband is Maung Maung Cho, a salior, married on 24 November 1995. They have two children; one daughter and one son. In 2018, she returned to her music industry career and released new version of "3 Arrows" album with Zarli Naing and Thiri Ko Ko on 31 May 2018.[4] Her son Thura MgCho, is an actor and her daughter, ChanMyae MgCho, is a singer.[5] 
3 Arrows (1993) 3 Arrows (New version album) (2018) 
References 
The erhu (Chinese: 二胡; pinyin: èrhú; [aɻ˥˩xu˧˥]), is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a spike fiddle, which may also be called a Southern Fiddle, and sometimes known in the Western world as the Chinese violin or a Chinese two-stringed fiddle. 
It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is the most popular of the huqin family of traditional bowed string instruments used by various ethnic groups of China. As a very versatile instrument, the erhu is used in both traditional and contemporary music arrangements, such as in pop, rock and jazz.[1] 
Performer with erhu, photographed Singapore February 1969 × July 1971. 
The Erhu can be traced back to proto-Mongolic instruments which first appeared in China during the Tang Dynasty. It is believed to have evolved from the Xiqin (奚 琴). The xiqin is believed to have originated from the Xi people located in current northeast China. 
An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms. 
Historical erhu and bowed string bows 
Historic bowed zithers of China, including the Xiqin, Yazheng, and Yaqin, and also the Korean Ajaeng, were originally played by bowing with a rosined stick, which created friction against the strings. As soon as the horsehair bow was invented, it spread very widely.[citation needed] 
First page of an 1890s edition of the sheet music 
"Rule, Britannia!" is a British patriotic song, originating from the poem "Rule, Britannia" by James Thomson and set to music by Thomas Arne in 1740.[1] It is strongly associated with the Royal Navy, but also used by the British Army.[2] 
Original masque 
This British national air was originally included in Alfred, a masque about Alfred the Great co-written by Thomson and David Mallet and first performed at Cliveden, country home of Frederick, Prince of Wales (the eldest son of George II and father of the future George III, as well as the great-grandfather of Queen Victoria), on 1 August 1740, to commemorate the accession of George II and the third birthday of the Princess Augusta.[3][4] 
The saw duang (Thai: ซอด้วง, Burmese: ဆောဒွမ်, pronounced [sɔː dûəŋ], RTGS: so duang) is a two-stringed instrument used in traditional Thai music. The sound is produced by the bow made from horsetail hair which goes between the strings made from silk. The bow has to be tilted to switch from one string to another. 
Thai musical instruments were adopted from Chinese instruments but with adaptations. (Interesting to note that China began using the Erhu at the same time that Siam sent instruments to China) The variety of musical instruments expanded when the Thai kingdom in the Indo-China peninsula came into contact with India. Later on Thailand also adopted the western instruments such as violin and organ. 
"God Save the Queen" (alternatively "God Save the King", depending on the gender of the reigning monarch) is the royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown dependencies.[1][2] The author of the tune is unknown, and it may originate in plainchant; but an attribution to the composer John Bull is sometimes made. 
Today, the city is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร) or simply Krung Thep (กรุงเทพฯ), a shortening of the ceremonial name which came into use during the reign of King Mongkut. The full name reads as follows:[lower-alpha 5][9] 
Bangkok[lower-alpha 1] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon[lower-alpha 2] or simply Krung Thep.[lower-alpha 3] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand, and has a population of over eight million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over fourteen million people (22.2 percent) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census, making Bangkok the nation's primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy. 
Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit[lower-alpha 1] กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ 
The name, composed of Pali and Sanskrit root words, translates as: 
Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam, later renamed Thailand, during the late-19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles throughout the 20th century, as the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule, and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. 
The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its red-light districts. The Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations, and has been named the world's most visited city consistently in several international rankings. 
Title page engraving from an 1897 edition of Le Père Goriot, by an unknown artist; published by George Barrie & Son in Philadelphia 
Le Père Goriot (French pronunciation: ​[lə pɛʁ ɡɔʁjo], Old Goriot or Father Goriot) is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), included in the Scènes de la vie privée section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine. Set in Paris in 1819, it follows the intertwined lives of three characters: the elderly doting Goriot, a mysterious criminal-in-hiding named Vautrin and a naive law student named Eugène de Rastignac. 
Honoré de Balzac (/ˈbælzæk/ BAL-zak,[2] more commonly US: /ˈbɔːl-/ BAWL-,[3][4][5] French: [ɔnɔʁe d(ə) balzak]; born Honoré Balzac;[1] 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus. 
Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature.[6] He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James, filmmaker François Truffaut as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. 
Burmah Oil Company Ltd v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75, was a court case, raised in Scotland, and decided ultimately in the House of Lords. The case is an important decision in British constitutional law and had unusual legal repercussions at the time. 
UK company law UK public services law 
This case concerned the destruction of oil fields in Burma by British forces in 1942, during the Second World War. The destruction was ordered in order to prevent the installations from falling into the hands of the advancing Imperial Japanese Army. It affected the Burmah Oil Company which brought an action against the UK government, represented by the Lord Advocate. 
In the Outer House of the Court of Session, Lord Kilbrandon found in favour of Burmah Oil. The Crown appealed, and the First Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session unanimously reversed the decision below. Burmah Oil then appealed to the House of Lords. 
The House of Lords held by a 3–2 majority that although the damage was lawful, it was the equivalent of requisitioning the property. Any act of requisition was done for the good of the public, at the expense of the individual proprietor, and for that reason, the proprietor should be compensated from public funds. Viscount Radcliffe and Lord Hodson dissented. 
In the end, the result was frustrated by the passing of a retroactive Act of Parliament, the War Damage Act 1965, which retroactively exempts the Crown from liability in respect of damage to, or destruction of, property caused by acts lawfully done by the Crown during, or in contemplation of the outbreak of, a war in which it is engaged. 
Those with titles ceased to be known by personal names, and were referred to by the awarded (or similar) title.[1] The King could bestow a title on anyone, although such promotion was personal and the person's children would not normally benefit from it. The complex and nuanced distinctions in rank of the titles are largely uncaptured by their glosses into Western-style terms. With the exception of a handful of titles for women, the bestowal of noble titles ended after the Siamese revolution of 1932, and the adoption of monogamy resulted in far fewer royal consorts and issue who could receive such styles. 
Historically Southeast Asia was under the influence of Ancient India, where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam. The influence of Indian culture into these areas was given the term indianization.[2] French archaeologist, George Coedes, defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit dialect.[3] This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia, spread of Hinduism and Buddhism. Indian diaspora, both ancient (PIO) and current (NRI), played an ongoing key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors.[4][5][6][6] Indian honorifics also influenced the Malay, Thai, Filipino and Indonesian honorifics.[7] Thai royal titles are based on Indian Hindu texts, such as Ramayana where each reigning Thai king is called Rama. 
There are two styles which can be used for a king in ordinary speech, depending on whether he has been crowned: 
Crowned kings: Phra Bat Somdet Phra Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว; English: His Majesty the King) is the style used in ordinary speech when referring to the kings of Thailand after their coronation. This style may be used in two ways: Preceding the name of the king; e.g., Phra Bat Somdet Phra Chao Yu Hua Phumiphon Adunyadet (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej). More formally it can be split across the name, possibly with the omission (or modification) of the words "Phra Chao Yu Hua"; e.g., Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramintara Maha Phumiphon Adunyadet (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช) and Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramindara Maha Prajadhipok Phra Pokklao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาประชาธิปกฯ พระปกเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว). 
Consorts Rank Title Style Remarks Somdet Phra Akkhara Mahesi สมเด็จพระอัครมเหสี (Supreme Royal Consort) Somdet Phra Boromma Rajininat สมเด็จพระบรมราชินีนาถ (Queen Regent) Somdet Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Boromma Rajini Nat Her Majesty, the Queen Nat (นาถ) means "shelter", bestowed upon a Queen who has acted as regent for her husband. Somdet Phra Boromma Rajini สมเด็จพระบรมราชินี Somdet Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Boromma Rajini Her Majesty, the Queen Somdet Phra Rajini สมเด็จพระราชินี Somdet Phra Rajini + Name Temporary title before coronation Phra Mahesi พระมเหสี (Royal Consort) Somdet Phra Boromma Rajadevi สมเด็จพระบรมราชเทวี Somdet Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Boromma Rajadevi Her Majesty, the Queen Somdet Phra Akkhara Rajadevi สมเด็จพระอัครราชเทวี Somdet Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Akkhara Rajadevi Her Majesty, the Queen Phra Akkhara Rajadevi พระอัครราชเทวี Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Akkhara Rajadevi Her Royal Highness, Princess, Royal Consort Phra Vara Rajadevi พระวรราชเทวี Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Vara Rajadevi Her Royal Highness, Princess, Royal Consort Phra Rajadevi พระราชเทวี Phra Nang Chao + Name + Phra Rajadevi Her Royal Highness, Princess, Royal Consort Phra Nang Thoe พระนางเธอ Phra Nang Thoe + Name Her Royal Highness, Princess, Royal Consort Phra Akkhara Chaya Thoe พระอรรคชายาเธอ Phra Akkhara Chaya Thoe + Name Her Highness, Princess, Royal Consort Phra Raja Chaya Thoe พระราชชายาเธอ Phra Raja Chaya Thoe + Name Her Highness, Princess, Royal Consort Phra Sanom พระสนม (Royal Concubine) Chao Khun Phra เจ้าคุณพระ Royal Noble Consort Chao Khun Phra + Name Appointed to * Foreign princess * Mom Chao (Her Serene Highness, Princess) * Mom Rajawongse * Mom Luang * Commoners During pregnancy, known as Chao Chom Manda, Manda means "mother" Phra was used during Rama VI's reign Chao Khun Chom Manda เจ้าคุณจอมมารดา Noble Consort Chao Khun Chom Manda + Name Chao Chom Manda เจ้าจอมมารดา Noble Consort Chao Chom Manda + Name Chom Manda จอมมารดา Front Palace Consort Chom Manda + Name Chao Chom เจ้าจอม Consort Chao Chom + Name Phra พระ Lady Phra + Name 
In the late 19th century Parkersburg emerged as a major oil refining center serving nearby oilfields at Volcano and Burning Springs. The Camden Consolidated Oil Company, founded in 1866 by future U.S. Senator Johnson Newlon Camden, dominated the refining business and was sold to Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company in 1875. Camden became a Standard director and vice president and, along with John W. Davis, dominated West Virginia politics until the early 20th century. 
In the post-World War II period, Parkersburg became one of the leading industrial centers of the Ohio Valley, producing chemicals, glass, O. Ames tools, textiles (especially American Viscose Company rayon), plastics and polymers, iron, and steel. 
White settlers at first named the city Newport when they settled it in the late 18th century following the American Revolutionary War. This was part of a westward migration of settlers from parts of Virginia to the east, closer to the Atlantic Ocean. A town section was laid out on land granted to Alexander Parker for his Revolutionary War service. 
Jacob Linville designed the railroad bridge planned by the B&O. It was constructed in 1868–1870 between Parkersburg and Belpre, Ohio, as part of the B&O's main line from Baltimore to St. Louis, Missouri.[6] This drew traffic and trade from Marietta. Today the structure is known as the Parkersburg Bridge. 
Both the anime and manga are comedies that follow the attempts of a platoon of frog-like alien invaders to conquer Earth. Sergeant Keroro, the titular character, is the leader of the platoon, but is at the mercy of a human family of three after he is captured while trying to hide in one of the family member's bedrooms. In both the manga and anime, Keroro is forced to do meaningless chores and errands for the family after his army abandons his platoon on Earth. 
Sgt. Frog Cover of the first manga volume featuring Keroro. ケロロ軍曹 (Keroro Gunsō) Genre Comedy,[1] science fiction[2] Manga Written by Mine Yoshizaki Published by Kadokawa Shoten English publisher NA/UK Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Ace (April 1999 – September 2007, October 2013 – present) Kerokero Ace (October 2007 – September 2013) Original run April 1999 – present Volumes 30 (List of volumes) Manga Chō Keroro Gunsō UC: Keroro Robo Daikessen Written by Yūtarō Shido, Mine Yoshizaki (original author) Published by Kadokawa Shoten Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Ace Original run October 2018 – present Anime television series Directed by Junichi Sato (Executive Director) Yusuke Yamamoto (eps 1-103) Nobuhiro Kondo (eps 104-358) Produced by Yoshikazu Beniya (TV Tokyo) Norio Yamakawa (TV Tokyo) Aya Yoshino (TV Tokyo) Naoki Sasada (NAS) Teruaki Jitsumatsu (NAS) Kazuhiro Asou (NAS) Tomoko Takahashi (NAS) Chieo Ohashi (Sunrise) Masayuki Ozaki (Sunrise) Written by Mamiko Ikeda (eps 1-103) Masahiro Yokotani (eps 104-358) Music by Saeko Suzuki Studio Sunrise Licensed by NA Funimation Original network Animax TV Tokyo English network SEA Animax Asia Original run April 3, 2004 – April 3, 2011 Episodes 358 (List of episodes) Films Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie (2006) Chō Gekijōban Keroro Gunsō 2: Shinkai no Princess de Arimasu! (2007) Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 3: Keroro vs. Keroro Great Sky Duel (2008) Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie: Crushing Invasion, Dragon Warriors (2009) Keroro Gunso the Super Movie: Creation! 
King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. On the promise of French military help and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.[27] In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to Dumbarton Castle.[28] The English left a trail of devastation behind them once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington. In June, the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. 
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. 
Return to Scotland 
Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. Mary was queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560. 
Mary was grief-stricken.[57] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne.[58] Mary returned to Scotland nine months later, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561.[59] Having lived in France since the age of five, Mary had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland.[60] As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England.[61] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions, and Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants.[62] The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, and dressing too elaborately.[63] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him unsuccessfully, and later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.[64] 
Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. 
With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics, cladistics, and systematics, the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms, both living and extinct. 
The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source, but the core of the discipline remains: the conception, naming, and classification of groups of organisms.[1] As points of reference, recent definitions of taxonomy are presented below: 
The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England (which included Wales) and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I, bringing about the "Union of the Crowns". 
By special type or property 
By status or cultural sphere of influence 
List of lingua francas List of official languages List of official languages by state List of official languages by institution List of the largest languages without official status (major linguistic minorities, several million speakers) Languages used on the Internet (includes a list of the 30 or so languages with the most prevalence online) List of mutually intelligible languages 
List of creole languages List of mixed languages List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages List of English-based pidgins List of sign languages List of sign languages by number of native signers List of constructed languages 
List of language self-study programs List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States List of linguists List of shorthand systems List of writing systems Lists of dialects and varieties Lists of computer languages Lists of programming languages List of ontology languages List of modeling languages List of markup languages 
Languages of Africa Indigenous languages of the Americas List of Native American languages acquired by children Languages of North America Languages of South America Languages of Asia East Asian languages Languages of South Asia Languages of Southeast Asia Languages of Europe Languages of Oceania 
States and union territories of India by the most commonly spoken (L1) first language.[1][lower-alpha 1] 
India is home to several hundred languages. Most Indians speak a language belonging to the families of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European (c. 77%), the Dravidian (c. 
Ordered by number of speakers as first language. 
More than one million speakers 
The 2001 census recorded 29 individual languages as having more than 1 million native speakers (0.1% of total population). The languages in bold are scheduled languages (the only scheduled language with less than 1 million native speakers is Sanskrit). The first table is restricted to only speaking populations for scheduled languages. 
100,000 to one million speakers 
List of mother tongues by number of speakers 
Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of the "Hindi Belt".[2] According to 2001 Census, 53.6% of the Indian population declared that they speak Hindi as either their first or second language, in which 41% of them have declared it as their native language or mother tongue.[3][4][5] 12% of Indians declared that they can speak English as a second language.[6] 
Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution". Scheduled languages spoken by fewer than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.63%), Kashmiri (0.54%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Konkani (0.24%), Dogri (0.22%), Meitei (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%) and Sanskrit (In the 2001 census of India, only 14,135 people reported Sanskrit as their native language).[7] The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Khandeshi (0.21%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.10%). 
Of the Indian population in 1991, 19.4% exhibited bilingualism and 7.2% exhibited trilingualism. 
As per the 2011 Census of India, languages by highest number of speakers are as follows: Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati, Urdu, Kannada, Odia, Malayalam.[9][10] 
List of languages by number of native speakers 
Table: Population ordered by number of native speakers Rank Language 1991 census of India[13] (total: 838,583,988) 2001 census of India[14] (total: 1,028,610,328) 2011 Census of India[15][16] (total: 1,210,854,977)[17] Encarta 2007 estimate[18] Worldwide total Speakers Percentage Speakers Percentage Speakers Percentage Speakers 1 Hindi[lower-alpha 1] 329,518,087 39.29% 422,048,642 41.1% 528,347,193 43.63% 366 million 2 Bengali 69,595,738 8.30% 83,369,769 8.11% 97,237,669 8.03% 207 million 3 Marathi 62,481,681 7.45% 71,936,894 6.99% 83,026,680 6.86% 68.0 million 4 Telugu 66,017,615 7.87% 74,002,856 7.19% 81,127,740 6.70% 69.7 million 5 Tamil 53,006,368 6.32% 60,793,814 5.91% 69,026,881 5.70% 66.0 million 6 Gujarati 40,673,814 4.85% 46,091,617 4.48% 55,492,554 4.58% 46.1 million 7 Urdu 43,406,932 5.18% 51,536,111 5.01% 50,772,631 4.19% 60.3 million 8 Kannada 32,753,676 3.91% 37,924,011 3.69% 43,706,512 3.61% 35.3 million 9 Odia 28,061,313 3.35% 33,017,446 3.21% 37,521,324 3.10% 32.3 million 10 Malayalam 30,377,176 3.62% 33,066,392 3.21% 34,838,819 2.88% 35.7 million 11 Punjabi 23,378,744 2.79% 29,102,477 2.83% 33,124,726 2.74% 57.1 million 12 Assamese 13,079,696 1.56% 13,168,484 1.28% 15,311,351 1.26% 15.4 million 13 Maithili 7,766,921 0.926% 12,179,122 1.18% 13,583,464 1.12% 24.2 million 14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957 0.93% 10,413,637 0.86% 15 Santali 5,216,325 0.622% 6,469,600 0.63% 7,368,192 0.61% 16 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.54% 6,797,587 0.56% 17 Gondi 2,713,790 0.26% 2,984,453 0.25% 18 Nepali 2,076,645 0.248% 2,871,749 0.28% 2,926,168 0.24% 16.1 million 19 Sindhi 2,122,848 0.253% 2,535,485 0.25% 2,772,264 0.23% 19.7 million 20 Dogri 2,282,589 0.22% 2,596,767 0.21% 21 Konkani 1,760,607 0.210% 2,489,015 0.24% 2,256,502 0.19% 22 Kurukh 1,751,489 0.17% 1,988,350 0.16% 23 Khandeshi 2,075,258 0.21% 1,860,236 0.15% 24 Tulu 1,722,768 0.17% 1,846,427 0.15% 25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,270,216 0.151% 1,466,705* 0.14% 1,761,079 0.15% 26 Bodo 1,221,881 0.146% 1,350,478 0.13% 1,482,929 0.12% 27 Khasi 1,128,575 0.11% 1,431,344 0.12% 28 Ho 1,042,724 0.101% 1,421,418 0.12% 29 Garo 1,061,352 0.103% 1,145,323 0.09% 30 Mundari 889,479 0.086% 1,128,228 0.09% 31 Tripuri 854,023 0.083% 1,011,294 0.08% 
Mother tongues with more than one million speakers Rank Mother tongue 2011 census Included in language Speakers Percentage 1 Hindi 322,200,000 26.6% 2 Bengali 96,180,000 7.94% 3 Marathi 82,800,000 6.84% 4 Telugu 80,910,000 6.68% 5 Tamil 68,890,000 5.69% 6 Gujarati 55,040,000 4.55% 7 Urdu 50,730,000 4.19% 8 Bhojpuri 50,580,000 4.18% Hindi 9 Kannada 43,510,000 3.59% 10 Malayalam 34,780,000 2.87% 11 Odia 34,060,000 2.81% 12 Punjabi 31,140,000 2.57% 13 Rajasthani 25,810,000 2.13% Hindi 14 Chhattisgarhi 16,250,000 1.34% Hindi 15 Assamese 14,820,000 1.22% 16 Maithili 13,350,000 1.10% 17 Magadhi/Magahi 12,710,000 1.05% Hindi 18 Haryanvi 9,807,000 0.810% Hindi 19 Khortha/Khotta 8,039,000 0.664% Hindi 20 Marwari 7,832,000 0.647% Hindi 21 Santali 6,973,000 0.576% 22 Kashmiri 6,554,000 0.541% 23 Bundeli/Bundel khandi 5,626,000 0.465% Hindi 24 Malvi 5,213,000 0.430% Hindi 25 Sadan/Sadri 4,346,000 0.359% Hindi 26 Mewari 4,212,000 0.348% Hindi 27 Awadhi 3,851,000 0.318% Hindi 28 Wagdi 3,394,000 0.280% Bhili/Bhilodi 29 Lamani/Lambadi 3,277,000 0.271% Hindi 30 Pahari[lower-alpha 3] 3,254,000 0.269% Hindi 31 Bhili/Bhilodi 3,207,000 0.265% 32 Hara/Harauti 2,944,000 0.243% Hindi 33 Nepali 2,926,000 0.242% 34 Gondi 2,857,000 0.236% 35 Bagheli/Baghel Khandi 2,679,000 0.221% Hindi 36 Sambalpuri 2,630,000 0.217% Odia 37 Dogri 2,597,000 0.214% 38 Garhwali 2,482,000 0.205% Hindi 39 Nimadi 2,309,000 0.191% Hindi 40 Surjapuri 2,256,000 0.186% Hindi 41 Konkani 2,147,000 0.177% 42 Kumauni 2,081,000 0.172% Hindi 43 Kurukh/Oraon 1,977,000 0.163% 44 Tulu 1,842,000 0.152% 45 Manipuri 1,761,000 0.145% 46 Surgujia 1,738,000 0.144% Hindi 47 Sindhi 1,679,000 0.139% 48 Bagri 1,657,000 0.137% Punjabi 49 Ahirani 1,636,000 0.135% Khandeshi 50 Banjari 1,581,000 0.131% Hindi 51 Brajbhasha 1,556,000 0.129% Hindi 52 Dhundhari 1,476,000 0.122% Hindi 53 Bodo/Boro 1,455,000 0.120% Bodo 54 Ho 1,411,000 0.117% 55 Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar 1,228,000 0.101% Hindi 56 Mundari 1,128,000 0.093% 57 Garo 1,125,000 0.093% 58 Kangri 1,117,000 0.092% Hindi 59 Khasi 1,038,000 0.086% 60 Kachchhi 1,031,000 0.085% Sindhi 
However, all such rankings should be used with caution, because it is not possible to devise a coherent set of linguistic criteria for distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum.[1] For example, a language is often defined as a set of varieties that are mutually intelligible, but independent national standard languages may be considered to be separate languages even though they are largely mutually intelligible, as in the case of Danish and Norwegian.[2] Conversely, many commonly accepted languages, including German, Italian and even English, encompass varieties that are not mutually intelligible.[1] While Arabic is sometimes considered a single language centred on Modern Standard Arabic, other authors describe its mutually unintelligible varieties as separate languages.[3] Similarly, Chinese is sometimes viewed as a single language because of a shared culture and common literary language.[4] It is also common to describe various Chinese dialect groups, such as Mandarin, Wu and Yue, as languages, even though each of these groups contains many mutually unintelligible varieties.[5] 
Top languages by population 
Ethnologue (2019, 22nd edition) 
The following languages are listed as having at least 10 million first language speakers in the 2019 edition of Ethnologue, a language reference published by SIL International, which is based in the United States.[7] 
Nationalencyklopedin (2010) 
Hokkien and Teochew) 47 0.71% 29 Persian 45 0.68% 30 Polish 40 0.61% 31 Pashto 39 0.58% 32 Kannada 38 0.58% 33 Xiang 38 0.58% 34 Malayalam 38 0.57% 35 Sundanese 38 0.57% 36 Hausa 34 0.52% 37 Odia (Oriya) 33 0.50% 38 Burmese 33 0.50% 39 Hakka 31 0.46% 40 Ukrainian 30 0.46% 41 Bhojpuri 29[lower-alpha 2] 0.43% 42 Tagalog (Filipino) 28 0.42% 43 Yoruba 28 0.42% 44 Maithili 27[lower-alpha 2] 0.41% 45 Uzbek 26 0.39% 46 Sindhi 26 0.39% 47 Amharic 25 0.37% 48 Fula 24 0.37% 49 Romanian 24 0.37% 50 Oromo 24 0.36% 51 Igbo 24 0.36% 52 Azerbaijani 23 0.34% 53 Awadhi 22[lower-alpha 2] 0.33% 54 Gan 22 0.33% 55 Cebuano (Visayan) 21 0.32% 56 Dutch 21 0.32% 57 Kurdish 21 0.31% 58 Serbo-Croatian 19 0.28% 59 Malagasy 18 0.28% 60 Saraiki 17[lower-alpha 3] 0.26% 61 Nepali 17 0.25% 62 Sinhala 16 0.25% 63 Chittagonian 16 0.24% 64 Zhuang 16 0.24% 65 Khmer 16 0.24% 66 Turkmen 16 0.24% 67 Assamese 15 0.23% 68 Madurese 15 0.23% 69 Somali 15 0.22% 70 Marwari 14[lower-alpha 2] 0.21% 71 Magahi 14[lower-alpha 2] 0.21% 72 Haryanvi 14[lower-alpha 2] 0.21% 73 Hungarian 13 0.19% 74 Chhattisgarhi 12[lower-alpha 2] 0.19% 75 Greek 12 0.18% 76 Chewa 12 0.17% 77 Deccan 11 0.17% 78 Akan 11 0.17% 79 Kazakh 11 0.17% 80 Northern Min[disputed ] 10.9 0.16% 81 Sylheti 10.7 0.16% 82 Zulu 10.4 0.16% 83 Czech 10.0 0.15% 84 Kinyarwanda 9.8 0.15% 85 Dhundhari 9.6[lower-alpha 2] 0.15% 86 Haitian Creole 9.6 0.15% 87 Eastern Min (inc. 
Languages with at least 10 million first-language speakers[1] Rank Language Speakers (millions) % of the World population (March 2019)[8] Language family Branch 1 Mandarin Chinese 918 11.922 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 2 Spanish 480 5.994 Indo-European Romance 3 English 379 4.922 Indo-European Germanic 4 Hindi (Sanskritised Hindustani)[9] 341 4.429 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 5 Bengali 228 2.961 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 6 Portuguese 221 2.870 Indo-European Romance 7 Russian 154 2.000 Indo-European Balto-Slavic 8 Japanese 128 1.662 Japonic Japanese 9 Western Punjabi[10] 92.7 1.204 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 10 Marathi 83.1 1.079 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 11 Telugu 82.0 1.065 Dravidian South-Central 12 Wu Chinese 81.4 1.057 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 13 Turkish 79.4 1.031 Turkic Oghuz 14 Korean 77.3 1.004 Koreanic language isolate 15 French 77.2 1.003 Indo-European Romance 16 German 76.1 0.988 Indo-European Germanic 17 Vietnamese 76.0 0.987 Austroasiatic Vietic 18 Tamil 75.0 0.974 Dravidian South 19 Yue Chinese 73.1 0.949 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 20 Urdu (Persianised Hindustani)[9] 68.6 0.891 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 21 Javanese 68.3 0.887 Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian 22 Italian 64.8 0.842 Indo-European Romance 23 Egyptian Arabic 64.6 0.839 Afroasiatic Semitic 24 Gujarati 56.4 0.732 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 25 Iranian Persian 52.8 0.686 Indo-European Iranian 26 Bhojpuri 52.2 0.678 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 27 Min Nan Chinese 50.1 0.651 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 28 Hakka Chinese 48.2 0.626 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 29 Jin Chinese 46.9 0.609 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 30 Hausa 43.9 0.570 Afroasiatic Chadic 31 Kannada 43.6 0.566 Dravidian South 32 Indonesian (Indonesian Malay) 43.4 0.564 Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian 33 Polish 39.7 0.516 Indo-European Balto-Slavic 34 Yoruba 37.8 0.491 Niger–Congo Volta–Niger 35 Xiang Chinese 37.3 0.484 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 36 Malayalam 37.1 0.482 Dravidian South 37 Odia 34.5 0.448 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 38 Maithili 33.9 0.440 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 39 Burmese 32.9 0.427 Sino-Tibetan Lolo-Burmese 40 Eastern Punjabi[10] 32.6 0.423 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 41 Sunda 32.4 0.421 Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian 42 Sudanese Arabic 31.9 0.414 Afroasiatic Semitic 43 Algerian Arabic 29.4 0.382 Afroasiatic Semitic 44 Moroccan Arabic 27.5 0.357 Afroasiatic Semitic 45 Ukrainian 27.3 0.355 Indo-European Balto-Slavic 46 Igbo 27.0 0.351 Niger–Congo Volta–Niger 47 Northern Uzbek 25.1 0.326 Turkic Karluk 48 Sindhi 24.6 0.319 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 49 North Levantine Arabic 24.6 0.319 Afroasiatic Semitic 50 Romanian 24.3 0.316 Indo-European Romance 51 Tagalog 23.6 0.306 Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian 52 Dutch 23.1 0.300 Indo-European Germanic 53 Saʽidi Arabic 22.4 0.291 Afroasiatic Semitic 54 Gan Chinese 22.1 0.287 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 55 Amharic 21.9 0.284 Afroasiatic Semitic 56 Northern Pashto 20.9 0.271 Indo-European Iranian 57 Magahi 20.7 0.269 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 58 Thai 20.7 0.269 Kra–Dai Tai 59 Saraiki 20.0 0.260 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 60 Khmer 16.6 0.216 Austroasiatic Khmer 61 Chhattisgarhi 16.3 0.212 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 62 Somali 16.2 0.210 Afroasiatic Cushitic 63 Malay (Malaysian Malay) 16.1 0.209 Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian 64 Cebuano 15.9 0.206 Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian 65 Nepali 15.8 0.205 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 66 Mesopotamian Arabic 15.7 0.204 Afroasiatic Semitic 67 Assamese 15.3 0.199 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 68 Sinhalese 15.3 0.199 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 69 Northern Kurdish 14.6 0.190 Indo-European Iranian 70 Hejazi Arabic 14.5 0.188 Afroasiatic Semitic 71 Nigerian Fulfulde 14.5 0.188 Niger–Congo Senegambian 72 Bavarian 14.1 0.183 Indo-European Germanic 73 South Azerbaijani 13.8 0.179 Turkic Oghuz 74 Greek 13.1 0.170 Indo-European Hellenic 75 Chittagonian 13.0 0.169 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 76 Kazakh 12.9 0.168 Turkic Kipchak 77 Deccan 12.8 0.166 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 78 Hungarian 12.6 0.164 Uralic Ugric 79 Kinyarwanda 12.1 0.157 Niger–Congo Bantu 80 Zulu 12.1 0.157 Niger–Congo Bantu 81 South Levantine Arabic 11.6 0.151 Afroasiatic Semitic 82 Tunisian Arabic 11.6 0.151 Afroasiatic Semitic 83 Sanaani Spoken Arabic 11.4 0.148 Afroasiatic Semitic 84 Min Bei Chinese 11.0 0.143 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 85 Southern Pashto 10.9 0.142 Indo-European Iranian 86 Rundi 10.8 0.140 Niger–Congo Bantu 87 Czech 10.7 0.139 Indo-European Balto-Slavic 88 Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic 10.5 0.136 Afroasiatic Semitic 89 Uyghur 10.4 0.135 Turkic Karluk 90 Min Dong Chinese 10.3 0.134 Sino-Tibetan Sinitic 91 Sylheti 10.3 0.134 Indo-European Indo-Aryan 
The Thai script (Thai: อักษรไทย; RTGS: akson thai) is the abugida used to write Thai, Southern Thai and many other languages spoken in Thailand. The Thai alphabet itself (as used to write Thai) has 44 consonant symbols (Thai: พยัญชนะ, phayanchana), 15 vowel symbols (Thai: สระ, sara) that combine into at least 28 vowel forms, and four tone diacritics (Thai: วรรณยุกต์ or วรรณยุต, wannayuk or wannayut) to create characters mostly representing syllables. 
Orthography 
Voiced lla 
Nikkhahit (anusvāra) 
At the time the Thai script was created, the language had three tones and a full set of contrasts between voiced and unvoiced consonants at the beginning of a syllable (e.g. b d g l m n vs. p t k hl hm hn). At a later time, the voicing distinction disappeared, but in the process, each of the three original tones split in two, with an originally voiced consonant (the modern "low" consonant signs) producing a lower-variant tone, and an originally unvoiced consonant (the modern "mid" and "high" consonant signs) producing a higher-variant tone. Thai borrowed a large number of words from Sanskrit and Pali, and the Thai alphabet was created so that the original spelling of these words could be preserved as much as possible. 
Although commonly referred to as the "Thai alphabet", the script is in fact not a true alphabet but an abugida, a writing system in which the full characters represent consonants with diacritical marks for vowels; the absence of a vowel diacritic gives an implied 'a' or 'o'. Consonants are written horizontally from left to right, with vowels arranged above, below, to the left, or to the right of the corresponding consonant, or in a combination of positions. 
There are 44 consonant letters representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants either correspond to sounds that existed in Old Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exist (in particular, voiced obstruents such as b d g v z), or different Sanskrit and Pali consonants pronounced identically in Thai. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combination characters not included in the tally of 44. 
Two of the consonants, ฃ (kho khuat) and ฅ (kho khon), are no longer used in written Thai, but still appear on many keyboards and in character sets. When the first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus two had to be left out.[3] Also, neither of these two letters correspond to a Sanskrit or Pali letter, and each of them, being a modified form of the letter that precedes it (compare ข and ค), has the same pronunciation and the same consonant class as the preceding letter (somewhat like the European long s). This makes them redundant. 
Thai is considered to be the first script in the world that invented tone markers to indicate distinctive tones,[1] which are lacking in the Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic languages) and Indo-Aryan languages from which its script is derived. Although Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages have distinctive tones in their phonological system, no tone marker is found in their orthographies. Thus, tone markers are an innovation in the Thai language that later influenced other related Tai languages and some Tibeto-Burman languages on the Southeast Asian mainland. 
Thai (along with its sister system, Lao) lacks conjunct consonants and independent vowels, while both designs are common among Brahmic scripts (e.g., Burmese and Balinese).[2] In scripts with conjunct consonants, each consonant has two forms: base and conjoined. Consonant clusters are represented with the two styles of consonants. The two styles may form typographical ligatures, as in Devanagari. 
Thai tradition attributes the creation of the script to King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) in 1283, though this has been challenged. 
Voiced h 
A kneeling girl (furthest left) carries as ornamental kundaung. 
Kundaung (Burmese: ကွမ်းတောင်, Burmese pronunciation: [kʊ́ɴdàʊɴ];"betel leaf holder") is an offertory commonly carried in Burmese celebrations, such as shinbyu (novitiation) and ear-boring procession ceremonies.[1][2] The bearers are known as kundaungkaing (ကွမ်းတောင်ကိုင်), which has the figurative meaning of "village belle."[3] The modern kundaung is typically made as an ornamental tray with leaf-like protrusions, gilt with lacquer, goldleaf, or glass mosaic.[4][5] 
In Upper Myanmar, several localities, including Butalin Township in Sagaing Region,[6] have preserved a tradition to make elaborate multi-tiered kundaung, variously known as phetsein kundaung (ဖက်စိမ်းကွမ်းတောင်), myaphet kundaung (မြဖက်ကွမ်းတောင်), or myasein kundaung (မြစိမ်းကွမ်းတောင်), from tender banana leaves, flowers, and other ornamental plants, resembling a spired pagoda.[7] These floral arrangements are similar to Thai and Laotian offertories, variously called krathong (กระทง), baisri (บายศรี) and pha khwan (ພາ​ຂວັນ​). This traditional craft is disappearing.[8] Only virgin maidens whose mother and father are alive,[4] are specially selected to carry these kundaung for such processions. Burmese writer Khin Khin Htoo has featured the phetsein kundaung as the title of her short story collection, Phet Sein Kun Taung Shwe Wuttu-To Mya, as well as her novel Ma Ein Kan (မအိမ်ကံ). 
References 
The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on October 2, 1835, between rebellious Texian settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers. 
In 1831, Mexican authorities lent the settlers of Gonzales a small cannon to help protect them from frequent Comanche raids. Over the next four years, the political situation in Mexico deteriorated, and in 1835 several states revolted. As the unrest spread, Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea, the commander of all Mexican troops in Texas, felt it unwise to leave the residents of Gonzales with a weapon and requested the return of the cannon. 
When the initial request was refused, Ugartechea sent 100 dragoons to retrieve the cannon. The soldiers neared Gonzales on September 29, but the colonists used a variety of excuses to keep them from the town, while secretly sending messengers to request assistance from nearby communities. Within two days, up to 140 Texians gathered in Gonzales, all determined not to give up the cannon. 
Although the skirmish had little military significance, it marked a clear break between the colonists and the Mexican government and is considered to have been the start of the Texas Revolution. News of the skirmish spread throughout the United States, where it was often referred to as the "Lexington of Texas". The cannon's fate is disputed. 
Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3 , MgO etc.) and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to particle size and geometry as well as water content, and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing.[1][2][3] Depending on the soil's content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange-red. 
Grim Sleeper LAPD mug shot 1998 Born Lonnie David Franklin Jr. 
Crash Landing on You[3] (Korean: 사랑의 불시착; RR: Sarangui Bulsichak; lit. Love's Emergency Landing) is a South Korean television series directed by Lee Jeong-hyo and featuring Hyun Bin, Son Ye-jin, Kim Jung-hyun, and Seo Ji-hye. It is about a South Korean woman who accidentally crash-lands in North Korea. It aired on tvN in South Korea and on Netflix worldwide from December 14, 2019 to February 16, 2020. 
Crash Landing on You tells the story of two star crossed lovers, Yoon Se-ri (Son Ye-jin), a South Korean Chaebol heiress, and Ri Jeong-hyuk (Hyun Bin), a member of the North Korean elite (who also happens to be an army officer). One day while Yoon Se-ri goes for a short paragliding ride in Seoul, South Korea, a sudden tornado knocks her out and blows her off course. She awakens to find herself in a forest in the DMZ in North Korea (a forbidden area for South Koreans). 
Mara is a Kuki-Chin language spoken by Mara people, mostly Tlosaih tribe living in 30 villages of Chhimtuipui district, southern Mizoram, India and the adjacent villages in Burma. 
The plural form of a noun is formed by affixing one of the following terms to the end of the noun: 
zy (zeu) zydua (zeu-dua) nawh sahlao (sha-hlawh) 
Words inside bracket were how a foreign author N.E. Parry (1937) wrote according to his understanding of the sound. But now the Maras have their own alphabet and the correct usages are put up there. 
Interrogative words in Mara 
What : Khâpa, Khâpa e, Khâpa maw Where : Khataih lâ, Khataih liata How : kheihta, kheihawhta, Khatluta, Kheihta maw How much? : Khazie? How long? : Khachâ e, Khachâ maw? When : Khatita, khatita e, Khâpa nota, nota, tita, nahta, pata, Conj. thlaita, khati nota Why : Khazia, Khazia-e, Khazia maw, Khâpa vâta Why not : Khazia a châ vei chheih aw Whose : Kheihawhpa, Kheihawhpa he, Kheihawhpa-e, Kheihawhpa maw, ahy he maw Which : Kheihawhpa, Kheihawhpa he, Kheihawhpa-e, Kheihawhpa maw, ahy he maw Friend : Viasa Male Friend : Viasa Paw Female Friend: Viasa Nô Walk/Go : Sie (Phei ta Sie) Run : Arâ, â râ Sleep : Amô, Azia, Apazawh, â mô, â zia, â pazawh See : Mo, hmô Sit : Â tyuh, atyuh Stand : Â duah, aduah Jump : Â pathluah, apathluah Hit : Â chô, achô Eat : Nie Drink : Doh 
Pronouns 
1st person-keima or kei I 2nd person-nâma or na You 3rd person-ano or a or ama' He,She,It 
Singular Keima, ei - my. keima eih, kei eih - mine. Nâma, na - Thy(You) Nâma eih, na eih - Thine(Yours) Ama, a - Him, Her, It. Ama eih, a eih - His, Hers, Its. 
Nâmo - Your.` Ahyrai - Any one. Ahy tlyma - Some one, a certain one. A tlâhpi - Some . . . others. 
Demographics 
Population: 56,574 in Siaha district,India (2011), 37,000 in Burma (2007). Region: Siaha District, Mizoram (India), Indo-Burma Border Alternate names: Lakher, Mara, Maram, Mira, Zao, Shendu, Khawngsai,Khyeng. Languages: Tlôsaih, Sizo(Chapi/Saby/Ngiaphia), Hlaipao(Vahapi, Lelai and Heima), Lyvaw(Nohro & Notlia), 
Lochei, Zophei(Ahnai/Vytu, Bawipa and Asah/Leita), Senthang(Khuapi/Saitha), Lautu(Awhsa/Kahno) & Saté 
Tribes: Zophei, Zotung, Lautu, Senthang, Tlosai, Hlaipao and HawThai 
Mara Alphabet (capital letters): A, AW, Y, B, CH, D, E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, Ô, P, R, S, T, U, V, Z Mara Alphabet (small letters):a, aw, y, b, ch, d, e, f, h, i, k, l, m, n, ng, o, ô, p, r, s, t, u, v, z Mara diphthongs:ao, yu, ai, ei, ia, ie, ua 
Chan Mah Phee (Chinese: 曾廣庇; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chan Kóng-pì; born in Amoy, China) was a Hoklo Chinese businessman, land-owner, investor and philanthropist who founded numerous successful ventures in Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma in 1800s and 1900s. 
References 
Early life 
Chan was born in Amoy, Fujian, China in the nineteenth century to his father Chan Ee Shin. In 1870, Chan migrated to Singapore before ultimately moving to Rangoon in 1872. 
Rangoon 
Chan Mah Phee founded his most successful business Taik Leong Co. in Rangoon in 1883. The company dealt primarily in oil, rice and tobacco. Chan Mah Phee was also a director of The Chinese Steamship Co., Limited.[1] Chan was the largest Chinese land owner and most important Chinese rice-dealer in Burma.[2] In a Rangoon where communities remained voluntarily segregated down ethnic lines, he managed to be a prominent figure in Rangoon with many connections which extended far beyond the municipality's Chinese community. 
They also offered Satu-ditha at the Tabaung Festival. They also donated to build Hwa Kyone High School (later known as No 3 Regional College / Kyimyindine Campus, Rangoon University). They built Chan Mah Phee hospital in Ahlon where a street was named in his honor. 
Closeup of a U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey marker 
Marker for triangulation station, indicated by triangle in center 
Survey markers were often placed as part of triangulation surveys, measurement efforts that moved systematically across states or regions, establishing the angles and distances between various points. Such surveys laid the basis for map-making across the world. 
For example, in triangulation surveys, the primary point identified was called the triangulation station, or the "main station". It was often marked by a "station disk" (see upper photo at left), a brass disk with a triangle inscribed on its surface and an impressed mark that indicated the precise point over which a surveyor's plumb-bob should be dropped to assure a precise location over it. A triangulation station was often surrounded by several (usually three) reference marks (see second photo at left),[5] each of which bore an arrow that pointed back towards the main station. 
Some old station marks were buried several feet down (to protect them from being struck by ploughs). Occasionally, these buried marks had surface marks set directly above them.[6] 
Database 
In the U.S., survey marks that meet certain standards for accuracy are part of a national database that is maintained by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS).[7] Each station mark in the database has a PID (Permanent IDentifier), a unique 6-character code that can be used to call up a datasheet describing that station.[8] The NGS has a web-based form[9] that can be used to access any datasheet, if the station's PID is known. Alternatively, datasheets can be called up by station name.[10] 
Estimated coordinates are termed "scaled" and have usually been set by locating the point on a map and reading off its latitude and longitude. Scaled coordinates can be as much as several thousand feet distant from the true positions of their marks. In the U.S., some survey markers have the latitude and longitude of the station mark, a listing of any reference marks (with their distance and bearing from the station mark), and a narrative (which is updated over the years) describing other reference features (e.g., buildings, roadways, trees, or fire hydrants) and the distance and/or direction of these features from the marks, and giving a history of past efforts to recover (or re-find) these marks (including any resets of the marks, or evidence of their damage or destruction). 
Current best practice for stability of new survey markers is to use a punch mark stamped in the top of a metal rod driven deep into the ground, surrounded by a grease filled sleeve, and covered with a hinged cap set in concrete.[11] 
Survey markers are now often used to set up a GPS receiver antenna in a known position for use in Differential GPS surveying.[12] 
Reference marker for triangulation station in upper photo 
Benchmark (surveying), a surveying mark used as a reference point in measuring altitudes Boundary marker Milestone 
A cotton spindle spike in Tel Aviv pavement, used as a marker for public area cadastral surveying. 
Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, survey benchmarks or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying. Informally, such marks are referred to as benchmarks,[1] although strictly speaking the term "benchmark" is reserved for marks that indicate elevation. 
All sorts of different objects, ranging from the familiar brass disks to liquor bottles, clay pots, and rock cairns, have been used over the years as survey markers.[2] Some truly monumental markers have been used to designate tripoints, or the meeting points of three or more countries. In the 19th century, these marks were often drill holes in rock ledges, crosses or triangles chiselled in rock, or copper or brass bolts sunk into bedrock. 
Today in the United States, the most common geodetic survey marks are cast metal disks with stamped legends on their face set in rock ledges, embedded in the tops of concrete pillars, or affixed to the tops of pipes that have been sunk into the ground. These marks are intended to be permanent, and disturbing them is generally prohibited by federal and state law.[3] 
Survey markers in Nagoya, Japan, which bear stylized images of shachihoko, are noted for their elaborate design.[4] 
The Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces form a historical building complex in Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, which has been listed as a UNESCO cultural World Heritage Site since 1984. The buildings are connected by the spacious gardens and trees of the Schlosspark. Augustusburg Palace (German: Schloss Augustusburg) and its parks also serve as a venue for the Brühl Palace Concerts. 
The palaces were built at the beginning of the 18th century by the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Clemens August of Bavaria of the Wittelsbach family. The architects were Johann Conrad Schlaun and François de Cuvilliés. The main block of Augustusburg Palace is a U-shaped building with three main storeys and two levels of attics. 
Falkenlust hunting lodge was designed by François de Cuvilliés and built from 1729 to 1740, in the style of the Amalienburg hunting lodge in the park of Nymphenburg Palace. 
From shortly after World War II until 1994, Augustusburg was used as a reception hall for guests of state by the German President, as it is not far from Bonn, which was the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany at that time. 
Schloss Augustusburg reflected in the park's basin The Western Facade of Schloss Augustusburg Falkenlust hunting lodge 
The gardens were designed by Dominique Girard. An elaborate flower garden for an area south of the palaces was also designed, but it was restructured by Peter Joseph Lenné in the 19th century and turned into a landscape garden. Attempts to renovate the area have proven difficult, due to poor source material availability. 
Lake Malawi National Park is a national park at the southern end of Lake Malawi in Malawi, Southeast Africa. It is the only national park in Malawi that was created with the purpose of protecting fish and aquatic habitats. Despite this being its main purpose, Lake Malawi National Park includes a fair amount of land, including a headland, the foreshore and several small rocky islands in Lake Malawi. 
Lake Malawi National Park was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, being of "global importance for biodiversity conservation due particularly to its fish diversity." This fish diversity is remarkable because the mbuna, as the cichlid fish are known locally, provide an outstanding example of evolution at work. Other attributes of the park include the outstanding natural beauty of the area with its craggy landscape contrasting with the clear waters of the lake. 
"Am I Not a Man and a Brother?", 1787 medallion designed by Josiah Wedgwood for the British anti-slavery campaign 
Collection box for Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, circa 1850 
King Charles I of Spain, usually known as Emperor Charles V, was following the example of Louis X of France, who had abolished slavery within the Kingdom of France in 1315. He passed a law which would have abolished colonial slavery in 1542, although this law was not passed in the largest colonial states, and it was not enforced as a result. In the late 17th century, the Roman Catholic Church officially condemned the slave trade in response to a plea by Lourenço da Silva de Mendouça, and it was also vehemently condemned by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839. 
The Somersett Case in 1772, in which a fugitive slave was freed with the judgement that slavery did not exist under English common law, helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery. Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, the colonies and emerging nations that used slave labor continued to do so: Dutch, French, British, Spanish and Portuguese territories in the West Indies, South America, and the Southern United States. After the American Revolution established the United States, northern states, beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by gradual emancipation. 
In 1787 the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in London. Revolutionary France abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1794, although it was restored in 1802 by Napoleon as part of a program to ensure sovereignty over its colonies. Haiti (then Santo Domingo) formally declared independence from France in 1804 and brought an end to slavery in its territory. 
In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the Roma in Wallachia and Moldavia, and to emancipate the serfs in Russia. Slavery was declared illegal in 1948 under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Mauritania was the last country to abolish slavery, with a presidential decree in 1981.[2] Today, child and adult slavery and forced labour are illegal in almost all countries, as well as being against international law, but a high rate of human trafficking for labour and for sexual bondage continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children. 
Aboriginal dwellings in Hermannsburg, Northern Territory, 1923. Image: Herbert Basedow 
Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, such as Tasmania, Fraser Island, Hinchinbrook Island, the Tiwi Islands and Groote Eylandt, but excluding the Torres Strait Islands. 
Aboriginal Australians comprise many distinct peoples who have developed across Australia for over 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self-identify as a single group. The definition of the term "Aboriginal" has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance. 
The term Indigenous Australians refers to Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders, and the term should only be used when both groups are included in the topic being addressed, or by self-identification by a person as Indigenous. (Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct, despite extensive cultural exchange with some of the Aboriginal groups, and the Torres Strait Islands are mostly part of Queensland but have a separate governmental status.) 
In the past, Aboriginal Australians lived over large sections of the continental shelf and were isolated on many of the smaller offshore islands and Tasmania when the land was inundated at the start of the Holocene inter-glacial period, about 11,700 years ago. Studies regarding the genetic makeup of Aboriginal groups are still ongoing, but evidence has suggested that they have genetic inheritance from ancient Asian but not more modern peoples, share some similarities with Papuans, but have been isolated from Southeast Asia for a very long time. Before extensive European settlement, there were over 250 Aboriginal languages. 
In the 2016 Australian Census, Indigenous Australians comprised 3.3% of Australia's population, with 91% of these identifying as Aboriginal only, 5% Torres Strait Islander, and 4% both. They also live throughout the world as part of the Australian diaspora. 
Most Aboriginal people speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure). 
Aboriginal Australians, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of health and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community. 
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans)[4] are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.[5][6] The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States.[7][8][6] 
African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US, after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans.[10] Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States.[11][12] On average, African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent, and some also have Native American ancestry.[13] According to U.S. Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities (≈95%).[14] Immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American, and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term.[9] 
African-American history starts in the 16th century, with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America, and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865.[15] Due to notions of white supremacy, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only, and only white men who owned property could vote.[16][17] These circumstances were changed by Reconstruction, development of the black community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, the elimination of racial segregation, and the civil rights movement which sought political and social freedom. 
The American Revolution was a colonial revolt which occurred between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) with the assistance of France, winning independence from Great Britain and establishing the United States of America. 
Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772, followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773. The British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony's rights of self-government. The other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts, and a group of American Patriot leaders set up their own government in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance of Britain; other colonists retained their allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories. 
Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress which assumed power from the former colonial governments, suppressed Loyalism, and recruited a Continental Army led by General George Washington. The Continental Congress declared King George a tyrant who trampled the colonists' rights as Englishmen, and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2, 1776. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, and they proclaimed that all men are created equal. 
The Patriots attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775–76 without success, expecting like-minded colonists in British Canada to rally to the cause. The newly created Continental Army forced the British military out of Boston in March 1776, but the British captured New York City and its strategic harbor that summer, which they held for the duration of the war. The Royal Navy blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but they failed to destroy Washington's forces. 
Among the significant results of the Revolution were American independence and friendly economic trade with Britain. The Americans adopted the United States Constitution, establishing a strong national government which included an elected executive, a national judiciary, and an elected bicameral Congress representing states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives.[1][2] Around 60,000 Loyalists migrated to other British territories, particularly to British North America (Canada), but the great majority remained in the United States. 
Assyrians (Syriac: ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ‎, ʾĀṯōrāyē; or ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē) are an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia, a region in the Middle East.[34][35][36] Some self-identify as Syriacs,[37] Arameans,[38] and Chaldeans.[39] Speakers of Neo-Aramaic branch of Semitic languages as well as the primary languages in their countries of residence,[40] modern Assyrians are Syriac Christians who claim descent from Assyria, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.[41] 
The tribal areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq (Nineveh Plains and Dohuk Governorate), southeastern Turkey (Hakkari and Tur Abdin), northwestern Iran (Urmia) and, more recently, northeastern Syria (Al-Hasakah Governorate).[42] The majority have migrated to other regions of the world, including North America, the Levant, Australia, Europe, Russia and the Caucasus during the past century. Emigration was triggered by events such as the Massacres of Diyarbakır, the Assyrian Genocide (concurrent with the Armenian and Greek Genocides) during World War I by the Ottoman Empire and allied Kurdish tribes, the Simele Massacre in Iraq in 1933, the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Arab Nationalist Ba'athist policies in Iraq and Syria, the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and its takeover of most of the Nineveh Plains.[43][44] 
Assyrians are predominantly Christian, mostly adhering to the East and West Syrian liturgical rites of Christianity.[45] The churches that constitute the East Syrian rite include the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, and Chaldean Catholic Church, whereas the churches of the West Syrian rite are the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church. Both rites use Classical Syriac as their liturgical language. 
Most recently, the post-2003 Iraq War and the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, have displaced much of the remaining Assyrian community from their homeland as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of Islamic extremists. Of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the United Nations to have fled Iraq since the occupation, nearly 40% were Assyrians even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war Iraqi demography.[46][47][48] According to a 2013 report by a Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council official, it is estimated that only 300,000 Assyrians remain in Iraq.[4] 
Because of the emergence of ISIL and the taking over of much of the Assyrian homeland by the terror group, another major wave of Assyrian displacement has taken place. ISIL was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the Khabour River Valley and the areas surrounding the city of Al-Hasakah in Syria by 2015, and from the Nineveh plains in Iraq by 2017. In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic Syrian Democratic Forces (see Khabour Guards and Sutoro) and Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. 
Zin Mar Aung (Burmese: ဇင်မာအောင်; born 14 June 1976) is a Burmese politician, activist, and former inmate who currently serves as a member of parliament in the House of Representatives for Yankin Township constituency.[3][4] 
External links 
Zin Mar Aung was born on 14 June 1976 in Rangoon, Myanmar. She graduated with botany subject from University of Distance Education, Yangon. 
Political career and movements 
She was detained and convicted before a military tribunal, which did not permit her to be represented by an attorney. Zin Mar Aung was sentenced to 28 years in prison. She spent 11 years as a political prisoner, nearly nine years of which was in solitary confinement.[5] In 2009, she was suddenly released from captivity[5] and she resumed her civil society activities, She created a cultural impact studies group to spread the idea that Asian culture and democracy are compatible, as well as a self-help association for female ex-political prisoners and Yangon School of Political Science.[2][6] 
former First Lay Michelle Obama, Zin Mar Aung and Hillary Clinton at the 2012 International Women of Courage Awards Ceremony 
The Rainfall group encourages greater women’s participation in public life and the Yangon School of Political Science educates young Burmese about politics and democracy. In 2012 she leads an organization to raise awareness of issues affecting ethnic minorities in conflict areas. At the time, she was recognized by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton as a recipient of the annual “International Women of Courage Award”.[1] As of 2013 she is working with the International Foundation for Electoral Systems on women’s political empowerment under the Global Women's Leadership Fund.[2][7][8] 
In the 2015 Myanmar general election, she contested the Yankin Township constituency for a seat in the Pyithu Hluttaw MP, the country's lower house.[9] 
References 
Thiri Yadanar (Burmese: သီရိရတနာ; born on 12 September 1979) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as a member of parliament in the House of Nationalities for Mon State № 12 constituency. She is a member of the National League for Democracy.[2][1] 
Thiri Yadanar was born in Bilin, Mon State on September 21, 1979. She graduated with B.A. (history) from Mawlamyine University.[1] Her former work is trader. 
She is a member of the National League for Democracy. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, she contested the Mon State № 12 constituency winning a majority of 34,527 votes, won a House of Nationalities seat.[1][3] 
References 
Wai Phyo Aung (Burmese: ဝေဖြိုးအောင်; born 15 May 1985) is a Burmese politician and medical doctor who currently serves as a member of parliament in the House of Representatives for Thaketa Township constituency. He is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1] 
Wai Phyo Aung was born on 15 May 1985 in Thaketa Township, Yangon Region. He graduated with M.B.B.S. from University of Medicine 2, Yangon in 2007. He is also a doctor and opened clinic in Yangon.[2] 
Political career 
He is a member of the National League for Democracy Party. In 2015 election, he was elected as a Pyithu Hluttaw MP for Thaketa Township parliamentary constituency. 
References 
Win Zaw (Burmese: ဝင်းဇော်; born 12 May 1982) is a Burmese politician and painter who currently serves as a House of Nationalities member of parliament for Kachin State № 7 constituency. He is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1] 
Win Zaw was born in Nantmon Village, Mohnyin Township, Kachin State on 12 May 1982. He graduated with B.A (Painting), PGDA-Painting from Mandalay University. He worked as a painter for his living.[1] 
Tun Lin (Burmese: ထွန်းလင်း , born 6 August 1948) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as a House of Nationalities member of parliament for Tanintharyi Region No. 3 constituency. He is a member of National League for Democracy.[2][3] 
Early life 
Tun was born on 6 August 1948 in Tanintharyi, Burma (Myanmar). He graduated B.Sc(Mats), M.Sc(Q), B.Ed.[1] 
Political career 
Tun was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP, winning a majority of 34,266 votes, from Tanintharyi Region № 3 parliamentary constituency.[1][1] 
References 
NASA Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a Manned Maneuvering Unit outside Space Shuttle Challenger on shuttle mission STS-41-B in 1984. 
An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists and tourists.[1][2] 
Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut. 
The Aztec Empire in 1519 
The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states (altepetl), some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427: Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco. 
Most ethnic groups of central Mexico in the post-classic period shared basic cultural traits of Mesoamerica, and so many of the traits that characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the notion of "Aztec civilization" is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization.[4] The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation, the social division between nobility (pipiltin) and commoners (macehualtin), a pantheon (featuring Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl), and the calendric system of a xiuhpohualli of 365 days intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan was the patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, and the ceramic ware known as Aztec I to IV.[5] 
The Mexica were late-comers to the Valley of Mexico, and founded the city-state of Tenochtitlan on unpromising islets in Lake Texcoco, later becoming the dominant power of the Aztec Triple Alliance or Aztec Empire. It was a tributary empire that expanded its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica in the late post-classic period. It originated in 1427 as an alliance between the city-states Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan; these allied to defeat the Tepanec state of Azcapotzalco, which had previously dominated the Basin of Mexico. 
With the destruction of the superstructure of the Aztec Empire in 1521, the Spanish utilized the city-states on which the Aztec Empire had been built, to rule the indigenous populations via their local nobles. Those nobles pledged loyalty to the Spanish crown and converted, at least nominally, to Christianity, and in return were recognized as nobles by the Spanish crown. Nobles acted as intermediaries to convey tribute and mobilize labor for their new overlords, facilitating the establishment of Spanish colonial rule.[8] 
Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City; from indigenous writings; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo; and especially from 16th- and 17th-century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous illustrated, bilingual (Spanish and Nahuatl), twelve-volume Florentine Codex created by the Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún, in collaboration with indigenous Aztec informants. Important for knowledge of post-conquest Nahuas was the training of indigenous scribes to write alphabetic texts in Nahuatl, mainly for local purposes under Spanish colonial rule. At its height, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as achieving remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. 
The Baltic states (Estonian: Balti riigid, Baltimaad; Latvian: Baltijas valstis; Lithuanian: Baltijos valstybės), also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations, or simply the Baltics, is a geopolitical term, typically used to group the three sovereign states in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The term is not used in the context of cultural areas, national identity, or language, because while the majority of people in Latvia and Lithuania are Baltic people, the majority in Estonia are Finnic. The three countries do not form an official union, but engage in intergovernmental and parliamentary cooperation.[1] The most important areas of cooperation between the three countries are foreign and security policy, defence, energy, and transportation.[2] 
All three countries are members of NATO, the eurozone, and the OECD, and are members of the European Union. From 2020, Estonia will also be a member of the United Nations Security Council. All three are classified as high-income economies by the World Bank and maintain a very high Human Development Index.[1] 
19th century portrayal of the Huns as barbarians. 
The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by some to be less civilized or orderly (such as a tribal society) but may also be part of a certain "primitive" cultural group (such as nomads) or social class (such as bandits) both within and outside one's own nation. Alternatively, they may instead be admired and romanticised as noble savages. In idiomatic or figurative usage, a "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to a brutal, cruel, warlike, and insensitive person.[1] 
The term originates from the Greek: βάρβαρος (barbaros pl. βάρβαροι barbaroi). In Ancient Greece, the Greeks used the term towards those who did not speak Greek and follow classical Greek customs.[2] In Ancient Rome, the Romans used the term towards tribal non-Romans such as the Germanics, Celts, Gauls, Iberians, Thracians, Illyrians, Berbers, and Sarmatians. In the early modern period and sometimes later, the Byzantine Greeks used it for the Turks in a clearly pejorative manner.[3][4] 
Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a Catholic cathedral in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne and of the administration of the Archdiocese of Cologne. It is a renowned monument of German Catholicism and Gothic architecture and was declared a World Heritage Site[3] in 1996.[4] It is Germany's most visited landmark, attracting an average of 20,000 people a day.[5] At 157 m (515 ft), the cathedral is currently the tallest twin-spired church in the world, the second tallest church in Europe after Ulm Minster, and the third tallest church in the world.[6] 
Khin Htay Kywe (Burmese: ခင်ဌေးကြွယ်, pronounced [kʰɪ̀ɴ tʰé tɕwɛ̀]) is a Burmese politician and former political prisoner, and currently serves as Mon State Hluttaw MP for Chaungzon Township.[1] In the 1990 Burmese general election, she was elected as an Pyithu Hluttaw MP, winning a majority of 18,307 (80% of the votes), but was never allowed to assume her seat.[2] 
She attended the State High School No. 3 Tamwe and graduated from the Rangoon Arts and Science University in 1970 with a BS degree in zoology.[1] In 1978, she became a lawyer.[2] 
References 
Khin Ma Gyi (Burmese: ခင်မကြီး , born 25 April 1952) is a Burmese politician and physician currently serves as a Amyotha Hluttaw MP for Kachin State No. 8 constituency. She is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1][2] 
She was born on 25 April 1952 in Monywa, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. She graduated with M.B.B.S. from University of Medicine, Mandalay.[1] 
Political career 
She is a member of the National League for Democracy. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, she was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP, winning a majority 25580 vote and elected representative from Kachin State No. 8 parliamentary constituency.[3] 
References 
Khin Maung Myint also Maung Cho (Burmese: ခင်မောင်မြင့်; born 28 December 1951) is a Burmese politician currently serves as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP for Kachin State No. 9 constituency. He is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1][2] 
He was born on 28 December 1951 in Katha, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. His previous job is jade trading.[1] 
Political career 
He is a member of the National League for Democracy. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, he was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP, winning a majority of 30825 votes and elected representative from Kachin State No. 9 parliamentary constituency.[3] 
References 
Zun Than Sin (Burmese: ဇွန်သံစဉ်; born 26 June 1995) is a Burmese model, musician, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Myanmar 2017 and represented Myanmar at the Miss Universe 2017 pageant. 
Zun was born and raised in Yangon to an ethnic Rakhine family. Her father is a head doctor from Yangon Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, while her mother is a housewife. 
Education 
Zun graduated with double degrees in Burmese Literature and Dramatic Arts from National University of Arts and Culture in Yangon.[1] 
Pageantry 
Having previously competed in beauty pageants before, she was crowned as Miss Universe Myanmar 2017 on October 6, 2016 by outgoing titleholder Htet Htet Htun. She represented Myanmar at Miss Universe 2017.[2] 
She competed at Miss Universe 2017 but Unplaced. 
Rudaki Avenue (Tajik: хиёбони Рӯдакӣ, Russian: проспект Рудаки) is the main thoroughfare street in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan.[1][2][3] The street is named after Rudaki, the Tajik national poet.[4] The street was known as Lenin Avenue during the Soviet period, and used to host a statue of V. I. Lenin.[5] The street received its current name in the summer of 1992.[6] 
Key administrative buildings and cultural institutions are located on the street.[7] 
Rudaki Avenue sidewalk 
Khin Maung Win (Burmese: ခင်မောင်ဝင်း; born 8 April 1958) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as a Amyotha Hluttaw MP for Sagaing Region No. 7 constituency. He is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1][2] 
He graduated with B.Sc degree from Shwebo Collage and Dip in Livestock from Yangon University. He had served as the chairman of township NLD in 1998 and also served as the chairman of district conference commission. He is an executive member of region and as the chairman of regionvenviromental conservation. 
Political career 
He is a member of the National League for Democracy.In the 2015 Myanmar general election, he was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP and elected representative from Sagaing Region No. 7 constituency.[1] 
References 
Khin Maung Win (Burmese: ခင်မောင်ဝင်း , born 25 May 1955) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as a House of Nationalities member of parliament for Tanintharyi No. 11 . He is a member of National League for Democracy.[2][3] 
Win was born on 23 May 1955 in Danubyu , Myanmar. He graduated M.B.B.S from University of Medicine,Yangon. His previous job is Medical Doctor.[1] 
Political career 
Win was elected as a Tanintharyi Region MP, winning a majority of 28,264 votes, from Tanintharyi Region № 11 parliamentary constituency. He also serves as a member of Amyotha Hluttaw Ethnic Affairs Committee.[1][1][4] 
References 
Khin Myo Chit (Burmese: ခင်မျိုးချစ်) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as a Sagaing Region Hluttaw member of parliament for Kanbalu Township No. 1 Constituency. 
She is a member of the National League for Democracy.[2] 
In the Myanmar general election, 2015, she was elected as a Sagaing Region Hluttaw MP, winning a majority of 36,864 votes and elected representative from Kanbalu Township No. 1 parliamentary constituency.[1][3][4] 
She is currently serves as secretary in Government guarantees, admission and commitment appraisal committee in the Sagaing Region Hluttaw .[5] 
References 
Khin Zaw Oo (Burmese: ခင်ဇော်ဦး, born 27 June 1966) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP for Mon State No. 3 constituency. He is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1][2] 
Khin Zaw Oo was born on 27 June 1966 in Kyaikmaraw, Mon State, Myanmar. He graduated with B.Sc from Mawlamyaing University.[1] 
Political career 
He is a member of the National League for Democracy Party, she was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP, winning a majority of 21942 votes and elected representative from Mon State No. 3 parliamentary constituency.[1] [2][3] 
References 
Khun Win Thaung (Burmese: ခွန်ဝင်းသောင်း, born 17 October 1956) is a Burmese politician and former political prisoner who currently serves as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP for Kachin State No. 11 constituency. He is a member of the National League for Democracy.[1][2][3] 
He was born on 17 October 1956 in Aung Myay Thar village, Bago, Myanmar. He an ethnic Pa-O. He graduated with B.V.S (Rgn) from Yangon. 
Political career 
Khun was arrested and sentenced to 5 years with hard labor under Section 5 for participation in the 8888 uprising. He is a member of the National League for Democracy. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, he was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP, winning a majority of 9985 votes and elected representative from Kachin State No. 11 parliamentary constituency.[4] 
References 
The main road in Anjar 
Anjar (meaning "unresolved or running river"; Arabic: عنجر‎ / ALA-LC: ‘Anjar; Armenian: Անճար), also known as Haoush Mousa (Arabic: حوش موسى‎ / Ḥawsh Mūsá), is a town of Lebanon located in the Bekaa Valley. The population is 2,400,[1] consisting almost entirely of Armenians. The total area is about twenty square kilometers (7.7 square miles). 
Baalbek (/ˈbɑːlbɛk/),[1] properly Baʿlabek[2] (Arabic: بعلبك‎, romanized: Ba’labakk, Syriac-Aramaic: ܒܥܠܒܟ) and also known as Balbec,[3] Baalbec[4] or Baalbeck,[5] is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about 85 km (53 mi) northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate.[6] In Greek and Roman times Baalbek was also known as Heliopolis (Ἡλιούπολις, Greek for "Sun City"). In 1998 Baalbek had a population of 82,608, mostly Shia Muslims, followed by Sunni Muslims and Christians.[7] 
It is home to the Baalbek temple complex which includes two of the largest and grandest Roman temple ruins: the Temple of Bacchus and the Temple of Jupiter. It was inscribed in 1984 as an UNESCO World Heritage site. 
Climate classification systems are ways of classifying the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome category, as climate is a major influence on biological life in a region. The most popular classification scheme is probably the Köppen climate classification scheme.[1] 
Aridity index Alisov climate classification Berg climate classification Köppen climate classification Holdridge life zone classification Lauer climate classification Strahler climate classification Thornthwaite climate classification Trewartha climate classification Troll climate classification Vahl climate classification 
The Dushanbe Flagpole is a flagpole located in front of the Palace of Nations in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 
At 165 metres (541 feet),[1] it was the tallest free-standing flagpole in the world from its completion in 2011 until the 2014 erection of the (171m) Jeddah Flagpole[2][3]. 
It is taller than the 162 m (531 ft) National Flagpole in Azerbaijan, the 160 m (525 ft) Panmunjeom Flagpole of Kijŏng-dong in North Korea, and the 133 m (436 ft) Ashgabat Flagpole in Turkmenistan.[5] 
The flagpole consists of 12-metre sections of steel tube fitted together by crane.[6] It was constructed and erected by Trident Support, based in San Diego.[7] The company was also responsible for Azerbaijan's National Flagpole.[7] It was shipped by D&F Logistics LLC - Dubai. 
The design phase for the flagpole began in July 2009. Fabrication of the pole's sections was completed in Dubai in October 2010. The sections were then shipped to Dushanbe, where construction of the flagpole began on November 24, 2010, Tajikistan's National Flag Day.[8] The final assembly and erection took place during April and May 2011, with the first test flight of the flag of Tajikistan taking place on May 24, 2011.[9] 
The flagpole cost $3.5 million and was part of $210 million worth of projects celebrating the 20th anniversary of Tajik independence.[10] 
Mana Pools National Park is a 219,600 ha wildlife conservation area and national park in northern Zimbabwe.[2] It is a region of the lower Zambezi River in Zimbabwe where the flood plain turns into a broad expanse of lakes after each rainy season. As the lakes gradually dry up and recede, the region attracts many large animals in search of water, making it one of Africa's most renowned game-viewing regions. 
The park was inscribed, in conjunction with the Sapi Safari Area (118,000 ha) and Chewore Safari Area (339,000 ha) as a single UNESCO World Heritage site (for a total of 676,600 ha) in 1984.[1] The Mana Pools were designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance on 3 January 2013.[3] 
King's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Formally The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, the college lies beside the River Cam and faces out onto King's Parade in the centre of the city. 
However, the King's plans for the college were disrupted by the Wars of the Roses and the resultant scarcity of funds, and by his eventual deposition. Little progress was made on the project until in 1508 Henry VII began to take an interest in the college, most likely as a political move to legitimise his new position. The building of the college's chapel, begun in 1446, was finally finished in 1544 during the reign of Henry VIII. 
It has the world's largest fan vault, and the chapel's stained-glass windows and wooden chancel screen are considered some of the finest from their era. The building is seen as emblematic of Cambridge.[5] The chapel's choir, composed of male students at King's and choristers from the nearby King's College School, is one of the most accomplished and renowned in the world. Every year on Christmas Eve the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols (a service devised specifically for King's by the college dean Eric Milner-White) is broadcast from the chapel to millions of listeners worldwide.[6][7] 
Whereas many Cambridge colleges celebrate May Week with a May Ball (which actually falls in June), since the early 1980s King's has instead held a June Event (an informal version of a May Ball with fancy dress) known as The King's Affair. This takes place annually on the Wednesday night of May Week (usually around 20 June), and is attended by around 1,500 students, occupying the Front Court, bar, Hall and Chapel. Past performers have included The Stranglers, Fatboy Slim, Noah and the Whale and, in 2009, Clean Bandit. 
Nobel laureates 
There are eight Nobel laureates who were either students or fellows of King's: 
Visitor 
See also 
References 
Latin or Roman script is a set of graphic signs (script) based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet. This is derived from a form of the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet used by the Etruscans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet. 
Archaic Latin alphabet 
Archaic Latin alphabet As Old Italic 𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌏 𐌐 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 As Latin A B C D E F Z H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X 
The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. 
Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system[1] and is the most widely adopted writing system in the world (commonly used by about 70 percent of the world's population). Latin script is used as the standard method of writing in most Western, Central, as well as in some Eastern European languages, as well as in many languages in other parts of the world. 
The script is either called Roman script or Latin script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome. In the context of transliteration, the term "romanization" or "romanisation" is often found.[2][3] Unicode uses the term "Latin"[4] as does the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[5] 
The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system; and the collection of the elements, Roman numerals. The numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. 
The Burma Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to British and Commonwealth forces who served in the Burma Campaign from 1941 to 1945, during the Second World War.[1][2] 
One clasp, Pacific, was instituted to be worn on the medal ribbon.[1][2] 
Obverse 
The obverse has a central design of the Royal Cypher "GRI VI", surmounted by a crown. A circlet, the top of which is covered by the crown, surrounds the cypher and is inscribed "THE BURMA STAR".[1] 
Reverse 
The reverse is plain. 
Clasp 
The clasp, designed to be sewn onto the medal's ribbon, was struck in yellow copper zinc alloy and has a frame with an inside edge which resembles the perforated edge of a postage stamp. When medals are not worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon bar to denote the award of the clasp.[1][2][3] 
The State Crown of George I is the imperial and state crown manufactured in 1714 for King George I. It was modified and used by subsequent monarchs until 1838. The empty gold frame and its aquamarine monde which dates from the reign of King James II are both part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.[1] They are on public display in the Martin Tower at the Tower of London. 
Watercolour of the crown in its original form by Bernard Lens III, 1731 
The royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the annual Trooping the Colour in 2013 
Those who at the time are entitled to the style His or Her Royal Highness (HRH), and any styled His or Her Majesty (HM), are normally considered members, including those so styled before the beginning of the current monarch's reign. By this criterion, a list of the current royal family will usually include the monarch, the children and male-line grandchildren of the monarch and previous monarchs, the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, and all of their current or widowed spouses. 
The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh (the monarch and her husband) The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall[lower-alpha 1] (the Queen's son and daughter-in-law) The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (the Queen's grandson and granddaughter-in-law) Prince George of Cambridge (the Queen's great-grandson) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (the Queen's great-granddaughter) Prince Louis of Cambridge (the Queen's great-grandson) The Duke and Duchess of Sussex (the Queen's grandson and granddaughter-in-law)[lower-alpha 2] The Princess Royal (the Queen's daughter) The Duke of York (the Queen's son) Princess Beatrice of York (the Queen's granddaughter) Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank (the Queen's granddaughter) The Earl and Countess of Wessex (the Queen's son and daughter-in-law) The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester (the Queen's cousin and cousin-in-law) The Duke and Duchess of Kent (the Queen's cousin and cousin-in-law) Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (the Queen's cousin) Prince and Princess Michael of Kent (the Queen's cousin and cousin-in-law) 
The Palace of Unity (Tajik: Кохи Ваҳдат/Kokhi Vahdat/کاخ وحدت), also referred to as Vahdat Palace, is a building in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.[1] Located in the northern part of Dushanbe's main thoroughfare, Rudaki Avenue, near Hotel Avesto and the embassy of Uzbekistan, it is the headquarters of the ruling People's Democratic Party and is also used to host international conferences.[2] 
November 2007 bombing 
In November 2007, a bomb was left in a plastic bag near a wall outside of the Palace.[3] A 77-year-old man, variously reported to be a janitor, a street sweeper, or a security guard, was the only victim; he was killed at 08:10 on 14 November 2007 when he picked up the plastic bag containing the bomb, causing it to explode. The explosion also blew out many windows at the palace.[4][5][6] 
The COVID-19 outbreak, which the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by January 30,[86] and a pandemic by March 11,[2] has had a disparate impact on different areas of the U.S. Of the 154 known deaths in the country prior to March 20, 94 occurred in the state of Washington, with 35 of those at one nursing home.[87] By late March, the epicenter of the outbreak in the United States had shifted to New York. 
The state accounted for 56% of all U.S. confirmed cases on March 25, but was showing signs of its growth rate of new cases potentially declining.[88] For the country as a whole, the mortality rate for confirmed coronavirus cases was 1.3% based on March 24 data. 
In comparison the other three most effected nations had significantly higher death rates of 4% in China, 9.8% in Italy, and 7.1% in Spain, while Germany in fifth place had a lower rate of .5%.[89] 
Americans returning home after traveling in these regions were required to undergo a health screening and submit to a 14-day quarantine.[91][92] Quarantines are governed by section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S. Code § 264).[93][94] Throughout March, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations, in order to stem the spread of the virus.[citation needed] 
Cases have been confirmed in all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa.[5] As of March 28, 2020[update], the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases in the world and ranks sixth in number of total deaths from the virus.[6] 
The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed on January 20, 2020, in a 35-year-old man who had returned from Wuhan, China, five days earlier.[2] The White House Coronavirus Task Force was established on January 29.[7] Two days later, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency and announced restrictions on travelers arriving from China.[8] On February 26, the first case in the U.S. in a person with "no known exposure to the virus through travel or close contact with a known infected individual" was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in northern California.[9] 
The United States got off to a slow start in COVID-19 testing.[1][2][12] From January to mid-March, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) procedures forbade laboratories that followed internationally recognized test protocols from releasing results to patients. The CDC developed and distributed test kits of its own, many of which were found to have a manufacturing flaw in a non-essential component, which however made the kit illegal to use until the protocol was changed.[13][10][11] The FDA did not allow non-government test kits until late February and had restrictive test eligibility guidelines until early March.[11] At the end of February the FDA began allowing private companies to develop tests and perform testing, and by mid-March private companies were shipping hundreds of thousands of tests. Drive-through testing stations were appearing in some states.[5] As of March 25, at least 418,000 tests had been conducted.[15] 
The CDC warned that widespread transmission of the disease may force large numbers of people to seek hospitalization and other healthcare, which may overload healthcare systems.[16] Since March 19, 2020, the Department of State has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.[17] The U.S. government has advised against any gathering of more than 10 people.[18] In mid-March 2020, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) told the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to plan to construct new facilities, including leased hotels and other buildings, and to convert them for use as hospitals and intensive care units.[19][20] State and local responses to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings, the closure of schools and other educational institutions, the cancellation of trade shows, conventions, and music festivals, and the cancellation and suspension of sporting events and leagues.[21] 
The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship Diamond Princess.[85] 
By mid-March, all 50 states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs in a state, but the number of available test kits remained limited,[95] which meant the true number of people infected with the virus was a challenge to estimate with any reasonable accuracy at the time. 
By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand, which doubled every two days to reach more than 17,000 by March 20.[96][97] 
Cases in the United States per the CDC[463] As of March 27, 2020 Cases in the United States reported to CDC Travel-related 712 Close contact 1,326 Under investigation 83,318 Total cases 85,356 Cases among persons repatriated to the United States Wuhan, China 3 Cruise ship Diamond Princess 46 Total repatriated cases 49 Deaths Total deaths from all US cases 1,246[4] This table reflects CDC-published totals, and may not include cases announced in the past 24 hours. 
[show all] 2020 coronavirus pandemic by United States state U.S. state or territory[lower-roman 1] Cases[lower-roman 2] Deaths[22] Recov.[lower-roman 3] Active Ref. 
55 / 56 142,328 2,479 4,767 135,129 Alabama 827 4 – 823 [23][24] Alaska 102 2 – 83 [25][24] American Samoa 0 0 0 0 Arizona 773 15 – 7 [26][24] Arkansas 421 5 28 378 [27][24] California 6,197 129 33 4,518 [28][22] Colorado 2,307 47 – – [29] Connecticut 1,993 34 – – [30] Delaware 214 5 6 200 [31][24] District of Columbia 342 5 66 271 [24][32][33] Florida 4,238 56 – – [34] Georgia 2,651 80 – – [35] Guam 56 1 – 48 [36] Hawaii 175 0 49 126 [37][24][38] Idaho 261 5 – 256 [39][24] Illinois 4,596 65 – – [40] Indiana 1,514 32 – – [41] Iowa 298 3 – 295 [42][24][43] Kansas 319 6 – 313 [44] Kentucky 439 5 2 432 [45][46] Louisiana 3,540 151 – – [47] Maine 211 1 16 194 [48][24] Maryland 1,239 15 – – [49] Massachusetts 4,955 48 – – [50] Michigan 5,486 132 – – [51][52] Minnesota 503 9 252 216 [53][24][54] Mississippi 663 13 0 650 [55][24] Missouri 903 12 – – [56] Montana 147 1 – 146 [57][24] Nebraska 108 2 – 106 [58][24] Nevada 621 14 – 607 [59][24] New Hampshire 214 2 – 212 [60][24] New Jersey 13,386 161 – 13,225 [61] New Mexico 237 2 – 235 [24] New York 59,648 965 – 55,111 [62][63][64] North Carolina 1,167 7 – 1,117 [65] North Dakota 98 1 19 79 [66][24] Northern Mariana Islands 2 0 – 2 [67][24] Ohio 1,653 29 – 1,624 [68][24] Oklahoma 429 16 – 412 [69][24] Oregon 548 13 – 535 [70][24] Pennsylvania 3,419 41 – 3,378 [71] Puerto Rico 127 5 2 121 [24] Rhode Island 294 3 – 291 [72][24][73] South Carolina 774 16 – 758 [74][24] South Dakota 90 1 29 60 [75][24] Tennessee 1,720 7 – 1,661 [76] Texas 2,808 38 – 2,701 [77] U.S. Virgin Islands 23 0 0 23 [78] Utah 719 2 – 717 [79][24] Vermont 235 12 – 223 [80][24] Virginia 890 22 – 866 [81][24] Washington 4,483 200 201 3,863 [82] West Virginia 113 0 – 113 [83][24] Wisconsin 1,154 17 – 1,135 [84] Wyoming 87 0 – 87 [24] As of 30 March 2020 (UTC) · History of cases: United States ↑ U.S. where cases were diagnosed. 
Nationality and location of original infection may vary. ↑ Reported confirmed cases.[22] Actual case numbers are probably higher. ↑ Source: [22] "–" denotes that no data is currently available for that state, not that the value is zero. 
The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1, 1946, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program[5] of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities.[6] 
Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation.[7] The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control,[7] sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency.[8] 
The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States.[9] The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. 
With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States[10] (see National Malaria Eradication Program). 
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.[2] 
Director Principal Deputy Director Deputy Director - Public Health Service and Implementation Science Office of Minority Health and Health Equity Center for Global Health Center for Preparedness and Response Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territory Support Deputy Director - Public Health Science and Surveillance Office of Science Office of Laboratory Science and Safety Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services National Center for Health Statistics Deputy Director - Non-Infectious Diseases National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion National Center for Environmental Health and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Deputy Director - Infectious Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (includes the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, which issues quarantine orders) National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office of the Director Chief of Staff Chief Operating Officer Human Resources Office Office of Financial Resources Office of Safety, Security, and Asset Management Office of the Chief Information Officer Chief Medical Officer CDC Washington Office Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Associate Director - Communication Associate Director - Laboratory Science and Safety Associate Director - Policy and Strategy 
Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and internationally.[3] The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. The CDC also conducts research and provides information on non-infectious diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.[4] 
Influenza 
The CDC has launched campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza, including the H1N1 swine flu, and launched websites to educate people in proper hygiene.[49] 
Lead contamination in Washington, D.C. drinking water 
Because of the Lead contamination in Washington, D.C. drinking water the United States House of Representatives conducted an investigation, that uncovered that the CDC had made claims in a report that had indicated there was no risk from high lead levels - although it is the opposite.[64] 
↑ "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Salary Statistics". federalpay.org. Retrieved July 4, 2019. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had 10,899 employees in 2015 with an average pay (base salary + bonus) of $103,285.75. 
"Lessons of history? Anti-malaria strategies of the International Health Board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT". Public Health Rep. 119 (2): 206–15. doi:10.1177/003335490411900214. 
"War, Tropical Disease, and the Emergence of National Public Health Capacity in the United States". Studies in American Political Development. 26 (2): 125–162. doi:10.1017/S0898588X12000107. hdl:10106/24372. ↑ Division of Parasitic Diseases (February 8, 2010). 
PMID 14930166. ↑ White, Mark; McDonnell, Sharon M.; Werker, Denise H.; Cardenas, Victor M.; Thacker, Stephen B. (2001). "Partnerships in International Applied Epidemiology Training and Service". American Journal of Epidemiology. 
154 (11): 993–999. doi:10.1093/aje/154.11.993. PMID 11724714. ↑ Beth E. Meyerson; Fred A. Martich; Gerald P. Naehr (2008). Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors. 
Research Triangle Park: American Social Health Association. ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1992). "CDC: the nation's prevention agency". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 41 (44): 833. 
Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. ↑ "The eleventh plague: the politics of biological and chemical warfare" (pp. 84–86) by Leonard A. Cole (1993) ↑ "CDC Office of Director, The Futures Initiative". CDC—National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. 
Retrieved April 16, 2012. ↑ "Viral Special Pathogens Branch". Retrieved May 18, 2016. ↑ Scutti, Susan (July 16, 2014). "CDC Smallpox and Anthrax Mishaps Signal Other Potential Dangers". 
Newsweek. Retrieved February 26, 2017. ↑ Torpy, Bill (August 7, 2017). "Torpy at Large: DeKalb has annexation anxiety over Emory, CDC". 
Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 11, 2020. ↑ CDC Home Page, cdc.gov; retrieved November 19, 2008. "1600 Clifton Rd. 
Atlanta, GA 30333, USA" Compare this to the CDP map: "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Druid Hills CDP, GA." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on June 1, 2017. ↑ "Bioterrorism Office Gets a New Director". 
Retrieved May 29, 2019. ↑ "CDC Grants at LoveToKnow Charity". Retrieved January 11, 2010. ↑ Office of the Associate Director for Communication (May 19, 2010). "State of CDC: Budget and Workforce". 
Retrieved March 21, 2011. ↑ "Epidemic Intelligence Service". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 27, 2016. ↑ "Epidemiologic Assistance". 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 27, 2016. ↑ Cliff, A.D. (2009). Infectious diseases: emergence and re-emergence: a geographical analysis. 
ISBN 978-0199244737. ↑ Koplan, Jeffrey P.; Foege, William H. (December 1, 2011). "Introduction: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Epi-Aids--a fond recollection". 
174 (11 Suppl): S1–3. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr303. ISSN 1476-6256. PMID 22135388. ↑ Public Health Associate Program website, Cdc.gov; retrieved April 12, 2014. ↑ "United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book)". 
"Obama Chooses NYC Health Chief to Head CDC", The Washington Post, May 16, 2009. ↑ Etheridge, Elizabeth W. Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992; ISBN 978-0-520-07107-0 ↑ Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E.; and McFarlane, Deborah R. The Politics of Public Health in the United States. M.E. Sharpe, 2005; ISBN 978-0-7656-1135-2. ↑ Dull, H. Bruce (May–June 1991). 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). February 19, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2009. ↑ Records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrative History; retrieved October 4, 2009. ↑ "National Public Health Institute, NPHI Advocacy". 
Retrieved April 16, 2012. ↑ "Principal Deputy Director: Anne Schuchat, MD". cdc.gov. August 2, 2019. ↑ Hellmann, Jessie (January 31, 2018). "CDC head resigns after report she traded tobacco stocks". 
ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 22, 2018. ↑ "CDC Data and Statistics". CDC – National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 
Retrieved August 10, 2006. ↑ "Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System". CDC: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved August 5, 2006. ↑ "NCHS – Mortality Data – About the Mortality Medical Data System". 
Retrieved October 17, 2018. ↑ Cohen, Bryan. "CDC's Select Agents Program protects against bioterror threats" Archived October 18, 2014, at Archive.today, BioPrepWatch, February 10, 2014; accessed October 17, 2014. ↑ Achenbach, Joel; Dennis, Brady; Hogan, Caelainn. "American doctor infected with Ebola returns to U.S." washingtonpost.com. 
Retrieved September 17, 2014. ↑ "Overweight & Obesity". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 4, 2015. ↑ "Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network | Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance | CDC". 
Retrieved April 19, 2018. ↑ "Organization of the CDC Center for Global Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 24, 2016. ↑ "Module 2: WHO and CDC Global Surveillance Systems". 
Unite for Sight. ↑ "CDC's Role in Global HIV Control". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 19, 2018. ↑ "2018 Yellow Book Home | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. 
Retrieved June 1, 2017. ↑ "Travel Health Notices | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. August 29, 2019. ↑ "42 U.S. Code § 280e–11 – Establishment and duties of Foundation". Legal Information Institute. 
CDCfoundation.org. Retrieved April 16, 2012. ↑ Werner Troesken, The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2006), 205-7. ISBN 0262201674, 9780262201674; and Mary Tiemann, Lead in Drinking Water: Washington, DC Issues and Broader Regulatory Implications (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2004). ↑ "The Tuskegee Timeline". 
December 22, 2015. ↑ "CDC Ran the Tuskegee Experiment for 15 Years: Any Connection To Operation Paperclip?". exopolitics.blogs.com. August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2015. ↑ Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E. 
Prepare.challenge.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2012.[permanent dead link] ↑ "Zombie Novella|Zombie Preparedness|Are We Prepared?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 
Congressional Record. September 30, 1996. ... none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control. 1 2 "Quietly, Congress extends a ban on CDC research on gun violence". 
The agency's former leaders say it could do more to explore the subject, but its officials fear political—and personal—retribution. ↑ Office of Public Health and Science (January 4, 2007). "David Satcher (1998–2002)". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 
Retrieved October 10, 2012. ↑ "Emerging Infectious Diseases". CDC – National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 10, 2012. ↑ "CDC/National Center for Health Statistics". 
The British Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; from rāj, literally, "rule" in Sanskrit and Hindustani)[2] was the rule by the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.[3][4][5][6] The rule is also called Crown rule in India,[7] or direct rule in India.[8] The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, plus those ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, called the princely states. The whole was never officially called the Indian Empire, only informally.[9] 
The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery, achievement, or service to the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories. The system consists of three types of award – honours, decorations and medals: 
Appointments to the various orders and awards of other honours are usually published in the London Gazette. 
Insignia of the order. 
Insignia of a Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. 
The Imperial State Crown is one of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and symbolises the sovereignty of the monarch. 
Imperial Crown of India 
Especially in the case of units that recruited non-whites, even in colonies where the officers were primarily colonials, commissions were generally restricted to whites until after the Second World War. Non-white colonials, as well as non-whites from Britain itself (who were for a time assigned to British West Indian Regiments of the British Army as a matter of policy, even if enlisting in Britain) served primarily in the other ranks. Although militias operating on the same principle as the militia in England and Wales were established in many colonies during the 17th and 18th Centuries, from the 19th Century onwards colonial units were mostly voluntary, and supplied a reserve force either to be called up in war time to reinforce regular British Army garrisons for home defence, or in some cases were entirely responsible for home defence. 
In the earlier part of the century the British singers Michael Kelly, Nancy Storace and John Braham were prominent and by their example sustained the international opera and oratorio works of Handel, Haydn, Mozart and their successors in the British arena.[9] Braham, whose career thoroughly spanned the opera stage and concert platform, established a tradition in public recital which was continued by his successors down into the early 20th century.[10] Arias or ballads from the English opera became concert standards in recital. 
They were in the British light opera tradition with spoken dialogue. They reached their heyday in the 1880s with The Pirates of Penzance (1880), and The Gondoliers (1889), and concluded in 1896 with The Grand Duke. They had rivals like Alfred Cellier's (1844–91) Dorothy (1886) and The Mountebanks (1892), but were the most successful operas of the era and have been among the most frequently revived.[1] 
Music in the British Isles, from the earliest recorded times until the Baroque and the rise of recognisably modern classical music, was a diverse and rich culture, including sacred and secular music and ranging from the popular to the elite.[1] Each of the major nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales retained unique forms of music and of instrumentation, but British music was highly influenced by continental developments, while British composers made an important contribution to many of the major movements in early music in Europe, including the polyphony of the Ars Nova and laid some of the foundations of later national and international classical music.[2] Musicians from the British Isles also developed some distinctive forms of music, including Celtic chant, the Contenance Angloise, the rota, polyphonic votive antiphons and the carol in the medieval era and English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era, which led particularly to English language opera developed in the early Baroque period.[3] The dominant figure in classical music in the later baroque era, and beyond, was the German-born George Frideric Handel (1685–1759). 
In 1813 the London Philharmonic Society was established, which played an important role in the development of musical life in the kingdom. Founders included Sir George Smart, Johann Baptist Cramer, Muzio Clementi, William Ayrton (musical director of the King's Theatre), William Shield, Henry Bishop, Thomas Attwood (composer and organist of St Paul's Cathedral, and teacher of John Goss), Johann Peter Salomon and Vincent Novello. Under their aegis an annual programme of concerts of international calibre was established. 
In 2000, an 11-metre high, blown glass chandelier by Dale Chihuly was installed as a focal point in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance. 
See also 
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design, as well as sculpture, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects.[4] It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. 
The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as "Albertopolis" because of its association with Prince Albert, the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated. These include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Royal Albert Hall and Imperial College London. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. 
The Thai Royal Guards parade, also known as Trooping the Colour, occurs every December 2 since 1953, in celebration of the birthday of the King of Thailand, during which the King's Guard of the Royal Thai Armed Forces perform a military parade and pledge loyalty to the monarch. The venue is the Royal Plaza at Bangkok, Thailand, in front of the Dusit Palace and its Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. 
Historically, the coronation usually took place as soon as possible after the death of the previous monarch. This followed the custom that an unconsecrated king cannot bear certain regalia nor carry out any religious functions. However, in the last century this tradition has been replaced by a mourning period of about a year after the succession. 
The Royal Historical Commission (Burmese: တော်ဝင် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ သမိုင်း ကော်မရှင်, [tɔ̀wìɴ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴ θəmáɪɴ kɔ̀məʃìɴ]) of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) produced the standard court chronicles of Konbaung era, Hmannan Yazawin (1832) and Dutiya Yazawin (1869).[1] 
It was the second attempt by Konbaung kings to update Maha Yazawin. The first attempt, Yazawin Thit (The New Chronicle), commissioned by Bagyidaw's predecessor and grandfather Bodawpaya, had not been accepted because the new chronicle contained severe criticisms of earlier chronicles. Although it was Bodawpaya himself who had ordered the author of Yazawin Thit, Twinthin Taikwun, to verify the accuracy of Maha Yazawin by consulting a variety of sources including hundreds of inscriptions, the king did not accept the new chronicle when it was presented to him.[2] 
In this rendering, British officers take King Thibaw onto a steamship en route to exile in India. He would never see Burma again. 
British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State) or Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. 
He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang (พระพุทธเจ้าหลวง, the Royal Buddha). His reign was characterized by the modernisation of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, managed to save Siam from colonization.[1] All his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siam's survival in the face of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat (พระปิยมหาราช, the Great Beloved King). 
King Chulalongkorn after his second coronation ceremony in 16 November 1873. 
Early life 
King Mongkut with Prince Chulalongkorn, both in western style court uniforms 
Young Prince Chulalongkorn 
Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Siam, introduced by King Chulalongkorn, the arms was the Emblem of Siam from 1878 to 1910. 
The Siamese revolution of 1688 was a major popular upheaval in the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom (modern Thailand) which led to the overthrow of the pro-French Siamese king Narai. The Mandarin Phetracha, previously one of Narai's trusted military advisors, took advantage of the elderly Narai's illness, and killed Narai's Christian heir, along with a number of missionaries and Narai's influential foreign minister the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon. Phetracha then married Narai's daughter, took the throne, and pursued a policy of ousting French influence and military forces from Siam. 
Western contacts aside, trade relations with Asian countries remained buoyant, with Siam remaining especially involved in the Sino-Siamese-Japanese trade. During the reign of Phetracha, about 50 Chinese junks are recorded to have visited Ayutthaya, and during the same period as many as 30 junks left Ayutthaya for Nagasaki, Japan.[31] 
Barry James Marshall AC FRACP FRS FAA[1][2] (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian physician, Nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, and Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall and Robin Warren showed that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a major role in causing many peptic ulcers, challenging decades of medical doctrine holding that ulcers were caused primarily by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. This discovery has allowed for a breakthrough in understanding a causative link between Helicobacter pylori infection and stomach cancer.[4][5][6] 
His father held various jobs, and his mother was a nurse. He is the eldest of four siblings. He attended Newman College for his secondary education and the University of Western Australia School of Medicine, where he received a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 1974.[1] He married his wife Adrienne in 1972 and has four children.[7][8][9] 
Career and research 
Together, the pair studied the presence of spiral bacteria in association with gastritis. In 1982, they performed the initial culture of H. pylori and developed their hypothesis related to the bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer.[1] It has been claimed that the H. pylori theory was ridiculed by established scientists and doctors, who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic environment of the stomach. Marshall was quoted as saying in 1998 that "(e)veryone was against me, but I knew I was right."[10] On the other hand, it has also been argued that medical researchers showed a proper degree of scientific scepticism until the H. pylori hypothesis could be supported by evidence.[11] 
Yosemite National Park (/joʊˈsɛmɪti/ yoh-SEM-i-tee)[4] is an American national park located in the western Sierra Nevada of Central California,[5][6] bounded on the southeast by Sierra National Forest and on the northwest by Stanislaus National Forest. The park is managed by the National Park Service and covers an area of 748,436 acres (1,169 sq mi; 3,029 km2)[2] and sits in four counties: centered in Tuolumne and Mariposa, extending north and east to Mono and south to Madera County. Designated a World Heritage site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains, meadows, glaciers, and biological diversity.[7] Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness.[8] 
On average, about four million people visit Yosemite each year,[3] and most spend the majority of their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley.[2] The park set a visitation record in 2016, surpassing five million visitors for the first time in its history.[9] Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea. Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864. John Muir led a successful movement to have Congress establish a larger national park by 1890, one which encompassed the valley and its surrounding mountains and forests, paving the way for the National Park System.[4] 
The park has an elevation range from 2,127 to 13,114 feet (648 to 3,997 m) and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral and oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine. Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% are within Yosemite. The park contains suitable habitat for more than 160 rare plants, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy.[1] 
About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes. The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in the formation of deep, narrow canyons. About one million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys. 
The name "Yosemite" (meaning "killer" in Miwok) originally referred to the name of a tribe which was driven out of the area (and possibly annihilated) by the Mariposa Battalion. Previously, the area had been called "Ahwahnee" ("big mouth") by indigenous people.[11] 
Honor and renown 
Glory (honor) Kleos, the Greek word for "glory", often translated to "renown" (what others hear about you) 
Glory, Georgia, a community in the United States Glory, Minnesota, a community in the United States Glory, Texas, a community in the United States 
Glory (religion), in Judeo-Christian religious tradition, the manifestation of God's presence Glory, a term in Christian art for a halo surrounding the whole body of a person Glorification, term for the canonization of a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church Glory Be to the Father, also known as Gloria Patri, a Christian prayer, a doxology or short hymn of praise to God in various Christian liturgies 
Phra Kiao replica on display at Chulalongkorn University Memorial Hall 
Phra Kiao (Thai: พระเกี้ยว [pʰráʔ kî:aw]), the Thai equivalent of the coronet, is a headgear traditionally worn by young princes and princesses. King Chulalongkorn adopted it as his personal emblem, as it coincided with the literal translation of his name. 
Thai numerals (Thai: เลขไทย, RTGS: lek thai, pronounced [lêːk tʰāj]) are a set of numerals traditionally used in Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common due to pervasive westernization of Thailand in the modern Rattanakosin Era. Thai numerals follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world. In Thai language, numerals often follow the modified noun and precede a measure word, although variations to this pattern occur. 
Ai 
Ai (Thai: อ้าย) is used for "first born (son)" or for the first month, duean ai (เดือนอ้าย), of the Thai lunar calendar.[6] 
Ek 
Et (Thai: เอ็ด, Cantonese: 一, yat1; Minnan: 一, it4), meaning "one", is used as last member in a compound number (see the main numbers section above). 
Tho 
Tho (Thai: โท) is from Pali dūā, "two".[9] Tho is used for two and for the second-level rank in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks.[10] 
Tri (ตรี) and trai (ไตร) are from Sanskrit trāyaḥ, "three".[12] These alternatives are used for three; third rank in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks; and as a prefix meaning three(fold).[13] 
Ek (Thai: เอก) is from Pali ḗka, "one" [7] Ek is used for one (quantity); first (rank), more prominent than tho โท second, in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks; and for the lead actor in a role. In antiquity, a seventh daughter was called luk ek (ลูกเอก), though a seventh son was luk chet (ลูกเจ็ด).[8] 
Et 
Yi (Thai: ยี่, Cantonese: 二, yi6; Minnan: 二, ji7) is still used in several places in Thai language for the number two, apart from song (สอง): to construct twenty (two tens) and its combinations twenty-one through twenty-nine; to name the second month, duean yi (เดือนยี่), of the traditional Thai lunar calendar; and in the Thai northern dialect thin pha yip (ถิ่น–พายัพ), which refers to the Year of the Tiger.[11] 
Statue of a monk; 19th century; gilt copper alloy; 75.25 x 38.74 x 47.31 cm (29​5⁄8 x 15​1⁄4 x 18​5⁄8 in.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA) Buddha Shakyamuni in the Parileyaka forest attended by animals; late 19th century; gilt copper alloy with lacquer; 115.57 x 51.44 x 47.63 cm (45​1⁄2 x 20​1⁄4 x 18​3⁄4 in.); Los Angeles County Museum of Art Hanuman on his chariot, a scene from the Ramakien in Wat Phra Kaew (Bangkok) 
Garudas at Wat Phra Kaew (Bangkok) 
Thai art was influenced by indigenous civilizations of the Mon and Khmer. By the Sukothai and Ayutthaya period, thai had developed into its own unique style and was later further influenced by the other Asian styles, mostly by Sri Lankan and Chinese. Thai sculpture and painting, and the royal courts provided patronage, erecting temples and other religious shrines as acts of merit or to commemorate important events. 
The Tai Tham script (Tham meaning "scripture"), also known as Lanna script (Thai: อักษรธรรมล้านนา RTGS: Akson Tham Lan Na; Burmese: လန်နအက္ခရာ) or Tua Mueang (Northern Thai: ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ, Northern Thai pronunciation: [tǔa.mɯ̄aŋ] listen, Tai Lü: ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼), is a writing system used for Northern Thai (i.e., Kham Mueang), Tai Lü, and Khün, all three belonging to the group of Southwestern Tai languages. In addition, the Lanna script is used for Lao Tham (or Old Lao) and other dialect variants in Buddhist palm-leaf manuscripts and notebooks. The script is also known as Tham or Yuan script.[1] 
Tonal markers 
The script is still read by older monks. Northern Thai has six linguistic tones and Thai only five, making transcription into the Thai alphabet problematic. There is some resurgent interest in the script among younger people, but an added complication is that the modern spoken form, called Kammuang, differs in pronunciation from the older form.[2] 
Lanna has two sets of numerals. The first set, Lek Nai Tam, is reserved for liturgical purposes. The other set, Lek Hora, is used in everyday life.[7] 
Sanskrit and Pali 
The Tai Tham script (like all Indic scripts) uses a number of modifications to write Pali and related languages (in particular, Sanskrit). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used. 
Categorized (วัคค์ ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ vagga) 
There are 670,000 speakers of Tai Lü, some of those born before 1950 are literate in Tham, also known as Old Tai Lue.[citation needed] The script has also continued to be taught in the monasteries. The New Tai Lue script is derived from Tham. There are 120,000 speakers of Khün for which Lanna is the only script. 
Name board outside a Buddhist temple in Chiang Mai written with Lanna characters: Wat Mokhamtuang (and street number 119 in Thai) 
Tai Tham New Tai Lue Thai Lao Burmese Khmer IPA Alphabet Subs. /ká/ ᨠ -᩠ᨠ ᦂ ก ກ က ក /xá/ ᨡ -᩠ᨡ ᦃ ข ຂ ခ ខ /xá/ ᨢ - - ฃ /ka᷇/ ᨣ -᩠ᨣ ᦅ ค ຄ ဂ គ /xa᷇/ ᨤ - ᦆ ฅ /xa᷇/ ᨥ -᩠ᨥ - ฆ ဃ ឃ /ŋa᷇/ ᨦ -᩠ᨦ ᦇ ง ງ င ង Tai Tham New Tai Lue Thai Lao Burmese Khmer IPA Alphabet Subs. /t͡ɕá/ ᨧ -᩠ᨧ ᦈ จ ຈ စ ច /sá/ ᨨ -᩠ᨨ - ฉ ဆ ឆ /t͡ɕa᷇/ ᨩ -᩠ᨩ ᦋ ช ຊ ဇ ជ /sa᷇/ ᨪ - ᦌ ซ /sa᷇/ ᨫ -᩠ᨫ - ฌ ဈ ឈ /ɲa᷇/ /ja᷇/[6] ᨬ -᩠ᨬ - ญ ည ញ Tai Tham New Tai Lue Thai Lao Burmese Khmer IPA Alphabet Subs. /tá/ ᨭ -᩠ᨭ - ฏ ဋ ដ /tʰá/ ᨮ -᩠ᨮ - ฐ ဌ ឋ /dá/ ᨯ -᩠ᨯ ᦡ ฑ,ด ,ດ ဍ ឌ /tʰa᷇/ ᨰ -᩠ᨰ - ฒ ဎ ឍ /na᷇/ ᨱ -᩠ᨱ - ณ ဏ ណ Tai Tham New Tai Lue Thai Lao Burmese Khmer IPA Alphabet Subs. /tá/ ᨲ -᩠ᨲ ᦎ ต ຕ တ ត /tʰá/ ᨳ -᩠ᨳ ᦏ ถ ຖ ထ ថ /ta᷇/ ᨴ -᩠ᨴ ᦑ ท ທ ဒ ទ /tʰa᷇/ ᨵ -᩠ᨵ ᦒ ธ ဓ ធ /na᷇/ ᨶ -᩠ᨶ ᦓ น ນ န ន Tai Tham New Tai Lue Thai Lao Burmese Khmer IPA Alphabet Subs. /bá/ ᨷ -᩠ᨷ ᦢ บ ບ ပ ប /pá/ ᨸ - ᦔ ป ປ /pʰá/ ᨹ -᩠ᨹ ᦕ ผ ຜ ဖ ផ /fá/ ᨺ - ᦚ ฝ ຝ /pa᷇/ ᨻ -᩠ᨻ ᦗ พ ພ ဗ ព /fa᷇/ ᨼ - ᦝ ฟ ຟ /pʰa᷇/ ᨽ -᩠ᨽ ᦘ ภ ဘ ភ /ma᷇/ ᨾ -᩠ᨾ ᦙ ม ມ မ ម 
Prince Hso Khan Pha of Yawnghwe (Burmese: စဝ်ခမ်းဖ, aka Tiger; 15 April 1938 – 4 October 2016) was a consulting geologist who lived in exile in Canada. He was a son of Sao Shwe Thaik, the Saopha of Yawnghwe and Sao Nang Hearn Kham, the Mahadevi (consort).[1] 
The Yawnghwe royal family is descended from King Beingyayett (who ruled in 661-600 BC). The family ruled in what is now northern Burma and southwestern China. In 1358, the Saopha (King/Ruler) Si Hseng Hpa, a direct ancestor of this family formed his capital at Yawnghwe. 
Ancestry 
Prince Hso Khan Pha 6. Saopha Khun Hsang Ton Hong 3. Sao Nang Hearn Kham 
Burmese invasion of Assam 
Talks With Hso Khan Pha Who Declared Shan Independence Charitable and Humanitarian Activities of H.R.H. Prince Hso Khan Pha of Nawnghwe Burma Watch International 
The Prince's education was first started at a local school in Yawnghwe (Nyaung Shwe) at convents run by Roman Catholic Church nuns at Kalaw and Hsenwi (Theinni) in the Shan State, later in 1949 attended The Doon School at Dehra Dun (Dehradun) in India, graduating in 1954; studied for two years at Rangoon University; attended the Bell School of Languages at Cambridge, England, and the Cambridgeshire Technical College; graduated in 1964 from the University of Keele, England, with a BA (Hons) in Geology and Political Institutions. 
Jioji Konousi "George" Konrote, ( Burmese: ဂျီယိုဂျီ ကိုနူဆီ ဂျော့ ကောနရောတေ) , OF, MC (born 26 December 1947)[1] is a Fijian politician and retired Major-General of the Fiji Military who has been President of Fiji since 2015. After commanding a peacekeeping mission in Lebanon, Konrote served as Fiji's High Commissioner to Australia from 2001 to 2006, as Minister of State for Immigration briefly in 2006, and as Minister for Employment Opportunities, Productivity and Industrial Relations from 2014 to 2015. He is the first non-iTaukei president and the first Seventh-day Adventist to be elected by parliament, as previous presidents were selected by the Great Council of Chiefs.[2][3] 
CHORUS: Me bula ga ko Viti Ka me toro ga ki liu Me ra turaga vinaka ko ira na i liuliu Me ra liutaki na tamata E na veika vinaka Me oti kina na i tovo ca 
Me da dau doka ka vinakata na vanua E ra sa dau tiko kina na savasava Rawa tu na gauna ni sautu na veilomani Me sa biu na i tovo tawa yaga 
Bale ga vei kemuni na cauravou e Viti Ni yavala me savasava na vanua Ni kakua ni vosota na dukadukali Ka me da sa qai biuta vakadua 
Let us show our pride and honour our nation Where righteous people reside Where prosperity and fellowship may persevere Abandon deeds that are immoral 
CHORUS: Let Fiji live on And progress onwards May our leaders be honourable men Let them lead our people To great things And bring an end to all things immoral 
Let us show pride and honour our nation Where righteous people reside Where prosperity and fellowship may persevere Abandon deeds that are immoral 
The burden of change lie on your shoulders youth of Fiji Be the strength to cleanse our nation Be wary and not harbour malice For we must abandon such sentiments forever 
Meda Dau Doka or God Bless Fiji is the national anthem of Fiji. The melody was adapted from a 1911 hymn by Charles Austin Miles entitled Dwelling in Beulah Land due to the country's Christian influences. The lyrics and music were composed by Michael Francis Alexander Prescott and adopted upon independence in 1970. 
Kōrasa: Phijī kē li'ē, kabhī phijī, calō hamārī āvāja garva Sātha aṅgūṭhī phijī kē li'ē, kabhī phijī, usakā nāma jaya dūra aura cauṛē, Svatantratā āśā hai, aura mahimā, kā ēka bhūmi sahanā karanē kē li'ē kyā kabhī Bītanā bhagavāna bhalā karē phijī Hamēśā kē li'ē aura adhika! 
The English and Fijian lyrics are not translations of each other, and in fact have very little in common. 
English lyrics 
Blessing grant oh God of nations on the isles of Fiji As we stand united under noble banner blue And we honour and defend the cause of freedom ever Onward march together God bless Fiji 
CHORUS: For Fiji, ever Fiji, let our voices ring with pride For Fiji, ever Fiji, her name hails far and wide, A land of freedom, hope and glory, to endure what ever befalls May God bless Fiji Forever more! 
Blessing grant, oh God of nations, on the isles of Fiji Shores of golden sand and sunshine, happiness and song Stand united, we of Fiji, fame and glory ever Onward march together God bless Fiji. 
Meda dau doka ka vinakata na vanua E ra sa dau tiko kina na savasava Rawa tu na gauna ni sautu na veilomani Me sa Biu na i tovo tawa yaga 
The Berber languages, also known as Berber or the Amazigh languages[2] (Berber name: Tamaziɣt, Tamazight; Neo-Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, Tuareg Tifinagh: ⵜⵎⵣⵗⵜ, pronounced [tæmæˈzɪɣt], [θæmæˈzɪɣθ]), are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They comprise a group of closely related languages spoken by the Berbers, who are indigenous to North Africa.[3] The languages were traditionally written with the ancient Libyco-Berber script, which now exists in the form of Tifinagh.[4] 
Amazigh Cultural Association in America 
Agerraw n iwalen: teggargrent–taṛumit, Dictionnaire ouargli–français, langue parlée à Oaurgla et Ngoussa, oasis du Sahara septentrinal, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 5, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. 
"What does Berber sound like?" (Thamazight poems as text & MP3) Map of Tamazight language from the LL-Map Project The Tamazight Language Profile Etymology of "Berber" Etymology of "Amazigh" Early Christian history of Berbers Tifinagh Ancient Scripts Imyura Kabyle site about literature Amawal: The online open source Berber dictionary 
Orthography 
Ancient Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Zagora, Morocco 
Morocco: In 1952, André Basset ("La langue berbère", Handbook of African Languages, Part I, Oxford) estimated that a "small majority" of Morocco's population spoke Berber. The 1960 census claimed that 34 percent of Moroccans spoke Berber, including bi-, tri- and quadrilingual people.[citation needed] In 2000, Karl Prasse cited "more than a third" in an interview conducted by Brahim Karada at Tawalt.com.[citation needed] A 2007 estimate put the number of Amazigh speakers in Morocco at 7.5 million.[30] According to Ethnologue (by deduction from its Moroccan Arabic figures), the Berber-speaking population should be estimated at 35 percent or around 10.5 million speakers.[31] However, the figures it gives for individual languages only add up to 7.5 million, divided into three languages: Riffian: 3 million[32] Shilha: 8 million[33] Central Atlas Tamazight: 4–5 million[34] 
Nouns in the Berber languages vary in gender (masculine versus feminine), number (singular versus plural) and state (free state versus construct state). In the case of the masculine, nouns generally begin with one of the three vowels of Berber, a, u or i (in standardised orthography, e represents a schwa [ə] inserted for reasons of pronunciation): 
afus "hand" argaz "man" udem "face" ul "heart" ixef "head" iles "tongue" 
afus → ifassen "hands" argaz → irgazen "men" ixef → ixfawen "heads" ul → ulawen "hearts" 
izi → izan "(the) fly" azur → izuran "roof" iziker → izakaren "rope" 
The third involves the addition of a semi-vowel (w or y) word-initially: 
asif → wasif "river" aḍu → waḍu "wind" iles → yiles "tongue" uccen → wuccen "wolf" 
Lazio (UK: /ˈlætsioʊ/, US: /ˈlɑːtsioʊ/, Italian: [ˈlattsjo]; Latin: Latium) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy. Situated in the central peninsular section of the country, it has 5,897,635 inhabitants – making it the second most populated region of Italy (after Lombardy and just a little ahead of Campania)[1] – and its GDP of more than €170 billion per year means that it has the nation's second largest regional economy. The capital of Lazio is Rome, which is also Italy's capital and the country's largest city. 
The Appian Way (Via Appia), a road connecting Ancient Rome to the southern parts of Italy, remains usable even today. 
The name of the region also survives in the tribal designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the city-state of Ancient Rome. Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent. In Roman mythology, the tribe of the Latini took their name from king Latinus. 
The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria. 
The emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia, dividing it into eleven regions. The part of today's Lazio south of the Tiber river – together with the present region of Campania immediately to the southeast of Lazio and the seat of Neapolis – became Region I (Latium et Campania), while modern Upper Lazio became part of Regio VII - Etruria, and today's Province of Rieti joined Regio IV - Samnium. 
After the Gothic conquest of Italy at the end of the fifth century, modern Lazio became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, but after the Gothic War between 535 and 554 and the Byzantine conquest, this region regained its freedom, because the "Roman Duchy" became the property of the Eastern Emperor. However, the long wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Bishop of Rome acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome. 
During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France (1309–1377), the feudal lords' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome. Small communes, and Rome above all, opposed the lords' increasing power, and with Cola di Rienzo, they tried to present themselves as antagonists of the ecclesiastical power. However, between 1353 and 1367, the papacy regained control of Lazio and the rest of the Papal States. 
From the middle of the 16th century, the papacy politically unified Lazio with the Papal States,[7] so that these territories became provincial administrations of St. Peter's estate; governors in Viterbo, in Marittima and Campagna, and in Frosinone administered them for the papacy. 
Lazio comprised the short-lived Roman Republic, in which it became a puppet state of the First French Republic under the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Republic existed from 15 February 1798 until Lazio was returned to the Papal States in October 1799. In 1809, Lazio was annexed to the French Empire under the name of Department of Tibre, but returned under the Pope in 1815. 
On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome, during the reign of Pope Pius IX, and France's defeat at Sedan, completed Italian unification, and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. 
In 1927 the territory of the Province of Rieti, belonging to Umbria and Abruzzo, joined Lazio. 
Towns in Lazio were devastated by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake which occurred on 24 August 2016.[8] 
Agriculture, crafts, animal husbandry and fishery are the main traditional sources of income. Agriculture is characterized by the cultivation of wine grapes, fruit, vegetables and olives. 
Industrial development in Lazio is limited to the areas south of Rome. Communications and - above all - the setting of the border of the Cassa del Mezzogiorno some kilometers south of Rome, have influenced the position of industry, favouring the areas with the best links to Rome and those near the Autostrada del Sole (motorway), especially around Frosinone. Firms are often small to medium in size and operate in the building and building materials (Rome, Civitavecchia), paper (Sora, Italy, Isola del Liri), petrochemical (Gaeta, Rome), textile (Frosinone), engineering (Rieti, Anagni), automobile (Cassino), electronic and electrotechnical (Viterbo) sectors. 
Approximately 73% of the working population are employed in the services sector; this is a considerable proportion, but is justified by the presence of Rome, which is the core of public administration, banking, tourism, insurance and other sectors. Many national and multinational corporations, public and private, have their headquarters in Rome (ENI, Enel, Leonardo, Alitalia, RAI). 
Lazio's limited industrial sector and highly developed service industries allowed the region to well outperform the Italian economy in 2009 in the heart of the global financial crisis. 
The unemployment rate stood at 11.1% in 2018.[9] 
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 unemployment rate (in %) 7.5% 6.4% 7.5% 8.4% 9.2% 8.7% 10.6% 12.0% 12.5% 11.8% 11.1% 10.7% 11.1% 
Demographics 
Relief map of Lazio. 
Largest foreign-born resident groups 2017[citation needed] Country of birth Population Romania 229,702 Philippines 45,823 Bangladesh 35,048 India 27,393 Albania 24,531 Ukraine 24,069 China 23,755 Poland 21,712 Peru 16,322 Egypt 15,141 Moldova 14,985 Morocco 13,582 Sri Lanka 11,889 Ecuador 9,771 Nigeria 7,988 Bulgaria 7,920 Tunisia 5,857 Brazil 5,783 North Macedonia 5,742 Pakistan 5,463 Spain 5,380 France 5,369 
With a population of about 5.887 million, Lazio was at the end of 2014 the second most populated region of Italy.[1] The overall population density in the region is 341 inhabitants per km2. However, the population density widely ranges from almost 800 inhabitants per km2 in the highly urbanized Province of Rome to less than 60 inhabitants per km2 in the mountainous and rural Province of Rieti. As of January 2010, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 497,940 foreign-born immigrants live in Lazio, equal to 8.8% of the total regional population.[10] 
Rome is center-left politically oriented by tradition, while the rest of Lazio is center-right oriented. In the 2008 general election, Lazio gave 44.2% of its vote to the centre-right coalition, while the centre-left block took 41.4% of vote. In the 2013 general election, Lazio gave 40.7% of its vote to the center-left block coalition, 29.3% to the center-right coalition and 20.2 to the Five Star Movement. 
Lazio is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan (province-level) city: 
Province Area (km2) Population Density (inhabitants/km2) Province of Frosinone 3,244 496,545 153.1 Province of Latina 2,251 543,844 241.4 Province of Rieti 2,749 158,545 57.7 Metropolitan City of Rome Capital 5,352 4,097,085 765.5 Province of Viterbo 3,612 314,690 87.1 
Panorama of the Aniene Valley. 
Lazio comprises a land area of 17,242 km2 (6,657 sq mi) and it has borders with Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. The region is mainly flat, with small mountainous areas in the most eastern and southern districts. 
Behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale (the continuation of Tuscan Maremma), a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains (616 m). The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna, a vast alluvial plain surrounding the city of Rome, with an area of approximately 2,100 km2 (811 sq mi). The southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino, a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. 
The Preapennines of Latium, marked by the Tiber valley and the Liri with the Sacco tributary, include on the right of the Tiber, three groups of mountains of volcanic origin: the Volsini, Cimini and Sabatini, whose largest former craters are occupied by the Bolsena, Vico and Bracciano lakes. To the south of the Tiber, other mountain groups form part of the Preapennines: the Alban Hills, also of volcanic origin, and the calcareous Lepini, Ausoni and Aurunci Mountains. The Apennines of Latium are a continuation of the Apennines of Abruzzo: the Reatini Mountains with Terminillo (2,213 m), Mounts Sabini, Prenestini, Simbruini and Ernici which continue east of the Liri into the Mainarde Mountains. 
See also: List of museums in Lazio 
A sash is a large and usually colorful ribbon or band of material worn around the body, draping from one shoulder to the opposing hip, or else running around the waist. The sash around the waist may be worn in daily attire, but the sash from shoulder to hip is worn on ceremonial occasions only. Ceremonial sashes are also found in a V-shaped format, draping from both shoulders to the stomach like a large necklace. 
President of Republic of Suriname wearing a ceremonial V-style sash 
1720s Garter sash. 
Orders with the sash worn on the left shoulder 
Denmark : Order of the Elephant[8] Iceland : Order of the Falcon [9] Kingdom of Serbia : Order of the White Eagle[10] United Kingdom : Order of the Garter United Kingdom (Scotland) : Order of the Thistle [11] 
South Korea : Grand Order of Mugunghwa[12] Thailand : Order of the Royal House of Chakri [13] Thailand : Order of Chula Chom Klao [14][15] Thailand : Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) on left shoulder but Knight Grand Cross (First Class) : right shoulder, for : Order of the White Elephant [16] Order of the Crown of Thailand [17] 
Classified examples of current orders' sashes 
Presidential sash West Point Cadets' Sword Order (honour) Phaleristics Religious sash 
Military use 
Federation of Malaysia Decorations Post-nominal Grade Ribbon Sources The Most Exalted and Most Illustrious Royal Family Order of Malaysia Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia DKM Recipient [18][19] The Most Exalted Order of the Crown of the Realm Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara DMN Recipient [19][20] Sultanate of Kedah The Most Illustrious Royal Family Order of Kedah Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Mulia Kedah DK Member [21] Sultanate of Kelantan The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order (Kelantan) (Al-Yunusi Star) Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat di-Hormati (Bintang al-Yunusi) DK Recipient [22][23] Sultanate of Negeri Sembilan The Most Illustrious Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan Darjah Kerabat Neegri Sembilan Yang Amat di-Mulia DKNS Member [24] The Order of Negeri Sembilan - Darjah Negeri Sembilan Darjah Tertinggi Negeri Sembilan DTNS Paramount [25] Darjah Mulia Negeri Sembilan DMNS Illustrious Sultanate of Pahang The Most Illustrious Royal Family Order of Pahang Darjah Kerabat Yang Maha Mulia Utama Kerabat di-Raja Pahang DKP Member (Ahli) [26][27] The Most Esteemed Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang Darjah Kerabat Sri Indra Mahkota Pahang Yang Amat di-Hormati DK I Member 1st class Sultanate of Perak The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Perak Darjah Kerabat di-Raja Yang Amat di-Hormati DK Member (Ahli) (before 2001) (after 2001) [28][29] [30] The Most Esteemed Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah Darjah Kerabat Sultan Azlan Shah Perak Yang Amat di-Hormati DKSA Superior class [31][32] The Most Esteemed Azlanii Royal Family Order Darjah Yang Teramat Mulia Darjah Kerabat Azlanii DKA I Member First Class [33] Sultanate of Perlis The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Perlis Darjah Kerabat di-Raja Perlis Yang Amat Amat di-Hormati DKP Recipient [34] The M. Est. 
Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail Darjah Kerabat Perlis Baginda Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail Yang Amat Amat di-Hormati DK Recipient [35] Sultanate of Selangor The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Selangor - Darjah Kerabat Selangor Yang Amat di-Hormati Darjah Kerabat Selangor Pertama DK I First Class [36][37] Darjah Kerabat Selangor Kedua DK II Second Class [38] Sultanate of Terengganu The Most Exalted Supreme Royal Family Order of Terengganu (10/03/1981) Darjah Utama Kerabat di-Raja Terengganu Yang Amat di-Hormati DKT Member (Ahli) [39] The Most Distinguished Family Order of Terengganu (19/06/1962) Darjah Kebesaran Kerabat Terengganu Yang Amat Mulia DK I Member 1st class Ahli Yang Pertama [40] 
Javanese (/dʒɑːvəˈniːz/;[3] ꦧꦱꦗꦮ, basa Jawa; باسا جاوا; Javanese pronunciation: [bɔsɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ]; colloquially known as ꦕꦫꦗꦮ, cara Jawa; Javanese pronunciation: [t͡ʃɔrɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ]) is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 98 million people[4] (more than 42% of the total population of Indonesia). 
Madurese in Javanese script. 
Numbers 
Speakers 
The phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below.[1][2] 
The University of Newcastle (UON), informally known as Newcastle University, is an Australian public university established in 1965. It has a primary campus in Callaghan, a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales. The university also operates campuses in Ourimbah, Port Macquarie, Singapore, Newcastle CBD and Sydney CBD.[5] 
Historically, the University of Newcastle Medical School has implemented the problem-based learning system for its undergraduate Bachelor of Medicine program – a system later mandated for use by the Australian Medical Council throughout Australia. It pioneered use of the Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test (UMAT) in the early 1990s. UMAT has since been accepted widely by different medical schools across Australia as an additional selection criteria.[6] 
The University of Newcastle is a member of Universities Australia and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business.[7] 
The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about three weeks to reach its pinnacle, and another 3 weeks to significantly diminish.[1] 
In the United States, the flu season is considered October through May.[9] It typically reaches an apex in February.[10] In Australia, the flu season is considered May to October. It usually peaks in August.[11] 
Flu seasons also exist in the tropics and subtropics, but are usually less sharply defined.[citation needed] In Hong Kong, which has a humid subtropical climate, the flu season runs from December to March, in the winter and early spring.[12][13] 
Flu vaccinations have been used to diminish the effects of the flu season; pneumonia vaccinations additionally diminishes the effects and complications of flu season. Since the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere. 
According to the U.S. Department of Health, a growing number of large companies provide their employees with seasonal flu shots, either at a small cost to the employee or as a free service.[citation needed] 
The annually updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses.[14] The dominant strain in January 2006 was H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.[15][16] 
Medical conditions that compromise the immune system increase the risks from flu. 
Millions of people have diabetes. When blood sugars are not well controlled, diabetics can quickly develop a wide range of complications. Diabetes results in elevated blood sugars in the body, and this environment allows viruses and bacteria to thrive. 
If blood sugars are poorly controlled, a mild flu can quickly turn severe, leading to hospitalization and even death. Uncontrolled blood sugars suppresses the immune systems and generally lead to more severe cases of the common cold or influenza. Thus, it has been recommended that diabetics be vaccinated against flu, before the start of the flu season.[17][18] 
It is recommended that asthmatics and COPD patients be vaccinated against flu before the flu season. People with asthma can develop life-threatening complications from influenza and the common cold viruses. Some of these complications include pneumonias, acute bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[19] 
Each year flu related complications in the USA affect close to 100,000 asthmatics, and millions more are seen in the emergency room because of severe shortness of breath. It is recommended that asthmatics are vaccinated between October and November, before the peak of the flu season. Flu vaccine works by boosting the body's immune system and takes about 2 weeks to become effective.[20] 
The flu shot is made up of inactivated (killed) viruses, and the nasal spray vaccines are made up of live viruses. The flu shot is safer for those with a weakened immune system. Those who have received cancer treatment such as chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within the last month, or have a blood or lymphatic form of cancer should call their doctor immediately if they suspect they may have flu.[21] 
Moreover, people with HIV have a longer flu season and are at a high risk of death. Vaccination with the flu shot has been shown to boost the immune system and protect against the seasonal flu in some patients with HIV; individuals who have HIV should only get vaccinated with the inactivated influenza vaccine. Any HIV patient who has been exposed to other people with influenza should see a physician to determine if there is a need for anti viral medications.[22] 
Three virus families, Influenzavirus A, B, and C are the main infective agents that cause influenza. During periods of cooler temperature, influenza cases increase roughly tenfold or more. Despite higher incidence of manifestations of the flu during the season, the viruses are actually transmitted throughout populations all year round. 
The cost of a flu season in lives lost, medical expenses and economic impact can be severe. 
"In the United States of America, for example, recent estimates put the cost of influenza epidemics to the economy at US$ 71-167 billion per year."[23] 
A study[24] estimated that in the United States, annual influenza epidemics result in approximately 600,000 life-years lost, 3 million hospitalized days, and 30 million outpatient visits, resulting in medical costs of $10 billion annually. According to this study, lost earnings due to illness and loss of life amounted to over $15 billion annually and the total economic burden of annual influenza epidemics amounts to over $80 billion. Also, in the US the flu season usually accounts for 200,000 hospitalizations and 41,000 deaths. 
Because the mortality rate of the H1N1 "swine flu" is lower than common flu strains, this number was actually lower in 2009. According to an article in Clinical Infectious Diseases, published in 2011, the estimated health burden of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1), between April 2009 to April 2010, was "approximately 60.8 million cases (range: 43.3–89.3 million), 274,304 hospitalizations (195,086–402,719), and 12,469 deaths (8,868–18,306)" "in the United States due to pH1N1."[25][26] 
The 2012–2013 flu season was particularly harsh in the United States, where the majority of states were reporting high rates of influenza-like illness.[27][28][29] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the available flu vaccine was 60% effective.[29][30] It further recommended that all persons over age 6 months get the vaccine.[29][30] 
Influenza Influenza vaccine Bird flu Human flu Swine flu Horse flu Dog flu Freshers' flu 2012–2013 flu season 2014–2015 flu season 2015–2016 flu season 2016–2017 flu season 2017–2018 United States flu season 2018–2019 United States flu season 2019–2020 United States flu season 
Each annual flu season is normally associated with a major influenzavirus subtype. The associated subtype changes each year, due to development of immunological resistance to a previous year's strain (through exposure and vaccinations), and mutational changes in previously dormant viruses strains. 
CDC U.S. influenza season summary with weekly updates — Contains about a dozen charts and graphs with extensive text 
Health-EU portal EU response to influenza European Commission - Public Health EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 
The exact mechanism behind the seasonal nature of influenza outbreaks is unknown. Some proposed explanations are: 
A seasonal decline in the amount of ultraviolet radiation may reduce the likelihood of the virus being damaged or killed by direct radiation damage or indirect effects (i. e. ozone concentration) increasing the probability of infection. Cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucous membranes, preventing the body from effectively defending against respiratory virus infections.[1][3][4] Viruses are preserved in colder temperatures due to slower decomposition, so they linger longer on exposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops, etc.). In nations where children do not go to school in the summer, there is a more pronounced beginning to flu season, coinciding with the start of public school.[citation needed] It is thought that the day care environment is perfect for the spread of illness. 
Research in guinea pigs has shown that the aerosol transmission of the virus is enhanced when the air is cold and dry.[2] The dependence on aridity appears to be due to degradation of the virus particles in moist air, while the dependence on cold appears to be due to infected hosts shedding the virus for a longer period of time. The researchers did not find that the cold impaired the immune response of the guinea pigs to the virus. 
Research done by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2008 found that the influenza virus has a "butter-like coating". The coating melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. 
A world language is one that is spoken internationally and learned and spoken by numerous people as a second language. A world language is characterized not only by the total number of speakers (native and second language speakers) but also by geographical distribution and its use in international organizations and diplomatic relations.[1][2] 
The most widely spoken (and likely the fastest spreading) world language today is English, with over 1.1 billion native and second-language users worldwide.[3] On similar grounds, French and Spanish are also commonly categorized as world languages. Other possible world languages include Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, Russian and Portuguese. 
Historically, Egyptian, Ancient Greek, Latin, Classical Chinese, Persian, Sanskrit, and Classical Arabic have also functioned as world languages due to their previous standings as lingua francas over large parts of the world. 
The oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), also known as the northern tiger cat, little spotted cat, and tigrillo, is a small spotted cat ranging from Central America to central Brazil. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the population is threatened by deforestation and conversion of habitat to agricultural land.[1] 
Taxonomy 
Museum specimen in Genoa, Italy 
Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus, eastern Venezuela, Guyana, northeastern Brazil Leopardus tigrinus guttulus, Atlantic forest central and southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina (later recognised as a separate species) Leopardus tigrinus oncilla, Central America[14] Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides, western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru 
Conservation 
Oncillas are killed for their fur 
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the oncilla as a Vulnerable species. It is mainly threatened by deforestation and poaching. Oncillas are killed for their pelts, which are highly prized and often sold or made into clothing.[1] Reports in 1972 and 1982 in South America showed that the oncilla is one of the four most heavily hunted of all the small wild cats.[18] 
There is a breeding facility in Brazil for several small native felines, where their natural conditions and native food encourage reproduction similar to that in the wild.[1] There are a few oncillas in captivity in North America, and a few in zoos in Europe and South America. In captivity, the oncilla tends to have high infant mortality rate.[2] 
The oncilla resembles the margay and the ocelot,[4] but it is smaller, with a slender build and narrower muzzle. It grows to 38 to 59 centimetres (15 to 23 in) long, plus a 20 to 42 centimetres (7.9 to 16.5 in) tail.[5] While this is somewhat longer than the average domestic cat, Leopardus tigrinus is generally lighter, weighing 1.5 to 3 kilograms (3.3 to 6.6 lb).[6] 
Distribution and habitat 
The oncilla is distributed from Costa Rica and Panama to the Amazon basin and Central Brazil. Most records were obtained in Costa Rica's cloud forests, in the northern Andes at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 m (4,900 to 9,800 ft) and in dry Cerrado and Caatinga landscapes of northern Brazil.[1] In Panama, it has been recorded in Darién,[7] and in Volcán Barú National Parks.[8] In Colombia, it has been recorded in the Andean region, in the Cordillera Occidental at elevations of 1,900 to 4,800 m (6,200 to 15,700 ft) in Los Nevados National Natural Park,[9] and in Antioquia Department.[10] 
The grammar of the Sanskrit language has a complex verbal system, rich nominal declension, and extensive use of compound nouns. It was studied and codified by Sanskrit grammarians from the later Vedic period (roughly 8th century BCE), culminating in the Pāṇinian grammar of the 6th century BCE. 
The final स् (s) characters in the above table are theoretical. In Classical Sanskrit, all of them become ः (ḥ) when the word is at the end of a sentence, and, if the word is followed by another in a sentence, the rules of sandhi for final "-ḥ" are applied. 
éka- dvá- trí- catúr- páñca- ṣáṣ- saptá-, sápta- aṣṭá-, áṣṭa- náva- dáśa- 
eka: "one", "a certain". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both ekam) anya: "another". sarva: "all", "every". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both sarvam) para: "the other". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both param) sva: "self" (a reflexive adjective). (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both svam) 
They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia, including Japan in the form of Siddhaṃ. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India, and are used by languages of several language families: Indo-European, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.[1] 
ISO[lower-alpha 1] ka kha ga gha ṅ ca cha ja jha ñ ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na ṉ pa pha ba bha ma ya ra ṟ la ḷa ḻ v śa ṣa sa h Assamese ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য ৰ ল ৱ শ ষ স হ Bengali ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য র ল শ ষ স হ Sylheti ꠇ ꠈ ꠉ ꠊ ꠋ ꠌ ꠍ ꠎ ꠏ ꠐ ꠑ ꠒ ꠓ ꠔ ꠕ ꠖ ꠗ ꠘ ꠙ ꠚ ꠛ ꠜ ꠝ ꠞ ꠟ ꠡ ꠢ Devanagari क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न ऩ प फ ब भ म य र ऱ ल ळ ऴ व श ष स ह Gujarati ક ખ ગ ઘ ઙ ચ છ જ ઝ ઞ ટ ઠ ડ ઢ ણ ત થ દ ધ ન પ ફ બ ભ મ ય ર લ ળ વ શ ષ સ હ Odia କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ ପ ଫ ବ ଭ ମ ୟ ର ଲ ଳ ୱ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ Gurmukhi ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਲ਼ ਵ ਸ਼ ਸ ਹ Tibetan ཀ ཁ ག ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཉ (derived) ཏ ཐ ད ན པ ཕ བ མ ཡ ར ལ ཝ ཤ ཥ ས ཧ Tirhuta 𑒏 𑒐 𑒑 𑒒 𑒓 𑒔 𑒕 𑒖 𑒗 𑒘 𑒙 𑒚 𑒛 𑒜 𑒝 𑒞 𑒟 𑒠 𑒡 𑒢 𑒣 𑒤 𑒥 𑒦 𑒧 𑒨 𑒩 𑒪 𑒬 𑒭 𑒮 𑒯 Early Brahmi 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀴 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 Middle Brahmi 𑀴 Late Brahmi 𑀴 Telugu క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న ప ఫ బ భ మ య ర ఱ ల ళ ೞ వ శ ష స హ Kannada ಕ ಖ ಗ ಘ ಙ ಚ ಛ ಜ ಝ ಞ ಟ ಠ ಡ ಢ ಣ ತ ಥ ದ ಧ ನ ಪ ಫ ಬ ಭ ಮ ಯ ರ ಱ ಲ ಳ ೞ ವ ಶ ಷ ಸ ಹ Sinhala ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ත ථ ද ධ න ප ඵ බ භ ම ය ර ල ළ ව ශ ෂ ස හ Malayalam ക ഖ ഗ ഘ ങ ച ഛ ജ ഝ ഞ ട ഠ ഡ ഢ ണ ത ഥ ദ ധ ന ഩ പ ഫ ബ ഭ മ യ ര റ ല ള ഴ വ ശ ഷ സ ഹ Tamil க ங ச ஜ ஞ ட ண த ந ன ப ம ய ர ற ல ள ழ வ ஶ ஷ ஸ ஹ Burmese က ခ ဂ ဃ င စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ဉ / ည ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ တ ထ ဒ ဓ န ပ ဖ ဗ ဘ မ ယ ရ လ ဠ ၔ ဝ ၐ ၑ သ ဟ Khmer ក ខ គ ឃ ង ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ ដ ឋ ឌ ឍ ណ ត ថ ទ ធ ន ប ផ ព ភ ម យ រ ល ឡ វ ឝ ឞ ស ហ Thai ก ข,ฃ[lower-alpha 2] ค,ฅ[lower-alpha 2] ฆ ง จ ฉ ช,ซ[lower-alpha 2] ฌ ญ ฎ,[lower-alpha 2]ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด,[lower-alpha 2]ต ถ ท ธ น บ,[lower-alpha 2]ป ผ,ฝ[lower-alpha 2] พ,ฟ[lower-alpha 2] ภ ม ย ร ล ฬ ว ศ ษ ส ห,ฮ[lower-alpha 2] Lao ກ ຂ ຄ ງ ຈ ຊ ຕ ຖ ທ ນ ປ ຜ ພ ມ ຍ ຣ ລ ວ ສ ຫ Balinese ᬓ ᬔ ᬕ ᬖ ᬗ ᬘ ᬙ ᬚ ᬛ ᬜ ᬝ ᬞ ᬟ ᬠ ᬡ ᬢ ᬣ ᬤ ᬥ ᬦ ᬧ ᬨ ᬩ ᬪ ᬫ ᬬ ᬭ ᬮ ᬯ ᬰ ᬱ ᬲ ᬳ Javanese[lower-alpha 3] ꦏ ꦑ[lower-alpha 3] ꦒ ꦓ[lower-alpha 3] ꦔ ꦕ ꦖ[lower-alpha 3] ꦗ ꦙ[lower-alpha 3] ꦚ ꦛ ꦜ[lower-alpha 3] ꦝ ꦞ[lower-alpha 3] ꦟ[lower-alpha 3] ꦠ ꦡ[lower-alpha 3] ꦢ ꦣ[lower-alpha 3] ꦤ ꦘ ꦥ ꦦ[lower-alpha 3] ꦧ ꦨ[lower-alpha 3] ꦩ ꦪ ꦫ ꦭ ꦮ ꦯ[lower-alpha 3] ꦰ[lower-alpha 3] ꦱ ꦲ Sundanese ᮊ ᮌ ᮍ ᮎ ᮏ ᮑ ᮒ ᮓ ᮔ ᮕ ᮘ ᮙ ᮚ ᮛ ᮜ ᮝ ᮞ ᮠ Lontara ᨀ ᨁ ᨂ ᨌ ᨍ ᨎ ᨈ ᨉ ᨊ ᨄ ᨅ ᨆ ᨐ ᨑ ᨒ ᨓ ᨔ ᨕ Batak (Toba) ᯂ ᯎ ᯝ ᯐ ᯠ/ᯛ ᯖ ᯑ ᯉ ᯇ ᯅ ᯔ ᯒ ᯞ ᯞ ᯘ ᯂ Baybayin ᜃ ᜄ ᜅ ᜆ ᜇ ᜈ ᜉ ᜊ ᜋ ᜌ ᜇ ᜎ ᜏ ᜐ ᜑ ISO ka kha ga gha ṅ ca cha ja jha ñ ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na ṉ pa pha ba bha ma ya ra ṟ la ḷa ḻ v śa ṣa sa h 
ISO a ā æ ɒ i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au r̥ r̥̄[lower-alpha 1] l̥[lower-alpha 1] l̥̄[lower-alpha 1] ṁ ḥ a ka ā kā æ kæ ɒ kɒ i ki ī kī u ku ū kū e ke ē kē ai kai o ko ō kō au kau r̥ kr̥ r̥̄ kr̥̄ l̥ kl̥ l̥̄ kl̥̄ ṁ kṁ ḥ kḥ k Assamese অ ক আ কা অ্যা ক্যা ই কি ঈ কী উ কু ঊ কূ এ কে ঐ কৈ অৗ কৗ ও কো ঔ কৌ ঋ কৃ ৠ কৄ ঌ কৢ ৡ কৣ অং কং অঃ কঃ ক্,ক্‍ Bengali অ ক আ কা অ্যা ক্যা ই কি ঈ কী উ কু ঊ কূ এ কে ঐ কৈ অ ক ও কো ঔ কৌ ঋ কৃ ৠ কৄ ঌ কৢ ৡ কৣ অং কং অঃ কঃ ক্,ক্‍ Devanagari अ क आ का ॲ कॅ ऑ कॉ इ कि ई की उ कु ऊ कू ऎ कॆ ए के ऐ कै ऒ कॊ ओ को औ कौ ऋ कृ ॠ कॄ ऌ कॢ ॡ कॣ अं कं अः कः क्,क्‍ Gujarati અ ક આ કા ઇ કિ ઈ કી ઉ કુ ઊ કૂ એ કે ઐ કૈ ઓ કો ઔ કૌ ઋ કૃ ૠ કૄ ઌ કૢ ૡ કૣ અં કં અઃ કઃ ક્,ક્‍ Odia ଅ କ ଆ କା ଅଽ କଽ ଇ କି ଈ କୀ ଉ କୁ ଊ କୂ ଏ କେ ଐ କୈ ଓ କୋ ଔ କୌ ଋ କୃ ୠ କୄ ଌ କୢ ୡ କୣ ଂ କଂ ଃ କଃ କ୍ Gurmukhi ਅ ਕ ਆ ਕਾ ਇ ਕਿ ਈ ਕੀ ਉ ਕੁ ਊ ਕੂ ਏ ਕੇ ਐ ਕੈ ਓ ਕੋ ਔ ਕੌ ਅਂ ਕਂ ਅਃ ਕਃ ਕ੍ Tibetan ཨ ཀ ཨཱ ཀཱ ཨི ཀི ཨཱི ཀཱི ཨུ ཀུ ཨཱུ ཀཱུ ཨེ ཀེ ཨཻ ཀཻ ཨོ ཀོ ཨཽ ཀཽ རྀ ཀྲྀ རཱྀ ཀཷ ལྀ ཀླྀ ལཱྀ ཀླཱྀ ཨཾ ཀཾ ཨཿ ཀཿ ཀ྄ Tirhuta 𑒁 𑒏 𑒂 𑒏𑒰 𑒃 𑒏𑒱 𑒄 𑒏𑒲 𑒅 𑒏𑒳 𑒆 𑒏𑒴 𑒏𑒺 𑒋 𑒏𑒹 𑒌 𑒏𑒻 𑒏𑒽 𑒍 𑒏𑒼 𑒎 𑒏𑒾 𑒇 𑒏𑒵 𑒈 𑒏𑒶 𑒉 𑒏𑒷 𑒊 𑒏𑒸 𑒁𑓀 𑒏𑓀 𑒁𑓁 𑒏𑓁 𑒏𑓂 Sylheti ꠀ ꠇꠣ ꠁ ꠇꠤ ꠃ ꠇꠥ ꠄ ꠇꠦ ꠅ ꠇ ꠇꠧ ꠀꠋ ꠇꠋ ꠇ꠆ Brahmi 𑀅 𑀓 𑀆 𑀓𑀸 𑀇 𑀓𑀺 𑀈 𑀓𑀻 𑀉 𑀓𑀼 𑀊 𑀓𑀽 𑀏 𑀓𑁂 𑀐 𑀓𑁃 𑀑 𑀓𑁄 𑀒 𑀓𑁅 𑀋 𑀓𑀾 𑀌 𑀓𑀿 𑀍 𑀓𑁀 𑀎 𑀓𑁁 𑀅𑀂 𑀓𑀂 𑀅𑀃 𑀓𑀃 𑀓𑁆 Telugu అ క ఆ కా ఇ కి ఈ కీ ఉ కు ఊ కూ ఎ కె ఏ కే ఐ కై ఒ కొ ఓ కో ఔ కౌ ఋ కృ ౠ కౄ ఌ కౢ ౡ కౣ అం కం అః కః క్ Kannada ಅ ಕ ಆ ಕಾ ಇ ಕಿ ಈ ಕೀ ಉ ಕು ಊ ಕೂ ಎ ಕೆ ಏ ಕೇ ಐ ಕೈ ಒ ಕೊ ಓ ಕೋ ಔ ಕೌ ಋ ಕೃ ೠ ಕೄ ಌ ಕೢ ೡ ಕೣ అం ಕಂ అః ಕಃ ಕ್ Sinhala අ ක ආ කා ඇ කැ ඈ කෑ ඉ කි ඊ කී උ කු ඌ කූ එ කෙ ඒ කේ ඓ කෛ ඔ කො ඕ කෝ ඖ කෞ සෘ කෘ සෲ කෲ ඏ කෟ ඐ කෳ අං කං අඃ කඃ ක් Malayalam അ ക ആ കാ ഇ കി ഈ കീ ഉ കു ഊ കൂ എ കെ ഏ കേ ഐ കൈ ഒ കൊ ഓ കോ ഔ കൗ ഋ കൃ ൠ കൄ ഌ കൢ ൡ കൣ അം കം അഃ കഃ ക്,ക്‍ Tamil அ க ஆ கா இ கி ஈ கீ உ கு ஊ கூ எ கெ ஏ கே ஐ கை ஒ கொ ஓ கோ ஔ கௌ அஂ கஂ அஃ கஃ க் Burmese အ က အာ ကာ ဣ ကိ ဤ ကီ ဥ ကု ဦ ကူ ဧ ကေ အေး ကေး ဩ ကော ဪ ကော် ၒ ကၖ ၓ ကၗ ၔ ကၘ ၕ ကၙ အံ ကံ အး ကး က် Khmer[lower-alpha 2] អ ក អា កា ឥ កិ ឦ កី ឧ កុ ឩ កូ ឯ កេ ឰ កៃ ឱ កោ ឳ កៅ ឫ ក្ឫ ឬ ក្ឬ ឭ ក្ឭ ឮ ក្ឮ អំ កំ អះ កះ ក៑ Thai[lower-alpha 3] อ (อะ) ก (กะ) อา กา แอ แก (ออ) (กอ) อิ กิ อี กี อุ กุ อู กู (เอะ) (เกะ) เอ เก ไอ ไก (โอะ) (โกะ) โ โก เอา เกา ฤ กฺฤ ฤๅ กฺฤๅ ฦ กฺฦ ฦๅ กฺฦๅ อํ กํ อะ (อะฮฺ) กะ (กะฮฺ) กฺ (ก/ก์) Lao[lower-alpha 3] ກະ,ກັ ກາ ກິ ກີ ກຸ ກູ ເກ ໄກ/ໃກ ໂກ ເກົາ/ກາວ ອํ ກํ ອະ ກະ ກ Balinese ᬅ ᬓ ᬆ ᬓᬵ ᬇ ᬓᬶ ᬈ ᬓᬷ ᬉ ᬓᬸ ᬊ ᬓᬹ ᬏ ᬓᬾ ᬐ ᬓᬿ ᬑ ᬓᭀ ᬒ ᬓᭁ ᬋ ᬓᬺ ᬌ ᬓᬻ ᬍ ᬓᬼ ᬎ ᬓᬽ ᬅᬂ ᬓᬂ ᬅᬄ ᬓᬄ ᬓ᭄ Javanese ꦄ ꦏ ꦄꦴ ꦏꦴ ꦆ ꦏꦶ ꦇ ꦏꦷ ꦈ ꦏꦸ ꦈꦴ ꦏꦹ ꦌ ꦏꦺ ꦍ ꦏꦻ ꦎ ꦏꦺꦴ ꦎꦴ ꦏꦻꦴ ꦉ ꦏꦽ ꦉꦴ ꦏꦽꦴ ꦊ ꦏ꧀ꦭꦼ ꦋ ꦏ꧀ꦭꦼꦴ ꦄꦁ ꦏꦁ ꦄꦃ} ꦏꦃ ꦏ꧀ Sundanese ᮃ ᮊ ᮄ ᮊᮤ ᮅ ᮊᮥ ᮈ ᮊᮦ ᮇ ᮊᮧ ᮃᮀ ᮊᮀ ᮃᮂ ᮊᮂ ᮊ᮪ Lontara ᨕ ᨕᨗ ᨕᨘ ᨕᨙ ᨕᨚ Batak (Toba) ᯀ ᯂ ᯤ ᯂᯪ ᯥ ᯂᯮ ᯂᯩ ᯂᯬ ᯀᯰ ᯂᯰ ᯀᯱ ᯂᯱ ᯂ᯲ Baybayin ᜀ ᜃ ᜁ ᜃᜒ ᜂ ᜃᜓ ᜁ ᜃᜒ ᜂ ᜃᜓ ᜃ᜔ ISO a ka ā kā æ kæ ɒ kɒ i ki ī kī u ku ū kū e ke ē kē ai kai o ko ō kō au kau r̥ kr̥ r̥̄ kr̥̄ l̥ kl̥ l̥̄ kl̥̄ ṁ kṁ ḥ kḥ k a ā æ ɒ i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au r̥ r̥̄ l̥ l̥̄ ṁ ḥ 
Hindu-Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Assamese ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯ Bengali ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯ Devanagari ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ Gujarati ૦ ૧ ૨ ૩ ૪ ૫ ૬ ૭ ૮ ૯ Odia ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯ Gurmukhi ੦ ੧ ੨ ੩ ੪ ੫ ੬ ੭ ੮ ੯ Tibetan ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩ Tirhuta 𑓐 𑓑 𑓒 𑓓 𑓔 𑓕 𑓖 𑓗 𑓘 𑓙 Brahmi numbers 𑁒 𑁓 𑁔 𑁕 𑁖 𑁗 𑁘 𑁙 𑁚 Brahmi digits 𑁦 𑁧 𑁨 𑁩 𑁪 𑁫 𑁬 𑁭 𑁮 𑁯 Telugu ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯ Kannada ೦ ೧ ೨ ೩ ೪ ೫ ೬ ೭ ೮ ೯ Sinhala 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sinhala astrological numbers ෦ ෧ ෨ ෩ ෪ ෫ ෬ ෭ ෮ ෯ Malayalam ൦ ൧ ൨ ൩ ൪ ൫ ൬ ൭ ൮ ൯ Tamil ೦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ Burmese ၀ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉ Khmer ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩ Thai ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙ Lao ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙ Balinese ᭐ ᭑ ᭒ ᭓ ᭔ ᭕ ᭖ ᭗ ᭘ ᭙ Javanese ꧐ ꧑ ꧒ ꧓ ꧔ ꧕ ꧖ ꧗ ꧘ ꧙ Sundanese ᮰ ᮱ ᮲ ᮳ ᮴ ᮵ ᮶ ᮷ ᮸ ᮹ Ahom 𑜰 𑜱 𑜲 𑜳 𑜴 𑜵 𑜶 𑜷 𑜸 𑜹 Meitei (Manipuri) ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹ Hindu-Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Tangut (Tangut: 𗼇𗟲; Chinese: 西夏语; pinyin: Xī Xià Yǔ; literally: 'Western Xia language') is an ancient northeastern Tibeto-Burman language[2] once spoken in the Western Xia, also known as the Tangut Empire. It is classified by some linguists as a Qiangic language, which includes the Northern and Southern Qiang languages and the Rgyalrong languages, among others. 
Tangut was one of the official languages of the Western Xia (known in Tibetan as Mi nyag and in Chinese as 彌藥 Míyào), which was founded by the Tangut people and obtained its independence from the Song dynasty at the beginning of the 11th century. The Western Xia were annihilated when Genghis Khan invaded in 1226.[3] 
The Tangut language has its own script, the Tangut script. 
Nyi Min Han (Burmese: ညီမင်းဟန်; born 17 May 1987) is a Burmese politician who currently serves as a member of parliament in the Mandalay Region Hluttaw for Aungmyethazan Township No. 1 Constituency.[1][4][5] 
Nyi Min Han was born on 17 May 1987 in Natmauk in Magway Division of Myanmar. He graduated from University of Medicine, Magway with medical degree on 2013. 
Political career 
He is a member of the National League for Democracy Party. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, he contested the Mandalay Region Hluttaw from Aungmyethazan Township No. 1 parliamentary constituency, winning a majority of 38,872 votes.[3] 
References 
The Western Xia or Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), also known to the Mongols as the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak,[6] was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia, measuring about 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles).[7][8][9] Its capital was Xingqing (modern Yinchuan), until its destruction by the Mongols in 1227. Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed, so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in the West and in China. 
The kingdom developed a Tangut script to write its own Tangut language, a now extinct Tibeto-Burman language.[1][47] 
The practice of Tantric Buddhism in Western Xia led to the spread of some sexually related customs. Before they could marry men of their own ethnicity when they reached 30 years old, Uighur women in Shaanxi in the 12th century had children after having relations with multiple Han Chinese men, with her desirability as a wife enhancing if she had been with a large number of men.[51][52][53] 
A clay head of the Buddha, Western Xia dynasty, 12th century A winged kalavinka made of grey pottery, Western Xia dynasty A painting of the Buddhist manjusri, from the Yulin Caves of Gansu, China, from the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty Tomb No. 3 of the Western Xia imperial tombs in Ningxia Tangut officials Tangut printing block Tangut movable type print 
Tangut people Tangutology List of Tangut books Eastern Xia History of China Ethnic groups in Chinese history Khara-Khoto One Hundred and Eight Stupas Hongfo Pagoda 
Earlier, the term referred to Chinese-speaking groups with (foreign) Muslim ancestry. Practising Islam was not a criterion. Use of the Hui category to describe foreign Muslims moving into China dates back to the Song dynasty (960–1279). 
Surnames 
Hui people commonly believe that their surnames originated as "Sinified" forms of their foreign Muslim ancestors some time during the Yuan or Ming eras.[296] Common Hui surnames:[297][298][299][300] 
Hui praying in a mosque 
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú; Wade–Giles: Hui2-tsu2, Xiao'erjing: خُوِذُو‎; Dungan: Хуэйзў, Xuejzw) are an East Asian ethnic group predominantly composed of ethnically Chinese adherents of Islam found throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2011 census, China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some may practise other religions. The 110,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are also considered part of the Hui ethnicity. 
The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China. The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China's other ethnic groups; they are therefore distinct from other Muslim groups such as the Uyghurs.[4] The Hui predominantly speak Chinese,[2] while maintaining some Arabic and Persian phrases.[5] In fact, the Hui ethnic group is unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that it associates with no non-Sinitic language.[6] 
An elderly Hui man. 
Hui in Gansu with the surname Tang (唐) and Wang (汪) descended from Han Chinese who converted to Islam and married Muslim Hui or Dongxiang people, switching their ethnicity and joining the Hui and Dongxiang ethnic groups, both of which were Muslim. Tangwangchuan and Hanjiaji were notable as towns with a multi-ethnic community, with both non-Muslims and Muslims.[77] 
Islam came to China during the Tang dynasty via Iranian traders, who were primarily concerned with trading and commerce and less concerned with spreading Islam. This low profile is indicated by the 845 anti-Buddhist edict during the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution that said nothing about Islam.[90] It seems that trade rather than evangelism occupied the attention of the early Muslim settlers; while they practiced their faith in China, they did not campaign against Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, or the State creed, and that they constituted a floating rather than a fixed element of the population, coming and going between China and the West.[91][92] 
During the Song Dynasty, Muslims played a major role in foreign trade.[93][94] The office of the Director General of Shipping was consistently held by a Muslim.[95] The Song Dynasty hired Muslim mercenaries from Bukhara to fight against Khitan nomads. 5,300 Muslims from Bukhara were invited to move to China in 1070 by Song emperor Shenzong to help battle the Liao empire in the northeast and repopulate ravaged areas. These men settled between the Sung capital of Kaifeng and Yenching (modern day Beijing). 
Korea, an abbreviation for "Hanguk" (한국, 韓國), the Korean name for Korea (South Korea) 
Turkey 
People 
Bai (surname), a Chinese surname Marcus Bai (born 1972), Papua New Guinean rugby league player Seremaia Bai (born 1979), Fijian rugby union player 
Bai people, a Chinese ethnic group Bai language, language spoken by Bai people Bai people (South Sudan), ethnic group in South Sudan Bai language (South Sudan), a Ubangian language Bai (Kibay), a dialect of the Bantu Sakata language Balong (Bai), a variety of the Bantu Bafaw-Balong language Bamileke languages (ISO 639 alpha-3, bai), a group of languages spoken in Cameroon 
Bai (decoration), an imperial Vietnamese decoration for merit set with rubies Bai (suffix), a naming tradition in Maratha and Rajput dynasties Obai, pre-colonial rulers of the Temne state of Koya Bai Brands, a beverage company 
See also 
BAI 
BAI (organization), professional organization for financial services in the United States Badminton Association of India, India's governing body for badminton Banco Angolano de Investimentos, a bank in Angola Brittany Ferries, a French shipping company Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, regulator of broadcasting in Ireland Bureau of Animal Industry, formerly an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture WBAI, a listener-supported radio station in New York City 
Beck Anxiety Inventory, a psychological assessment tool Body adiposity index, a method of measuring body fat in humans Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 
Bai 
Xingqing District (simplified Chinese: 兴庆区; traditional Chinese: 興慶區; pinyin: Xīngqìng Qū; Wade–Giles: Hsin-ch’ing Ch’ü, Xiao'erjing: سٍ شٍ ﺛُﻮْ‎) is one of three urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the east. It has a total area of 757.6 km2 (292.5 sq mi), and, according to the 2010 China Census, a population of 678,306 people.[1] 
Xingqing District is the political, economic, scientific, cultural, financial, and commercial center of Yinchuan, the capital city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The district administers two villages and two towns. Although many Han Chinese live in the district, approximately 85,000 of its residents are of the Hui nationality. 
Hmong (RPA: Hmoob) or Mong (RPA: Moob), known as Miao in China[3], is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos.[4] There are some 2.7 million speakers of varieties that are largely mutually intelligible, including over 280,000 Hmong Americans as of 2013.[5] Over half of all Hmong speakers speak the various dialects in China, where the Dananshan (大南山) dialect forms the basis of the standard language.[6] However, Hmong Daw (White) and Mong Njua (Green) are widely known only in Laos and the United States; Dananshan is more widely known in the native region of Hmong. 
In 2012 McDonald's introduced its first Hmong language advertising in the United States on a commercial billboard in Saint Paul, Minnesota. However it was unintelligible to Hmong speakers due to an incorrect translation.[26] Google Translate introduced support for Hmong Daw (referred to only as Hmong) in May 2013.[27] 
The 11th-century Sanskrit manuscript of the Devi Māhātmya on palm-leaf, Bihar or Nepal. 
Many of the prominent texts are associated with Indian religions, i.e., Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and were composed in ancient India. However, others were composed central, East or Southeast Asia and the canon includes works covering secular sciences and the arts. Early works of Sanskrit literature were transmitted through an oral tradition for centuries before they were written down in manuscript form. 
Sanskrit Literature 
Most current Sanskrit poets are employed as teachers, either pandits in pāṭhaśālas or university professors.[1] However, Tripathi also points out the abundance of contemporary Sanskrit literature: 
The term Indian classical drama refers to the tradition of dramatic literature and performance in ancient India. The origin of dramatic performance in Indian subcontinent can be traced back to as early as 200 BCE.[1] Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of Sanskrit literature.[2] Buddhist philosopher Asvaghosa who composed Buddhacarita is considered to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist. 
Karnabharam is a critically acclaimed play and it is being subjected to lot of experimentation by the modern theatre groups in India. 
Vidyadhar Shastri wrote three Sanskrit plays viz. Purnanandam, Kalidainyam and Durbala Balam. 
Sanskrit Wikipedia (Sanskrit: संस्कृतविकिपीडिया; IAST: Saṃskṛta Vikipīḍiyā) (also known as sawiki) is the Sanskrit edition of Wikipedia, a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its five thousand articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, with major concentration of contributors in India and Nepal. 
Sanskrit Wikipedia has a collaboration with Samskrita Bharati, a non-profit organisation working to revive Sanskrit.[1] The collaboration efforts started in the Wikipedia Academy organized in Bangalore on Jan 23, 2010. That Wikipedia Academy was also the first in India. 
There were 11 Sanskrita Bharathi participants at the Academy. They were introduced to Wikipedia and contributing to Wikipedia content and were helped in this by a team of roughly 3 Wikipedians. 
Founded in December 2003, it reached five thousand articles by August 2011.[1][2][3] 
The Sanskrit Wikipedia Community also participated in a project named Tell us about your Wikipedia,[4] and Community news from Sanskrit Wikipedia also came on WikiPatrika, a community-written and community-edited newspaper, covering stories, events and reports related to Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation sister projects in India.[2] 
As of August 2016, it has 10,177 articles and is the 132nd largest version of Wikipedia.[5] The Times of India considered that "Sanskrit was making a comeback, thanks to Wikipedia community"[6] Mother India considered the Sanskrit Wikipedia as a "wonderful learning tool"[7] 
Wikipedia Academy Volunteers 
"O mio babbino caro" ("Oh my dear papa") is a soprano aria from the opera Gianni Schicchi (1918) by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is sung by Lauretta after tensions between her father Schicchi and the family of Rinuccio, the boy she loves, have reached a breaking point that threatens to separate her from Rinuccio. It provides an interlude expressing lyrical simplicity and love in contrast with the atmosphere of hypocrisy, jealousy, double-dealing, and feuding in medieval Florence. 
Florence Easton as Lauretta at the world premiere of Gianni Schicchi, 14 December 1918 
Latin honors are Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. This system is primarily used in the United States and Canada. It is also used in some Southeastern Asian countries with European colonial history, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, although sometimes translations of these phrases are used instead of the Latin originals. 
Since these standards vary, the same level of Latin honors conferred by different institutions can represent different levels of achievement. Similarly, some institutions grant equivalent (or additional) non-Latin honors to undergraduates. The University of Wisconsin–Madison, for example, has a series of plain English grading honors based on class standing.[1] 
In 1869, Harvard College became the first college in the United States to award final honors to its graduates. From 1872 to 1879, cum laude and summa cum laude were the two Latin honors awarded to graduates. Beginning in 1880, magna cum laude was also awarded: 
In his 1895 history of Amherst College, college historian William Seymour Tyler traced Amherst's system of Latin honors to 1881, and attributed it to Amherst College President Julius Hawley Seelye: 
United Kingdom 
In the UK the Latin cum laude is used in commemorative Latin versions of degree certificates sold by a few universities (e.g. the University of Edinburgh) to denote a bachelor's degree with Honours, but the honors classification is stated as in English, e.g. Primi Ordinis for First Class rather than summa cum laude, etc. Official degree certificates use English.[8] 
For undergraduate degrees, Latin honors are used in only a few countries such as the United States, Israel, Indonesia, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Canada. Most countries use a different scheme, such as the British undergraduate degree classification (usually used in Commonwealth countries) which is more widely used with varying criteria and nomenclature depending on country, including Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom, Zimbabwe and many other countries. Malta shows the Latin honors on the degree certificates, but the UK model is shown on the transcript. 
In Austria, the only Latin honor in use is sub auspiciis Praesidentis rei publicae (under the auspices of the president of the republic) for doctoral degrees. Candidates must have consistently excellent grades throughout high school and university, making it very difficult to attain: only about 20 out of a total of 2,500 doctoral graduates per year (i.e. 0.8%) achieve a sub auspiciis degree. 
These honors, when they are used, are almost always awarded to undergraduates earning their bachelor's, and, with the exception of law school graduates, much more rarely to graduate students receiving their master's or doctorate degree. The honor is typically indicated on the diploma. Latin honors are often conferred upon law school students graduating as a Juris Doctor or J.D., in which case they are generally based upon class rank or grade point average. 
In Belgium, the university degree awarded is limited to[9]: 
cum fructu <68% ("satisfaction" in French, "op voldoende wijze" in Dutch) cum laude >68% ("avec distinction" in French, "met onderscheiding" in Dutch) magna cum laude >77% ("avec grande distinction" in French, "met grote onderscheiding" in Dutch) summa cum laude >85% ("avec la plus grande distinction" in French, "met grootste onderscheiding" in Dutch) 
Among the few universities that do so, the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA—Technological Institute of Aeronautics) awards the cum laude honor for graduates with every individual grade above 8.5 (out of 10.0), the magna cum laude honor for graduates with average grade above 8.5 and more than 50% of individual grades above 9.5, and the summa cum laude honor for graduates with average grade above 9.5. As of 2009, only 22 graduates have received the summa cum laude honor at ITA. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro awards the cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 8.0 to 8.9, the magna cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 9.0 to 9.4, and the summa cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 9.5 to 10.0. 
It is awarded to bachelors, masters and integrated studies graduates. Occasionally the word kiitusega, which means "with praise", is substituted for the usual cum laude. To receive cum laude one must achieve a 4.60 GPA (out of 5) and receive the highest grade (A - 5.00) for the thesis or the final examination.[10] 
In France, usually the French honors très honorable avec félicitations du jury, très honorable and honorable are used. However some Grandes Écoles, like the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, HEC Paris, use the Latin and English titles "summa cum laude" / "graduated with highest honors" for the top 2% and "cum laude" / "graduated with honors" for the next 5% of a year. Since 2016, honorifics ceased to be used for the completion of a PhD.[11] 
In Germany, the range of degrees is: rite ("duly" conferred, that is, the requirements are fulfilled), cum laude (with honors), magna cum laude (with great honors), and summa cum laude (with highest honors). These degrees are mostly used when a doctorate is conferred, not for diplomas, bachelor's or master's degrees, for which numerical grades between 1.0 ("very good") and 4.0 ("pass"), and 5.0 ("fail"), are given. 
In Hungary, the range of degrees — similar to the German system — is: rite ("duly" conferred, that is, the requirements are fulfilled), cum laude (with honors), summa cum laude (with highest honors). These degrees are used in university diplomas and in certain fields of sciences (medical, legal and a very few others) only. The grades of degrees are dependent on the received average points from final exams and from average points from the university studies. 
In Italy, the cum laude notation ("con lode" being the equivalent in Italian) is used as an increasing level of the highest grade for both exams (30/30) and degrees (110/110), in all its levels; sometimes passing an exam cum laude (30 e lode) has only an honorific meaning, but sometimes it influences the average grade and can be useful to the student so honored. In Italy "110 e lode" (at institutions using a 110-point system) is the highest rank that can be achieved during the academic studies, although many years ago there were some other notations (that were given only to those who had attained the "lode"). These include : bacio e abbraccio accademico ("academic kiss and embrace") menzione d'onore ("honor mention") and dignità di stampa ("dignity of printing"), and were given based on various University-specific requirements, but without a legal value. 
In Malta, for Bachelor Honours degrees Summa Cum Laude refers to First Class Honours, Magna Cum Laude refers to Second Class Honours (Upper Division), Cum Laude refers to Second Class Honours (Lower Division) whilst Bene Probatus refers to Third Class Honours. Professional degrees lasting longer than the standard 3 years such as the 5 year Bachelor of Pharmacy are awarded Egregia Cum Laude. Postgraduate Diplomas and master's degrees may be awarded as Pass with Distinction (Summa Cum Laude), Pass with Merit (Magna Cum Laude) or Pass (Bene Probatus). 
In Mexico, cum laude (also known as "mención honorífica" in Spanish) is used, by the major universities, to recognize an outstanding dissertation for bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees. Also different awards on public and private universities are given to the student with the highest final grade average (i.e. Presea Lázaro Cárdenas or Gabino Barreda Medal) and a diploma is given as a form of cum laude. 
It is also possible to receive a PhD degree cum laude, although this honor is even rarer than for master's graduates. In view of the difficulty and subjectivity of determining this, some universities and fields of study very seldom award doctorates cum laude. At Dutch University Colleges, cum laude, magna cum laude and, exceptionally, summa cum laude may be used. 
In the Philippines, Junior High School - Senior High School Students under the new K–12 Curriculum an honor system using Filipino translations of the Latin original. Students who achieve a final grade average of 90-94 are awarded the title "May Karangalan" ("cum laude" in Latin or "with honors") and will receive a bronze medal with the DepEd seal.Those who have a final grade average of 95-97 receive the title of "May Mataas na Karangalan" ("magna cum laude" or "with high honors") and a silver medal with the same seal. Students with a final grade average of 98-100 shall be awarded the title of "May Pinakamataas na Karangalan" ("summa cum laude" or "with highest honors") and a gold medal with the same specification. 
In military schools, a "red diploma" may be accompanied by a gold medal ("summa cum laude") for outstanding performance. Russian high schools also award a gold medal to the student who achieves a perfect score in all final examinations and in all other subjects not requiring a final exam. A silver medal is awarded to high school students who have one or two grades of 4 ("хорошо" in Russian or "good", being second highest grade) on their final exams or other subjects as listed in the high school diploma ("attestat o (polnom) srednem obrazovanii"). 
In Spain, the Latin honors cum laude is used for PhD degrees only, and is awarded after a secret vote of the jury members, using envelopes that must be opened in a separate session, and requiring unanimity. 
In Switzerland, the degrees rite, cum laude, magna cum laude, insigni cum laude and summa cum laude are used, but the exact GPA corresponding to each varies by institution. 
In Ukraine, the university education honor system is based on by-law # 161 (02.06.1993) of The Ministry of Education of Ukraine (3.12.3.5). For a student to graduate a university with a diploma with honors (cum laude), students have to receive mark "5" (excellent) at least on 75% of courses, receive mark 4 (good) at max 25% of courses, and pass the state exams only with mark "5" (excellent). Also, students are expected to have participated in research projects with visible results.[15] 
In North America, Latin honors are frequently used by colleges and universities for undergraduate degrees (such as Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science) and for the Juris Doctor law degree. They are generally not used for any other degrees, such as master's degrees or the Ph.D. and M.D. degrees. Most institutions use two or three levels of Latin honors, listed below in ascending order: 
This honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 20%, top 25%, or top 30% of their class, depending on the institution.[2][3] magna cum laude, meaning "with great praise". This honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 10% or top 15% of their class, depending on the institution. summa cum laude, meaning "with highest praise". This honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 1%, top 2%, or top 5% of their class, depending on the institution. 
Some institutions have additional distinctions, but these are uncommon. For example, at a few universities maxima cum laude, meaning "with very great praise", is an intermediary honor between the magna and the summa honors. It is sometimes used when the summa honor is reserved only for students with perfect academic records.[4][5] A further rarely used distinction is that of egregia cum laude which means "with outstanding praise", and if used may be for either students achieving summa cum laude honors in a particularly difficult subject area or recipients of a non-standard bachelor's degree.[6] 
The Alhambra (/ælˈhæmbrə/ (listen), Spanish: [aˈlambɾa]; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء‎, romanized: Al-Ḥamrāʾ, pronounced [alħamˈraːʔ], lit. '"The Red One"') is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It was originally constructed as a small fortress in AD 889 on the remains of Roman fortifications, and then largely ignored until its ruins were renovated and rebuilt in the mid-13th century by the Nasrid emir Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Emirate of Granada, who built its current palace and walls. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.[1] After the conclusion of the Christian Reconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered in the Renaissance style. 
After being allowed to fall into disrepair for centuries, the buildings occupied by squatters, Alhambra was rediscovered following the defeat of Napoleon, who had conducted retaliatory destruction of the site. The rediscoverers were first British intellectuals and then other north European Romantic travelers. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well-known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian building and garden interventions. 
Selected recipients 
Certificate for the Commander of Order of the White Elephant, given to Professor Galileo Chini by King Vajiravudh of Siam in 14 August 1913. 
Emperor Napoleon III - Knight Grand Cross (1851, Custom Design) Be Biauw Tjoan, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen – Knight (1895)[4] Plaek Phibunsongkhram - Knight Grand Cordon Sultan Ibrahim of Johor - Knight Grand Cordon Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah of Kedah - Knight Grand Cordon Chavalit Yongchaiyudh - Knight Grand Cordon Alexander I of Yugoslavia - Knight Grand Cordon Bob Hawke - Knight Grand Cordon Albert du Roy de Blicquy Norodom of Cambodia - Knight Grand Cross John T. Cole - Knight Commander Pakubuwono X - Knight Grand Cross (1929) Miklós Horthy - Knight Grand Cross[5] The Earl Mountbatten of Burma - Knight Grand Cross Foster C. LaHue Sir Samuel Robinson, 1923.[6] Graves B. Erskine - Knight Grand Cross Arne Skaug.[7] Pierra Vejjabul[8] Joseph J. Cappucci - Knight Commander (Second Class) David John Collins Awarded by King Rama V in 1897 (Fourth Class) Frederick William Verney - Commander[9] Queen Victoria[10] General William Westmoreland - Knight Grand Cross Vice Admiral Józef Unrug Major General Richard Secord[11] Jiri Sitler - Knight Grand Cross (2006)[12] Lieutenant Commander Saman Kunan - Knight Grand Cross (2018)[13] 
The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (Thai: เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันเป็นที่เชิดชูยิ่งช้างเผือก; RTGS: Khrueang Ratcha-itsariyaphon An Pen Thi Choetchu Ying Chang Phueak) is an order of Thailand. It was established in 1861 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam. Along with the Order of the Crown of Thailand, it is regularly awarded to any government official for services rendered to Thailand for five years, making it Thailand's most-commonly awarded order.[clarification needed][1] 
Classes 
The order consists of eight classes: 
Symbol of the Order of the Garter embroidered onto the left shoulder of the blue velvet mantle of a Knight 
The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry founded by King Edward III of England in 1348. It is the most senior order of knighthood in the British honours system, outranked in precedence only by the Victoria Cross and the George Cross. The Order of the Garter is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George, England's patron saint. 
Garter banners in St George's Chapel 
Coats of arms of current Knights and Ladies of the Garter The Sovereign Arms of the Queen Royal Knights Companion and Ladies Arms of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Arms of Charles, Prince of Wales Arms of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Arms of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Arms of Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Arms of Prince Andrew, Duke of York Arms of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Arms of Anne, Princess Royal Arms of Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy Extra Knights Companion and Ladies Arms of Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark[51] Arms of Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden[51] Arms of Juan Carlos I, King Emeritus of Spain[51] Arms of Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands[51] Arms of Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan[51] Arms of Harald V, King of Norway[51] Arms of Felipe VI, King of Spain[51] Arms of Willem-Alexander, King of the Netherlands[51] Knights and Ladies Companion Arms of The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover Arms of The Lord Ashburton Arms of Sir Timothy Colman Arms of The Duke of Abercorn Arms of The Lord Inge Arms of Sir Antony Acland Arms of The Lord Butler of Brockwell Arms of The Lord Morris of Aberavon Arms of Sir John Major Arms of The Lord Luce Arms of Sir Thomas Dunne Arms of The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers Arms of The Lord Boyce Arms of The Lord Stirrup Arms of The Baroness Manningham-Buller Arms of The Lord King of Lothbury Arms of The Lord Shuttleworth Arms of Sir David Brewer Arms of Lady Mary Fagan Arms of The Viscount Brookeborough Arms of Lady Mary Peters Arms of The Marquess of Salisbury Vacant Vacant The Order Arms of the Order Variant with the royal arms and St Edward's Crown 
On 27 March 2020, the FDA approved an "automated assay" from Abbott Diagnostics, called ID NOW, that uses an isothermal nucleic acid amplification method.[14] 
Antigen 
An antigen is the part of a pathogen that elicits an immune response. While RT-PCR tests look for RNA from the virus and antibody tests detect human antibodies that have been generated against the virus (detectable days or weeks after the infection sets in), antigen tests look for proteins from the surface of the virus. In the case of a coronavirus these are usually proteins from the surface spikes, and a nasal swab is used to collect samples from the nasal cavity.[1] One of the difficulties has been finding a protein target unique to SARS-CoV-2.[2] There are related coronaviruses that cause the common cold.[17] 
Antigen tests are seen by many as the only way it will be possible to scale up testing to the numbers that will really be needed to detect acute infection.[1] Isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the test from Abbot Labs, can only process one sample at a time per machine. RT-PCR tests are accurate but it takes too much time, energy and trained personnel to run the tests.[15] “There will never be the ability on a [PCR] test to do 300 million tests a day or to test everybody before they go to work or to school,” Deborah Birx, head of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, said on April 17. “But there might be with the antigen test.”[18] 
An antigen test works by taking a nasal swab from a patient and exposing that to paper strips that contain artificial antibodies designed to bind to coronavirus antigens. Any antigens that are present will bind to the strips and give a visual readout. The process takes less than 30 minutes, can deliver results on the spot, and doesn't require expensive equipment or extensive training.[1] 
The problem is that in the case of respiratory viruses often there is not enough of the antigen material present in the nasal swab to be detectable.[16] This would especially be true with people who are asymptomatic and who have very little if any nasal discharge. Unlike the RT-PCR test, which amplifies very small amounts of genetic material so that there is enough to detect, there is no amplification of viral proteins in an antigen test.[2][19] According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the sensitivity of similar antigen tests for respiratory diseases like the flu ranges between 34% and 80%. "Based on this information, half or more of COVID-19 infected patients might be missed by such tests, depending on the group of patients tested," the WHO said. 
Serology tests rely on drawn blood, not a nasal or throat swab, and can identify people who were infected and have already recovered from Covid-19, including those who didn't know that they had been infected.[20] Most serology tests are in the research stage of development.[21] As of 24 April, six tests had been approved for diagnosis in the United States, all under FDA Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).[22] The tests are listed and described at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Other tests have been approved in other countries.[23] 
A number of countries are beginning large scale surveys of their populations using these tests.[24][25] A study in California conducted antibody testing in one county and estimated that the number of coronaviruses cases was between 2.5 and 4.2% of the population, or 50 to 85 times higher than the number of confirmed cases.[26][27] 
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG. According to the FDA, IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are generally detectable in blood several days after initial infection, although levels over the course of infection are not well characterized.[28] IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 generally become detectable 10–14 days after infection although they may be detected earlier, and normally peak around 28 days after the onset of infection.[29][30] Since antibodies are slow to present they are not the best markers of acute infection, but as they may persist in the bloodstream for many years they are ideal for detecting historic infections.[15] 
Antibody tests can be used to determine the percentage of the population that has contracted the disease and that is therefore presumed to be immune. However, it is still not clear how broad and how long and how effective this immune response is.[1][2] According to the World Health Organization as of 24 April 2020, “There is currently no evidence that people who have recovered from COVID-19 and have antibodies are protected from a second infection.”[32] One of the reasons for the uncertainty is that most, if not all, of the current Covid-19 antibody testing done at large scale is for detection of binding antibodies only and does not measure neutralizing antibodies.[33][34][35][36] A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that defends a cell from a pathogen or infectious particle by neutralizing any effect it has biologically. Neutralization renders the particle no longer infectious or pathogenic.[37] A binding antibody will bind to the pathogen but the pathogen remains infective; the purpose can be to flag the pathogen for destruction by the immune system.[38] It may even enhance infectivity by interacting with receptors on macrophages.[39] Since most Covid-19 antibody tests will return a positive result if they find only binding antibodies these tests cannot indicate that the person being tested has generated any NAbs which would give him or her protection against re-infection.[34][36] 
A study of 175 people in China who had recovered from COVID‑19 and had mild symptoms reported that 10 individuals had produced no detectable NAbs at the time of discharge, nor did they develop NAbs thereafter. How these patients recovered without the help of NAbs and whether they were at risk of re-infection of SARS-CoV-2 was left for further exploration.[3][41] An additional source of uncertainty is that even if NAbs are present, several viruses, such as HIV, have evolved mechanisms to evade NAb responses. While this needs to be examined in the context of COVID-19 infection, past experiences with viral infection in general argue that in most recovered patients NAb level is a good indicator of protective immunity.[5] 
It is presumed that once a person has been infected his or her chance of getting a second infection two to three months later is low, but how long that protective immunity might last is not known.[1] One study determined that reinfection at 29 days post-infection could not occur in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques.[42] Studies have indicated that NAbs to the original SARS virus (the predecessor to the current SARS-CoV-2) can remain active in most people for two years[43] and are gone after six years.[44] Nevertheless, memory cells including Memory B cells and Memory T cells can last much longer and may have the ability to greatly lessen the severity of a reinfection.[44] 
A blood droplet is collected by a pipette. Blood from pipette is then placed onto a COVID-19 rapid diagnostic test device. The rapid diagnostic test shows reactions of IgG and IgM antibodies. 
Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT). The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system. For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response. 
In late March 2020, a number of companies received European approvals for their test kits. The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours. The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.[45] 
In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.[46] 
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were minor or who were asymptomatic. An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test. However, the duration and effectiveness of this immune response are still unclear,[1] and the rates of false positives and false negatives must be duly factored into the interpretation. 
Chest CT scans are not recommended for routine screening. Radiologic findings in COVID19 are not specific.[47][48] Typical features on CT initially include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral or posterior distribution.[48] Subpleural dominance, crazy paving, and consolidation may develop as the disease evolves.[48][49] 
Typical CT imaging findings CT imaging of rapid progression stage 
Timeline of Number of tests per million people in different countries.[50] 
After issues with testing accuracy and capacity during January and February, the United States was testing 100,000 people per day by 27 March.[51] In comparison, several European countries have been conducting more daily tests per capita than the United States.[52][53] Three European countries are aiming to conduct 100,000 tests per day – Germany by mid-April, the United Kingdom by the end of April and France by the end of June. Germany has a large medical diagnostics industry, with over 100 testing labs that provided the technology and infrastructure to enable rapid increases in testing. The UK sought to diversify its life sciences companies into diagnostics to scale up testing capacity.[54] 
In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10,700 had been tested in the prior week. Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.[55] According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.[56] As of 19 March drive-in tests were offered in several large cities.[57] As of 26 March, the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported. Health minister Jens Spahn estimated 200,000 tests per week.[58] A first lab survey revealed that as of the end of March a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.[59] 
By the start of April, the United Kingdom was delivering around 10,000 swab tests per day. It set a target for 100,000 per day by the end of April, eventually rising to 250,000 tests per day.[1] The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.[60] 
In drive-through testing for COVID‑19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.[61][62] Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.[63] Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "[the] emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.[64] 
In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.[65][66][67] Pool testing was then adopted in Israel, Germany, South Korea,[68] and Nebraska,[69] and the Indian states Uttar Pradesh,[70] West Bengal,[71] Punjab,[72] Chhattisgarh,[73] and Maharashtra.[74] 
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.[2] As of 29 April, the countries that published their testing data have on average performed a number of tests equal to only 1.4% of their population, and no country has tested samples equal to more than 14% of its population.[3] There are variations in how much testing has been done across countries.[4] This variability is also likely to be affecting reported case fatality rates, which have probably been overestimated in many countries, due to sampling bias.[5][6][7] 
In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named "Huo-Yan" (Chinese: 火眼, "Fire Eye") was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI,[75][76] which can process over 10,000 samples a day.[77][76] With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days,[78] modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity had not come into operation.[citation needed] The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China. By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.[79] 
Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays.[80] These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers. 
By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK[81] and the US.[82][83] This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.[84][85] 
On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.[86] This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their "Huo-Yan" emergency detection laboratories in China). Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.[87] 
On 8 April 2020, In India, the Supreme Court of India ruled that private labs should be reimbursed at the appropriate time for COVID-19 tests [88] However private labs have stated that they are unable to scale up the testing because of the price cap put on the testing and labs being forced to make advance payment to suppliers while they receive deferred payment from hospitals.[89] 
Number of tests done per day in the United States. Blue: CDC lab Orange: Public health lab Gray: Data incomplete due to reporting lag Not shown: Testing at private labs; total exceeded 100,000 per day by 27 March[90] 
Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own. The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.[91] 
China[1] and the United States[2] had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia[94] were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts. In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.[95] On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID‑19 pandemic.[96][97] 
High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.[98] 
When scientists from China first released information on the COVID‑19 viral genome on 11 January 2020, the Malaysian Institute for Medical Research (IMR) successfully produced the “primers and probes” specific to SARS-CoV-2 on the very same day. The IMR's laboratory in Kuala Lumpur had initiated early preparedness by setting up reagents to detect coronavirus using the rt-PCR method.[99] The WHO reagent sequence (primers and probes) released several days later was very similar to that produced in the IMR's laboratory, which was used to diagnose Malaysia's first COVID‑19 patient on 24 January 2020.[100] 
Public Health England developed a test by 10 January,[101] using real-time RT-PCR (RdRp gene) assay based on oral swabs.[102] The test detected the presence of any type of coronavirus including specifically identifying SARS-CoV-2. It was rolled out to twelve laboratories across the United Kingdom on 10 February.[103] Another early PCR test was developed by Charité in Berlin, working with academic collaborators in Europe and Hong Kong, and published on 23 January. It used rtRT-PCR, and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).[104] The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on on 28 January 2020[failed verification].[105][106] It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.[107] 
In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.[108] 
In the United States, the CDC distributed its SARS-CoV-2 Real Time PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.[109] One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020. Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.[110] The test was approved by the FDA under an EUA.[citation needed] 
US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020. As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID‑19 testing based on RT-PCR.[111] Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID‑19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.[112] 
In Russia, the first COVID‑19 test was developed by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, production began on January 24.[113] On 11 February 2020 the test was approved by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.[114] 
On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID‑19 infection.[115] 
On 18 March 2020, the FDA issued EUA to Abbott Laboratories[116] for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic,[117] LabCorp,[116] and Thermo Fisher Scientific.[118] On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received an EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes on its GeneXpert system; the same system that runs the GeneXpert MTB/RIF.[119][120] 
Some look for the presence of the virus, e.g. the RT-PCR test. Others look for the antibodies which arise when a body is attacked by the virus. The purposes for which the test results are useful is different for the two kinds of test. 
On 13 April, Health Canada approved a test from Spartan Bioscience. Institutions may "test patients" with a handheld DNA analyzer "and receive results without having to send samples away to a [central] lab."[121][122] 
The FDA has approved a test by Abbott Laboratories, called ID NOW, that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.[1] Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles (like PCR tests typically do) this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes. There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.[123] In a study conducted by the Cleveland Clinic, the ID NOW only detected the virus in 85.2% of the samples. According to the director of the study a test should be at least 95% reliable. 
In March 2020 China[92] reported problems with accuracy in their test kits. 
In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws;" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.[93] 
Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate. The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly. The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.[125] 
80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.[126][127] 
Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate. Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.[128] 
Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a "high error rate" and did not "put them into use."[129][130] 
The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable.[131][132] 
On 21 April 2020 Indian Council of Medical Research has advised India's states to stop using the rapid antibody test kits purchased from China after receiving complaints from one state. Rajasthan health minister Raghu Sharma on 21 April 2020 said the kits gave only 5.4 percent accurate results against the expectation of 90 percent accuracy.[133] 
WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID‑19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID‑19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.[134][135] Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.[136] 
As of 7 April 2020, the WHO had accepted two diagnostic tests for procurement under the Emergency Use Listing procedure (EUL) for use during the COVID‑19 pandemic, in order to increase access to quality-assured, accurate tests for the disease.[137] Both in vitro diagnostics, the tests are genesig Real-Time PCR Coronavirus (COVID‑19) manufactured by Primerdesign, and cobas SARS-CoV-2 Qualitative assay for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems by Roche Molecular Systems. Approval means that these tests can also be supplied by the United Nations and other procurement agencies supporting the COVID‑19 response.[clarification needed] 
Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.[clarification needed].[citation needed] 
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR)[8] the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including a nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.[9] Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.[10] The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease. Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs. For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter, or coughed up material (sputum) can be used.[11] The FDA has granted Emergency Use Authorization for a test that collects saliva instead of using the traditional nasal swab.[12] It is believed that this will reduce the risk for health care professionals,[13] will be much more comfortable for the patient,[12] and will enable quarantined people to collect their own samples more efficiently.[13] 
Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID‑19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart. About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined. With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.[138] 
With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries [dubious ], but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments. Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March,[139] even though schools did close moving to "full home-based learning" on 8 April.[140] 
Several other countries, such as Iceland[141] and South Korea,[142] have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs. A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.[3] 
A test which uses monoclonal antibodies which bind to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the SARS-CoV-2 is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.[143] The World Health Organization raised concerns on 8 April that these tests need to be validated for the disease and are in a research stage only.[144] The United States Food and Drug Administration approved an antibody test on 2 April,[145] but some researchers warn that such tests should not drive public health decisions unless the percentage of COVID‑19 survivors who are producing neutralizing antibodies is also known.[31] 
The figures are influenced by the country's testing policy. If two countries are alike in every respect, including having the same spread of infection, the country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher figure for "% (Percentage of positive tests)" than a country that tests all citizens whether or not they are showing symptoms. If two countries are alike in every respect, including which people they test, the one that tests more people will have a higher "Positive / million people."[146] 
Demonstration of a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing Demonstration of a throat swab for COVID-19 testing A PCR machine 
The Guangzhou Evergrande Football Stadium is a football stadium under construction in Guangzhou, China. The construction of 12 billion yuan (US$1.7 billion) stadium began in April 16 and is intended to be the future home venue of Chinese professional club Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C..[1] The design of the lotus-shaped stadium was that of Shanghai-based American architect Hasan Syed.[2] The stadium has a seating capacity for 100,000 people and a planned opening set in 2022.[1] 
"Kimigayo" (君が代, Japanese pronunciation: [kimiɡajo]; "His Imperial Majesty's Reign") is the national anthem of Japan. Its lyrics are the oldest among the world's national anthems, and with a length of 11 measures and 32 characters, "Kimigayo" is also one of the world's shortest. Its lyrics are from a waka poem written by an unnamed author in the Heian period (794–1185),[1] and the current melody was chosen in 1880, replacing an unpopular melody composed by John William Fenton eleven years earlier. 
While the title "Kimigayo" is usually translated as "His Imperial Majesty's Reign", no official translation of the title or lyrics has been established in law.[2] 
When the Empire was dissolved following its surrender at the end of World War II, the State of Japan succeeded it in 1945. This successor state was a parliamentary democracy, and the polity therefore changed from a system based on imperial sovereignty to one based on popular sovereignty. However, Emperor Hirohito was not dethroned and "Kimigayo" was still retained as the de facto national anthem. 
Lyrics 
Mandalay FM is a radio station that serves the Mandalay metropolitan area (90 miles around Mandalay), broadcasting on the FM band at a frequency of 87.9 MHz[citation needed] and on the Internet. Now the radio station is also serving 30 miles around Taungoo and 60 miles around Yangon city. 
The station is a joint venture between MCDC and Forever Group, one of the country's few multimedia companies with close ties to the country's military government.[2] 
References 
External links 
The Cebuano language (/sɛˈbwɑːnoʊ/), also often referred colloquially to by most of its speakers simply as Bisaya/Binisaya[8] (English translation: "Visayan", not to be confused with other Visayan languages), is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines, namely in Central Visayas, western parts of Eastern Visayas and on majority of Mindanao. The language originates from the island of Cebu, and is spoken primarily by various Visayan ethnolinguistic groups who are native to those areas, mainly the Cebuanos.[9] While Filipino (Tagalog) has the largest number of speakers of Philippine languages, Cebuano had the largest native language-speaking population in the Philippines until about the 1980s.[10] It is by far the most widely spoken of the Visayan languages, which are in turn part of the wider Philippine languages. 
A few common phrases in Cebuano include:[29] 
How are you? (used as a greeting) -ကုမူဆတာ?Kumusta? 
Good morning - မာယောင် ဘွန်တဂ် Maayong buntag Good afternoon - မာယောင် ဟပွန် Maayong hapon Good evening - မာယောင် ဂါဘီး Maayong gabii Good bye - အာ့ယို-အာ့ယို Ayo-ayo ("Take care", formal), Adios (rare), Babay (informal, corruption of "Goodbye"), Amping ("Take care"), Hangtud sa sunod nga higayon ("Until next time") Many thanks!; or Thank you very much! - ဒက်ဂဟင် ဆလာမတ် Daghang Salamat Thank you - ဆလာမတ် Salamat You're welcome - ဝါလာ'ဤ ဆာပါယန် Wala'y sapayan Do not (imperative) - အာ့ယော် Ayaw Don't know - အမ်ဘောတ်Ambot Yes - အိုအိုး Oo Maybe - တင်္ဂါလီ၊ ဘဆိန် Tingali, Basin No [30][31] 
Who - ကိန်ဆKinsa What -အွန်ဆ Unsa Where - အာဆAsa When -ကာနုစ-အာ Kanus-a How - ဂီအွန်ဆ Giunsa 
Bansa.org Cebuano Dictionary Cebuano Dictionary Cebuano English Searchable Dictionary John U. Wolff, A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan: Volume I, Volume II, searchable interface, Downloadable text at Project Gutenberg Ang Dila Natong Bisaya Lagda Sa Espeling Rules of Spelling (Cebuano) Language Links.org - Philippine Languages to the world - Cebuano Lessons Language Links.org - Philippine Languages to the World Online E-book of Spanish-Cebuano Dictionary, published in 1898 by Fr. Felix Guillén Cebuano dictionary Online bible, video and audio files, publications and other bible study material in Cebuano language 
The Dayak /ˈdaɪ.ək/ or Dyak or Dayuh are the native people of Borneo.[3] It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. Dayak languages are categorised as part of the Austronesian languages in Asia. The Dayak were animist in belief; however, many converted to Islam and since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity.[4] Today[when?] most Dayak still follow their ancient animistic traditions, but often state to belong to one of the six recognized religions in Indonesia.[5] 
A Native of Borneo (June 1853, X, p.60)[36] 
Central Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Tengah), is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangkaraya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million,[5] while the 2015 showed a rise to 2.49 million and the latest official estimate (for mid 2019) is 2,649,803.[6] 
Central Kalimantan has numerous rivers from the catchment areas to the north in the Schwaner Mountains, flowing to the Java Sea. The major rivers include: 
Barito River (900 km) Kapuas River (600 km) Kahayan River (600 km) Katingan River (600 km) Mentaya (Sempit) River (400 km) Seruyan River (350 km) Lamandau River (300 km) Arut River (250 km) Sabangau River (200 km) Kumai River (179 km) Jelai River (100 km) 
Rivers are an important mode of transportation and a primary location for settlement. With relatively undeveloped infrastructure, the province's economy relies heavily on the rivers.[citation needed] 
Central Kalimantan is administratively divided into thirteen regencies (kabupaten) - each headed by a regent - and one city (kotamayda), the latter being Palangka Raya (the provincial capital). These are as follows: 
The population growth rate was almost 3.0% per annum between 1990 and 2000, one of the highest provincial growth rates in Indonesia during that time; in the subsequent decade to 2010 the average annual growth rate slowed markedly to around 1.8%, but it rose again in the decade beginning 2010. More than is the case in other province in the region, Central Kalimantan is populated by the Dayaks, the indigenous inhabitants of Borneo. 
Since the eighteenth century the central region of Kalimantan and its Dayak inhabitants were ruled by the Muslim Sultanate of Banjar. Following Indonesian independence after World War II, Dayak tribes demanded a province separate from South Kalimantan province.[7] 
Central Kalimantan is the third largest Indonesian province by area with a size of 153,564.5 km2, about 1.5 times the size of the island of Java. It is bordered by West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan provinces to the north, by the Java Sea to the south, by South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan provinces to the east, and by West Kalimantan province to west. 
It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali. Located in eastern Java, it also includes the island of Madura, which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge, as well as the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos located further east and north, respectively. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a major business centre. 
Light snow and frost is common at East Java highlands over 1500 meters above sea level in middle of year during late night until morning. 
History 
During the reign of the fifth sultan of Bolkiah between 1485 and 1524, the Sultanate's thalassocracy extended over northern Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago, as far as Kota Seludong (present-day Manila) with its influence extending as far of Banjarmasin,[69] taking advantage of maritime trade after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese.[70][71] Many Brunei Malays migrated to Sabah during this period, beginning after the Brunei conquest of the territory in the 15th century.[72] But plagued by internal strife, civil war, piracy and the arrival of western powers, the Bruneian Empire began to shrink. The first Europeans to visit Brunei were the Portuguese, who described the capital of Brunei at the time as surrounded by a stone wall.[70] The Spanish followed, arriving soon after Ferdinand Magellan's death in 1521, when the remaining members of his expedition sailed to the islands of Balambangan and Banggi in the northern tip Borneo; later, in the Castilian War of 1578, the Spanish who had sailed from New Spain and had taken Manila from Brunei, unsuccessfully declared war on Brunei by briefly occupying the capital before abandoning it.[5][6][73] The Sulu region gained its own independence in 1578, forming their own sultanate known as the Sultanate of Sulu.[74] 
As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500.[20] Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which form part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah and Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well as of Malaysia. 
The Isan people (Thai: คนอีสาน, RTGS: Khon Isan, Thai pronunciation: [kʰōn ʔīːsǎːn]; Lao: ຄົນອີສານ) or Northeastern Thai people are an ethno-regional group native to Northeastern Thailand ("Isan")[2] with an estimated population of about 22 million.[1][3] Alternative terms for this group are T(h)ai Isan,[1][4] Thai-Lao,[5] Lao Isan,[1][6] or Isan Lao. Like Thais (Siamese) and Lao, they belong to the linguistic family of Tai peoples. 
Isan#Demographics Lao people#Lao in Thailand History of Isan 
Ethnic groups of Northeast Thailand by language family[1] 
Subsequently, in 2015, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security's 2015 Master Plan for the Development of Ethnic Groups in Thailand 2015-2017[24] officially recognized the majority of the Northeast's peoples, the main exception being the 'Thai Lao' group. Further, it did not recognize the 'Isan' ethnic identity. 
It was spoken in the eastern part of what is now Central Java and the whole of East Java, Indonesia. As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islands of Madura, Bali and Lombok. It had a sizable vocabulary of Sanskrit loanwords but had not yet developed the formal krama language register, to be used with one's social superiors, that is so characteristic of modern Javanese. 
The names 'Kawi' (ꦨꦴꦰꦏꦮꦶ Bhāṣa Kawi), from Sanskrit: कवि kavi "poet", and 'Old Javanese' are often used interchangeably. Sometimes, however, 'Old Javanese' is used for the historical spoken language that was ancestral to modern Javanese, while the name 'Kawi' is restricted to the standardized written form of Old Javanese, still used to some extent as a literary language. 
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern Eugenius Marius Uhlenbeck Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder Old Malay 
Johann Pachelbel[1] (baptised 1 September 1653[2][3] – buried 9 March 1706)[4] was a German composer, organist, and teacher who brought the south German organ schools to their peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.[5] 
Pachelbel's music enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime; he had many pupils and his music became a model for the composers of south and central Germany. Today, Pachelbel is best known for the Canon in D, as well as the Chaconne in F minor, the Toccata in E minor for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of keyboard variations.[6] 
He wrote more than two hundred pieces for the instrument, both liturgical and secular, and explored most of the genres that existed at the time. Pachelbel was also a prolific vocal music composer: around a hundred of such works survive, including some 40 large-scale works. Only a few chamber music pieces by Pachelbel exist, although he might have composed many more, particularly while serving as court musician in Eisenach and Stuttgart. 
Works written by or about Johann Pachelbel at Wikisource Johann Pachelbel's biography at HOASM.org A list of Pachelbel's works with cross-references from Perreault's numbers to Tsukamoto, Welter and Bouchard and to selected editions Pachelbel Street – Archives of J.Pachelbel's Works, includes a complete catalogue of Pachelbel's works compiled by Hideo Tsukamoto Johann Pachelbel at Allmusic.com 
Pachelbel's letter 
Pachelbel's tomb at the St. Rochus Cemetery in Nuremberg, with the inscription: "Zum Gedächtnis an den Nürnberger Musiker Johann Pachelbel, 1653–1706, einem Vorläufer Joh. 
Bachs, die dankbare Stadt Nürnberg." [In memory of Nuremberg musician Johann Pachelbel, 1653–1706, a forerunner of Johann Sebastian Bach, the grateful city of Nuremberg.] 
Works 
Panthera[1] Temporal range: Late Miocene – present, 5.95–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N From top to bottom: tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow leopard Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Oken, 1816 Type species Panthera pardus[2] Linnaeus, 1758 Extant species Panthera tigris Panthera uncia Panthera onca Panthera leo Panthera pardus 
Results of a study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species:[19] 
The prehistoric European jaguar Panthera onca gombaszogensis is probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola in Italy and date to 1.6 million years ago.[20] Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3.8 million years ago.[21] 
Classification 
During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called races, for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.[22][23][24] Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subject of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.[25][26] Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.[27] 
Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo.[28] Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations.[29][30] 
Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.[31][32] 
Contemporary species 
Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae that was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group.[3][2] Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the species tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), and leopard (P. pardus) on the basis of common cranial features.[4] Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia) also belongs to the Panthera (P. uncia), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.[4][6] 
Extinct species and subspecies 
Species Fossil records Notes Panthera blytheae Tibetan Plateau One of the oldest known Panthera species, possibly closely related to the snow leopard.[1] Panthera palaeosinensis Northern China It was initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera.[2] Panthera zdanskyi Gansu province of northwestern China Possibly a close relative of the tiger.[61] Panthera youngi[62] China, Japan Panthera atrox North America, dubious remains in South America.[63] P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP.[64] It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo[64] or P. spelaea.[65] Panthera balamoides[66] Mexico Panthera crassidens South Africa No longer a valid species due to being described based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils. Panthera gombaszoegensis Europe Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszoegensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca.[67][68] Panthera leo fossilis[69] Europe Panthera spelaea Much of Eurasia[70] Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo.[71] Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea.[72][73] Other genetic results indicate that the fossilis cave lion also warrants status as a species.[74][75] Panthera leo sinhaleyus Sri Lanka This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth.[76] Panthera onca augusta[77] North America May have lived in temperate forests across North America.[78] Panthera onca mesembrina[79] South America May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar. 
The cladogram below follows Mazák, Christiansen and Kitchener (2011).[61] 
See also 
The tiger, lion, leopard, and jaguar are the only cat species with the anatomical structure that enables them to roar. The primary reason for this was formerly assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone. However, new studies show the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx. 
References 
Further reading 
External links 
Etymology 
The word panther derives from classical Latin panthēra, itself from the ancient Greek pánthēr (πάνθηρ).[8] The phonetically similar Sanskrit word पाण्डर pând-ara means 'pale yellow, whitish, white'.[9] 
Characteristics 
The convexly rounded chin is sloping.[10] All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone. Specially adapted larynx with proportionally larger vocal folds are covered in a large fibro-elastic pad. These characteristics enable all Panthera species except snow leopard to roar.[11] Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. 
The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene.[13] Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.[5] The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera.[5][14][15][16] The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8.66 million years ago. Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11.3 million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6.55 million years ago, snow leopard about 4.63 million years ago and leopard about 4.35 million years ago. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion (P. atrox) is a sister lineage to P. spelaea that diverged about 0.34 million years ago.[17] The snow leopard is nestled within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger.[18] 
The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a medium-size wild cat occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into southern China. Since 2008, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its total population is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend, and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults.[1] 
It is also called mainland clouded leopard to distinguish it from the Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi).[3] It is the state animal of the Indian state of Meghalaya.[4] 
Taxonomy and phylogeny 
Felis nebulosa was proposed by Edward Griffith in 1821 who first described a clouded leopard skin from China.[5] Felis macrosceloides proposed by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1841 was a clouded leopard specimen from Nepal.[6][7] Felis brachyura proposed by Robert Swinhoe in 1862 was a clouded leopard skin from Taiwan.[8] The generic name Neofelis was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1867 who subordinated all three to this genus.[9] At present, N. nebulosa is considered a monotypic species due to lack of evidence for subspeciation.[6] 
Phylogeny 
The clouded leopard is considered to form an evolutionary link between the Pantherinae and the Felinae.[1] It is the smallest of the pantherine cats, but despite its name, it is not closely related to the leopard (Panthera pardus).[2] Phylogenetic analysis indicates that it diverged from the Panthera about six million years ago.[12][13] 
Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2007. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) BBC: video of a clouded leopard "Taiwan's clouded leopard extinct: zoologists". 
Its pupils contract into vertical slits.[16] Irises are brownish yellow to grayish green. 
Males are larger at 81 to 108 cm (32 to 43 in) with a tail 74 to 91 cm (29 to 36 in) long.[17] Its shoulder height varies from 50 to 55 cm (20 to 22 in).[18] 
The Bund on a summer evening (2013). 
The Bund in Shanghai in the 1930s 
The Bund in 1937. Japanese cruiser Izumo is in the foreground 
The Russian Consulate on the Bund at 20 Huangpu Rd, Hongkou Qu 
A 1933 map of the Bund 
The Bund or Waitan (Chinese: 外滩; pinyin: Wàitān, Shanghainese: nga3thae1, literally: 'Outer Beach') is a waterfront area in central Shanghai. The area centers on a section of Zhongshan Road (East Zhongshan Road No.1) within the former Shanghai International Settlement, which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River in the eastern part of Huangpu District. The area along the river faces the modern skyscrapers of Lujiazui in the Pudong District. 
Name 
The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank building, built in 1923 and The Customs House built in 1927, Shanghai 
The word comes from the Persian word band, through Hindustani, meaning an embankment, levee or dam (a cognate of English terms "bind", "bond" and "band", and the German word "Bund"). Mumbai's Apollo Bunder and city names like Bandar Abbas and Banda Aceh share the same etymology. The various "bunds" in east Asia, may therefore be named after the bunds/levees in Baghdad along the Tigris, given by the immigrating Baghdadi Jews, like the prominent Baghdadi Sassoon family who settled their businesses in Shanghai, and other port cities in east Asia in the 19th century, and heavily built up their harbors. 
The Bund, Shanghai in 1926 as seen from the US Consulate General on Huangpu Road 
Tai Lue (Burmese: လူးရှမ်း; luu Shan, Tai Lü: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, kam tai lue, [kâm.tâj.lɯ̀], Tai Tham spelling: ᨣᩴᩣᩱᨴᩭᩃᩧ ᩢ) or Tai Lɯ, Tai Lü, Thai Lue, Tai Le, Xishuangbanna Dai (Chinese: 傣仂语; pinyin: Dǎilèyǔ; Thai: ภาษาไทลื้อ, phasa thai lue, pronounced [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; Vietnamese: Lự or Lữ) is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia. This includes 280,000 people in China (Yunnan), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand, and 4,960 in Vietnam.[3] The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language. In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City. 
Generally, vowels in open syllables (without final) become long whereas ones in closed syllables become short (except /aː/ and /uː/). 
Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables 
In Vietnam, Tai Lue speakers are officially recognised as the Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people, along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang. 
As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lue has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes. Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lue has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with, the other Southwestern Tai languages. Tai Lue has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun.[1] 
หนึ่ง → ᦓᦹᧂᧈ (/nɯŋ/, one) หก → ᦷᦠᧅ (/hók/, six) เจ็ด → ᦵᦈᧆ (/t͡ɕét/, seven) สิบ → ᦉᦲᧇ (/síp/, ten) กิน → ᦂᦲᧃ (/kín/, to eat) 
Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Thai is ฮ (/h/) in Tai Lue, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan: 
ประเทศ → ᦘᦰᧈᦑᦵᧆ (/praʔtʰêːt/ → /pʰaʔtêːt/, country; cf. Northern Thai /pʰa.têːt/) 
Numbers 
Tai Nüa language Tai Dam language 
SeaSite: Tai Lue, under construction Omniglot - Tai Lue script 
Laotian women wearing xout lao. 
The xout lao (Burmese: ချုလာအို, Lao: ຊຸດລາວ Lao pronunciation: [sut.láːw]) is a Laotian national costume, worn by men, women, and children. Xout lao literally means 'Lao outfit'. 
Sinh Pha biang Suea pat Chut thai Raj pattern Pha hang 
Components 
The style varies between genders from regions to regions, and it often depends on the occasions. For instance, in formal settings men typically wear a white silk Nehru-style jacket with a pha hang with white knee-length socks and dress shoes. Men can also optionally wear a pha biang with checkered patterns on their left shoulders. 
The Sinhalese (Sinhala: සිංහල ජාතිය Sinhala Jathiya), also known as Hela (Sinhala: හෙළ) are an Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic group native to the island of Sri Lanka.[9] They constitute about 75% of the Sri Lankan population and number greater than 16.2 million.[1][2] The Sinhalese identity is based on language, historical heritage and religion. The Sinhalese people speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language, and are predominantly Theravada Buddhists,[10] although a small percentage of Sinhalese follow branches of Christianity. The Sinhalese are mostly found in North Central, Central, South, and West Sri Lanka. 
Sometimes called the Chinese lute, the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body with a varying number of frets ranging from 12 to 26. Another Chinese four-string plucked lute is the liuqin, which looks like a smaller version of the pipa. The pear-shaped instrument may have existed in China as early as the Han dynasty, and although historically the term pipa was once used to refer to a variety of plucked chordophones, its usage since the Song dynasty refers exclusively to the pear-shaped instrument. 
The pipa is one of the most popular Chinese instruments and has been played for almost two thousand years in China. Several related instruments in East and Southeast Asia are derived from the pipa; these include the Japanese biwa, the Vietnamese đàn tỳ bà, and the Korean bipa. The Korean instrument is the only one of the three that is no longer widely used; examples survive in museums, as attempts to revive the Korean instrument have been partially successful in recent years. 
Musicians in a scene from paradise, Yulin Cave 25, Tang dynasty 
An illustration of two yu from the Gujin Tushu Jicheng (c. 1700–25) 
Each pipe contains a free reed, which is also made of bamboo. Whereas the sheng is used to provide simultaneous tones in harmony (in fourths and fifths), the yu is played in single lines melodically. The instrument was used, often in large numbers, in court orchestras of ancient China (and was also exported to Korea and Japan) but is no longer used. 
History 
The saying is derived from the story of Nanguo (南廓), a man who joined the royal court orchestra of King Xuan of Qi (宣王, 319 BC–300 BC), the ruler of the State of Qi (Shandong province) as a yu player. Although the man did not actually know how to play this instrument, he knew that the orchestra had no fewer than 300 yu players, so he felt secure that he could simply pretend to play, and thus collect a musician's salary. Upon the king's death, Nanguo was eventually exposed as an impostor when the king's son Min (泯王, 300 BC–283 BC), who had succeeded his father as king, requested that the musicians play individually rather than as an ensemble. 
Traditional Sheng 
Sheng - The Asia and Pacific Museum in Warsaw 
The sheng is a Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes. It is a polyphonic instrument and enjoys an increasing popularity as a solo instrument. 
Keyed Sheng 
A 36-reed Soprano Sheng 
All are chromatic throughout their range, and equal tempered. They have markedly different fingering from their traditional counterparts, having been redesigned so that key changes can be achieved without cumbersome fingerings. These also differ from their traditional counterparts by the fact that they tend to be placed on the musician's lap or on a stand while playing. 
An Alto Sheng 
They often sport an additional row of 12 black keys, that plays all 3 pipes corresponding to the same note in different octaves (e.g., pressing the black "C" causes the notes C3, C4 and C5 to be sounded simultaneously). It primarily uses the treble (octave down) and alto clefs (albeit less common as of the late 2010s - notably with Singapore Chinese Orchestra deciding to scribe Alto Sheng scores in treble clef). The Alto variants tend to have a more mellow timbre than the slightly more metallic sounding Soprano Sheng. 
History 
Buddhist art from the Yulin Caves, Tang dynasty showing musicians playing various instruments including a sheng 
Chinese free-reed wind instruments named he and yu were first mentioned in bone oracle writings dating from the 14th to the 12th centuries BCE, and were identified in later texts as types of sheng. The first appearance of the word "sheng" is in some of the poems of Shijing (Book of Odes), dating back c. 7th century BCE. 
The morin khuur (Mongolian: морин хуур; Chinese: 马头琴), also known as the horsehead fiddle, is a traditional Mongolian bowed stringed instrument. It is one of the most important musical instruments of the Mongol people, and is considered a symbol of the Mongolian nation. The morin khuur is one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity identified by UNESCO. 
Morin khuur, Inner Mongolian style in China 
One legend about the origin of the morin khuur is that a shepherd named Namjil the Cuckoo received the gift of a flying horse; he would mount it at night and fly to meet his beloved. A jealous woman had the horse's wings cut off, so that the horse fell from the air and died. The grieving shepherd made a horsehead fiddle from the now-wingless horse's skin and tail hair, and used it to play poignant songs about his horse. 
Playing technique 
Morin khuur in one of the Buryat villages in the Zakamensky district of Buryatia 
The modern style Morin Khuur is played with nearly natural finger positions. That means, the distance between two fingers usually make the distance of a half tone on the lower section of the instrument. On the tune F / B♭ the index finger hits on the low (F) string the G, the middle finger hits the G♯, the ring finger hits the A, the little finger the B flat. 
There are 3 hand positions on the F string, and 2 positions on the B♭ strings a musician must memorize. The idea is that without moving the string hand too much the sound quality improves. The 2nd hand position on the B string is used to play C, D, E♭, then moves a little bit for hitting the F' with the little finger, then without moving the G position can be reached with the 1st finger. 
When a mother camel gives birth to a calf sometimes it rejects her calf due to various natural stress situations and Mongolian camel farmers use Morin Khuur-based melodies alongside special low harmonic types of songs called "Khoosloh" to heal mother camels' stress and encourage it to re-adopt its calf. This re-adoption of farm animal practice is widely used in various nomadic civilizations worldwide but for Mongolian Gobi farmers' cases, only this instrument is used on camels. In other cases if a mother camel dies after giving birth to a calf, a farmer would use this Khoosloh technique alongside Morin Khuur melodies to encourage another mother camel who has its own calf to adopt the new one. 
ISBN 0-415-97156-X. Santaro, Mikhail (1999). Морин Хуур - Хялгасны эзэрхийгч, available in cyrillic (ISBN 99929-5-015-3) and classical Mongolian script (ISBN 7-80506-802-X) Luvsannorov, Erdenechimeg (2003) Морин Хуурын арга билгийн арванхоёр эгшиглэн, ISBN 99929-56-87-9 Pegg, Carole (2003) Mongolian Music, Dance, and Oral Narrative: Recovering Performance Traditions (with audio CD) ISBN 978-0-295-98112-3 
Dionysus or Dionysos[lower-alpha 1] is the god of the grape-harvest, winemaking and wine, of fertility, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, festivity and theatre in ancient Greek religion and myth.[2][3] 
Of the more than 9 million Yi people, over 4.5 million live in Yunnan Province, 2.5 million live in southern Sichuan Province, and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou Province. Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas,[citation needed] often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of China. 
The altitudinal differences of the Yi areas directly affect the climate and precipitation of these areas. These striking differences are the basis of the old saying that "The weather is different a few miles away" in the Yi area. Yi populations in different areas are very different from one another, making their living in completely different ways.[3] 
Northern Yi (Nuosu 诺苏) Western Yi (Lalo 腊罗) Central Yi (Lolopo 倮倮泼) Southern Yi (Nisu 尼苏) Southeastern Yi (Sani 撒尼) Eastern Yi (Nasu 纳苏). 
Northern Yi is the largest with some two million speakers, and is the basis of the literary language. It is an analytic language.[16] There are also ethnically Yi languages of Vietnam which use the Yi script, such as Mantsi. 
Distribution 
Yi man in traditional dress 
They live primarily in rural areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, usually in mountainous regions. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is the prefecture containing the largest population of Yi people within mainland China, with two million Yi people in the region. For other countries, as of 1999, there were 3,300 Mantsi-speaking "Lô Lô" people living in the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, and Lào Cai provinces in northern Vietnam. 
Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China. Edited by Stevan Harrell. Map share of ethnic by county of China 
The Yi speak various Yiyu, Loloish languages, closely related to Burmese. The prestige variety is Nuosu, which is written in the Yi script. 
Nuosu or Nosu (ꆈꌠꉙ, transcribed as: Nuosuhxop), also known as Northern Yi, Liangshan Yi, and Sichuan Yi, is the prestige language of the Yi people; it has been chosen by the Chinese government as the standard Yi language (Chinese: 彝語) and, as such, is the only one taught in schools, both in its oral and written forms. It was spoken by two million people and was increasing as of (PRC census); 60% were monolingual (1994 estimate). Nuosu is the native Nuosu/Yi name for their own language and is not used in Mandarin Chinese; although it may sometimes be spelled out for pronunciation (simplified Chinese: 诺苏语; traditional Chinese: 諾蘇語; pinyin: nuòsū yǔ), the Chinese characters for nuòsū have no meaning.[3] 
The Modern Yi script (ꆈꌠꁱꂷ nuosu bburma [nɔ̄sū bʙ̝̄mā] 'Nosu script') is a standardized syllabary derived from the classic script in 1974 by the local government of China. It was made the official script of the Yi languages in 1980. There are 756 basic glyphs based on the Liangshan dialect, plus 63 for syllables only found in Chinese borrowings. 
In 1958 the Chinese government had introduced a Roman-based alphabet based on the romanized script of Gladstone Porteous of Sayingpan.[9] (This was later replaced by the Yi script.) 
A signpost in a public park in Xichang, Sichuan, China, showing Modern Yi, Chinese and English text. 
Sichuan (四川; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan) is a landlocked province in Southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south. Sichuan's capital city is Chengdu. The population of Sichuan stands at 81 million. 
The languages of Sichuan are primarily members of three subfamilies of the Sino-Tibetan languages. 
Kung Pao chicken, one of the best known dishes of Sichuan cuisine Mapo doufu Hot pot in Mala style Dandan noodles Mixed sauce noodles (杂酱面) 
Sichuan was subjected to the autonomous control of kings named by the imperial family of Han dynasty. Following the declining central government of the Han dynasty in the second century, the Sichuan basin, surrounded by mountains and easily defensible, became a popular place for upstart generals to found kingdoms that challenged the authority of Yangtze Valley emperors over China.[1] 
Warlords in China around 194; Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province meant he seized the positions of Liu Biao and Zhang Lu eventually 
In 263, the Jin dynasty of North China, conquered the Kingdom of Shu-Han as its first step on the path to reunify China, under their rule. Salt production becomes a major business in Ziliujing District. During this Six Dynasties period of Chinese disunity, Sichuan began to be populated by non-Han ethnic minority peoples, owing to the migration of Gelao people from the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the Sichuan basin, where the Han are indigenous. 
The Leshan Giant Buddha, built during the latter half of the Tang dynasty (618–907). 
Administrative divisions of Sichuan Chengdu Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Ngawa (Aba) Tibetan and Qiang AP Garzê (Ganzi) Tibetan AP Liangshan Yi AP Chongqing Division code[49] Division Area in km2[50] Population 2010[51] Seat Divisions[52] Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities 510000 Sichuan Province 485,000.00 80,418,200 Chengdu city 54 107 4 18 510100 Chengdu city 12,163.16 14,047,625 Wuhou District 11 4 5 510300 Zigong city 4,373.13 2,678,898 Ziliujing District 4 2 510400 Panzhihua city 7,423.42 1,214,121 Dong District 3 2 510500 Luzhou city 12,233.58 4,218,426 Jiangyang District 3 4 510600 Deyang city 5,951.55 3,615,759 Jingyang District 2 1 3 510700 Mianyang city 20,267.46 4,613,862 Fucheng District 3 4 1 1 510800 Guangyuan city 16,313.70 2,484,125 Lizhou District 3 4 510900 Suining city 5,323.85 3,252,551 Chuanshan District 2 2 1 511000 Neijiang city 5,385.33 3,702,847 Shizhong District 2 2 1 511100 Leshan city 12,827.49 3,235,756 Shizhong District 4 4 2 1 511300 Nanchong city 12,479.96 6,278,622 Shunqing District 3 5 1 511400 Meishan city 7,173.82 2,950,548 Dongpo District 2 4 511500 Yibin city 13,293.89 4,472,001 Cuiping District 3 7 511600 Guang'an city 6,301.41 3,205,476 Guang'an District 2 3 1 511700 Dazhou city 16,591.00 5,468,092 Tongchuan District 2 4 1 511800 Ya'an city 15,213.28 1,507,264 Yucheng District 2 6 511900 Bazhong city 12,301.26 3,283,771 Bazhou District 2 3 512000 Ziyang city 7,962.56 3,665,064 Yanjiang District 1 2 513200 Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture 82,383.32 898,713 Barkam city 12 1 513300 Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 147,681.37 1,091,872 Kangding city 17 1 513400 Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture 60,422.67 4,532,809 Xichang city 15 1 1 Sub-provincial cities 
Demographics 
Miao women during market day in Laomeng village, Yuanyang County, Yunnan 
Most Miao currently live in China. Miao population growth in China: 
The Miao are an ethnic group belonging to South China, and is recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups. Miao is a Chinese term, while the component groups of people, which include (with some variant spellings) Hmong, Hmu, Xong (Qo-Xiong), and A-Hmao, may have their own self-designations. 
3,600,000 Miao, about half of the entire Chinese Miao population, were in Guizhou in 1990. The Guizhou Miao and those in the following six provinces make up over 98% of all Chinese Miao: 
Hunan: 1,550,000 Yunnan: 890,000 Sichuan: 530,000 Guangxi: 420,000 Hubei: 200,000 Hainan: 50,000 (known as Miao but ethnically Yao and Li) 
Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei 
The different peoples in the "Miao" group may not necessarily be either linguistically or culturally related, though the majority are members of Miao-Yao language family, which includes the Hmong, Hmub, Xong and A-Hmao and the majority do share cultural similarities. Many Miao groups cannot communicate with each other in their native tongues and have different histories and cultures. Many groups designated as Miao do not even agree that they belong to the ethnic group, though some Miao groups, such as the Hmong do agree with the collective grouping as a single ethnic group – Miao. 
History according to Chinese legend and other considerations 
According to Chinese legend, the Miao who descended from the Jiuli tribe led by Chiyou (Chinese: 蚩尤; pinyin: Chīyóu) were defeated at the Battle of Zhuolu (涿鹿; Zhuōlù, a defunct prefecture on the border of present provinces of Hebei and Liaoning) by the military coalition of Huang Di (黃帝; Huángdì) and Yan Di, leaders of the Huaxia (華夏; Huáxià) tribe as the two tribes struggled for supremacy of the Yellow River valley. 
A Western Han painting on silk near Changsha in Hunan province. 
The Miao live primarily in southern China's mountains, in the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan. Some sub-groups of the Miao, most notably the Hmong people, have migrated out of China into Southeast Asia (Burma (Myanmar), northern Vietnam, Laos and Thailand). Following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975, a large group of Hmong refugees resettled in several Western nations, mainly in the United States, France, and Australia. 
Nomenclature: Miao or Hmong 
Miao musicians from the Langde Miao Ethnic Village, Guizhou. 
Xijiang, a Miao-majority township in Guizhou 
Provincial distribution of the Miao in mainland China 
Miao girls also from Lang De, Guizhou, awaiting their turn to perform. 
Gender roles 
Young Miao woman in Yangshuo County. 
The term "Miao" gained official status in 1949 as a minzu (ethnic group) encompassing a group of linguistically-related ethnic minorities in Southwest China. This was part of a larger effort to identify and classify minority groups to clarify their role in the national government, including establishing autonomous administrative divisions and allocating the seats for representatives in provincial and national government.[3] 
Miao Fish (苗鱼 miáo yǘ) 
Miao fish is a special dish made by steaming or grilling fish to perfection. It has been recognized as a local featured cuisine with its vibrant flavors: the mixture of fish, fresh herbs, green peppers, ginger slices and garlic, provide people with a great eating experience.[47] 
Chiyou Ethnic groups in Chinese history Ethnic minorities in China History of China Hmong people Hmong customs and culture Hmong–Mien languages Languages of China List of Hmong/Miao People Pole worship Vang Pao 
The "March of the Volunteers"[5][6] is the national anthem of the People's Republic of China, including its special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. Unlike most previous Chinese state anthems, it is written entirely in the vernacular, rather than in Classical Chinese. 
Tune 
Original version 
Government of the People's Republic of China. National Anthem of the People's Republic of China (EN) Official instrumental version, hosted by the People's Republic of China Semi-official vocal version, hosted by the China Internet Information Center "March of the Volunteers" at National Anthems Children of Troubled Times in its entirety and the climactic march Paul Robeson recorded on Chee Lai! (May 1941), live at Prague (April 1949), and live at Moscow (14 June 1949) The intro to Why We Fight: The Battle of China (1944), featuring the "March of the Volunteers" as its theme National Day performances from 1949 to 2009 The 1978–1982 version in two renditions APIs in Hong Kong from 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2012 Hong Kong 1997 Macau 1999 
Movie clip. Including "The March of the Volunteers". 
The Nung or Nungish languages are a poorly described family of uncertain affiliation within the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Yunnan, China and Burma. They include: 
Derung (Trung, Dulong, Drung, Tvrung) Rawang (Răwang, Rvwang) Nung (Anong, Along, Anung) 
The Chinese name Ālóng 阿龙, sometimes misread Ayi, refers to Nung (Anong). Two other languages were formerly included under Nungish in the Ethnologue, namely Nor(r)a and Lama; however, they have recently been removed, as Nora is another name for the moribund Khamyang Tai language of Assam,[2] and Lama (or Laemae) is a northern Bai variety that has been subsumed into the Lisu ethnic group in China.[3] 
Fuche Naw or Anong [ɑ˧˩nuŋ˧˥] (Derung: Vnung [ə˧˩nuŋ˥˧]), is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Nung people in Fugong County, China and Kachin State, Burma. Anong language is closely related to the Derung and Rawang languages. Most of the Anong people in China have shifted to Lisu although the speakers are being classified as Nu nationality. 
Phonology 
Nung has 43 single consonants.[below we list 47] 
Demographics 
China 
Anong is spoken by over 7,000 people in China in the following townships (Sun & Liu 2005). 
Shangpa 上帕镇: 2,200 people Lijia 里甲乡: 1,100 people Lumadeng 鹿马登乡: 2,100 people Lishadi 利沙底乡: 2,200 people 
There could be many more Anong speakers in neighboring Kachin State, Burma, although their current status is unknown, 
Naw (Anong) in Myanmar, over 5000 people Putao 2000 people Myitkyina 3000 people Tanai 500 people 
Rawang, also known as Krangku, Kiutze (Qiuze), and Ch’opa, is a Sino-Tibetan language of India and Burma. 
Rawang has a high degree of internal diversity, and some varieties are not mutually intelligible. Most, however, understand Mutwang, the basis of written Rawang. 
Dulong (simplified Chinese: 独龙语; traditional Chinese: 獨龍語; pinyin: Dúlóng) or Drung, Derung, Rawang, or Trung, is a Tibeto-Burman language in China. Dulong is closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar (Burma).[2] Although almost all ethnic Derung people speak the language to some degree, most are multilingual, also speaking Burmese, Lisu, and Mandarin Chinese[2] except for a few very elderly people[4] 
Dulong has twenty-four initial consonants at six points of articulation, plus the consonant clusters /pr, br, mr, kr, xr, gr, pl, bl, ml, kl, gl/ in initial position; only the consonants /p, t, ʔ, k, n, m, ŋ, r, l/ occur in final position.[1] 
Dulong is also called: Taron, Kiu, Qui, Kiutze, Qiuzi, Kiupa, Kiao, Metu, Melam, Tamalu, Tukiumu, Qiu, Nung, Nu-tzŭ.[5] 
Nung language (Sino-Tibetan), a Nungish language Nung language (Tai), a Tai language 
Beckwith (2008: 106-107) lists the following Pai-lang words with clear Tibeto-Burman etymologies. 
The tune first appeared as a secular dance tune known under the title "Branle de l'Official"[1][2] in Orchésographie, a dance book written by Jehan Tabourot (1519–1593). The lyrics are from English composer George Ratcliffe Woodward (1848–1934), and the carol was first published in 1924 in his The Cambridge Carol-Book: Being Fifty-two Songs for Christmas, Easter, And Other Seasons. Woodward took an interest in church bell ringing, which no doubt aided him in writing it. 
The song is particularly noted[3][4] for the Latin refrain: 
Gloria, Hosanna in excelsis! [Glory! Hosanna in the highest!] 
Mizoram was a part of the Assam state in the 1950s 
The earliest documented records of Mizoram were from the British military officers in the 1850s, when they encountered series of raids in their official jurisdiction in Chittagong Hill Tracts from the neighbouring natives. By then they referred the land to as Lushai Hills. As a consequence of relentless tribal encroachment and often resulting in human mortality, British rulers were compelled to subjugate the tribal chiefdoms. 
The ancestors of Mizos were without any form of written language before the advent of British. They were anthropologically identified as members of the Tibeto-Burman ethnicity. Folk legends unanimously claim that there was Chhinlung or Sinlung at the cradle of the Mizos. 
According to Mr. K. S. Latourette,[2] there were political upheavals in China in 210 B.C.E. when the dynastic rule was abolished and the whole empire was brought under one administrative system. The Mizos left China as part of one of those waves of migration. However this is pure speculation.[3][self-published source] According to Vumson's Zo history, the earliest ancestor of the mizos was Thlapa,the eldest son of Ngaihte,whose son was Lamhlir and grandson was Seipui/Lusei. 
The Burmese hip hop is one of the most successful music genres in Myanmar today, and perhaps the most popular form of music among the urban youth of Yangon and Mandalay. 
Many of the rappers had been detained or called for question by the government, especially by the military regime. Zayar Thaw served 6 years prison term until 17 May 2011[3] because he is the member of Generation Wave (youth anti-gov group).[4] His group-mate, also member of GW, Yan Yan Chan released from a temporary detainment center not long ago.[when?][5] The name 9mm is banned from use in public because they distributed sample CDs of underground group MFG in one of their performance.[6] G-Tone from Cyclone called to question during performing in concert.[5] 
The Burmese hip hop scene started in the late 1980s with the rapper Myo Kyawt Myaing although songs were plain rapping music rather than typical hip hop. In late 1990s, a Yangon-based four-member crew named Acid started introducing old school hip hop in night clubs of Yangon, and became popular among Yangon's youth. Acid, widely considered to be the pioneers of Burmese hip-hop,[1] made their debut in 2000 with Sa-Tin-Gyin (Beginning). 
Their success attracted other hip-hop artists and groups, now known as the "first generation" of Burmese hip-hop, like Theory (Barbu and Thxa Soe), NS (Kyaw Thu Soe and Lin Lin) and Too Big. Most of the first generation artists used old school hip-hop. Still, hip hop was new to the Burmese and not widely accepted yet by the public at large. 
After Acid's breakthrough, a group named "9mm" moved the style of Burmese hip hop to a new level. Although the group's underground music was well known to the youth, most of their songs did not pass the Burmese censor board, and the group never released an own album under 9mm. Later, because of the group's political activism, even the name 9mm was banned by the censor board.[2] 
(Myanmar HipHop Association) was formed unofficially. Many youths joined M.H.A. and inspired to becoming hip hop artists someday. J-Me, Bigg-Y, G-Tone, Kyak Pha, YaTha,Thuta aye and others Rappers In Myanmar 
Since late 2006, new artists like Jouk Jack, Kyaw Htut Swe claimed themselves as "Third generation". They formed a group called VIP (Rock$tar) with Ah Boy, Htein Win and Hlwan Paing.In late 2008 and early 2009, many other third generation groups released their sample albums. 
Politics 
Business intelligence (BI) comprises the strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the data analysis of business information.[1] BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of business intelligence technologies include reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, process mining, complex event processing, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, predictive analytics, and prescriptive analytics. BI technologies can handle large amounts of structured and sometimes unstructured data to help identify, develop, and otherwise create new strategic business opportunities. 
Strategic business decisions involve priorities, goals, and directions at the broadest level. In all cases, BI is most effective when it combines data derived from the market in which a company operates (external data) with data from company sources internal to the business such as financial and operations data (internal data). When combined, external and internal data can provide a complete picture which, in effect, creates an "intelligence" that cannot be derived from any singular set of data.[3] Among myriad uses, business intelligence tools empower organizations to gain insight into new markets, to assess demand and suitability of products and services for different market segments, and to gauge the impact of marketing efforts.[4] 
BI applications use data gathered from a data warehouse (DW) or from a data mart, and the concepts of BI and DW combine as "BI/DW"[5] or as "BIDW". A data warehouse contains a copy of analytical data that facilitate decision support. 
Pokémon Go is a 2016 augmented reality (AR) mobile game developed and published by Niantic in collaboration with The Pokémon Company for iOS and Android devices. A part of the Pokémon franchise, the game is the result of a collaboration between Niantic, Nintendo and The Pokémon Company. It uses the mobile device GPS to locate, capture, battle, and train virtual creatures, called Pokémon, which appear as if they are in the player's real-world location. 
Pokémon Go was released to mixed reviews; critics praised the concept, but criticized technical problems. It was one of the most used and profitable mobile apps in 2016, having been downloaded more than 500 million times worldwide by the end of the year. It is credited with popularizing location-based and AR technology, promoting physical activity, and helping local businesses grow due to increased foot traffic. 
In 2012, the United Kingdom hosted its third Summer Olympic Games in the capital city, London, which became the first city ever to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens have each hosted two Summer Olympic Games. In 2024, France will host its third Summer Olympic Games in its capital, making Paris the second city ever to have hosted three Summer Olympics. 
Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will become the first city outside the Western world to have hosted the Summer Olympics more than once, having already hosted the Games in 1964. The other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Soviet Union, and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion. 
Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for the fourth time. Tokyo was for the second time slated to be the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics; however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Summer Olympics have been postponed to twelve months from the original scheduled date. Historically, the Summer Olympics has been held predominantly in English-speaking countries and European nations.[2] Tokyo will be the first city outside these regions to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice; it will also be the largest city ever to have hosted the Games, having grown considerably since 1964. 
The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were the inaugural Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first that was held completely during the local "winter" season. The only two countries in the Southern Hemisphere to have hosted the Summer Olympics have been Australia (1956 and 2000) and Brazil (2016). Africa has yet to host a Summer Olympics. 
History 
The opening ceremony of the first modern Olympic Games in the Panathenaic Stadium 
He based his Olympics on the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, which had been contested in Much Wenlock since 1850.[4] The first edition of de Coubertin's games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on her own, saying "If the committee doesn't let me compete I will go after them regardless".[5] 
Although Greece had the most athletes, the U.S. finished with the most champions. 11 Americans placed first in their events vs. the 10 from Greece.[6] Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organised by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on 23 June 1894. 
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) organises the Games and oversees the host city's preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third place; this tradition began in 1904. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympics. 
Panathinaiko Stadium, the first big stadium in the modern world, overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event.[7] The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spiridon Louis, a water carrier. He won in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds, setting off wild celebrations at the stadium. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four gold medals. 
Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city. The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world. 
Four years later the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 20 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in croquet, golf, sailing, and tennis. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's Fair and lasted over 5 months. It is still disputed which events exactly were Olympic, since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time. 
Francis Field of Washington University in St. Louis during the 1904 Summer Olympics 
Dorando Pietri finishes the modern marathon at the current distance 
The IOC does not currently recognise these games as being official Olympic Games, although many historians do. The 1906 Athens games were the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens, but the series failed to materialise. The games were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games, with over 900 athletes competing, and contributed positively to the success of future games. 
The first Olympic Marathon in 1896 (a male-only race) was raced at a distance of 40 km (24 miles 85 yards). The new marathon distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon had been 40 km (24.9 mi) for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km (1.2 mi) due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. 
At the end of the 1908 marathon, the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified, and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds. 
The Olympics have increased in scope from a 42 competition event programme with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations in 1896, to 306 events with 11,238 competitors (6,179 men, 5,059 women) from 206 nations in 2016. 
The Summer Olympics has been hosted on five continents by a total of nineteen countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996), three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012), twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), and Australia (1956 and 2000), and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016). 
The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, for a second time, to host the 2020 Summer Olympics (due to take place in 2021). The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for a third time, exactly one hundred years after the city's last Summer Olympics in 1924. The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California, to host its third Summer Games in 2028. 
Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games – Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. The United States leads the all-time medal table for the Summer Olympics. 
Hosting 
All-time medal table 
The table below uses official data provided by the IOC.[32] 
Map of Summer Olympic Games locations – countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue 
Most successful nations 
United States — 17 times, Soviet Union/ Unified Team — 7 times, France — 1 time, Great Britain — 1 time, Germany — 1 time, China — 1 time. 
Medal leaders by year 
List of Summer Olympic Games 
The United States has hosted the Summer Olympic Games four times: the 1904 Games was held in St. Louis, Missouri; the 1932 and 1984 Games were both held in Los Angeles, California, and the 1996 Games were held in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2028 Games in Los Angeles will mark the fifth occasion on which the Summer Games have been hosted by the U.S. 
References 
Official Site of the Olympic Movement Candidate Cities for future Olympic Games 
Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and the difficulty of getting to St. Louis may have contributed to the fact that very few top-ranked athletes from outside the US and Canada took part in the 1904 Games.[9] 
No. Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 United States (USA) 27 1022 795 705 2522 2 Soviet Union (URS) 9 395 319 296 1010 3 Great Britain (GBR) 28 263 295 293 851 4 China (CHN) 10 224 167 155 546 5 France (FRA) 28 212 241 263 716 6 Italy (ITA) 27 206 178 193 577 7 Germany (GER) 16 191 194 230 615 8 Hungary (HUN) 26 175 147 169 491 9 East Germany (GDR) 5 153 129 127 409 10 Russia (RUS) 6 148 125 153 426 11 Australia (AUS) 26 147 163 187 497 12 Sweden (SWE) 27 145 170 179 494 13 Japan (JPN) 22 142 136 161 439 14 Finland (FIN) 25 101 85 117 303 15 South Korea (KOR) 17 90 87 90 267 16 Romania (ROU) 21 89 95 122 306 17 Netherlands (NED) 26 85 92 108 285 18 Cuba (CUB) 20 78 68 80 226 19 Poland (POL) 21 68 84 132 284 20 Canada (CAN) 26 64 102 136 302 
7-Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida. This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011.[97][98] 
Oceania 
A 7-Eleven store in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (2018) 
Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises, with a central administration. 7-Eleven bought Mobil's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010,[99] converting them to 7-Eleven outlets, resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand. In South Australia all Mobil petrol stations were sold to Peregrine Corporation and branded as On the Run petrol stations.[100] 
7-Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items, including daily newspapers, drinks, confectionery, and snack foods. They sell gift cards, including three types of pre-paid Visa cards. The chain has partnered with BankWest, placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide. 
In April 2014, 7-Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia, with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years. The first store was opened on October 30, 2014 in the city of Fremantle.[102][103] The country has 675 stores as of January 2018. 
In August 2015, Fairfax Media and the ABC's Four Corners programme reported on the employment practices of certain 7-Eleven franchisees in Australia.[104][105] The investigation found that many 7-Eleven employees were being underpaid at rates of around A$10 to A$14 per hour before tax, well under the legally-required minimum award rate of A$24.69 per hour.[104] 
Franchisees underpaying their staff would typically maintain rosters and pay records that would appear to show the employee being paid the legally-required rate, however these records would in fact only include half of the hours the employee actually worked in a week. Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records, resulting in them effectively being paid half the legally-required rate.[1] 
With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California, the company entered the franchise business. The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb-Ko, Inc. of Saginaw, Michigan, which became the first U.S. domestic area 7-Eleven licensee. 
After these reports came to light and received widespread attention, some employees had alleged to Fairfax Media that they had begun to be paid correctly through the 7-Eleven payroll system, however would then be asked by the franchisee to pay back half their wages in cash.[106] 7-Eleven subsequently announced they would fund an inquiry to investigate instances of wage fraud. The inquiry was conducted by an independent panel chaired by former Australian Competition and Consumer Commission chairman Allan Fels, and with the support of professional services firm Deloitte.[107] The inquiry invited submissions from current and former 7-Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid, and assess each individual claim.[108] 
In September 2015, chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon announced they would resign from the company. Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers, while Bob Baily was appointed as interim chief executive.[109] 
The Four Corners investigation into 7-Eleven won a Walkley Award in 2015.[110] In December 2015, Stewart Levitt of law firm Levitt Robinson Solicitors, who featured prominently in the Four Corners program, announced a potential class action lawsuit against 7-Eleven head office on behalf of franchisees who had allegedly been lured into signing on with 7-Eleven by false representations.[111] 
In the late 1980s, Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover, prompting the Thompson family to take steps to convert the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer.[11] In December 1987, John Philp Thompson, the chairman and CEO of 7-Eleven, completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company.[12] The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing, the company was required to offer a portion of stock as an inducement to invest in the company's bonds.[13][14] 
Various assets, such as the Chief Auto Parts chain,[15] the ice division,[16] and hundreds of store locations,[17] were sold between 1987 and 1990 to relieve debt incurred during the buyout. This downsizing also resulted in numerous metropolitan areas losing 7-Eleven stores to rival convenience store operators. In October 1990, the heavily indebted Southland Corp. filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to transfer control of 70% of the company to Japanese affiliate Ito-Yokado.[18] 
Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991, after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito-Yokado and Seven-Eleven Japan. These two Japanese entities now controlled 70% of the company, with the founding Thompson family retaining 5%.[19] In 1999, Southland Corp. changed its name to 7-Eleven, Inc., citing the divestment of operations other than 7-Eleven.[20] Ito-Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7-Eleven became its subsidiary in 2005. In 2007, Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations, with an additional 1,000 7-Eleven stores in the United States. 
For the 2010 rankings, 7-Eleven climbed to the No. 3 spot in Entrepreneur Magazine's 31st Annual Franchise 500, "the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world". This was the 17th year 7-Eleven was named in the top 10. 
That same year, 7-Eleven went mobile with the launch of the Slurpee drink's iPhone and Android Application (App). The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7-Eleven stores and provides driving directions. The following year, 7-Eleven celebrated its 40,000th store opening and within two years of that milestone opened its 60,000th store. 
7-Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee[21] drinks, a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1965 (Oklahoma's stores are known as Icy Drink),[22] and Big Gulp beverages, introduced in 1976.[23][24] Other products include: 7-Select[25] private-brand products,[26] coffee, fresh-made daily sandwiches, fresh fruit, salads, bakery items, hot and prepared foods, gasoline, dairy products, carbonated beverages and energy drinks, juices, financial services, and product delivery services. 
7-Eleven offers beverages in sizes as large as 128 ounces (3785 mL) (Team Gulp). These beverage sizes were all among the largest sold soft drinks when they were introduced.[27] 7-Eleven has often been associated with these large sodas in popular culture. For example, Mayor Michael Bloomberg's proposed ban on large sodas in New York City was frequently referred to as the 'Big Gulp ban'.[28] 
7-Eleven operates, franchises, and licenses 71,100 stores in 17 countries as of July 2020.[2] 
In 2012, 7-Eleven changed the size of the Double Gulp from 64 ounces to 50 ounces (1478 mL). The older style cups were too wide at the bottom and did not fit beverage holders in cars. This was not a reaction to the large soda ban proposal, according to a spokesperson.[29] In February 2020, they opened a cashierless location at 7-Eleven headquarters in Irving, Texas.[30] 
It is popularly called tsat jai (七仔, meaning "little seven") or se fun (些粉, based on the English "seven"). As of 2012, 7-Eleven had 964 stores in Hong Kong, of which 563 were operated by franchisees.[31] Hong Kong reportedly has the second-highest density of 7-Eleven stores, after Macao. All 7-Eleven stores in Hong Kong accept the ubiquitous Octopus card as a method of payment.[32] They also accept payments for utility bills and public housing rent.[33] 
In November 1980, Southland Corporation and Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine Matheson signed a franchise agreement to bring 7-Eleven to the territory.[34] The first 7-Eleven shop opened in Happy Valley on April 3, 1981.[35][36] The chain expanded aggressively across Hong Kong throughout the 1980s. The 50th store opened in Kwai Chung on October 6, 1983, while the 200th was inaugurated by Simon Keswick at Tai Po Centre on May 7, 1987.[37][38] The stores were sold to Dairy Farm, part of the Jardine Matheson group, in 1989.[39] 
Octopus card readers were introduced in all 7-Eleven stores in July 1999, although at first these could only be used to add value to the card.[40][41] In September 2004, the number of locations in Hong Kong was substantially boosted when Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop, a rival convenience store chain, from SCMP Retailing (HK). The chain's 84 shops, located mainly in MTR and Kowloon–Canton Railway stations (as well as shopping centres and housing estates), were converted to 7-Eleven stores.[42][43] 
In 2009, a 7-Eleven location in Quarry Bay opened with a hot food counter, called "7 Café", selling traditional Hong Kong street food and milk tea.[44] This feature was subsequently extended to select other 7-Eleven locations across Hong Kong under the "Daily Café" and "Hot Shot" brands. 
Etymologies 
In 2008, 7-Eleven announced plans to expand its business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra. Modern Sevel Indonesia's initial plans were to focus on opening stores in Jakarta, targeting densely populated commercial and business areas.[45] There are 190 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia as of 2014[update] and it has reduced to only 166 stores as September 2016. 
In April 2017, PT Modern Seven Indonesia announced that they will be acquired by PT Charoen Pokphand Restu Indonesia, subsidiary of Charoen Pokphand Group in Thailand. The acquisition process planned to be completed before June 2017.[46] Charoen Pokphand Group is also the master franchise holder of approximately 9500 7-Eleven stores in Thailand. But on June 22, 2017, PT Modern International Tbk announced that all the remaining 30 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia will be closed on June 30, 2017 due to the cancellation of its acquisition process.[47] 
Japan's first 7-Eleven store in Kōtō, Tokyo opened in May 1974 
Japan has more 7-Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world, where they often bear the name of its holding company "Seven & I Holdings". Of the 67,480 stores around the globe, 20,700 stores (nearly 31% of global stores) are in Japan,[48] with 2,705 stores in Tokyo alone.[49] On September 1, 2005, Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd., a new holding company, became the parent company of 7-Eleven, Ito-Yokado, and Denny's Japan. 
As of July 2019[update], 7-Eleven has stores in all 47 prefectures of Japan with the opening of 14 new locations in Okinawa Prefecture.[50] 
The aesthetics of the store are somewhat different from that of 7-Eleven stores in other countries as the stores offer a wider selection of products and services. 7-Eleven stores in Japan are also popular among tourists from other countries, as the Seven Bank ATM machines at branches will accept foreign debit and credit cards for withdrawing cash in Japanese yen.[51] 
In July 2019, 7-Eleven launched then almost immediately suspended a mobile payment service, 7pay. The service was hacked upon launch, and attackers were able to spend money from affected customers' accounts.[53] 
The company's first outlets were in Dallas, named "Tote'm Stores" because customers "toted" away their purchases. Some stores featured genuine Alaskan totem poles in front of the store. In 1946, the chain's name was changed from "Tote'm" to "7-Eleven" to reflect the company's new, extended hours, 7:00 am to 11:00 pm, seven days per week.[1] In November 1999, the corporate name of the US company was changed from "The Southland Corporation" to "7-Eleven Inc."[4][5] 
7-Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm, the same conglomeration group operating Hong Kong's 7-Eleven. With only 25.9 square kilometres, Macau has 45 stores, making it the single market with the highest density of 7-Eleven stores, containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers. 
7-Eleven opened its first store in China in Shenzhen, Guangdong in 1992 and later expanded to Beijing in 2004, Tianjin and Shanghai in 2009, Chengdu[54] in 2011, Qingdao in 2012, Chongqing in 2013, Hangzhou and Ningbo in 2017, Nanjing in 2018, and Wuhan, Xi'an, and Fuzhou in 2019. In China's 7-Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered, the Chinese name 思乐冰 (sīlèbīng) is used. They also offer a wide array of warm food, including traditional items like steamed buns, and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri (饭团). 
A 7-Eleven store in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 
Bhd., which operates 2,225 stores nationwide. 7-Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4, 1984, by the Berjaya Group Berhad. The first 7-Eleven store was opened in October 1984, in Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur.[55][56] 
In the Philippines, 7-Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, located in Quezon City, opened in 1984. In 2000, President Chain Store Corporation (PCSC) of Taiwan, also a licensee of 7-Eleven, purchased the majority shares of PSC and thus formed a strategic alliance for the convenience store industry within the area. 
Starting Oct 2019, 7-Eleven signed an agreement with Caltex to use the former as its convenience stores in its gas stations nationwide[57], thus rapidly increasing 7-Eleven store chains count in a short span of time. 
Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings, franchised under a licensing agreement with 7-Eleven Incorporated. The first 7-Eleven store in Singapore was opened along Upper Changi Road in 1983, and in 1986 the first franchised 7-Eleven store (under the Jardine Matheson Group) was opened. The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore, a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group, in 1989. 
In 2006, Shell Singapore and 7-Eleven agreed to rebrand all 68 of its Shell Select convenience stores into 7-Eleven. The partnership was terminated in October 2017, and the remaining 52 7-Eleven stores in Shell petrol stations will be gradually rebranded back into Shell Select.[58] 
7-Eleven at Godeok Station in Seoul, South Korea 
7-Eleven has a major presence in the Republic of Korea convenience store market, where it competes with CU (store), GS25 (formerly LG25), and independent competitors. There are 9,231 7-Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea; with only Japan and Thailand hosting more stores. The first 7-Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa-gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group. 
Southland Corporation partnered with Uni-President to modernize the stores. However, business was still slow, and Uni-President opted to stock Asian foods. In 1986, 7-Eleven made its first profit in Taiwan.[59] The 5,000th store was opened in July 2014.[60] In January 2018, an experimental and unstaffed shop branded the X-Store was opened.[61] 7-Eleven announced a plan's to operate a combination store in partnership with Domino's Pizza in February 2019.[62][63] 
In 1927, Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling ice,then he started selling eggs, milk, and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas, with permission from one of Southland's founding directors, Joe C. Thompson, Sr.[6] Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available, Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items. Thompson eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation, which oversaw several locations in the Dallas area.[3] 
In the early 2000s, 7-Eleven introduced a corporate mascot named Open-Chan (Open 小將), an extraterrestrial dog who wears a rainbow-shaped crown from a fictional planet known as Planet Open to be a "cartoon spokesperson" for the store chain in Taiwan, Open-Chan quickly grew in popularity among Taiwanese children soon after its initial debut.[64][65] After Open-Chan's subsequent rise to prominence in Taiwan, the character was even introduced in Japan.[66] 
7-Eleven, Sukhumvit Soi 13, Bangkok, Thailand 
The first Thai 7-Eleven opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok. The chain consists of both company-owned (45%) and franchised shops (55%).[67] CP ALL Public Company Limited is the 7-Eleven owner and franchisor in Thailand. As of March 2020[update], there were 11,700 stores in Thailand, employing 170,000.[67] In 2018, 7-Eleven generated 335,532 million baht in income for CP.[67][68] 7-Eleven holds a 70% market share in the convenience store category, opposed by some 7,000 other convenience stores (e.g., FamilyMart) and 400,000 "mom and pop" shops.[67][69] Thailand has the second largest number of 7-Eleven stores after Japan.[70] In an effort to reduce plastic pollution the parent company of 7-Eleven stores in Thailand, CP All Public Company, announced their intent in November 2018 to reduce and eventually end the use of single-use plastic bags.[71] As of January 2020[update], 7-Eleven—along with 42 other Thai retailers—will stop giving single-use plastic bags to customers.[72] 
Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7-Eleven in Dubai, United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015.[73][74][75] The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017.[73][75] The first store was opened in October 2015. The country has 13 stores as of January 2018. 
Seven & I Holdings opened the first 7-Eleven in Saigon Trade Center in 2017. As of January 2020, Vietnam has 45 stores in Ho Chi Minh City. 
7-Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989, opening its first store on 12 September 1989.[76] Major stakeholder of the master franchise, Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993, after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister.[77] In the 2010s, 7-Eleven left the Turkish market, transferring most of its stores to franchise owners. 
In the same year, the company began constructing gas stations in some of its Dallas locations as an experiment. Joe Thompson also provided a distinct characteristic to the company's stores, training the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store. Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service boys. 
The first European 7-Eleven store was opened in Stockholm, Sweden in 1978.[78] 7-Eleven stores are now solely located in the Scandinavian region of Europe.[79] The owner of the master franchise for 7-Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel, an arm of the Norwegian retail group, Reitan Group. After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain, HydroTexaco (now YX Energy), in Norway and Sweden in 2006, it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7-Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell. Other stores remain under the YX brand. 
7-Eleven in Strøget, Copenhagen, Denmark 
The first 7-Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14, 1993. There are 183 stores, mostly in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, and Odense, including eight stores at Copenhagen Central Station. In Denmark, 7-Eleven has an agreement with Shell, with a nationwide network of Shell/7-Eleven service stations, and an agreement with DSB to have 7-Eleven stores at most S-train stations. 
7-Eleven in Bergen, Norway 
As of January 2018, there are 153 7-Eleven stores in Norway, more than 50% located in Oslo. Norway has the northernmost 7-Eleven in the world, situated in Tromsø. On a per-capita basis, Norway has one 7–Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians, compared to Canada, which has one for every 74,000 Canadians. 
Nevertheless, the company continued its operations through re-organization and receivership. A Dallas banker, W.W. Overton Jr., also helped to revive the company's finances by selling the company's bonds for seven cents on the dollar. This brought the company's ownership under the control of a board of directors.[7] 
The Reitan Group has held the license in Sweden since December 1997. In the mid-1990s period, 7-Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then-licensee, Small Shops, an American-based company, resulting in many stores being sold and closed down. For a time, there were only 7-Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg. 
7-Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001, when a convenience store opened in Lund. Later in the 2000s, the Swedish 7-Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of the Reitan Group in its management of the 7-Eleven franchise, which the Reitan Group eventually admitted to on its website. 
On August 27, 2007, the Reitan Group and Shell, announced a ten-year agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, as 7-Elevens. The contract meant that 7-Eleven would expand from 77 stores to 189 stores in Sweden.[80] The country now has 187 stores. 
During the 1980s, small 7-Eleven convenience stores were common in London and the South East of England. The first shop opened in London, in Sydenham South East London in 1985.[81] The company ceased trading operations in 1997, but considered resuming UK trading in 2014.[82] 
The first 7-Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary, Alberta, on June 29, 1969. There are 640 7-Eleven stores in Canada as of 2017[update].[83] Winnipeg, Manitoba, has the world's largest number of Slurpee consumers, with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7-Eleven opened on March 21, 1970.[84] All 7-Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated.[85] Like its U.S. counterparts every July 11 the stores offer free Slurpees on "7-Eleven Day". 
In 1946, in an effort to continue the company's post-war recovery, the name of the franchise was changed to 7-Eleven to reflect the stores' new hours of operation (7 am to 11 pm), which were unprecedented at the time. In 1963, 7-Eleven experimented with a 24-hour schedule in Austin, Texas, after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer demand.[1] Later on, 24-hour stores were established in Fort Worth and Dallas, Texas, as well as Las Vegas, Nevada.[8] In 1971, Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak-A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman, Sr. (1903–1985), of Shreveport, Louisiana.[9][10] 
7-Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMs—in June 2012, these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7-Eleven abandoned the Ottawa, Ontario, market in December 2009 after selling its six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores, a regional chain. Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers, Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program.[86][87] 7-Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche-Tard and Boni-soir, and by independent dépanneurs. 
In March 2016, 7-Eleven acquired 148 Imperial Oil-owned Esso gas stations in Alberta and British Columbia for C$2.8 billion. Most of their convenience stores were converted to 7-Eleven stores, and they remain supplied by Esso. Some locations were not immediately converted to 7-Eleven, and instead operate under the transitional banner "smartstop 24/7" with their existing store formats, typically inherited from the previous On the Run chain.[88][89] 
In Mexico, the first 7-Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa (now Iconn) and 7-Eleven, Inc. under the name Super 7. In 1995, Super 7 was renamed to 7-Eleven, which now has 1,835 stores in several areas of the country. When stores are located within classically designed buildings (such as in Centro Histórico buildings) or important landmarks, the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering. 
Supermarket News ranked 7-Eleven's North American operations No. 11 in the 2007 "Top 75 North American Food Retailers," based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US$15.0 billion.[90] Based on the 2005 revenue, 7-Eleven is the 24th largest retailer in the United States.[91] As of 2013[update], 8,144 7-Eleven franchised units exist across the United States. Franchise fees range between US$10,000 – $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies.[92] 7-Eleven America has its headquarters in the Cypress Waters development in Irving, Texas.[93][94] Small-size Slurpees are free on "7-Eleven Day", on July 11. This holiday first became widely celebrated on July 11th, 2008 when first discovered by J. Brabank and C. Johnson. 
In the U.S., many 7-Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo, which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation. 50% of Citgo was sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., and the remaining 50% was acquired in 1990. Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7-Eleven, other oil companies are also co-branded with 7-Eleven, including Fina, Exxon, Gulf, Marathon, BP, Shell, Chevron (some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron, and Texaco prior to the 7-Eleven purchase in late 2012), and Pennzoil. 
Video footage inside a Floridian 7-Eleven store in August 1987 
NMB48 (read "N.M.B. Forty-eight") is a Japanese idol group that debuted in 2011 as the second sister group to AKB48, produced by Yasushi Akimoto. NMB48 is named after the Namba district in Osaka city of Osaka Prefecture, where the group is based. The group performs at the NMB48 Theater, which is located in the basement of the Yes-Namba Building in Namba, Osaka. 
On September 3, Eriko Jo, a member of Team M, announced that she would be leaving the group during the performance at the theater.[6] Her "graduation" performance was on September 28 at the NMB48 Theater. Following Jo's graduation, two members from Team M announced their resignation in early October. On October 9, three trainees were promoted to Team M to replace the members who had left. 
On April 18, 2013, first-generation member Nana Yamada was transferred from Team N to Team M, and trainee members Naruma Koga and Aika Nishimura were promoted to Team N.[10] At the AKB48 Group Concert in the Nippon Budokan on April 28, 2013, it was announced that Yui Yokoyama's concurrent position in the group would end, and that AKB48 Member Miori Ichikawa would have a concurrent position in Team N.[11] 
In the AKB48 Group Daisokaku Matsuri held on February 24, 2014, major changes occurred to NMB48. Sayaka Yamamoto became a concurrent member of Team K. Miyuki Watanabe became a concurrent member of Team S, and was transferred from Team N to Team BII. Mayu Ogasawara was transferred completely to Team B, Nana Yamada became a concurrent member of Team KII.[12] 
On March 31, 2015, the group released their 11th single Don't look back!. This was Nana Yamada's first solo center, as well as her last time in a NMB48 single and senbatsu. 
On April 13th, 2016, Miyuki Watanabe announced her graduation from the group. On the same day Sayaka Yamamoto announced her resignation from AKB48's Team K.[14] 
On April 27, 2016, the group released their 14th single Amagami Hime. 
On April 4, 2018, the group released their 18th single Yokubomono. 
On June 15, 2018, 6 members of NMB48 (Cocona Umeyama, Kokoro Naiki, Yuuka Kato, Miru Shiroma, Azusa Uemura and Sae Murase) joined Produce 48. Both Cocona Umeyama and Azusa Uemura withdrew from the show. Kokoro Naiki, Yuuka Kato, Sae Murase and Miru Shiroma ranked 87, 74, 22 and 20 respectively. 
On July 30, 2018, Sayaka Yamamoto, captain of Team N announced in NMB48 LIVE TOUR 2018 in Summer that she would be graduating from NMB48.[16] 
On August 14, 2019, the group released their 21st single Bokou e Kaere! which was their first single to release in the Reiwa period. On September 4, 2019, Yuuri Ota announced her graduation. On November 6, 2019, the group released their 22st single Hatsukoi Shijo Shugi. 
On 10 July 2010, AKB48 first announced that they would be forming a second sister national group, based in Namba.[1][2] NMB48 officially became active on 9 October 2010.[1] Yasushi Akimoto announced that the group would have 26 trainees for the first generation.[3] These members made their first appearance at the AKB48 Tokyo Autumn Festival.[3] 
NMB48 made their debut performance at their theater on New Year's Day 2011.[1] They released their debut single, "Zetsumetsu Kurokami Shōjo", on 20 July 2011.[4] In its debut week, the single sold a total of about 218,000 copies, making it the bestselling single on the Oricon weekly charts for the week of 20–27 July 2011.[4] This makes NMB48 the second girl group after Passpo to reach number 1 with a debut single.[4] 
On the first day of AKB48's Tokyo Dome Concert held on August 24, 2012, it was announced that AKB48 Team A member Yui Yokoyama would hold a concurrent Position in NMB48. Miyuki Watanabe of Team N would hold a concurrent position in AKB48 Team B. Also, Riho Kotani of Team N will hold a concurrent position in AKB48, Team A.[5] 
Name Birth date (age) Election rank 3[18] 4[19] 5[20] 6[21] 7[22] 8[23] 9[24] 10 Yuki Azuma (東 由樹, Azuma Yuki) (1996-02-17) February 17, 1996 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cocona Umeyama (梅山 恋和, Umeyama Cocona) (2003-08-07) August 7, 2003 (age 16) N/A N/A Konomi Kusaka (日下 このみ, Kusaka Konomi) (1996-01-12) January 12, 1996 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Koga Narumi (古賀 成美, Koga Narumi) (1998-03-30) March 30, 1998 (age 22) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Karin Kojima (小嶋 花梨, Kojima Karin) (1999-07-15) July 15, 1999 (age 21) N/A N/A Airi Tanigawa (谷川 愛梨, Tanigawa Airi) (1995-12-05) December 5, 1995 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A 74 57 102 Kokoro Naiki (内木 志, Naiki Kokoro) (1997-04-06) April 6, 1997 (age 23) N/A N/A N/A N/A 54 Momoka Hayashi (林 萌々香, Hayashi Momoka) (1998-09-11) September 11, 1998 (age 21) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Shion Hori (堀 詩音, Hori Shion) (1996-05-29) May 29, 1996 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A Yuzuha Hongou (本郷 柚巴, Hongou Yuzuha) (2003-01-12) January 12, 2003 (age 17) N/A N/A N/A Mao Mita (三田 麻央, Mita Mao) (1995-09-09) September 9, 1995 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Rina Yamao (山尾 梨奈, Yamao Rina) (1995-12-10) December 10, 1995 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Ayaka Yamamoto (山本 彩加, Yamamoto Ayaka) (2002-08-06) August 6, 2002 (age 17) N/A 111 Sayaka Yamamoto (山本 彩, Yamamoto Sayaka) (1993-07-14) July 14, 1993 (age 27) 28 18 14 6 6 4 
Name Birth date (age) Election rank 3[18] 4[19] 5[20] 6[1] 7[2] 8[3] 9[4] 10 Natsuko Akashi (明石 奈津子, Akashi Natsuko) (1999-08-17) August 17, 1999 (age 20) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Akari Ishizuka (石塚 朱莉, Ishizuka Akari) (1997-07-11) July 11, 1997 (age 23) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Anna Ijiri (井尻 晏菜, Ijiri Anna) (1995-01-20) January 20, 1995 (age 25) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Ayaka Okita (沖田 彩華, Okita Ayaka) (1995-10-11) October 11, 1995 (age 24) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25 48 Yuuri Ota (太田 夢莉, Ota Yuuri)[25] (1999-12-01) December 1, 1999 (age 20) N/A N/A N/A N/A 52 27 23 Rina Kushiro (久代 梨奈, Kushiro Rina) (1999-01-29) January 29, 1999 (age 21) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Rika Shimizu (清水 里香, Shimizu Rika) (1998-09-15) September 15, 1998 (age 21) N/A N/A Eriko Jo (城 恵理子, Jo Eriko) (1998-11-27) November 27, 1998 (age 21) N/A N/A N/A N/A 89 79 Rei Jōnishi (上西 怜, Jonishi Rei) (2001-05-28) May 28, 2001 (age 19) N/A 98 Sara Takei (武井 紗良, Takei Sara) (1998-10-06) October 6, 1998 (age 21) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mion Nakagawa (中川 美音, Nakagawa Mion) (2002-11-16) November 16, 2002 (age 17) N/A N/A Shiori Mizuta (水田 詩織, Mizuta Shiori) (1998-12-21) December 21, 1998 (age 21) N/A N/A Sae Murase (村瀬 紗英, Murase Sae) (1997-03-30) March 30, 1997 (age 23) N/A N/A N/A N/A 88 39 90 Ayaka Morita (森田 彩花, Morita Ayaka) (1995-05-29) May 29, 1995 (age 25) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 
Release Title Chart positions Oricon sales [26][27] Billboard Japan sales Album Oricon Weekly Singles Chart [28] Billboard Japan Hot 100 [29] First week Total sales July 20, 2011 "Zetsumetsu Kurokami Shōjo" 1 2 218,441 267,810 Teppen Tottande! 
October 19, 2011 "Oh My God!" 1 3 265,435 325,784 February 8, 2012 "Junjō U-19" 1 1 329,438 376,563 May 9, 2012 "Nagiichi" 2 2 375,785 451,489 August 8, 2012 "Virginity" 1 1 315,205 396,543 November 7, 2012 "Kitagawa Kenji" 1 1 317,051 410,269 June 19, 2013 "Bokura no Eureka" 1 1 481,843 558,892 Sekai no Chuushin wa Osaka ya ~Namba Jichiku~ October 2, 2013 "Kamonegikkusu" 1 1 374,644 509,210 March 26, 2014 "Takane no Ringo" 1 1 406,579 451,949 November 5, 2014 "Rashikunai" 1 2 420,326 499,659 Namba Ai ~Ima, Omou Koto~ March 31, 2015 "Don't Look Back!" 2 1 447,282 532,379 July 15, 2015 "Dorian Shōnen" 1 2 371,276 450,301 October 7, 2015 "Must be now" 1 1 307,036 418,060 April 27, 2016 "Amagami Hime" 1 1 230,163 293,812 341,556 August 3, 2016 "Boku wa Inai" 1 1 304,315 363,583 450,771 December 28, 2016 "Boku Igai no Dareka" 1 2 266,813 321,458 442,134 December 27, 2017 "Warota People" 1 1 273,499 338,133 381,349 April 4, 2018 "Yokubomono" 1 1 193,740 271,856 308,673 October 17, 2018 "Boku Datte naichau yo" 1 1 238,269 347,928 410,738 February 20, 2019 "Tokonoma Seiza Musume" 1 1 196,592[30] 339,477 410,960 August 14, 2019 "Bokō e Kaere!" 1 1 195,471[31] 211,228 254,447 November 6, 2019 "Hatsukoi Shijo Shugi" 1 1 166,684[32] 
Kei Jonishi (上西 恵, Jōnishi Kei, born 18 March 1995 in Shiga Prefecture) is a former member of the Japanese idol girl group NMB48. She was a member of NMB48's Team N. 
AKB48 singles 
Her audition song was SCANDAL's Shunkan Sentimental.[1] Her debut was on October 9, 2010. In March 2011, she was selected to Team N.[2] Her first NMB48 Senbatsu was the single Zetsumetsu Kurokami Shōjo. Prior to joining NMB48, she has no experience in singing or dancing.[3] 
In February 2014, during AKB48's Group Shuffle, Jonishi was appointed the vice-captain of Team N. In 2014, she ranked at 58th with 14,194 votes in the group's general elections. In 2015, she ranked at 36th with 21,135 votes in that. 
On April 18, 2017, Jonishi graduated from the group's Team N. 
Discography 
NMB48 singles 
Shiga Prefecture (滋賀県, Shiga-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu.[1] Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 (1 October 2015) and has a geographic area of 4,017 km² (1,551 sq mi). Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the northeast, Mie Prefecture to the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture to the west. 
Shiga borders Fukui Prefecture in the north, Gifu Prefecture in the east, Mie Prefecture in the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture in the west. 
Most other natural rivers flow into the lake. There were many lagoons around Lake Biwa, but most of them were reclaimed in 1940s. One of the preserved lagoons is the wetland (水郷, suigō) in Omihachiman, and it was selected as the first Important Cultural Landscapes in 2006. 
The lake divides the prefecture into four different areas: Kohoku (湖北, north of lake) centered Nagahama, Kosei (湖西, west of lake) centered Imazu, Kotō (湖東, east of lake) centered Hikone and Konan (湖南, south of lake) centered Otsu. 
The prefecture is enclosed by mountain ranges with the Hira Mountains and Mount Hiei in the west, the Ibuki Mountains in the northeast, and the Suzuka Mountains in the southeast. Mount Ibuki is the highest mountain in Shiga. In Yogo, a small lake is famous for the legend of the heavenly robe of an angel (天女の羽衣, tennyo no hagoromo), which is similar to a western Swan maiden.[5] 
Shiga's climate sharply varies between north and south. Southern Shiga is usually warm, but northern Shiga is typically cold with high snowfall and hosts many skiing grounds. In Nakanokawachi, the northernmost village of Shiga, snow reached a depth of 5.6 metres (18 ft) in 1936.[6] 
As of 1 April 2014, 37% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (the highest total of any prefecture), namely the Biwako and Suzuka Quasi-National Parks; and Kotō, Kutsuki-Katsuragawa, and Mikami-Tanakami-Shigaraki Prefectural Natural Parks.[7] 
Map of Shiga Prefecture City Town 
Hikone 
Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture, with other major cities including Kusatsu, Nagahama, and Higashiōmi.[2] Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa, the largest freshwater lake in Japan, and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks, the highest of any prefecture. Shiga Prefecture's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef, the Eight Views of Ōmi, and Hikone Castle, one of four national treasure castles in Japan. 
Nagahama 
Thirteen cities are located in Shiga Prefecture: 
Higashiōmi Hikone Kōka Konan Kusatsu Maibara Moriyama Nagahama Ōtsu (capital) Ōmihachiman Rittō Takashima Yasu 
Echi District Aishō Gamō District Hino Ryūō Inukami District Kōra Taga Toyosato 
The prefectural government building in Ōtsu City 
The current governor of Shiga is Taizō Mikazuki, a former member of the House of Representatives from Shiga (DPJ, 3rd district), who was narrowly elected in July 2014 with center-left support against ex-METI-bureaucrat Takashi Koyari (supported by the center-right national-level ruling parties) to succeed governor Yukiko Kada. In June 2018, he was overwhelmingly reelected to a second term against only one, Communist challenger.[8][9][10] 
The prefectural assembly has 44 members from 16 electoral districts, and is still elected in unified local elections (last round: 2019). As of July 2019, the assembly was composed by caucus as follows: LDP 20 members, Team Shiga (CDP, DPP, former Kada supporters etc.) 14, JCP 4, Sazanami Club (of independents) 3, Kōmeitō 2, "independent"/non-attached 1.[11] 
In the National Diet, Shiga is represented by four directly elected members of the House of Representatives and two (one per ordinary election) of the House of Councillors. For the proportional representation segment of the lower house, the prefecture forms part of the Kinki block. After the national elections of 2016, 2017 and 2019, the directly elected delegation to the Diet from Shiga consists of (as of August 1, 2019): 
in the House of Representatives for the 1st district in the west: Toshitaka Ōoka, LDP, 3rd term, for the 2nd district in the northeast: Ken'ichirō Ueno, LDP, 4th term, for the 3rd district on the southern shores of Lake Biwa: Nobuhide Takemura, LDP, 3rd term, for the 4th district in the southeast: Hiroo Kotera, LDP, 1st term, in the House of Councillors (Shiga At-large district) in the class of 2016 (term ends 2022): Takashi Koyari, LDP, 1st term, in the class of 2019 (term ends 2025): Yukiko Kada, independent sitting with the Hekisuikai caucus, 1st term. 
Merchant mansions in Omihachiman 
Most farmers depend on income from other sources. Eastern Shiga is famous for cattle breeding and southeastern Shiga is famous for green tea. On Lake Biwa, some people are engaged in fishery and freshwater pearl farming. 
Since the Medieval Period, especially in Edo period, many Shiga people were active in commerce and were called Ōmi merchants (近江商人, Ōmi shōnin, Ōmi akindo), sometimes Ōmi thieves (近江泥棒, Ōmi dorobō) by other envious merchants. For example, Nippon Life, Itochu, Marubeni, Takashimaya, Wacoal and Yanmar were founded by people from Shiga. In their home towns such as Omihachiman, Hino, Gokashō and Toyosato, their mansions were preserved as tourist attractions. 
Beginning in the 1960s, Shiga developed industry, supporting major factories owned by companies such as IBM Japan, Canon, Yanmar Diesel, Mitsubishi, and Toray. According to Cabinet Office's statistics in 2014, the Manufacturing sector accounted for 35.4% of Gross Shiga Product, the highest proportion in Japan.[12] Traditional industries include textiles, Shigaraki ware, Butsudan in Hikone and Nagahama, medicines in Koka, and fan ribs in Adogawa. 
Demographics 
During the period 667 to 672, Emperor Tenji founded a palace in Otsu. In 742, Emperor Shōmu founded a palace in Shigaraki. In the early Heian period, Saichō was born in the north of Otsu and founded Enryaku-ji, the center of Tendai and one a UNESCO World Heritage Site and monument of Ancient Kyoto now. 
The population is concentrated along the southern shore of Lake Biwa in Otsu city (adjacent to Kyoto) and along the lake's eastern shore in cities such as Kusatsu and Moriyama, which are within commuting distance to Kyoto. The lake's western and northern shores are more rural and resort-oriented with white sand beaches. In recent years, many Brazilians settled in Shiga to work in nearby factories. 
Sagawa Art Museum 
Aquarium of Lake Biwa Museum 
Biwa Town (now a part of Nagahama) is a home of The Tonda Traditional Bunraku Puppet Troupe. Founded in the 1830s, the group is one of the most active traditional Bunraku puppet theaters in Japan outside the National Theater in Osaka. Toyosato and Higashiomi are known to a mecca of Goshu ondo. 
Museums include the Sagawa Art Museum in Moriyama, the Lake Biwa Museum in Kusatsu and the Miho Museum in Kōka. In Kōka, a ninja house is preserved as a visitor center.[14] 
It retains the ancient style of sushi and has a pungent odor. Shiga is also famous for high quality wagyū, Ōmi beef. The Hikone Domain presented beef as medicinal food to shōguns.[15] In addition, tsukemono of root crops, mallard nabe or mallard sukiyaki (鴨鍋 or 鴨すき, kamo-nabe or kamo-suki) in northern Shiga, red colored konjac (赤こんにゃく, aka konnyaku) in Omihachiman, sōmen with grilled mackerel (焼鯖素麺, yaki-saba sōmen) in Nagahama, and lightly seasoned champon in Hikone are examples of specific cuisine in Shiga. 
A fish store in Ōtsu Funa-zushi – fermented crucian carp Nagahama yaki-saba sōmen Hikone champon 
In the Medieval Period, the Sasaki clan ruled Omi, and afterward the Rokkaku clan, Kyōgoku clan and Azai clans ruled Omi. In the 1570s, Oda Nobunaga subjugated Omi and built Azuchi Castle on the eastern shores of Lake Biwa in 1579. Tōdō Takatora, Gamō Ujisato, Oichi, Yodo-dono, Ohatsu and Oeyo were Omi notables in the Sengoku period. 
University of Shiga Prefecture 
Shiga University (Hikone and Otsu) Shiga University of Medical Science (Otsu) University of Shiga Prefecture (Hikone) Seian University of Art and Design (Otsu) Seisen University (Hikone) Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology (Nagahama) Biwako-Gakuin University (Higashiomi) Biwako Seikei Sport College (Otsu) Ritsumeikan University (Kyoto and Kusatsu) Ryukoku University (Kyoto and Otsu) Shiga Junior College (Otsu) Shiga Bunkyo Junior College (Nagahama) 
The following sports teams are based in Shiga. 
Ukimidō hall at Mangetsu-ji temple near Katata, Ōtsu 
Ii Naosuke became the Tokugawa shogunate's Tairō and concluded commercial treaties with the Western powers and thus ended Japan's isolation from the world in the 19th century. Besides the Hikone Domain, many domains ruled Omi such as Zeze. With the abolition of the han system, eight prefectures were formed in Omi. 
From Otsu port, the Michigan paddlewheel boat offers cruises on Lake Biwa 
Hikone Castle 
Shiga has many tourism resources, but Shiga is overshadowed by its much more famous neighbor Kyoto. Over four million foreign tourists visited Japan in 2000, but only sixty-five thousand visited Shiga.[17] 
The main gateways to Shiga are the Maibara Station in northern Shiga and the city of Ōtsu in the south. The Maibara Station is about 2 hours and 20 minutes away from the Tokyo Station by the Tokaido Shinkansen. It is easy to go to Ōtsu from Kyoto and Osaka by high-speed trains. 
Besides the natural environment, historical buildings and festivals persons rank among those of national importance.[citation needed] Shiga has 807 National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties, that ranks the fourth large number in Japan.[1] Shiga's most famous historical building is Hikone Castle, one of four national treasure castles in the country. The castle tower is well preserved and has many cherry trees. The neighboring city of Nagahama has tourism in addition to its hikiyama festival. 
Festivals include the hikiyama festival (floats parade festival), held in ten areas such as Nagahama, Otsu, Maibara, Hino and Minakuchi. The Nagahama hikiyama festival held each April is one of the three major hikiyama festivals in Japan and was designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1979. During this festival ornate floats are mounted with miniature stages on which boys (playing both male and female roles) act in kabuki plays.[18] Higashiomi (formerly Yōkaichi) city holds a Giant Kite Festival every May along the riverbank. 
Biwako Ohashi Bridge 
In 2015, Shiga Governor Taizō Mikazuki conducted a survey asking citizens whether they felt it necessary to change the name of the prefecture, partly to raise its profile as a destination for domestic tourism.[4] 
Meishin Expressway, Shin-Meishin Expressway and Hokuriku Expressway pass through Shiga. National highway Route 1, 8, 21, 8, 161, 303, 306, 307, 365, 367, 421, 422 and 477 connect with neighboring prefectures. Two bridges span southern part of Lake Biwa. 
Notable people from Shiga Prefecture 
He is also active as the first Cultural Ambassador for Shiga. Hizaki, a musician and songwriter, known for work as guitarist of Versailles. Kizo Yasui, former vice-president of Mitsui Bank, former president of Mitsui Petroleum and Chemical Industries (now Mitsui Chemicals), former chairman of Toray Industries, former vice-chairman of Nihon Keidanren (Japan Business Federation), former general manager of Tokyo Metropolis of Ise Shrine Revered Board. 
Shiga has cooperative agreements with three states.[19] 
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Michigan, USA Hunan, China 
Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture viewed from space 
Ten universities, two junior colleges, and a learning center of The Open University of Japan operate in Shiga.[16] 
Map Ta Phut (Thai: มาบตาพุด, pronounced [mâːp tāː pʰút]) is a town (thesaban mueang) in Rayong Province, Thailand. It is the site of Thailand's largest industrial park, the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate. Provincial offices are in Map Ta Phut. 
Map Ta Phut Municipality (Thai) 
The town covers parts of the sub-districts Noen Phra and Thap Ma, the whole sub-districts Huai Pong and Map Tha Phut of Mueang Rayong District, and parts of Map Kha sub-district in Nikhom Phatthana District. 
In 1962, the sanitary district (sukhaphiban) Map Tha Phut was created as the first local government of the settlement.[1] In 1991 it was upgraded to a sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon),[2] and in 2001 to a town.[3] 
According to the World Resources Institute, Map Ta Phut is "...one of Thailand's most toxic hot spots with a history of air and water pollution, industrial accidents, illegal hazardous waste dumping, and pollution-related health impacts including cancer and birth deformities."[4]:20 
Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of sketches by Hokusai. Woodblock print on paper. Volume six, 1817. 
In the West, the word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post–World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers.[12] In English, the plural of ninja can be either unchanged as ninja, reflecting the Japanese language's lack of grammatical number, or the regular English plural ninjas.[13] 
Prince Hikaru Genji and a ninja. Woodblock print on paper. Kunisada, 1853. 
Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian Stephen Turnbull asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them.[14] The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory.[15] The scarcity of historical accounts is also demonstrated in war epics such as The Tale of Hōgen (Hōgen Monogatari) and The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari), which focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience.[3] 
Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence: 
So-called ninjutsu techniques, in short are the skills of shinobi-no-jutsu and shinobijutsu, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training.[16] 
Predecessors 
Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper. Yoshitoshi, 1886. 
The title ninja has sometimes been attributed retrospectively to the semi-legendary 4th-century prince Yamato Takeru.[17] In the Kojiki, the young Yamato Takeru disguised himself as a charming maiden and assassinated two chiefs of the Kumaso people.[18] However, these records take place at a very early stage of Japanese history, and they are unlikely to be connected to the shinobi of later accounts. The first recorded use of espionage was under the employment of Prince Shōtoku in the 6th century.[19] Such tactics were considered unsavory even in early times, when, according to the 10th-century Shōmonki, the boy spy Koharumaru was killed for spying against the insurgent Taira no Masakado.[20] Later, the 14th-century war chronicle Taiheiki contained many references to shinobi[17] and credited the destruction of a castle by fire to an unnamed but "highly skilled shinobi".[21] 
A ninja (忍者, Japanese pronunciation: [ɲiꜜɲdʑa]) or shinobi (忍び, [ɕinobi]) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of a ninja included espionage, deception, and surprise attacks.[1] Their covert methods of waging irregular warfare were deemed dishonorable and beneath the honor of the samurai.[2] Though shinobi proper, as specially trained spies and mercenaries, appeared in the 15th century during the Sengoku period,[3] antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century.[4][5] 
It was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose.[1] It was around this time that the word shinobi appeared to define and clearly identify ninja as a secretive group of agents. Evidence for this can be seen in historical documents, which began to refer to stealthy soldiers as shinobi during the Sengoku period.[22] Later manuals regarding espionage are often grounded in Chinese military strategy, quoting works such as The Art of War by Sun Tzu.[23] 
The ninja emerged as mercenaries in the 15th century, where they were recruited as spies, raiders, arsonists and even terrorists. Amongst the samurai, a sense of ritual and decorum was observed, where one was expected to fight or duel openly. Combined with the unrest of the Sengoku period, these factors created a demand for men willing to commit deeds considered disreputable for conventional warriors.[1][2] By the Sengoku period, the shinobi had several roles, including spy (kanchō), scout (teisatsu), surprise attacker (kishu), and agitator (konran).[3] The ninja families were organized into larger guilds, each with their own territories.[24] A system of rank existed. 
Iga and Kōga clans 
The plains of Iga, nested in secluded mountains, gave rise to villages specialized in the training of ninja. 
The Iga and Kōga clans have come to describe families living in the province of Iga (modern Mie Prefecture) and the adjacent region of Kōka (later written as Kōga), named after a village in what is now Shiga Prefecture. From these regions, villages devoted to the training of ninja first appeared.[26] The remoteness and inaccessibility of the surrounding mountains may have had a role in the ninja's secretive development.[2] Historical documents regarding the ninja's origins in these mountainous regions are considered generally correct.[27] The chronicle Go Kagami Furoku writes, of the two clans' origins: 
A distinction is to be made between the ninja from these areas, and commoners or samurai hired as spies or mercenaries. Unlike their counterparts, the Iga and Kōga clans produced professional ninja, specifically trained for their roles.[1] These professional ninja were actively hired by daimyōs between 1485 and 1581,[22] until Oda Nobunaga invaded Iga Province and wiped out the organized clans.[29] Survivors were forced to flee, some to the mountains of Kii, but others arrived before Tokugawa Ieyasu, where they were well treated.[30] Some former Iga clan members, including Hattori Hanzō, would later serve as Tokugawa's bodyguards.[31] 
In the unrest of the Sengoku period, mercenaries and spies for hire became active in Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from these areas that much of the knowledge regarding the ninja is drawn. Following the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity.[6] A number of shinobi manuals, often based on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the Bansenshukai (1676).[7] 
They were tasked to raid an outpost of the Imagawa clan. The account of this assault is given in the Mikawa Go Fudoki, where it was written that Kōga ninja infiltrated the castle, set fire to its towers, and killed the castellan along with two hundred of the garrison.[32] The Kōga ninja are said to have played a role in the later Battle of Sekigahara (1600), where several hundred Kōga assisted soldiers under Torii Mototada in the defence of Fushimi Castle.[33] After Tokugawa's victory at Sekigahara, the Iga acted as guards for the inner compounds of Edo Castle, while the Kōga acted as a police force and assisted in guarding the outer gate.[3] In 1614, the initial "winter campaign" at the Siege of Osaka saw the ninja in use once again. Miura Yoemon, a ninja in Tokugawa's service, recruited shinobi from the Iga region, and sent 10 ninja into Osaka Castle in an effort to foster antagonism between enemy commanders.[34] During the later "summer campaign", these hired ninja fought alongside regular troops at the Battle of Tennōji.[34] 
Shimabara rebellion 
A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638).[35] The Kōga ninja were recruited by shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu against Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō, who made a final stand at Hara Castle, in Hizen Province. A diary kept by a member of the Matsudaira clan, the Amakusa Gunki, relates: "Men from Kōga in Ōmi Province who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."[36] 
The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga. 
The ruins of Hara Castle 
Here, the Kōga captured bags of enemy provisions, and infiltrated the castle by night, obtaining secret passwords.[37] Days later, Nobutsuna ordered an intelligence gathering mission to determine the castle's supplies. Several Kōga ninja—some apparently descended from those involved in the 1562 assault on an Imagawa clan castle—volunteered despite being warned that chances of survival were slim.[38] A volley of shots was fired into the sky, causing the defenders to extinguish the castle lights in preparation. Under the cloak of darkness, ninja disguised as defenders infiltrated the castle, capturing a banner of the Christian cross.[38] The Ukai diary writes, 
As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating moss and grass.[39] This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle: 
By the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), shinobi had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninjas figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as invisibility, walking on water and control over natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in popular culture is based more on such legends and folklore than on the covert actors of the Sengoku period. 
Edo period 
For their living, ninja had to be employed by each Han or simply change their jobs. Many lords still hired ninja not for battle but as bodyguards or spy. Their duties includes undercover detective of other hans,guarding of Daimyo, and fire patrol.[43] A few domains like Tsu Domain,Hirosaki Domain and Saga Domain continued to employ their own ninja by Bakumatsu era. 
Many former ninja were employed as security guard by Tokugawa Shogunate, though the role of espionage was transferred newly crated organizations such as Onmitsu and Oniwaban.[44]Others changed their job utilizing ninjutsu techniques such as doctor, medicine seller, merchant, martial artist, and fireworks manufacturer.[45] However, some unemployed ninja reduced to bandits such as Fūma Kotarō and Ishikawa Goemon.[46] 
Recorded Regular Number of ninja from each Domain 
Han(Domain) Image Number of ninja[47] Kishū Domain over 200 Kishiwada Domain 50 Kawagoe Domain 50 Matsue Domain 30 Hirosaki Domain 20 Fukui Domain 12 Hikone Domain 10 Okayama Domain 10 Akō Domain 5 
In addition to Domains mentioned above, Tsu Domain,Saga Domain, and Kanō Domain utilized unknown number of ninja.[48][2] 
Contemporary 
It is located in Iga (now Mie Prefecture). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents.[1] Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be utilized in the modern world.[51] 
In 2020, the 45 year old Genichi Mitsuhashi was the first student to graduate from the master course of ninja studies at Mie University. For 2 years he studied historical records and the traditions of the martial art. Similar to the original ninja, by day he was a farmer and grew vegetables while he did ninja studies and trained martial arts in the afternoon.[50] 
Oniwaban 
In the early 18th century, shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune founded the oniwaban ("garden keepers"), an intelligence agency and secret service. Members of the oniwaban were agents involved in collecting information on daimyōs and government officials.[52] The secretive nature of the oniwaban—along with the earlier tradition of using Iga and Kōga clan members as palace guards—have led some sources to define the oniwabanshū as "ninja".[53] This portrayal is also common in later novels and jidaigeki. However, there is no written link between the earlier shinobi and the later oniwaban. 
Roles 
The ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by daimyōs.[54] Their primary roles were those of espionage and sabotage, although assassinations were also attributed to ninja. Although they were considered the anti-samurai and were disdained by those belonging to the samurai class, they were necessary for warfare and were even employed by the samurai themselves to carry out operations that were forbidden by bushidō.[2] 
A page from the Shōninki (1681), detailing a list of possible disguises 
Espionage 
Espionage was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications, as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the Nochi Kagami briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage: 
The word "ninja" in kanji script 
Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the Tokugawa bakufu, at a time when the bakufu used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional daimyōs as well as the Imperial court.[1] 
Sabotage 
Arson was the primary form of sabotage practiced by the ninja, who targeted castles and camps. 
Once inside, the ninja set fire to the castle, and Yoshitaka's army would later emerge victorious.[57] The mercenary nature of the shinobi is demonstrated in another arson attack soon after the burning of Sawayama Castle. In 1561, commanders acting under Kizawa Nagamasa hired three Iga ninja of genin rank to assist the conquest of a fortress in Maibara. Rokkaku Yoshitaka, the same man who had hired Iga ninja just years earlier, was the fortress holder—and target of attack. 
Assassination 
The best-known cases of assassination attempts involve famous historical figures. Deaths of famous persons have sometimes been attributed to assassination by ninja, but the secretive natures of these scenarios have made them difficult to prove.[1] Assassins were often identified as ninja later on, but there is no evidence to prove whether some were specially trained for the task or simply a hired thug. 
Portrait of Oda Nobunaga, by Jesuit painter Giovanni Niccolò, 1583–1590 
In 1571, a Kōga ninja and sharpshooter by the name of Sugitani Zenjubō was hired to assassinate Nobunaga. Using two arquebuses, he fired two consecutive shots at Nobunaga, but was unable to inflict mortal injury through Nobunaga's armor.[59] Sugitani managed to escape, but was caught four years later and put to death by torture.[59] In 1573, Manabe Rokurō, a vassal of daimyō Hatano Hideharu, attempted to infiltrate Azuchi Castle and assassinate the sleeping Nobunaga. However, this also ended in failure, and Manabe was forced to commit suicide, after which his body was openly displayed in public.[59] According to a document, the Iranki, when Nobunaga was inspecting Iga province—which his army had devastated—a group of three ninja shot at him with large-caliber firearms. 
Ninja is the on'yomi (Early Middle Chinese–influenced) reading of the two kanji "忍者". In the native kun'yomi reading, it is pronounced shinobi, a shortened form of the transcription shinobi-no-mono (忍の者).[8] 
The ninja Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate the powerful daimyō Takeda Shingen, but ultimately failed in his attempts. Hiding in the shadow of a tree, he avoided being seen under the moonlight, and later concealed himself in a hole he had prepared beforehand, thus escaping capture.[61] 
An assassination attempt on Toyotomi Hideyoshi was also thwarted. A ninja named Kirigakure Saizō (possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) thrust a spear through the floorboards to kill Hideyoshi, but was unsuccessful. He was "smoked out" of his hiding place by another ninja working for Hideyoshi, who apparently used a sort of primitive "flamethrower".[62] Unfortunately, the veracity of this account has been clouded by later fictional publications depicting Saizō as one of the legendary Sanada Ten Braves. 
Uesugi Kenshin, the famous daimyō of Echigo Province, was rumored to have been killed by a ninja. The legend credits his death to an assassin who is said to have hidden in Kenshin's lavatory, and fatally injured Kenshin by thrusting a blade or spear into his anus.[63] While historical records showed that Kenshin suffered abdominal problems, modern historians have generally attributed his death to stomach cancer, esophageal cancer or cerebrovascular disease.[64] 
Psychological warfare 
In battle, the ninja were also used to cause confusion amongst the enemy.[65] A degree of psychological warfare in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the Ōu Eikei Gunki, composed between the 16th and 17th centuries: 
Countermeasures 
A variety of countermeasures were taken to prevent the activities of the ninja. Precautions were often taken against assassinations, such as weapons concealed in the lavatory, or under a removable floorboard.[67] Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells.[68] 
Japanese castles were designed to be difficult to navigate, with winding routes leading to the inner compound. Blind spots and holes in walls provided constant surveillance of these labyrinthine paths, as exemplified in Himeji Castle. Nijō Castle in Kyoto is constructed with long "nightingale" floors, which rested on metal hinges (uguisu-bari) specifically designed to squeak loudly when walked over.[69] Grounds covered with gravel also provided early notice of unwanted intruders, and segregated buildings allowed fires to be better contained.[70] 
The word shinobi appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the Man'yōshū.[9][10] The underlying connotation of shinobi (忍) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. Mono (者) means "a person". 
The skills required of the ninja have come to be known in modern times as ninjutsu (忍術), but it is unlikely they were previously named under a single discipline, rather distributed among a variety of espionage and survival skills. Some view ninjutsu as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because texts contained not only information on combat training, but also information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques.[71] The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the martial qualities of even the most menial task.[71] These factors show how the ninjutsu established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of adaptation.[71] 
This diagram from the Bansenshukai uses divination and esoteric cosmology (onmyōdō) to instruct on the ideal time for taking certain actions. 
The first specialized training began in the mid-15th century, when certain samurai families started to focus on covert warfare, including espionage and assassination.[72] Like the samurai, ninja were born into the profession, where traditions were kept in, and passed down through the family.[2][73] According to Turnbull, the ninja was trained from childhood, as was also common in samurai families. 
Outside the expected martial art disciplines, a youth studied survival and scouting techniques, as well as information regarding poisons and explosives.[74] Physical training was also important, which involved long distance runs, climbing, stealth methods of walking[75] and swimming.[76] A certain degree of knowledge regarding common professions was also required if one was expected to take their form in disguise.[74] Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided first-aid to Ii Naomasa, who was injured by gunfire in the Battle of Sekigahara. Here the ninja reportedly gave Naomasa a "black medicine" meant to stop bleeding.[77] 
With the fall of the Iga and Kōga clans, daimyōs could no longer recruit professional ninja, and were forced to train their own shinobi. The shinobi was considered a real profession, as demonstrated in the bakufu's 1649 law on military service, which declared that only daimyōs with an income of over 10,000 koku were allowed to retain shinobi.[78] In the two centuries that followed, a number of ninjutsu manuals were written by descendants of Hattori Hanzō as well as members of the Fujibayashi clan, an offshoot of the Hattori. Major examples include the Ninpiden (1655), the Bansenshukai (1675), and the Shōninki (1681).[2] 
Modern schools that claim to train ninjutsu arose from the 1970s, including that of Masaaki Hatsumi (Bujinkan), Stephen K. Hayes (To-Shin Do), and Jinichi Kawakami (Banke Shinobinoden). The lineage and authenticity of these schools are a matter of controversy. 
Tactics 
Teamwork techniques exist: For example, in order to scale a wall, a group of ninja may carry each other on their backs, or provide a human platform to assist an individual in reaching greater heights.[79] The Mikawa Go Fudoki gives an account where a coordinated team of attackers used passwords to communicate. The account also gives a case of deception, where the attackers dressed in the same clothes as the defenders, causing much confusion.[2] When a retreat was needed during the Siege of Osaka, ninja were commanded to fire upon friendly troops from behind, causing the troops to charge backwards in order to attack a perceived enemy. This tactic was used again later on as a method of crowd dispersal.[3] 
Most ninjutsu techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection, and methods of escape.[1] These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are: 
Falls under "fire techniques" (katon-no-jutsu).[80] Tanuki-gakure: The practice of climbing a tree and camouflaging oneself within the foliage. Falls under "wood techniques" (mokuton-no-jutsu).[80] Ukigusa-gakure: The practice of throwing duckweed over water in order to conceal underwater movement. Falls under "water techniques" (suiton-no-jutsu).[80] Uzura-gakure: The practice of curling into a ball and remaining motionless in order to appear like a stone. 
Historically, the word ninja was not in common use, and a variety of regional colloquialisms evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with shinobi, some examples include monomi ("one who sees"), nokizaru ("macaque on the roof"), rappa ("ruffian"), kusa ("grass") and Iga-mono ("one from Iga").[1] In historical documents, shinobi is almost always used. 
A komusō monk is one of many possible disguises 
Disguises 
The use of disguises is common and well documented. Disguises came in the form of priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, rōnin, and monks.[81] The Buke Myōmokushō states, 
A mountain ascetic (yamabushi) attire facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the tantō.[82] Minstrel or sarugaku outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a komusō, a mendicant monk known for playing the shakuhachi, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely.[83] 
Equipment 
Ninja utilized a large variety of tools and weaponry, some of which were commonly known, but others were more specialized. Most were tools used in the infiltration of castles. A wide range of specialized equipment is described and illustrated in the 17th-century Bansenshukai,[84] including climbing equipment, extending spears,[2] rocket-propelled arrows,[85] and small collapsible boats.[86] 
Outerwear 
Antique Japanese gappa (travel cape) and cloth zukin (hood) with kusari (chain armour) concealed underneath. 
While the image of a ninja clad in black garb (shinobi shōzoku) is prevalent in popular media, there is no written evidence for such attire.[87] Instead, it was much more common for the ninja to be disguised as civilians. The popular notion of black clothing is likely rooted in artistic convention; early drawings of ninja showed them dressed in black in order to portray a sense of invisibility.[55] This convention was an idea borrowed from the puppet handlers of bunraku theater, who dressed in total black in an effort to simulate props moving independently of their controls.[88] Despite the lack of hard evidence, it has been put forward by some authorities that black robes, perhaps slightly tainted with red to hide bloodstains, was indeed the sensible garment of choice for infiltration.[55] 
4K Download is a range of shareware, cross-platform programs developed by Open Media LLC, a company based in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. [citation needed] All applications run on Mac, Windows and Linux. 4K Download allows users to download videos and audio from video hosting sites such as YouTube, Facebook and Vimeo, make a photo backup from Instagram, create and publish slideshows and extract audio from video. The name of the project refers to the name of the video resolution of 4K.[1] 
4K Video Downloader was originally developed in the programming language C++ with QT framework using such libraries as Boost, FFmpeg, OpenCV, OpenSSL, LAME, and PortAudio.[citation needed] 
Comparison of YouTube downloaders 
4K Video Downloader enables download of video, audio, subtitles and playlists from YouTube, Facebook, Vimeo, TikTok, Dailymotion and Metacafe.[2] 4K Stogram makes backups of Instagram photos on a desktop computer.[3] 4K YouTube to MP3, which allows videos hosted online from YouTube and select other hosting services to be converted or downloaded to MP3. 4K Slideshow Maker creates and publishes slideshows with Ken Burns effect. It has Face detection embedded.[citation needed] 4K Video to MP3 converts locally stored videos into the MP3 audio format.[4] 
Relations with open source 
Applications use open source libraries and frameworks: Qt, FFmpeg, boost. Before version 3, it was available as open source software.[5] 
Video Downloader 
4K Video Downloader is multi-platform software for downloading video and audio from popular websites YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion, Facebook, Flickr, and Metacafe. It supports the following output formats: MP4, MKV, OGG Theora, MP3, M4A.[6] The program allows a user to download channels, playlists, and subtitles, as well as a subscription function, which auto-downloads new videos as they are released on a user-specified YouTube channel.[7][8] 
At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament, several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game. 
There are currently five post-tournament awards, and one given during the tournament:[1] 
Starting January 9, 2017, CS6 is no longer available for purchase, making a Creative Cloud license the only purchase option going forward.[66] 
As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription. Major features in this version include new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by camera shake. Editable Rounded Rectangles and an update to Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) were also included.[67] 
The first, version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node.js-based platform for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 shipped with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on an extension in the layer name, and another to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow.[68] 
Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Major features include Perspective Warp, Linked Smart Objects, and 3D Printing support.[69] 
CC 2014 (version 15) 
Photoshop CC 2014 (15.0) was released on June 18, 2014. CC 2014 features improvements to content-aware tools, two new blur tools (spin blur and path blur) and a new focus mask feature that enables the user to select parts of an image based on whether they are in focus or not. Other minor improvements have been made, including speed increases for certain tasks.[70][71] 
CC 2015 (version 16 and version 17) 
It also includes and have the ability to have more than one layer style.[72] For example, in the older versions of Photoshop, only one shadow could be used for a layer but in CC 2015, up to ten are available. Other minor features like Export As, which is a form of the Save For Web in CC 2014 were also added. The updated UI as of November 30, 2015 delivers a cleaner and more consistent look throughout Photoshop, and the user can quickly perform common tasks using a new set of gestures on touch-enabled devices like Microsoft Surface Pro.[73] CC 2015 also marks the 25th anniversary of Photoshop.[74] 
CC 2017 (version 18) 
Photoshop CC 2017 was released on November 2, 2016. It introduced a new template selector when creating new documents, the ability to search for tools, panels and help articles for Photoshop, support for SVG OpenType fonts and other small improvements. In December 2016, a minor update was released to include support for the MacBook Pro Touch Bar. 
CC 2018 (version 19) 
It also added brush stroke smoothing, and over 1000 brushes created by Kyle T. Webster (following Adobe's acquisition of his website, KyleBrush.com[75]). A Curvature Pen tool, similar to the one in Illustrator, was added, allowing for faster creation of Bézier paths. Other additions were Lightroom Photo access, Variable font support, select subject, copy-paste layers, enhanced tooltips, 360 panorama and HEIF support, PNG compression, increased maximum zoom level, symmetry mode, algorithm improvements to Face-aware and selection tools, color and luminance range masking, improved image resizing, and performance improvements to file opening, filters, and brush strokes.[76] 
CC 2019 (version 20) 
It also added multiple undo mode, auto-commitment, prevent accidental panel moves with lock work-space. Live blend mode previews are added, allowing for faster scrolling over different blend mode options in the layers panel. Other additions were Color Wheel, Transform proportionally without Shift key, Distribute spacing like in Illustrator, ability to see longer layer names, match font with Japanese fonts, flip document view, scale UI to font, reference point hidden by default, new compositing engine, which provides a more modern compositing architecture is added which is easier to optimize on all platforms. 
2020 (version 21) 
Version 21 has many new and enhanced features like the new object selection tool for better automate complex selections, new properties panel, enhanced transform warp, new keyboard shortcuts for paint & brush and background image removal option. It added several improvements to the new content-aware fill and to the new document tab. Also added were animated GIF support, improved lens blur performance and one-click zoom to a layer's contents. 
With the February 2020 update (version 21.1) Photoshop now can iteratively fill multiple areas of an image without having to leave content-aware fill workspace. This version improved GPU based lens blur quality and provided performance improvements such as accelerate your workflow with smoother panning, zooming and navigating documents. 
Version 21 was the first version where the iPad version was released. With Photoshop on the iPad, combined with the new Cloud PSD file format, a user can save cloud documents and work across Windows, Mac and iPad.[1] Photoshop on the iPad does not have all the features of the desktop Photoshop.[6] Adobe promises to update Photoshop on the iPad at "a much more aggressive pace than it has with its current Creative Cloud apps for the desktop".[6] Adobe has provided a timeline for enhancing Photoshop on the iPad to have more of the features of desktop Photoshop.[77] 
With the desktop June 2020 update (version 21.2), Photoshop added faster portrait selection, Adobe Camera Raw improvements, auto-activated Adobe Fonts, rotatable patterns, and improved Match Font.[78] 
Photoshop files have default file extension as .PSD, which stands for "PhotoShop Document".[15] A PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g., .JPG or .GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. 
Photoshop Mix 
Photoshop Mix is an application designed as a replacement for Photoshop Touch specifically for tablets and touchscreen devices. It includes many of the features of the personal computer version, including layers, selection tools, adjustments, and filters. Edited files could be synced with Adobe Creative Cloud. 
Creative Cloud controversy Comparison of raster graphics editors Image editing 
"Inside Photoshop". Computational Culture (1). ISSN 2047-2390. (asks: "How does media authoring software shape the media being created, making some design choices seem natural and easy to execute, while hiding other design possibilities?") 
Photoshop files sometimes have the file extension .PSB, which stands for "PhotoShop Big" (also known as "large document format").[16] A PSB file extends the PSD file format, increasing the maximum height and width to 300,000 pixels and the length limit to around 4 Exabytes. The dimension limit was apparently chosen arbitrarily by Adobe, not based on computer arithmetic constraints (it is not close to a power of two, as is 30,000) but for ease of software testing. PSD and PSB formats are documented.[17] 
Because of Photoshop's popularity, PSD files are widely used and supported to some extent by most competing software, including Open-source / Free software such as GIMP. The .PSD file format can be exported to and from Adobe's other apps like Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, and After Effects. 
Adobe creates some plugins, such as Adobe Camera Raw, but third-party companies develop most plugins, according to Adobe's specifications. Some are free and some are commercial software. Most plugins work with only Photoshop or Photoshop-compatible hosts, but a few can also be run as standalone applications. 
There are various types of plugins, such as filter, export, import, selection, color correction, and automation. The most popular plugins are the filter plugins (also known as a 8bf plugins), available under the Filter menu in Photoshop. Filter plugins can either modify the current image or create content. 
Color correction plugins (Alien Skin Software,[18] Nik Software,[19] OnOne Software,[20] Topaz Labs Software,[21] The Plugin Site,[22] etc.) Special effects plugins (Alien Skin Software, Auto FX Software,[23] AV Bros.,[24] Flaming Pear Software,[25] etc.) 3D effects plugins (Andromeda Software,[26] Strata,[27] etc.) 
Adobe Camera Raw (also known as ACR and Camera Raw) is a special plugin, supplied free by Adobe, used primarily to read and process raw image files so that the resulting images can be processed by Photoshop.[28] It can also be used from within Adobe Bridge. 
Photoshop tools 
Upon loading Photoshop, a sidebar with a variety of tools with multiple image-editing functions appears to the left of the screen. These tools typically fall under the categories of drawing; painting; measuring and navigation; selection; typing; and retouching.[29] Some tools contain a small triangle in the bottom right of the toolbox icon. These can be expanded to reveal similar tools.[30] While newer versions of Photoshop are updated to include new tools and features, several recurring tools that exist in most versions are discussed below. 
Pen tool 
Photoshop includes a few versions of the pen tool. The pen tool creates precise paths that can be manipulated using anchor points. The free form pen tool allows the user to draw paths freehand, and with the magnetic pen tool, the drawn path attaches closely to outlines of objects in an image, which is useful for isolating them from a background. 
Clone stamp tool 
The Clone Stamp tool duplicates one part of an image to another part of the same image by way of a brush. The duplication is either in full or in part depending on the mode. The user can also clone part of one layer to another layer. 
Photoshop provides an array of shape tools including rectangles, rounded rectangles, ellipses, polygons and lines. These shapes can be manipulated by the pen tool, direct selection tool etc. to make vector graphics. In addition, Photoshop provides its own shapes like animals, signs and plants. 
The eyedropper tool selects a color from an area of the image that is clicked, and samples it for future use.[1] The hand tool navigates an image by moving it in any direction, and the zoom tool enlarges the part of an image that is clicked on, allowing for a closer view.[29] 
Photoshop uses its own PSD and PSB file formats to support these features. In addition to raster graphics, Photoshop has limited abilities to edit or render text and vector graphics (especially through clipping path for the latter), as well as 3D graphics and video. Its feature set can be expanded by plug-ins; programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that run inside it and offer new or enhanced features. 
Cropping 
By placing the cursor over the image, the user can drag the cursor to the desired area. Once the Enter key is pressed, the area outside the rectangle will be cropped. The area outside the rectangle is the discarded data, which allows for the file size to be decreased.[33] The crop tool can alternatively be used to extend the canvas size by clicking and dragging outside the existing image borders. 
The slice and slice select tools, like the crop tool, are used in isolating parts of images. The slice tool can be used to divide an image into different sections, and these separate parts can be used as pieces of a web page design once HTML and CSS are applied.[34] The slice select tool allows sliced sections of an image to be adjusted and shifted. 
The move tool can be used to drag the entirety of a single layer or more if they are selected. Alternatively, once an area of an image is highlighted, the move tool can be used to manually relocate the selected piece to anywhere on the canvas.[1] 
Marquee 
The marquee is a tool that can make selections that are a single row, single column, rectangular and elliptical.[1] An area that has been selected can be edited without affecting the rest of the image. This tool can also crop an image; it allows for better control. In contrast to the crop tool, the marquee tool allows for more adjustments to the selected area before cropping. 
However, in October 2002 (following the introduction of Creative Suite branding), each new version of Photoshop was designated with "CS" plus a number; e.g., the eighth major version of Photoshop was Photoshop CS and the ninth was Photoshop CS2. Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions: Standard and Extended. With the introduction of the Creative Cloud branding in June 2013 (and in turn, the change of the "CS" suffix to "CC"), Photoshop's licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a service rental model. 
It can do the same as the other two, but it can also detect the edges of an image once the user selects a starting point. It detects by examining the color pixels as the cursor move over the desired area. Closing the selection is the same as the other two, which should also should display the "marching ants" once the selection has been closed.[36] 
The "marching ants" allow the user to know what is currently being selected. Once the user is done, the selected area can be edited without affecting the rest of the image. One of the features that makes this tool especially user friendly is that the SHIFT key is not needed to add more to the selection; by default, extra mouse clicks will be added to the selection rather than creating a new selection.[37] 
Magic wand 
One click will select all neighboring pixels of similar value within a tolerance level set by the user. If the eyedropper tool is selected in the options bar, then the magic wand can determine the value needed to evaluate the pixels; this is based on the sample size setting in the eyedropper tool. This tool is inferior to the quick selection tool which works much the same but with much better results and more intuitive controls. 
This tool is unique in that it can take the form of the paintbrush and pencil tools. In addition to the straight eraser tool, there are two more available options – background eraser and magic eraser. The background eraser deletes any part of the image that is on the edge of an object. 
In Adobe CS5 Extended edition, video editing is comprehensive and efficient with a broad compatibility of video file formats such as MOV, AVI and MPEG-4 formats and easy workflow. Using simple combinations of keys video layers can easily be modified, with other features such as adding text and creating animations using single images.[40] 
3D extrusion 
Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements, Photoshop Lightroom, Photoshop Express, Photoshop Fix, Photoshop Sketch and Photoshop Mix. As of November 2019, Adobe has also released a full version of Photoshop for the iPad, and while initially limited, Adobe plans to bring more features to Photoshop for iPad.[6] Collectively, they are branded as "The Adobe Photoshop Family". 
With the Extended version of Photoshop CS5, 2D elements of an artwork can easily become three-dimensional with the click of a button. Extrusions of texts, an available library of materials for three-dimensional, and even wrapping two-dimensional images around 3D geometry.[1] 
Third-party plugins have also been added to the most recent version of Photoshop where technologies such as the iPad have integrated the software with different types of applications. Applications like the Adobe Eazel painting app allows the user to easily create paintings with their fingertips and use an array of different paint from dry to wet in order to create rich color blending.[41] In October 2018, it was announced that the full Photoshop engine will be released for iPad next year. The program will feature cloud syncing with other devices and a simpler interface than the desktop version.[42] 
With the Camera Raw plug-in, raw images can be processed without the use of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, along with other image file formats such as JPEG, TIFF, or PNG. The plug-in allows users to remove noise without the side-effect of over-sharpening, add grain, and even perform post-crop vignetting.[1] 
From version 14.1, users can create and edit designs for 3D printing. Artists can add color, adjust the shape or rotate the angles of imported models, or design original 3D models from scratch.[43] 
Color replacement tool 
The Color Replacement Tool allows the user to change the color, while maintaining the highlights and shadows of the original image, of pieces of the image. By selecting Brushs and right clicking, the Color Replacement Tool is the third option down. What is important to note with this tool is the foreground color. 
Photoshop and derivatives such as Photoshopped (or just Shopped) have become verbs that are sometimes used to refer to images edited by Photoshop,[44] or any image manipulating program. Such derivatives are discouraged by Adobe[5] because, in order to maintain validity and protect the trademark from becoming generic, trademarks must be used as proper nouns. 
A landscape photo composited and manipulated in Photoshop 
A self-portrait photo merge, created using Photoshop 
Photoshop's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers, from version 0.07 (codename "Bond"; double-oh-seven), through version 0.87 (codename "Seurat" which was the first commercial version, sold as "Barneyscan XP"), version 1.0 (February 1990) all the way to version 7.0.1. Adobe published 7 major and many minor versions before the October 2003 introduction of version 8.0 which brought with it the Creative Suite branding. 
Notable milestone features would be: Filters, Colour Separation, Virtual Memory (1.0), Paths, CMYK color (2.0), 16-bits-per-channel support, availability on Microsoft Windows (2.5), Layers, tabbed Palettes (3.0), Adjustments, Actions, Freeform Transform, PNG support (4.0), Editable Type, Magnetic Lasso and Pen, Freeform Pen, Multiple Undo, Layer Effects (5.0), Save For Web (5.5), Vector Shapes, revised User Interface (6.0), Vector Text, Healing Brush, Spell Check (7.0), Camera RAW (7.0.1). 
In February 2013 Adobe donated the source code of the 1990 1.0.1 version of Photoshop to the Computer History Museum.[45][46] 
The first Photoshop CS was commercially released in October 2003 as the eighth major version of Photoshop. Photoshop CS increased user control with a reworked file browser augmenting search versatility, sorting and sharing capabilities and the Histogram Palette which monitors changes in the image as they are made to the document. Match Color was also introduced in CS, which reads color data to achieve a uniform expression throughout a series of pictures.[47] 
This program (at that time called Display) caught the attention of his brother John, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, who recommended that Thomas turn it into a full-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program. Thomas renamed the program ImagePro, but the name was already taken.[7] Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner; a "total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were shipped" this way.[8][9] 
Photoshop CS2, released in May 2005, expanded on its predecessor with a new set of tools and features. It included an upgraded Spot Healing Brush, which is mainly used for handling common photographic problems such as blemishes, red-eye, noise, blurring and lens distortion. One of the most significant inclusions in CS2 was the implementation of Smart Objects, which allows users to scale and transform images and vector illustrations without losing image quality, as well as create linked duplicates of embedded graphics so that a single edit updates across multiple iterations.[48] 
Adobe responded to feedback from the professional media industry by implementing non-destructive editing as well as the producing and modifying of 32-Bit High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, which are optimal for 3D rendering and advanced compositing. FireWire Previews could also be viewed on a monitor via a direct export feature.[1] 
Photoshop CS2 brought the Vanishing Point and Image Warping tools.[1] Vanishing Point makes tedious graphic and photo retouching endeavors much simpler by letting users clone, paint and transform image objects while maintaining visual perspective. Image Warping makes it easy to digitally distort an image into a shape by choosing on-demand presets or by dragging control points.[48] 
The File Browser was upgraded to Adobe Bridge, which functioned as a hub for productivity, imagery and creativity, providing multi-view file browsing and smooth cross-product integration across Adobe Creative Suite 2 software.[1] Adobe Bridge also provided access to Adobe Stock Photos, a new stock photography service that offered users one-stop shopping across five elite stock image providers to deliver high-quality, royalty-free images for layout and design. 
Camera Raw version 3.0 was a new addition in CS2, and it allowed settings for multiple raw files to be modified simultaneously. In addition, processing multiple raw files to other formats including JPEG, TIFF, DNG or PSD, could be done in the background without executing Photoshop itself.[1] 
Photoshop CS2 brought a streamlined interface, making it easier to access features for specific instances. In CS2 users were also given the ability to create their own custom presets, which was meant to save time and increase productivity.[1] 
CS2 activation servers' shutdown: In January 2013, Adobe Photoshop CS2 (9.0), with some other CS2 products, was released with an official serial number, due to the technical glitch in Adobe's CS2 activation servers (see Creative Suite 1 and 2). 
Smart Objects display filters without altering the original image (here on Mac OS X) 
During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988.[1] While John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing code. Photoshop 1.0 was released on February 19, 1990 for Macintosh exclusively.[10][11] The Barneyscan version included advanced color editing features that were stripped from the first Adobe shipped version. 
There is also improved support for Camera RAW files which allow users to process images with higher speed and conversion quality. CS3 supports over 150 RAW formats as well as JPEG, TIFF and PDF.[49] Enhancements were made to the Black and White Conversion, Brightness and Contrast Adjustment and Vanishing Point Module tools. The Black and White adjustment option improves control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. 
CS3 Extended includes everything in CS3 and additional features. There are tools for 3D graphic file formats, video enhancement and animation, and comprehensive image measurement and analysis tools with DICOM file support.[52] The 3D graphic formats allow 3D content to be incorporated into 2D compositions. As for video editing, CS3 supports layers and video formatting so users can edit video files per frame.[2] 
They were also made available through Adobe's online store and Adobe Authorized Resellers. Both CS3 and CS3 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone application or feature of Adobe Creative Suite. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Macs and PowerPCs, supporting Windows XP and Windows Vista.[1] CS3 is the first release of Photoshop that will run natively on Macs with Intel processors: previous versions can only run through the translation layer Rosetta, and will not run at all on Macs running Mac OS X 10.7 or later. 
The interface is more simplified with its tab-based interface[53] making it cleaner to work with. Photoshop CS4 features a new 3D engine allowing the conversion of gradient maps to 3D objects, adding depth to layers and text, and getting print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine. It supports common 3D formats; the new Adjustment and Mask Panels; Content-aware scaling (seam carving[54]); Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options.[55] The Content-aware scaling allows users to intelligently size and scale images, and the Canvas Rotation tool makes it easier to rotate and edit images from any angle.[53] 
Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which has the features of Adobe Photoshop CS4, plus capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, motion graphics, accurate image analysis and high-end film and video users. The faster 3D engine allows users to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images around 3D shapes and animate 3D objects.[1] As the successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4 is the first x64 edition of Photoshop on consumer computers for Windows.[56] The color correction tool has also been improved significantly.[53] 
They were also made available through Adobe's online store and Adobe Authorized Resellers. Both CS4 and CS4 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone application or feature of Adobe Creative Suite. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac OS X and PowerPCs, supporting Windows XP and Windows Vista.[1] 
A 2D landscape designed in Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended 
Photoshop CS5 was launched on April 12, 2010.[57] In a video posted on its official Facebook page, the development team revealed the new technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools.[58] 
Photoshop was initially only available on Macintosh. In 1993, Adobe chief architect Seetharaman Narayanan ported Photoshop to Microsoft Windows. The Windows port led to Photoshop reaching a wider mass market audience as Microsoft's global reach expanded within the next few years.[14] 
In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5.[59] 
CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup, and saving a 16-bit image as a JPEG. 
A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects. For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence.[1] 
Photoshop CS6, released in May 2012, added new creative design tools and provided a redesigned interface[62] with a focus on enhanced performance. New features have been added to the Content-Aware tool such as the Content-Aware Patch and Content-Aware Move.[63] 
CS6 brings the "straighten" tool to Photoshop, where a user simply draws a line anywhere on an image, and the canvas will reorient itself so that the line drawn becomes horizontal, and adjusts the media accordingly. This was created with the intention that users will draw a line parallel to a plane in the image, and reorient the image to that plane to more easily achieve certain perspectives.[1] 
With version 13.1.3, Adobe dropped support for Windows XP (including Windows XP Professional x64 Edition); thus, the last version that works on Windows XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary.[65] 
CS5 and CS5 Extended were made available through Adobe's online store, Adobe Authorized Resellers and Adobe direct sales. Both CS5 and CS5 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone application or a feature of Adobe Creative Suite 5. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac OS X and Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.[61] 
Software upgrade versioning is the process of assigning either unique version names or unique version numbers to unique states of computer software. Within a given version number category (major, minor), these numbers are generally assigned in increasing order and correspond to new developments in the software. At a fine-grained level, revision control is often used for keeping track of incrementally different versions of information, whether or not this information is computer software. 
Modern computer software is often tracked using two different software versioning schemes—internal version number that may be incremented many times in a single day, such as a revision control number, and a release version that typically changes far less often, such as semantic versioning[1] or a project code name. 
Semantic versioning (aka SemVer),[1] currently the best known and most widely adopted version scheme in this category, uses a sequence of three digits (Major.Minor.Patch), an optional pre-release tag and optional build meta tag. In this scheme, risk and functionality are the measures of significance. Breaking changes are indicated by increasing the major number (high risk), new non-breaking features increment the minor number (medium risk) and all other non-breaking changes increment the patch number (lowest risk). 
This approach, panned by many because it breaks the semantic significance of the sections of the version number, has been adopted by an increasing number of vendors including Mozilla (for Firefox). 
The same has happened with Corel's Graphic Suite (i.e. CorelDRAW, Corel Photo-Paint) as well as its video editing software "Video Studio". Sybase skipped major versions 13 and 14 in its Adaptive Server Enterprise relational database product, moving from 12.5 to 15.0. ABBYY Lingvo Dictionary uses numbering 12, x3 (14), x5 (15). 
Geek culture 
The SUSE Linux distribution started at version 4.2, to reference 42, "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything" mentioned in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. A Slackware Linux distribution was versioned 13.37, referencing leet. Finnix skipped from version 93.0 to 100, partly to fulfill the assertion, "There Will Be No Finnix '95", a reference to Windows 95.[44] The Tagged Image File Format specification has used 42 as internal version number since its inception, its designers not expecting to alter it anymore during their (or its) lifetime since it would conflict with its development directives. 
In the mid-1990s, the rapidly growing CMMS, Maximo, moved from Maximo Series 3 directly to Series 5, skipping Series 4 due to that number's perceived marketing difficulties in the Chinese market, where the number 4 is associated with "death" (see tetraphobia). This did not, however, stop Maximo Series 5 version 4.0 being released. (The "Series" versioning has since been dropped, effectively resetting version numbers after Series 5 version 1.0's release.) 
Version numbers are used in practical terms by the consumer, or client, to identify or compare their copy of the software product against another copy, such as the newest version released by the developer. For the programmer or company, versioning is often used on a revision-by-revision basis, where individual parts of the software are compared and contrasted with newer or older revisions of those same parts, often in a collaborative version control system. 
In the 21st century, more programmers started to use a formalized version policy, such as the semantic versioning policy.[1] The purpose of such policies is to make it easier for other programmers to know when code changes are likely to break things they have written. Such policies are especially important for software libraries and frameworks, but may also be very useful to follow for command-line applications (which may be called from other applications) and indeed any other applications (which may be scripted and/or extended by third parties). 
Developers may choose to jump multiple minor versions at a time to indicate significant features have been added, but are not enough to warrant incrementing a major version number; for example Internet Explorer 5 from 5.1 to 5.5, or Adobe Photoshop 5 to 5.5. This may be done to emphasize the value of the upgrade to the software user, or, as in Adobe's case, to represent a release halfway between major versions (although levels of sequence based versioning are not limited to a single digit, as in Blender version 2.79). 
Versioning is also a required practice to enable many schemes of patching and upgrading software, especially to automatically decide what and where to upgrade to. 
Version numbers allow people providing support to ascertain exactly which code a user is running, so that they can rule out bugs that have already been fixed as a cause of an issue, and the like. This is especially important when a program has a substantial user community, especially when that community is large enough that the people providing technical support are not the people who wrote the code. The semantic meaning[1] of version.revision.change style numbering is also important to information technology staff, who often use it to determine how much attention and research they need to pay to a new release before deploying it in their facility. 
Versioning amongst documents is relatively similar to the routine used with computers and software engineering, where with each small change in the structure, contents, or conditions, the version number is incremented by 1, or a smaller or larger value, again depending on the personal preference of the author and the size or importance of changes made. 
Version numbers very quickly evolve from simple integers (1, 2, ...) to rational numbers (2.08, 2.09, 2.10) and then to non-numeric "numbers" such as 4:3.4.3-2. These complex version numbers are therefore better treated as character strings. Operating systems that include package management facilities (such as all non-trivial Linux or BSD distributions) will use a distribution-specific algorithm for comparing version numbers of different software packages. 
This allows a theoretical version of 5.8.10 to be represented as 5.008010. Other software packages will pack each segment into a fixed bit width, for example, on Windows, version number 6.3.9600.16384 would be represented as hexadecimal 0x0006000325804000. The floating-point scheme will break down if any segment of the version number exceeds 999; a packed-binary scheme employing 16 bits apiece breaks down after 65535. 
A different approach is to use the major and minor numbers, along with an alphanumeric string denoting the release type, e.g. "alpha" (a), "beta" (b), or "release candidate" (rc). A software release train using this approach might look like 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 → 1.0b1, 1.0b2 (with some fixes), 1.0b3 (with more fixes) → 1.0rc1 (which, if it is stable enough), 1.0rc2 (if more bugs are found) → 1.0. It is a common practice in this scheme to lock-out new features and breaking changes during the release candidate phases and for some teams, even betas are lock-down to bug fixes only, in order to ensure convergence on the target release. 
Use in other media 
Software-style version numbers can be found in other media. 
In some cases, the use is a direct analogy (for example: Jackass 2.5, a version of Jackass Number Two with additional special features; the second album by Garbage, titled Version 2.0; or Dungeons & Dragons 3.5, where the rules were revised from the third edition, but not so much as to be considered the fourth). 
More often it's used to play on an association with high technology, and doesn't literally indicate a 'version' (e.g., Tron 2.0, a video game followup to the film Tron, or the television series The IT Crowd, which refers to the second season as Version 2.0). A particularly notable usage is Web 2.0, referring to websites from the early 2000s that emphasized user-generated content, usability and interoperability. 
3 Effective Techniques For Software Versioning Software Release Practice Howto Software version numbering Document Foundation release plan for LibreOffice, showing release trains 
Other schemes impart meaning on individual sequences: 
major.minor[.build[.revision]] (example: 1.2.12.102) major.minor[.maintenance[.build]] (example: 1.4.3.5249) 
Again, in these examples, the definition of what constitutes a "major" as opposed to a "minor" change is entirely subjective and up to the author, as is what defines a "build", or how a "revision" differs from a "minor" change. 
Shared libraries in Solaris and Linux may use the current.revision.age format where:[2][3] 
current: The most recent interface number that the library implements. revision: The implementation number of the current interface. age: The difference between the newest and oldest interfaces that the library implements. This use of the third field is specific to libtool: others may use a different meaning or simply ignore it. 
A similar problem of relative change significance and versioning nomenclature exists in book publishing, where edition numbers or names can be chosen based on varying criteria. 
In most proprietary software, the first released version of a software product has version 1. 
Degree of compatibility 
Semantic versioning three-part version number 
Some projects use the major version number to indicate incompatible releases. Two examples are Apache Portable Runtime (APR)[4] and the FarCry CMS.[5] 
Semantic versioning[1] is a formal convention for specifying compatibility using a three-part version number: major version; minor version; and patch. The patch number is incremented for minor changes and bug fixes which do not change the software's application programming interface (API). The minor version is incremented for releases which add new, but backward-compatible, API features, and the major version is incremented for API changes which are not backward-compatible. 
Often programmers write new software to be backward compatible, i.e., the new software is designed to interact correctly with older versions of the software (using old protocols and file formats) and the most recent version (using the latest protocols and file formats). For example, IBM z/OS is designed to work properly with 3 consecutive major versions of the operating system running in the same sysplex. This enables people who run a high availability computer cluster to keep most of the computers up and running while one machine at a time is shut down, upgraded, and restored to service.[6] 
Often packet headers and file format include a version number – sometimes the same as the version number of the software that wrote it; other times a "protocol version number" independent of the software version number. The code to handle old deprecated protocols and file formats is often seen as cruft. 
Software in the experimental stage (alpha or beta) often use a zero in the first ("major") position of the sequence to designate its status. However, this scheme is only useful for the early stages, not for upcoming releases with established software where the version number has already progressed past 0.[1] 
A number of schemes are used to denote the status of a newer release: 
Alphanumeric suffix is a common scheme adopted by semver.[1] In this scheme, versions are affixed a dash plus some alphanumeric characters to indicate the status. Numeric status is a scheme that uses numbers to indicate the status as if it's part of the sequence. A typical choice is the third position for the four-position versioning. 
The two purely numeric forms removes the special logic required to handle the comparison of "alpha < beta < rc < no prefix" as found in semver, at the cost of clarity. (Semver actually does not specify specific terms for development stages; the comparison is simply in lexicographical order.) 
Incrementing sequences 
There are two schools of thought regarding how numeric version numbers are incremented. Most free and open-source software packages, including MediaWiki, treat versions as a series of individual numbers, separated by periods, with a progression such as 1.7.0, 1.8.0, 1.8.1, 1.9.0, 1.10.0, 1.11.0, 1.11.1, 1.11.2, and so on. 
On the other hand, some software packages identify releases by decimal numbers: 1.7, 1.8, 1.81, 1.82, 1.9, etc. Decimal versions were common in the 1980s, for example with NetWare, DOS, and Microsoft Windows, but even in the 2000s have been for example used by Opera[7] and Movable Type.[8] In the decimal scheme, 1.81 is the minor version following 1.8, while maintenance releases (i.e. bug fixes only) may be denoted with an alphabetic suffix, such as 1.81a or 1.81b. 
The standard GNU version numbering scheme is major.minor.revision,[9] but Emacs is a notable example using another scheme where the major number (1) was dropped and a user site revision was added which is always zero in original Emacs packages but increased by distributors.[2] Similarly, Debian package numbers are prefixed with an optional "epoch", which is used to allow the versioning scheme to be changed.[11] 
This is sometimes used to denote a new development phase being released. For example, Minecraft Alpha ran from version 1.0.0 to 1.2.6, and when Beta was released, it reset the major version number, and ran from 1.0 to 1.8. Once the game was fully released, the major version number again reset to 1.0.0.[12] 
When printed, the sequences may be separated with characters. The choice of characters and their usage varies by scheme. The following list shows hypothetical examples of separation schemes for the same release (the thirteenth third-level revision to the fourth second-level revision to the second first-level revision): 
A scheme may use the same character between all sequences: 2.4.13, 2/4/13, 2-4-13 A scheme choice of which sequences to separate may be inconsistent, separating some sequences but not others: 2.413 A scheme's choice of characters may be inconsistent within the same identifier: 2.4_13 
When a period is used to separate sequences, it may or may not represent a decimal point, — see “Incrementing sequences” section for various interpretation styles. 
There is sometimes a fourth, unpublished number which denotes the software build (as used by Microsoft). Adobe Flash is a notable case where a four-part version number is indicated publicly, as in 10.1.53.64. Some companies also include the build date. 
Some projects use negative version numbers. One example is the SmartEiffel compiler which started from -1.0 and counted upwards to 0.0.[10] 
Street Fighter EX splash screen showing release number in CalVer format 
Many projects use a date-based versioning scheme called Calendar Versioning (aka CalVer[13]). Ubuntu Linux is one example of a project using calendar versioning; Ubuntu 18.04, for example, was released April 2018. This has the advantage of being easily relatable to development schedules and support timelines. 
When using dates in versioning, for instance, file names, it is common to use the ISO 8601 scheme:[14] YYYY-MM-DD, as this is easily string sorted to increasing/decreasing order. The hyphens are sometimes omitted. The Wine project formerly used a date versioning scheme, which used the year followed by the month followed by the day of the release; for example, "Wine 20040505". 
Microsoft Office build numbers are an encoded date:[15] the first two digits indicate the number of months that have passed from the January of the year in which the project started (with each major Office release being a different project), while the last two digits indicate the day of that month. So 3419 is the 19th day of the 34th month after the month of January of the year the project started. 
Other examples that identify versions by year include Adobe Illustrator 88 and WordPerfect Office 2003. When a date is used to denote version, it is generally for marketing purposes, and an actual version number also exists. For example, Microsoft Windows 95 is internally versioned as MS-DOS 7.00 and Windows 4.00; likewise, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server is internally versioned as Windows NT 5.0 ("NT" being a reference to the original product name). 
Python 
The Python Software Foundation has published PEP 440 -- Version Identification and Dependency Specification,[16] outlining their own flexible scheme, that defines an epoch segment, a release segment, pre-release and post-release segments and a development release segment. 
TeX 
Since version 3, updates have been indicated by adding an extra digit at the end, so that the version number asymptotically approaches π; this is a form of unary numbering – the version number is the number of digits. The current version is 3.14159265. This is a reflection of TeX being very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. 
In a similar way, the version number of METAFONT asymptotically approaches e. 
Apple 
Apple has a formalized version number structure based around the NumVersion struct, which specifies a one- or two-digit major version, a one-digit minor version, a one-digit "bug" (i.e. revision) version, a stage indicator (drawn from the set development/prealpha, alpha, beta and final/release), and a one-byte (i.e. having values in the range 0–255) pre-release version, which is only used at stages prior to final. In writing these version numbers as strings, the convention is to omit any parts after the minor version whose value are zero (with "final" being considered the zero stage), thus writing 1.0.2 (rather than 1.0.2b12), 1.0.2 (rather than 1.0.2f0), and 1.1 (rather than 1.1.0f0). 
Microsoft Windows 
In sequence-based software versioning schemes, each software release is assigned a unique identifier that consists of one or more sequences of numbers or letters. This is the extent of the commonality; schemes vary widely in areas such as the quantity of sequences, the attribution of meaning to individual sequences, and the means of incrementing the sequences. 
First, they received names with arbitrary alphanumeric suffixes as with Windows ME (4.90), Windows XP (5.1) and Windows Vista (6.0). Then, once again Microsoft adopted incremental numbers in the title, but this time, they were not version numbers; the version numbers of Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 are respectively 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. In Windows 10, the version number leaped to 10.0[18] and subsequent updates to the OS only incremented build number and update build revision (UBR) number. 
Some software producers use different schemes to denote releases of their software. The Debian project uses a major/minor versioning scheme for releases of its operating system, but uses code names from the movie Toy Story during development to refer to stable, unstable and testing releases.[19] 
BLAG Linux and GNU features very large version numbers: major releases have numbers such as 50000 and 60000, while minor releases increase the number by 1 (e.g. 50001, 50002). Alpha and beta releases are given decimal version numbers slightly less than the major release number, such as 19999.00071 for alpha 1 of version 20000, and 29999.50000 for beta 2 of version 30000. Starting at 9001 in 2003, the most recent version as of 2011[update] is 140000.[20][21][22] 
Software may have an "internal" version number which differs from the version number shown in the product name (and which typically follows version numbering rules more consistently). Java SE 5.0, for example, has the internal version number of 1.5.0, and versions of Windows from NT 4 on have continued the standard numerical versions internally: Windows 2000 is NT 5.0, XP is Windows NT 5.1, Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition are NT 5.2, Windows Server 2008 and Vista are NT 6.0, Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 are NT 6.1, Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 are NT 6.2, and Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 are NT 6.3, however the first version of Windows 10 was 10.0 (10.0.10240). Note, however, that Windows NT is only on its fifth major revision, as its first release was numbered 3.1 (to match the then-current Windows release number) and the Windows 10 launching made a version leap from 6.3 to 10.0. 
Pre-release versions 
In conjunction with the various versioning schemes listed above, a system for denoting pre-release versions is generally used, as the program makes its way through the stages of the software release life cycle. 
Programs that are in an early stage are often called "alpha" software, after the first letter in the Greek alphabet. After they mature but are not yet ready for release, they may be called "beta" software, after the second letter in the Greek alphabet. Generally alpha software is tested by developers only, while beta software is distributed for community testing. 
Some systems use numerical versions less than 1 (such as 0.9), to suggest their approach toward a final "1.0" release. This is a common convention in open source software.[23][24] However, if the pre-release version is for an existing software package (e.g. version 2.5), then an "a" or "alpha" may be appended to the version number. So the alpha version of the 2.5 release might be identified as 2.5a or 2.5.a. 
An alternative is to refer to pre-release versions as "release candidates", so that software packages which are soon to be released as a particular version may carry that version tag followed by "rc-#", indicating the number of the release candidate; when the final version is released, the "rc" tag is removed. 
Release train 
A software release train is a form of software release schedule in which a number of distinct series of versioned software releases for multiple products are released as a number of different "trains" on a regular schedule. Generally, for each product line, a number of different release trains are running at a given time, with each train moving from initial release to eventual maturity and retirement on a planned schedule. Users may experiment with a newer release train before adopting it for production, allowing them to experiment with newer, "raw", releases early, while continuing to follow the previous train's point releases for their production systems prior to moving to the new release train as it becomes mature. 
Between the 1.0 and the 2.6.x series, the Linux kernel used odd minor version numbers to denote development releases and even minor version numbers to denote stable releases; see Linux kernel § Version numbering. For example, Linux 2.3 was a development family of the second major design of the Linux kernel, and Linux 2.4 was the stable release family that Linux 2.3 matured into. After the minor version number in the Linux kernel is the release number, in ascending order; for example, Linux 2.4.0 → Linux 2.4.22. 
The same odd-even system is used by some other software with long release cycles, such as Node.js up to version 0.12 as well as GNOME and WineHQ.[33] 
Apple 
Unlike traditional version numbering (where 1.5 is not half-way between 1.0 and 2.0, given there could be any number of minor releases, e.g. 1.22), Apple's classic Mac OS minor versions rarely went beyond point-1. When they did, they twice jumped straight to point-5, suggesting the release was "more significant". The complete sequence of classic Mac OS versions (not including patches) is: 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 3.2 (skipping 3.1), 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 7.0, 7.1, 7.5, 7.6, 8.0, 8.1, 8.5 (jumped), 8.6, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2. 
In some schemes, sequence-based identifiers are used to convey the significance of changes between releases. Changes are classified by significance level, and the decision of which sequence to change between releases is based on the significance of the changes from the previous release, whereby the first sequence is changed for the most significant changes, and changes to sequences after the first represent changes of decreasing significance. 
Mac OS X (since renamed to macOS) departed from this trend, in large part because "X" (the Roman numeral for 10) is in the name of the product. As a result, all versions of OS X begin with the number 10. The first major release of OS X was given the version number 10.0, but the next major release was not 11.0. 
In this system, the third number (instead of the second) denotes a minor release, and a fourth number (instead of the third) denotes bug-fix/revision releases.[34] Because the first number is always 10, and because the subsequent numbers are not decimal, but integer values, the 11th major version of OS X is labeled "10.10" rather than "11.0". Even though the "X" was dropped from the name as of macOS 10.12, this numbering scheme continued through macOS 10.15. Apple's next macOS release, provisionally numbered 10.16,[35] was officially announced as macOS 11.0 at WWDC in June 2020.[36] 
Version 1.0 as a milestone 
The free-software and open source communities tend to release software early and often. Initial versions are numbers less than 1, with these 0.x version used to convey that the software is incomplete and remains a work in progress. 
Version 1.0 is used as a major milestone, indicating that the software is "complete", that it has all major features, and is considered reliable enough for general release.[23][24] A good example of this is the Linux kernel, which was first released as version 0.01 in 1991,[37] and took until 1994 to reach version 1.0.0.[38] 
The developers of the arcade game emulator MAME do not ever intend to release a version 1.0 of the program because there will always be more arcade games to emulate and thus the project can never be truly completed. Accordingly, version 0.99 was followed by version 0.100.[39] 
Some commercial software vendors bypass the 1.0 release or quickly release a release with a subsequent version number because 1.0 software is considered by many customers too immature to trust with production deployments.[citation needed] 
A relatively common practice is to make major jumps in version numbers for marketing reasons. Sometimes, as in the case of dBase II, a product is launched with a version number that implies that it is more mature than it is; but other times version numbers are increased to match those of competitors. 
Depending on the scheme, significance may be assessed by lines of code changed, function points added or removed, potential impact on customers in terms of work required to adopt a newer version, risk of bugs or undeclared breaking changes, degree of changes in visual layout, quantity of new features, or almost anything the product developers or marketers deem to be significant, including marketing desire to stress the "relative goodness" of the new version. 
This can be seen in many examples of product version numbering by Microsoft, America Online, Sun Solaris, Java Virtual Machine, SCO Unix, WordPerfect. Microsoft Access jumped from version 2.0 to version 7.0, to match the version number of Microsoft Word. 
Microsoft has also been the target of 'catch-up' versioning, with the Netscape browsers skipping version 5 to 6, in line with Microsoft's Internet Explorer, but also because the Mozilla application suite inherited version 5 in its user agent string during pre-1.0 development and Netscape 6.x was built upon Mozilla's code base. 
Another example of keeping up with competitors is when Slackware Linux jumped from version 4 to version 7 in 1999.[40] 
Apple 
Like with Mac OS X, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand new programs, branded as QuickTime X and Final Cut Pro X, but unlike Apple's desktop operating systems, there were no major versions 8 or 9. As with OS X, however, minor releases are denoted using a third digit, rather than a second digit. Consequently, major releases for these programs also employ the second digit, as Apple does with OS X. In WWDC 2016, they announced that Mac OS X was renamed to macOS. 
Sun's Java has at times had a hybrid system, where the internal version number has always been 1.x but has been marketed by reference only to the x: 
JDK 1.0.3 JDK 1.1.2 through 1.1.8 J2SE 1.2.0 ("Java 2") through 1.4.2 Java 1.5.0, 1.6.0, 1.7.0, 1.8.0 ("Java 5, 6, 7, 8") 
Sun also dropped the first digit for Solaris, where Solaris 2.8 (or 2.9) is referred to as Solaris 8 (or 9) in marketing materials. 
A similar jump took place with the Asterisk open-source PBX construction kit in the early 2010s, whose project leads announced that the current version 1.8.x would soon be followed by version 10.[41] 
As an example of surprising version number ordering implementation behavior, in Debian, leading zeroes are ignored in chunks, so that 5.0005 and 5.5 are considered as equal, and 5.5<5.0006. This can confuse users; string-matching tools may fail to find a given version number; and this can cause subtle bugs in package management if the programmers use string-indexed data structures such as version-number indexed hash tables. 
2019: Filippo Grandi today pledged to do all he could to help millions of forcibly displaced people “not just to get by, but also to thrive.” 2018: Today, World Refugee Day, is a time for solidarity with refugees 
UNHCR designates theme for each World Refugee Day campaign.[1] 
2020: Every Actions Counts 2019: Take A Step on World Refugee Day 2018: Now More Than Ever, We Need to Stand with Refugees 2017: Embracing Refugees to celebrate our Common Humanity 2016: We stand together with refugees 2015: With courage let us all combine 2014: Migrants and Refugees: Towards a Better World 2013: Take 1 minute to support a family forced to flee 2012: 1 family torn apart by war is too many 2010: 1 refugee forced to flee is too many 2009: Home 2008: Protection 2007: Perseverance 2006: Hope 2003: Refugee Youth: Building the Future 2002: Tolerance 2001: Respect 
Individuals and community groups are encouraged to mark the day by attending a local World Refugee Day event, watching and sharing World Refugee Day videos, and raising awareness for refugees on social media.[3] 
International Migrants Day International Refugee Day campaign No Border network No one is illegal Right of asylum 
In the Roman Catholic Church, the World Day of Migrants and Refugees is celebrated in January each year, having been instituted in 1914 by Pope Pius X. 
Graph showing the growth in the total number of UNCHR Persons of Concern 
Each year on June 20 the United Nations, United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and countless civic groups around the world host World Refugee Day events in order to draw the public's attention to the millions of refugees and Internally displaced persons worldwide who have been forced to flee their homes due to war, conflict and persecution. 
Kanchanaburi (Thai: กาญจนบุรี, pronounced [kāːn.t͡ɕā.ná(ʔ).bū.rīː]) is the largest of the western provinces (changwat) of Thailand. The neighboring provinces are (clockwise, from the north) Tak, Uthai Thani, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom, and Ratchaburi. In the west it borders Kayin State, Mon State, and the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar. 
Bridge over the River Kwai by Leo Rawlings, a POW who was involved in the line's construction (sketch dated to 1943). 
Not much was historically recorded about Kanchanaburi Province before the reign of King Rama I, but some historians believe that the province was of strategic importance during the Ayutthaya period, since it was on the invasion route from Burma.[citation needed] In 1982, many human and elephant skeletons and swords were found in Phanom Thuan District, leading to speculation that this site might even have been the site of the famous battle of King Naresuan against the Burmese crown prince, most commonly assigned to the Don Chedi District in nearby Suphanburi Province. 
Bridge over the River Kwai, Kwai River. 
Most foreigners are mainly aware of Kanchanaburi's recent history with the Death Railway. During the Japanese occupation of Thailand in 1942, both allied POWs and Asian labourers were ordered by the Japanese to build a Thailand-Burma railway. Eventually, more than 100,000 people (16,000 allied POWs and 90,000 local Asian labourers) died from horrific working conditions.[citation needed] 
The seal of the province shows the three stupas on Bantadthong Mountain. They give the name to the mountain pass to Myanmar, called "Three Pagodas Pass".[5] 
The provincial flower is the night-flowering jasmine (Nyctanthes arbortristis). The provincial tree is the Moulmein lancewood (Homalium tomentosum). 
The provincial slogan is "A province of ancient community, three pagodas pass, precious stones, River Kwae Bridge, minerals and waterfall resources". 
Map of 13 districts 
Tourists are attracted by the history of its ancient civilization and the World War II Bridge over the River Kwai, originally spelt "Khwae" but officially changed to Kwai to accommodate the expectations of tourists. 
Kanchanaburi is divided into 13 districts (amphoe). The districts are further divided into 98 subdistricts (tambon) and 887 villages (muban). 
As of 26 November 2019 there are[6]: one Kanchanaburi Provincial Administration Organisation (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and 49 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Kanchanaburi and Tha Ruea Phra Thaen have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 47 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). 
Kanchanaburi's main station is Kanchanaburi Railway Station. 
In 1918, alluvial sapphire deposits were discovered near Bo Ploi. It was a major source of sapphires in the 1980s and 1990s.[7][8][9] 
Kanchanaburi Province is the site of Klity Creek,[10] a waterway heavily polluted by the practices of the Lead Concentrate Company. The company was ordered by a Thai court to clean up its environmental damage in 2013. To date (2019) the court ordered clean-up has been halting and ineffectual.[11] 
Most of the sights in Kanchanaburi itself are directly related to WWII. The museums are dusty and generally not worth it, except for the Thailand-Burma Railway Centre, which gives a good introduction of the Burma Railway and its history. There are also two war cemeteries, the most moving of which is the Kanchanaburi War Cemetery. 
Erawan waterfall 
Founded in 1975, it was Thailand's 12th national park. The major attraction of the park is Erawan Falls, a waterfall named after the erawan, the three-headed white elephant of Hindu mythology. The seven-tiered falls are said to resemble the erawan.[12] There are four caves in the park: Mi, Rua, Wang Bahdan, and Phartat.[13] Rising northeast of the waterfall area there is a breast-shaped hill named Khao Nom Nang.[14] 
Thong Pha Phum National Park 
Chok Kradin waterfall descends 30 metres (100 ft) over a cliff. Another large waterfall is Khao Yai, with three levels. Other park waterfalls include Dip Yai, Bi Teng and Huai Meuang. 
Thong Pha Phum National Park 
Khao Laem National Park is a park of about 1,500 square kilometers in western Thailand, located in the northern area of the Tenasserim Hills, Kanchanaburi Province. It is a part of the Western Forest Complex, a system of protected wilderness in the Dawna-Tenasserim Hills area of western Thailand. The park surrounds the Khao Laem Reservoir in Kanchanaburi province about 340 km northwest of Bangkok. 
5th tier at Erawan 7-tier waterfall in Erawan National Park 
The park's major attractions are its waterfalls, including Sai Yok Yai waterfall which flows into the Khwae Noi river. Sai Yok Yai Lek waterfall lies south of Sai Yok Yai along the Khwae Noi.[1] The park also contains numerous caves, the largest of which is Tham Lawa with a length of 500 metres (1,600 ft). This cave complex consists of five large caverns, each containing large stalactites and stalagmites.[17] Another cave system, Tham Daowadueng, is 100 metres (330 ft) long and was discovered in 1972. 
Human achievement index 2017 
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.[3] 
Reports (data) from Thai government are "not copyrightable" (Public Domain), Copyright Act 2537 (1994), section 7. 
It is the country's third largest province, after Nakhon Ratchasima and Chiang Mai. Topographically, it is covered with timber and evergreen forests. The district covers the source valleys of the rivers Kwae Yai and Kwae Noi ("River Kwai"), which merge at Kanchanaburi city to form the Mae Klong River. 
Kanchanaburi travel guide from Wikivoyage Tourist Authority of Thailand Website of province (Thai only) Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University Main University in Kanchanaburi Erawan National Park, Kanchanaburi 
Bong Ti is a transnational border crossing point, which is expected to gain in importance if the planned Dawei deepwater port project goes ahead, along with a highway and a railway line between Bangkok and the port.[4] 
Several national parks are in the mountainous forest areas of the Tenasserim Hills of the province: the Erawan, Sai Yok, Khao Laem, Thong Pha Phum, Khuean Srinagarindra, and Chaloem Rattanakosin National Parks. The Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary is on the UNESCO world heritage list. 
Archaeological remains found in Kanchanaburi date back to the 4th century, with evidence of trade with surrounding regions at that time. Very little is known about the historical Khmer influence in Kanchanaburi, but Prasat Muang Sing, one of the country's most well-known Khmer sites, provides evidence of their occupation. 
Article 1 of the Convention defines a refugee as:[10][11] 
With the passage of time and the emergence of new refugee situations, the need was increasingly felt to make the provisions of the 1951 Convention applicable to such new refugees. As a result, a Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees was prepared, and entered into force on 4 October 1967.[12] The UNHCR is called upon to provide international protection to refugees falling within its competence.[13] The Protocol defined refugee to mean any person within the 1951 Convention definition as if the words "As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and ..." were omitted.[14] 
Several groups have built upon the 1951 Convention to create a more objective definition. While their terms differ from those of the 1951 Convention, the Convention has significantly shaped the new, more objective definitions. They include the 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa by the Organisation of African Unity (since 2002 African Union) and the 1984 Cartagena Declaration, while nonbinding, also sets out regional standards for refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama. 
Rights and responsibilities of parties to the Refugee Convention 
In the general principle of international law, treaties in force are binding upon the parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Countries that have ratified the Refugee Convention are obliged to protect refugees that are on their territory, in accordance with its terms.[15] There are a number of provisions that States parties to the Refugee Convention must adhere to. 
The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951 Refugee Convention or the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951[2], is a United Nations multilateral treaty that defines who a refugee is, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. The Convention also sets out which people do not qualify as refugees, such as war criminals. The Convention also provides for some visa-free travel for holders of refugee travel documents issued under the convention. 
exempt refugees from reciprocity (Article 7): That means that the granting of a right to a refugee should not be subject to the granting of similar treatment by the refugee's country of nationality, because refugees do not enjoy the protection of their home state.[1] be able to take provisional measures against a refugee if needed in the interest of essential national security (Article 9) respect a refugee's personal status and the rights that come with it, particularly rights related to marriage (Article 12) provide free access to courts for refugees (Article 16) provide administrative assistance for refugees (Article 25) provide identity papers for refugees (Article 27) provide travel documents for refugees (Article 28) allow refugees to transfer their assets (Article 30) provide the possibility of assimilation and naturalization to refugees (Article 34) cooperate with the UNHCR (Article 35) in the exercise of its functions and to help UNHCR supervise the implementation of the provisions in the Convention.[15] provide information on any national legislation they may adopt to ensure the application of the Convention (Article 36).[15] settle disputes they may have with other contracting states at the International Court of Justice if not otherwise possible (Article 38) 
discriminate against refugees (Article 3) take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality (Article 8) expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different to those of nationals (Article 29) impose penalties on refugees who entered illegally in search of asylum if they present themselves without delay (Article 31), which is commonly interpreted to mean that their unlawful entry and presence ought not to be prosecuted at all[16] expel refugees (Article 32) forcibly return or "refoul" refugees to the country they have fled from (Article 33). It is widely accepted that the prohibition of forcible return is part of customary international law. This means that even states that are not party to the 1951 Refugee Convention must respect the principle of non-refoulement.[2] Therefore, states are obligated under the Convention and under customary international law to respect the principle of non-refoulement. 
Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to 
movable and immovable property (Article 13) the right of association in unions or other associations (Article 15) wage-earning employment (Article 17) self-employment (Article 18) practice of the liberal professions (Article 19) housing (Article 21) education higher than elementary (Article 22) the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country (Article 26) 
Noncompliance 
Although the Convention is "legally binding" there is no body that monitors compliance. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has supervisory responsibilities, but cannot enforce the Convention, and there is no formal mechanism for individuals to file complaints. The Convention specifies that complaints should be referred to the International Court of Justice.[17] It appears that no nation has ever done this. 
An individual may lodge a complaint with the UN Human Rights Committee under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or with the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, but no one has ever done so in regard to violations of the Convention. Nations may levy international sanctions against violators, but no nation has ever done this. 
The Refugee Convention builds on Article 14 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum from persecution in other countries. A refugee may enjoy rights and benefits in a state in addition to those provided for in the Convention.[3] 
Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Impediment to expulsion Environmental migrant Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Refugee law Refugee travel document Right of asylum Statelessness Travel document Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 14) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) United Nations Commission on Human Rights World Refugee Day XXB Refugee, as per the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 
Full text of the Convention (UNHCR) Introductory note by Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law Lectures by Guy S. Goodwin-Gill entitled International Migration Law – A General Introduction and Forced Migration – The Evolution of International Refugee Law and Organization in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law 
The rights created by the Convention generally still stand today. Some have argued that the complex nature of 21st century refugee relationships calls for a new treaty that recognizes the evolving nature of the nation-state, population displacement, environmental migrants, and modern warfare.[4][5] Nevertheless, ideas like the principle of non-refoulement (Article 33) are still applied today, with the 1951 Convention being the source of such rights. 
The Convention was approved at a special United Nations conference on 28 July 1951, and entered into force on 22 April 1954. It was initially limited to protecting European refugees from before 1 January 1951 (after World War II), though states could make a declaration that the provisions would apply to refugees from other places. 
The 1967 Protocol removed the time limits and applied to refugees "without any geographic limitation", but declarations previously made by parties to the Convention on geographic scope were grandfathered.[6] 
As of 20 January 2020, there were 146 parties to the Convention, and 147 to the Protocol.[7][1][8] Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the Convention, while Cape Verde, the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the Protocol. Since the US ratified the Protocol in 1968, it undertook a majority of the obligations spelled out in the original 1951 document (Articles 2-34), and Article 1 as amended in the Protocol, as "supreme Law of the Land".[9] 
He started his acting career in 2009 with Star Plus's Shraddha and later appeared in a negative role in Dill Mill Gayye. He portrayed his first lead role in Sony TV's series Baat Hamari Pakki Hai (2010). In 2011, Sobti played Arnav Singh Raizada in Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?. 
Barun Sobti as Arnav Singh Raizada,Husband of Khushi, brother of Anjali . (2011–2012)[4] Sanaya Irani as Khushi Kumari Gupta Singh Raizada, wife of Arnav, adopted daughter of garima and sashi, sister of payal. (2011–2012)[5] 
What should I name this love? English title: Unforeseen Love) is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama television series that aired weekdays on Star Plus from 6 June 2011 to 30 November 2012. The show starred Barun Sobti and Sanaya Irani.[1] 
(2011–12) Sanjay Batra as Shashi Gupta ,father of payal,khushi's uncle.(2011–12) Tuhinaa Vohra/Pyumori Mehta as Garima Gupta,payal's mother,khushi's aunt. (2011–12) Abha Parmar as Madhumati Gupta (2011–12) Utkarsha Naik as Manorama Singh Raizada,Akash's mother,payal's mother-in-law,Aunt of Arnav and Anjali. (2011–12)[10] Rajesh Jais as Manohar Singh Raizada,Son of Devyani,Akash's father,payal's father-in-law. 
Plot 
The story narrates the romance between a business tycoon Arnav Singh Raizada, and a middle class girl from Lucknow, Khushi Kumari Gupta. 
Chan Nyein (Burmese: ချမ်းငြိမ်း) is a former Minister for Education of Myanmar (Burma).[3] and a member of the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the country's national legislature from 2011 to 2016. 
References 
Kyaw Swa Khaing (Burmese: ကျော်စွာခိုင်, variously spelt Kyaw Swar Khaing, Kyaw Swar Khine) was the Minister of the President's Office of Myanmar (Burma) and a former Deputy Minister for Industry-2.[5] 
He held the rank of Major General before resigning his military post to compete in the 2010 Burmese general election.[6] 
References 
Maung Doe Cherry Myay (Burmese: မောင်တို့ချယ်ရီမြေ), is a 1963 Burmese drama film starring Win Oo and Khin Than Nu.The film showed the nice scene of Mandalay Thingyan Festival.[1] [2] [3] 
Cast 
Win Oo as Mg Ko U Khin Than Nu as Khin Than Nu 
References 
Major-General Maung Oo (born 1952) is a prominent member of the military government of Burma. He served as Minister of Home Affairs for many years. 
Military career 
For a period Major-General Maung Oo was regional commander of Rakhine State. In July 2011 the Rakhine Nationality Development Party (RNDP) General Secretary U Oo Hla Saw said "He looted this land while he was a regional commander here and his soldiers guarded the land".[1] 
Maung Oo was appointed Minister of Home Affairs on 5 November 2004.[2] In December 2004 Major-General Maung Oo participated in the Sarpay Beikman Manuscript Awards ceremony, handing out some of the prizes for unpublished literary works.[3] In December 2009, he again participated in the Sarpay Beikman awards.[4] 
In January 2010 Maung Oo said in a speech that pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi could be released in November of that year on the expiry of her current period of house arrest.[5] Speaking in parliament in March 2011 Maung Oo said that this was not the time to discuss amnesty for political prisoners. He pointed out that under the 2008 constitution an amnesty could only be granted by the President on the advice of the National Defense and Security Council (NDSC). The president had not yet taken office and the NDSC had not yet been formed.[6] 
He is close friend of former Senior General Than Shwe. Speaking in May 2011 in Pauktaw Township in Rakhine State he asserted that power had been transferred to the USDP, and not to the parliament that had recently been elected. He attacked Chin people, saying most of them were illiterate and could not be ministers in the union assembly.[7] 
References 
Scott John Morrison (born 13 May 1968) is an Australian politician serving as the 30th and current Prime Minister of Australia having become the leader of the governing Liberal Party in August 2018. He has held senior ministerial office since 2013, including as Treasurer in the Turnbull Government (2015–2018). 
He worked as director of the New Zealand Office of Tourism and Sport from 1998 to 2000 and was managing director of Tourism Australia from 2004 to 2006. Morrison was also state director of the New South Wales Liberal Party from 2000 to 2004. He was later elected to the House of Representatives at the 2007 election, representing the Division of Cook in New South Wales. 
After the Coalition victory at the 2013 election, Morrison was appointed Minister for Immigration and Border Protection in the Abbott Government, in which capacity he was responsible for implementing Operation Sovereign Borders.[4] In a reshuffle the following year, he became Minister for Social Services.[5] He was later promoted to the role of Treasurer in September 2015, after Malcolm Turnbull replaced Abbott as prime minister.[6] 
Leadership tension continued, and the party voted to hold a second leadership ballot on 24 August, with Turnbull choosing not to stand. In that ballot, Morrison defeated both Dutton and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop to become leader of the Liberal Party. He was sworn in as prime minister by the Governor-General later that day.[7] Morrison went on to lead the Coalition to an upset victory in the 2019 election.[8] 
Myanmar has acceded the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons. This he pointed out in 2004. According to him, Myanmar endeavors to strive against trafficking of women. 
External links 
A translation project is a project that deals with the activity of translating. 
Translation scholars such as Antoine Berman defend the views that every translator shall develop their own translation project, adhere to it and, later, develop translation criticism. Every translator can only be faithful to his/her own translation project.[1] 
Cultural translation Skopos theory Translation Translation studies Translation criticism Literary translation Untranslatability 
Ko Sung-hee (born June 21, 1990) is a South Korean actress.[2] She played her first leading role in the fantasy-period drama Diary of a Night Watchman (2014).[3] 
Ko sung hee fan cafe - http://cafe.daum.net/kosunghee 
Consonantal finals are indicated with a virama (ကွ), as in Burmese Pali however, instead of being pronounced as glottal stops as in Burmese Pali, final consonants usually keep their respective pronunciations. Furthermore, consonant stacking is possible in Mon Pali spellings, particularly for Pali and Sanskrit-derived vocabulary. 
Other vowels and diphthongs 
People (Human Beings)မနုဿ 
Pali Text Contradictions 
Homage to the Fortunate One, the Pure One, the One Rightly and Completely Enlightened. Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa. නමෝ තස්ස සෙතක් අව්වත් ඕවා අරහතෝ සම්මා සම්බුද්ධස්ස [language] नमो तस्सा भगवतु अराहटो सम्मा समबुद्धस्सा Hindi language นะโมตัสสะภะคะวะโตอะระหะโตสัมมาสัมพุทธัสสะ Thai language နမော တဿ ဘဂဝတော အရဟတော သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓဿ Writing Pali, Mon, Burma. Mon and Burmese, written in Pali similar, but the recording is not consistent. 
For those newly coming to the Buddha's teaching 
The Mon Pali language[4] Mon: လိက်ပါဠိဘာသာမန်; Burmese: မွန်ပါဠိဘာသာ, Thai: ภาษาบาลีมอญ, formerly known as Peguan and Talaing) I have resolved to devote all my energies to the writing of this book for the benefit of those who desire be clever in four Mon Pali language. 
For me it makes sense that, if I want to understand the Buddha's teaching, I listen to what he had to say. I heard that the radical, but well respected monk of South Thailand, Buddhadaasa Bhikkhu also paid attention to this warning. When I went to visit him, I was impressed that he encouraged people to actually pay attention to what the Buddha said. 
In effect one doing so is setting themselves, or their colleagues, up as interpreters and fostering dependence on them. This is common in the development of religions, but is not a feature of the Buddha's teaching. I am using the word "text" in the broader sociological way, which incorporates spoken and remembered texts, not just written texts. 
Using Unicode VU-Times font 
Sao Indobhasa of Myanmar, Ven. Indasilo of Indonesia and Indika Rohan Peiris. Vowels: a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o Niggahīta: ṁ Consonants: k, kh, g, gh, ṅ, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, t, th, d, dh, n, p, ph, b, bh, m, y, r, l, ḷ, v, s, h 
Pronunciation: (pronounced similar to the example) a as in but, hut; a in banana ā as in father, cart, heart i as in bit, tip, it ī as in machine, keen, clean u as in put, foot, push ū as in rude, boot, youth e as in way, fade, cape (long always except before a double consonant in which it is short - as in bed, bet, head) o as in home, bone, know (long always except before a double consonant in which it is short as in not, saw, all) 
ṁ as ṅ or m - pure nasal without release through the mouth (It is most characteristically stated as a humming sound produced when the vocal cords are vibrating and the air is emitted through the nose only. There are two prominent pronunciations which depends on the community). 
Pronunciation: (Alphabet) 
The Pāḷi alphabet consist of 41 letters: 8 vowels, the niggahīta (ṁ), and 32 consonants 
The Mon Pali alphabet contains 32 consonants (including a zero consonant), as follows, with consonants belonging to the breathy register indicated in gray:[5] 
In the Mon Pali script, consonants belong to one of two registers: clear and breathy, each of which has different inherent vowels and pronunciations for the same set of diacritics. For instance, က, which belongs to the clear register, is pronounced /kaˀ/, while ဂ is pronounced /ga/, to accommodate the vowel complexity of the Mon Pali phonology.[6] The addition of diacritics makes this obvious. Whereas in Burmese Pali spellings with the same diacritics are rhyming, in Mon Pali this depends on the consonant's inherent register. 
The Mon Pali language has 8 medials, as follows: င (/-ṅa-/), အံ (/-(a)ṁ-/), ယျ. 
2686 BC–c. 
2181 BC During the Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2700 BC – circa 2200 BC), Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine, as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert. 
2686 BC • Disestablished c. 
2181 BC Population • 2500 BCE 1.6 million[1] Preceded by Succeeded by Early Dynastic Period of Egypt First Intermediate Period 
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2686–2181 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, who perfected the art of pyramid-building, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who constructed the pyramids at Giza.[1] Egypt attained its first sustained peak of civilization during the Old Kingdom, the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods (followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley.[2] 
The concept of an "Old Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by the German Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen, and its definition would evolve significantly throughout the 19th and the 20th centuries.[4] Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the "capital", the royal residence, remained at Ineb-Hedg, the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis. The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large-scale building projects.[3] 
The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Information from the Fourth to the Sixth Dynasties of Egypt is scarce, and historians regard the history of the era as literally "written in stone" and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history.[1] Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration, centralized at Memphis. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period.[5] During the Old Kingdom, the King of Egypt (not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects.[6] 
Under King Djoser, the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court. A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign. King Djoser's architect, Imhotep, is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form, the step pyramid.[1] The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt's kings. 
The Odia diaspora constitute a sizeable number in several countries around the world, totalling the number of Odia speakers on a global scale to 50 million.[29][30][page needed][need quotation to verify] It has a significant presence in eastern countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, mainly carried by the sadhaba, ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the old-day trading,[31] and in western countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and England. The language has also spread to Burma, Malaysia, Fiji, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Middle East countries.[30] It is spoken as a native tongue by the Bonaz community in northeastern Bangladesh although its use is gradually decreasing as they tend to opt to learning the Bengali language instead. 
Spoken Standard of Odia 
Spoken Standard of Odia is different than the Literary standard of Odia, which is used in literature and communication among people speaking different dialects. It is spoken mainly in the eastern half of the state of Odisha, in districts like Khordha, Puri, Nayagarh, Cuttack, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, and Dhenkanal districts without much variation.[32] 
Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oṛiā ; also romanised as Odia)[10] also formerly known as Oriya is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha.[11] 
A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at Ratnagiri, Odisha 
Odia is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It is thought to be directly descended from an Odra Prakrit, which was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early Jain texts.[38] Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from Persian and Arabic, compared to other major North Indian languages. 
The history of the Odia language is divided into eras: 
He was born in an Utkala Brahmin family of Puri in circa 1200 CE. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda, which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of Jayadeva's literary contribution changed the pattern of versification in Odia.[citation needed] 
It is the official language in Odisha (formerly known as Orissa)[12] where native speakers make up 82% of the population,[13] also spoken in parts of West Bengal,[14] Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,[15] and Andhra Pradesh.[16] Odia is one of the many official languages of India; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand.[17][18][19] The language is also spoken by a sizeable population of at least 1 million people in Chhattisgarh. 
Phonology 
Odia has 29 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes. 
Odia vowel phonemes[45] Front Back High i u Mid e o Low a ɔ 
There are no long vowels. All vowels except /o/ have nasal counterparts, but these are not always contrastive. Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia [pʰulɔ] contra Bengali [pʰul] "flower".[46] 
Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a Classical Language in India, on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages.[20][21][22][23] The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century CE.[24] 
The Odia language uses Odia script (also known as the Kalinga script). It is a Brahmic script used to write primarily Odia language and less frequently Kui, Santali, Ho and Chhattisgarhi. The script has developed over more than 1000 years. 
Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol. 
The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if you use too many straight lines.[51] 
Odia Letters 
Diacritics ଼ ଽ ା ି ୀ ୁ ୂ ୃ ୄ େ ୈ ୋ ୌ ୍ ଁ ଂ ଃ 
Numbers 
Written in Odia: ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ଏକ:ସବୁ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ। ସେମାନଙ୍କର ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାର ସମାନ। ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ପ୍ରଜ୍ଞା ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି। ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃଭାବ ପୋଷଣ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ଦରକାର। Spoken in Odia: Written in English:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. 
Odia is mainly spoken in the state of Odisha, but there are significant Odia-speaking populations in the neighbouring states, such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.[25] 
Google introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020.[55] 
Brahmic scripts Languages of India Languages with official status in India Laxmi Puran List of languages by number of native speakers in India Madala Panji 
Odia language at Curlie Odia Wikipedia Praharaj, G.C. Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940. A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922) 
Due to the increasing migration of labour, the west Indian state of Gujarat also has a significant population of Odia speakers.[26] Significant numbers of Odia speakers can also be found in the cities of Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Pondicherry, Bangalore, Chennai, Goa, Mumbai, Raipur, Jamshedpur, Baroda, Ahmedabad, New Delhi, Guwahati, Shillong, Pune, Gurgaon, Jammu and Silvassa[27] According to 2011 census, 3.1% of Indians in India are Odia speakers,[28] of which 93% belong to Odisha. 
Pronunciation of Odia alphabet. 
Removed features 
Formerly, Xcode supported distributing a product build process over multiple systems. One technology involved was named Shared Workgroup Build, which used the Bonjour protocol to automatically discover systems providing compiler services, and a modified version of the free software product distcc to facilitate the distribution of workloads. Earlier versions of Xcode provided a system named Dedicated Network Builds. 
Xcode also includes Apple's WebObjects tools and frameworks for building Java web applications and web services (formerly sold as a separate product). As of Xcode 3.0, Apple dropped[18] WebObjects development inside Xcode; WOLips[19] should be used instead. Xcode 3 still includes the WebObjects frameworks. 
Xcode 2.0 was released with Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger". It included the Quartz Composer visual programming language, better Code Sense indexing for Java, and Ant support. It also included the Apple Reference Library tool, which allows searching and reading online documentation from Apple's website and documentation installed on a local computer. 
Xcode is an integrated development environment (IDE) for macOS containing a suite of software development tools developed by Apple for developing software for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS. First released in 2003, the latest stable release is version 11.6 and is available via the Mac App Store free of charge for macOS Catalina users.[3] Registered developers can download preview releases and prior versions of the suite through the Apple Developer website.[4] Xcode includes Command Line Tools (CLT), which enable UNIX-style development via the Terminal app in macOS;[5] they can also be downloaded and installed without the main IDE. 
Xcode 3.0 was released with Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard". Notable changes since 2.1 include[20] the DTrace debugging tool (now named Instruments), refactoring support, context-sensitive documentation, and Objective-C 2.0 with garbage collection. It also supports Project Snapshots, which provide a basic form of version control; Message Bubbles, which show build errors debug values alongside code; and building four-architecture fat binaries (32 and 64-bit Intel and PowerPC). 
Xcode 3.2 was released with Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard" and installs on no earlier version of OS X. It supports static program analysis, among other features. It also drops official support for targeting versions earlier than iPhone OS 3.0. But it is still possible to target older versions, and the simulator supports iPhone OS 2.0 through 3.1. 
In June 2010, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference version 4 of Xcode was announced during the Developer Tools State of the Union address. Version 4 of the developer tools consolidates the Xcode editing tools and Interface Builder into one application, among other enhancements.[22][23] Apple released the final version of Xcode 4.0 on March 9, 2011. The software was made available for free to all registered members of the $99 per year Mac Developer program and the $99 per year iOS Developer program. 
Xcode 4.1 was made available for free on July 20, 2011 (the day of Mac OS X Lion's release) to all users of Mac OS X Lion on the Mac App Store. On August 29, 2011, Xcode 4.1 was made available for Mac OS X Snow Leopard for members of the paid Mac or iOS developer programs.[25] Xcode 4.1 was the last version to include GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) instead of only LLVM GCC or Clang. 
On October 12, 2011, Xcode 4.2 was released concurrently with the release of iOS 5.0, and it included many more and improved features, such as storyboarding and automatic reference counting (ARC).[1] Xcode 4.2 is the last version to support Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard", but is available only to registered developers with paid accounts; without a paid account, 3.2.6 is the latest download that appears for Snow Leopard.[26] 
Major features 
Xcode 4.3, released on February 16, 2012, is distributed as one application bundle, Xcode.app, installed from the Mac App Store. Xcode 4.3 reorganizes the Xcode menu to include development tools.[27] Xcode 4.3.1 was released on March 7, 2012 to add support for iOS 5.1.[28] Xcode 4.3.2 was released on March 22, 2012 with enhancements to the iOS Simulator and a suggested move to the LLDB debugger versus the GDB debugger (which appear to be undocumented changes).[citation needed] Xcode 4.3.3, released in May 2012, featured an updated SDK for Mac OS X 10.7.4 "Lion" and a few bug fixes.[29] 
Xcode 4.4 was released on July 25, 2012.[30] It runs on both Mac OS X Lion (10.7) and OS X Mountain Lion (10.8) and is the first version of Xcode to contain the OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion" SDK. Xcode 4.4 includes support for automatic synthesizing of declared properties, new Objective-C features such as literal syntax and subscripting, improved localization, and more.[31] On August 7, 2012, Xcode 4.4.1 was released with a few bug fixes. 
Xcode supports source code for the programming languages C, C++, Objective-C, Objective-C++, Java, AppleScript, Python, Ruby, ResEdit (Rez), and Swift, with a variety of programming models, including but not limited to Cocoa, Carbon, and Java. Third parties have added support for GNU Pascal,[6] Free Pascal,[7] Ada,[8] C#,[9] Go,[10] Perl,[11] and D.[12] 
Xcode can build fat binary files containing code for multiple architectures with the Mach-O executable format. These are called universal binary files, which allow software to run on both PowerPC and Intel-based (x86) platforms and that can include both 32-bit and 64-bit code for both architectures. Using the iOS SDK, Xcode can also be used to compile and debug applications for iOS that run on ARM architecture processors. 
Xcode includes the GUI tool Instruments, which runs atop a dynamic tracing framework, DTrace, created by Sun Microsystems and released as part of OpenSolaris. 
The Xcode suite includes most of Apple's developer documentation, and built-in Interface Builder, an application used to construct graphical user interfaces. Up to Xcode 4.1, the Xcode suite included a modified version of the GNU Compiler Collection. In Xcode 3.1 up to Xcode 4.6.3, it included the LLVM-GCC compiler, with front ends from the GNU Compiler Collection and a code generator based on LLVM.[13] In Xcode 3.2 and later, it included the Clang C/C++/Objective-C compiler, with newly-written front ends and a code generator based on LLVM, and the Clang static analyzer.[14] Starting with Xcode 4.2, the Clang compiler became the default compiler,[15] Starting with Xcode 5.0, Clang was the only compiler provided. 
Beni Takemata (竹俣 紅, Takemata Beni, born June 27, 1998) is a former Japanese women's professional shogi player who was ranked 1-dan.[1] In December 2018, she announced her intention to retire from professional shogi and leave the Japan Shogi Association at the end of March 2019 to pursue other opportunities as well as to focus on her studies in political science and economics at Waseda University.[2][3] She is currently managed by Watanabe Entertainment as one of their "Intellectual Tarentos", appearing on Japanese variety shows and making personal appearances.[3][4] 
Japan Shogi Association official profile page(in Japanese) ShogiHub: Takemata, Beni 
Takemata's promotion history was as follows:[5] 
2012, October 1: 2-kyū 2015, July 1: 1-kyū 2016, April 1: 1-dan 
Note: All ranks are women's professional ranks. 
Shogi professional 
Professional shogi players, Yoshiharu Habu and Akira Watanabe, in 2014 with women's professional player Aya Fujita as timekeeper and (former) apprentice professional Naoto Kawasaki as game recorder 
Professional shogi players at a human shogi [ja] exhibition match in Himeji, Japan in 2018. From left to right: Toshiaki Kubo, Keita Inoue, Masakazu Wakamatsu, Tetsurō Itodani, Akira Inaba, Shinobu Iwane, and Rei Takedomi. 
Professional shogi players Hiroyuki Miura, Rieko Yauchi (Women’s professional), Takeshi Fujii and Yoshiharu Habu (from left to right) in 2013. 
JSA professional shogi players (正規棋士 seiki kishi or 棋士 kishi for short) are ranked from four to nine dan. Players receive a monthly salary according to their rank as well as game fees based upon performance, which historically have mostly come from media conglomerates in exchange for exclusive publishing rights.[12][13][14] In addition, popular players may also earn income from teaching, publishing, media appearances, etc. As of August 2019[update], there are 167 active professionals.[15] 
A professional shogi player (将棋棋士 shōgi kishi or プロ棋士 puro kishi "professional player") is a shogi player who is usually a member of a professional guild of shogi players. 
However, only regular professional players, who are all male, are considered to be full-fledged members. Women's professional players belong to groups distinct from regular professional players. In Japanese, the term 棋士 kishi only refers to regular professional players to the exclusion of women's professionals, who are termed 女流棋士 joryū kishi. 
Women's professionals Momoko Katō 3-dan (left) and Sae Itō 2-dan (right) 
Karolina Styczyńska became the first non-Japanese professional shogi player in 2017 
Women's professional players are in groups distinct from regular professional players. Currently, no female has yet qualified to become a regular professional although over the years there have 20 female apprentice professionals competing to obtain such status. Currently, there is one female apprentice player, Tomoka Nishiyama (西山朋佳), who is in the 3-Dan League.[32][33] 
There are two guilds of women's professionals. Before the creation of the guilds, women were historically not allowed to become professional players.[34]:23 
During the Edo period (1603-1868), shogi followed an iemoto system centered around three families (schools): the Ōhashi (main) [ja], the Ōhashi (branch) [ja] and the Itō [ja].[1] Titles such as Meijin were hereditary and could only be held by members of these three families. These three schools were supported by the Tokugawa shogunate and thus controlled the professional shogi world up until 1868 when the Meiji Restoration took place.[2] By the time Sōin Itō [ja], the eighth and last head of the Itō school and the 11th Hereditary Meijin, died in 1893, the influence of the families had decreased to such an extent that they had no real power at all.[3] 
The earliest form of the JSA was founded on September 8, 1924 as the Tokyo Shogi Federation (東京将棋連盟, tōkyō shōgi renmei) later renamed as the Japan Shogi Association (日本将棋連盟, nihon shōgi renmei).[4] 
Japan Shogi Association 
Shogi Fan: What is the rank system (dan) for Shogi? LPSA: 日本女子プロ将棋協会 (in Japanese) shogidata.info · shows statistics for each professional player (in Japanese) Japan Shogi Association: (in Japanese) Dan promotion rules Players close to promotion Shogi Hub: Master–Pupil Diagram 
Tak (Thai: ตาก, pronounced [tàːk]) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of the province has a long boundary with Kayin State of Myanmar (Burma). 
Demographics 
About a quarter of the population belongs to one of Thailand's hill tribes: Yao, Karen (Thai Kariang), Akha (Thai Akha), Lahu (Thai Musoe), Hmong (Thai Mong), and Lisu (Thai Lisaw).[14] The largest tribe in Tak is Karen.[15] 
According to the UNHCR data of 2008, nearly 95,000 of Thailand's 121,000 registered refugees from Burma are housed in several refugee camps in Tak province of which Mae La camp is the largest with around 45,000 Karen refugees.[16] 
The province is divided into nine districts (amphoes). These are further divided into 63 subdistricts (tambons) and 493 villages (mubans). 
As of 26 November 2019 there are[17]: one Tak Provincial Administration Organisation (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and 19 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Mae Sot has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Tak has town (thesaban mueang) status. 
The provincial seal shows King Naresuan on the royal elephant.[11] Sometimes below the elephant a garuda is depicted, as the garuda is the state symbol of Thailand. King Naresuan is shown pouring consecrated water on the ground, a symbolic act to declare independence. This refers to the war of 1584 with Burma, when Tak was the first border town to be liberated from Burmese control. 
The provincial slogan is, "A town of wonderful nature, huge Bhumiphol Dam, King Taksin The Great and beautiful forests".[1] 
The provincial tree is the Asian Jatoba (Xylia kerrii), the provincial flower is the Orchid tree (Bauhinia sp.). 
There are two main public hospitals in Tak: Somdejphrajaotaksin Maharaj Hospital and Mae Sot Hospital, both operated by the Ministry of Public Health. 
The province of Tak produces rice, corn, vegetables, fruits, beef, tilapia, and other foods. Industries in Tak include granite quarrying and jewelry. Zinc mining was formerly conducted in Mae Sot District.[18] 
Bhumibol Dam 
The Bhumibol Dam in the northern part of Tak is its most popular tourist attraction. Tourism, especially ecotourism, in the southern part is seasonal with popular destinations such as the Thi Lo Su Waterfall, Thi Lo Le Waterfall, hiking and white water rafting in its various forest reserves. Tak is also known for its Loi Krathong festival where krathong sai (กระทงสาย) consisting of many krathongs are floated in a long line down the river.[19] The Loi Krathong festival is held on the Ping River in Mueang Tak District on Loi Krathong night. 
Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge over Moei River, part of AH1 
Tak is a key communication and transportation centre of the north, with three Asian highways passing through the province. AH1 enters through the Myanmar-Thai border at Mae Sot District[20] AH2 passes through the province from north to south. Also AH16 terminates at Tak. 
Tak Province is served by Tak Airport. 
Human achievement index 2017 
The Bhumibol Dam (named after King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the old name was Yanhee Dam) is in Khao Kaew Tambon (sub-district), Sam Ngao District of Tak and was built from 1958 to 1964.[5] It stops the river Ping, one of the two sources of the Chao Phraya River.[6][7][8] The artificial lake created covers an area of 300 km² and is the largest in Thailand. Taksin Maharat National Park, Namtok Pha Charoen National Park, Lan Sang National Park, and Khun Phawo National Parks are all in the province. Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary shares half of the lake front with Kanchanaburi and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary at the border with Uthai Thani and are World Heritage Sites.[9][10] 
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.[4] 
Reports (data) from Thai government are "not copyrightable" (Public Domain), Copyright Act 2537 (1994), section 7. 
On the western side of Tak Province the Tenasserim Hills meet the Dawna Range. One of the few transnational roads and cross-border points into Myanmar is at Mae Sot. Northwest of Mae Sot the main road on the Thai side skirts the border until it turns straight north towards Mae Hong Son. 
Tak Province occupies 16,406 km2 and lies 426 km north of Bangkok.[1] 
A city named Ban Tak was established by Jamadevi (พระนางจามเทวี), princess of the Lavo kingdom, around 663 CE. It became part of the Sukhothai kingdom through battles led by Ramkhamhaeng the Great and formed the main fortress on the western front. The city was moved further west and renamed Mueang Rahang when the Ayuthaya kingdom was lost to Burma during King Maha Thammaracha's reign. 
King Taksin was vice-governor of Tak before the Ayutthaya kingdom fell during the war with Burma. As his name was Sin, he became called Tak-Sin during his time in Tak.[13] 
Geheime Korrespondenz (secret correspondence), by Carl von Bergen 
A headstone message in the Jerusalem British World War I Cemetery on Mount Scopus 
Because computers are automated, and they do not require human interaction to do something, there have been many safety and privacy concerns in many areas of the computer science industry regarding messages. There have been many cases where instant messaging apps were found to be at risk for spyware.[2] These concerns are not just limited to cellphones, laptops, desktops, or devices of the like. Some of these concerns even point towards displays in car dashboards, where these device are as smart as smartphones, however can be prone to attacks and is known that auto manufacturers have little to no regulations to follow when putting these devices in car dashboards.[3] It also has been found by research that car information displays on dashboards can be distracting.[4] 
Media related to Messages at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of message at Wiktionary Quotations related to Message at Wikiquote Love and love letters messages love 
[1][1]A message is a discrete unit of communication intended by the source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients. A message may be delivered by various means, including courier, telegraphy, carrier pigeon and electronic bus. A message can be the content of a broadcast. 
One example of a message is a communiqué (/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪ/), which is a brief report or statement released by a public agency. 
Roles in human communication 
In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal: 
A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, etc. A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words, e.g. by the use of body language. 
In computer science 
There are two main senses of the word "message" in computing: messages between the human users of computer systems that are delivered by those computer systems, and messages passed between programs or between components of a single program, for their own purposes. 
Instant messaging and emails are examples of computer software designed for delivering human-readable messages in formatted or unformatted text, from one person to another. Message passing is a form of communication used in concurrent and parallel computing, object-oriented programming, and channel communicate , where communication is made by sending messages to recipients. In a related use of this sense of a message, in object-oriented programming language such as main library ["msg" box]Smalltalk or Java, a message is sent to an object, specifying a request for action. 
Official logos for each of the Millennium Development Goals 
Among the non-governmental organizations assisting were the United Nations Millennium Campaign, the Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., the Global Poverty Project, the Micah Challenge, The Youth in Action EU Programme, "Cartoons in Action" video project and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project. 
Official website One page chart of the status of the MDGs at 2013 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University Ensure Environmental Sustainability by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University Gillian Sorensen, Senior Advisor to the United Nations Foundation, discusses UN Millennium Development Goals "The Vrinda Project" – YouTube channel on the work in progress for the achievement of the MDGs connected to the Wikibook Development Cooperation Handbook The Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific: 12 Things to Know Asian Development Bank. 
Preparations for the 2000 Millennium Summit launched with the report of the Secretary-General entitled, "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century". Additional input was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organizations from more than 100 countries. The Forum met in May to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. 
MDGs derive from earlier development targets, where world leaders adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The approval of the Millennium Declaration was the main outcome of the Millennium Summit. 
The MDGs originated from the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Declaration asserted that every individual has dignity; and hence, the right to freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence and encourages tolerance and solidarity. The MDGs set concrete targets and indicators for poverty reduction in order to achieve the rights set forth in the Declaration.[3] 
The Brahimi Report provided the basis of the goals in the area of peace and security.[citation needed] 
More ideas came from Adam Figueroa,[citation needed] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A series of UN‑led conferences in the 1990s focused on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights and women. The OECD criticized major donors for reducing their levels of Official Development Assistance (ODA). 
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016. 
The MDGs emphasized three areas: human capital, infrastructure and human rights (social, economic and political), with the intent of increasing living standards.[5] Human capital objectives include nutrition, healthcare (including child mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and reproductive health) and education. Infrastructure objectives include access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; increased farm outputs using sustainable practices; transportation; and environment. Human rights objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services and increasing security of property rights. 
MDGs emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in Goal Eight, which sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a "global partnership for development" by supporting fair trade, debt relief, increasing aid, access to affordable essential medicines and encouraging technology transfer. Thus developing nations ostensibly became partners with developed nations in the struggle to reduce world poverty.(GOAL 8 TO DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT) 
A poster at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, New York, United States, showing the Millennium Development Goals. 
The MDGs were developed out of several commitments set forth in the Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,[6] and a series of measurable health indicators and economic indicators for each target.[7][8] 
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 
Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day[9] Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People GDP Growth per Employed Person Employment Rate Proportion of employed population below $1.25 per day (PPP values) Proportion of family-based workers in employed population Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[10] 
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: 
Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of Primary education/primary schooling, girls and boys Enrollment in primary education Completion of primary education[11] 
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[12] 
Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Under-five mortality rate Infant (under 1) mortality rate Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[13] 
The Maternal Mortality Ratio is the KPI used by the UN to measure Maternal health 
Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Maternal mortality ratio Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health Contraceptive prevalence rate Adolescent birth rate Antenatal care coverage Unmet need for family planning[14] 
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 
Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years Condom use at last high-risk sex Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to anti-retroviral drugs Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[15] 
To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger To achieve universal primary education To promote gender equality and empower women To reduce child mortality To improve maternal health To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases To ensure environmental sustainability[1] To develop a global partnership for development[2] 
Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Proportion of land area covered by forest CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) Consumption of ozone-depleting substances Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits Proportion of total water resources used Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected Proportion of species threatened with extinction Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers Proportion of urban population living in slums[16] 
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Includes: tariff and quota-free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Official Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States Through the Programme of Action for the sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. Official development assistance (ODA): Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors' GNI Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs Market access: Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity Debt sustainability: Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$ Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population Personal computers in use per 100 population Internet users per 100 Population[17] 
The MDGs lack strong objectives and indicators for within-country equality, despite significant disparities in many developing nations.[1][19] 
Iterations of proven local successes should be scaled up to address the larger need through human energy and existing resources using methodologies such as participatory rural appraisal, asset-based community development, or SEED-SCALE.[20] 
MDG 8 uniquely focuses on donor achievements, rather than development successes. The Commitment to Development Index, published annually by the Center for Global Development in Washington, D.C., is considered the best numerical indicator for MDG 8.[21] It is a more comprehensive measure of donor progress than official development assistance, as it takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as trade, migration and investment. 
The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative. 
The MDGs were attacked for insufficient emphasis on environmental sustainability.[1] Thus, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.[2] 
Agriculture was not specifically mentioned in the MDGs even though most of the world's poor are farmers.[citation needed] 
The entire MDG process has been accused of lacking legitimacy as a result of failure to include, often, the voices of the very participants that the MDGs seek to assist. The International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty, in its post 2015 thematic consultation document on MDG 69 states "The major limitation of the MDGs by 2015 was the lack of political will to implement due to the lack of ownership of the MDGs by the most affected constituencies".[22] 
The MDGs may under-emphasize local participation and empowerment (other than women's empowerment).[1] FIAN International, a human rights organization focusing on the right to adequate food, contributed to the Post 2015 process by pointing out a lack of: "primacy of human rights; qualifying policy coherence; and of human rights based monitoring and accountability. Without such accountability, no substantial change in national and international policies can be expected."[23] 
MDG 2 focuses on primary education and emphasizes enrollment and completion. In some countries, primary enrollment increased at the expense of achievement levels. In some cases, the emphasis on primary education has negatively affected secondary and post-secondary education.[24] 
A publication from 2005 argued that goals related to maternal mortality, malaria and tuberculosis are impossible to measure and that current UN estimates lack scientific validity or are missing.[25] Household surveys are the primary measure for the health MDGs but may be poor and duplicative measurements that consume limited resources. Furthermore, countries with the highest levels of these conditions typically have the least reliable data collection. The study also argued that without accurate measures, it is impossible to determine the amount of progress, leaving MDGs as little more than a rhetorical call to arms.[25] 
MDG proponents such as McArthur and Sachs countered that setting goals is still valid despite measurement difficulties, as they provide a political and operational framework to efforts. With an increase in the quantity and quality of healthcare systems in developing countries, more data could be collected.[26] They asserted that non-health related MDGs were often well measured, and that not all MDGs were made moot by lack of data. 
Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty. 
The attention to well being other than income helps bring funding to achieving MDGs.[1] Further MDGs prioritize interventions, establish obtainable objectives with useful measurements of progress despite measurement issues and increased the developed world's involvement in worldwide poverty reduction.[27] MDGs include gender and reproductive rights, environmental sustainability, and spread of technology. Prioritizing interventions helps developing countries with limited resources make decisions about allocating their resources. MDGs also strengthen the commitment of developed countries and encourage aid and information sharing.[18] The global commitment to the goals likely increases the likelihood of their success. 
In the case of MDG 4, developing countries such as Bangladesh have shown that it is possible to reduce child mortality with only modest growth with inexpensive yet effective interventions, such as measles immunization.[29] Still, government expenditure in many countries is not enough to meet the agreed spending targets.[30] Research on health systems suggests that a "one size fits all" model will not sufficiently respond to the individual healthcare profiles of developing countries; however, the study found a common set of constraints in scaling up international health, including the lack of absorptive capacity, weak health systems, human resource limitations, and high costs. The study argued that the emphasis on coverage obscures the measures required for expanding health care. These measures include political, organizational, and functional dimensions of scaling up, and the need to nurture local organizations.[31] 
Fundamental issues such as gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI).[32][33][34] 
In developing countries, significant funding for health came from external sources requiring governments to coordinate with international development partners. As partner numbers increased variations in funding streams and bureaucratic demands followed. By encouraging support for a single national health strategy, a single monitoring and evaluation framework, and mutual accountability, IHP+ attempted to build confidence between government, civil society, development partners and other health stakeholders.[35] 
Equity 
Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the Overseas Development Institute into the role of equity.[36] Researchers at the ODI argued that progress could be accelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a virtuous circle where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's development and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability.[36] Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as political. Examples abound, including Brazil's cash transfers, Uganda's eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in visits from the very poorest or else Mauritius's dual-track approach to liberalization (inclusive growth and inclusive development) aiding it on its road into the World Trade Organization.[36] Researchers at the ODI thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.[36] 
The effects of increasing drug use were noted by the International Journal of Drug Policy as a deterrent to the goal of the MDGs.[37] 
Women's issues 
The Hollywood actress Geena Davis in a speech at the MDG Countdown event at the Ford Foundation in New York, addressing gender roles and issues in film such as her organisation's work in combating inequality in Hollywood (24 September 2013) 
Improved economic opportunities for women also decreased participation in the sex market, which decreased the spread of AIDS, MDG 6A.[38] Another way in which women can be empowered is through access to paid work. Kabeer states that this access increases women's agency in their households, it does so in the economic and political spheres as well. A study of women in rural Mexico found that those of them engaged in industrial work were able to negotiate and obtain a greater degree of respect in their households. 
Interventions evaluated include (1) improvements required to meet the millennium development goals (MDG) for water supply (by halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to safe drinking water), (2) meet the water MDG plus halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to adequate sanitation, (3) increasing access to improved water and sanitation for everyone, (4) providing disinfection at point-of-use over and above increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation (5) providing regulated piped water supply in house and sewage connection with partial sewerage for everyone (Hutton, G. Evaluation of the Cost and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, 2004 WHO-Geneva) 
Although the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through improving gender equality, the political will is often missing.[40] If donor and developing countries focused on seven "priority areas", great progress could be made towards the MDG. These seven priority areas include: increasing girls' completion of secondary school, guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health rights, improving infrastructure to ease women's and girl's time burdens, guaranteeing women's property rights, reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seats held by women in government, and combating violence against women.[40] 
It is thought[by whom?] that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health, education, and political representation.[1][41] To encourage women's empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.[according to whom?] 
Graph of global population living on under 1, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars a day (red) and as a proportion of world population (blue) from 1981 to 2008 based on data from The World Bank 
Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven across countries. Brazil achieved many of the goals,[42] while others, such as Benin, are not on track to realize any.[43] The major successful countries include China (whose poverty population declined from 452 million to 278 million) and India.[44] The World Bank estimated that MDG 1A (halving the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day) was achieved in 2008 mainly due to the results from these two countries and East Asia.[45] 
Doubling health spending and concentrating on its poorest areas halved maternal mortality between 1998 and 2006. Its Multidimensional Poverty Index has seen the largest decreases of any tracked country. Bangladesh has made some of the greatest improvements in infant and maternal mortality ever seen, despite modest income growth.[46] 
Between 1990 and 2010 the population living on less than $1.25 a day in developing countries halved to 21%, or 1.2 billion people, achieving MDG1A before the target date, although the biggest decline was in China, which took no notice of the goal. However, the child mortality and maternal mortality are down by less than half. Sanitation and education targets will also be missed.[1] 
G‑8 Finance Ministers met in London in June 2005 in preparation for the Gleneagles Summit in July and agreed to provide enough funds to the World Bank, IMF and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel the remaining HIPC multilateral debt ($40 to $55 billion). Recipients would theoretically re-channel debt payments to health and education.[47] 
The Gleaneagles plan became the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Countries became eligible once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms they had implemented.[1] 
Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others. Although developed countries' aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more than half went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards natural disaster relief and military aid, rather than further development. 
While the World Bank and AfDB limited MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's eligibility criteria were slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with per capita income of $380 or less qualified for debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $380 threshold because it closely approximated the HIPC threshold.[1] 
Farmers had not found suitable rice varieties that produce high yields. New Rice for Africa (NERICA), a high-yielding and well adapted strain, was developed and introduced in areas including Congo Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda. Some 18 varieties of this strain became available, enabling African farmers to produce enough rice to feed their families and have extra to sell.[48] 
School fees that included Parent-Teacher Association and community contributions, textbook fees, compulsory uniforms and other charges took up nearly a quarter of a poor family's income and led countries including Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda to eliminate such fees, increasing enrollment. For instance, in Ghana, public school enrollment in the most deprived districts rose from 4.2 million to 5.4 million between 2004 and 2005. In Kenya, primary school enrollment added 1.2 million in 2003 and by 2004, the number had climbed to 7.2 million.[49] 
Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in 2000, Jeffrey Sachs of The Earth Institute at Columbia University was among the leading academic scholars and practitioners on the MDGs. He chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–01), which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5, and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000–2001 to design and launch The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[50] He also worked with senior officials of the George W. Bush administration to develop the PEPFAR program to fight HIV/AIDS, and the PMI to fight malaria. 
Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. 
Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith (1863–1935) 
An illustration is a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or process,[1] designed for integration in published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, video games and films. An illustration is typically created by an illustrator. Illustration also means providing an example; either in writing or in picture form. 
Exploded-view diagram of a gear pump (c 2007) 
Cutaway drawing of the Nash 600, an American automobile of the 1940s (1942) 
Illustrations of various insects, drawn in 1833 by J. Tastu 
Technical and scientific illustration communicates information of a technical or scientific nature. This may include exploded views, cutaways, fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, diagrams. The aim is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer".[4] 
Technical and scientific illustration is generally designed to describe or explain subjects to a nontechnical audience, so must provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding".[5] 
In contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. 
Illustration as fine art 
Oberon, Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing by William Blake (1786) 
In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design and fine art. 
Today, however, due in part to the growth of graphic novel and video game industries, as well as increased use of illustration in magazines and other publications, illustration is now becoming a valued art form, capable of engaging a global market. 
The origin of the word “illustration” is late Middle English (in the sense ‘illumination; spiritual or intellectual enlightenment’): via Old French from Latin illustratio, from the verb illustrate.[2] 
Original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwell's painting "Breaking Home Ties" sold in a 2006 Sotheby's auction for USD15.4 million.[6] Many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas, for example, also attracting high prices. 
An engraving by Georgius Agricola or Georg Bauer (1494–1555), illustrating the mining practice of fire-setting 
Historically, the art of illustration is closely linked to the industrial processes of printing and publishing. 
The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations, and were individually hand drawn and painted. With the invention of the printing press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed, often illustrated with woodcuts. 
Some of the earliest illustrations come from the time of ancient Egypt (Khemet) often as hieroglyph. A classic example of illustrations exists from the time of The Tomb of Pharaoh Seti I, circa 1294 BC to 1279 BC,who was father of Ramses II, born 1303 BC. 
1600s Japan saw the origination of Ukiyo-e, an influential illustration style characterised by expressive line, vivid colour and subtle tones, resulting from the ink-brushed wood block printing technique. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and every day life. Hokusai’s The Great Wave of Kanazawa is a famous image of the time. 
During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching. In 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake (1757–827), who used relief etching. By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality. 
19th century 
In Europe, notable figures of the early 19th Century were John Leech, George Cruikshank, Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne, and, in France, Honoré Daumier. All contributed to both satirical and “serious” publications. At this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. 
By the 19th century, improvements in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color and rendering techniques. These developments in printing effected all areas of literature from cookbooks, photography and travel guides, as well as children's books. Also, due to advances in printing, it became more affordable to produce color photographs within books and other materials.[8] By 1900, almost 100 percent of paper was machine-made, and while a person working by hand could produce 60-100lbs of paper per day, mechanization yielded around 1,000lbs per day.[9] Additionally, in the 50 year period between 1846 and 1916, book production increased 400% and the price of books was cut in half.[9] 
Association of Illustrators Association of Medical Illustrators Comic book illustration Communication design Graphic design Illustrators Institute of Medical Illustrators Posters Society of Illustrators 
"Illustration beats explanation" Western Engraving & Colortype Co. (1916) 
The White Rabbit from Alice in Wonderland, illustrated by John Tenniel (1820–1914) 
Contemporary illustration uses a wide range of styles and techniques, including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, montage, digital design, multimedia, 3D modelling. Depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic or highly technical. 
Specialist areas[3] include: 
Architectural illustration Archaeological illustration Botanical illustration Concept art Fashion illustration Information graphics Technical illustration Medical illustration Narrative illustration Picture books Scientific illustration 
The "Golden Age" 
Real (Korean: 리얼; RR: Rieol) is a South Korean neo-noir action film based on character from Manhwa webtoons superheroes comic book by TMS Comics, directed by Lee Sa-rang, starring Kim Soo-hyun, Sung Dong-il, Lee Sung-min, Sulli (in her final film appearance) and Jo Woo-jin. The film was released on June 28, 2017 in South Korea.[2][3][4][5][6] 
Nay Chi Shoon Lak (Burmese: နေခြည်ရွှန်းလက်; born 13 November 1999) is a Burmese actress and model.[1][2][3][4] She gained popularity among the audiences after starring her role as Hnin Nway in MRTV-4 television series Myetlone Mhar Alwan Nhotekhan Mhar Marna (2019). 
External Link 
Nay Chi Shoon Lak on Facebook 
Early life and education 
Nay Chi Shoon Lak was born November 13, 1999, in Yangon, Myanmar. She graduated from National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon. 
Career 
In 2017, she began her career by competing in Miss Now How 2017 and performing as Academy Shwe Kyo (the person tasked with holding the tray of the Academy statue or Academy prize information paper at the Myanmar Academy Awards Ceremony) in Myanmar Motion Picture Academy Awards Ceremony 2016. 
In 2018, she starred in her debut drama series Bagan Myo Thu as the character Goon Nu alongside Daung, May Myint Mo, Htoo Aung and Phone Shein Khant. In 2019, she starred in drama series Myetlone Mhar Alwan Nhotekhan Mhar Marna as the character Hnin Nway alongside Aung Min Khant. After starring in this series, she gained popularity among the audiences. 
Filmography 
Bagan Myo Thu (2018) Myetlone Mhar Alwan Nhotekhan Mhar Marna (2019) Room Number? (2019) 
Myetlone Mhar Alwan Nhotekhan Mhar Marna (Burmese: မျက်လုံးမှာအလွမ်းနှုတ်ခမ်းမှာမာန, lit. 'Longing on eyes, pride on lips') is a 2019 Burmese dramatic television series. It aired on MRTV-4, on Monday to Friday at 19:00 for 28 episodes.[1] 
Cast 
Aung Min Khant as Aung Mhann Nay Chi Shoon Lak as Hnin Nway Htet Myat as Ko Nyunt Aye Wyne Shwe Yi as Swe Swe Kyaw, wife of Ko Nyunt Aye 
Supporting 
Kaung Set Naing as Ko Than Lwin Phyo Yazar Naing as Mg Myint Zin Wine as U Kyaw Dunn, father of Swe Swe Kyaw Nyi Nanda as U Aung Baw Great Chan as Nwe Nwe, elder sister of Hnin Nway Phyo Than Thar Cho as Wutyi Khaing Hnin Wai as Daw Hnin Yee, mother of Hnin Nway Pwint Nadi Maung as wife of U Aung Baw Goon Pone Gyi as Daw Gyi Tin 
The royal family of Denmark during the Queen's 70th birthday on April 16, 2010. From left to right: Crown Princess Mary, Prince Felix, Crown Prince Frederik, Prince Christian, Queen Margrethe II, Prince Nikolai, Prince Consort Henrik, Prince Joachim and Princess Isabella 
The Danish royal family is the dynastic family of the monarch.[1] All members of the Danish royal family except Queen Margrethe II hold the title of Prince/Princess of Denmark. Dynastic children of the monarch and of the heir apparent are accorded the style of His/Her Royal Highness, while other members of the dynasty are addressed as His/Her Highness. The Queen is styled Her Majesty. 
* Extended members include the Greek Royal Family 
Line of succession 
Main members 
Rigshospitalet (meaning The National, State or Kingdom Hospital, but not usually translated) is one of the largest hospitals in Denmark and the most highly specialised hospital in Copenhagen. The hospital's main building is a 16 storey functionalist highrise, one of the tallest structures in the central parts of the city. Rigshospitalet neighbours the Panum Building which houses the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen. 
It is the genitive of rige ('realm, kingdom, empire') and the cognate word is used similarly in Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and Dutch (and in German until 1945). The prefix Stats- ('of the state') is more widely used, but implies a slightly lower level in the hierarchy. Although Rigshospitalet was founded as a state hospital, as opposed to the normal hospitals operated by counties, the Danish term Statshospital was until 1977 used only for psychiatric institutions. 
The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia. 
Mongolian[note 1] is the official language of Mongolia and both the most widely spoken and best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the ethnic Mongol residents of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.[1] In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, currently written in both Cyrillic and traditional Mongolian script (and at times in Latin for social networking), is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is dialectally more diverse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script. 
Modern Mongolian's place on the chronological tree of Mongolic languages 
Mongolian script and Mongolian Cyrillic on Sukhbaatar's statue in Ulaanbaatar 
Room Number? (Burmese: အခန်းနံပါတ်?) is a Burmese action-drama television series. It aired on MRTV-4, on Monday to Friday at 19:00 for 30 episodes.[1] [2] 
Cast 
Kyaw Hsu as Banyar Nay Chi Shoon Lak as Nan Saw Wint Yamone Naing as Nwe Ni Hlaing Mya Hnin Yee Lwin as Hsu Htet Lin Myat as Nay Yaung Htun 
References 
Malaysia–Myanmar relations are foreign relations between Malaysia and Myanmar. Both are the members of ASEAN and enjoy good relations.[1][2] Although the relations become strained in late 2016 due to the Rohingya people issues, the relations remained stable after the meeting between both countries' armed forces chiefs to play down the issues.[3] Myanmar currently has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[4] and Malaysia has an embassy in Yangon.[5] 
The word Mongol in various contemporary and historical scripts: 1. traditional, 2. folded, 3. 'Phags-pa, 4. Todo, 5. 
The oldest, called simply the Mongolian script, has been the predominant script during most of Mongolian history, and is still in active use today in the Inner Mongolia region of China and de facto use in Mongolia. It has in turn spawned several alphabets, either as attempts to fix its perceived shortcomings, or to allow the notation of other languages, such as Sanskrit and Tibetan. In the 20th century, Mongolia first switched to the Latin script, and then almost immediately replaced it with the Cyrillic script for compatibility with the Soviet Union, its political ally of the time. 
"Mongol" in Cyrillic script 
“Mongol” in Traditional Mongolian script. 
Galik alphabet 
In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh created the Galik alphabet, inspired by Sonam Gyatso, the third Dalai Lama. It primarily added extra letters to transcribe Tibetan and Sanskrit terms in religious texts, and later also from Chinese and Russian. Later some of these letters officially merged to traditional alphabet as group named "Galig usug" to transcribe foreign word in today's use. 
"Mongol" in Todo script. 
'Phags-pa script (Square script) 
“Mongol” in Phags-pa script. 
Soyombo script 
“Mongol” in Soyombo script. 
The Soyombo script is an abugida created by the Mongolian monk and scholar Bogdo Zanabazar in the late 17th century, that can also be used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. A special glyph in the script, the Soyombo symbol, became a national symbol of Mongolia, and has appeared on the national flag since 1921, and on the national coat of arms since 1992, as well as money, stamps, etc. 
Horizontal square script 
"Mongol" in Horizontal Square script. 
Horizontal square script is included in the Unicode Standard under the name "Zanabazar Square". The Zanabazar Square block, comprising 72 characters, was added as part of Unicode version 10.0 in June 2017.[7] 
Precursors 
Bronze 'fish tally' with Khitan script 
External links 
The Silver Horde: Mongol Scripts The Mongolian language and scripts, Tseveliin Shagdarsuren, Indiana University Inkway Mongolian Calligraphy 
The Xianbei spoke a proto-Mongolic language and wrote down several pieces of literature in their language. They are believed to have used Chinese characters to phonetically represent Xianbei like the Japanese system of Man'yōgana but all works written in Xianbei are now lost. 
The Khitan spoke a Proto-Mongolic language called Khitan language and had developed two scripts for writing their language: Khitan large script and Khitan small script, logographic scripts derived from Chinese characters. 
Languages of Papua New Guinea: Mongol language (New Guinea), a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea Mongol–Langam languages, a language family of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea Languages of Central Asia: Middle Mongol language, a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire Mongolian language, the official language of Mongolia Mongolic languages, a group of languages spoken in East-Central Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas 
Mongols, a Central and Northern Asian ethno-linguistic group 
Danish (/ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ (listen); dansk pronounced [ˈtænˀsk] (listen), dansk sprog [ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔwˀ])[1] is a North Germanic language spoken by about six million people, principally in Denmark, Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, where it has minority language status.[6] Also, minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina.[citation needed] Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, about 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language. 
Danish orthography is the system used to write the Danish language. The oldest preserved examples of written Danish are in the Runic alphabet, but by the end of the High Middle Ages the Runes had mostly been replaced by the Latin letters. 
Poe Kyar Phyu Khin (Burmese: ပိုးကြာဖြူခင်; born 3 December 1992) is a Burmese actress and model.[1][2][3][4][5][6] She gained popularity among the audiences after starring her role as Seng Mai in MRTV-4 television series Moe Kaung Kin Eain Met (2018). 
Discography 
You are My Life with Sein Lin (2019) Moe Lay Phwae Tone with Sein Lin (2019) 
References 
External Link 
Early life and education 
Poe Kyar Phyu Khin was on December 3, 1992 in Yangon, Myanmar. She is eldest of two siblings. She attended high school at Basic Education High School No. 4 Botataung. 
Career 
In 2015, she starred in her debut MRTV-4 thriller-drama series Wingabar San Eain alongside Aung Min Khant, Hsaung Wutyee May, Aung Yay Chan, Myat Thu Thu and Phone Shein Khant. In 2016, she starred in comedy-drama series Ma Ma Htake and Heritage House alongside Khine Thin Kyi, Hein Htet, Mone, May Akari Htoo and Su Waddi. In 2017, she starred in drama series Oo Yin Mhu Phit Phu Chin The alongside Kyaw Hsu, Hein Htet and Khay Sett Thwin. 
In 2018, she starred in drama series Moe Kaung Kin Eain Met alongside Si Thu Win and Kyaw Htet Zaw. In 2019, she starred in drama series Sky of Little Star alongside Khant Si Thu and Kyaw Htet Zaw. 
Filmography 
Winkabar San Eain (2015) Ma Ma Htake and Heritage House (2016) Oo Yin Mhu Phit Phu Chin The (2017) Moe Kaung Kin Eain Met (2018) Kyal Kalay Yae Kaung Kin (2019) 
Jordan William Fisher (born April 24, 1994) is an American actor, singer, and dancer. He began his career with recurring roles on several television series, including The Secret Life of the American Teenager in 2012 and Liv and Maddie from 2015 to 2017. He also had supporting roles in the television films Teen Beach Movie (2013), Teen Beach 2 (2015) and Grease Live (2016), and starred in Rent: Live (2019). 
Foreign Honours 
They had two sons: Prince Talal (born 26 July 1965) and Prince Ghazi (born 15 October 1966). Their marriage ended in divorce. He later married Taghrid Majali, daughter of the late Hazza' al-Majali, Prime Minister of Jordan, on 28 June 1981.[1] Prince Muhammad and Princess Taghrid along with their daughter, Samiha Al Fayez, reside now in Al Manal Palace. 
Prince Muhammad bin Talal (born 2 October 1940) is the second son of King Talal of Jordan and was the younger brother of King Hussein of Jordan.[1] 
Honours 
National Honours 
His father was Prince Nayef was also Crown Prince from 2011 until his death in June 2012. With his appointment as Crown Prince, Muhammad and his father became the second father-son duo in Saudi history to serve as Crown Prince after King Abdulaziz and King Saud.[1][2] He has served as First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior of Saudi Arabia[3] and chairman of the Council for Political and Security Affairs.[4] On 29 April 2015, he was appointed Crown Prince by King Salman, making him first in line to the throne of Saudi Arabia. On 21 June 2017 he was replaced as Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister by the king's son, then Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman,[5] and relieved of all positions by royal decree of King Salman.[6][7] 
On February 5, 2017 until February 4, 2018, Jisoo joined Inkigayo as an MC alongside Got7's Jin-young and NCT's Doyoung.[15] 
On June 3, 2019, Jisoo was confirmed to make a short cameo appearance in tvN fantasy drama Arthdal Chronicles.[16] 
On August 18, 2020 YG Entertainment confirmed Jisoo would meet viewers through the JTBC drama Snowdrop, making this her first fixed acting role.[17] 
In addition to her native Korean, she is also able to speak Japanese and Chinese.[1][2] 
In September 2018, Jisoo and band-mate Rosé became endorsement models for South Korean cosmetics brand Kiss Me.[18] In December 2019, Jisoo became a local ambassador for Dior's cosmetics brand "Dior Beauty".[19] In July 2020, Jisoo was revealed to be Dior's muse.[20] 
In Gallup Korea's annual music poll for 2018, Jisoo was ranked the tenth most popular idol in South Korea, receiving 4.8% of the votes.[21][22] In April 2019, she was ranked the tenth most followed K-pop idol on Instagram, with 12.8 million followers.[23] In 2019, Jisoo was also ranked as the sixth most popular female K-pop idol in a survey of soldiers doing mandatory military service in South Korea.[24] In 2019 she was chosen as a part of the BoF 500, which is a "definitive professional index" of people shaping the $2.4 trillion fashion industry.[2] Jisoo was included in the ranking for the top ten celebrities and influencers leading the world of cosmetics for the first five months of 2020. Women's Wear Daily, a fashion industry trade journal nicknamed "the bible of fashion", revealed that Jisoo led the ranking in average engagement per post, followed by Rihanna and Kylie Jenner.[25] She placed 7th in the overall ranking, with the fewest posts – just 12 in total. She was the only Asian to be included in the list.[26] 
Kim Ji-soo (Korean: 김지수; born January 3, 1995), better known mononymously as Jisoo, is a South Korean singer and actress. She made her debut in August 2016 as a member of the girl group Blackpink under YG Entertainment. 
In June 2020, Jisoo went viral for her look in the teasers for Blackpink's comeback single "How You Like That". Celebrities and influencers all over the globe, notably in South Korea, China, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam, recreated her "two-bow hairstyle" and makeup, which Jisoo created herself. The trend also went viral on social media sites, inspiring many to create copycat looks. 
In July 2020, Jisoo was cited as one of the biggest influencers for promoting the German sports goods brand, Adidas, along with athlete Cristiano Ronaldo.[28] 
2015 The Producers Herself KBS2 Cameo [1] 2017 Part-Time Idols SBS 2019 Arthdal Chronicles Sae Na-rae tvN, Netflix [9] TBA Snowdrop TBA JTBC Lead role [2] 
Music videos 
2014 "Spoiler + Happen Ending" Epik High [29][30] "I'm Different" Hi Suhyun ft. 
Bobby [29][30] 
Biography 
Awards and nominations 
1 2 "Meet K-pop's newest girl band Black Pink" Philippine Daily Inquirer. 
August 9, 2016. 
Blackpink official website Jisoo at HanCinema 
Early life 
Kim Ji-soo was born on January 3, 1995,[1][3] in Gunpo, Gyeonggi, South Korea.[4][5] She has an older brother and sister.[6][7][better source needed] Jisoo attended high school at the School of Performing Arts Seoul.[2] 
2011–2016: Career beginnings and Blackpink debut 
In 2011, she joined YG Entertainment through auditions as a trainee.[8] In 2015, Jisoo made a cameo appearance in the KBS2 drama The Producers alongside label-mates 2NE1's Sandara Park and Winner's Kang Seung-yoon.[9] In the same year Jisoo featured in several advertisements including Samsonite alongside actor Lee Min-ho, Smart Uniform, LG Electronics, and Nikon.[10][11][12][13] 
Jisoo debuted as one of four members of Blackpink on August 8, 2016, also making her the eldest.[14] 
2017–present: Solo endeavors and acting 
The singer has also appeared on a variety of broadcast programmes such as music shows King of Masked Singer and Fantastic Duo 2. Her vocal performance on King of Masked Singer was met with a warm reception by the audience, to which Rosé commented that she "didn't know if the audience would like [her] singing" and that she felt "happy and relieved" at the positive result.[1] Rosé later appeared as a performer on the second season of Fantastic Duo. The show's production staff stated that her appearance was intended to "reveal Rosé's vocal appeal, which is different from Blackpink".[14] On June 2, 2020, YG Entertainment announced that Rosé would debut solo in 2020, following the release of Blackpink's first full album.[15] 
Rosé's voice has received acknowledgement in the K-pop industry for its distinct vocal timbre, following her debut as a member of Blackpink.[16] Following Rosé's performance on an episode of Fantastic Duo 2, South Korean singer Gummy, whom Rosé cited as a musical role model,[2] stated that "[Rosé's] voice is so unique, it's the [type of] voice young people love".[17] 
Through a radio interview, Rosé cited labelmate senior Big Bang's Taeyang as her role model towards her musical career.[18] As a musician, Rosé also considers American singer Tori Kelly an inspiration on her musical style.[19] 
In 2018, Rosé and fellow Blackpink member Jisoo were selected as endorsement models for the South Korean cosmetics brand Kiss Me.[20] In October 2019, Rosé was revealed as a promotional model for the Perfect World Entertainment's MMORPG Perfect World Mobile.[21] In 2020, Rosé was named the global ambassador for Yves Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello.[22] 
As of April 2020, Rosé was the third most-followed K-pop idol on Instagram with over 28 million followers.[23] Rosé has appeared on the Korean Business Research Institute's female celebrity brand reputation list since 2018,[24] a chart that tracks the Korean celebrities with the most online searches and engagements. She has also reached the top 10.[25] 
Rosé at the 33rd Golden Disc Awards, January 2019. 
2017 King of Mask Singer MBC Contestant "Circus Girl" Episodes 103–104 [27] Fantastic Duo SBS Contestant "Australia 400:1" Season 2, Episodes 19–20 [2] 
Roseanne Park (born 11 February 1997), better known by the mononym Rosé (Korean: 로제), is a New Zealand singer currently based in South Korea. Rosé signed with South Korean label YG Entertainment following an audition in 2012, training there for four years. She eventually made her debut as the main vocalist in the girl group Blackpink in August 2016. 
List of awards and nominations received by Blackpink 
External links 
Blackpink official website 
Roseanne Park (Korean: 박채영; Park Chae-young) was born on 11 February 1997[2][3] in Auckland, New Zealand, to South Korean immigrant parents.[4] She has an older sister. In 2004, at the age of seven, Rosé and her family moved to Melbourne, Australia.[5] Rosé attended Canterbury Girls' Secondary College in Melbourne.[6] She began singing and learned to play guitar and piano as a child and performed in church choirs.[5][6] 
In 2012, 15-year-old Rosé attended an audition in Australia for South Korean record label YG Entertainment at her father's suggestion[1] and was ranked first among 700 participants.[7][8] Within two months she had signed with the label and moved to Seoul.[4] Rosé initially thought her father's idea was a joke due to the distance and difficulty of becoming a singer overseas, stating: 
In Australia, I didn't think that there was much of a chance for me to become a singer, especially to become a K-pop star... I was living so far from the country that it never really occurred to me as a possibility.[5] 
The same year, Rosé was given an opportunity to feature on labelmate G-Dragon's song "Without You" off his EP One of a Kind (2012). Her name was not publicised at the time of release with her credit revealed following her announcement as a Blackpink member.[9] The song peaked at number ten on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart and at number 15 on the Billboard Korea K-pop Hot 100.[10][11] 
Rosé trained at YG Entertainment for four years before her announcement as a member of Blackpink in June 2016. She was the last member to be revealed.[12] The group debuted in August 2016 with the single album Square One, which produced the lead singles "Whistle" and ''Boombayah".[13] 
Life and career 
The moon rabbit or moon hare is a mythical figure who lives on the Moon in Far Eastern folklore, based on pareidolia interpretations that identify the dark markings on the near side of the Moon as a rabbit or hare. The folklore originated in China and then spread to other Asian cultures.[1] In East Asian folklore, the rabbit is seen as pounding with a mortar and pestle, but the contents of the mortar differ among Chinese, Japanese and Korean folklore. In Chinese folklore, the rabbit often is portrayed as a companion of the Moon goddess Chang'e, constantly pounding the elixir of life for her; but in Japanese and Korean versions, the rabbit is pounding the ingredients for mochi or other some other type of rice cakes. 
The moon rabbit legend is popular and part of local folklore throughout Asia. It may be found in diverse cultures in China, Japan, India, Korea, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar.[5][6][7] 
This legend also gave rise to the Mid-Autumn Festivals of China and Vietnam, Tsukimi of Japan, and Chuseok of Korea, Sampeah Preah Khae in Cambodia, all of which celebrate the legend of the moon rabbit. In Vietnamese mythology, the Jade Rabbit on the Moon is often accompanied by the Moon Lady and Cuội, who sits under a magical banyan. The trio has become the personifications of the holiday, when they descend to the mortal world and give out cellophane lanterns, mooncakes and gifts to children.[8] 
History 
Spaceflight 
The Japanese cosmetics company, Makanai, has a logo that is a moon rabbit pounding gold, representing abundance of harvest, beauty, and longevity.[13] Makanai was established in 1999 as a tribute to the century-old tradition of goldbeaters manually making gold leaves at its predecessor company, Yoshitaka Gold Leaf Foundry. The gold foundry was established in 1899 in Kanazawa. 
The Chinese mythological white hare making the elixir of immortality on the Moon is embroidered onto an eighteenth-century Imperial Chinese robe 
In a scene in the sixteenth century Chinese novel, Journey to the West, Sun Wukong fights the Moon Rabbit. Douglas Wood wrote Rabbit and the Moon, an adaption of the Cree legend in 1998. 
BTS Music video named IDOL showing the moon and rabbit 
In the song, the boys thank their haters for always talking about them, alluding to the saying "if you get cursed a lot, you will live longer" (욕을 많이 먹으면 오래산다) and intertwining it with the moon rabbit legend, who is thought to craft the beverage for immortality; so thanks to all the hate they receive, they will live forever. When the image of the rabbit on the Moon appears in the video, the members can even be heard chanting "tokki" (토끼) in the background, which sounds a lot like the English word "talking" and means "rabbit" in Korean. The Italian band, Moonlight Haze, has a song "The Rabbit of the Moon", which is inspired by the ancient Japanese legend. 
The Jade Rabbit is the name of a scout rifle in the Destiny series of games. In Destiny 2, players can visit the Moon and find miniature statues of chibi-styled jade rabbit dolls which accept offerings of rice cake.[citation needed] 
An early Chinese source called the Chu Ci, a Western Han anthology of Chinese poems from the Warring States period, notes that along with a toad, there is a hare on the Moon who constantly pounds herbs for the immortals. This notion is supported by later texts, including the Song-era Taiping Imperial Reader. As rabbits were not yet introduced to China during Western Han, the original image was not a rabbit but a hare.[2] 
See also 
Han Dynasty poets call the hare on the Moon the "Jade Hare" (玉兔) or the "Gold Hare" (金兔), and these phrases were used often, in place of the word for the Moon. A famous poet of Tang China, Li Bai, relates how "The rabbit in the moon pounds the medicine in vain" in his poem, "The Old Dust".[3] 
Asian folklore 
Sun Wukong fights the Moon Rabbit, a scene in the sixteenth century Chinese novel, Journey to the West, depicted in Yoshitoshi's One Hundred Aspects of the Moon 
The basic law on copyright in Burma is The Copyright Act of 1911 (promulgated 1914 and sometimes known as the 1914 Act) and the Merchandise Marks Act 1889. Related and subsequent amending legislation are listed at the relevant WIPO page.[1] Burma has not signed the Berne Convention but it has signed the TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization. Burma is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization. 
Despite the Act, no formal copyright registration procedure has ever been instituted in Burma. The Act also does not recognise the copyright of any other country and registration of copyright must be carried out using other methods that have been developed over the years. In 2004, new copyright legislation began to be drafted based upon the WIPO model law but that legislation has never entered into force. 
Nonthaburi (Thai: นนทบุรี, pronounced [nōn.tʰáʔ.bū.rīː]) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489 (1946), which came into force on 9 May 1946.[5] 
The provincial slogan translates to "Grand royal mansion, renowned Suan Somdet, Ko Kret's pottery, famous ancient temples, tasty durians, and the beautiful government office". The royal mansion refers to Phra Tamnak Nonthaburi in Mueang Nonthaburi District, the former residence of Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. Princess Mother Srinagarindra Garden (Suan Somdet) is a water garden with a statue of princess Srinagarindra in the Pak Kret District. 
Map of Nonthaburi with the 6 districts numbered 
The province is divided into six districts (amphoes).[3]The districts are further subdivided into 52 subdistricts (tambons) and 433 villages (mubans). 
As of 29 July 2020 there are:[7] one Nonthaburi Provincial Administrative Organization - PAO (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and twenty-one municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. The capital Nonthaburi and Pak Kret have city (thesaban nakhon) status. Further ten have town (thesaban mueang) status and ten subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon).[3] 
Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Bangkok, and Nakhon Pathom. Nonthaburi is the most densely populated province after Bangkok. The Bang Kwang Central Prison is in the province. 
The non-municipal areas are administered by 23 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon). 
Durian has been a well-known fruit in this province for 400 years.[19] The fruit is known as "Durian Non" which means durian from Nonthaburi Province.[20] It is also known as the most expensive durian in the world.[19] There are six groups of Nonthaburi durian which are Kop, Luang, Kan Yao, Kampan, Thong Yoi, and miscellaneous.[20] Most durian orchards are near rivers such as the Chao Phraya. This is because the soil next to the river is good for planting which is also good for durian trees.[19] Many durian orchards have disappeared due to flooding and pollution.[20] The price of durian Non depends on its group. Kan Yao is the most expensive, starting from around 10,000 baht up to 20,000 baht (or about US$600) for one durian. 
Nonthaburi's main hospital operated by the Ministry of Public Health is Phra Nang Klao Hospital. It is also the location of the largest psychiatric hospital in Thailand- Srithanya Hospital. 
Human achievement index 2017 
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.[4] 
International School Bangkok Watpracharangsan School Muang Thong Thani Srithanya Hospital 
Reports (data) from Thai government are "not copyrightable" (Public Domain), Copyright Act 2537 (1994), section 7. 
Nonthaburi is directly northwest of Bangkok on the Chao Phraya River. The province is part of the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Area. In most parts it is as urbanized as the capital[6], and the boundary between the two provinces is nearly unrecognizable. 
Province page from the Tourist Authority of Thailand Official website (Thai only) Nonthaburi provincial map, coat of arms and postal stamp Local history and Durian 
During the reign of King Prasat Thong, a canal was dug to create a shortcut for the flow of the Chao Phraya. The river changed its flow into the new canal, which is still the riverbed today. In 1665 King Narai built a fortress, as the shorter river course was giving enemies an easier route to the capital, Ayutthaya. 
The provincial seal shows earthenware, a traditional product of Nonthaburi. The provincial flower and tree is the yellow flame tree (Peltophorum pterocarpum). 
Uttamanusorn Bridge (Thai: สะพานอุตตมานุสรณ์; lit: 'Uttama Memorial Bridge') or commonly known as Mon Bridge (สะพานมอญ; Mon: ဒဒန်ဆု) and Wooden Mon Bridge (สะพานไม้มอญ) is a wooden footbridge in Tambon Nong Lu, Sangkhla Buri District, northwest of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. It spans the Songaria River. 
Uttamanusorn Bridge is the longest wooden bridge in Thailand and is the second longest in the world after the Mandalay's U Bein Bridge in Myanmar. Its total length is 850 meters. 
It is named in honor of Luangpho Uttama, a Mon monk who was an abbot of Wat Wang Wiwekaram. He initiated the construction of this bridge in 1986 with local Mon workers. The bridge was completed the following year. 
Uttamanusorn Bridge is considered a landmark and is one of the notable attractions of Kanchanaburi, as well as River Kwai Bridge and Death Railway, Sai Yok Noi Waterfall, and Three Pagodas Pass. 
Locals walk across the bridge to make merit by giving food to monks, a daily routine.[1] 
In mid-2013, the bridge was destroyed by heavy rains and flash flooding flowing from Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary. It was restored in 2014.[2] 
The criteria for inclusion means a polity must claim sovereignty, lack recognition from at least one UN member state, and either: 
satisfy the declarative theory of statehood, or be recognised as a state by at least one UN member state. 
Women in Somaliland, wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag. 
There are 193 United Nations (UN) member states, while both the Holy See and Palestine have observer state status in the United Nations.[3] However, some countries fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations, but are still included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts. 
The Republic of China (ROC; commonly called 'Taiwan') is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows the ROC to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,[4] Italy,[5] the United States,[6] and the United Kingdom,[7] maintain some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan. 
Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition 
UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state 
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as de jure sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory. A number of such entities have existed in the past. 
Rebel groups that have declared independence and exert some control over territory, but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law. Examples include Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, though both entities have received international recognition from partially-recognized states (see list of rebel groups that control territory for a more complete list of such groups). Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that do not satisfy the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state. 
There are two traditional doctrines that provide indicia of how a de jure sovereign state comes into being. The declarative theory defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria: 
References 
a defined territory a permanent population a government, and a capacity to enter into relations with other states. 
According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community.[1][2] 
There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with de facto partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. Non-recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (as have been the cases of the Republic of China (ROC; commonly called 'Taiwan') and the People's Republic of China (PRC), and North and South Korea). 
Criteria for inclusion 
Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [15][16] Republic of Armenia 1991 Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, Pakistan, which has a position of supporting Azerbaijan since the Nagorno-Karabakh War. 
None Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [17][18] Republic of Cyprus 1960 The Republic of Cyprus (commonly known as Cyprus), independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member (Turkey) and one UN non-member (Northern Cyprus), due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island. 
Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [19][20][21][22] Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1948 North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by three UN members: France, Japan, South Korea; and one non-UN member: Taiwan.[23][24][25][original research?][26][27] South Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea, and claims all territory controlled by North Korea. 
Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [25][26][27][28][29] People's Republic of China 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949, is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of China, the other being the Republic of China (ROC, also known as Taiwan). 
Foreign relations, missions (of, to) PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment [30] State of Israel 1948 Israel, founded in 1948, is not recognised by 29 UN members. 
In January 2018, the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel, but the decision has yet to be acted upon.[31][32] The State of Palestine considers itself to be the legitimate government of the West Bank, much of which is under de facto occupation. 
Foreign relations, missions (of, to) International recognition [33][34][35][36] [37] 
Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya as Vidya Pratap Singh / Divya – Sagar's wife, Kaushalya's daughter. Sharad Malhotra as Sagar Pratap Singh / Amar Shivdhar Upadhay / Amar Singh – Vidya's husband, Son of Rajendra Pratap Singh and Uma Pratap Singh (season 1) / Rajeev and Mahua (season 2) 
Recurring 
Rajendra's eldest evil daughter, Bharat's mother, Aniket's ex-wife, the murderer of Sagar and Vidya, main antagonist). She hated Sagar & Vidya and was responsible for Sagar's 1st car accident.(Episodes 7-557,622–700) Rajesh Balwani as Aniket – Sindoora's ex-husband and Bharat's father. He knows Sindoora is evil and wants to see Sagar and Vidya be together. 
Special guests 
Banoo Main Teri Dulhann (English:I Will Be your Bride) (international title: The Vow) is an Indian soap opera that aired on Zee TV from 14 August 2006 to 28 May 2009.[2] It starred Divyanka Tripathi and Sharad Malhotra in the lead roles of Vidya and Sagar.[3] The series deals with the life of a small city woman, Vidya, who reaches Delhi after marrying Sagar, a rich businessman.[4] 
Main 
Romil and Jugal is an Indian Hindi web series, produced by Ekta Kapoor for her video on demand platform ALTBalaji. Rajeev Siddhartha and Manraj Singh are the main protagonists of the series.[1] The web series is about same sex relationship and the way the society accept/treat them.[2] 
Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi is an Indian soap opera which premiered on 5 April 2010 on STAR One. It is the first series produced by 4 Lions Films. The show ended on 14 December 2011 when STAR One was replaced by Life OK. 
Cast 
Drashti Dhami as Geet Maan Singh Khurana[1][2] Gurmeet Chaudhary as Maan Singh Khurana[3][4] 
Before We Get Married (Chinese: 我們不能是朋友; pinyin: wo men bu neng shi peng you; lit.: We Cannot Be Friends) is a 2019 Taiwanese television series created and produced by Gala Television and Jason's Entertainment. The story is adapted from an original novel of the same title, penned by the screenwriter Fang-Yun Tsai 蔡芳紜, or also known by her pen name Ayamei 阿亞梅, who is also the screenwriter of popular Taiwanese series Love @ Seventeen and Boysitter. Directed by Feng Kai, it stars Jasper Liu and Puff Kuo as the main cast, both are reunited for the second time after Taiwanese series Pleasantly Surprised. 
Cast 
Main cast 
Jasper Liu as Chu Ke Huan Puff Kuo as Zhou Wei Wei Steven Sun [zh] as Li Hao Yi Nita Lei [zh] as Gao Zi Yuan 
Supporting cast 
Phoebe Yuan [zh] as Han Ke Fei Chen Mu as Yan Bai Yang Leo Lee as Liu Da Wei Chen Yu (actress) [zh] as Gao Zi Ting Elaine Ho [zh] as Wang Mei Ling Wu Guang Jun as James Cai Yun Xi as Ai Mi Zhao Fan Xuan as Fan Fan Song Cheng Xi as Cheng Xi Xina Sui [zh] as Bu Lan 
Guest actors 
Pa Yu [zh] as Jessica Samuel Gu [zh] as Wu Shu Ming Huang Wei Ting [zh] as Jia En Esther Liu as Mai Ruo Yun Bright Pu [zh] as Li Jin Hui Tiffany Pan [zh] as general manager's wife Jian Chang [zh] as Chairman Wang Ming Dao as himself 
Soundtrack 
"Giving In 退讓" by Tseng Yu-jia "I Miss You More 我比從前想你了" by Bii "I'm Still Missing You 我還想念你" by Bii "All You Did 都是你害的" by Bii "What About You 那你呢" by Rennie Wang "I'd Like to Hear the Details 願聞其詳" by Fang Wu "The End 句點" by Dino Lee "Darling" by Mavis Fan "Digital Love 數字戀愛" by Mavis Fan "Have or Have Not 有沒有" by William Wei 
Broadcast 
Awards and nominations 
Plankton species diversity Diverse assemblages consist of unicellular and multicellular organisms with different sizes, shapes, feeding strategies, ecological functions, life cycle characteristics, and environmental sensitivities.[1] Courtesy of Christian Sardet/CNRS/Tara expeditions 
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current.[2] The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters.[3] They provide a crucial source of food to many small and large aquatic organisms, such as bivalves, fish and whales. 
Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary cause of this variability is the availability of light. All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of solar energy (but see chemosynthesis), confining primary production to surface waters, and to geographical regions and seasons having abundant light. 
Planktonic organisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa and drifting or floating animals that inhabit—for example—the pelagic zone of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water. Essentially, plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than any phylogenetic or taxonomic classification. 
Although large areas of the tropical and sub-tropical oceans have abundant light, they experience relatively low primary production because they offer limited nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicate. This results from large-scale ocean circulation and water column stratification. In such regions, primary production usually occurs at greater depth, although at a reduced level (because of reduced light). 
Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a food chain that supports commercially important fisheries, plankton ecosystems play a role in the biogeochemical cycles of many important chemical elements, including the ocean's carbon cycle.[25] 
Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size, plankton includes organisms over a wide range of sizes, including large organisms such as jellyfish.[4] Technically the term does not include organisms on the surface of the water, which are called pleuston—or those that swim actively in the water, which are called nekton. 
It might be possible to increase the ocean's uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) generated through human activities by increasing plankton production through iron fertilization – introducing amounts of iron into the ocean. However, this technique may not be practical at a large scale. Ocean oxygen depletion and resultant methane production (caused by the excess production remineralising at depth) is one potential drawback.[31][32] 
Phytoplankton absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own nourishment or energy. In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release molecular oxygen (O 2) into the water as a waste byproduct. It is estimated that about 50% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis.[33] The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by plants.[33] Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric CO 2/O 2 balance since the early Precambrian Eon.[34] 
Aeroplankton Gelatinous zooplankton Ichthyoplankton Paradox of the plankton Seston Veliger 
Drawing of the Boy of Bengal, affected by craniopagus parasiticus. 
In addition to craniopagus parasiticus, a few other conditions involve a child's, or animal's, birth with two heads or faces. 
Dicephalic parapagus is a condition where two heads are side by side on a single torso, with varying degrees of twinning of organs and structures within the torso.[5] 
This is different from craniopagus parasiticus in that there is only one head, although there is a duplication of the craniofacial features. Diprosopus can range from having two fully formed faces to just a duplication of the nose or eyes.[citation needed] Cats with the condition are referred to as 'Janus cats'. A cat named Frankenlouie was a famous example noted by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2012 for being the longest surviving Janus cat. 
Treatment 
Only three cases have been documented by modern medicine to have survived birth: 
Craniopagus parasiticus is an extremely rare type of parasitic twinning occurring in about 2 to 3 of 5,000,000 births.[1] In craniopagus parasiticus, a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. Fewer than a dozen cases of this type of conjoined twin have been documented in literature. 
Islaam could blink and even smile, but doctors determined she had to be removed, and that she could not survive on her own.[8] Manar was featured on an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show and in the British documentary series Body Shock. Manar died fourteen months after the surgery, just days before her second birthday, due to a severe infection in her brain.[9][10] An earlier case was the so-called "Two-Headed Boy of Bengal", who was born in 1783 and died of a cobra bite in 1787. His skull remains in the collection of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of London.[5] 
History 
Only ten cases of craniopagus parasiticus have been reported in the medical research literature. Of those cases, only three have survived birth.[1] The first case on record is that of Everard Home's Two-Headed Boy of Bengal, whose skull is preserved at the Hunterian Museum at the Royal Society of Surgeons.[11] 
Terminology 
In the past, the use of terminology when describing parasitic twins has been somewhat inconsistent. By definition, a parasitic twin is joined to another twin in a certain anatomical location or position on the developed twin's body. The underdeveloped twin is termed the parasite, and the developed twin is termed the autosite. 
See also 
Pasqual Piñón, a sideshow performer billed as the Two-headed Mexican Janus, ancient Roman god depicted with two faces Edward Mordrake, an urban legend with a similar trait Futakuchi-onna, Japanese yōkai with a similar trait 
References 
Development 
Parasitic twins are known to occur in utero when monozygotic twins start to develop as an embryo, but the embryo fails to completely split. When this happens, one embryo will dominate development, while the other's development is severely altered. The key difference between a parasitic twin and conjoined twins is that in parasitic twins, one twin, the parasite, stops development during gestation, whereas the other twin, the autosite, develops completely.[2] 
Diagnosis 
Related conditions 
With so few individuals actually surviving until birth, the only treatment option is surgery to try to remove the parasitic twin. Surgery, however, is very dangerous and has been successful only once.[citation needed] The problem with surgical intervention is that the arterial supplies of the head are so intertwined that it is very hard to control the bleeding, but it has been suggested that cutting off the parasitic twin's arterial supply might improve the odds of the developed twin's survival.[1] 
Only ten cases of craniopagus parasiticus have been documented, out of a total of at least eighty known cases of craniopagus in general.[6] 
In normal monozygotic twin development, one egg is fertilized by a single sperm. The egg will then completely split into two, normally at the two-cell stage. If the egg splits in the early blastocyst stage, two inner cell masses will be present, eventually leading to the twins sharing the same chorion and placenta, but with separate amnions. 
One hypothesis is that craniopagus parasiticus starts with the development of two fetuses from a single zygote that fail to separate at the head region around the second week of gestation.[1] Some[who?] believe, however, that it occurs later in development, around the fourth week of gestation, at which time the two embryos fuse together near the anterior open neuropore.[1] 
Another hypothesis is that there is joining of the somatic and placental vascular system of the twins, as well as a degeneration of the umbilical cord of the parasitic twin. This suggests that craniopagus parasiticus develops due to the lack of blood supply to one of the twins.[4] 
Forever Mandalay (Burmese: ထာဝရမန္တလေး) is a 2014 Burmese drama television series. It is a story of Mandalay. It aired on MRTV-4, on Mondays to Fridays at 19:15 for 43 episodes.[1] 
Cast 
Main 
Aung Min Khant as Phone Moe Thun Chue Lay as Ngwe Yi Hnin Sat Nay Aung as U Phone Kyaw Shein, grandfather of Phone Moe Thun Moht Moht Myint Aung as Daw Khin Hnin Si. Her other name is Phwar Khin Oo. Han Lin Thant as Phone Kyaw Shein, U Phone Kyaw Shein's young life May Mi Kyaw Kyaw as Khin Hnin Si, Daw Khin Hnin Si's young life May Than Nu as Daw Khin Hnin Yi, mother of Ngwe Yi Hnin Sat May Thinzar Oo as Daw Thet Htar Nyo, grandmother of Phone Moe Thun Myat Thu Thu as Mar Lar Aung Yay Chan as Tay Zar Aung Nat Khat as Nay Soe Moe Ju Jue Kay as Poe Ngone Phu, Poe Poe 
Career 
Jacques Bermon Webster II[4] (born April 30, 1991),[5] known professionally as Travis Scott (formerly stylized as Travi$ Scott), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Scott's musical style has been described as a fusion of traditional hip hop, lo-fi and ambient. 
His debut studio album, Rodeo (2015), was led by the hit single "Antidote". His second album, Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight (2016) became his first number one album on the Billboard 200. The following year, Scott released a collaborative album with Quavo titled Huncho Jack, Jack Huncho under the group name Huncho Jack. 
In 2018, his highly anticipated Astroworld was released to widespread critical acclaim and produced his first Billboard Hot 100 number one single, "Sicko Mode".[6] In late 2019, Scott's record label Cactus Jack Records released the compilation album JackBoys which became the first number one album on the Billboard 200 of the 2020s. As of 2020, Scott has sold over 45 million certified records in the US alone.[7] He has been nominated for six Grammy Awards and won a Billboard Music Award. 
Cast 
Main 
Ashish Sharma as Rudra Pratap Ranawat, an idealistic Border Security Defense officer[7][8] Sanaya Irani as Parvati "Paro" / Myrah[9] Rishi Sonecha / Kapish Chawla as Dhruv Ranawat, Rudra and Paro's son 
The show was shot extensively across arid terrains of Jaisalmer and dunes of Jodhpur. It was inspired by Shakespeare's Othello and the TV show Guns N' Roses.[15] 
On 31 May 2014, Rangrasiya had a crossover with TV Show, Beintehaa when Rudra and Paro had travelled to Mumbai for the treatment of Rudra's paralysed hand. 
Rangrasiya (The One Who Colours Me) is an Indian television drama series that aired on Colors TV from 30 December 2013 to 19 September 2014.[3][4] It starred Ashish Sharma and Sanaya Irani as Major Rudra Pratap Ranawat and Parvati.[5][6] 
It has been dubbed into Malayalam as Pranayavarnangal, in Tamil as Azhagiya Laila (transl. My Lovely Fiancee) on Raj TV, in Arabic as " Habibi Daiman" "حبيبي دائما " English "My Love Forever " and in Turkish as Sensiz Olmaz.[16] 
Lhao Vo, also known as Maru and Langsu (Chinese: 浪速, Burmese: လန့်စု၊ မရူ, is a Burmish language of Burma with a few thousand speakers in China. 
Distribution 
Dai Qingxia (2005:3) reports 5,600 Langsu speakers in China. Many thousands more are dispersed across the eastern edge of Kachin State, Burma. 
Luxi City: Yingpan Township ယင်းဖန်မြို့နယ် 营盘乡 Lianghe County: Mengyang Township မယ်ညန့်နယ် 养乡 Longchuan County: Bangwai Township ဖန်ဝိုင်မြို့နယ် 邦外乡 and Jingkan Township ကျင်ခန်မြို့နယ် 景坎乡 
The Langsu people call themselves lɔ̃˧˩ vɔ˧˩ (Chinese: Lang'e 浪峨) (Dai 2003:3; Dai 2010:10)[3] 
The standard Lhaovo dialect is that of the Dago’ (tăkoʔ) hill area, on the east side of N'Mai River valley in Kachin State.[1] 
Yoshihide Suga (菅 義偉, Suga Yoshihide, [sɯɡa joɕiꜜçide]; born 6 December 1948) is a Japanese politician serving as the current prime minister of Japan. He was the chief cabinet secretary under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe from 2012 to 2020 and minister for internal affairs and communications from 2006 to 2007. 
Charlemagne or Charles the Great (748-814) was King of the Franks, King of the Lombards, and the first Holy Roman Emperor. Due to his military accomplishments and conquests he has been called the "Father of Europe". 
The Common Germanic term was borrowed into Estonian and Finnish at an early time, surviving in these languages as kuningas. The English term "King" translates, and is considered equivalent to, Latin rēx and its equivalents in the various European languages. The Germanic term is notably different from the word for "King" in other Indo-European languages (*rēks "ruler"; Latin rēx, Sanskrit rājan and Irish ríg, but see Gothic reiks and, e.g., modern German Reich and modern Dutch rijk). 
Heraldic crown of the King of the Romans (variant used in the early modern period) 
Louis XIV of France, the "Sun King" (Roi-Soleil), who ruled at the height of French absolutism (painting by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701). 
King Robert I of Scotland 
King, or king regnant, is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant,[1] while the title of queen on its own usually refers to the consort of a king. 
In the context of classical antiquity, king may translate in Latin as rex and in Greek as archon or basileus. In classical European feudalism, the title of king as the ruler of a kingdom is understood to be the highest rank in the feudal order, potentially subject, at least nominally, only to an emperor (harking back to the client kings of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire).[2] In a modern context, the title may refer to the ruler of one of a number of modern monarchies (either absolute or constitutional). The title of king is used alongside other titles for monarchs: in the West, emperor, grand prince, prince, archduke, duke or grand duke, and in the Islamic world, malik, sultan, emir or hakim, etc.[3] 
The term king may also refer to a king consort, a title that is sometimes given to the husband of a ruling queen, but the title of prince consort is sometimes granted instead. 
An estimated 1,240,000 (as of 2003) of the Bai speak the Bai language in all its varieties. The origins of the language have been obscured by intensive Chinese influence of an extended period. Different scholars have proposed that it is an early offshoot or sister language of Chinese, or a separate group (though usually still within the Sino-Tibetan family).[7] 
They have 60 other names, including the Han term Minjia (for the Bai in Dali). In the Tang and Song Dynasty, Bai was written using Chinese characters in a manner similar to the way in which the Man'yōgana (万叶假名) were used to write Japanese. A Latin-based writing system was developed in 1957. 
The Bai, Pai or Baip (Bai: Baipho, /pɛ̰˦˨xo̰˦/ (白和); Chinese: 白族; pinyin: Báizú; Wade–Giles: Pai-tsu; endonym pronounced [pɛ̀tsī]), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. They numbered 1,933,510 as of 2010.[2] 
The Bai people hold the colour white in high esteem and call themselves "Baipzix" (pɛ˦˨ tsi˧, Baizi, 白子), "Bai'ho" (pɛ˦˨ xo˦, Baihuo, 白伙), "Bai yinl" (pɛ˦˨ ji˨˩, Baini, 白尼) or "Miep jiax". Bai people literally means 'white people' in Chinese. In 1956, the Chinese authorities named them the Bai nationality according to their preference. 
Notable Bai 
Duan Siping (段思平) - founder of the Kingdom of Dali Shen Yiqin (谌贻琴) - Deputy Communist Party Secretary, Governor of Guizhou province Wang Xiji (王希季) - aerospace engineer, designer of the Long March 1 rocket Xu Lin [zh] (徐琳) - linguist, one of two founders of modern grammar of Bai language. Yang Chaoyue (杨超越) - singer Yang Liping (杨丽萍) - dancer Yang Rong (楊蓉) - actress Yang Yuntao (楊雲濤) - dancer Zhang Le Jin Qiu (张乐进求) - legendary ancestor of the Bai Zhang Lizhu (张丽珠) - gynecologist Zhang Jiebao (张结宝) - a famous bandit leader, active in the 1920s in northwestern Yunnan. Zhao Fan (趙藩) - scholar, calligrapher and poet Zhao Shiming (赵式铭) - scholar, the first one who studied the Bai language the most systematically. 
Bai Architecture 
Bai people live mostly in the provinces of Yunnan (Dali area), and in neighboring Guizhou (Bijie area) and Hunan (Sangzhi area) provinces. Of the 2 million Bai people, eighty percent live in concentrated communities in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province.[5] 
The "Large Dragons", China's first postage stamps, 1878, of the Chinese: 郵政局; pinyin: yóuzhèngjú post office 
The history of the postage stamps and postal history of China is complicated by the gradual decay of Imperial China and the years of civil war and Japanese occupation in the 1930s and 1940s. 
The Red Revenue stamp surcharged in 1897 for postal use 1902 20 cents 1908 7 cents The 3c blue-green was first issued in 1910, one of the last stamps of imperial China 1909 commemorative stamp marking the reign of the Xuantong Emperor 
Although not the first appearance of Chiang Kai-shek on a stamp, this October 1945 commemoration of his inauguration includes a broader array of nationalistic symbols. Severe inflation required a steady stream of overprints; this $2000 value is from 1946. This silver yuan overprint on a revenue stamp was used for only a few months in mid-1949. 
Qing Dynasty 
The postal system found it necessary to surcharge stamps of the previous government, with issues in March and August 1950, and May 1951. In addition, leftover stamps of the Northeastern Provinces were pressed into service in July 1950, and those of East China in December 1950. 
Yang W82 unissued stamp "Great Victory of Cultural Revolution" showing Chairman Mao and Lin Biao at a victory celebration in the countryside 
Although postal service in China goes back some 2,500 years, modern postal services were not established until 1877 by the Qing government. 
This 1-candareen stamp of 1885 has an unidentified seal cancellation and a postmark from the French post office in Shanghai 
A 1/2-cent value of the 1897 issue, lithographed in Japan. Chinese: 大淸國郵政; pinyin: Dàqīngguó yóuzhèng Great Qing Land Post 
References 
External links 
The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF /dʒɪf/ JIF or /ɡɪf/ GHIF) is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on 15 June 1987.[1] It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability between applications and operating systems. 
Before the arrival of European colonialism in South Asia, there had been many wars, persecution and raids from Burma on Naga tribes, Meitei people and others in India's northeast. The invaders came for "head hunting" and to seek wealth and captives from these tribes and ethnic groups. When the British inquired Burmese guides about the people living in the northern Himalayas, they were told 'Naka'. 
A British India 1940 map showing Nagaland and Kohima City as part of Assam. 
It is bordered by the state of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar to the east. Nagaland's capital city is Kohima and its largest city is Dimapur. It has an area of 16,579 square kilometres (6,401 sq mi) with a population of 1,980,602 per the 2011 Census of India, making it one of the smallest states of India.[7] 
Kohima War Cemetery, Kohima, Nagaland 
Kuney is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: 
Amy Kuney (born 1985), American singer, songwriter, and musician Eva Lee Kuney (1934–2015), American actress, dancer, and draftswoman 
Aa is a Scandinavian surname. Notable people with the surname include: 
Brynjar Aa (born 1960), Norwegian dramatist Terje Aa (born 1961), Norwegian bridge player 
Aarma or Äärma is an Estonian surname that may refer to 
Evald Äärma (1911–2005), Estonian pole vaulter Jüri Aarma (1951-2019), Estonian actor, musician and stage actor Kiur Aarma (born 1975), Estonian television journalist 
Abal (Spanish pronunciation: [a.'bal]) is a surname. Notable people with this surname include: 
Diego Abal (born 1971), Argentinian football referee José Abal, Spanish athlete Juan Manuel Abal Medina (born 1945), Argentinian politician Juan Manuel Abal Medina Jr. (born 1968), Argentinian politician Pablo Martín Abal (born 1977), Argentinian swimmer Sam Abal (born 1958), Papua New Guinean politician 
Abadi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: 
1990), Syrian footballer Shirin Ebadi (b. 1947), Iranian lawyer and Nobel laureate Yitzchak Abadi (b. 1933) Orthodox Jewish Rabbi and Posek Odette Abadi (24 August 1914 – 29 July 1999), co-founder of Réseau Marcel 
Abady is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: 
Jacques Abady (1872–1964), British lawyer Josephine Abady (1949–2002), American film director Shy Abady (born 1965), Israeli artist 
Abadie is a French and English surname derived from the Occitan word abadia ("abbey").[1] Notable people with the surname include: 
Alberto Abadie (born 1968), Spanish economist Alejandro Abadie (born 1984), Argentine football player Alfred C. Abadie (1878–1950), American photographer and pioneer filmmaker Caroline Abadie (born 1976), French politician Claude Abadie (1920–2020), French jazz clarinettist and bandleader François Abadie (1930–2001), French politician Henri Abadie (born 1963), French racing cyclist Henry Richard Abadie (1841–1915), British army officer Jean Marie Charles Abadie (1842–1932), French ophthalmologist Jean-Paul Abadie (born 1958), French chef Jeanette Abadie (born c. 1593), French alleged witch Jérémy Abadie (born 1988), French football player John Abadie (1854–1905), American baseball player Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie (1873–1934), French neurologist Jules Abadie (1876–1953), French politician and surgeon Lisandro Abadie (born 1974), Argentine bass-baritone Paul Abadie (1812–1884), French architect and building restorer René Abadie (1935–1996), French cyclist Simon Abadie (born 1978), French race car driver William Abadie (born 1977) French actor 
References 
Ba, Bâ, and Bah are potentially related West African surnames, usually of Fula origin. In the Fula culture of Mali and Senegal, the surname Diakité is considered equivalent.[citation needed][1] 
Ba 
Adame Ba Konaré (born 1947), a Malian Historian and former first lady Amadou Dia Ba (born 1958), a Senegalese athlete Demba Ba (born 1985), a Senegalese footballer Georges Ba (born 1979), an Ivorian footballer Ibrahim Ba (born 1973), a French footballer Ibrahima Ba (footballer born 1984), a Senegalese footballer Inday Ba (1972–2005), a Swedish–British actress Ismail Ba (born 1974), a Senegalese footballer Issa Ba (born 1981), a Senegalese footballer Papa Malick Ba (born 1980), a Senegalese footballer Pape Samba Ba (born 1982), a Senegalese footballer Sadio Ba (b. 1973), a Belgian footballer Teresa Nzola Meso Ba (born 1983), an Angolan–French triple jumper 
Bâ 
Alioune Bâ (born 1959), a Malian photographer Koli Tenguella Bâ (born 14**),founder of the great Denyankés dynasty that ruled over 3 centuries in between Senegal, Mali, and Mauritania Alioune Bâ (born 19**), a Senegalese political leader Amadou Bâ (born 19**), a Senegalese Minister Amadou Hampâté Bâ (c. 1901–1991), a Malian writer and ethnologist Maba Diakhou Bâ (1809–1867), a Senegalese Muslim and religious leader Mariama Bâ (1929–1981), a Senegalese author and feminist Youssouf Sambo Bâ (born 1942), a Burkinabé politician and former teacher 
Bah 
Abdallah Bah (born 1975), a Guinean footballer Almamy Schuman Bah (born 1974), a Guinean footballer Dawda Bah (born 1983), a Gambian footballer Ibrahim Bah (born 1969), a Sierra Leonean footballer Mahmadu Alphajor Bah (born 1981), a Sierra Leonean footballer Thierno Bah (born 1982), a Guinean footballer 
References 
References 
External links 
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University 
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University (MCU) (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยมหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวิทยาลัย, RTGS: Maha Chulalongkon Ratchawitthayalai) is one of two public Buddhist universities in Thailand, as well as being the oldest Buddhist university in the nation. It has facilities at Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit in Bangkok and at Wang Noi in Ayutthaya Province. 
Peiyang Government 
In December 1914, the Peiyang Government passed the National Seals Act based on the 1914 Constitution, adopting three national seals. The first, known as the Seal of the Republic of China, was used in the national ceremonies and exchanges of letters of credence, etc. The second, the Seal of Investiture (封策之璽), was used in the investiture of nobilities and appointment of offices. 
The Seal of the Republic of China is affixed to the instrument of ratification of 1952 Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty. 
The Seal of Honour is affixed to the certificate of medal. 
There are two National Seals of the Republic of China (中華民國國璽), namely the Seal of the Republic of China (中華民國之璽) and the Seal of Honour (榮典之璽). The Seal of the Republic of China is the official seal of the state. The Seal of Honour is used by the head of state in the conferring of honours. 
Design and measurements 
The face of the seal is 13.3 cm square. Its inscription 中華民國之璽 is written in seal script in vertical writing, with 中華, 民國 and 之璽 written from right to left. The national emblem (Blue Sky with a White Sun) was engraved on top of the knob, decorated with a sapphire blue silk cordon.[1] 
Its inscription 榮典之璽 is written in seal script in vertical writing, with 榮典 and 之璽 written from right to left. The national emblem is engraved on top of the knob and the sun, dragon and cloud iridescence on its sides. It is decorated with a sapphire blue silk cordon.[1] 
The ceremonial stand and tray are constructed of Taiwan incense cedar (calocedrus formosana) and beech wood, modelled after the Ding, a traditional ritual vessel. Carved on the stand are ruyi, a traditional auspicious ornament, and Formosan lilies, which symbolise resilient vitality, good governance, social peace, and national prosperity.[1] 
A seal, in an East and Southeast Asian context, is a general name for printing stamps and impressions thereof which are used in lieu of signatures in personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, art, or any item requiring acknowledgement or authorship. In the western world they were traditionally known by traders as chop marks or simply chops. The process started in China and soon spread across East Asia. 
The Seal of Republic of China (Taiwan) (中華民國之璽; 中华民国之玺; Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ) 
The Eight Masters of Xiling and Xiling Society of the Seal Art Cash seal Imperial Seal of China Seal carving, knob carving and side carving Seal (emblem) Seal script Vermilion 
Chinese Seals at China Online Museum The Art of Chinese Chop (Seal Carving) History of Chinese Seal Carvings Art-Virtue.com History of Chinese seal making A chop is necessary for approving decisions relating to the operations and management of a company in China. Introduction to Chinese Seal Carving Seal Culture still remains Electronic Commerce 
There are many classes of personal seals. 
Seal paste 
Chinese seal and red seal paste 
Yinnihe (seal paste box), Ming dynasty 
There are two types of seal paste depending on what base material they are made of. The standard colour is vermilion red (or lighter or darker shades of red) but other colours can be used such as black, navy, etc. for specific purposes. 
Scheme of Chinese seal, seal paste, and technique to use them. 
The seal works of Wu Qiuyan in Yuan Dynasty 
徐永裕印; Xú Yǒngyù yìn, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù 
Zhuwen (Chinese: 朱文; pinyin: zhūwén; Japanese pronunciation: shubun; "red characters") seals imprint the Chinese characters in red ink, sometimes referred to as yang seals. Baiwen (Chinese: 白文; pinyin: báiwén; Japanese pronunciation: hakubun; "white characters") seals imprint the background in red, leaving white characters, sometimes referred to as yin seals. Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin (simplified Chinese: 朱白文相间印; traditional Chinese: 朱白文相間印; pinyin: zhūbáiwén xiāngjiàn yìn; lit.: 'red-white characters combined seal') seals use zhuwen and baiwen together 
Baiwen seal Zhuwen seal Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 3 with Baiwen; 2 and 4 with Zhuwen Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side 
The official seal of National Taiwan University in Taiwan (國立臺灣大學印; 国立台湾大学印; Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn) 
Prince Xian of the First Rank, or simply Prince Xian, was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As the Prince Xian peerage was not awarded "iron-cap" status, this meant that each successive bearer of the title would normally start off with a title downgraded by one rank vis-à-vis that held by his predecessor. However, the title would generally not be downgraded to any lower than a feng'en fuguo gong except under special circumstances. 
Prince Heng of the First Rank, or simply Prince Heng, was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As the Prince Heng peerage was not awarded "iron-cap" status, this meant that each successive bearer of the title would normally start off with a title downgraded by one rank vis-à-vis that held by his predecessor. However, the title would generally not be downgraded to any lower than a feng'en fuguo gong except under special circumstances. 
Yikuang (1838–1917), the fourth Prince Qing 
Zaizhen (1876–1947), the fifth Prince Qing 
Prince Qing of the First Rank (Manchu: ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳ ᡶᡝᠨᡤᠰᡥᡝᠨ ᠴᡳᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ; hošoi fengšen cin wang), or simply Prince Qing, was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). It was also one of the 12 "iron-cap" princely peerages in the Qing dynasty, which meant that the title could be passed down without being downgraded. 
Members of the Prince Dun peerage 
Zaidun (1827–1890), the fifth in line in the Prince Ning peerage before he was transferred to the Prince Yi peerage 
Sanxingdui (Chinese: 三星堆; pinyin: Sānxīngduī; lit.: 'Three Star Mound') is the name of an archaeological site and a major Bronze Age culture in modern Guanghan, Sichuan, China. Largely discovered in 1986, following a preliminary finding in 1929,[1] archaeologists excavated remarkable artifacts that radiocarbon dating placed in the 12th–11th centuries BCE.[2] The type site for the Sanxingdui culture that produced these artifacts, archeologists have identified the locale with the ancient kingdom of Shu. The artifacts are displayed in the Sanxingdui Museum located near the city of Guanghan.[2] 
The site of Sanxingdui is divided into the sacrificial area, palace, workshops and the residential area 
Bronze Tree from Sanxingdui 
Cross section of the submarine power cable used in Wolfe Island Wind Farm. 
A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water.[1] These are called "submarine" because they usually carry electric power beneath salt water (arms of the ocean, seas, straits, etc.) but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath fresh water (large lakes and rivers). Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the St. Lawrence River. 
Operational submarine power cables 
Alternating current cables 
Submarine power cables under construction 
Proposed submarine power cables 
See also 
The purpose of submarine power cables is the transport of electric current at high voltage. The electric core is a concentric assembly of inner conductor, electric insulation and protective layers (resembling the design of a coaxial cable).[2] Modern three-core cables (e.g. for the connection of offshore wind turbines) often carry optical fibers for data transmission or temperature measurement, in addition to the electrical conductors. 
Conductor 
For voltages ≥ 12 kV the conductors are round, so that the insulation is exposed to a uniform electric field gradient. The conductor can be stranded from individual round wires, or can be a single solid wire. In some designs, profiled wires (keystone wires) are laid up to form a round conductor with very small interstices between the wires. 
Armoring 
Name Connecting Body of water Connecting kilovolts (kV) Undersea distance Notes Baltic Cable Germany Baltic Sea Sweden 450 250 km (160 mi) Basslink mainland State of Victoria Bass Strait island State of Tasmania, Australia 500 290 km (180 mi)[8] BritNed Netherlands North Sea Great Britain 450 260 km (160 mi) Cross Sound Cable Long Island, New York Long Island Sound State of Connecticut [citation needed] East–West Interconnector Ireland Irish Sea Wales/England and thus the British grid 186 km (116 mi) Inaugurated 20 September 2012 Estlink northern Estonia Gulf of Finland southern Finland 330 105 km (65 mi) Fenno-Skan Sweden Baltic Sea Finland 400 233 km (145 mi) HVDC Cross-Channel French mainland English Channel England 73 km (45 mi) very high power cable (2000 MW)[citation needed] HVDC Gotland Swedish mainland Baltic Sea Swedish island of Gotland the first HVDC submarine power cable (non-experimental)[citation needed] HVDC Inter-Island South Island Cook Strait North Island 40 km (25 mi) between the power-rich South Island (much hydroelectric power) of New Zealand and the more-populous North Island HVDC Italy-Corsica-Sardinia (SACOI) Italian mainland Mediterranean Sea the Italian island of Sardinia, and its neighboring French island of Corsica[citation needed] HVDC Italy-Greece Italian mainland - Galatina HVDC Static Inverter Adriatic Sea Greek mainland - Arachthos HVDC Static Inverter 400 160 km (99 mi) Total length of the line is 313 km (194 mi) HVDC Leyte - Luzon Leyte Island Pacific Ocean Luzon in the Philippines[citation needed] HVDC Moyle Scotland Irish Sea Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and thence to the Republic of Ireland 250 63.5 km (39.5 mi) 500MW HVDC Vancouver Island Vancouver Island Strait of Georgia mainland of the Province of British Columbia Kii Channel HVDC system Honshu Kii Channel Shikoku 250 50 km (31 mi) in 2010 the world's highest-capacity[citation needed] long-distance submarine power cable[inconsistent] (rated at 1400 megawatts). 
This power cable connects two large islands in the Japanese Home Islands Kontek Germany Baltic Sea Denmark Konti-Skan[9] Sweden Kattegat Denmark 400 149 km (93 mi) Maritime Link Newfoundland Atlantic Ocean Nova Scotia 200 170 km (110 mi) 500 MW link went online in 2017 with two subsea HVdc cables spanning the Cabot Strait.[10] Nemo-Link[11] Belgium North Sea United Kingdom 400 140 km (87 mi) Neptune Cable State of New Jersey Atlantic Ocean Long Island, New York 345 103 km (64 mi)[12] NordBalt Sweden Baltic Sea Lithuania 300 400 km (250 mi) Operations started on February 1, 2016 with an initial power transmission at 30 MW.[13] NorNed Eemshaven, Netherlands Feda, Norway 450 580 km (360 mi) 700 MW in 2012 the longest undersea power cable[14] Skagerrak 1-4 Norway Skagerrak Denmark (Jutland) 500 240 km (150 mi) 4 cables - 1700 MW in all[15] SwePol Poland Baltic Sea Sweden 450 Western HVDC Link Scotland Irish Sea Wales 600 422 km (262 mi) Longest 2200 MW cable, first 600kV undersea cable[16] 
The southwestern China 
Southwest China (Chinese: 西南; pinyin: Xīnán; lit.: 'Westsouth') is a region of the People's Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the municipality of Chongqing, the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, and the Tibet Autonomous Region. 
Cities with urban area over one million in population 
ISO 3166-2:CN is the entry for China in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g. provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. 
Currently for China, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for the following province-level subdivisions: 
Subdivisions included in ISO 3166-1 
Besides being included as subdivisions of China in ISO 3166-2, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao are also officially assigned their own country codes in ISO 3166-1 
In ISO 3166-1, Taiwan is listed under the country name "Taiwan, Province of China". 
23 provinces 5 autonomous regions 2 special administrative regions 4 municipalities 
Code Subdivision name[note 1] (National 1958 = ISO 7098:2015 = UN III/8 1977) Subdivision name (zh) [note 2] Subdivision category CN-AH Anhui Sheng 安徽省 (Ānhuī Shěng) province CN-BJ Beijing Shi 北京市 (Běijīng Shì) municipality CN-CQ Chongqing Shi 重庆市 (Chóngqìng Shì) municipality CN-FJ Fujian Sheng 福建省 (Fújiàn Shěng) province CN-GD Guangdong Sheng 广东省 (Guǎngdōng Shěng) province CN-GS Gansu Sheng 甘肃省 (Gānsù Shěng) province CN-GX Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu 广西壮族自治区 (Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū) autonomous region CN-GZ Guizhou Sheng 贵州省 (Guìzhōu Shěng) province CN-HA Henan Sheng 河南省 (Hénán Shěng) province CN-HB Hubei Sheng 湖北省 (Húběi Shěng) province CN-HE Hebei Sheng 河北省 (Héběi Shěng) province CN-HI Hainan Sheng 海南省 (Hǎinán Shěng) province CN-HK Hong Kong SAR (en) Xianggang Tebiexingzhengqu (zh) 香港特别行政区 (Xiānggǎng Tèbiéxíngzhèngqū) special administrative region CN-HL Heilongjiang Sheng 黑龙江省 (Hēilóngjiāng Shěng) province CN-HN Hunan Sheng 湖南省 (Húnán Shěng) province CN-JL Jilin Sheng 吉林省 (Jílín Shěng) province CN-JS Jiangsu Sheng 江苏省 (Jiāngsū Shěng) province CN-JX Jiangxi Sheng 江西省 (Jiāngxī Shěng) province CN-LN Liaoning Sheng 辽宁省 (Liáoníng Shěng) province CN-MO Macao SAR (en) Macau SAR (pt) Aomen Tebiexingzhengqu (zh) 澳门特别行政区 (Àomén Tèbiéxíngzhèngqū) special administrative region CN-NM Nei Mongol Zizhiqu 内蒙古自治区 (Nèi Ménggǔ Zìzhìqū) autonomous region CN-NX Ningxia Huizi Zizhiqu 宁夏回族自治区 (Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū) autonomous region CN-QH Qinghai Sheng 青海省 (Qīnghǎi Shěng) province CN-SC Sichuan Sheng 四川省 (Sìchuān Shěng) province CN-SD Shandong Sheng 山东省 (Shāndōng Shěng) province CN-SH Shanghai Shi 上海市 (Shànghǎi Shì) municipality CN-SN Shaanxi Sheng 陕西省 (Shǎnxī Shěng) province CN-SX Shanxi Sheng 山西省 (Shānxī Shěng) province CN-TJ Tianjin Shi 天津市 (Tiānjīn Shì) municipality CN-TW Taiwan Sheng 台湾省 (Táiwān Shěng) province CN-XJ Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu 新疆维吾尔自治区 (Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū) autonomous region CN-XZ Xizang Zizhiqu 西藏自治区 (Xīzàng Zìzhìqū) autonomous region CN-YN Yunnan Sheng 云南省 (Yúnnán Shěng) province CN-ZJ Zhejiang Sheng 浙江省 (Zhèjiāng Shěng) province 
The 1896 Summer Olympics (Greek: Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896, romanized: Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 1896), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. 
Participants were all European, or living in Europe, with the exception of the United States team. Winners were given a silver medal, while runners-up received a copper medal. Retroactively, the IOC has converted these to gold and silver, and awarded bronze medals to third placed athletes. 
Chinese shamanism, alternatively called Wuism (Chinese: 巫教; pinyin: wū jiào; lit.: 'wu religion, shamanism, witchcraft'; alternatively 巫觋宗教 wū xí zōngjiào), refers to the shamanic religious tradition of China.[1][2] Its features are especially connected to the ancient Neolithic cultures such as the Hongshan culture.[3] Chinese shamanic traditions are intrinsic to Chinese folk religion.[4] 
Northeast shamanism 
Chinese folk religion Chinese ritual mastery traditions Nuo folk religion Taoism 
Various ritual traditions are rooted in original Chinese shamanism: contemporary Chinese ritual masters are sometimes identified as wu by outsiders,[5] though most orders don't self-identify as such. Also Taoism has some of its origins from Chinese shamanism:[1][6] it developed around the pursuit of long life (shou 壽/寿), or the status of a xian (仙, "mountain man", "holy man").[1] 
A 巫 wu master 
The Chinese word wu 巫 "shaman, wizard", indicating a person who can mediate with the powers generating things (the etymological meaning of "spirit", "god", or nomen agentis, virtus, energeia), was first recorded during the Shang dynasty (ca. 1600-1046 BCE), when a wu could be either sex. During the late Zhou dynasty (1045-256 BCE) wu was used to specify "female shaman; sorceress" as opposed to xi 覡 "male shaman; sorcerer" (which first appears in the 4th century BCE Guoyu). 
Jonathan Raggett (born 9 November 1992) is a Chinese–English actor. His notable roles include Wolfblood and The Lady (2011 film). 
He began his professional acting career in 2011 in a film called The Lady and with a guest-starring appearance in Dani's House. He and Amanda Donohoe were both cast in the 2013 film Trafficker. He was featured in a commercial for Nintendo DS. 
Wolfblood is a British-German fantasy teen drama television series targeted at a young audience.[1] Created by Debbie Moon, it is a co-production between CBBC and ZDF/ZDFE. The television series revolves around the life of the species known as wolfbloods. They are creatures that have enhanced senses and look like humans but can turn into wolves at will. 
Garbage collection frees the programmer from manually dealing with memory deallocation. As a result, certain categories of bugs are eliminated or substantially reduced: 
Double free bugs, which occur when the program tries to free a region of memory that has already been freed, and perhaps already been allocated again. Certain kinds of memory leaks, in which a program fails to free memory occupied by objects that have become unreachable, which can lead to memory exhaustion. (Garbage collection typically[who?] does not deal with the unbounded accumulation of data that is reachable, but that will actually not be used by the program.) 
Typically, garbage collection has certain disadvantages, including consuming additional resources, performance impacts, possible stalls in program execution, and incompatibility with manual resource management. 
In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector, or just collector, attempts to reclaim garbage, or memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use by the program. Garbage collection was invented by American computer scientist John McCarthy around 1959 to simplify manual memory management in Lisp.[2] 
Garbage collection relieves the programmer from performing manual memory management where the programmer specifies what objects to deallocate and return to the memory system and when to do so. Other similar techniques include stack allocation, region inference, memory ownership, and combinations of multiple techniques. Garbage collection may take a significant proportion of total processing time in a program and, as a result, can have significant influence on performance. 
Resources other than memory, such as network sockets, database handles, user interaction windows, file and device descriptors, are not typically handled by garbage collection. Methods used to manage such resources, particularly destructors, may suffice to manage memory as well, leaving no need for GC. Some GC systems allow such other resources to be associated with a region of memory that, when collected, causes the work of reclaiming these resources. 
The basic principles of garbage collection are to find data objects in a program that cannot be accessed in the future, and to reclaim the resources used by those objects. 
Many programming languages require garbage collection, either as part of the language specification (for example, Java, C#, D,[3] Go and most scripting languages) or effectively for practical implementation (for example, formal languages like lambda calculus); these are said to be garbage collected languages. Other languages were designed for use with manual memory management, but have garbage-collected implementations available (for example, C and C++). Some languages, like Ada, Modula-3, and C++/CLI, allow both garbage collection and manual memory management to co-exist in the same application by using separate heaps for collected and manually managed objects; others, like D, are garbage-collected but allow the user to manually delete objects and also entirely disable garbage collection when speed is required. 
Provincial legislature buildings 
The provinces and territories of Canada are sub-national divisions within the geographical areas of Canada under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, becoming a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. 
Capital [2] Largest city[3] Entered Confederation[4] Population [lower-alpha 1] Area (km2)[6] Official language(s)[7] Seats[8] Land Water Total Commons Senate Ontario[lower-alpha 2] ON Toronto July 1, 1867 14,734,014 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 English[lower-alpha 3] 121 24 Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal July 1, 1867 8,574,571 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 French[lower-alpha 4] 78 24 Nova Scotia NS Halifax[lower-alpha 5] July 1, 1867 979,351 53,338 1,946 55,284 English[lower-alpha 6] 11 10 New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton July 1, 1867 781,476 71,450 1,458 72,908 English French[lower-alpha 7] 10 10 Manitoba MB Winnipeg July 15, 1870 1,379,263 553,556 94,241 647,797 English[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 8] 14 6 British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver July 20, 1871 5,147,712 925,186 19,549 944,735 English[lower-alpha 3] 42 6 Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown July 1, 1873 159,625 5,660 0 5,660 English[lower-alpha 3] 4 4 Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon September 1, 1905 1,178,681 591,670 59,366 651,036 English[lower-alpha 3] 14 6 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary September 1, 1905 4,421,876 642,317 19,531 661,848 English[lower-alpha 3] 34 6 Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John's March 31, 1949 522,103 373,872 31,340 405,212 English[lower-alpha 3] 7 6 Total provinces 37,878,672 5,490,918 572,013 6,062,931 — 335 102 
Seal Name Name (in Thai) Population (2020)[1] Area (km2)[2] Population density Namesake town/city HS[6] ISO[7] FIPS Bangkok (special administrative area) กรุงเทพมหานคร 5,787,932 1,565 3,620.6 Bangkok BKK TH-10 TH40 Amnat Charoen อำนาจเจริญ 378,438 3,161 119.7 Amnat Charoen ACR TH-37 TH77 Ang Thong อ่างทอง 279,654 968 288.9 Ang Thong ATG TH-15 TH35 Bueng Kan บึงกาฬ 424,091 4,306 98.5 Bueng Kan BKN TH-38 TH81 Buriram บุรีรัมย์ 1,595,747 10,322 154.6 Buriram BRM TH-31 TH28 Chachoengsao ฉะเชิงเทรา 720,113 5,351 134.6 Chachoengsao CCO TH-24 TH44 Chai Nat ชัยนาท 326,611 2,470 132.2 Chai Nat CNT TH-18 TH32 Chaiyaphum ชัยภูมิ 1,137,357 12,778 89.0 Chaiyaphum CPM TH-36 TH26 Chanthaburi จันทบุรี 537,698 6,338 84.8 Chanthaburi CTI TH-22 TH48 Chiang Mai เชียงใหม่ 1,779,254 20,107 88.5 Chiang Mai CMI TH-50 TH02 Chiang Rai เชียงราย 1,298,304 11,678 111.2 Chiang Rai CRI TH-57 TH03 Chonburi ชลบุรี 1,558,301 4,363 357.2 Chonburi CBI TH-20 TH46 Chumphon ชุมพร 511,304 6,009 85.1 Chumphon CPN TH-86 TH58 Kalasin กาฬสินธุ์ 983,418 6,947 141.6 Kalasin KSN TH-46 TH23 Kamphaeng Phet กำแพงเพชร 727,807 8,607 84.6 Kamphaeng Phet KPT TH-62 TH11 Kanchanaburi กาญจนบุรี 895,525 19,483 46.0 Kanchanaburi KRI TH-71 TH50 Khon Kaen ขอนแก่น 1,802,872 10,886 165.6 Khon Kaen KKN TH-40 TH22 Krabi กระบี่ 476,739 4,709 101.2 Krabi KBI TH-81 TH63 Lampang ลำปาง 738,316 12,534 58.9 Lampang LPG TH-52 TH06 Lamphun ลำพูน 405,075 4,506 89.9 Lamphun LPN TH-51 TH05 Loei เลย 642,950 11,425 56.3 Loei LEI TH-42 TH18 Lopburi ลพบุรี 755,556 6,200 121.9 Lopburi LRI TH-16 TH34 Mae Hong Son แม่ฮ่องสอน 284,138 12,681 22.4 Mae Hong Son MSN TH-58 TH01 Maha Sarakham มหาสารคาม 962,665 5,292 181.9 Maha Sarakham MKM TH-44 TH24 Mukdahan มุกดาหาร 353,174 4,340 81.4 Mukdahan MDH TH-49 TH78 Nakhon Nayok นครนายก 260,751 2,122 122.9 Nakhon Nayok NYK TH-26 TH43 Nakhon Pathom นครปฐม 920,030 2,168 424.4 Nakhon Pathom NPT TH-73 TH53 Nakhon Phanom นครพนม 719,136 5,513 130.4 Nakhon Phanom NPM TH-48 TH73 Nakhon Ratchasima นครราชสีมา 2,646,401 20,494 129.13 Nakhon Ratchasima NMA TH-30 TH27 Nakhon Sawan นครสวรรค์ 1,059,887 9,598 110.4 Nakhon Sawan NSN TH-60 TH16 Nakhon Si Thammarat นครศรีธรรมราช 1,561,927 9,943 157.1 Nakhon Si Thammarat NRT TH-80 TH64 Nan น่าน 478,227 11,472 41.7 Nan NAN TH-55 TH04 Narathiwat นราธิวาส 808,020 4,475 180.6 Narathiwat NWT TH-96 TH31 Nong Bua Lamphu หนองบัวลำภู 512,780 3,859 132.9 Nong Bua Lam Phu NBP TH-39 TH79 Nong Khai หนองคาย 522,311 3,027 172.6 Nong Khai NKI TH-43 TH17 Nonthaburi นนทบุรี 1,265,387 622 2,034.4 Nonthaburi NBI TH-12 TH38 Pathum Thani ปทุมธานี 1,163,604 1,526 762.5 Pathum Thani PTE TH-13 TH39 Pattani ปัตตานี 725,104 1,940 373.8 Pattani PTN TH-94 TH69 Phang Nga พังงา 268,788 4,171 64.4 Phang Nga PNA TH-82 TH61 Phatthalung พัทลุง 524,865 3,424 153.3 Phatthalung PLG TH-93 TH66 Phayao พะเยา 472,356 6,335 74.6 Phayao PYO TH-56 TH41 Phetchabun เพชรบูรณ์ 992,451 12,668 78.3 Phetchabun PNB TH-67 TH14 Phetchaburi เพชรบุรี 485,191 6,225 77.9 Phetchaburi PBI TH-76 TH56 Phichit พิจิตร 536,311 4,531 118.4 Phichit PCT TH-66 TH13 Phitsanulok พิษณุโลก 865,247 10,816 80.0 Phitsanulok PLK TH-65 TH12 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya พระนครศรีอยุธยา 820,188 2,557 320.8 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya AYA TH-14 TH36 Phrae แพร่ 441,726 6,539 67.6 Phrae PRE TH-54 TH07 Phuket ภูเก็ต 416,582 543 767.2 Phuket PKT TH-83 TH62 Prachinburi ปราจีนบุรี 494,680 4,762 103.9 Prachinburi PRI TH-25 TH74 Prachuap Khiri Khan ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ 554,116 6,368 87.0 Prachuap Khiri Khan PKN TH-77 TH57 Ranong ระนอง 193,370 3,298 58.6 Ranong RNG TH-85 TH59 Ratchaburi ราชบุรี 873,101 5,196 168.0 Ratchaburi RBR TH-70 TH52 Rayong ระยอง 734,753 3,552 206.9 Rayong RYG TH-21 TH47 Roi Et ร้อยเอ็ด 1,305,211 8,299 157.3 Roi Et RET TH-45 TH25 Sa Kaeo สระแก้ว 566,303 7,195 78.7 Sa Kaeo SKW TH-27 TH80 Sakon Nakhon สกลนคร 1,153,390 9,606 120.1 Sakon Nakhon SNK TH-47 TH20 Samut Prakan สมุทรปราการ 1,344,875 1,004 1,339.5 Samut Prakan SPK TH-11 TH42 Samut Sakhon สมุทรสาคร 584,703 872 670.5 Samut Sakhon SKN TH-74 TH55 Samut Songkhram สมุทรสงคราม 193,305 417 463.6 Samut Songkhram SKM TH-75 TH54 Saraburi สระบุรี 645,911 3,576 180.6 Saraburi SRI TH-19 TH37 Satun สตูล 323,586 2,479 130.5 Satun STN TH-91 TH67 Sing Buri สิงห์บุรี 208,446 822 253.6 Sing Buri SBR TH-17 TH33 Sisaket ศรีสะเกษ 1,472,859 8,840 166.6 Sisaket SSK TH-33 TH30 Songkhla สงขลา 1,435,968 7,394 194.2 Songkhla SKA TH-90 TH68 Sukhothai สุโขทัย 595,072 6,596 90.2 Sukhothai (Sukhothai Thani) STI TH-64 TH09 Suphan Buri สุพรรณบุรี 846,334 5,358 158.0 Suphan Buri SPB TH-72 TH51 Surat Thani สุราษฎร์ธานี 1,068,010 12,891 82.8 Surat Thani SNI TH-84 TH60 Surin สุรินทร์ 1,396,831 8,124 171.9 Surin SRN TH-32 TH29 Tak ตาก 665,620 16,407 40.6 Tak TAK TH-63 TH08 Trang ตรัง 643,164 4,918 130.8 Trang TRG TH-92 TH65 Trat ตราด 229,958 2,819 81.6 Trat TRT TH-23 TH49 Ubon Ratchathani อุบลราชธานี 1,878,146 15,745 119.3 Ubon Ratchathani UBN TH-34 TH75 Udon Thani อุดรธานี 1,586,646 11,730 135.3 Udon Thani UDN TH-41 TH76 Uthai Thani อุทัยธานี 328,618 6,730 48.8 Uthai Thani UTI TH-61 TH15 Uttaradit อุตรดิตถ์ 453,103 7,839 57.8 Uttaradit UTD TH-53 TH10 Yala ยะลา 536,330 4,521 118.6 Yala YLA TH-95 TH70 Yasothon ยโสธร 537,299 4,162 129.1 Yasothon YST TH-35 TH72 
Prince Constantine Alexios Prince Constantine in 2015 Born (1998-10-29) 29 October 1998 (age 22) Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York City, U.S. House Glücksburg Father Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece Mother Marie-Chantal Miller Religion Greek Orthodox 
Titles, styles, honours, and arms 
Arms of a Prince of Greece 
29 October 1998 – present: His Royal Highness Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark[28] Greek Royal Family Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer 
On his father's side he is a member of the Greek Royal Family and the Danish Royal Family. Constantine Alexios's patrilineal great-great-grandfather, Constantine I of Greece, was the son of George I of Greece, whose father was Christian IX of Denmark. As a male-line descendant of Christian IX, he holds the title of Prince of Denmark. 
Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Αλέξιος; born 29 October 1998) is a member of the Greek royal family, the eldest son and second child of Crown Prince Pavlos and Crown Princess Marie-Chantal of Greece.[1] His paternal grandparents are Constantine II and Anne-Marie of Denmark, who were the last King and Queen of the Hellenes.[2][3][4][5][6][7] 
Constantine Alexios has also, together with his father, been a model for Dior modeling for fashion photographer Nikolai von Bismarck for the book "The Dior Sessions", which was the first book from Dior entirely with focus on men's fashion from Dior Homme. All proceeds from the sale of the book was for the benefit of the Teenage Cancer Trust.[24][25] 
North Asia is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by Eastern Europe, to the south by Central Asia and East Asia and to the east by the Pacific Ocean and North America. North Asia covers an area of approximately 13,100,000 square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi) or 8.8% of the earth's land area, or 1.5 times the size of Brazil. It is the largest subregion of Asia by area, but is also the least populated, with an approximate total population of only 33 million people or 0.74% of Asia's population. 
Map of Northern Asia in 1921 
During the 1st millennium BCE, polities such as the Scythians and Xiongnus emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and Chinese neighbors in the south. The Göktürks dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium CE, the Mongol Empire and its successor states ruled the region. The Khanate of Sibir was one of the last independent Turkic states in North Asia before its conquest by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century CE. 
Kalkalpen National Park (in English literally Limestone Alps National Park) is a national park within the Northern Limestone Alps mountain range, located in the state of Upper Austria, Austria.[2] The park was established in 1997. 
Er Wang Dong (Chinese: 二王洞; lit.: 'Second Royal Cave') is a large cave in the Wulong Karst region, in Wulong County of Chongqing Municipality of China.[1][2] 
Current known length of its passages is 42,139 metres (138,251 ft)[3][4] with a maximum depth of 441 m (1,447 ft). It is large enough to contain its own weather system. The cave starts in the 195 m (640 ft) deep Niubizi tiankeng (牛鼻子天坑; "ox nose sinkhole") and also contains the 295 m (968 ft) deep Qingkou tiankeng. 
Er Wang Dong cave has formed in Lower Ordovician limestone and is located close to another very large cave system - San Wang Dong. 
Both caves were explored by Hong Meigui Cave Exploration Society. Local people make weather forecasts based on the observations in Niubizi tiankeng - if there is a fog coming from the cave, rain is expected.[1] 
Calligraphy (from Greek: καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad-tipped instrument, brush, or other writing instrument.[1]:17 A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".[1]:18 
Common calligraphy pens and brushes are: 
The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, normally referred to as the National People's Congress (usually abbreviated NPC), is the highest organ of state power and the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. With 2,980 members in 2018, it is the largest parliamentary body in the world. The National People's Congress meets in full session for roughly two weeks each year and votes on important pieces of legislation. 
Xicheng District (simplified Chinese: 西城区; traditional Chinese: 西城區; pinyin: Xīchéng Qū; lit.: 'West City District') is a district of Beijing. Xicheng District spans 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi), making it the largest portion of the old city (inside the 2nd Ring Road), and has 706,691 inhabitants (2000 Census). Its postal code is 100032. 
The Chinese Ministry of Education is headquartered in Xidan, Xicheng District.[12] 
The Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture is located in western Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, and is one of the eight autonomous prefectures of the province, bordering Baoshan to the east and Burma's Kachin State to the west. 
China–Myanmar border Dehong section, the solid line is the modern borderline, and the dotted lines are the outline of the areas which were incorporated into Burma in 1897. The red region is the "Namwan Assigned Tract". 
Tai Nuea is the origin language of the word "Dehong", in Tai Le script (the script used to write the Tai Nüa language by the Tai Nua people) is written as "ᥖᥬᥳ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ", which transliterates to Latin as "Taue Xoong". Dehong means the lower reaches of the Nu River.[7]:38 
Map including the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture area 
Dehong stretches 122 km (76 mi) from east to west and 170 km (110 mi) from north to south, and its area is 11,526 km2 (4,450 sq mi). 
The prefectural government seat is Mangshi. 
Exo-K's leader, Suho, was the first member to join SM Entertainment, after a successful audition through the company's casting system in 2006. The following year, Kai, with encouragement from his father, auditioned at the SM Youth Best Contest; he won and received a contract.[6] Chanyeol, who took second place in a Smart Model Contest, and Sehun, who went through four auditions in two years,[7] were the next members to become trainees in 2008. In 2010, Exo-K's D.O. sang for his audition and was eventually offered a contract.[8] The last member of Exo-K to become a trainee was Baekhyun, who joined in 2011 through SM Entertainment's casting system and trained for approximately one year before debut. 
The band was formed by SM Entertainment in 2011 and debuted in 2012. Their music—released and performed in Korean, Mandarin, and Japanese—primarily incorporates pop, hip-hop, and R&B, including elements of electronic dance music genres such as house and trap. The band ranked as one of the top five most influential celebrities on the Forbes Korea Power Celebrity list from 2014 to 2018 and have been labeled "Kings of K-pop" and the "Biggest boyband in the world" by various media outlets. 
The band debuted with twelve members separated into two sub-groups: Exo-K (Suho, Baekhyun, Chanyeol, D.O., Kai, and Sehun) and Exo-M (Xiumin, Lay, Chen, and former members Kris, Luhan, and Tao). Kris, Luhan, and Tao departed the group individually amid legal battles in 2014 and 2015. Exo-K and Exo-M performed music in Korean and Mandarin, respectively, until the release of their third EP Overdose in 2014. 
Exo's first album XOXO (2013), released alongside breakthrough single "Growl", was a critical and commercial success; it sold over one million copies, which made Exo the first Korean artist to do so in twelve years. Their later works also had strong sales, with their Korean studio albums each selling over one million copies. Exo's sixth album, Don't Mess Up My Tempo (2018), became their highest-charting album on the US Billboard 200, debuting at number 23, and their best selling album in South Korea, where it sold over 1.9 million copies. 
Exo have won numerous awards throughout their career, including five consecutive Album of the Year awards at the Mnet Asian Music Awards and two consecutive Artist of the Year awards at the Melon Music Awards, and have performed over 100 concerts across four headlining tours and multiple joint tours. Outside of music, the band members have endorsement deals with brands such as Nature Republic and Samsung and participate in philanthropic efforts such as Smile For U, an ongoing project by SM Entertainment and UNICEF that began in 2015. 
In 2011, SM Entertainment CEO, Lee Soo-man, revealed plans to debut a new boy band that would be divided into two sub-groups, promoting the same music simultaneously in South Korea and China by performing songs in both Korean and Mandarin.[1][2] After several member changes in December 2011, the group finalized its name as Exo, taken from the word "exoplanet".[3] The news of an upcoming debut from SM Entertainment attracted substantial media attention from within South Korea and internationally, with many comparing Exo to fellow SM boy band TVXQ.[2][4] It was also reported that Exo would compete with a new girl group from rival YG Entertainment.[5] 
2006–2012: Formation and early years 
Screenshot of Wikipedia's portal showing the different languages sorted by article count 
The printing press was introduced by Western missionaries during the mid-nineteenth century, and the printed word became an increasingly popular medium, spreading modern knowledge and aiding reform as the country modernized. The printing of textbooks for a new education system and newspapers and magazines for a burgeoning press in the early twentieth century spurred innovation in typography and type design, and various styles of Thai typefaces were developed through the ages as metal type gave way to newer technologies. Modern media is now served by digital typography, and despite early obstacles including lack of copyright protection, the market now sees contributions by several type designers and digital type foundries. 
Cover of the novel Plae Kao, published in 1936 
Parinya Rojarayanond lecturing at a youth camp for type design in 2011, one of many public outreach initiatives emerging in the 2010s to promote the field 
Traditional poetry and calligraphy maintains the punctuation-free style. However, most editions of classical texts published since the 1930s are punctuated with fully modern punctuation (or at least using the modern equivalents of the traditional judou marks). The usage of punctuation is regulated by the Chinese national standard GB/T 15834–2011 "General rules for punctuation" (traditional Chinese: 標點符號用法; simplified Chinese: 标点符号用法; pinyin: biāodiǎn fúhào yòngfǎ).[3] 
Examples of handwritten punctuation (circles in red ink) at the bottom-right or -center of characters. From the Yongle Encyclopedia 
Kamala Devi Harris (/ˈkɑːmələ/ KAH-mə-lə,[2][3] born October 20, 1964)[4] is an American politician and attorney who has served as the junior United States senator from California since 2017. She is the Democratic vice presidential nominee for the 2020 election. 
Iceland is heavily integrated into the European Union via the European Economic Area and the Schengen Agreement, despite its status as a non-EU member state. Iceland applied for membership in 2009 but the application was controversial and the Icelandic government later froze the application.[1] 
See also 
Icelandic (/aɪsˈlændɪk/ (listen); Icelandic: íslenska pronounced [ˈistlɛnska] (listen)) is a North Germanic language spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland where it is the national language.[1] It is most closely related to Faroese and Western Norwegian. 
Eyjafjallajökull (Icelandic: [ˈeiːjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœːkʏtl̥] (listen); lit. 'island mountain's glacier')[3] is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, north of Skógar and west of Mýrdalsjökull. The ice cap covers the caldera of a volcano with a summit elevation of 1,651 metres (5,417 ft). The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the Last Glacial Period, most recently in 2010,[4][5] when, although relatively small for a volcanic eruption, it caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe for a week. 
2010 eruptions 
Eyjafjallajökull in the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes 
The Eyjafjallajökull and the aurora. 
The name means "glacier" (or more properly here "ice cap") of the Eyjafjöll. The word jökull, meaning glacier or ice cap, is a cognate with the Middle English word ikel surviving in the -icle of English icicle. 
Scandinavian Scotland refers to the period from the 8th to the 15th centuries during which Vikings and Norse settlers, mainly Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, and their descendants colonised parts of what is now the periphery of modern Scotland. Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century, and hostility between the Scandinavian Earls of Orkney and the emerging thalassocracy of the Kingdom of the Isles, the rulers of Ireland, Dál Riata and Alba, and intervention by the crown of Norway were recurring themes. 
Scandinavian-held territories included the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, the Hebrides, the islands of the Firth of Clyde and associated mainland territories including Caithness and Sutherland. The historical record from Scottish sources is weak, with the Irish annals and the later Norse sagas, of which the Orkneyinga Saga is the principal source of information, sometimes contradictory although modern archaeology is beginning to provide a broader picture of life during this period. 
A Corryvreckan whirlpool 
The Gulf of Corryvreckan (from the Gaelic Coire Bhreacain meaning "cauldron of the speckled seas" or "cauldron of the plaid"), also called the Strait of Corryvreckan, is a narrow strait between the islands of Jura and Scarba, in Argyll and Bute, off the west coast of mainland Scotland. 
It is possible for tourists to visit the site by way of boat trips from local harbours or sightseeing flights from Oban Airport. 
The Gulf of Thailand, also known as the Gulf of Siam, is a shallow northwesterny inlet[1][2] in the southwestern South China Sea, bounded between the southwestern shores of the Indochinese Peninsula and the northern half of the Malay Peninsula. It is around 800 km (500 mi) in length and up to 560 km (350 mi) in width, and has a surface area of 320,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi).[3][4] The gulf is surrounded on the north, west and southwest by the coastlines of Thailand (hence the name), on the northeast by Cambodia and the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, and opens to the South China Sea in the southeast. 
The Russian Empire[lower-alpha 1] was an empire that extended across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.[4][5] The third-largest empire in history, at its greatest extent stretching over three continents, Europe, Asia, and North America, the Russian Empire was surpassed in size only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south. 
Moskóvskiy patriarkhát),[13] is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. The primate of the ROC is the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. The ROC, as well as its primate, officially ranks fifth in the Orthodox order of precedence, immediately below the four ancient patriarchates of the Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.[14] As of October 15, 2018[update], the ROC suspended communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, having unilaterally severed ties in reaction to the establishment of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, which was finalised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 5 January 2019. 
The three-barred cross of the Russian Orthodox Church 
Bremanger Church (Norwegian: Bremanger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bremanger Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Bremanger on the island of Bremangerlandet. It is the church for the Bremanger parish which is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. 
The church was originally called Bremangerpollen Chapel. The name was changed to Bremanger Church in 1952.[3] The church is located at Hauge, in the innermost part of the Bremangerpollen bay. The church was consecrated on 4 September 1914 by the bishop Johan Willoch Erichsen.[4] 
As a token of this venerability, the Yeomen still wear red and gold uniforms of Tudor period. There are 60 Yeomen of the Guard (plus six officers), drawn from retired members of the British Army, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, but traditionally not the Royal Navy.[2] This ban on Royal Navy Personnel was lifted in 2011 and two sailors joined the ranks of the Yeomen of the Guard. However, the role of the Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard is a political appointment — the captain is always the government Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords. 
Dutch (Nederlands ) is a West Germanic language spoken by about 24 million people as a first language and 5 million people as a second language, constituting the majority of people in the Netherlands (where it is the sole official language countrywide)[5] and Belgium (as one of three official languages).[2][3][4][7] It is the third-most-widely spoken Germanic language, after its close relatives English and German. 
Aeginetia indica, commonly known as Indian broomrape[1] or forest ghost flower, is a holoparasitic herb of the plant family Orobanchaceae, which occurs in Asia. It is a root-parasite commonly found in the monsoon season on the floors of moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests of India.[2] The forest ghost flower parasitises plants of the families Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Poaceae, and Zingiberaceae.[3] 
In many regions, including the Nepal Eastern Himalayas, A. indica is used for medicinal and ritual purposes.[4] For example. the entire plant is placed in shrines or on alters during Teej festival as a symbol of Shiva and Parvati. 
References 
Isan or Northeastern Thai (Thai: ภาษาอีสาน, ภาษาไทยถิ่นตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ, ภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสาน, ภาษาไทยอีสาน, ภาษาลาวอีสาน) refers to the local development of the Lao language in Thailand, after the political split of the Lao-speaking world at the Mekong River, with the left bank eventually becoming modern Laos and the right bank the Isan region of Thailand (formerly known as Siam prior to 1932) after the conclusion of the Franco-Siamese War of 1898. The language is still referred to as the Lao language by native speakers.[5] As a descendant of the Lao language, Isan is also a Lao-Phuthai language of the Southwestern branch of Tai languages in the Kra-Dai language family, most closely related to its parent language Lao and 'tribal' Tai languages such as Phuthai and Tai Yo. Isan is officially classified as a dialect of the Thai language by the Thai government, although Thai is a closely related Southwestern Tai language, it falls within the Chiang Saen languages. 
Classification 
Girl of the Kam ethnicity of Guizhou. The Kam language is a very distant relative of the Tai languages, such as Lao. 
Laotian women wearing sinhs 
The sinh (Lao: ສິ້ນ, Lao pronunciation: [sȉn]; Thai: ซิ่น, RTGS: sin, Thai pronunciation: [sîn]; Tai Nuea: ᥔᥤᥢᥲ), or commonly (Thai: ผ้าซิ่น, RTGS: pha sin),[1] is a traditional garment worn by Lao and Thai women, particularly northern Thai and northeastern Thai women. It is a tube skirt.[2] Its pattern can indicate which region the wearer is from. In present-day Thailand, pha sins are typically worn at special events. 
Longyi Pathin Sampot Sarong Traditional Thai clothing Xout lao 
Components 
A typical Tai Yuan sinh. 
A sinh is typically composed of three components: 
Textiles 
They come in different textures and designs, frequently created in rural areas. Premium silk versions may go for over 50,000 baht per piece, particularly if created by a well-known traditional weaver. Less expensive fabrics cost about 3,000 baht.[1] 
Tai people refers to the population of descendants of speakers of a common Tai language, including sub-populations that no longer speak a Tai language. There is a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largest ethnic groups being Dai, Thais, Isan, Tai Yai, Lao, Ahom, and Northern Thai peoples. 
List of Southwestern Tai peoples 
Shan Tai Ya Tai Nüa Tai Hongjin Khamti Tai Laing Tai Phake Tai Aiton Khamyang Meitei Tai Ahom Turung Sapa 
Chiang Saen branch 
Thai Northern Thai Lao Tai Daeng Tai Dón Tai Hang Tong Tai Lü Tai Dam Khün Phuan Thai Song Tày Tac 
Tai Dón, also known as Tai Khao or White Tai, is a Tai language of northern Vietnam, Laos and China. 
Geographical distribution 
In China, White Tai (Tai Khaw 傣皓) people are located in the following townships of Yunnan province, with about 40,000 people (Gao 1999).[3] 
Jinping County 金平县: Mengla Township 勐拉乡 and Zhemi Township 者米乡 (along the banks of the Zhemi River 者米河 and Tengtiao River 藤条) Malipo County 麻栗坡县: Nanwenhe Township 南温河乡 Maguan County 马关县: Dulong Town 都龙镇 Jiangcheng County 江城县: Qushui Township 曲水乡 (along the banks of the Tuka River 土卡河) 
Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 江城哈尼族彝族自治县; traditional Chinese: 江城哈尼族彝族自治縣; pinyin: Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn) is an autonomous county under the jurisdiction of Pu'er City, in southern Yunnan, China, bordering Laos and Vietnam to the south, making it the only county in the province to border more than one country. By road, its seat, the town of Menglie (勐烈镇), is 520 km (320 mi) from Kunming and 145 km (90 mi) from Simao District, the municipal seat of Pu'er.[3] 
Baike 白壳 Benren 本人 Aka 阿卡 Podu 颇都 Mahei 麻黑 Woni 窝尼 
The Jiangcheng County Almanac (1989:351-368) lists the following ethnic subgroups, as well as locations. 
Yi Luoluo 倮倮 (Gaisu 改苏 branch) Xiangtang 香堂 (Lalu 腊鲁 branch) Alu 阿鲁 (Lalu 腊鲁 branch) Laowu 老乌/Lawu 拉乌: (Awu 阿武 branch) Azong 阿宗 (allonym for an Yi subgroup) Menghua 蒙化 Dai Dry Dai 旱傣: Mankelao 曼克老, Zhongping 中坪, Basan 坝伞 Water Dai 水傣: Zhengdong township 整董乡 Flowery-Waist Dai 花腰傣: Shuicheng township 水城乡 White Dai 白傣: Baliu 坝溜, Lazhu township 拉朱乡 and Tukahe 土卡河,[4] Longtan township 龙塘乡 Yao: pop. 2,965 (1986) Lahu: pop. 1,321 (1986) Banhe Lahu Ethnic Township 板河拉祜族乡 Chashulin 茶树林, Gale Township 嘎勒乡 
Qüxü County, or Qushui or Chushur or Chushul, is a county in the Lhasa southwest of the main center of Chengguan, Tibet, China. It is mountainous in the northwest, flatter near the Lhasa River, which runs through the east of the county, and the Yarlung Tsangpo, which forms the southern border. The population as of 2000 was 29,690, mostly engaged in agriculture or animal husbandry. 
In the Tibetan language the name means "water ditch."[1] Qüxü County has a total area of 1,680 square kilometres (650 sq mi), with an average elevation of 3,650 metres (11,980 ft).[2] The county is in the Yarlung Tsangpo valley, and is mostly relatively flat, but rises to the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains in the north. The Lhasa River runs south through the eastern part of the county to its confluence with the Yarlung Tsangpo River, which forms the southern boundary of the county. The lowest elevation is 3,500 meters, and the highest summit elevation is 5894 meters.[1] 
Qüxü County was established in August 1959. The county includes one town, five townships, and seventeen administrative villages. The town and townships are:[1] 
The Yarlung Tsangpo, also called Yarlung Zangbo (Tibetan: ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་, Wylie: yar kLungs gTsang po, ZYPY: Yarlung Zangbo ) or Yalu Zangbu (simplified Chinese: 雅鲁藏布江; traditional Chinese: 雅魯藏布江; pinyin: Yǎlǔ Zàngbù Jiāng) is the upper stream of the Brahmaputra River located in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.[1] It is the longest river of Tibet. 
Originating at Angsi Glacier in western Tibet, southeast of Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, it later forms the South Tibet Valley and Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon before passing into the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Downstream from Arunachal Pradesh the river becomes far wider and is called the Siang. After reaching Assam, the river is known as Brahmaputra. 
When leaving the Tibetan Plateau, the River forms the world's largest and deepest canyon, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon.[2] 
Map of the Yarlung Tsangpo River 
Maguan County (simplified Chinese: 马关县; traditional Chinese: 馬關縣; pinyin: Mǎguān Xiàn; lit.: 'horse pass', Vietnamese: Mã Quan) is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Vietnam's Lào Cai and Ha Giang provinces to the south. 
Maguan County Official Website 
Han Zhuang Buyi Dai Miao Yao Yi Pu 仆 (autonyms: Toulapa 托拉葩 and Alapa 阿拉葩) Luo 倮 (autonyms: Luomo 罗摩 and Lemo 勒摩) Mongol Lajiren 拉基人 
Emerald crystals, Dayakou emerald mine, Malipo County 
Neolithic painting at the 'Great King' painting site above Malipo in Wenshan prefecture, Yunnan province, China. 
One major tourist attraction is the neolithic rock art above Malipo itself, apparently known as the 'Great King' site for the two dominant figures at the center of the artwork. It is said to be over 4000 years old.[15] 
Hà Giang (listen) is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam.[1] It is located in the far north of the country, and contains Vietnam's northernmost point. It shares a 270 km long border with Yunnan province of southern China, and thus is known as Vietnam's final frontier. The province covers an area of 7,945.8 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 705,100 people.[2] 
Traditional female clothing of the Yi (Lô Lô) people 
Hà Giang has many cultural festivals due to the presence of more than 20 ethnic minority groups. Many of these groups are noted for their artistic abilities, especially their weaving and hand-made textile products. The Spring Festival is celebrated by the H'Mông and Dao people, usually shortly after the Lunar New Year and lasts between three and seven days. 
White Tai, or Tai Dón, may be: 
Tai Dón people Tai Dón language 
Mengla County (simplified Chinese: 勐腊县; traditional Chinese: 猛臘縣; pinyin: Měnglà Xiàn; Tai Lue: ᨾᩮᩨ᩠ᨦᩃᩢᩣ Mueang La; Lao: ເມືອງລ້າThai: เมืองล้า) is a county under the jurisdiction of the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, in far southern Yunnan province, China. Meng is a variation of Mueang. 
"Mongla", "Mengla" and "Meungla" are different romanizations of the same Tai word. Thus, to differentiate Mengla County in China and Mong La Township in Myanmar, the locals call the former Greater Mengla/Mongla while the latter Lesser Mongla/Mengla. 
Nyêtang (Tibetan: མཉེས་ཐང་) is a village in Qüxü County in the Lhasa Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is located approximately 12 miles south-west of Lhasa. 
Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县; traditional Chinese: 金平苗族瑤族傣族自治縣; pinyin: Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn) is located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Vietnam's Lai Châu Province to the south. Jinping is home to the Red-headed Yao (红头瑶族) minority group who wear a pointed red hat on their heads after they get married. 
The Jinping County Almanac (1994:113-132) lists the following ethnic groups. 
Miao Black Miao (黑苗) / Mengba 蒙吧 / Mengshi 蒙施 Qingshui Miao (青水苗) / Mengnengcha 蒙能差; exonym: Mengbu 蒙补 / Mengbei 蒙背 Flowery Miao (花苗) / Meng Leng 蒙冷 Piantou Miao (偏头苗) / Meng Shua 蒙刷; exonym: Chinese Miao 汉苗 (least populous Miao subgroup) White Miao (白苗) / Mengdou 蒙逗 Yao Yu Mian (育棉): Red-Headed Yao 红头瑶 Men 门: Landian Yao 蓝靛瑶, Pingtou Yao 平头瑶, Sha Yao 沙瑶 Dai Dai Luo (傣罗) (Black Dai 黑傣, Dry Dai 旱傣): located in Kuchuyi 苦初邑,[1] Shidong 石洞,[2] Laomanhao 老蔓耗,[3] Xiaohekou 小河口,[4] Changtan 长滩[5] Dai Le (傣泐) (Pu'er Dai 普耳傣): located in Pu'erzhai 普耳寨 (Upper 上寨,[6] Central 中寨,[7] Lower 下寨[8] villages), Mengla Township/勐拉乡 Ludai Lunan (鲁傣鲁南) (= 水的儿子 child of the water; also called Water Dai/水傣 and White Dai/白傣) 
Zhuang White Sha people (白沙人) (autonym: Bure 布惹) Black Sha people (黑沙人) (autonym: Kacha 卡查): Zhemi Township/者米乡 (in the 3 villages of Baha 巴哈村,[9][10] Bayi 巴义, and Pingzhai 坪寨). 235 households and 965 persons as of 2005. Lahu Lahu Na (拉祜纳) (Black Lahu/黑拉祜) Lahu Xi (拉祜西) (Yellow Lahu/黄拉祜) Lahu Pu (拉祜普) (White Lahu/白拉祜) 
An alternate list gives the following ethnic minorities and subgroups.[11] Locations are from the Jinping County Ethnic Gazetteer (2013:89, 101).[12] 
Miao Flowery Miao (花苗) White Miao (白苗) Black Miao (黑苗) Chinese Miao (汉苗) Yao Red-headed Yao (红头瑶) Landian Yao (蓝靛瑶) Sha Yao (沙瑶) Dai Water Dai (水傣) Black Dai (黑傣) Pu'er Dai (普洱傣) Hani Nongmen (弄们) (Nuomei/糯美[13]): widely distributed across Jinping County. 
It is also spoken in Hanitian 哈尼田.[14] Nongbi (弄毕) (Nuobi/糯比[13]): in Jinhe Town (金河镇) and Tongchang Township/铜厂乡 (in 23 villages). 
It is also spoken in Hanitian 哈尼田.[14] Duoni (多尼):[13] in Laojizhai Township/老集寨乡 (in the villages of Masasi 马撒斯,[15] Bailezhai 白乐寨,[16] and Dazhupeng 大竹棚[17]). 
Asuo (阿梭):[13] in Laojizhai Township/老集寨乡 (in the villages of Lilaochong 李老冲,[18] Duosha 多沙,[19] Baimazhai 白马寨,[20] Baigou 白沟,[21] Nanla 南拉, and Shaluo 沙啰[22]). 
Gehe (格合) (Gehe 格河;[13] Gehuo 格活; in Laomeng Township/老勐乡 their exonym is Angluo 昂珞): in Tongchang 铜厂, Yingpan 营盘, and Laomeng 老勐 townships. 
Gehuo 格活 is also spoken in Baima Shangzhai, Yingpan Township, Jinping County 金平县营盘乡白马上寨村.[23] (This is not the same as Guohe 郭合 of Dengqu Village, Majie Township, Yuanjiang County 元阳县马街乡登去村.[24]) Guozuo (国昨) (Guozhuo 郭卓[13]): in Zhemi 者米, Mengla 勐拉, and Jinshuihe 金水河 townships. 
Habei (哈备) (Mani 玛尼[25]): in Habei village 哈备村,[26] Zhemi Township/者米乡. 
Yi (speaking 4 languages: Nuosu 诺苏, Muji 姆基, Alu 阿鲁, and Laowu 老乌[13]) Nisu (尼苏): in Jinhe 金河镇, Mengqiao 勐桥乡, and Laomeng 老勐乡 townships (in 19 villages). 
Alu (阿鲁): in Yakouzhe Village 丫口遮村, Laojizhai Township/老集寨乡 (in the villages of Luopan 罗盘,[27][28] Tiantou 田头,[29] Huilongzhai 回龙寨,[30] Laozhai 老寨,[31] Zhongzhai 中寨,[32] Xihadi 西哈底,[33] Heishan 黑山,[34] Amilong 阿咪笼,[35] Kabianzhai 卡边寨,[36] Anlezhai 安乐寨,[37] Nanlu 南鲁,[38] etc.[39]). 
Tulao (土老): in the 2 villages of Yugadi 鱼嘎底,[40] Xinzhai Village 新寨村, Mengqiao Township 勐桥乡; and Laowangzhai 老王寨,[41] Qingjiao Village 箐脚村, Dazhai Township 大寨乡 Zhuang Sha (沙人) Nong (侬人) Lahu Black Lahu (黑拉祜) Yellow Lahu (黄拉祜) White Lahu (白拉祜)[13] Bulang (autonym: Mang/莽): in the 4 villages of Leigong Daniu 雷公打牛,[42] Pinghe Zhongzhai 坪河中寨,[43] Pinghe Xiazhai 平河下寨,[44] Nanke Xinzhai 南科新寨 (also known as Longfeng village 龙凤村[45]), all of which are administered by Jinshuihe Town (金水河镇). 
Lai Châu (listen) is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. Lai Châu Province is the most sparsely populated in Vietnam, and it shares a border with China. It was once a semi-independent White Tai confederation known as Sip Song Chau Tai, but was absorbed by France into French Indochina in the 1880s and subsequently became part of Vietnam following Vietnamese independence in 1954.[2][3] It became part of the Northwest Autonomous Area of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, when Lai Châu Province was formed. 
A prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) is an administrative jurisdiction or subdivision in any of various countries and within some international church structures, as well as in antiquity a Roman district governed by an appointed prefect. 
Greek equivalent of prefecture 
Autonomous counties and autonomous banners are county-level autonomous administrative divisions of China. The two are essentially identical except in name. 
There are 117 autonomous counties and three autonomous banners. The latter are found in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the former are found everywhere else. 
Ethnic groups in Honghe, 2000 census 
The Red River forms the border between Honghe Prefecture's Jinping County (background) and Hekou County (foreground). Bananas are grown in abundance on the river's both sides 
Honghe Prefecture has the following 10 ethnic Yi subgroups (Honghe Ethnic Gazetteer 1989:68): 
The old city gate of Jianshui County 
Nisubo 尼苏泼 (exonyms and other names: Luoluo 罗罗, Sandaohong 三道红, Huayao 花腰, Muji 母基) Nibo 尼泼 (exonyms and other names: Sani 撒尼, Azhe 阿哲) Gepo 葛泼 (exonyms and other names: White Yi 白彝) Siqi 斯期 (exonyms and other names: Large Black Yi 大黑彝, Small Black Yi 小黑彝) Axibo 阿细泼 (exonyms and other names: Axi 阿细) Puwabo 朴瓦泼, Pulebo 普勒泼 (exonyms and other names: Pula 朴喇) Alubo 阿鲁泼 (exonyms and other names: Alu 阿鲁) Lesubo 勒苏泼 (exonyms and other names: Shansu 山苏) Luobo 罗泼 (exonyms and other names: Awu 阿务, Laowu 老乌) Xiangtang 香堂 
Rice terraced mountains of Yuanyang County near sunset 
Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 红河哈尼族彝族自治州; traditional Chinese: 紅河哈尼族彝族自治州; pinyin: Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu) is an autonomous prefecture in Southeast-Central Yunnan Province, China, bordering Vietnam's Lào Cai and Lai Châu provinces to the south. Its name is derived from the Hong (Red) River and the two major ethnic minority groups who live there: the Yi and the Hani. Honghe has an area of 32,929 square kilometres (12,714 sq mi) and its seat is Mengzi. 
Mengzi (Chinese: 蒙自; pinyin: Méngzì) is a city in the southeast of Yunnan Province, China.[1] Administratively, it is a county-level city and the seat of the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, located about 175 kilometres (109 mi) south-southeast of the provincial capital of Kunming. It is situated in the centre of a fertile valley basin on a plateau[1] 1,310 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level and was home to 417,156 inhabitants as of 2010 census. Mengzi was formerly Mengzi County (蒙自县) until October 2010, when it was upgraded to a county-level city.[2] 
The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city". 
Hani people Miao people Yao people Dai people Zhuang people Yi people Han Chinese 
Yuanyang County (simplified Chinese: 元阳县; traditional Chinese: 元陽縣; pinyin: Yuányáng Xiàn; Hani: Yeiqyaq) is located in Honghe Prefecture in southeastern Yunnan province, China, along the Red River. It is well known for its spectacular rice-paddy terracing.[1][2] Part of the area now forms the 45th World Heritage Site in China. 
Terrace (agriculture) Paddy field 
Yuanyang county lies at an altitude ranging from 140 along the Red River up to nearly 3000 metres above sea level in the Ailao mountains[1] and is situated about 50 km (31 mi) north of the border with Vietnam. 
Autonomous prefectures (Chinese: 自治州; pinyin: Zìzhìzhōu) are one type of autonomous administrative divisions of China, existing at the prefectural level, with either ethnic minorities forming over 50% of the population or being the historic home of significant minorities. All autonomous prefectures are mostly dominated, in population, by the Han Chinese. The official name of an autonomous prefecture includes the most dominant minority in that region, sometimes two, rarely three. 
Administrative prefecture level units with a population of 30% or more of ethnic minorities 
Province Name Simplified Chinese and Pinyin Designated minority Local name Capital Gansu Linxia 临夏回族自治州 Línxià Huízú Zìzhìzhōu Hui (The Hui speak Chinese) Xiao'erjing: لٍشِا جُوِذُو ذِجِجِوْ‎ Linxia city Gansu Gannan 甘南藏族自治州 Gānnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: ཀན་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Kan-lho Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) Hezuo (Hzö) city Guizhou Qiandongnan 黔东南苗族侗族自治州 Qiándōngnán Miáozú Dòngzú Zìzhìzhōu Miao and Dong Guizhou Hmong: Qeef Dongb Naif Dol Yat Hmub Zid Zid Zeb Dong: Qeenc Dongs Nanc Nyenc Miiul Nyenc Gaeml Zil Zl Zous Kaili (Kad Linx) city Guizhou Qiannan 黔南布依族苗族自治州 Qiánnán Bùyīzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu Bouyei & Miao Bouyei: Qianfnanf Buxqyaix Buxyeeuz ziqziqzouy Guizhou Hmong: Qeef Naif Dol Yat Dol Hmub Zid Zid Zeb Duyun city Guizhou Qianxinan 黔西南布依族苗族自治州 Qiánxī'nán Bùyīzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu Bouyei & Miao Bouyei: Qianfxiynanf Buxqyaix Buxyeeuz Ziqziqzouy Guizhou Hmong: Qeef Xib Naif Dol Yat Dol Hmub Zid Zid Zeb Xingyi city Hubei Enshi 恩施土家族苗族自治州 Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu Tujia & Miao Tujia: Eng Shiv Bif Ziv Kar hev Bef Kar zouf xengv zuvз Hmong: Ee Si Thws Ca Txhwj Mioj Txhwj Txim Tsim Tsawb Enshi city Hunan Xiangxi 湘西土家族苗族自治州 Xiāngxī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu Tujia & Miao Tujia: Xiз’angv Xif Bif Ziv Kar hev Bef Kar zouf xengv zuvз Hmong: Xyaa Xyi Thws Ca Txhwj Mioj Txhwj Txim Tsim Tsawb Jishou city Jilin Yanbian 延边朝鲜族自治州 Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu Korean Korean: 연변 조선족 자치주 (Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju) Yanji (Yeongil) city Qinghai Haibei 海北藏族自治州 Hǎiběi Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: མཚོ་བྱང་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Mtsho-byang Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) Haiyan County Qinghai Hainan 海南藏族自治州 Hǎinán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: མཚོ་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Mtsho-lho Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) Gonghe County Qinghai Huangnan 黄南藏族自治州 Huángnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: རྨ་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Rma-lho Bod-rigs rang skyong khul) Tongren city Qinghai Golog 果洛藏族自治州 Guǒluò Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: མགོ་ལོག་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Mgo-log Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) Maqên County Qinghai Yushu 玉树藏族自治州 Yùshù Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Yul-shul Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) Yushu city Qinghai Haixi 海西蒙古族藏族自治州 Hǎixī Měnggǔzú Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Mongol & Tibetan Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠧᠦ (Borotal a-yin mongγol ebereen öbertegen zasaqu ǰuu) Tibetan: མཚོ་ནུབ་སོག་རིགས་ཆ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Mtsho-nub Sog-rigs dang Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) Delingha (Delhi) city Sichuan Ngawa 阿坝藏族羌族自治州 Ābà Zàngzú Qiāngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan & Qiang Tibetan: རྔ་བ་བོད་རིགས་ཆ་བ༹ང་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Rnga-ba Bod-rigs dang Chavang-rigs rang skyong khul) Qiangic: Ggabba Shbea Rrmea nyujugvez zhou Barkam city Sichuan Garzê 甘孜藏族自治州 Gānzī Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: དཀར་མཛེས་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Dkar-mdzes Bod-rigs rang-skyong khul) Kangding (Dartsedo) city Sichuan Liangshan 凉山彝族自治州 Liángshān Yízú Zìzhìzhōu Yi Yi: ꆃꎭꆈꌠꊨꏦꏱꅉꍏ (Niepsha Nuosu Zytjiejux dde Zho) Xichang (Op Rro) city Xinjiang Kizilsu 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州 Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu Kyrgyz Kyrgyz: قىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى‎ (Kızılsuu Kırgız avtonom oblastı) Artux city Xinjiang Bortala 博尔塔拉蒙古自治州 Bó'ěrtǎlā Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu Mongol Mongolian: ᠪᠣᠷᠣᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠧᠦ (Borotala mongγol ebereen zasaqu ǰuu) Bole (Bortala) city Xinjiang Changji 昌吉回族自治州 Chāngjí Huízú Zìzhìzhōu Hui (The Hui speak Chinese) Xiao'erjing: چْاکِ خُوِذُوْ ذِجِجِوْ‎ Changji city Xinjiang Bayingolin 巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu Mongol Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠧᠦ (Bayangol mongγol ebereen zasaqu ǰuu) Korla city Xinjiang Ili (Altay) (Tacheng) 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu (阿勒泰地区) (Ālètài Dìqū) (塔城地区) (Tǎchéng Dìqū) Kazakh Kazakh: ىله قازاق اۆتونومىيالى وبلىسى‎ (İle Qazaq awtonomïyalıq oblısı) (Kazakh: ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى‎) (Altay aymağı) (Kazakh: تارباعاتاي ايماعى‎) (Tarbağatay aymağı) Yining (Ghulja) city (Altay city) (Tacheng city) Yunnan Dehong 德宏傣族景颇族自治州 Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu Dai & Jingpo Tai Nüa - ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥓᥤᥒ ᥚᥨᥲ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ (Sakhkung Sam Jinghpo Amyu Madu Uphkang Mungdo) Zaiwa:Sikung Sam Zaizo Byumyu Yumsing Upkang Mau Mangshi city Yunnan Nujiang 怒江傈僳族自治州 Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu Lisu Lisu: ꓠꓳ-ꓟꓵ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓚꓲꓸ ꓛꓬꓽ ꓗꓪꓼ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓝꓳꓴ (Nolmut lisu shit jilqait guatshit zhou) Lushui city Yunnan Diqing (Dêqên) 迪庆藏族自治州 Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tibetan Tibetan: བདེ་ཆེན་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ (Bde-chen Bod-rigs rang-skyong khul) Shangri-La city Yunnan Dali 大理白族自治州 Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu Bai Bai: Darl•lit Baif•cuf zirl•zirl•zox Dali city Yunnan Chuxiong 楚雄彝族自治州 Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu Yi Yi: ꀒꇐꆈꌠꊨꏦꏱꅉꍏ (Olu Nuosu Zytjiejux dde Zho) Chuxiong city Yunnan Honghe 红河哈尼族彝族自治州 Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu Hani & Yi Hani: Haoqhoq Haqniqssaq Haqhholssaq Ziiqziifzel Yi: ꉼꉻꆈꌠꊨꏦꏱꅉꍏ (Hopho Nuosu Zytjiejux dde Zho) Mengzi city Yunnan Wenshan 文山壮族苗族自治州 Wenshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu Zhuang & Miao Zhuang: Munzsanh Bouxcuengh Myauzcuz Swcicouh Hmong: Veej Sa Tsuaam Txhwj Mioj Txhwj Txim Tsim Tsawb Wenshan city Yunnan Xishuangbanna (Sibsongbanna) 西双版纳傣族自治州 Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu Dai Tai Lü: ᦈᦹᧈ ᦈᦹᧈ ᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈ ᦘᦱ ᦉᦱ ᦺᦑ ᧑᧒ ᦗᧃ ᦓᦱ Jinghong city 
Chengde, formerly known as Jehol and Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by the Qing emperors as summer residence.[2] The permanent resident population is approximately 3,473,200 in 2017. 
Map including Chengde (labeled as 承德 Ch'eng-te (Jehol)) (AMS, 1958) 
Chengde is the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Chengde. 
The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735−1796) touring Chengde. 
Chengde has city partnerships with the following locations: 
Santo André (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃twɐ̃ˈdɾɛ], Saint Andrew) is a Brazilian municipality located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. It is part of a group of municipalities known as Greater ABCD Region. According to the most recent census, the population is estimated at 710,210 (2015 est.) in an area of 175.8 km².[1] or about 43,441 Acres of landmass. 
Takasaki City Hall 
Takasaki Guanyin 
Takasaki (高崎市, Takasaki-shi, [takasakiɕi]) is a city located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 August 2020[update], the city had an estimated population of 372,369 in 167,345 households,[1] and a population density of 810 persons per km². 
Twin towns – sister cities 
Battle Creek, United States (1981) Muntinlupa, Philippines (2006) Plzeň, Czech Republic (1990) Santo André, Brazil (1981) 
Friendship 
Chengde, China (1987) Kanazawa, Japan (2008) 
Kanazawa City Hall 
Kanazawa (金沢市, Kanazawa-shi) is the capital city of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2018[update], the city had an estimated population of 466,029 in 203,271 households, and a population density of 990 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the city was 468.64 square kilometres (180.94 sq mi). 
Kanazawa is located in north-western Ishikawa Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan and is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and Toyama Prefecture to the east. The city sits between the Sai and Asano rivers. The eastern portion of the city is dominated by the Japanese Alps. 
Hubei in 1936 
Hubei (湖北; alternately Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake.[6] The provincial capital, Wuhan, serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic hub of central China. 
One of his fellow-students was Gongsun Zan of Liaodong with whom he became friends, since Gongsun Zan was the eldest, Liu Bei treated him as an elder brother. Another fellow-student was his kinsman Liu Deran (劉德然). Liu Deran's father, Yuanqi 元起, often gave Liu Bei material support to help him and his mother and treated him the same as his son, Liu Deran. 
The adolescent Liu Bei was said to be unenthusiastic in studying however he liked dogs and horse and displayed interest in hunting, music and dressing in fine clothing. He enjoyed associating with braves (haoxia), and in his youth he fought and hung out with them. He would not manifest his anger or happiness in front of others. 
Conflict with Lü Bu (195–198) 
Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan or Emperor of the largest land empire in history, the Mongol Empire. His reign as emperor lasted from 1206 to 1227 and he is often considered to be the greatest conqueror of all time.[1] 
Classical Antiquity 
A statue of the dictator Julius Caesar. 
Augustus, the first emperor of the Roman Empire. 
Emperor Hirohito (裕仁), or the Shōwa Emperor (昭和天皇), the last Japanese Emperor having ruled with prerogative powers, combined with assumption of divinity (photographed 1926). 
Under Justinian I, reigning in the 6th century, parts of Italy were for a few decades (re)conquered from the Ostrogoths: thus, this famous mosaic, featuring the Byzantine emperor in the center, can be admired at Ravenna. 
Agostino Veneziano's engraving of Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent wearing his Venetian Helmet.[note 1] Note the four tiers on the helmet, symbolizing his imperial power, and excelling the three-tiered papal tiara.[8] This tiara was made for 115,000 ducats and offered to Suleiman by the French ambassador Antonio Rincon in 1532.[9] This was a most atypical piece of headgear for a Turkish sultan, which he probably never normally wore, but which he placed beside him when receiving visitors, especially ambassadors. It was crowned with an enormous feather.[10] 
One of the most famous Imperial coronation ceremonies was that of Napoleon, crowning himself Emperor in the presence of Pope Pius VII (who had blessed the regalia), at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The painting by David commemorating the event is equally famous: the gothic cathedral restyled style Empire, supervised by the mother of the Emperor on the balcony (a fictional addition, while she had not been present at the ceremony), the pope positioned near the altar, Napoleon proceeds to crown his then wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais as Empress. 
John VI, King of Portugal and the Algarves, Emperor of Brazil. 
Wilhelm II, German Emperor and the King of Prussia. 
Roman Empire and Byzantine emperors 
Longchuan County (simplified Chinese: 陇川县; traditional Chinese: 隴川縣; pinyin: Lǒngchuān Xiàn; Thai: เมืองวัน) is a county located in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan province, southwestern China. 
Longchuan County Official Website 
The county seat is in Zhangfeng Town (章凤镇). 
Three other townships have been upgraded to town (镇, zhen) status: 
Longba (陇把) Chengzi (城子) Jinghan (景罕) 
Many citizens of Dehong Prefecture belong to the Jingpo-nation ethnic group, an official minority in the People's Republic of China. They are one and the same as the people of Kachin State, the adjacent part of Myanmar, and ethno-linguistic ties are strong. 
Dêrong County (Tibetan: སྡེ་རོང་། ; Chinese: 得荣县) is a county in the west of Sichuan Province, China, bordering Yunnan province to the west. It is under the administration of the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. 
Tibetan language may refer to: 
Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dialect Any of the other Tibetic languages 
Old Tibetan, the language used 7–11th century Central Tibetan language, which forms the basis of Standard Tibetan Khams Tibetan, spoken in the south-east Amdo Tibetan, spoken in the north-east Tibetan (disambiguation) 
Ladakhi can mean: 
of, from, or related to Ladakh, a union territory in northern India Ladakhi language, the Tibetic language spoken there 
Ladakh (IPA: /ləˈdɑːx/) is a region administered by India as a union territory. It constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and China since 1962.[7][8] It is bordered by China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the west, the Pakistani administrative territory of Gilgit-Baltistan to the northwest, and the southwest corner of China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region across the Karakoram Pass in the far north. Ladakh extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram mountain range in the north to the Himalayan mountain range in the south.[9][10] The northeastern end, consisting of the uninhabited Aksai Chin plains, is claimed by the Indian government as part of Ladakh, but has been under Chinese control since the 1962 Sino-Indian War.[11][12] Ladakh was a region of the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir until August 2019, when the Parliament of India passed an act by which Ladakh became a separate union territory on 31 October 2019.[13] 
The first West Tibetan dynasty of Maryul founded by Palgyigon lasted five centuries, being weakened towards its end by the conquests of the Mongol/Mughal noble Mirza Haidar Dughlat. Throughout this period the region was called "Maryul", possibly from the original proper name *Mrasa (Xuangzhang's, Mo-lo-so), but in the Tibetan language it was interpreted to mean "lowland" (the lowland of Ngari). Maryul remained staunchly Buddhist during this period, having participated in the second diffusion of Buddhism from India to Tibet via Kashmir and Zanskar. 
Thikse Monastery, Ladakh 
Cham dance during Dosmoche festival in Leh Palace 
Union territory of Ladakh 
The Tibetan and Ladakhi name La-dwags ལ་དྭགས (historically transliterated as La-dvags) means "land of high passes". Ladak is its pronunciation in several Tibetan districts, and Ladakh is a transliteration of the Hindi and Urdu spelling.[19] 
Maryul of Ngari (Mar-yul of mNgah-ris, meaning the "lowland of Ngari"),[1] or the Kingdom of Ladakh,[2] was a west Tibetan kingdom based in modern-day Ladakh and Tibet Autonomous Region. The Maryul kingdom was based in Shey and evolved into the modern Ladakh.[3][4][5] 
Treaty of Chushul 
A historical claim was again made in the 19th century, after the Dogra general Zorawar Singh conquered Ladakh. Singh claimed all of western Tibet up to the Mayum Pass as Ladakhi territory and occupied it.[45] Once again, Lhasa dispatched troops that defeated Zorawar Singh and laid siege to Leh. After the Dogras received reinforcements, a stalemate was obtained and the Treaty of Chushul reconfirmed the "old, established frontiers".[46] 
History of Ladakh 
Etymology 
The name Maryul was in use in the 16th century when Mirza Haidar Dughlat referred to it and named a region called "Ladaks" that was apparently distinct from Maryul.[13] The name was also used by the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Francisco de Azevedo when he visited Ladakh in 1631, but his usage of the name has been described as Luciano Petech as referring to neither the Kingdom of Ladakh nor Rutog.[14] 
According to the 2011 census of India, Shey has 398 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 78.95%.[1] 
Shey is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India.[1] It is located in the Leh tehsil, 15 km from Leh towards Hemis. 
Several towns and castles are said to have been founded by Nyimagon and apparently ordered the construction of the main sculptures at Shey. In an inscription, he says he had them made for the religious benefit of the Tsanpo (the dynastical name of his father and ancestors), and of all the people of Ngari (Western Tibet). This shows that already in this generation Langdarma's opposition to Buddhism had disappeared.[2] Shey, just 15 km east of modern Leh, was the ancient seat of the Ladakhi kings. 
Shey is located in the upper Indus Valley, just 15 km east of the modern capital of Ladakh, Leh. It has an average elevation of 3,415 metres (11,204 feet). Every year Sindhu Darshan Festival, is held here on the banks of the Indus River. 
Demographics 
A brass alloy statue of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, Guge, c. 1050 CE. 
The kingdom was centered in present-day Zanda County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region. At various points in history after the 10th century AD, the kingdom held sway over a vast area including south-eastern Zanskar, Upper Kinnaur district, and Spiti Valley, either by conquest or as tributaries. The ruins of the former capital of the Guge kingdom are located at Tsaparang in the Sutlej valley, not far from Mount Kailash and 1,200 miles (1,900 km) westwards from Lhasa. 
Tsaparang, the ruins of the ancient capital of Guge 
Ruins of Tsaparang. 
Purang-Guge Kingdom Zhangzhung Tsaparang History of Tibet Ladakh Chronicles List of rulers of Tibet 
Bellezza, John Vincent: Zhang Zhung. Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland. 
Guge in Maryul during 11th century 
Tibetan history, as it has been recorded, is particularly focused on the history of Buddhism in Tibet. This is partly due to the pivotal role this religion has played in the development of Tibetan and Mongol cultures and partly because almost all native historians of the country were Buddhist monks. 
Rishabhanatha, the founder of Jainism attained nirvana near Mount Kailash in Tibet. 
In political studies, surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of individuals who have served as the president of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The rankings focus on presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures, and faults.[1][2][3] 
The provincial seal shows a Usuparatch bull carrying the stupa of Phrathat Chae Haeng. The buffalo dates back to a legend that the rulers of Nan and Phrae were brothers, and met at a mountain to decide about the boundary between their lands. The ruler of Nan went there on a buffalo, while the ruler of Phrae went there on a horse. 
Map of 15 districts 
The province is divided into 15 districts (amphoe). These are further divided into 99 subdistricts (tambons) and 848 villages (mubans). 
Nan Nakhon Airport. 
The province is in the remote Nan River valley, surrounded by forested mountains, the Phlueng Range in the western part and the Luang Prabang Range in the east.[4] The highest mountain is the 2,079 meter high Phu Khe in Bo Kluea District, northeast of the city of Nan towards the border with Laos.[5] 
Phra That Chae Haeng, Nan Province 
For centuries Nan was an independent kingdom but, due to its remoteness, had few connections to the other kingdoms. The first kingdom around the city Mueang Pua (also known as Varanagara) was created in the late-13th century. Its rulers, the Phukha dynasty, were related to the founders of Vientiane, however it became associated with the Sukhothai Kingdom as it was easier to reach from the south than from the east or west. 
Nan (Thai: น่าน, pronounced [nâːn]; Northern Thai: ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise): Uttaradit, Phrae, and Phayao. To the north and east it borders Sainyabuli of Laos. 
Phra That Choeng Chum (Thai: พระธาตุเชิงชุม) a major and sacred religious monument of Sakon Nakhon Province, is enshrined at Wat Phra That Choeng Chum in town. Of rectangular shape, it is made of mortar and bricks with a height of 24 meters. It is featured on the reverse of the ten-satang coin. 
Wat grounds and structures 
Phra That Kham Kaen 
Other buildings on the grounds include an ubosot or ordination hall and a viharn or assembly hall, guarded by two white lions. The top ends of the multi-tiered roofs are adorned with typical golden chofa. The ubosot has blue painted gables and the entrance is flanked by two multi-tiered ceremonial umbrellas. 
The Phra That Kham Kaen is now recently renovated and landscaped, and the center of an annual celebration, held on the full moon day of the 6th lunar month. The local residents make merit and pay homage at the chedi. Several cultural and musical performances are held. 
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (or Ayutthaya, Thai: พระนครศรีอยุธยา, pronounced [pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː ʔā.jút.tʰā.jāː]) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Ang Thong, Lop Buri, Saraburi, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Suphan Buri. 
Map of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya with the 16 districts 
Ayutthaya, on the central plains, historically has three seasons: 
Hot season: March – May Rainy season: June – October Cool season: November - February 
Ayutthaya Railway Station 
Chinese-style Palace, Bang Pa-In Royal Palace 
Phra That Si Song Rak 
Phra That Si Song Rak (Thai: พระธาตุศรีสองรัก, literally means the Stupa in Honour of Two Loves;(Lao: ພຣະທາດສຼີສອງຮັກ)Phra That Sri Song Hak in Lao, and varied other spellings) is a Buddhist stupa built in c. 1560 by Laotian and Thai kings. It is located on the Man River in Dan Sai district, Loei province of modern-day Thailand, 30 kilometers (20 miles) from the modern Thailand-Laos border. 
Loei province uses the image of the stupa's tower in its provincial seal. 
This is a Buddhist temple ruin of Khmer origin in the form of a chedi, it was built in the 16th-17th Buddhist century. The ruin is special as it houses a solar calendar, a cube-shaped rock, in its stupa. The ancients used it for indicating the position of the sun, important for religious rites and agricultural seasons. 
Phra That Narai Cheng Weng or Phra That Narai Jengveng (Thai:พระธาตุนารายณ์เจงเวง) - is located at Mueang Sakon Nakhon District, Sakon Nakhon Province, the stupa is built from sandstone on a laterite base and carved beautifully. Its lintel features Lord Krisna killing Lion in Bapuan Khmer art. The art appearing on this stupa is quite similar to many other Khmer ruins found in Isan. 
Phra Nakhon (Thai: พระนคร, pronounced [pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is the central district of Bangkok, including Rattanakosin Island. Neighboring districts are, from the north, clockwise: Dusit, Pom Prap Sattru Phai, Samphanthawong, and across the Chao Phraya River, Thon Buri, Bangkok Yai, Bangkok Noi, and Bang Phlat. 
Meung District is a district (muang) of Bokeo Province in northwestern Laos.[1] 
Meng Wanzhou (Chinese: 孟晚舟; born February 13, 1972; also known as Cathy Meng and Sabrina Meng)[5] is a Chinese business executive with permanent residency in Canada, who is the deputy chair of the board and chief financial officer (CFO) of telecom giant and China's largest privately held company,[6] Huawei, founded by her father Ren Zhengfei. 
The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London 
Durban, South Africa, has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. 
The Americas 
The Cenotaph, Auckland, New Zealand 
A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers. 
The Cenotaph, Hong Kong 
In Asia, the Cenotaph in Central District of Hong Kong Island, cenotaphs in Kuala Lumpur, George Town, Ipoh, Seremban and Jesselton in Malaysia, the Cenotaph in Singapore, the Cenotaph in Colombo and the stone Cenotaph in the new Allenby Square, Romema, Jerusalem – were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I. 
A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the vast majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are instead dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire. 
History and etymology 
The English word "cenotaph" derives from the Greek: κενοτάφιον kenotaphion (κενός kenos, meaning "empty", and τάφος taphos, "tomb").[1] 
Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world. Many were built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe (in the shape of Neolithic barrows). 
White people is a racial classification and skin color specifier, used mostly and exclusively for people of European and, more broadly Western Eurasian descent;[1] depending on context, nationality, and point of view. The term has at times been expanded to encompass persons of South Asian,[2][3] Middle Eastern, and North African descent (for example, in the US Census definition), persons who are often considered non-white in other contexts in the United States. It has also controversially been alleged that, in the United States, people of Southern European and even Irish descent have been excluded from this category, although this idea has been contested.[4][5] The usage of "white people" or a "white race" for a large group of mainly or exclusively European populations, defined by their light skin, among other physical characteristics, and contrasting with "black people", Amerindians, Brown Race and other "colored" people or "persons of color", originated in the 17th century. 
Demographics 
Ethnic map of Yugoslavia based on 1991 census data, published by CIA in 1992 
Yugoslavia (/ˌjuːɡoʊˈslɑːviə/; Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslavija / Југославија [juɡǒslaːʋija]; Slovene: Jugoslavija [juɡɔˈslàːʋija]; Macedonian: Југославија [juɡɔˈsɫavija];[upper-alpha 1] lit. 'South Slavic Land') was a country in Southeast Europe and Central Europe for most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918[upper-alpha 2] under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (it was formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) with the Kingdom of Serbia, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. 
Breakup 
The Parthian Empire (/ˈpɑːrθiən/; 247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (/ˈɑːrsəsɪd/),[9] was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran.[10] Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I,[11] who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia[12] in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I (r. c. 171–132 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan. 
Parthian long-necked lute, c. 3 BC – 3 AD 
Why the Arsacid court retroactively chose 247 BC as the first year of the Arsacid era is uncertain. A.D.H. Bivar concludes that this was the year the Seleucids lost control of Parthia to Andragoras, the appointed satrap who rebelled against them. Hence, Arsaces I "backdated his regnal years" to the moment when Seleucid control over Parthia ceased.[18] However, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis asserts that this was simply the year Arsaces was made chief of the Parni tribe.[19] Homa Katouzian[20] and Gene Ralph Garthwaite[21] claim it was the year Arsaces conquered Parthia and expelled the Seleucid authorities, yet Curtis[19] and Maria Brosius[22] state that Andragoras was not overthrown by the Arsacids until 238 BC. 
The Kushan Empire (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν; Bactrian: Κυϸανο, Kushano; Sanskrit: कुषाण राजवंश Kuṣāṇa Rājavaṃśa, BHS: Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa; Parthian: 𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓, Kušan-xšaθr; Sanskrit: Ku-shā-ṇa (Late Brahmi script), Kuṣāṇa Sāmrājya; BHS: Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa; Chinese: 貴霜; [15]) was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of Afghanistan,[16] and then the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great.[17] Emperor Kanishka and the Kushans in general were great patrons of Buddhism, as well as Zoroastrianism[18]. They played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent and its spread to Central Asia and China. 
Liang (梁國) was a kingdom/principality in Han dynasty. Its territories was located within the modern Henan, Anhui and Shandong provinces. 
Territory and population 
Indianised kingdom in Western Java[1] The kingdom existed between 130-362 AD. A relatively modern literature in the 17th century Pustaka Rajya Rajya i Bhumi Nusantara describes Salakanagara as being founded by an Indian merchant. However no historical records affirms this modern writeup on the ancient kingdom. 
Salakanagara was in charge of small kingdoms, which were founded by people from the Dewawarman dynasty (the kings who ruled Salakanagara)[citation needed]. Kingdoms that are subordinate to Salakanagara include: 
Dewawarman I Dewawarman II Dewawarman III Dewawarman IV Dewawarman V Dewawarman VI Dewawarman VII Dewawarman VIII 
Ay II, commonly known just as Ay, was the penultimate pharaoh of ancient Egypt's 18th Dynasty. He held the throne of Egypt for a brief four-year period (1323–1319 BC[1] or 1327–1323 BC, depending on which chronology is followed), although he was a close advisor to two and perhaps three of the pharaohs who ruled before him and is thought to have been the power behind the throne during Tutankhamun's reign. Ay's prenomen or royal name—Kheperkheperure—means "Everlasting are the Manifestations of Ra" while his nomen Ay it-netjer reads as "Ay, Father of the God".[2] Records and monuments that can be clearly attributed to Ay are rare, not only due to his short length of reign, but also because his successor, Horemheb, instigated a campaign of damnatio memoriae against him and other pharaohs associated with the unpopular Amarna Period. 
The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his bodyguards 
The Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguards. 
The Kangxi Emperor (5 February 1654 – 20 December 1722), given name Xuanye, was the fourth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. 
In the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the Tsardom of Russia in a series of border conflicts along the Amur River region, which concluded with the Qing gaining control of the area after the Siege of Albazin. 
Earl of Wessex is a title that has been created three times in British history, twice in the pre-Conquest Anglo-Saxon nobility of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The region of Wessex (the ‘West Saxons’), in the south and southwest of England, had been one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy), whose expansion in the tenth century created a united Kingdom of England. 
First creation, c. 1019 
The title of Earl of Devon was created several times in the English peerage, and was possessed first (after the Norman Conquest of 1066) by the de Redvers (alias de Reviers, Revieres, etc.) family, and later by the Courtenays. It is not to be confused with the title of Earl of Devonshire, held, together with the title Duke of Devonshire, by the Cavendish family of Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, although the letters patent for the creation of the latter peerages used the same Latin words, Comes Devon(iae).[1] It was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation, of the pre-Conquest office of Ealdorman of Devon.[2] 
The Earldom of Pembroke (Welsh: Iarllaeth Penfro) is a title in the Peerage of England that was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title, which is associated with Pembroke, Pembrokeshire in West Wales, has been recreated ten times from its original inception. With each creation beginning with a new first Earl, the original seat of Pembroke Castle is no longer attached to the title. 
Arms of the Earls of Pembroke (tenth creation). 
Warwick Castle, traditionally the seat of the Earls of Warwick, on the River Avon 
Arms of Beauchamp: Gules, a fesse between six cross crosslets or 
Arms of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick 
Earl of Warwick is one of the most prestigious titles in the peerages of the United Kingdom. The title has been created four times in English history, and the name refers to Warwick Castle and the town of Warwick. 
Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title has been recreated eight times from its original inception, beginning with a new first Earl upon each new creation. Possibly the most well-known Earls of Essex were Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485 – 1540) (sixth creation), chief minister to King Henry VIII, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601) (eighth creation), a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I who led the Earl of Essex Rebellion in 1601. 
Originally founded by Norse invaders, the status of the rulers of the Norðreyjar as Norwegian vassals was formalised in 1195. Although the Old Norse term jarl is etymologically related to "earl", and the jarls were succeeded by earls in the late 15th century, a Norwegian jarl is not the same thing.[2] In the Norse context the distinction between jarls and kings did not become significant until the late 11th century[3] and the early jarls would therefore have had considerable independence of action until that time. The position of Jarl of Orkney was eventually the most senior rank in mediaeval Norway except for the king himself. 
The name change to Finch came in the 1350s after marriage to an heiress by a member of the Finch family.[2] In 1660 the 3rd Earl of Winchilsea was created Baron FitzHerbert of Eastwell, Kent, in recompense for his efficient aid in the Restoration of the Monarchy.[3] The Herbert family of Wales, Earls of Pembroke, share common ancestry[4] but bear differenced arms.[5] A later member of the family, Sir William Finch, was knighted in 1513. His son Sir Thomas Finch (died 1563), was also knighted for his share in suppressing Sir Thomas Wyatt's insurrection against Queen Mary I, and was the son-in-law of Sir Thomas Moyle, some of whose lands Finch's wife inherited. Thomas's eldest son Moyle Finch represented Weymouth, Kent and Winchelsea in the House of Commons. 
Earl of Wemyss (/ˈwiːmz/ WEEMZ) and Earl of March are two titles in the Peerage of Scotland, created in 1633 and 1697 respectively, that have been held by a joint holder since 1826. The Scottish Wemyss family had possessed the lands of Wemyss in Fife since the 12th century.[2] 
He was made Baron Montagu, of St Neots in the County of Huntingdon, and Viscount Hinchingbrooke, at the same time, also in the Peerage of England. The viscountcy is used as the courtesy title by the heir apparent to the earldom. A member of the prominent Montagu family, Lord Sandwich was the son of Sir Sidney Montagu, youngest brother of Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester (from whom the Dukes of Manchester descend), and Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton (from whom the Dukes of Montagu descended). 
It was created in 1768 for Edward King, 1st Viscount Kingston.[2] The Earl holds the subsidiary titles Baron Kingston, of Rockingham in the County of Roscommon (created in 1764),[3] Viscount Kingston, of Kingsborough in the County of Sligo (created in 1766),[4] Baron Erris, of Boyle in the County of Roscommon (created in 1801),[5] and Viscount Lorton, of Boyle in the County of Roscommon (created in 1806), also in the Peerage of Ireland. He is also a baronet in the Baronetage of Ireland. Between 1821 and 1869 the earls also held the title Baron Kingston, of Mitchelstown in the County of Cork (created in 1821), in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. 
The peerage title Earl of Kent has been created eight times in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. 
Earls of Kent, seventh creation (1461) 
Earls of Kent, ninth creation (1866) 
Earl of Thomond was an hereditary title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created twice for the O'Brien dynasty which is an ancient Irish sept native to north Munster. 
Earls of Thomond (1756) 
The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus. The title, in the Peerage of Scotland, is held by the Duke of Hamilton, and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Duke's eldest son. 
Mormaers 
Angus is one of the oldest attested mormaerdoms, with the earliest attested mormaer, Dubacan of Angus, known to have lived in the early 10th century, as recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba. Angus was, according to the doubtful and legendary text de Situ Albanie, one of the seven original mormaerdoms of the Pictish kingdom of Alba, said to have been occupied by seven brothers, of whom Angus (Oengus) was the eldest.[1] Despite this, the mormaers of Angus are among the most obscure of all. After the death of Mormaer Maol Chaluim, in probably about 1240, the mormaerdom passed through the marriage of his daughter Matilda, to the line of the Norman Gilbert de Umfraville. 
Owing to a 19th-century dispute, there are currently two Earls of Mar as both the first and seventh creations are currently extant. The first creation of the earldom was originally the provincial ruler of the province of Mar in north-eastern Scotland. First attested in the year 1014,[1] the "seat" or "caput" eventually became Kildrummy Castle, although other sites like Doune of Invernochty were initially just as important. 
Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice. 
In 1325, Maurice FitzMaurice, 4th Baron of Kerry, murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy (son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy) in the courtroom at Tralee. For this act, Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited, but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice, 5th Baron of Kerry. 
Barons Kerry (1223) 
Earls of Kerry (1723) 
The Earl of Tyrone is a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland. 
It was created a final time in 1746 for Marcus Beresford, 1st Viscount Tyrone, son-in-law of the last Power earl. His son was created Marquess of Waterford in 1789, and the title has since been a subsidiary title of the Waterford title.[1] 
Earl of Gainsborough is a title that has been created twice, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation ended in extinction when the sixth Earl died without heirs. However, the title was revived in 1841 for a female-line relative. 
Earls of Gainsborough, First Creation (1682) 
1841 creation 
William Middleton, 1st Baron Barham 
Earl of Halifax is a title that has been created four times in British history.[n 1] The name of the peerage refers to Halifax, West Yorkshire. 
Viscount Halifax, first creation (1668) 
Baron Halifax (1700) 
Viscount Halifax, second creation (1866) 
William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland, 2nd Creation 
Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England, first in 1633 and again in 1689. What proved to be a long co-held title, Duke of Portland, was created in 1716 and ceased in 1990 on the death of the ninth Duke, when the Earldom passed to the most senior agnatic (solely male-line) cousin, namely one of the 6th degree.[1] 
Dukes of Portland (1716) 
Second creation (1689) 
The second earldom dates to 1442. The holder of the Earldom of Shrewsbury also holds the title of Earl of Waterford (1446) in the Peerage of Ireland and Earl Talbot (1784) in the Peerage of Great Britain. Shrewsbury and Waterford are the oldest earldoms in their peerages held by someone with no higher title (the oldest earldoms in each peerage being held by the Duke of Norfolk and Duke of Leinster respectively), and as such the Earl of Shrewsbury is sometimes described as the premier earl of England and Ireland.[3][4] 
Earl of Mornington is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1760 for the Anglo-Irish politician and composer Garret Wellesley, 2nd Baron Mornington. On the death of the fifth earl in 1863 it passed to the Duke of Wellington. 
Earl Cowley Tylney-Long baronets Earl Tylney 
Earl of Egmont was a title in the Peerage of Ireland, created in 1733 for John Perceval, 1st Viscount Perceval. It became extinct with the death of the twelfth earl in 2011. 
Proclamation of King William III of the Netherlands regarding his accession, 1849 
Handbill publishing the Royal Proclamation of King George I, dated 23 September 1715, for the "discovery and apprehension" of Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet, the Jacobite leader 
Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II Proclamation Day Proclamation For the Encouragement of Piety and Virtue Proclamation of the Irish Republic Ukase Edict Decree Presidential proclamation Letters patent Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Royal Proclamation of 2003 
A proclamation (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement) is an official declaration issued by a person of authority to make certain announcements known. Proclamations are currently used within the governing framework of some nations and are usually issued in the name of the head of state. 
During his time in high school, Wilson attended the Manning Passing Academy, a summer football clinic run by multiple NFL MVP winner Peyton Manning. Due to this encounter, Manning recognized Wilson many years later when the latter had flown to Denver to discuss the prospect of getting drafted by the Denver Broncos, where Manning had recently signed.[40] 
Russell Carrington Wilson (born November 29, 1988)[3][4][5] is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). 
Emperor Ningzong of Song (19 November 1168 – 17 September 1224), personal name Zhao Kuo, was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the fourth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He reigned from 1194 until his death in 1224. 
He was the second son and the only surviving child of his predecessor Guangzong and like his father, Ningzong was weak-minded; easily dominated by women.[1] During Ningzong's reign, he had built 75 commemorative shrines and steles, the most in Song history.[2] He was a great patron of art, promoting artists such as Liang Kai and Ma Yuan to painter-in-waiting and writing poems about their paintings.[3] Upon Ningzong's death, a minor official and a relative of Ningzong became Emperor Lizong. 
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that succeeded the period referred to as Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960) and preceded the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), which conquered the Song dynasty in 1279. The conventional division into the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) and Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) is created by the conquest of northern China by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1127 and the consequent shift of the capital from Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng) in the north to Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) in the south. 
Timeline 
Family tree of emperors 
Chinese emperors family tree (middle)#Song dynasty 
Below is a complete list of emperors of the Song dynasty, including their temple names, posthumous names, given names, and era names. The dynasty was founded by Zhao Kuangyin, who became Emperor Taizu (r. 960–976) and concluded with the death of Zhao Bing (r. 
Portrait Temple name (廟號; miào hào)[note 1] Posthumous name (諡號; shì hào) Birth name Lifespan Period of reign Era names (年號; nián hào) durations Taizu (太祖; Tàizǔ) 啟運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝[note 2] Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤; Zhào Kuāngyìn) 927–976 (49) 960–976 Jianlong (建隆; Jiànlóng; 960–963)[32] Qiande (乾德; Qiándé; 963–968)[33] Kaibao (開寶; Kāibǎo; 968–976)[34] Taizong (太宗; Tàizōng) 至仁應道神功聖德文武睿烈大明廣孝皇帝 Zhao Jiong (趙炅; Zhào Jiǒng) 939–997 (58) 976–997 Taipingxingguo (太平興國; Tàipíngxīngguó; 976–984)[35] Yongxi (雍熙; Yōngxī; 984–988)[36] Duangong (端拱; Duāngǒng; 988–989)[37] Chunhua (淳化; Chúnhuà; 990–994)[38] Zhidao (至道; Zhìdào; 995–997)[39] Zhenzong (真宗; Zhēnzōng) (It was ruled by Empress Consort Liu at the end of the rule ) 應符稽古神功讓德文明武定章聖元孝皇帝 Zhao Heng (趙恆; Zhào Héng) 968–1022 (54) 997–1022 Xianping (咸平; Xiánpíng; 998–1003)[40] Jingde (景德; Jǐngdé; 1004–1007)[41] Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符; Dàzhōngxiángfú; 1008–1016)[42] Tianxi (天禧; Tiānxǐ; 1017–1021)[43] Qianxing (乾興; Qiánxīng; 1022)[44] Renzong (仁宗; Rénzōng) (It was ruled by Empress Dowager Liu early in the rule) 體天法道極功全德神文聖武睿哲明孝皇帝 Zhao Zhen (趙禎; Zhào Zhēn) 1010–1063 (53) 1022–1063 Tiansheng (天聖; Tiānshèng; 1023–1032)[45] Mingdao (明道; Míngdào; 1032–1033)[46] Jingyou (景祐; Jǐngyòu; 1034–1038)[47] Baoyuan (寶元; Bǎoyuán; 1038–1040)[48] Kangding (康定; Kāngdìng; 1040–1041)[49] Qingli (慶曆; Qìnglì; 1041–1048)[50] Huangyou (皇祐; Huángyòu; 1049–1053)[51] Zhihe (至和; Zhìhé; 1054–1056)[52] Jiayou (嘉祐; Jiāyòu; 1056–1063)[53] Yingzong (英宗; Yīngzōng) 體乾應曆隆功盛德憲文肅武睿聖宣孝皇帝 Zhao Shu (趙曙; Zhào Shǔ) 1032–1067 (35) 1063–1067 Zhiping (治平; Zhìpíng; 1064–1067)[54] Shenzong (神宗; Shénzōng) 紹天法古運德建功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝 Zhao Xu (趙頊; Zhào Xū) 1048–1085 (37) 1067–1085 Xining (熙寧; Xīníng; 1068–1077)[55] Yuanfeng (元豐; Yuánfēng; 1078–1085)[56] Zhezong (哲宗; Zhézōng) 憲元繼道顯德定功欽文睿武齊聖昭孝皇帝 Zhao Xu (趙煦; Zhào Xù) 1077–1100 (23) 1085–1100 Yuanyou (元祐; Yuányòu; 1086–1093)[57] Shaosheng (紹聖; Shàoshèng; 1094–1098)[58] Yuanfu (元符; Yuánfú; 1098–1100)[59] Huizong (徽宗; Huīzōng) 體神合道駿烈遜功聖文仁德慈憲顯孝皇帝 Zhao Ji (趙佶; Zhào Jí) 1082–1135 (53) 1100–1125 Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國; Jiànzhōngjìngguó; 1101)[60] Chongning (崇寧; Chóngníng; 1102–1106)[61] Daguan (大觀; Dàguān; 1107–1110)[62] Zhenghe (政和; Zhènghé; 1111–1118)[63] Chonghe (重和; Chónghé; 1118)[64] Xuanhe (宣和; Xuānhé; 1119–1125)[65] Qinzong (欽宗; Qīnzōng) 恭文順德仁孝皇帝 Zhao Huan (趙桓; Zhào Huán) 1100–1161 (61) 1126–1127 Jingkang (靖康; Jìngkāng; 1125–1127)[66] 
Portrait Temple names (廟號; miào hào) Posthumous names (諡號; shì hào) Birth names Lifespan Period of reigns Era names (年號; nián hào) and their according range of years Gaozong (高宗; Gāozōng) Shòumìng Zhōngxīng Quángōng Zhìdé Shèngshén Wǔwén Zhāorén Xiànxiào Huángdì (受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝) Zhao Gou (趙構; Zhào Gòu) 1107–1187 (80) 1127–1162 Jianyan (建炎; Jiànyán; 1127–1130)[67][note 3] Shaoxing (紹興; Shàoxīng; 1131–1162)[68] Xiaozong (孝宗; Xiàozōng) Shàotǒng Tóngdào Guāndé Zhāogōng Zhéwén Shénwǔ Míngshèng Chéngxiào Huángdì (紹統同道冠德昭功哲文神武明聖成孝皇帝) Zhao Shen (趙昚; Zhào Shèn) 1127–1194 (67) 1162–1189 Longxing (隆興; Lóngxīng; 1163–1164)[69] Qiandao (乾道; Qiándào; 1165–1173)[70] Chunxi (淳熙; Chúnxī; 1174–1189)[71] Guangzong (光宗; Guāngzōng) Xúndào Xiànrén Mínggōng Màodé Wēnshùn Wǔshèng Zhécí Xiào Huángdì (循道憲仁明功茂德溫文順武聖哲慈孝皇帝) Zhao Dun (趙惇; Zhào Dūn) 1147–1200 (53) 1189–1194 Shaoxi (紹熙; Shàoxī; 1190–1194)[72] Ningzong (寧宗; Níngzōng) Fǎtiān Bèidào Chúnquán Démào Gōngrén Wénzhé Wǔshèng Ruìgōng Xiào Huángdì (法天備道純德茂功仁文哲武聖睿恭孝皇帝) Zhao Kuo (趙擴; Zhào Kuò) 1168–1224 (56) 1194–1224 Qingyuan (慶元; Qìngyuán; 1195–1200)[73] Jiatai (嘉泰; Jiātài; 1201–1204)[74] Kaixi (開禧; Kāixǐ; 1205–1207)[75] Jiading (嘉定; Jiādìng; 1208–1224)[76] Lizong (理宗; Lǐzōng) Jiàndào Bèidé Dàgōng Fùxīng Lièwén Rénwǔ Shèngmíng Ānxiào Huángdì (建道備德大功復興烈文仁武聖明安孝皇帝) Zhao Yun (趙昀; Zhào Yún) 1205–1264 (59) 1224–1264 Baoqing (寶慶; Bǎoqìng; 1225–1227)[77] Shaoding (紹定; Shàodìng; 1228–1233)[78] Duanping (端平; Duānpíng; 1234–1236)[79] Jiaxi (嘉熙; Jiāxī; 1237–1240)[80] Chunyou (淳祐; Chúnyòu; 1241–1252)[81] Baoyou (寶祐; Bǎoyòu; 1253–1258)[82] Kaiqing (開慶; Kāiqìng; 1259)[83] Jingding (景定; Jǐngdìng; 1260–1264)[84] Duzong (度宗; Dùzōng) Duānwén Míngwǔ Jǐngxiào Huángdì (端文明武景孝皇帝) Zhao Qi (趙祺; Zhào Qí) 1240–1274 (34) 1264–1274 Xianchun (咸淳; Xiánchún; 1265–1274)[85] Gong (宋恭帝; Gōng) Xiàogōng Yìshèng Huángdì (孝恭懿圣皇帝) Zhao Xian (趙顯; Zhào Xiǎn) 1271–1323 (52) 1275 Deyou (德祐; Déyòu; 1275–1276)[86] Duanzong (端宗; Duānzōng) Yùwén Zhāowǔ Mǐnxiào Huángdì (裕文昭武愍孝皇帝) Zhao Shi (趙昰; Zhào Shì) 1268–1278 (10) 1276–1278 Jingyan (景炎; Jǐngyán; 1276–1278)[87] Zhao Bing (趙昺; Zhào Bǐng) 1271–1279 (8) 1278–1279 Xiangxing (祥興; Xiángxīng; 1278–1279)[88] 
The Forbidden Plateau is a small, hilly plateau in the east of the Vancouver Island Ranges in British Columbia, northwest of Comox Lake[1] roughly between Mount Albert Edward to the southwest and Mount Washington to the northeast. 
Comox Glacier Panther Lake 
Geography 
The plateau features gently sloping sub-alpine terrain broken up by small, rugged hills and pitted with small lakes. Much of it is contained within Strathcona Provincial Park, and a network of trails facilitate hiking, cross country skiing, and access to Mount Albert Edward. 
The Comox Glacier is a glacier on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Courtenay and 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Argus Mountain. 
List of mountains in Strathcona Provincial Park Vancouver Island Ranges Forbidden Plateau 
The highest elevation of the Comox Glacier, 1,960 m (6,430 ft), refers to a rocky outcrop on the north side of the glacier. Lacking an official name, it is referred to as the Comox Glacier summit. 
The Comox Glacier is a member of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in turn form part of the Insular Mountains.[2] 
History 
This name comes from a traditional account of the Great Flood: a whale was said to be trapped up on the mountain when the flood receded. In the early 1900s, the glacier was known as Dome Glacier. The name Comox Glacier was officially adopted in 1939, at the suggestion of the Comox & District Mountaineering Club.[3] 
Panther Lake is a lake located on Vancouver Island on Forbidden Plateau south of Lake Helen MacKenzie.[1] 
Vancouver Island is in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, and part of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The island is 460 km (290 mi) in length, 100 km (62 mi) in width at its widest point,[4] and 32,134 km2 (12,407 sq mi) in area. It is the largest island on the west coasts of the Americas. 
Further reading 
The Butchart Gardens is a group of floral display gardens in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia, Canada, located near Victoria on Vancouver Island. The gardens receive over a million visitors each year. The gardens have been designated a National Historic Site of Canada.[1] 
Collections 
Sturgeon fountain 
History 
Entrance to the Butchart Gardens 
The Organ Mountains are a rugged mountain range in southern New Mexico in the Southwestern United States. Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument was declared a national monument on May 21, 2014.[1] They lie 10 miles (16 km) east of the city of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County.[2] 
The lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys are a group of Old World monkeys in the genus Trachypithecus (derived from Greek τραχύς, trachýs meaning "rough" and πίθηκος, píthekos meaning "monkey"). Their range is much of Southeast Asia (northeast India, southern China, Borneo, Thailand, Java, and Bali). 
Nilgiri langur, formerly classified within the genus Trachypithecus but since moved to the genus Semnopithecus 
Trachypithecus cristatus robustus skull 
The city Luodong in Taiwan is named after this monkey species. 
Description 
The inner surfaces of the hands and feet are hairless so that their fur does not get caught when reaching into branches. These animals reach a length of 40 to 80 cm and a weight of 5 to 15 kg, with males generally larger than females. A bulge over the eyes and other details, primarily in the head, differentiate it from the surilis. 
Francois' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) 
The Dubai Miracle Garden (In Arabic: حديقة الزهور بدبي) is a flower garden located in the district of Dubailand, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The garden was launched on Valentine's Day in 2013.[1] The garden occupies over 72,000 square metres (780,000 sq ft), making it the world's largest natural flower garden featuring over 50 million flowers and 250 million plants.[2][3] 
In April 2015, the garden was awarded the Moselle Award for New Garden Experiences of the year by the Garden Tourism Award 2015.[1] 
The Gate at Mongnai in a picture by Sir James George Scott. 
1852 – 1875: Hkun Nu Nom 1875 – 1882: Hkun Kyi (1st time) (1847–1914) 1882 – 1888: Twet Nga Lu (usurper) (d. 1888) 1888 – 1914: Hkun Kyi (2nd time) (s.a.) 1914 – 1928: Hkun Kyaw Sam 1928 – 1949: Hkun Kyaw Ho (d. 1949) 1949 – 1958: Sao Pye 
"Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states" The Imperial Gazetteer of India 
Mongnai, also known as Möngnai, Mone, Mōng Nai or Monē,[1] was a Shan state in what is today Burma. It belonged to the Eastern Division of the Southern Shan States.[1] Its capital was Mongnai town.[2] 
History 
Möngnai state was founded before 1800. According to tradition a predecessor state named Saturambha had existed previously in the area.[3] 
Mongnai included the substates of Kengtawng[1] and Kenghkam. The latter was annexed in 1882.[citation needed] 
Rulers (title Myoza) 
c.1802 – 1848: Maung Shwe Paw 1848 – 1850: Maung Yit 1850 – 1851: U Po Ka 1852: U Shwe Kyu 
Rulers (title Saopha) 
Ritual style Kambawsa Rahta Mahawunthiri Pawara Thudamaraza.[4] 
Map of the Shan States showing the four trans-Salween districts that were annexed by Thailand in WW II. 
The rulers of Mongpan bore the title of Saopha after 1867; their ritual style was Kambawsa Mahawuntha Thirdamaraza.[5] 
Myozas 
1809) 1809 - 1823 Mana Ne Myo (d. 1823) 1823 - 1858 Maung Shwe Hkam (d. 1858) 1858 - 1867 Hkun Tun U (d. 
Saophas 
1867 - 1886 Hkun Tun U (s.a.) 1886 - 1918 Hkun Num Leng (b. 1869 - d. 1918) 1918 - 1952 Hkun On 
Mongpan (also spelt Möngpan), also known as Maingpan (Burmese: မိုင်းပန်) was a Shan state in what is today Burma. It belonged to the Eastern Division of the Southern Shan States. 
The town of Mong Pan was formerly the residence of the Sawbwa of Mongpan State. The capital is in the middle of a fertile plain. Most of the other areas of the state are mountainous, rich in teak forests. 
A Netherland Dwarf rabbit (Note the short ears, brachycephalic head and cobby body) Ruby-eyed white colour variety 
FOR COMPARISON A Polish breed rabbit (Note the longer ears and lack of brachycephalic head, with less cobbiness) Ruby-eyed white colour variety 
Weighing 1.1–2.5 pounds (0.50–1.13 kg),[1][2] the Netherland Dwarf is one of the smallest rabbit breeds. Its popularity as a pet or show rabbit may stem from its neotenic appearance. The Netherland Dwarf is recognised by both the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA)[1] and the British Rabbit Council (BRC).[2] The Netherland Dwarf is often confused with the Polish breed of rabbit, but the latter has longer ears, a non-brachycephalic head and less cobbiness. 
Royal Palace (Amsterdam): Jacob van Campen, 1646. 
Dutch Baroque architecture is a variety of Baroque architecture that flourished in the Dutch Republic and its colonies during the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century. (Dutch painting during the period is covered by Dutch Golden Age painting). 
The Shan States (1885–1948) were a collection of minor Shan kingdoms called muang whose rulers bore the title saopha in British Burma. They were analogous to the princely states of British India. 
Maw (Burmese: Baw), was a Shan state in what is today Burma. It was the northernmost and the second largest of the states of the Myelat region at the western end of the Shan States.[1] 
Mong Mao, Möngmao (Chinese: 勐卯; Burmese: မိုင်းမော) or Mao kingdom (Mong is the etymological equivalent of Thai Mueang, meaning nation) was an ethnically Dai state that controlled several smaller Tai states or chieftainships along the frontier of what is now Myanmar, China, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh etc principally set in the Dehong region of Yunnan with a capital near the modern-day border town of Ruili. The name of the main river in this region is the Nam Mao, also known as the Shweli River. 
Descendants-Tai Ahom 
List of Monarchs 
Collectively, they are sometimes referred to as the Battle of Central Burma. Despite logistical difficulties, the Allies were able to deploy large armoured and mechanised forces in Central Burma, and also possessed air supremacy. Most of the Japanese forces in Burma were destroyed during the battles, allowing the Allies to later recapture the capital, Rangoon, and reoccupy most of the country with little organised opposition. 
The Situation in 1945 
At this point, the Japanese were hastily reinforcing their Central Front with units from the northern front (where the American-led Northern Combat Area Command had largely ceased its operations as its Chinese units were recalled to China) and with reserve units from Southern Burma. 
Around the world 
Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of "All Hallows' evening"),[5] also known as Allhalloween,[6] All Hallows' Eve,[7] or All Saints' Eve,[8] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide,[9] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[10][11] 
Flaccid 
One study found the mean flaccid penis length to be 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) (measured by staff).[1] A review of several studies found average flaccid length to be 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in).[2] Length of the flaccid penis does not necessarily correspond to length of the erect penis; some smaller flaccid penises grow much longer, while some larger flaccid penises grow comparatively less.[3] 
Diagram showing how to measure the length and circumference of an erect human penis 
Human penises vary in size on a number of measures, including length and circumference when flaccid and erect. Besides the natural variability of human penises in general, there are factors that lead to minor variations in a particular male, such as the level of arousal, time of day, room temperature, and frequency of sexual activity. Compared to other primates, including large examples such as the gorilla, the human penis is thickest, both in absolute terms and relative to the rest of the body. 
Simplified Chinese characters (简化字; jiǎnhuàzì)[1] are standardized Chinese characters used in mainland China, as prescribed by Table of General Standard Chinese Characters. Along with traditional Chinese characters, they are one of the two standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s to encourage literacy.[2] They are officially used in the People's Republic of China and Singapore, while traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and occasionally in the Chinese community of Malaysia and Singapore. 
Method of simplification 
Structural simplification of characters 
Merging two or more usually homophonous characters : 
History 
Before 1949 
Distribution and use 
Traditional Chinese characters (traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字; simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字, Pinyin: Zhèngtǐzì/Fántǐzì)[1] are Chinese characters in any character set which does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946.[dubious ] 
Ramesses II /ˈræməsiːz, ˈræmsiːz, ˈræmziːz/[5] (variously also spelt Rameses[6] or Ramses, Ancient Egyptian: rꜥ-ms-sw "Ra is the one who bore him", Koinē Greek: Ῥαμέσσης, romanized: Rhaméssēs, c. 
1303 BC – July or August 1213; reigned 1279–1213 BC[7]), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom, itself the most powerful period of Ancient Egypt.[4] His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor". 
He is known as Ozymandias in Greek sources (Koinē Greek: Οσυμανδύας, romanized: Osymandýas),[9] from the first part of Ramesses's regnal name, Usermaatre Setepenre, "The Maat of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra".[10] 
The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples, and monuments. He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and used it as the main base for his campaigns in Syria. At fourteen, he was appointed prince regent by his father, Seti I.[8] He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC.[11] Manetho attributes Ramesses II a reign of 66 years and 2 months; most Egyptologists today believe he assumed the throne on 31 May 1279 BC, based on his known accession date of III Season of the Harvest, day 27.[12][13] Estimates of his age at death vary; 90 or 91 is considered most likely.[14][15] Ramesses II celebrated an unprecedented thirteen or fourteen Sed festivals (the first held after 30 years of a pharaoh's reign, and then, every three years) during his reign—more than any other pharaoh.[16] On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings;[17] his body was later moved to a royal cache where it was discovered in 1881, and is now on display in the Egyptian Museum.[18] 
Building activity and monuments 
Ramesses II as a child (Cairo Museum) 
In popular culture 
A Shao opera performance in Shanghai, China, 2014. This photo shows an acrobatic performer's somersault. 
1912–1949 
Chinese Opera Performer As Hua Mulan in 1910s 
1949–1985 
Sichuan opera in Chengdu 
History 
There are and have been several Chinese alphabets, that is pre-existing alphabets adapted to write down the Chinese language. However, the standard Chinese writing system uses a non-alphabetic script with an alphabet for supplementary use.[1] There is no original alphabet native to China. China has its Pinyin system though sometimes the term is used anyway to refer to logographic Chinese characters (sinograms). 
Jinghong (Chinese: 景洪; pinyin: Jǐnghóng; Tai Lü: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩩ᩵ᨦ; Thai: เชียงรุ่ง, RTGS: Chiang Rung, pronounced [t͡ɕʰīa̯ŋ rûŋ]; Lao: ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ; also formerly romanised as Chiang Hung, Chengrung, Cheng Hung, Jeng Hung, Jinghung, Keng Hung, Kiang Hung and Muangjinghung) is a city in and the seat of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, in the far south of China's Yunnan province, and the historic capital of the former Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna. 
The Dai Water Splashing Festival and nearby villages of that and other ethnic groups are the main attractions. Additionally, at least three botanical parks and gardens are located in or near the city, of which Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is the largest and most famous one. 
Menghai County (Chinese: 勐海县; pinyin: Měnghǎi Xiàn; Tai Lu: ᨾᩮᩨ᩠ᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ Meng Haai Lao: ເມືອງຮາຍ) is a county under the jurisdiction of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, in the far south of Yunnan, China, bordering Burma's Shan State to the southwest. Meng is as variation of Mueang. 
Mengsong (勐宋乡) Wangxiang (勐往乡) 
3 ethic townships 
Hani Gelanghe (格朗和哈尼族乡) Bulang Bulang Shan (西定哈尼族布朗族乡) Hani /Bulang Xiding (西定哈尼族布朗族乡) 
Pu-erh tea 
In and around Menghai County, ethnic Hani subgroups include:[3] 
Jiuwei (鸠为) (Dai exonym: Buli 布里; large population): villages include Nanzhong 南中寨 of Mengjing 勐景,[4] Longnapa 笼那帕寨 of Damenglong 大勐笼, and Baiya 拜牙村 Menggun 勐滚, Menghai County. Jizuo (吉坐) (small population): villages include Mengbozhai 勐波寨[5] of Menghan 勐罕村 Muda (木达) (also locally known as the Nanlin 南林) 
Menghai County has 6 towns 2 townships and 3 ethic townships. 
6 towns 
Menghai (勐海镇) Daluo (打洛镇) Menghun (勐混镇) Mengzhe (勐遮镇) Mengman (勐满镇) Meng'a (勐阿镇) 
2 townships 
Menglai Township (Chinese: 勐来乡) is a rural township in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County, Yunnan, China.[1] As of the 2010 census[update] it had a population of 14,443 and an area of 188.094-square-kilometre (72.623 sq mi). It borders Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County in the north, Mengsheng Town in the east, Nuoliang Township and Mengjiao Township in the south, and Banhong Township in the west.[2] 
Sa-koi (also known as Sagwe) was a small Shan state in what is today Burma. It belonged to the Central Division of the Southern Shan States. 
"World Statesmen.org: Shan and Karenni States of Burma". Retrieved 21 December 2010. "WHKMLA : History of the Shan States". 
African elephants form the genus Loxodonta, a widely accepted taxon. 
Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. 
Ranks 
Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Linnaeus's system in Systema Naturae, 10th edition, (1758)[1] as well as an unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in the introduction of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Flore françoise, of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Principes élémentaires de botanique. Lamarck set out a system for the "natural classification" of plants. 
The old China Central Television Building 
China Central Television (CCTV) is a Chinese state-controlled broadcaster. CCTV has a network of 50 channels broadcasting different programmes and is accessible to more than one billion viewers in six different languages.[1] Most of its programmes are a mixture of news, documentary, social education, comedy, entertainment, and drama, the majority of which consists of Chinese soap operas and entertainment,[2] however factual reporting about topics which are sensitive to the CCP is distorted and often used as a weapon against the CCP’s perceived enemies.[3] 
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), founded in 1959, is located in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna at 21º55' N, 101º15'E, covering an area of 1125 ha. Over 13,000 species of tropical plants are preserved in its 35 living collections, including over 301 families and 2110 genera.[1] 
InterContinental Hotels & Resorts is a luxury hotel brand founded in 1946 by Pan Am's Founder Juan Trippe.[1] It has been part of InterContinental Hotels Group since 1998.[2] As of November 2020, there were 210 InterContinental hotels featuring over 71,045 rooms worldwide.[3] 
In July 2016, InterContinental Adelaide was responsible for giving at least 70 diners salmonella food poisoning. Twenty-one of these people had to be treated at hospital.[7] 
Naing Ngan Lin (Burmese: နိုင်ငံလင်း, born September 3, 1977) is a Burmese politician and former political prisoner who currently serves as a regional minister for social affairs and a Pyithu Hluttaw MP for Dekkhinathiri Township. 
Biography 
Naing Ngan Lin was born on September 3, 1977 in Thaton Township, Mon State to Aye Myint and Phyu.He moved to Yangon when he was about three years old. 
He became involved in politics during the Saffron Revolution of 2007. At 2008, he was arrested and spent two months in prison. After he was released, he set up the United Front of Burmese Activists for Democracy. 
Then after Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest, she called on him to work with the NLD in 2010. He founded the Togetherness Free Education Network for Youth and, later, the Health Network with her guidance. 
Political career 
Naing Ngan Lin is a member of the National League for Democracy. In 2012, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the NLD. From then until the 2015 Myanmar general election, he was appointed to the national parliament in Naypyitaw . 
Nanzhao County (Chinese: 南召县; pinyin: Nánzhào Xiàn) is a county under the jurisdiction of Nanyang City, in the southwest of Henan province, China,[1] has an area of 2,946 km2 (1,137 sq mi) and a population of 600,000 as of 2002.[2] 
China National Highway 305 
Official website of Nanzhao County Government Nanzhao Nanyang City, Henan Province, China 
Henan (河南; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (中州), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is a birthplace of Chinese civilization, with over 3,000 years of recorded history and remained China's cultural, economical and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago. 
Intricate pottery, writing and musical instruments of the Peiligang Culture and Yangshao Culture arose during neolithic times. Three of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China are in Henan: Luoyang, Kaifeng and Anyang. 16 historical sites in Henan are protected at the national level and 267 more at the provincial level. 
Widely regarded as one of the cradles of Chinese civilization along with the Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, Henan is known for its historical prosperity and periodic downturns. The economic prosperity resulted from its extensive fertile plains and its location at the heart of the country. However, its strategic location also means that it has suffered from nearly all of the major wars in China. 
Scripts (ISO 15924) "Sinhala" Sinhala Unicode Characters Sinhala Unicode Characters Sinhala Unicode Character Code Chart Sinhala Archaic Numbers Unicode Character Code Chart Complete table of consonant-diacritic-combinations 
Sinhala guide of the Sinhala Wikipedia (in English) Online Sinhala Unicode Writer Sinhala English Dictionary and Sinhala To Hindi Language Translator Sinhala Unicode Support Group Online Unicode Converter 
Śrī 
The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāngcháo), also historically known as the Yin dynasty (殷代; Yīndài), was a Chinese dynasty that ruled in the middle and lower Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the semi-mythical Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the Book of Documents, Bamboo Annals and Records of the Grand Historian. According to the traditional chronology based on calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the "current text" of Bamboo Annals, they ruled from 1556 to 1046 BC. 
The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: 周; pinyin: Zhōu [ʈʂóu]) was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history (790 years). The military control of China by the royal house, surnamed Ji, lasted initially from 1046 until 771 BC for a period known as the Western Zhou and the political sphere of influence it created continued well into the Eastern Zhou period for another 500 years. 
The Myazedi inscription c. 1112–1113 in Pyu 
Pyu script 
The Tai Le script (ᥖᥭᥰᥘᥫᥴ, [tai˦.lə˧˥]), or Dehong Dai script, is a Brahmic script used to write the Tai Nüa language spoken by the Tai Nua people of south-central Yunnan, China. (The language is also known as Nɯa, Dehong Dai and Chinese Shan.) It is written in horizontal lines from left to right, with spaces only between clauses and sentences. 
Tai Le manuscript 
The following is a list of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language. While those countries or territories that designate Chinese as an official language use the term "Chinese", as Chinese is a group of related language varieties, of which many are not mutually intelligible, in the context of the spoken language such designations are usually understood as designations of specific varieties of Chinese, namely Cantonese and Standard Mandarin.[1] In the context of the written language, written modern standard Chinese is usually understood to be the official standard, though different territories use different standard scripts, namely Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters. 
Mandarin 
East Asian cultural sphere Sinophone List of varieties of Chinese Malaysian Mandarin 
Chinese varieties as official languages 
Cantonese 
List of protected areas of Bhutan 
Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located mostly in Trashigang District and just crossing the border into Samdrup Jongkhar District, Bhutan.[2] It is one of the country's protected areas. It is listed as a tentative site in Bhutan's Tentative List for UNESCO inclusion. 
Black-rumped magpie 
The sanctuary represents the easternmost temperate ecosystems and landscapes of Bhutan,[1] and is part of the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests ecoregion. It protects several endemic species including the eastern blue pine and the black-rumped magpie.[2] 
Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary was created in part to protect the migoi, a yeti-like cryptid whose existence has not been scientifically confirmed, but in which the local population strongly believes.[3][4] The migoi are believed to haunt the northern part of the area.[5][6] 
The area including Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary made news in June 2020 when the Chinese government claimed it was a territory disputed between China and Bhutan. Bhutan rejected the assertion, and denied that China had ever laid claim to the area in the past.[7] In July 2020, BRO was tasked with building new strategic roads to connect eastern Bhutan to western Tawang area such as Lumla-Trashigang road through Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary.[8] 
Trashigang Dzong 
Protected area 
Trashigang District (Dzongkha: བཀྲ་ཤིས་སྒང་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie: Bkra-shis-sgang rdzong-khag; also spelled "Tashigang") is Bhutan's easternmost dzongkhag (district). 
Samdrup Jongkhar District (Dzongkha: བསམ་གྲུབ་ལྗོངས་མཁར་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie: Bsam-grub Ljongs-mkhar rdzong-khag) is one of the 20 dzongkhags (districts) comprising Bhutan. The dominant languages of the district are Tshangla (Sharchopkha) in the north and west, and Nepali in the east. 
Samdrup Jongkhar contains protected areas. Southeastern Samdrup Jongkhar District (the gewogs of Langchenphu, Pemathang, Samrang and Serthi) contains Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary, which is connected via biological corridors to Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary to the north (Trashigang District) and Royal Manas National Park to the west (several districts). A small portion of northern Lauri Gewog is part of the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary.[1][3] 
Map of the Sinophone world. Countries with a Chinese-speaking majority Countries with more than 5,000,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 1,000,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 500,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 100,000 Chinese speakers 
Chinese-speaking world or Sinophone (can be without capital letters) is a neologism that fundamentally means "Chinese-speaking", typically referring to a person who speaks at least one variety of Chinese. Academic writers use Sinophone "Chinese-speaking regions" in two ambiguous meanings: either specifically "Chinese-speaking areas where it is a minority language, excluding China and Taiwan" or generally "Chinese-speaking areas, including where it is an official language". Many authors use the collocation Sinophone world to mean the regions of Chinese diaspora outside of Greater China, and some for the entire Chinese-speaking world. 
The Tibet Area was a province-level administrative division of the Republic of China and early People's Republic of China.[1][2] 
Tibet (1912–1951) Kashag Sino-Tibetan War (1930–1932) Qinghai–Tibet War (1932) Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China Battle of Chamdo (1950) Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (1951) 1959 Tibetan uprising Central Tibetan Administration (established 1959) Tibet Autonomous Region (established 1965) 
1956–1959 
They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. Their population of 6,000 is found in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan in the Derung Valley of Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County. Another 600 can be found east of the Dulong valley, living in the mountains above the Nu River (Salween River) near the village of Binzhongluo in northern Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County. 
Taron people, name of Derungs living in Myanmar. 
The Derung speak the Derung language, one of the Sino-Tibetan languages. Their language is unwritten; in the past the Derung have transmitted messages and have made records by making notches on wooden logs. 
It is known, nevertheless, that during the period of the Tang dynasty, the Derung were under the jurisdiction of Nanzhao and the Dali Kingdom. The Derung Valley area, the southernmost part of Tsawarong, was known by the Tibetans as Changyul or Kiongyul, meaning the "valley of beer" because Derung people enjoy drinking.[1] From the Yuan dynasty to the Qing dynasty, the Derung were governed by the local Tibetan or Nakhi rulers. They also pay yearly tribute to China, the local Lama, called Changputong, is in charge of sending it to Weixi. 
Nùjiāng Lisu Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 怒江傈僳族自治州; pinyin: Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu) is an autonomous prefecture of western/northwestern Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. 
Nujiang Prefecture Official Website 
Demographics 
Baoshan District , is a suburban district of Shanghai. It has an area of 424.58 square kilometers (163.93 sq mi) and had a population of 1,905,000 at the time of the 2010 Chinese census. 
The area was the scene of heavy fighting during the Battle of Shanghai.[1] 
Baoshan (Chinese: 保山; pinyin: Bǎoshān; historically also Yongchang) is a prefecture-level city in Western Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Baoshan is the second-biggest metropolitan area in western Yunnan after Dali. 
Map including Baoshan (labeled as PAO-SHAN (YUNG-CH'ANG) (Walled) 保山 (永昌)) (AMS, 1954) 
Baoshan is located between the border of Burma and the Lancang river (Mekong); specifically it borders the Burmese states of Kachin to the northwest and Shan to the south. The Nujiang (Salween River) flows through the entire length of the prefecture, north to south. 
Linxiang District (simplified Chinese: 临翔区; traditional Chinese: 臨翔區; pinyin: Línxiáng Qū) is a district of the city of Lincang, Yunnan province, China. 
Jingdong Yi Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 景东彝族自治县; traditional Chinese: 景東彝族自治縣; pinyin: Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn) is an autonomous county in the west-central part of Yunnan Province, China. It is the northernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Pu'er. 
Frog species in Jingdong County include: 
Jingdong County Official Site 
In the present, Jingdong Yi Autonomous County has 10 towns and 3 townships. 
Pu'er is a prefecture-level city in southern Yunnan Province, China. The urban administrative center of Pu'er is Simao District, which is also the former name of the prefecture-level city itself. A major downturn in the price of tea in 2007 caused severe economic distress in the area.[4] The price of Pu'er has since recovered and Pu'er tea still contributes much to the income of the area. 
Only the four main queens (Nanya Mibaya) were allowed to live at the Glass Palace in the Mandalay Palace, along with the King. 
Burmese royal titles are the royal styles that were in use by the Burmese monarchy until the disintegration of the last Burmese monarchy, the Konbaung dynasty, in 1885. These titles were exclusively used by those of royal lineage (မင်းမျိုးမင်းနွယ်; ထီးရိုးနန်းရိုး; ဆွေတော်မျိုးတော်), or more formally, Maha Zi Maha Thwei (မဟာဆီမဟာသွေး). 
Titles and rank in the Konbaung dynasty 
Kings in Burma assumed a distinctive regnal name and title, usually a combination of Pali and Sanskrit, upon ascending to the throne. 
The King was known by a variety of titles, including the following: 
Hpondawgyi (Hlathaw) Hpaya[1] (ဘုန်းတော်ကြီး(လှသော)ဘုရား [pʰóʊɴdɔ̀dʑí pʰəjá]) Ashin Hpaya (အရှင်ဘုရား [əʃɪ̀ɴ pʰəjá]) Shwe Nan Shin Hpaya[1] (ရွှေနန်းရှင်ဘုရား) Ekarit Min Myat[1] (ဧကရာဇ် မင်းမြတ်) Shin Bayin[1] (ရှင်ဘုရင်) Athet U San Paing Than Ashin[2] (အသက်ဦးဆံပိုင်သန်အရှင်, lit. "Lord of the life, head, and hair of all beings") Shwe Nan Shwe Pyatthat Thahkin[3] (ရွှေနန်းရွှေပြာသာဒ်သခင်, lit. "Master Lord of the Golden Palace and Golden Spired Roofs") - used in the Taungoo and Konbaung dynasties Hkamedaw (ခမည်းတော် [kʰəmɛ́dɔ̀], lit. "royal father") - by his children (the princes and princesses) Dagadaw Yemyeshin (ဒကာတော်ရေမြေရှင်) - by Buddhist monks Dagadaw Ekarit Min Myat (ဒကာတော်ဧကရာဇ်မင်းမြတ်) - by Buddhist monks 
King's consorts 
In the early days of the Konbaung Dynasty, Kings had at most, three Senior Queens.[4] Innovations of a fourth Senior Queen and four lesser queens dated to the last quarter of the 1700s.[4] 
Chen Hao (politician) (born 1954), Secretary of Yunnan Provincial Committee of CPC Moses Chan (born 1971), Hong Kong actor Chen Hao (actress) (born 1979), Chinese actress and model Chen Hao (baseball) (born 1990), Chinese baseball outfielder for the Jiangsu Hopestars Chen Hao (footballer) (born 1993), Chinese footballer 
Chen Hao (Chinese: 陈豪; born February 1954) is a politician of the People's Republic of China, serving since 2016 as Communist Party Secretary of Yunnan province. He was formerly Governor of Yunnan and vice-chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.[1][2] 
Ruan Chengfa (Chinese: 阮成发; pinyin: Ruǎn Chéngfā; born October 1957) is a Chinese politician, serving since 2016 as the deputy Communist Party Secretary and Governor of Yunnan. Previously, he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Wuhan, the mayor of Huangshi, the head of the General Office of the Hubei provincial government, the vice governor of Hubei, and party chief of Xiangfan. 
This is a list of current provincial leaders in the Provinces of China, including Communist Party Committee Secretaries (labelled Party Secretary) and government leaders. 
Wuhan University (WHU; simplified Chinese: 武汉大学; traditional Chinese: 武漢大學; pinyin: Wǔhàn Dàxué; colloquially 武大; Wǔdà) is a national research university located in Wuhan, Hubei.[3] It is one of the most prestigious and selective universities in China, and was recognized by the Chinese Ministry of Education as a Class A Double First Class University.[4] It was one of the four elite universities in the early Republican period[5][circular reference] and is also one of the oldest universities in China. Wuhan University is located at Luojia Hill, with palatial buildings blending Chinese and Western styles. It is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful campuses[6] in China. 
Mangshi (Chinese: 芒市; Wade–Giles: Mangshih; Tai Nuea: ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ; Jingpho: Mangshi Myu), former name Luxi (潞西),[3] is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has an area of 2,900.91 km2 (1,120.05 sq mi), with an urban area of 18.66 km2 (7.20 sq mi).[2] Han Chinese, Dai people (Tai Nuea branch) and Jingpo people (Zaiwa branch) are the major ethnic groups. Luxi County was founded in 1949, and became a county-level city in 1996. 
Mangshi River 
Etymology 
Luang Namtha (Lao ຫລວງນໍ້າທາ, literally 'royal sugar palm' or "'royal green river') is a province of Laos in the country's north. From 1966 to 1976 it formed, together with Bokeo, the province of Houakhong. Luang Namtha Province covers an area of 9,325 square kilometres (3,600 sq mi). 
Xam Neua (ຊຳເໜືອ [sám nɨ̌ə], Vietnamese: Xâm Neua or Sầm Nưa, sometimes transcribed as Sam Neua or Samneua, literally 'northern swamp', is the capital of Houaphanh Province, Laos, in northeast Laos. Xam Neua is one of the country's least visited provincial capitals by Western tourists. 
Demographics 
Residents are mostly Lao, Vietnamese, and Hmong, with some Tai Dam, Tai Daeng, and Tai Lu. The predominant language is Lao with minorities of Vietnamese and Hmong. French is spoken by a minority of people as a legacy of the French colonial era. 
Sam Neua's main street 
Wat Pho Xai 
Lao Front for National Construction building, Xam Neua 
Muang Xay (Lao: ເມືອງໄຊ), also referred to as Oudomxai, is the capital city of Oudomxai Province, Laos. The town is served by the Oudomsay Airport. 
Nakhon Pathom (Thai: นครปฐม, pronounced [náʔkʰɔ̄ːn pā.tʰǒm]) is a city (thesaban nakhon) in central Thailand, the former capital of Nakhon Pathom Province. One of the most important landmarks is the giant Phra Pathom Chedi.[1] The city is also home to Thailand's only Bhikkhuni temple Wat Song Thammakanlayani (วัดทรงธรรมกัลยาณี), which is also open to women from abroad.[2] 
Nakhon Phanom Province (Thai: นครพนม, pronounced [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn pʰā.nōm]) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Directly adjacent provinces are (from south clockwise): Mukdahan, Sakon Nakhon, and Bueng Kan. To the northeast it borders Khammouan of Laos. 
Banners of Knights of the Thistle displayed in St. Giles' Cathedral 
In heraldry and vexillology, a heraldic flag is a flag containing coats of arms, heraldic badges, or other devices used for personal identification. 
Myelat (Burmese: ‌မြေလတ်) is a historical region of the southwestern Shan State of Myanmar. Originally this region included some of the smaller states typically ruled by "Myosas" (chief of town) or "Ngwegunhmus" (silver revenue chief), buffering the plains of Burma and the ethnic Shan states further east. 
The area is hemmed in on the north by the state of Lawksawk, on the east by the states of Yawnghwe, Wanyin and Hsatung, and on the south by Mong Pai. 
Myelat Division 
At the time of the British annexation of the Shan States, the following sixteen states were recognized to be within the Myelat region: Hsamonghkam, Kyawkku Hsiwan, Kyong, Loi-ai, Loilong, Loimaw, Maw, Mawnang, Mawson, Namhkai, Namhkom, Namtok, Pangmi, Pangtara,[2] Poila, and Yengan.[3] The total area of these states was approximately 3,900 square miles (10,000 km2). 
Free solo climbing, or free soloing, is a form of technical ice or rock climbing where the climbers (or free soloists) climb alone without ropes, harnesses or other protective equipment, forcing them to rely entirely on their own individual strength and skill. Free soloing is the most dangerous form of climbing, and unlike bouldering, free soloists climb above safe heights, where a fall would result in serious injury or death.[1][2] Though many climbers have attempted free soloing, it is considered "a niche of a niche" reserved for the sport's elite,[3] which has led many practitioners to stardom within both the media and the sport of rock climbing.[1][4] "Free solo" was originally a term of climber slang, but after the popularity of the Oscar-winning film Free Solo, Merriam-Webster officially added the word to the English dictionary in September 2019.[5] 
The sport has produced a number of well-known practitioners, made famous by photos of them totally alone and unprotected on sheer cliffs. In June 2017, Alex Honnold made international news with the first free-solo ascent of El Capitan in Yosemite, on a route rated 5.13a in the Yosemite Decimal System.[17] 
Some climbers who are known for their regular practice of free solo climbing include: Hansjörg Auer, Jim Erickson, John Bachar, Patrick Berhault, Thomas Bubendorfer, Matt Bush, Renaldo Clarke, Peter Croft, Steph Davis, Bill Denz, Tim Deroehn, Catherine Destivelle, Patrick Edlinger, Eric Escoffier, John Gill, Brad Gobright, Dan Goodwin, Mike Graham, Wolfgang Güllich, Colin Haley, Derek Hersey, Alex Honnold, Alexander Huber, Jimmy Jewell, Eric Jones, Kevin Jorgeson, Matt Lloyd, Dave MacLeod, Dan Osman, Dean Potter, Paul Preuss, Andreas Proft, Herbert Ranggetiner, Michael Reardon, Alain Robert, Tobin Sorenson, Will Stanhope, Ueli Steck, Slavko Svetičič, Miroslav Šmíd, Akihira Tawara, John Yablonski, Maurizio Zanolla, Jim Reynolds. 
Some climbers who have occasionally or rarely free soloed, but have been influential to the practice, include: Pierre Allain, Henry Barber, Lynn Hill, Ron Kauk, Jean-Christophe Lafaille, John Long, Dave MacLeod, Reinhold Messner. 
Difficult free solo ascents 
There are few climbers who have free solo climbed in the 5.14 grade range. This list does not include "highball" boulder ascents because the climbers here did not use any padding or spotters. There is some debate on the blurred line between "highball" bouldering and short free solo climbs.[18] 
5.14b (8c) - Darwin Dixit (50 ft) - Margalef, Spain - Dave MacLeod, March 2008.[19] 5.14a (8b+) - Kommunist (22m) - Tyrol, Austria - Alexander Huber, 2004. The first 5.14 free solo.[20] 
Free soloing buildings 
Alain Robert free soloing Tour Franklin in 2002 
Some free soloists scale buildings: Alain Robert ("The French Spider-Man"), and Dan Goodwin ("Skyscraperman"), have scaled dozens of skyscrapers around the world—a sport known as buildering—without any safety equipment. 
Public view 
Forester, an experienced, talented climber, failed to return to camp after setting out on The Scariest Ride in the Park, a 40-pitch 5.9 ridge route known for loose rock. He was found the next day at the base of the wall.[21] George Gardner fell to his death (25 July 2008; age 58) while free soloing in Grand Teton National Park.[22] John Bachar died (5 July 2009; age 52) in a free solo accident at Dike Wall near Mammoth Lakes, California. Akihira Tawara died (13 September 2011; age 27) while free solo climbing the Directissima 5.8 route on Yamnuska.[23] Michael J. Ybarra died (July 2012;[24] age 45) climbing solo on The Matterhorn Peak in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.[25][26][27][28] Brad Parker fell (16 August 2014; age 36) about 300 feet to his death while attempting to climb Matthes Crest Traverse in Yosemite, CA.[29] Andrew Barnes died (12 June 2015; age 46) falling 50 ft (15 m) free solo climbing in New York's Shawangunk Mountains.[30] Angus Moloney died (27 September 2015; age 22) falling 100 ft free-solo climbing from the Fifth Pinnacle above the Gregory Canyon Trail, Boulder Open Spaces and Mountain Parks.[31] Austin Howell died (30 June 2019; age 31) after a fall while free soloing at Shortoff Mountain in North Carolina.[32] 
Bouldering: climbing at heights low enough that a fall would normally be safe, typically making use of a bouldering mat to cushion a potential fall. Deep-water soloing: climbing with a body of water at the base of the climb. Free BASE: a combination of free solo climbing to ascend a structure, and BASE jumping with a parachute to descend. 
The High Lonesome: Epic Solo Climbing Stories, John Long. ISBN 1-56044-858-X Ament, Pat (2001). A History of Free Climbing in America 
Many climbing communities praise the ascents, while others have concerns regarding the danger involved and the message the ascents potentially send to other climbers.[6] Many companies have taken these views into account when working with free soloists. Clif Bar, the nutrition bar company with long ties to climbing, dropped the sponsorship of five climbers in 2014, citing the risks they take and stirring a debate about how much risk should be rewarded.[7] 
Edge of Oblivion - Free-solo rock climbers feel spiritual lure, Sheila Mulrooney Eldred. Fresno Bee, 8 April 2004 
However, The North Face and Red Bull have promoted free soloists and helped the free soloing community grow.[8][9] In addition, Alex Honnold, a free soloist who was previously dropped by Clif Bar,[10] was featured in the 2018 documentary Free Solo, which was met with critical acclaim and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. 
Motivations 
High-profile climbers have cited simplicity and speed with which one can climb as reasons for free soloing,[11] as well as the intense concentration required which brings a Zen-like state of being in the moment. The most successful free soloists also become well known in the climbing community and in rare cases attain notoriety outside the small circle of rock climbers. 
The practice is mostly confined to routes familiar to the climber, whose difficulty lies well within the climber's abilities. However, inherent risks such as loose rocks or sudden change in weather are always present. Some high-profile climbers have died while free soloing, including John Bachar, Derek Hersey, Vik Hendrickson, Robert Steele, Dwight Bishop, Jimmy Ray Forester, Jimmy Jewell, Tony Wilmott, and John Taylor.[1][12][13][14][15][16] 
Michael Reardon free soloing Lower Right Ski Track (5.10b) on Intersection Rock in Joshua Tree National Park, 2007. 
Donnie Yen Ji-dan[1] (Chinese: 甄子丹; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong Chinese actor, martial artist, film director, producer, action choreographer, stuntman, and multiple-time world wushu tournament champion.[2][3] 
Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars.[4] Yen has displayed skill in an array of martial arts, being well-versed in Tai Chi, Boxing, Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Hapkido, Taekwondo, Karate, Muay Thai, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Wing Chun, and Wushu. One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest paid actors in Asia.[5] Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013.[6] 
Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.[7][8] He played Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the 2008 film Ip Man, which was a box office success. This has led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, leading to hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia.[9] Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.[10] He has also gained international recognition for playing Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) and Xiang in xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017). 
Martial arts history, style and philosophy 
Early life 
Yen was born in Guangzhou, China. His mother, Bow-sim Mark, is a Fu Style Wudangquan (internal martial arts) and Tai Chi grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), was a newspaper editor.[11] When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11.[12] His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon. 
After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, Jeff, who was born in 1995.[81][82] 
Yen later married former beauty queen Cissy Wang after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James.[1] 
Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship and has watched almost every UFC event available. In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.[83] 
Yen focused on practising wushu seriously at the age 14 after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team.[1] When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong, where he met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping. Yen finally started taekwondo at around the age of sixteen. 
In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.[84] 
In October 2014, Donnie Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for WE Day Vancouver, where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties to become the reigning martial arts star.[85] 
In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.[86] Yen is also an ambassador for the international charity Save the Children. 
In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund "[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected." This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.[87] 
In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site, Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.[88] 
References 
Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist.[13] From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano.[14][15] He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing.[16][17][18] 
Career 
Pfizer Inc. (/ˈfaɪzər/)[3] is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation. One of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, it is ranked 57 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[4][5] 
Headquartered in Manhattan, Pfizer develops and produces medicines and vaccines for a wide range of medical disciplines, including immunology, oncology, cardiology, endocrinology, and neurology. Its products include the blockbuster drug Lipitor (atorvastatin), used to lower LDL blood cholesterol; Lyrica (pregabalin) for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia; Diflucan (fluconazole), an oral antifungal medication; Zithromax (azithromycin), an antibiotic; Viagra (sildenafil) for erectile dysfunction; Celebrex (also Celebra, celecoxib), an anti-inflammatory drug; and Prevnar 13, a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 
Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, including the initial training to become a physician (i.e., medical school and internship) and additional training thereafter (e.g., residency, fellowship and continuing medical education). 
Medical education and training varies considerably across the world. Various teaching methodologies have been used in medical education, which is an active area of educational research.[1] 
Medical education is also the subject-didactic academic field of educating medical doctors at all levels, including entry-level, post-graduate, and continuing medical education. Medical education applies theories of pedagogy specifically in the context of medical education. Specific requirements such as entrustable professional activities must be met before moving on in stages of medical education. 
Retirement and death 
Fugh was survived by his wife June Chung (Chinese: 宗毓珍; pinyin: Zōng Yùzhēn), Connie Chung's elder sister; his daughter Justina Fugh and her husband Jonathan Frenzel; his son Jarrett Fugh and his wife Tracey; and his four grandchildren Jeremy and Joshua Frenzel and Isabelle and Sophia Fugh. They lived together in Virginia until Fugh's death. 
Awards and decorations 
Major General John Liu Fugh (/dʒɒn ljuː fuː/; Chinese: 傅履仁; pinyin: Fù Lǚrén;[1] September 12, 1934 – May 11, 2010)[2] was the first Chinese American to attain general officer status in the U.S. Army. He was of Manchu descent. He was the 33rd Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army.[3][4][5][6] 
Decorations 
Army Distinguished Service Medal Defense Superior Service Medal Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster Bronze Star Medal Air Medal Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster Joint Service Commendation Medal Army Commendation Ribbon with oak leaf cluster 
Early life 
Fugh was born in Beijing. He was the son of Philip Fugh (Chinese: 傅涇波; pinyin: Fu Jīngbō), who was a Manchu noble from the Fuca clan,[7] long time senior staff to John Leighton Stuart, the President of Yenching University and Ambassador of U.S. to China.[8] John Fugh moved to the United States with his family in 1950, when he was 15 years old.[3][9][10] 
Zhong Shanshan (Chinese: 钟睒睒, born 1956) is a Chinese billionaire businessman, who founded and chairs Nongfu Spring,[3] the largest beverage company in China. He is also the owner of the Chinese pharma giant 'Wantai'. As of September 2020, he is the richest person in China. 
Early life 
Zhong dropped out of school during the sixth grade, at age 12, during the chaos of the Chinese cultural revolution, as his parents were persecuted by authorities, along with many other civilians. He later worked in several jobs, including construction worker, news reporter and beverage salesman, before starting his own company. 
Career 
In September 1996, he founded Nongfu Spring, a producer of bottled water, which grew steadily along the years to be China's top beverage company. He is also the chairman of the pharma giant Wantai. 
"Myanmar police officials lead Win Ko Ko Latt and Naung Taw Lay as they raise their cuffed hands". gettyimages. Retrieved 1 November 2017. ↑ Htun Khaing (2 June 2017). "Protestors blockade Kamaryut court as nationalist trial continues". 
Win Ko Ko Latt on VK Win Ko Ko Latt on Twitter Win Ko Ko Latt on Instagram 
Win Ko Ko Latt (Burmese: ဝင်းကိုကိုလတ်; born 16 June 1982) is a Burmese nationalist activist, legal advisor, politician, writer and the leader of the nationalists and anti-Anti-Tarzen movement in Myanmar. He is the former chairman of the Tarzen National Network.[1][2] 
Win Ko Ko Latt was born on 16 June 1982 in Htantabin Township, Yangon Region, Myanmar.[3] He graduated with a Law from distance education at University of Distance Education, Yangon. 
Win Ko Ko Latt is a defender of nationalism and Buddhist religion. He lead many staged and nationalist movements in Myanmar. He has served as the Chairman of Myanmar National Network, is closely related to the Committee for the Protection of nationality and religion.[1] 
On July 10, 2017, Win Ko Ko Latt leading monks and nationalist activists staged a protest against the statement in front of the United States Embassy in Kamayut Township, Yangon, insisting that there were no Rohingya in Myanmar. Win Ko Ko Latt and three monks including other nationalist leaders, Sayadaw Parmaukkha, Thet Myo Oo, Naung Daw Lay and Nay Win Aung arrested for staging a protest against the terminology of “Rohingya community” at the US embassy, he used the phrase “Muslim community in Rakhine State” to refer to self-identifying Rohingya in the region. He brought to trial at Kamayut Court on 17 August 2017. 
In 2015 election, he contesting for House of Representatives seat from Pantanaw township constituency, Ayeyarwady Region, but lost to Mahn Nyunt Thein, a National League for Democracy Party candidate.[8] 
Books of Zhuang language 
Northern Zhuang 
Southern Zhuang 
The Zhuang languages (autonym: Vahcuengh, pre-1982: Vaƅcueŋƅ, Sawndip: 話僮, from vah, 'language' and Cuengh, 'Zhuang'; simplified Chinese: 壮语; traditional Chinese: 壯語; pinyin: Zhuàngyǔ) are any of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou, which are designated as Bouyei, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam.[3] Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming. 
Languages of China Zhuang studies 
Lào Cai ([làːw kāːj] (listen)) is a province of the mountainous Northwest region of Vietnam bordering the province of Yunnan in China.[1] The province covers an area of 6,383.9 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 602,300 people.[2] 
Lào Cai has many historical sites, natural caves and produces agricultural specialties such as Bắc Hà plums. 
Tuyên Quang (listen) is a province of Vietnam, located in the northeastern part of the country to the northwest of Hanoi, at the centre of Lô River valley, a tributary of the Red River. The delta formation in the province is called the Tonkin Delta. Its capital is Tuyên Quang township.[1] The province had a population of 730,800 in 2011, with a density of 125 persons per km2 over a total land area of 5,867.3 square kilometres (2,265.4 sq mi).[2] 
Tam Dao mountain range. 
Etymology 
Agricultural fields in Tuyên Quang 
The province's name is derived from the Sino-Vietnamese word: 宣光. 
Myanmar-Thailand bridge, Mae Sai 
The district is divided into eight subdistricts (tambons), which in turn are further subdivided into 92 villages (mubans). There are two subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambons) in the district: Mai Sai itself covering parts of the tambons Mae Sai and Wiang Phang Kham, and Huai Khrai covering parts of tambon Huai Khrai. There are a further eight tambon administrative organizations (TAO). 
Mae Sai travel guide from Wikivoyage Chiang Rai Province travel guide from Wikivoyage amphoe.com (Thai) http://www.maesai.go.th Website of Mae Sai township (Thai) 
Mae Sai District (Thai: แม่สาย, pronounced [mɛ̂ː sǎːj]; Shan: မႄႈသၢႆ, pronounced [mɛ.sʰǎj]) is the northernmost district (amphoe) of Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand. The town of Mae Sai is a major border crossing between Thailand and Myanmar. Asian Highway Network AH2 (Thailand Route 1 or Phahonyothin Road) crosses the Mae Sai River to the town Tachileik in Myanmar. 
Uthai Thani (Thai: อุทัยธานี, pronounced [ʔù.tʰāj tʰāː.nīː]), one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Nakhon Sawan, Chai Nat, Suphan Buri, Kanchanaburi and Tak. It lies somewhat off the route between Bangkok, 200 km distant and Chiang Mai.[4] 
360 offers tabbed browsing, downloading, Firefox sync, themes, file manager and Unrar/Unzip capabilities.[1][2][3][4][5] 
The Konyak language belongs to the Northern Naga sub branch of the Sal subfamily of Sino-Tibetan. 
A chief of Konyak tribe in his traditional outfit 
In Nagaland, they inhabit the Mon District—also known as 'The Land of The Anghs'. The Anghs/Wangs are their traditional chiefs whom they hold in high esteem. Facial tattoos were earned for taking an enemy's head.[2] 
Other unique traditional practices that set the Konyaks apart are: gunsmithing, iron-smelting, brass-works, and gunpowder-making. They are also adept in making 'janglaü' (machetes) and wooden sculptures. 
Aoleng, a festival celebrated in the first week of April (1-6) to welcome the spring and also to invoke the Almighty's (Kahwang) blessing upon the land before seed-sowing, is the biggest festival of the Konyaks. Another festival, 'Lao Ong Mo', is the traditional harvest festival celebrated in the months of August/September. 
A ceremonial basket of the Konyak tribe with a skull and two human heads carved from wood. This basket is a status symbol. 
They are found in Tirap, Longding, and Changlang districts of Arunachal Pradesh; Sibsagar District of Assam; and also in Myanmar. They are known in Arunachal Pradesh as the Wanchos ('Wancho' is a synonymous term for 'Konyak'). Ethnically, culturally, and linguistically the Noctes and Tangsa of the same neighbouring state of Arunachal Pradesh, are also closely related to the Konyaks. 
Changning County (simplified Chinese: 昌宁县; traditional Chinese: 昌寧縣; pinyin: Chāngníng Xiàn; lit. 'good peace', Burmese:ကောင်းငြိမ်း ) is a county located in Baoshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. 
Guangxi ([kwàŋ.ɕí] (listen); alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; Chinese: 广西; Zhuang: Gvangjsih), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam (Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Quảng Ninh Provinces) and the Gulf of Tonkin. Formerly a province, Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning.[5] 
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[3] is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic and consisting of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha including Gough Island. Its name was Saint Helena and Dependencies until 1 September 2009, when a new constitution came into force giving the three islands equal status as three territories, with a grouping under the Crown. 
The flag of Saint Helena 
Ascension Island 
The flag of Ascension Island 
Tristan da Cunha 
The flag of Tristan da Cunha 
The flag of Tristan da Cunha was adopted on 20 October 2002, in a proclamation made by the Governor of Saint Helena under a Royal Warrant granted by Queen Elizabeth II. Prior to this, as a dependency of Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha used the flag of Saint Helena for official purposes. 
Joe Biden, the president of the United States, served in the United States Senate from 1973 through 2009. A member of the Democratic Party from Delaware, Biden was first elected to the Senate in November 1972, and sworn into office at age 30 on January 3, 1973; he was reelected six times. He resigned on January 15, 2009, five days before becoming vice president of the United States during the presidency of Barack Obama. 
United States Senate (1973–2009) 
The New Castle County Council is a county government agency that serves as the legislative branch of New Castle County, Delaware. The council includes 13 elected members, including a council president.[1] The council is tasked with drafting laws and managing county government services, public health ordinances, land use, transportation, and zoning.[2][3][4] 
In its pure form, it is a very pale blue[5] liquid, slightly more viscous than water. It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or "high-test peroxide", is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry.[6] Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond. 
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government. By some definitions[specify], civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hence, civil disobedience is sometimes equated with peaceful protests or nonviolent resistance.[1][2] 
By the 1850s, a range of minority groups in the United States: African Americans, Jews, Seventh Day Baptists, Catholics, anti-prohibitionists, racial egalitarians, and others—employed civil disobedience to combat a range of legal measures and public practices that to them promoted ethnic, religious, and racial discrimination. Pro Public and typically peaceful resistance to political power would remain an integral tactic in modern American minority rights politics.[11] 
Egypt saw a massive implementation on a nation-wide movement starting 1914 and peaking in 1919 as the Egyptian Revolution of 1919. This was then adopted by other native peoples who objected to British occupation from 1920 and on. However, this was never used with native laws that were more oppressive than the British occupation[specify], leading to problems for these countries today.[13] Zaghloul Pasha, considered the mastermind behind this massive civil disobedience, was a native middle-class, Azhar graduate, political activist, judge, parliamentary and ex-cabinet minister whose leadership brought Christian and Muslim communities together as well as women into the massive protests. 
It has inspired leaders such as Susan B. Anthony of the U.S. women's suffrage movement in the late 1800s, Saad Zaghloul in the 1910s culminating in Egyptian Revolution of 1919 against British Occupation, and Mahatma Gandhi in 1920s India in their protests for Indian independence against the British Raj. Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's peaceful protests during the civil rights movement in the 1960s United States contained important aspects of civil disobedience. Although civil disobedience is considered to be an expression of contempt for law, King regarded civil disobedience to be a display and practice of reverence for law: "Any man who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community on the injustice of the law is at that moment expressing the very highest respect for the law."[3] 
History 
Thoreau's 1849 essay Civil Disobedience, originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government", has had a wide influence on many later practitioners of civil disobedience. The driving idea behind the essay is that citizens are morally responsible for their support of aggressors, even when such support is required by law. In the essay, Thoreau explained his reasons for having refused to pay taxes as an act of protest against slavery and against the Mexican–American War. 
Aung Naing Oo (Burmese: အောင်နိုင်ဦး) is Myanmar's incumbent Minister of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations, appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces on 1 February 2021.[1] He is a former military officer, and transitioned into the civil service in 2000, serving in key trade and commerce posts. 
References 
Career 
Aung Naing Oo has a Bachelor of Arts degree.[2] He served in the Myanmar Armed Forces from 1981 to 2000.[3] He transitioned into Myanmar's Ministry of Commerce, serving as a deputy general manager of Myanma Agricultural Produce Trading between 2000 and 2005.[3] He served as a deputy director general at several agencies within the Ministry, including the Minister's Office from 2006 to 2010, the Department of Border Trade between 2010 and 2011, and the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration (DICA) from May 2011 to 2012.[4] 
Between 2012 and 2019, he was promoted as DICA's director-general.[4] He transferred to the Office of Union Investment and Foreign Economic Relations as its director-general on 29 March 2019.[4] He was concurrently appointed as the permanent secretary of the Ministry in April 2019.[5] 
In the aftermath of the military-led 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, the Myanmar Armed Forces appointed Aung Naing Oo as the Minister for Investment and Foreign Economic Relations on 1 February 2021.[6][7] 
Personal life 
Aung Naing Oo is married and has two daughters.[1] 
61st Mon National Day celebration in London 
Gallery 
References 
Mon flag used during the Hongsawadee Kingdom, AD 573-1757 
Mon National Day (Mon: တ္ၚဲကောန်ဂကူမန်, rungmoam kaun kay kaw mon; Burmese: မွန်အမျိုးသားနေ့; Thai: วันชาติมอญ) is an annual national day that commemorates the founding of Hanthawaddy kingdom.[1] Mon National Day is celebrated by the Mon people in Myanmar and Thailand, and by overseas Mon communities.[1] The day is held on the first waning day of the lunar month of Tabodwe (Maik in Mon) in the Burmese calendar, following Māgha Pūjā.[2] 
Origins 
Celebrations 
Aung Thu Personal information Nationality Myanmar Born (1993-07-10) 10 July 1993 (age 27) Hometown Nyaung Shwe Height 190 cm (75 in) Weight 84 kg (185 lb) Volleyball information Position Outside hitter Current club Toray Arrows Number 20 National team 2010–present Myanmar 
He was part of the Myanmar national volleyball team. He won the bronze medal at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games. He participated at the 2010 Asian Games and 2014 Asian Games.He also participated in Asian men u 23 volleyball championship where Myanmar finished 5th among 16 participating countries.[1] 
2012–13 Thailand League - Bronze medal, with Chonburi 2013–14 Thailand League - Runner-up, with Chonburi 2014–15 Thailand League - Runner-up, with Chonburi E-Tech Air Force 2016 Thai-Denmark Super League - Champion, with Nakhon Ratchasima 2016–17 Thailand League - Runner-up, with Nakhon Ratchasima 2017 Thai-Denmark Super League - Champion, with Nakhon Ratchasima 2017–18 Thailand League - Champion, with Nakhon Ratchasima 2018 Thai-Denmark Super League - Bronze medal, with Nakhon Ratchasima 2018–19 V.League - Bronze medal, Toray Arrows 
Career 
Thu played with Chonburi from 2012 to 2015.[2] 
In October 2018, Aung Thu signed for V.League Division 1 club Toray Arrows.[3] 
Clubs 
Chonburi E-Tech Air Force (2012–2015) Nakhon Ratchasima (2015–2018) Toray Arrows (2018–) 
Myanmar Now is a news agency based in Myanmar (Burma). Myanmar Now journalists publish bilingual Burmese and English articles on an eponymous online news portal. The agency provides free syndication throughout the country, with a distribution network of over 50 national and local media outlets that regularly republish its stories.[1] As of September 2019, Myanmar Now had a readership of over 350,000, and a team of 30 journalists.[2] The news service is noted for its in-depth reporting on high-impact issues, including corruption, child labor, human rights, and social justice.[3][4] 
See also 
Myanmar Times Frontier Myanmar The Irrawaddy 
Myanmar Now was established by the Thomson Reuters Foundation in 2015 to support in-depth independent journalism, in the lead-up to the 2015 Myanmar general election.[1] The news service officially launched in August of that year.[5] The agency is led by Swe Win, its chief correspondent and editor-in-chief.[1] Its founding chief correspondent was Thin Lei Win, a Reuters journalist.[6] Since the inception of the news service, several Myanmar Now journalists, including Swe Win, have been threatened and assaulted by military and legal authorities for their work.[7][8][9] 
On 8 March 2021, soldiers of the Myanmar military junta raided the headquarters Myanmar Now, before they announced to ban five media outlets amidst the ongoing protests.[10] 
Recognition 
In 2016, Htet Khaung Lin, a Myanmar Now journalist, was awarded the European Commission's Lorenzo Natali Media Prize, for a piece on underage sex workers in Myanmar.[1][11] 
That same year, it received an honorable mention in the Society of Publishers in Asia Awards for investigative reporting, namely a piece on the 969 Movement.[12][2] 
In 2019, Swe Win won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership, for his leadership in fostering journalistic integrity and quality in Myanmar as Myanmar Now's editor-in-chief.[3][13] 
In a group with other collaborating news organizations, Myanmar Now was awarded an Online Journalism Award for "2020 Excellence in Collaboration and Partnerships", specifically for reporting on pangolins.[14] 
Spring Revolutions or Spring protests may refer to one of the following: 
1848: Spring of Nations 1968: Prague Spring 1971: Croatian Spring 2009: Persian Spring 2010: Arab Spring 2013: Turkish Spring 2013: Ukrainian Spring 2014: Bosnian Spring 2014: Venezuelan Spring 2021: Burmese Spring 
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit in order to address its four key concerns to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.[1][2] 
Diego Arria, the originator of the Arria formula 
An "Arria formula" meeting is an informal meeting of members of the United Nations Security Council, which must be convened by a member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in order for the meeting to take place.[1] 
Although derived from the formal meetings of the UNSC, the Arria formula distinguishes itself from typical UNSC meetings due to its informal nature, which allows Arria formula meetings to have no obligations to meet the official requirements of typical UNSC meetings. This means that while regular meetings of the Security Council require the presence of all 15 members of the council, follow a formal structure, and do not hear testimonies from non-members, individuals or non-governmental organisations, Arria formula meetings allow individuals, organisations, non-state actors and high delegations (from member states of the UN not represented on the Security Council) to engage in direct dialogue with UNSC members in a legitimate and confidential setting.[1] 
Arria formula meetings were first created to enable dialogue to take place between members and non-members of the UNSC, in a way that would allow member states to be frank in a private setting. The Arria formula allows member states to directly discuss issues which fall within the responsibility of the council to encourage peace and cooperation. As the forum developed, Arria formula meetings have expanded to include interaction with Human Rights Council Commissions of Inquiry, individuals, non-governmental organisations and institutions.[1] 
Notably, Arria formula meetings are presided over by a member of the UNSC, who acts as a facilitator of discussion, rather than the President of the Security Council. Sometimes, the meetings are also held in collaboration with states not on the council who think it would be beneficial to hear from specific individuals, organisations or institutions.[1] 
The informal structure and flexible nature of Arria formula meetings means that Security Council members still have a forum accessible to them in situations where formal UNSC meetings are not able to take place. In March 2018, the Security Council failed to hold a public meeting on the situation in Syria after the meeting was vetoed by four security council members. As a result of this, an Arria meeting was organised on the spot led by France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Peru, and the High Commissioner of the Human Rights Council was invited to share his briefing in regards to the situation in Syria.[18] The forum of the Arria formula meeting enabled the Security Council to come together and be briefed on the violations of human rights that have taken across Syria, including the targeting of civilians.[19] 
Clarissa Ward (born January 31, 1980) is an American television journalist who is currently chief international correspondent for CNN.[2] She was formerly with CBS News, based in London. Before her CBS News position, Ward was a Moscow-based news correspondent for ABC News programs.[3] 
Awards 
Ward received a George Foster Peabody Award on May 21, 2012, in New York City for her journalistic coverage inside Syria during the Syrian uprising.[13][14] In October 2014, Washington State University announced that Ward would receive the 2015 Murrow Award for International Reporting in April 2015.[15] She has also received seven Emmy Awards, an Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Silver Baton, and honors from the Radio and Television Correspondents' Association.[16] 
Career 
In law and government, de facto (/deɪ ˈfæktoʊ, di -/ day FAK-toh, dee -⁠;[1] Latin: de facto [deː ˈfaktoː], "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even though they are not officially recognized by laws.[2][3][4] It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with de jure ("by law"), which refers to things that happen according to law. 
De facto map of control of the world, May 2019. 
A de facto government is a government wherein all the attributes of sovereignty have, by usurpation, been transferred from those who had been legally invested with them to others, who, sustained by a power above the forms of law, claim to act and do really act in their stead.[7] 
A de facto standard is a standard (formal or informal) that has achieved a dominant position by tradition, enforcement, or market dominance. It has not necessarily received formal approval by way of a standardisation process, and may not have an official standards document. 
In law and government, de jure (/deɪ ˈdʒʊəri, di -, ˈjʊər-/ day JOOR-ee, dee -⁠, YOOR-ee; Latin: dē iūre pronounced [deː ˈjuːrɛ], "by law") describes practices that are legally recognised, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.[1] In contrast, de facto ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised.[2] 
The 1900 Summer Olympics (French: Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900), today officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that took place in Paris, France, in 1900. No opening or closing ceremonies were held; competitions began on 14 May and ended on 28 October. 
Many athletes, among them some who won events, didn't know that they had competed in the Olympic Games. Women took part in the games for the first time, and sailor Hélène de Pourtalès, born Helen Barbey in New York City,[2] became the first female Olympic champion. The decision to hold competitions on a Sunday brought protests from many American athletes, who traveled as representatives of their colleges and were expected to withdraw rather than compete on their religious day of rest. 
"Ode to the Motherland"[1] (simplified Chinese: 歌唱祖国; traditional Chinese: 歌唱祖國; pinyin: Gēchàng Zǔguó) is a famous patriotic song of the People's Republic of China, written and music composed by Wang Xin[2] (王莘; Wáng Shēn; 26 October 1918–October 15, 2007) during the period immediately after the founding of the People's Republic of China (1949–1951). It is sometimes honoured as "the second national anthem" of the PRC.[3] The song was performed in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics.[4] 
References 
It is the opening music of the radio programs News and Newspapers Summary (新闻和报纸摘要) and National Network News (全国新闻联播) on China National Radio.[1] Also, it is the closing music of some of CNR's radio channels. 
Samanea is a multinational company that develops and manages large-scale trade centres across Asia. It was founded in 2018 and is headquartered at One Raffles Quay, Singapore. It aims to provide services for small businesses by building tenant warehouses, business hotels, office buildings, convention centres, and staff apartments around large-scale trade centres.[1] 
Samanea Jakarta was a project by Samanea and CFLD International (Indonesia). The agreement of the 7.6 hectare land purchase was signed on 6 April 2019.[6][7] The second deal of the development on Tangerang New Industry City was successfully closed on 24 June 2020.[8] Trial operations for Samanea Jakarta Market began on 18 August 2020.[citation needed] 
Malaysia 
In 2019, a subsidiary of Samanea, Samanea Malaysia, invested RM20 million in Glo Damansara Mall, Kuala Lumpur, and launched a 180,000 square feet online-to-offline experience store.[9][10] 
Myanmar 
The company invested more than US$80 million and developed Samanea Yangon with the permission of Myanmar Investment Commission and Yangon City Development Committee.[11] Trial operations for Samanea Yangon Market (Phase I) began on 8 August 2020 and officially opened in November 2020.[12] Phase II is still undergoing construction. 
Thailand 
On 29 August 2020, Samanea began trial operations for Samanea Bangkok Market.[1] 
United Arab Emirates 
Samanea and Dubai developer Meraas also signed an agreement in 2019 at the inaugural Big C Forum to develop a 570,000 square feet, $272 million mall near Dubai International City.[13][14][15] 
References 
Naming 
The name Samanea is derived from the Latin name for rain tree. It is recognisable by its massive umbrella-shaped, widely spreading crown[2] that can reach 20 to 30 metres across. Samanea (company), used in their branding, implies that just like the rain tree, they provide well-rounded support for small-businesses growing nationwide and venturing overseas with their trading services platform.[3] 
History 
Samanea was founded in 2018 in Singapore.[4] 
Projects 
Cambodia 
On 13 August 2020, Samanea began trial operations for Samanea Phnom Penh Market.[5] 
Indonesia 
Thuzar Wint Lwin (Burmese: သူဇာဝင့်လွင်; born 18 October 1998), also known as Candy, is a Burmese model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Myanmar 2020 and represented Myanmar at the Miss Universe 2020 pageant in Hollywood, Florida on 16 May.[1][2][3] She won the Best National Costume Award in the 69th edition of the Miss Universe competition.[4][5] She is the first Burmese contestant to have placed as a Top Finalist in Miss Universe history. Thuzar is also a pro-democracy supporter and used the pageant to urge the world to speak out against the military junta, whose security forces have killed hundreds of opponents since it seized power in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[6] 
She speaks up on the country’s military coup and support the pro-democracy movement.[11] She held up a "Pray for Myanmar" sign during the national costume show and that costume won the Best National Costume Award.[2][12] 
References 
Thuzar Win Lwin was born on 18 October 1998 in Yangon, Myanmar. She currently studying English major at East Yangon University. She is the youngest child among three siblings, having an older brother and sister, May, an actress. 
Pageantry 
Miss Universe Myanmar 2021 
On December 30, 2020, Thuzar was crowned as Miss Universe Myanmar 2020 by previous titleholder Swe Zin Htet. She was also won the continental titles for Miss Photogenic, Miss Healthy Skin, Miss Dentiste Award and Best in Evening Gown.[1][7] 
Miss Universe 2020 
As Myanmar's Miss Universe contestant, she won the award of Best National Costume, which was based on the ethnic costume of Chin people. She was selected in Top 21 which made her archived as the first Burmese beauty queen to receive a placement in Miss Universe Myanmar's history. 
Samanea Yangon Market is a wholesale and retail market located in Dagon Seikkan Township, Yangon, Myanmar. It is currently managed and owned by Samanea Group.[1] 
Market stores sell both wholesale and retail manufactured goods, including industrial electrical equipment, metal tools, lighting and accessories, furniture, automobiles/motor vehicles/bicycle supplies and accessories, jewelry, makeup products, apparels, mobile devices accessories, home appliances, sports and office supplies, homeware, textiles and daily necessities.[12][13][14] 
References 
History 
The market was completed and officially opened in November 2020.[1][2] Phase II (staff apartments, boutique apartments, tenant warehouses, etc) is set to begin construction on a nearby plot of land in 2021.[1][6] 
Facilities 
The market is located on a 167 acre plot, with space for 730 retail outlets and a 50,000 square meter parking lot.[1][2] 
Accessibility 
Samanea Yangon is located at the intersection of Bago River Road and Yadanar Road in the new development area in Dagon Seikkan Township.[1][7][8][9] It is 15 km from downtown Yangon, 16 km from Yangon Port International Terminal, and 18 km from Yangon International Airport.[9][10][11] 
Goods 
Sand-colored VS-50 mine intended for use in desert environments (shown beside a wristwatch, for scale) 
Anti-personnel mines are a form of mine designed for use against humans, as opposed to anti-tank mines, which are designed for use against vehicles. Anti-personnel mines may be classified into blast mines or fragmentation mines, the latter may or may not be a bounding mine. 
Anti personnel mine in Cambodia 
Typically, anti-personnel blast mines are triggered when the victim steps on them. Their primary purpose is to blow the victim's foot or leg off, disabling them. Injuring, rather than killing, the victim is viewed as preferable in order to increase the logistical (evacuation, medical) burden on the opposing force. 
Effect 
When a person steps on a blast mine and activates it, the mine's main charge detonates, creating a blast shock wave consisting of hot gases travelling at extremely high velocity. The shock wave sends a huge compressive force upwards, ejecting the mine casing and any soil covering the mine along with it. When the blast wave hits the surface, it quickly transfers the force into the subject's footwear and foot. 
The resulting injuries to a human body depend on the size of the mine's main charge, the depth, type of soil it was laid in and how the victim contacted it, e.g. stepping on the mine, using all or part of the foot. Different types of soil will result in different amounts of energy being transferred upward into the subject's foot, with saturated "clay-like" soil transferring the most. Larger main charges result in a release of significantly more energy, driving the blast wave further up a target's foot and leg and causing greater injury, in some cases even described as severe as traumatic amputation of the leg up to the knee.[1] 
This consists of the soil and stones that were on top of the mine, parts of the victim's footwear and the small bones in the victim's foot. This debris creates wounds typical of similar secondary blast effects or fragmentation. Special footwear, including combat boots or so-called "blast boots", is only moderately protective against the destructive effects of blast mines, and the loss of a foot is a typical outcome. 
Blast mines have little effect on armoured vehicles, but can damage a wheeled vehicle if it runs directly over the mine. Small blast mines will severely damage a tire, rendering it irreparable while some types could also damage adjacent running gear. 
Components 
Typical components of an anti-personnel blast mine 
Mine casing 
The mines are often designed to injure, not kill, their victims in order to increase the logistical (mostly medical) support required by enemy forces that encounter them. Some types of anti-personnel mines can also damage the tracks on armoured vehicles or the tires of wheeled vehicles. 
Early mines, such as the ones used in the World War II era, had casings made of steel or aluminium. However, by the middle of the conflict, the British Army was using the first, practical, portable metal detector—the Polish mine detector. The Germans responded with mines that had a wooden or glass casing to make detection harder. 
Wooden mines had been used by the Soviets in 1939, before the appearance of metal detectors, in order to save steel. Some, like the PP Mi-D mine, continued to be used into the 1980s as they were easy to make and hard to detect. Wood has the disadvantage of rotting and splitting, rendering the mine non-functional after a comparatively short time in the ground (or the advantage, in that the mine can be considered self-disabling, and will be less likely to cause unintended injuries years later). 
Mines manufactured after the 1950s generally use plastic casings to hinder detection by electronic mine detectors. Some, referred to as minimum metal mines, are constructed with as little metal as possible – often around 1 gram (0.035 oz) – to make them difficult to detect. Mines containing absolutely no metal have been produced, but are uncommon. 
Pressure plate/fuze mechanism 
Typically, the detonator contains a tiny pellet of lead azide. The fuze is the most complicated component in any mine, although the amount of effort required to design and manufacture a simple fuze mechanism is quite low, similar to the retraction mechanism in a ballpoint pen.[citation needed] More sophisticated examples, such as the Italian SB-33 mine have a fuze mechanism that detonates the mine if subject to gradual, steady pressure, but locks the fuze if subject to a sudden shock. This defeats one of the main methods of clearing a path through a minefield — detonating the mines with explosive devices, such as mine-clearing line charges. 
Booster 
The booster charge is a highly sensitive explosive that will activate easily when subjected to the shock of the detonator. Typically, a pea-sized pellet of RDX is used. The purpose of the booster is to amplify the shock of the detonator and initiate the main explosive charge. 
Main charge 
This is necessary, because making a mine entirely out of a highly sensitive detonator or booster explosive would be more expensive, and make the device more sensitive and thereby susceptible to accidental detonation. In most AP blast mines TNT, Composition B or phlegmatized RDX are used. On a US M14 mine, 29 grams of tetryl is used, while 240 grams of TNT is used in a Russian PMN mine. 
Deployment 
The International Campaign to Ban Landmines has sought to ban mines culminating in the 1997 Ottawa Treaty, although this treaty has not yet been accepted by a number of countries including the United States, Israel, Russia, the People's Republic of China, Pakistan and India. 
Anti-personnel blast mines are the most common type and are typically deployed on the surface (hidden by leaves or rocks) or buried under soil at a depth of 10 – 20 mm. They are activated by pressure, i.e. when the victim steps on them, but it could also be a vehicle driving over them. 
They were designed for use as area denial weapons. Weapons of this type are supposed to deny opposing military forces access to a specific area. 
Fragmentation mines 
Stockmine M43 in a display case surrounded by other less lethal items 
While blast mines are designed to cause severe injury to one person, fragmentation mines (such as the World War II era German S-mine) are designed to project fragments across a wide area, causing fragmentation wounds to nearby personnel.[2] 
Fragmentation mines are generally much larger and heavier than blast mines, and contain a large amount (often several kilograms) of ferrous metal. As such, they are easy to detect if the environment is not too heavily contaminated with iron. 
Effect 
The shrapnel from these mines can even disable some armoured vehicles, by puncturing their tires and—in the case of soft-skinned vehicles—also penetrating the skin and damaging internal components or injuring personnel. Because fragmentation mines generally contain a much larger charge than blast mines, they can cause severe damage to an unarmoured vehicle which runs directly over one. 
Types of fragmentation mine 
Use 
These mines (such as the Russian POMZ) are entirely above ground, having a fragmenting warhead mounted on a stake at a suitable height, concealed by vegetation or rubbish and triggered by one or more tripwires. 
Bounding 
Bounding mines have a small lifting charge that, when activated, launches the main body of the mine out of the ground before it detonates at around chest height. This produces a more lethal spray of shrapnel over a larger area. One such—the US M16 mine—can cause injuries up to 200 metres (660 ft) away. 
Directional 
Directional fragmentation weapons (such as the M18 Claymore) differ from other types in that they are designed to direct their fragments only in a limited arc. They are placed so that the blast will be directed at the target area and away from friendly forces. This design also allows forces to protect themselves by placing these types of mines near their own positions, but facing the enemy. 
Gallery 
Bounding mine - German S-Mine Stake mine - a Yugoslav IMP mine with tripwire (Balkans 1996) Directional mine - Russian MON-50 Blast mine - American M14 Blast mines - Russian PMN1 and PMN2 Blast mine - Italian TS-50 in-situ Blast mine - Italian VS-MK2 (cross-sectional view) Bounding mine - Yugoslavian PROM-1 
Improvised explosive devices 
In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have replaced conventional or military landmines as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians. These injuries were recently reported in BMJ Open to be far worse than landmines, resulting in multiple limb amputations and lower body mutilation.[3] This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war.[4] 
Italian Valmara 69 bouncing type anti-personnel mine 
During World War II, flame mines known as the flame fougasse were produced by the British during the invasion crisis of 1940. Later, the Soviets produced a flame-mine, called the FOG-1. This was copied by the Germans to produce the Abwehrflammenwerfer 42, these devices were effectively disposable, trip-wire triggered flamethrowers. 
They were made by Britain, the US and the Soviet Union during World War II, but never deployed. During the Cold War, the US produced the M23 chemical mine containing VX (nerve agent). A small explosive charge burst the mine open and dispersed the chemical when the mine was triggered. 
World War II anti-personnel mines 
S-mine (Bouncing Betty): infamous German bouncing mine; widely copied after the war. Glasmine 43: German mine made largely from glass, to make it difficult to detect. PDM-6 and PMD-7: Soviet World War II mines, made from wood. 
Post-War, US anti-personnel mines 
GATOR mine system: modern dispersal system, includes AP (BLU-92/B) and anti-tank mines. M18 Claymore: directional mine. M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition: tripwire triggered bounding mine that automatically deploys its own tripwires. 
Post-War, Russian anti-personnel mines 
Anti-personnel mines are used in a similar manner to anti-tank mines, in static "mine fields" along national borders or in defense of strategic positions as described in greater detail in the land mine article. What makes them different from most anti-tank mines, however, is their smaller size, which enables large numbers to be simultaneously deployed over a large area. This process can be done manually, via dispensers on land vehicles, or from helicopters or aircraft. 
MON-50: Russian directional mine; similar to the American M18 Claymore. PMN mine: one of the most commonly encountered mines during de-mining operations. MON-200: large mine with a 12 kg TNT charge. 
Post-War, British anti-personnel mines 
HB 876 mine: 1970s–1999. An air dropped mine used as part of the JP233 runway attacking system. Each attack with a JP233 also dropped 215 HB 876s that were intended to make repair of the damaged runway slow and dangerous. 
Yugoslav anti-personnel mines 
MRUD: Directional mine similar to the M18 Claymore. 
Anti-personnel mines are a typical example of subject-matter excluded from patentability under the European Patent Convention, because the publication or exploitation of such inventions are contrary to the "ordre public" and/or morality (Article 53(a) EPC).[5] 
Criticism of name 
The author Rob Nixon has criticized the use of the adjective "anti-personnel" to describe mines, noting that the word "personnel" signifies people engaged in a particular organization, whereas in reality "four-fifths of mine casualties are civilians", in particular children. Thus, he argues, the name "flatters their accuracy by implying that they target an organization, military or otherwise."[6] 
See also 
Other uses specific to anti-personnel mines are where they are deployed on an ad hoc basis in the following situations: 
Anti-tank mine Blast resistant mine Anti-handling device Bouncing mine Demining Fougasse (weapon) Handicap International Mine clearance agencies Mines Advisory Group Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction also known as the Ottawa Treaty Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD) 
When laying an ambush Protecting a temporary base To force any attackers to travel through a narrow, cleared path where firepower can be focused on the enemy To evade pursuit (e.g. M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition) To protect equipment by employing the mines as booby traps To booby trap other mines as a form of anti-handling device 
These mines are deemed to be more efficient than purely "blast effect" mines, because the shrapnel covers a greater area, potentially injuring more combatants. 
Stake 
Examples 
Blast mines 
Innlay Tactical Jeep, commonly called the Innlay Jeep (Burmese: အင်းလေးဂျစ်), is a 4x4 off-road vehicle designed and manufactured by Tatmadaw Heavy Industry. Currently production capacity is 200 units annually. Later will increase to 1000 units per annual.[1] Innlay Jeeps are only issued to Tatmadaw. 
In 2016, Tatmadaw took over automobile industries from Ministry of Industry (Myanmar). Those factories were halted operations due to various reasons by government before transfer to Tatmadaw.[1] 
The axles for Innlay are produced from Tatmadaw Heavy Industry (Myingyan) and gearboxes are from Tatmadaw Heavy Industry (Magway).[2] The final assembly is done by Tatmadaw Heavy Industry (Htonbo).[3] Htonbo factory assembled Mazda Pathfinder XV-1 since 1970. 
The engine looks like DCD Engine ( CY 499 Ti ) produced from No (14) Heavy Industry (Thagaya) under Ministry of Industry (Myanmar).[4] But the factory was suspended its operation in 2017 due to financial losses. So the Tatmadaw imported engines from China. 
Variants 
Innlay Jeep comes in short wheelbase version with a canvas roof and a pair of large folding benches in the rear. This variant is mainly issued to high-ranking officers. 
Newly developed Type 63 multiple rocket launcher mounted version and rocket pod mounted version were seen at 76th Anniversary Armed Forces Day parade. 
The Mazda Pathfinder XV-1, commonly called the Mazda Jeep (Burmese: မာဇဒါဂျစ်), is a 4x4 Mazda built from 1970 to 1973 in an assembly plant in Burma strictly for Burmese market.[1] The Pathfinder XV-1's were used mostly by Burmese military, police and government officials. [2] 
Variants 
The Pathfinder XV-1 came as either soft-tops or hard-tops, and could seat up to nine people on a pair of large folding benches in the rear.[1][3] The Pathfinder XV-1's came in long or short wheelbase versions with a canvas roof. 
Some hardtop SWB versions were also made, as were four-door LWB wagons (the LWB canvas-top cars were always two-door). [4] 
Notes 
In automotive design, an FR, or front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is one where the engine is located at the front of the vehicle and driven wheels are located at the rear. This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century.[1] Modern designs commonly use the front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout (FF). It is also used in high-floor buses and school buses. 
Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout 
FMR layout, the engine is located behind the front axle. 
In automotive design, a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FMR) is one that places the engine in the front, with the rear wheels of vehicle being driven. In contrast to the front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FR), the engine is pushed back far enough that its center of mass is to the rear of the front axle. This aids in weight distribution and reduces the moment of inertia, improving the vehicle's handling. 
Zain Javadd Malik (/ˈmælɪk/; born 12 January 1993), known mononymously as Zayn, is an English singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Bradford, Malik auditioned as a solo contestant for the British music competition The X Factor in 2010. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Malik was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form the boy band One Direction, which went on to become one of the best-selling boy bands of all time. 
Adopting a more alternative R&B music style with his debut studio album, Mind of Mine (2016), and its lead single, "Pillowtalk", Malik became the first British male artist to debut at number one in both the UK and US, with his debut single and debut album. His collaborative singles, "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" with Taylor Swift and "Dusk Till Dawn" featuring Sia, were met with international success. Malik released his second studio album, Icarus Falls, in 2018. 
Malik is the recipient of several accolades, including an American Music Award and a MTV Video Music Award. He is also the only artist to have won the Billboard Music Award for New Artist of the Year twice, receiving it once as a member of One Direction in 2013 and then again in 2017 as a solo artist. 
Zayn was born Zain Javadd Malik on 12 January 1993 in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, into a multiracial family.[1][2][3] His father, Yaser Malik, is a British Pakistani; his mother, Trisha Malik (née Brannan), is of English and Irish descent and had converted to Islam upon her marriage to Zayn's father.[4][5][6] Malik has one older sister, Doniya, and two younger sisters, Waliyha and Safaa.[7] He had an Islamic upbringing, though he no longer identifies as a Muslim.[8][9] 
Malik grew up in East Bowling, Bradford, in a working-class family[1] and neighbourhood.[10] He attended Lower Fields Primary School and Tong High School (now Tong Leadership Academy) in Bradford.[11] As a teenager he took performing arts courses and appeared in school productions.[12] He grew up listening to his father's urban music records, primarily R&B, hip hop, and reggae.[10] He wrote raps when he was at school,[13] and sang on stage for the first time when singer Jay Sean visited his school.[14] Malik also boxed for two years, from the age of 15 to 17.[15] Before beginning his music career, he had planned to pursue an academic degree in English in the hope of becoming an English teacher.[16] 
Jahseh Dwayne Ricardo Onfroy (January 23, 1998 – June 18, 2018), known professionally as XXXTentacion, (often stylized as XXXTENTACION)[lower-alpha 2] was an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. Though a controversial figure due to his widely publicized legal troubles, XXXTentacion gained a cult following among his young fanbase during his short career with his depression and alienation-themed music. Critics and fans often credited him for his musical versatility, with his music exploring emo, trap, lo-fi, indie rock, nu metal, hip hop, R&B and punk rock. 
Born in Plantation, Florida, XXXTentacion spent most of his childhood in Lauderhill. He began writing music after being released from a juvenile detention center and soon started his music career on SoundCloud in 2013, employing styles and techniques that were unconventional in rap music, such as distortion and heavy guitar-backed instrumentals, drawing inspiration from third-wave emo and grunge. In 2014, he formed the underground collective Members Only and alongside other members of the collective soon became a popular figure in SoundCloud rap, a trap music scene that takes elements of lo-fi music and harsh 808s.[7] 
XXXTentacion gained mainstream attention with the single "Look at Me". His debut album 17 (2017) was certified double platinum in the US. His second album ? (2018) debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, and its lead single, "Sad!", reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100[8] and had amassed more than a billion views on YouTube by January 2021.[9] 
On June 18, 2018, XXXTentacion was fatally shot at the age of 20 at a motorcycle dealership in Deerfield Beach, Florida. The attackers fled the scene in an SUV after stealing from him a Louis Vuitton bag containing $50,000; four suspects were arrested. No trial date has been set for the accused.[10] 
XXXTentacion has RIAA-certified sales of 61 million units in the US and BPI-certified sales of over 7 million units in the UK, bringing his total to 68 million certified records sold in the two countries. Since his death, he has won an American Music Award and a BET Hip Hop Award and received 11 Billboard Music Award nominations.[11] Two posthumous albums were released, Skins (2018) and Bad Vibes Forever (2019); the former became his second number-one album on the Billboard 200. 
Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel). AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels. 
In 1908 the Imperial Russian Navy launched the submarine Pochtovy, which used a gasoline engine fed with compressed air and exhausted under water. 
These two approaches, the use of a fuel that provides energy to an open-cycle system, and the provision of oxygen to an aerobic engine in a closed cycle, characterize AIP today. 
X-1 midget submarine on display at the Submarine Force Library and Museum in the United States 
During World War II the German firm Walter experimented with submarines that used high-test (concentrated) hydrogen peroxide as their source of oxygen under water. These used steam turbines, employing steam heated by burning diesel fuel in the steam/oxygen atmosphere created by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by a potassium permanganate catalyst. 
Several experimental boats were produced, though the work did not mature into any viable combat vessels. One drawback was the instability and scarcity of the fuel involved. Another was that while the system produced high underwater speeds, it was extravagant with fuel; the first boat, V-80, required 28 tons of fuel to travel 50 nautical miles (93 kilometres), and the final designs were little better. 
After the war one Type XVII boat, U-1407, which had been scuttled at the end of World War II, was salvaged and recommissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Meteorite. The British built two improved models in the late 1950s, HMS Explorer, and HMS Excalibur. Meteorite was not popular with its crews, who regarded it as dangerous and volatile; she was officially described as 75% safe.[citation needed] The reputations of Excalibur and Explorer were little better; the boats were nicknamed Excruciater and Exploder.[4] 
The Soviet Union also experimented with the technology and one experimental boat was built which utilized hydrogen peroxide in a Walter engine. 
The United States also received a Type XVII boat, U-1406, and went on to use hydrogen peroxide in an experimental midget submarine, X-1. It was originally powered by a hydrogen peroxide/diesel engine and battery system until an explosion of her hydrogen peroxide supply on 20 May 1957. X-1 was later converted to a diesel-electric.[5] 
Modern non-nuclear submarines are potentially stealthier than nuclear submarines; a nuclear ship's reactor must constantly pump coolant[citation needed], generating some amount of detectable noise. Non-nuclear submarines running on battery power or AIP, on the other hand, can be virtually silent. While nuclear-powered designs still dominate in submergence times and deep-ocean performance, small, high-tech non-nuclear attack submarines are highly effective in coastal operations and pose a significant threat to less-stealthy and less-maneuverable nuclear submarines.[1] 
The USSR, UK, and US, the only countries known to be experimenting with the technology at that time, abandoned it when the latter developed a nuclear reactor small enough for submarine propulsion. Other nations, including Germany and Sweden, would later recommence AIP development. 
It was retained for propelling torpedoes by the British and the Soviet Union, although hastily abandoned by the former following the HMS Sidon tragedy. Both this and the loss of the Russian submarine Kursk were due to accidents involving hydrogen peroxide propelled torpedoes. 
Closed-cycle diesel engines 
This technology uses a submarine diesel engine which can be operated conventionally on the surface, but which can also be provided with oxidant, usually stored as liquid oxygen, when submerged. Since the metal of an engine would burn in pure oxygen, the oxygen is usually diluted with recycled exhaust gas. Argon replaces exhaust gas when the engine is started. 
In the late 1930s the Soviet Union experimented with closed-cycle engines, and a number of small M-class vessels were built using the REDO system, but none were completed before the German invasion in 1941. 
During World War II the German Kriegsmarine experimented with such a system as an alternative to the Walter peroxide system, designing variants of their Type XVII U-boat and their Type XXVIIB Seehund midget submarine, the Type XVIIK and Type XXVIIK respectively, though neither was completed before the war's end. 
After the war the USSR developed the small 650-ton Quebec-class submarine, of which thirty were built between 1953 and 1956. These had three diesel engines—two were conventional and one was closed cycle using liquid oxygen. 
In the Soviet system, called a "single propulsion system", oxygen was added after the exhaust gases had been filtered through a lime-based chemical absorbent. The submarine could also run its diesel using a snorkel. The Quebec had three drive shafts: a 32D 900 bhp (670 kW) diesel on the centre shaft and two M-50P 700 bhp (520 kW) diesels on the outer shafts. 
Because liquid oxygen cannot be stored indefinitely, these boats could not operate far from a base. It was dangerous; at least seven submarines suffered explosions, and one of these, M-256, sank following an explosion and fire. They were sometimes nicknamed cigarette lighters.[7] The last submarine using this technology was scrapped in the early 1970s. 
The German Navy's former Type 205 submarine U-1 (launched 1967) was fitted with an experimental 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) unit. 
AIP is usually implemented as an auxiliary source, with the traditional diesel engine handling surface propulsion. Most such systems generate electricity, which in turn drives an electric motor for propulsion or recharges the boat's batteries. The submarine's electrical system is also used for providing "hotel services"—ventilation, lighting, heating etc.—although this consumes a small amount of power compared to that required for propulsion. 
Closed-cycle steam turbines 
It is essentially a modified version of their nuclear propulsion system with heat generated by ethanol and oxygen. Specifically, a conventional steam turbine power plant is powered by steam generated from the combustion of ethanol and stored oxygen at a pressure of 60 atmospheres. This pressure-firing allows exhaust carbon dioxide to be expelled overboard at any depth without an exhaust compressor. 
Each MESMA system costs around $50–60 million. As installed on the Scorpènes, it requires adding an 8.3-metre (27 ft), 305-tonne hull section to the submarine, and results in a submarine able to operate for greater than 21 days underwater, depending on variables such as speed.[8][9] 
An article in Undersea Warfare Magazine notes that: "although MESMA can provide higher output power than the other alternatives, its inherent efficiency is the lowest of the four AIP candidates, and its rate of oxygen consumption is correspondingly higher."[1] 
Stirling cycle engines 
The Swedish shipbuilder Kockums constructed three Gotland-class submarines for the Swedish Navy that are fitted with an auxiliary Stirling engine that burns liquid oxygen and diesel fuel to drive 75 kW electrical generators for either propulsion or charging batteries. The endurance of the 1,500-tonne boats is around 14 days at 5 kn (5.8 mph; 9.3 km/h). 
Kockums has also refurbished/upgraded the Swedish Västergötland-class submarines with a Stirling AIP plugin section. Two (Södermanland and Östergötland) are in service in Sweden as the Södermanland class, and two others are in service in Singapore as the Archer class (Archer and Swordsman). 
Ten Japanese submarines were equipped with Stirling engines. The first submarine in the class, Sōryū, was launched on 5 December 2007 and delivered to the navy in March 2009. The eleventh of the class is the first one that is equipped with lithium-ion batteries without a Stirling engine.[10] 
The new Swedish Blekinge-class submarine has the Stirling AIP system as its main energy source. The submerged endurance will be more than 18 days at 5 knots using AIP. 
AIP can be retrofitted into existing submarine hulls by inserting an additional hull section. AIP does not normally provide the endurance or power to replace atmospheric dependent propulsion, but allows longer submergence than a conventionally propelled submarine. A typical conventional power plant provides 3 megawatts maximum, and an AIP source around 10% of that. 
Type 212 submarine with fuel cell propulsion of the German Navy in dock 
Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel (such as hydrogen) and oxygen, which are carried in the vessel in pressurized tanks, to sustain the chemical reaction. Nine of these units are incorporated into Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft AG's 1,830 t submarine U-31, lead ship for the Type 212A of the German Navy. The other boats of this class and HDW's AIP equipped export submarines ( Dolphin class, Type 209 mod and Type 214) use two 120 kW (160 hp) modules, also from Siemens.[11] 
After the success of Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft AG in its export activities, several builders developed fuel-cell auxiliary units for submarines, but as of 2008 no other shipyard has a contract for a submarine so equipped. 
The AIP implemented on the S-80 class of the Spanish Navy is based on a bioethanol-processor (provided by Hynergreen from Abengoa, SA) consisting of a reaction chamber and several intermediate Coprox reactors, that transform the BioEtOH into high purity hydrogen. The output feeds a series of fuel cells from Collins Aerospace (which also supplied fuel cells for the Space Shuttle). 
The reformer is fed with bioethanol as fuel, and oxygen (stored as a liquid in a high pressure cryogenic tank), generating hydrogen as a sub-product. The produced hydrogen and more oxygen is fed to the fuel cells.[12] 
The Naval Materials Research Laboratory of Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation in collaboration with Larsen & Toubro and Thermax has developed a 270 kilowatt Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) to power the Kalvari-class submarines, which are based on the Scorpène design. All six Kalvari class submarines will be retrofitted with AIP during their first upgrade. It produces electricity by reacting with hydrogen generated from sodium borohydride and stored oxygen with phosphoric acid acting as an electrolyte.[13][14][15] 
DRDO AIP (Air Independent Propulsion) model for Kalvari-class submarine 
The Portuguese Navy Tridente-class submarines are also equipped with fuel cells. 
The United States Navy uses the hull classification symbol "SSP" to designate boats powered by AIP, while retaining "SSK" for classic diesel-electric attack submarines.[lower-alpha 1] 
Air-independent propulsion is a term normally used in the context of improving the performance of conventionally propelled submarines. However, as an auxiliary power supply, nuclear power falls into the technical definition of AIP. For example, a proposal to use a small 200 kilowatt reactor for auxiliary power—styled by AECL as a "nuclear battery"—could improve the under-ice capability of Canadian submarines.[16][17] 
Nuclear reactors have been used since the 1950s to power submarines. The first such submarine was USS Nautilus commissioned in 1954. Today, China, France, India, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are the only countries to have successfully built and operated nuclear-powered submarines. 
As of 2017, some 10 nations are building AIP submarines with almost 20 nations operating AIP based submarines: 
Further reading 
In the development of the submarine, the problem of finding satisfactory forms of propulsion underwater has been persistent. The earliest submarines were man-powered with hand-cranked propellers, which quickly used up the air inside; these vessels had to move for much of the time on the surface with hatches open, or use some form of breathing tube, both inherently dangerous and resulting in a number of early accidents. Later, mechanically driven vessels used compressed air or steam, or electricity, which had to be re-charged from shore or from an on-board aerobic engine. 
The earliest attempt at a fuel that would burn anaerobically was in 1867, when Narciso Monturiol successfully developed a chemically powered anaerobic or air independent steam engine.[2][3] 
Country AIP type Builders Submarines with AIP Operators Numbers with AIP, and notes Germany Fuel cell Siemens-ThyssenKrupp Dolphin class Israel 5 active / 1 under construction[18][19] Type 209-1400mod South Korea Greece Egypt 1 confirmed retrofit with AIP,[20] up to 9 additional Chang Bogo class possibly retrofit.[21][22][23][24] Type 212 Germany Italy Norway (planned) 10 active / 8 more planned[25][26] Norway plans to procure four submarines based on the Type 212 by 2025.[27] Type 214 South Korea Greece Portugal Turkey 13 active / 2 under construction / 8 more planned[28][29] 3 Turkish orders are being built at Gölcük Naval Shipyard. 
Type 218 Singapore 2 under construction / 2 more planned, with first delivery expected in 2020.[30][31][32] Sweden Stirling AIP Kockums Gotland class Sweden 3 active[33] Archer class Singapore 2 active (retrofit of the Västergötland class)[34] Södermanland class Sweden 2 active (retrofit of the Västergötland class) Blekinge-class submarine Sweden 2 planned Japan Stirling AIP Kawasaki-Kockums Harushio class Japan 1 retrofit: Asashio.[35] Sōryū class Japan 10 active (of 11 completed) / 3 under construction / 3 more planned[36] France MESMA Naval Group Agosta 90B Pakistan 3 in service Scorpène Chile Brazil (planned) 6 active (of 7 completed) / 4 under construction / 3 more planned Spain Fuel cell Navantia S-80 class Spain 4 under construction / 4 planned India Fuel cell Defence Research and Development Organisation Kalvari class India All six Kalvari class will be retrofitted with AIP during their first upgrade[37] Russia Fuel cell Rubin Design Bureau NIISET Krylov Project 677 Лада (Lada) Russia Rumoured status: no confirmation that systems are operational on any Russian submarines Project 1650 Амур (Amur) None People's Republic of China Stirling AIP 711 Research Institute-CSHGC Type 041 (Yuan class) People's Republic of China 15 completed and 5 under construction Type 032 (Qing class) People's Republic of China Experimental submarine 
Demonstration model of a direct-methanol fuel cell (black layered cube) in its enclosure. 
In a letter dated October 1838 but published in the December 1838 edition of The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Welsh physicist and barrister Sir William Grove wrote about the development of his first crude fuel cells. He used a combination of sheet iron, copper and porcelain plates, and a solution of sulphate of copper and dilute acid.[7][8] In a letter to the same publication written in December 1838 but published in June 1839, German physicist Christian Friedrich Schönbein discussed the first crude fuel cell that he had invented. His letter discussed current generated from hydrogen and oxygen dissolved in water.[9] Grove later sketched his design, in 1842, in the same journal. 
In 1932, English engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell.[12] The alkaline fuel cell (AFC), also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its inventor, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies, which NASA has used since the mid-1960s.[12][13] 
In 1955, W. Thomas Grubb, a chemist working for the General Electric Company (GE), further modified the original fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte. Three years later another GE chemist, Leonard Niedrach, devised a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, which served as catalyst for the necessary hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. This became known as the "Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell".[14][15] GE went on to develop this technology with NASA and McDonnell Aircraft, leading to its use during Project Gemini. 
UTC Power was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationary fuel cell system for use as a co-generation power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings.[18] 
Scheme of a proton-conducting fuel cell 
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen[1]) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions.[2] Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides[3] that are commonly already present in the battery, except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. 
The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later following the invention of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1932. The alkaline fuel cell, also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its inventor, has been used in NASA space programs since the mid-1960s to generate power for satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. 
There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte that allows ions, often positively charged hydrogen ions (protons), to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. At the anode a catalyst causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate ions (often positively charged hydrogen ions) and electrons. The ions move from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte. 
Sketch of Sir William Grove's 1839 fuel cell 
their minerals and global chemistry give information about the composition of the lower crust or upper mantle from which their parent magma was extracted, and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this extraction;[3] their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of radiometric dating and can be compared to adjacent geological strata, thus permitting calibration of the geological time scale;[4] their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstructions (see plate tectonics); in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (ores): for example, tungsten, tin,[5] and uranium[6] are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros.[7] 
Geological setting 
Formation of igneous rock 
Igneous rocks can be either intrusive (plutonic and hypabyssal) or extrusive (volcanic). 
Intrusive 
Basic types of intrusions: 1. Laccolith 2. Small dike 3. 
Extrusive 
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. 
Extrusive igneous rock is made from lava released by volcanoes 
Sample of basalt (an extrusive igneous rock), found in Massachusetts 
Classification 
Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses. 
Close-up of granite (an intrusive igneous rock) exposed in Chennai, India 
Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical composition, and the geometry of the igneous body. 
Texture 
Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust. 
Mineralogical classification 
Chemical classification and petrology 
Volcanic eruptions of lava are major sources of igneous rocks. (Mayon volcano in the Philippines, erupting in 2009) 
Natural columns of igneous rock separated from each other by columnar joints, in Madeira 
History of classification 
Origin of magmas 
The Earth's crust averages about 35 kilometres (22 mi) thick under the continents, but averages only some 7–10 kilometres (4.3–6.2 mi) beneath the oceans. The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline basement formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including granulite and granite. Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and gabbro. 
Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure, to a change in composition (such as an addition of water), to an increase in temperature, or to a combination of these processes. 
Other mechanisms, such as melting from a meteorite impact, are less important today, but impacts during the accretion of the Earth led to extensive melting, and the outer several hundred kilometers of our early Earth was probably an ocean of magma. Impacts of large meteorites in the last few hundred million years have been proposed as one mechanism responsible for the extensive basalt magmatism of several large igneous provinces. 
Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of the Earth's crust by volume.[1] Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface.[note 1] Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock. 
Temperature increase 
Igneous rocks are also geologically important because: 
Gallery 
Mars Pictured in natural color in 2007[lower-alpha 1] Designations Pronunciation /ˈmɑːrz/ (listen) Adjectives Martian /ˈmɑːrʃən/ Orbital characteristics[1] Epoch J2000 Aphelion 249200000 km (154800000 mi; 1.666 AU) Perihelion 206700000 km (128400000 mi; 1.382 AU) Semi-major axis 227939200 km (141634900 mi; 1.523679 AU) Eccentricity 0.0934 Orbital period 686.971 d (1.88082 yr; 668.5991 sols) Synodic period 779.96 d (2.1354 yr) Average orbital speed 24.007 km/s (86430 km/h; 53700 mph) Mean anomaly 19.412°[2] Inclination 1.850° to ecliptic; 5.65° the Sun's equator; 1.63° to invariable plane[3] Longitude of ascending node 49.558° Time of perihelion 2020-Aug-03[4] Argument of perihelion 286.502° Satellites 2 Physical characteristics Mean radius 3389.5 ± 0.2 km[lower-alpha 2] [5] (2106.1 ± 0.1 mi) Equatorial radius 3396.2 ± 0.1 km[lower-alpha 2] [5] (2110.3 ± 0.1 mi; 0.533 Earths) Polar radius 3376.2 ± 0.1 km[lower-alpha 2] [5] (2097.9 ± 0.1 mi; 0.531 Earths) Flattening 0.00589±0.00015 Surface area 144798500 km2[6] (55907000 sq mi; 0.284 Earths) Volume 1.6318×1011 km3[7] (0.151 Earths) Mass 6.4171×1023 kg[8] (0.107 Earths) Mean density 3.9335 g/cm3[7] (0.1421 lb/cu in) Surface gravity 3.72076 m/s2[9] (12.2072 ft/s2; 0.3794 g) Moment of inertia factor 0.3644±0.0005[8] Escape velocity 5.027 km/s (18100 km/h; 11250 mph) Rotation period 1.028 d 24h 39m 36s (synodic; solar day) Sidereal rotation period 1.025957 d 24h 37m 22.7s[7] Equatorial rotation velocity 241.17 m/s (868.22 km/h; 539.49 mph) Axial tilt 25.19° to its orbital plane[10] North pole right ascension 317.68143° 21h 10m 44s North pole declination 52.88650° Albedo 0.170 geometric[11] 0.25 Bond[10] Surface temp. min mean max Kelvin 130 K 210 K[10] 308 K Celsius −143 °C[12] −63 °C 35 °C[13] Fahrenheit −226 °F[12] −82 °F 95 °F[13] Apparent magnitude −2.94 to +1.86[14] Angular diameter 3.5–25.1″[10] Atmosphere[10][15] Surface pressure 0.636 (0.4–0.87) kPa 0.00628 atm Composition by volume 95.97% carbon dioxide 1.93% argon 1.89% nitrogen 0.146% oxygen 0.0557% carbon monoxide 0.0210% water vapor 0.0100% nitrogen oxide 0.00025% neon 0.00008% hydrogen deuterium oxide 0.00003% krypton 0.00001% xenon 
References 
Streak plates with pyrite (left) and rhodochrosite (right) 
The streak of a mineral is the color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an un-weathered surface. Unlike the apparent color of a mineral, which for most minerals can vary considerably, the trail of finely ground powder generally has a more consistent characteristic color, and is thus an important diagnostic tool in mineral identification. If no streak seems to be made, the mineral's streak is said to be white or colorless. 
The apparent color of a mineral can vary widely because of trace impurities or a disturbed macroscopic crystal structure. Small amounts of an impurity that strongly absorbs a particular wavelength can radically change the wavelengths of light that are reflected by the specimen, and thus change the apparent color. However, when the specimen is dragged to produce a streak, it is broken into randomly oriented microscopic crystals, and small impurities do not greatly affect the absorption of light. 
The surface across which the mineral is dragged is called a "streak plate", and is generally made of unglazed porcelain tile. In the absence of a streak plate, the unglazed underside of a porcelain bowl or vase or the back of a glazed tile will work. Sometimes a streak is more easily or accurately described by comparing it with the "streak" made by another streak plate. 
Because the trail left behind results from the mineral being crushed into powder, a streak can only be made of minerals softer than the streak plate, around 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. For harder minerals, the color of the powder can be determined by filing or crushing with a hammer a small sample, which is then usually rubbed on a streak plate. Most minerals that are harder have an unhelpful white streak. 
Some minerals leave a streak similar to their natural color, such as cinnabar, lazurite and native gold. Other minerals leave surprising colors, such as fluorite, which always has a white streak, although it can appear in purple, blue, yellow, or green crystals. Hematite, which is black in appearance, leaves a red streak which accounts for its name, which comes from the Greek word "haima", meaning "blood." 
References 
External links 
Physical Characteristics of Minerals, at Introduction to Mineralogy by Andrea Bangert What is Streak? from the Mineral Gallery 
The earliest test was developed by mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1820 (see Mohs scale). It is based on relative scratch hardness, with talc assigned a value of 1 and diamond assigned a value of 10. Mohs's scale had two limitations: it was not linear, and most modern abrasives fall between 9 and 10. 
Raymond R. Ridgway, a research engineer at the Norton Company, modified the Mohs scale by giving garnet a hardness of 10 and diamond a hardness of 15.[1] Charles E. Wooddell, working at the Carborundum Company, extended the scale further by using resistance to abrasion, and extrapolating the scale based on seven for quartz and nine for corundum, resulting in a value of 42.4 for South American brown diamond bort.[2] Resistance to abrasion is less affected by surface variations than other methods of indentations. 
There is a linear relationship between cohesive energy density (lattice energy per volume) and Wooddell wear resistance, occurring between corundum (H=9) and diamond (H=42.5).[3] 
Material Mohs' scale Ridgway's scale[1] Wooddell's scale[2] talc 1 1 gypsum 2 2 calcite 3 3 fluorite 4 4 apatite 5 5 orthoclase 6 6 vitreous silica 7 quartz 7 8 7 topaz 8 9 garnet 8.92[2] 10 corundum 9 9 fused zirconia 11 fused alumina 9.03–9.065[2] 12 10 tungsten carbide 9.09[2] 12.0 silicon carbide 9.13–9.17[2] 13 14.0 boron carbide 9.32[2] 14 19.7 diamond carbonado 9.82[2] 15 36.4 ballas 9.99[2] 42.0 bort 10[2] 42.4 
References 
Mashallah (Arabic: مَا شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ‎, mā shāʾa -llāhu), also written Masha'Allah, is an Arabic phrase that is used to express impressment or beautifulness for an event or person that was just mentioned. It is a common expression used by Muslims to wish for God's protection of something or someone from the evil eye. 
The literal meaning of Mashallah is "what God has willed", in the sense of "what God has willed has happened"; it is used to say something good has happened, used in the past tense. Inshallah, literally "if God has willed", is used similarly but to refer to a future event. 
Salawat (Arabic: صَلَوَات‎, ṣalawāt) is a special Arabic phrase, which contains the salutation upon Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. This kind of phrase is usually expressed by Muslims in their five daily prayers (during the Tashahhud) and also when Muhammad's name is mentioned.[1] 
Salawat is a plural form of salat (Arabic: صَلَاة‎) and from the root of the letters "ṣād-lām-wāw" (ص ل و) which means "prayer" or "salutation".[2] 
Arabic philologists hold the view that the meaning of the word salawat would vary according to who has used the word, and to whom it is used for.[3] 
God instructs Muslims to send salawat on Muhammad as it was revealed in Quran 33:56: 
A visual representation of anxiety caused by a phone call 
Telephone phobia (telephonophobia, telephobia, phone phobia) is reluctance or fear of making or taking phone calls, literally, "fear of telephones".[1] It is considered to be a type of social phobia or social anxiety.[1] It may be compared to glossophobia, in that both arise from having to engage with an audience, and the associated fear of being criticized, judged or made a fool of.[2] 
These symptoms may include nervous stomach, sweaty palms,[1] rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, nausea, dry mouth and trembling. The sufferer may experience feelings of panic, terror and dread.[8] Resulting panic attacks can include hyperventilation and stress. These negative and agitating symptoms can be produced by both the thought of making and receiving calls and the action of doing so. 
Open-plan offices, in which phone conversations may be readily overheard by co-workers, pose particular challenges for sufferers from telephone phobia 
The telephone is important for both contacting others and accessing important and useful services. As a result, this phobia causes a great deal of stress and impacts people's personal lives, work lives and social lives.[1] Sufferers avoid many activities, such as scheduling events or clarifying information.[9] Strain is created in the workplace because use of phones may play a crucial role within a career.[3] 
Treatment 
Phobias of this sort can usually be treated by different types of therapies, including: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), psychotherapy, behavior therapy and exposure therapy.[1] 
Practice may play an important part in overcoming fear. It may be helpful to sufferers to increase phone usage at a slow pace, starting with simple calls and gradually working their way up. For example, they may find it easier to start with automated calls, move on to conversations with family and friends, and then further extend both the length of conversations and the range of people with whom conversations are held.[1] 
References 
Sufferers may have no problem communicating face to face, but have difficulty doing so over the telephone. 
Causes 
A fear of receiving calls may range from fear of the action or thought of answering the phone to fear of its actual ringing. The ringing can generate a string of anxieties, characterized by thoughts associated with having to speak, perform and converse.[1][6] Sufferers may perceive the other end as threatening or intimidating.[7] Anxiety may be triggered by concerns that the caller may bear bad or upsetting news, or be a prank caller. 
Fear of making calls may be associated with concerns about finding an appropriate time to call, in fear of being a nuisance.[1] A sufferer calling a household or office in which they know several people may be concerned at the prospect of failing to recognize the voice of the person who answers, with resultant embarrassment.[6] Some sufferers may be anxious about having to "perform" in front of a real or perceived audience at their end of the line: this is a particular problem for those required to use a phone in the workplace.[6] 
Fear of using the phone in any context (for either making or receiving calls) may be associated with anxiety about poor sound quality, and concerns that one or other party will not understand what has been said, resulting either in misunderstandings, or in the need for repetition, further explanation, or other potentially awkward forms of negotiation. These fears are often linked to the absence of body language over a phone line, and the individual fearing a loss of their sense of control.[1][2] Sufferers typically report fear that they might fail to respond appropriately in the conversation,[3] or find themselves with nothing to say, leading to embarrassing silence, stammering, or stuttering.[1][6] Past experiences, such as receiving traumatic news, or enduring an unpleasant and angry call, may also play a part in creating fear.[4] 
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility, to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military. 
In the 6th century BC, Sun Tzu proposed the use of guerrilla-style tactics in The Art of War. The 3rd century BC Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla warfare has been used by various factions throughout history and is particularly associated with revolutionary movements and popular resistance against invading or occupying armies. 
Guerrilla tactics focus on avoiding head-on confrontations with enemy armies, instead of engaging in limited skirmishes with the goal of exhausting adversaries and forcing them to withdraw. Guerrilla groups often depend on the logistical and political support of either the local population or foreign backers who do not engage in an armed struggle but sympathize with the guerrilla group's efforts. 
References 
"Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China" (simplified Chinese: 没有共产党就没有新中国; traditional Chinese: 沒有共產黨就沒有新中國; pinyin: Méiyǒu Gòngchǎndǎng Jiù Méiyǒu Xīn Zhōngguó) is a popular communist propaganda song in the People's Republic of China, which originated in 1943 in response to the phrase, "Without the Kuomintang there would be no China".[1] 
Background 
During World War II when China was fighting the Japanese invasion, Chiang Kai-shek published a book titled China's Destiny [zh] on March 10, 1943, with a slogan that "Without the Kuomintang there would be no China." The Communist Party of China published an editorial entitled "Without the Communist Party there would be no China" in the Jiefang Daily on August 25, 1943 to criticize the book, concluding that "If today's China had no Communist Party of China, there would be no China." In October 1943, Cao Huoxing [zh], a 19-year-old member of the Communist Party of China, created the lyrics for "Without the Communist Party There Would Be No China", based on this.[2] 
In 1950, shortly after the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong changed the title to "Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China," by adding the word "new." 
The song is included in the 1965 musical The East is Red. 
In Islam, Sunnah (Arabic: سنة‎, sunnah), are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time, evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations.[1] According to classical Islamic theories,[2] the sunnah are documented by hadith (the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals of Muhammad), and along with the Quran (the book of Islam), are the divine revelation (Wahy) delivered through Muhammad[2] that make up the primary sources of Islamic law and belief/theology.[3][4] Differing from Sunni classical Islamic theories are those of Shia Muslims, who hold that the Twelve Imams interpret the sunnah, and Sufi who hold that Muhammad transmitted the values of Sunnah "through a series of Sufi teachers."[5] 
Gundam Factory Yokohama is an entertainment complex located at Yamashita Pier in Yokohama, Japan.[1] Its main feature is a moving Gundam, an 18-metre tall[2] pilot-operated "mech" (a large mechanical automaton with a human operator inside) from the Japanese animated franchise Gundam, the 16th biggest media franchise in the world. It is the first moving mech of its type. 
Originally planned to open by October 2020 to both celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Gundam franchise and for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the construction of the exhibit was delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic.[3] The site opened 19 December 2020 and will remain open until March 31, 2022.[4] On 18 December, rock band Luna Sea performed the 40th anniversary's theme song, "The Beyond", on live TV at the opening ceremony.[5] There are two features to the exhibit: 
The primary exhibition of the complex is the moving Gundam mech. Named the RX-78F00 Gundam,[6] it is the 3rd statue constructed to a 1:1 scale with its anime counterpart in Japan, following the 2009 RX-78-2[7] and 2017 RX-0[8] each constructed at Tokyo Gundam Base. 
Mohan Bam, also known as Mohan Judo ( Nepali : मोहन बम, born 12 June 1991), is a Nepalese judoka winning the gold medal at 39th Australian Judo Championship, First South Asian Sambo Championship and Oceania Judo Union Kata Championship,[2] bronze medal at Southern Cross International Open Judo Championship organised by Australian Judo Federation on 8–10 August 2014.[3] 
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values.[1] People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. Confirmation bias cannot be eliminated entirely, but it can be managed, for example, by education and training in critical thinking skills. 
Types of confirmation bias 
Biased search for information 
Confirmation bias has been described as an internal "yes man", echoing back a person's beliefs like Charles Dickens' character Uriah Heep[8] 
People prefer this type of question, called a "positive test", even when a negative test such as "Is it an even number?" would yield exactly the same information.[11] However, this does not mean that people seek tests that guarantee a positive answer. In studies where subjects could select either such pseudo-tests or genuinely diagnostic ones, they favored the genuinely diagnostic.[12][13] 
External links 
Skeptic's Dictionary: confirmation bias – Robert T. Carroll Teaching about confirmation bias – class handout and instructor's notes by K.H. Grobman Confirmation bias at You Are Not So Smart Confirmation bias learning object – interactive number triples exercise by Rod McFarland for Simon Fraser University Brief summary of the 1979 Stanford assimilation bias study – Keith Rollag, Babson College 
Biased interpretation of information 
Confirmation biases are not limited to the collection of evidence. Even if two individuals have the same information, the way they interpret it can be biased. 
Biased memory recall of information 
People may remember evidence selectively to reinforce their expectations, even if they gather and interpret evidence in a neutral manner. This effect is called "selective recall", "confirmatory memory", or "access-biased memory".[30] Psychological theories differ in their predictions about selective recall. Schema theory predicts that information matching prior expectations will be more easily stored and recalled than information that does not match.[31] Some alternative approaches say that surprising information stands out and so is memorable.[31] Predictions from both these theories have been confirmed in different experimental contexts, with no theory winning outright.[32] 
Definition and context 
Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values, and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed.[2] Confirmation bias is an example of a cognitive bias. 
Confirmation bias (or confirmatory bias) has also been termed myside bias.[Note 1] "Congeniality bias" has also been used.[3] 
Basic Education High School (BEHS) No. 6 Mawlamyine (Burmese: အခြေခံပညာ အထက်တန်းကျောင်း အမှတ် (၆) မော်လမြိုင်; commonly known by its former name, Morton Lane - Judson School) is located at the corner of Upper Main Road and Dawei Tader Street (formerly Mission Street), Mawlamyine. It was originally renowned as American Baptist Mission (A.B.M) Girls' School.[1] 
After 1962 Burmese Coup d'état, General Ne Win's military government nationalized the schools all around Myanmar in April 1966, and the official name of the school had changed to BEHS 6 Mawlamyine. 
References 
History 
Her father, Rev. James M. Haswell was sent to Dr. Judson's assistance in 1835. Susan was born in the house of Adoniram Judson in Moulmein (now Mawlamyine), Burma (now known as Myanmar) in 1844. She took a postgraduate course at Houghton Seminary, in New York, then sailed back to Burma in 1864 and raised money to start girls' school in Moulmein, which later called as Morton Lane School.[2] 
Morton Lane Girls' High and Normal School (1867-1946) 
Morton Lane School for Girls was the first institution of Susan Haswell's founding in Moulmein in 1867.[1] It was one of the finest schools for girls in all the region, and it was a Baptist School.[3] 
The Morton Lane Girls' School in Moulmein, Burma 
Morton Lane-Judson High School (1946 May) 
Later the girls' school was combined with Judson Boy's High School to become Morton Lane-Judson High School with 1476 students, of which U Aung Gywe was the principal at that time.[4] 
BEHS 6 Mawlamyine (since 1966) 
References 
"Episode 146: The Lies of the Sun". League of Nerds (YouTube). – Review of a pro-Flat Earth documentary. The Myth of the Flat Earth The Myth of the Flat Universe You say the earth is round? 
Flat Earth map drawn by Orlando Ferguson in 1893. The map contains several references to biblical passages as well as various jabs at the "Globe Theory". 
The flat Earth model is an archaic conception of Earth's shape as a plane or disk. Many ancient cultures subscribed to a flat Earth cosmography, including Greece until the classical period (323 BC), the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period (31 BC), and China until the 17th century. 
The idea of a spherical Earth appeared in ancient Greek philosophy with Pythagoras (6th century BC), although most pre-Socratics (6th–5th century BC) retained the flat Earth model. In the early 4th century BC Plato wrote about a spherical Earth, and by about 330 BC his former student, Aristotle, had provided strong empirical evidence for this. Knowledge of the Earth's global shape then gradually began to spread beyond the Hellenistic world.[1][2][3][4] 
Topography of Zealandia - The linear ridges running north-northeast (Colville to the west and Kermadec to the east, separated by the Havre Trough and Lau Basin) and southwest (the Resolution Ridge System) away from New Zealand are not considered part of the continental fragment, nor are Australia (upper left), Vanuatu, or Fiji (top centre)[1] 
Population 
Zealandia (pronounced /ziːˈlændiə/), also known as Te Riu-a-Māui (Māori)[2] or Tasmantis,[3][4] is an almost entirely submerged mass of continental crust that subsided after breaking away from Gondwanaland 83–79 million years ago.[5] It has been described variously as a submerged continent, a continental fragment, a microcontinent, and a continent.[5] The name and concept for Zealandia was proposed by Bruce Luyendyk in 1995,[7] and satellite imagery shows it to be almost the size of Australia.[8] A 2021 study suggests Zealandia is 1 billion years old, about twice as old as geologists previously thought.[9] 
As of 2021,[update] the total human population of Zealandia is approximately 5.4 million people. 
New Zealand – 5,112,300[26] New Caledonia – 268,767[27] Norfolk Island – 1,748[28] Lord Howe Island – 382[29] Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs – 0 
See also 
Australia (continent) Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand New Zealand Subantarctic Islands 
References 
"Zealandia: the New Zealand (drowned) Continent". Te Ara. Zealandia (National Geographic Encyclopedia) 
By approximately 23 million years ago the landmass may have been completely submerged.[10][11] Today, most of the landmass (94%) remains submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean.[12] New Zealand is the largest part of Zealandia that is above sea level, followed by New Caledonia. 
GNS Science recognises two names for the landmass. In English, the most common name is Zealandia, a Latinate name for New Zealand; the name was coined in the mid-1990s and became established through common use. In the Māori language, the landmass is named Te Riu-a-Māui, meaning 'the hills, valleys, and plains of Māui'.[1] 
1999 video game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings PC box cover Developer(s) Ensemble Studios Publisher(s) Microsoft Konami (PS2) Designer(s) Bruce Shelley[1] Programmer(s) Angelo Laudon Artist(s) Brad Crow Scott Winsett Composer(s) Stephen Rippy Series Age of Empires Engine Genie Engine Platform(s) Microsoft Windows Mac OS PlayStation 2 Release September 30, 1999 Microsoft Windows NA: September 30, 1999 EU: 1999 HD Edition WW: April 9, 2013 Mac OS WW: November 30, 2001[2] PlayStation 2 EU: November 2, 2001 JP: February 2, 2002[3] Genre(s) Real-time strategy Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer 
The Age of Kings is set in the Middle Ages and contains thirteen playable civilizations. Players aim to gather resources, which they use to build towns, create armies, and defeat their enemies. There are five historically based campaigns, which constrict the player to specialized and story-backed conditions, as well as three additional single-player game modes; multiplayer is also supported. 
See also 
Comparison of instant messaging clients Internet privacy Secure instant messaging 
References 
It was launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android in October 2013. The servers of Telegram are distributed worldwide to decrease data load with five data centers in different regions, while the operational center is based in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.[15][16][17][18] Various client apps are available for desktop and mobile platforms including official apps for Android, iOS, Windows, macOS and Linux (although registration requires an iOS or Android device and a working phone number).[19][20][21] There are also two official Telegram web twin apps – WebK and WebZ[22] – and numerous unofficial clients that make use of Telegram's protocol. All of Telegram's official components are open source,[23] with the exception of the server which is closed-sourced and proprietary.[11] 
Wikispecies has disabled local upload and asks users to use images from Wikimedia Commons. Wikispecies does not allow the use of content that does not conform to a free license. 
See also 
References 
External links 
Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. Its aim is to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species; the project is directed at scientists, rather than at the general public. Jimmy Wales stated that editors are not required to fax in their degrees, but that submissions will have to pass muster with a technical audience.[1][2] Wikispecies is available under the GNU Free Documentation License and CC BY-SA 3.0. 
Started in September 2004, with biologists across the world invited to contribute,[3] the project had grown a framework encompassing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species by April 2005.[2] 
Benedikt Mandl co-ordinated the efforts of several people who are interested in getting involved with the project and contacted potential supporters in early summer 2004. Databases were evaluated and the administrators contacted, some of them have agreed on providing their data for Wikispecies. Mandl defined two major tasks: 
Figure out how the contents of the data base would need to be presented—by asking experts, potential non-professional users and comparing that with existing databases Figure out how to do the software, which hardware is required and how to cover the costs—by asking experts, looking for fellow volunteers and potential sponsors 
The board of directors of the Wikimedia Foundation voted by 4 to 0 in favor of the establishment of a Wikispecies. The project was launched in August 2004 and is hosted at species.wikimedia.org. It was officially merged to a sister project of Wikimedia Foundation on September 14, 2004. 
On October 30, 2018, the project reached 600,000 articles, and a total of 1.12 million pages. On December 8, 2019, the project reached 700,000 articles, and a total of 1.33 million pages. On January 8, 2021, the project reached 750,000 articles, and a total of 1.5 million pages.[4] 
As a database for taxonomy and nomenclature, Wikispecies comprises taxon pages, and additionally pages about synonyms, taxon authorities, taxonomical publications, type material, and institutions or repositories holding type specimen.[5] 
Collective leadership is a distribution of power within an organizational structure. 
In Vietnam, when the country was ruled by Lê Duẩn, collective leadership involved powers being distributed from the office of General Secretary of the Communist Party and shared with the Politburo Standing Committee while still retaining one ruler. 
Nowadays, in Vietnam there is not one paramount leader, and power is shared by the General Secretary, President and the Prime Minister along with collegial bodies such as the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee. 
Its main task was to distribute powers and functions among the Politburo, the Central Committee, and the Council of Ministers to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system by a Soviet leader, such as that seen under Joseph Stalin's rule. On the national level, the heart of the collective leadership was officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party, but in practice, was the Politburo. Collective leadership is characterized by limiting the powers of the General Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo. 
Green and socialist parties often practice collective leadership, either through male and female co-leaders or through several co-spokespersons. This practice is often justified by the Green movement's emphasis on consensus decision making and gender balance. 
Communist examples 
Collective leadership in China and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is generally considered to have begun with Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s, who tried to encourage the CCP Politburo Standing Committee to rule by consensus in order to prevent the authoritarianism of Maoist rule. CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin formally established himself as the "first among equals". This era of collective leadership has been said to end with Xi Jinping, following the abolition of term limits in 2018 under his tenure.[1] 
Lee took on the stage name 'CL' and was placed as the leader and main rapper of 2NE1, alongside Bom, Sandara Park and Minzy. The group then collaborated with label-mates Big Bang for the song "Lollipop" on March 27, 2009 before appearing on SBS's The Music Trend for the first time on May 17, where they performed their official debut single "Fire". 2NE1 achieved significant success with their number-one single "I Don't Care" from their first extended play, 2NE1, which won them the "Song of the Year" accolade at the 2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making them the first rookie group to win a daesang in the same year of debut. 
Promotional shoot for "Hello Bitches" in 2015 
2014–2018: Stand-alone singles and featured appearances 
In October 2014, it was announced that CL was planning to debut as a solo artist the following year in the United States, teaming up with Scooter Braun as her manager. In May 2015, she featured in Diplo's single "Doctor Pepper", alongside Riff Raff and OG Maco.[11] In November 2015, CL released her first single "Hello Bitches", as a teaser for her upcoming EP Lifted.[12][13] She was also featured on labelmate Psy's single Daddy. The song debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100, earning her first entry on the chart.[14] The single, "Lifted" was released on August 19, 2016. 
2019–present: Departure from YG Entertainment, In the Name of Love and Alpha 
On November 8, 2019, YG Entertainment announced that CL did not renew her contract with the company and would be leaving the label.[25] On December 4, soon after leaving YG, she began releasing previously unreleased tracks for her digital solo EP project In the Name of Love for three consecutive weeks.[26][27] On September 12, 2020, CL announced that she had been working on a new album that would be released later that year. Two days later, she released the music video for the song "Post Up", which would serve as the intro track for her upcoming album.[28] On October 29, she released two singles—"+Hwa+" and "+5 Star+"—which were co-written by former labelmate Tablo.[29] At the same time, CL announced that her first full-length album Alpha would be released on November 30.[30][31] However, on November 16, she announced that she had decided to postpone the album release until early 2021, stating that while preparing the album she had developed new ideas for the music and she wished the finished album to be the best it could possibly be.[32] 
On February 26, 2021, CL released a single titled "Wish You Were Here", which coincided with her 30th birthday. The song was released as a tribute to her mother, Hong Yoo-ra, who had died a month prior due to a heart attack.[33] On June 16, CL appeared in the first episode of the second season of the TV series Dave, where she played the role of herself collaborating with rapper Lil Dicky as he aspires to take over the K-pop industry.[34] On July 10, 2021, CL signed a domestic management contract with Konnect Entertainment in order to manage her activities in Korea.[35] Two weeks later, domestic publications reported that CL will make her comeback in mid-August.[36] It was later announced that CL would release her album Alpha in October 2021.[37] The digital single "Spicy" will first be released on August 24.[38] 
Born in Seoul, South Korea, she spent much of her early life in Japan and France. CL trained at JYP Entertainment before joining YG Entertainment at the age of fifteen. She debuted and rose to fame as a member of the girl group 2NE1 in 2009, which went on to become one of the best-selling girl groups of all-time.[2][3] As a solo artist, CL made her debut with the single "The Baddest Female" in May 2013 and released the solo track "MTBD" in February 2014 as part of 2NE1's final studio album Crush. 
Discography 
Alpha (2021) 
Awards and nominations 
Name of award ceremony, year presented, award category, nominee of award, and result of nomination Award ceremony Year Category Nominee/work Result Ref. Asian Pop Music Awards 2020 Most Outstanding Song of the Year "Hwa" Won Mnet 20's Choice Awards 2013 20's Style Award CL Won [111] Mnet Asian Music Awards Best Dance Performance (Female Solo) "The Baddest Female" Won [112] MYX Philippines Hottest Female Star of 2013 CL Won People's Choice Awards 2019 The Most Inspiring Asian Woman Won [113] SBS MTV Best of the Best 2013 Best Female Solo "The Baddest Female" Nominated [114] Seoul Music Awards 2013 Bonsang Award Nominated Popularity Award Nominated 2019 R&B/Hip-Hop Award CL Nominated Style Icon Awards 2014 Top 10 Style Icons Nominated 2016 Nominated YinYueTai V Chart Awards 2014 Top Female Artist (Korean) Won 
References 
External links 
Biography 
1991–2008: Early life and career beginnings 
Lee Chae-rin was born in Seoul, South Korea, but spent most of her childhood living in Paris, Tsukuba, and Tokyo.[4] When she was 13, she moved to Paris alone where she studied for two years.[5] Lee got an audition with YG Entertainment when she was 15.[5][6] Her first feature on a song recording was Big Bang's "Intro (Hot Issue)" in 2007. Later that year, Lee performed for the first time on stage at Seoul Broadcasting System's Gayo Daejeon alongside her label mates.[citation needed] Her first credited appearance in a song was in 2008, with Uhm Jung-hwa's "DJ," in which she rapped.[7] 
2009–2013: Debut with 2NE1 and solo career beginnings 
Wikipedia information page This is an information page. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, but rather intends to describe some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect varying levels of consensus and vetting. 
Some types of discussion should be referred to appropriate places on Meta. 
Issues referred from other Wikipedias, such as help requests relating to policy, should be referred to meta:We need your help. English editors are encouraged to follow such referrals to Meta and provide input there, as Meta may receive much less traffic than English Wikipedia. 
See also 
Wikipedia:Ignore Meta (an essay) meta.wikimedia.org in the article space 
Meta main page Meta's "About" Meta:MetaProject to overhaul Meta 
Meta-Wiki logo 
Meta or Wikimedia's Meta-Wiki (meta.wikimedia.org) is a wiki-based website that is auxiliary for coordination of all the Wikimedia Foundation projects. 
Created as Meta-Wikipedia in November 2001, it now serves several distinct roles: 
A place to organize and prepare content, and to discuss interlanguage coordination issues. A place to coordinate the development process. A help guide to using the MediaWiki software when the help is not in the MediaWiki website. 
Meta currently serves as one of the major avenues of discussion for Wikimedians including Wikipedians, the others being the mailing lists, the IRC channels, and the talk pages of individual articles and users. Meta is an independent and autonomous project from the English-language Wikipedia, and thus has its own policies and customs, which often differ from those here. 
Originally focused on the English Wikipedia, Meta has, since its upgrade to Wikipedia's custom MediaWiki software, become a multilingual discussion forum used by all Wikimedia language communities. 
Referring to Meta 
Sir David Frederick Attenborough (/ˈætənbərə/; born 8 May 1926) is an English broadcaster, natural historian and author. He is best known for writing and presenting, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, the nine natural history documentary series forming the Life collection that constitute a comprehensive survey of animal and plant life on Earth. 
Attenborough is a former senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s. His filmography as writer, presenter and narrator spans eight decades; it includes Zoo Quest, Natural World, Wildlife on One, the Planet Earth franchise, The Blue Planet and its sequel. He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in black and white, colour, high-definition, 3D and 4K resolutions. 
While Attenborough's earlier work focused more on the wonders of the natural world, his later work has been more vocal in support of environmental causes. He has advocated for restoring planetary biodiversity, limiting population growth, renewable energy, reducing meat consumption, and setting aside more areas for natural preservation. He has been criticised for expressing controversial views on human overpopulation.[2] He considers his 2020 documentary film, David Attenborough: A Life On Our Planet, his personal witness statement of his life and the future. 
On his broadcasting and passion for nature, NPR stated he "roamed the globe and shared his discoveries and enthusiasms with his patented semi-whisper way of narrating".[3] In 2018 and 2019, Attenborough received Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator.[2][5] He is widely considered a national treasure in the UK, although he himself does not like the term.[6][7][8] He is the younger brother of the late director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough,[9] and older brother of the late motor executive John Attenborough. 
Life and family 
References 
1972 Royal Geographical Society's Cherry Kearton Medal and Award [205] 1974 Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to nature conservation in the 1974 Birthday Honours [206] 1980 BAFTA Fellowship [207] 1981 Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science from UNESCO [208] 1983 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) [209] 1985 Knight Bachelor in the 1985 Birthday Honours [210] 1991 Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for producing Queen Elizabeth II's Christmas broadcast for a number of years from 1986 in the 1991 Birthday Honours [211] 1991 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences [212] 1996 Kew International Medal [1] 1996 Companion of Honour (CH) for services to nature broadcasting in the 1996 New Year Honours [213] 1998 International Cosmos Prize [214] 2000 RSPB Medal [215] 2003 Michael Faraday Prize awarded by the Royal Society [216] 2004 Descartes Prize for Outstanding Science Communication Actions [217] 2004 Caird Medal of the National Maritime Museum [218] 2004 José Vasconcelos World Award of Education awarded by the World Cultural Council [219] 2005 Order of Merit (OM) [220] 2005 Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest [221] 2006 National Television Awards Special Recognition Award [222] 2006 Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management [223] 2006 The Culture Show British Icon Award [224] 2007 British Naturalists' Association Peter Scott Memorial Award [225] 2007 Fellowship of Society of Antiquaries [226] 2008 The Royal Photographic Society Progress medal and Honorary Fellowship [227] 2009 Prince of Asturias Award [228] 2010 Fonseca Prize [229] 2010 Queensland Museum Medal [230] 2011 Society for the History of Natural History Founders' Medal [231] 2011 Association for International Broadcasting International TV Personality of the year [232] 2012 IUCN Phillips Memorial Medal for outstanding service in international conservation [233] 2015 Individual Peabody Award [234] 2017 Britain-Australia Society Award for outstanding contribution to strengthening British/Australian bilateral understanding and relations [235] 2017 Honorary Member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists [236] 2017 Gold Medal of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society [237] 2018 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator [4] 2018 The Perfect World Foundation Award [238] 2019 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator [37] 2019 Landscape Institute Medal for Lifetime Achievement [239] 2019 Landscape Institute Honorary Fellow (HonFLI) [239] 2019 Crystal Award at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland [240][241] 2019 Indira Gandhi Peace Prize [242] 2020 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to television broadcasting and to conservation. 
[243][244] 
NGC 4365 is an elliptical galaxy[5] located in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by William Herschel on April 13, 1784.[6][7][8] 
A command in military terminology is an organisational unit for which a military commander is responsible. A commander is normally specifically appointed to the role in order to provide a legal framework for the authority bestowed. Naval and military officers have legal authority by virtue of their officer's commission, but the specific responsibilities and privileges of command are derived from the publication of appointment. 
Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales KOR [7] The Manual For People Who Want To Love (사랑하는 사람들을 위한 지침서) Released: June 12, 2019 Label: Feel Ghood Music, The Five Cultural Industrial Company, Kakao M Formats: Digital download Track listing Nabi (나비) Give More Care Less Pretty Ting (feat. 
Kim Seung-min) Fedexx Girl (feat. Changmo) N/A N/A Life is a Bi... (인생은 나쁜X) Released: April 28, 2021 Label: Feel Ghood Music, The Five Cultural Industrial Company, Kakao M Formats: CD, digital download Track listing Umm... Life Bad Sad And Mad Piri The Dog (피리) Birthday Cake Life Is A Bi... (인생은 나쁜X) 31 KOR: 4,257[8] 
Singles 
Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album KOR [9] "Rebirth" (환생) 2018 — N/A The Fan 1 Round Part 1 "Letter" (편지) 2019 The Fan 3 Round Part 2 "Fly With Me" The Fan 4 Round Part 2 "Three W's and One H" (언제 어디서 무엇을 어떻게) The Fan Top 3 "Hangang" (한강) The Fan Top 2 "Binu" (비누) Non-album single "Nabi" (나비) The Manual For People Who Want To Love "Step?" (자국) Non-album single "Restless" (신경쓰여) 2020 Listen 035 "I'm Good at Goodbyes" (안녕히) Non-album singles "Kazino" (사장님 도박은 재미로 하셔야 합니다) "Cigarette and Condom" (쉬가릿) Dingo X Bibi "Eat My Love" (사랑의 묘약) 2021 175 Non-album single "Bad Sad And Mad" — Life is a Bi... "Life is a Bi..." (인생은 나쁜X) "Why Y" feat. 
Tiger JK Non-album single "Pado" TBA 
Kim Hyung-seo (Korean: 김형서, born September 27, 1998),[1] better known by the stage name Bibi (Korean: 비비; stylised in all caps), is a South Korean singer-songwriter. In 2017, she signed with Feel Ghood Music after Yoon Mi-rae discovered her self-produced songs on SoundCloud.[2] 
Awards and nominations 
Award Year Category Recipient Result Ref. 
Brand Customer Loyalty Awards 2021 Hot Icon Award BIBI Nominated [13] R&B Soul Artist Won Korean Hip-hop Awards New Artist of the Year Nominated [14] R&B Track of the Year "Kazino" Nominated "Automatic Remix" Nominated Collaboration of the Year Nominated 
References 
She appeared as a contestant in SBS competition show The Fan, where she eventually finished in second place.[3] She made her official debut with the single "Binu" on May 15, 2019.[4] 
Discography 
Extended plays 
S/2015 (136472) 1, nicknamed MK2 by the discovery team,[2] is the only known moon of the likely dwarf planet Makemake.[1][4][5] It is estimated to be 175 km (110 mi) in diameter (for an assumed albedo of 4%) and has a semi-major axis at least 21,000 km (13,000 mi) from Makemake.[1][6] Its orbital period is ≥ 12 days (the minimum values are those for a circular orbit; the actual orbital eccentricity is unknown).[7][1][5] Observations leading to its discovery occurred in April 2015, using the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3, and its discovery was announced on 26 April 2016.[2] 
Makemake and Sedna are the least-well-known of the large trans-Neptunian objects. The discovery of MK2 and follow-up observations in 2018 will enable Makemake's mass to be determined, which will allow an estimate of its density and other characteristics. 
Makemake and its satellite (circled) imaged by Hubble in 2018 
In the United States Army, the term combat support refers to units that provide fire support and operational assistance to combat elements. Combat support units provide specialized support functions to combat units in the following areas 
Chemical Warfare Combat Engineering Military Intelligence Security | Military Police Communications 
United States Marine Corps doctrine designates all Ground Combat Element (GCE) forces, other than infantry, including field artillery, assault amphibian, combat engineer, light armored reconnaissance, reconnaissance, and tank as combat support. The primary mission of all USMC combat support units is to directly support the infantry. 
See also 
Branches of the U.S. Army Combat arms Combat Service Support Combat Service Support (United States) U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System U.S. Army Regimental System 
Combat support should not be confused with combat service support, which are units which primarily provide logistical support by providing supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by the soldiers of combat units to continue their missions in combat. Expressed another way, Combat Support units are focused on providing operational support to combat units, while Combat Service Support units are focused on providing logistical support to combat units. Actual combat units are collectively referred to as combat arms units; hence, all army units fall into the category of either combat arms, combat support, or combat service support.[2] 
United States Army 
Currently, U.S. Army organizational doctrine uses the classification "Maneuver, Fires and Effects" (MFE) and "Operations Support" (OS) to group the former combat support arms branches into Maneuver Support; Special Operations Forces; Network and Space Operations; and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance functional areas.[3] 
Within the U.S. Army, the traditional combat support branches are/were: 
Before the Army ceased using the combat arms / combat support arms / combat service support arms classification system in 2008, the following branches were classified as combat support arms from the year designated. (NOTE: Army Aviation and Engineers are in fact Combat Arms branches that include Combat Support and Combat Service Support roles.) 
Army Aviation (1983) See the Combat Arms - Army Aviation entry for a detailed explanation of the history, organization, and mission of Army Aviation in relation to combat arms / combat support arms classifications. Civil Affairs Corps (2006) Psychological Operations Corps (Military Information Support Operations) (2006) Corps of Engineers (1775) See the Combat Arms - Corps of Engineers entry for a detailed explanation of the history, organization, and mission of Engineers in relation to combat arms / combat support arms classifications.[4] 
Combat arms (or fighting arms in non-American parlance) is a collective name for troops within national armed forces which participate in direct tactical ground combat. In general they include units that carry or employ a weapon system, such as infantry, cavalry, and artillery units.[1] The use of multiple combat arms in mutually supporting ways is known as combined arms. 
In the U.S. Army, the following branches were traditionally classified from 1968 until 2001 as the Combat Arms: 
Infantry (1775) Field Artillery (Artillery 1775 / Re-designated Field Artillery 1968) Air Defense Artillery (Created 1968) Armor including Armored Cavalry, Light Cavalry,[4] and formerly, Air Cavalry (Cavalry 1776 / Re-designated Armor 1950) 
In some countries, notably the British Army, the artillery units are categorised as combat support. Some armies such as the United States Army, classify combat engineers as a combat arm also, while armoured troops constitute a combat arm in name although many have histories derived from cavalry units.[2] This is also true for the combat aviation units in many armed forces throughout the world. 
United States Marine Corps 
United States Marine Corps doctrine designates only Infantry forces as Combat Arms, with all other Ground Combat Element forces (Field Artillery, Assault Amphibian, Combat Engineer, Light Armored Reconnaissance, Reconnaissance, and Tank) considered Combat Support. Air Defense, as a part of Marine Aviation, is contained within the Aviation Combat Element. 
See also 
Branches of the U.S. Army Combat Service Support Combat Service Support (United States) Combat Support U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System U.S. Army Regimental System U.S. Marine Corps Infantry 
British Commonwealth Forces 
In some Commonwealth Countries, the combat arms in the Army are: 
Infantry Armoured Artillery Combat Engineers Combat Aviation Field Air Defence 
Field Air Defence is considered in the artillery branch in Canada, also all aviation assets are part of the RCAF not the Army. 
United States Army 
Currently, U.S. Army organizational doctrine uses the classification "Maneuver, Fires and Effects" (MFE) to group the combat arms branches, and four other branches, into Maneuver, Fires, Maneuver Support, and Special Operations Forces functional areas.[3] 
The term combat service support (or CSS) is utilized by numerous military organizations throughout the world to describe entities that provide direct and indirect sustainment services to the groups that engage (or are potentially to be engaged) in combat. 
See also 
Branches of the U.S. Army Combat arms Combat support Logistics Military logistics Military organization Principles of sustainment U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System U.S. Army Regimental System 
Operation Overlord: Members of the Royal Army Medical Corps carry a wounded soldier out an operating tent on 20 June 1944. 
Defense Secretary Philip Hammond has described the United Kingdom's armed forces as having "teeth", units that are trained and equipped for actual fighting, that cannot function without an able, innovative "tail", units providing assistance such as logistical and transport capabilities.[1] Specific groups involved in the U.K. armed forces include the Royal Army Medical Corps and Royal Logistic Corps.[2] 
United States 
Also known as (CSS) falls under the umbrella of the United States Department of Defense providing the following support activities to a military division, brigade, battalion and other formations. In the United States, the term combat service support has been phased-out in favor of the term "sustainment."[3] 
Australia 
Within the Australian Army, combat service support is provided to combat elements at various levels: first line (organic to battalion or regimental level), second line (at brigade level), and third line (at formation or higher). Thus, for example an infantry unit such as the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment will include a logistics company which fills supply, transportation and maintenance functions, while a combat brigade, such as the 7th Brigade, will be supported by a combat service support battalion such as the 7th Combat Service Support Battalion. At formation level, a CSS brigade – the 17th Sustainment Brigade – will provide health, signals, catering, transport, and other service support requirements.[4][5][6] 
Super Mario Run[lower-alpha 2] is a 2016 platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for iOS and later Android. It is Nintendo's first mobile game that is part of one of the company's long-running and major franchises. 
In Super Mario Run, the player controls Mario or other characters as they automatically run across the screen while timing jumps to collect coins and dodge enemies and hazards. As a Super Mario game, it contains a common plot wherein Mario must rescue Princess Peach, who has just been captured by Bowser. However, the player must also rebuild the Mushroom Kingdom destroyed by Bowser. 
Notes 
Gameplay of Super Mario Run showing Mario standing on a pause block, halting his running as well as the timer at the top of the screen. 
Bubbles are collectible items used to send him backward, letting the player repeat sections of the level. If a bubble is available, it is automatically used to rescue Mario from impending death.[9][10] Otherwise, the player can only restart the level.[11] Replayability comes from collecting all the normal coins and finding special coins in each level. First, the player must find five pink coins, collecting those unlocks five purple coins and finally collecting those unlocks five black coins, therefore it takes at least three playthroughs to collect everything in a given level.[12] 
In addition to the main game, there is the "Toad Rally" game mode where players can challenge "ghost" versions of other players' prerecorded playthroughs of levels.[13] Access to Toad Rally requires the player to use a Rally Ticket, which can be earned either through completing levels in the main game mode, trading My Nintendo coins, or other in-game tasks.[14] Playing either game mode earns the player coins that can be used to buy items for creating and customizing their own "Mushroom Kingdom" in a third gameplay mode comparable to FarmVille.[3][4] The player can gain or lose Toads that populate their Mushroom Kingdom in Toad Rallies.[14] The player can unlock other characters to play as through these game modes, such as Luigi, Princess Peach, Toad, Toadette, and Yoshi.[16] These characters have slightly different gameplay attributes; using the different characters is not required to complete any level, but they give players the tools for completing levels with different approaches.[6] 
For example, a "Friendly Run" version of Toad Rally does not require any Rally Tickets, but can only be played up to five times per day, and will not earn the player coins for winning.[18] An easy difficulty mode assists players having difficulty in beating levels in World Tour by granting them unlimited bubbles and removing the time limit. However, coins collected will not count while playing in that mode.[2] Another update raised the maximum cap number of Toads from 9,999 to 99,999, and added support for Game Center and Google Play Games achievements.[20] A later update added nine new levels, courses, Princess Daisy as a playable character, and buildings, all of which can be unlocked by completing various goals and challenges. The levels are themed as "a forest, a ship packed with coins, and a whole airship armada",[21] and a new game mode, titled "Remix 10", has players run through ten very short levels in a random order, with each level only taking "a few seconds to complete."[22] 
References 
Apollo 13 (April 11 – 17, 1970) was the seventh crewed mission in the Apollo space program and the third meant to land on the Moon. The craft was launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank in the service module (SM) failed two days into the mission. The crew instead looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17. 
A routine stir of an oxygen tank ignited damaged wire insulation inside it, causing an explosion that vented the contents of both of the SM's oxygen tanks to space. Without oxygen, needed for breathing and for generating electric power, the SM's propulsion and life support systems could not operate. The CM's systems had to be shut down to conserve its remaining resources for reentry, forcing the crew to transfer to the LM as a lifeboat. 
Although the LM was designed to support two men on the lunar surface for two days, Mission Control in Houston improvised new procedures so it could support three men for four days. The crew experienced great hardship, caused by limited power, a chilly and wet cabin and a shortage of potable water. There was a critical need to adapt the CM's cartridges for the carbon dioxide scrubber system to work in the LM; the crew and mission controllers were successful in improvising a solution. 
Acting career 
Theatre 
During rehearsals for Frankenstein, April 2011 
Since 2001, Cumberbatch has had major roles in a dozen classic plays at the Regent's Park Open Air, Almeida, Royal Court and Royal National Theatres. He was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for his role as George Tesman in Hedda Gabler, which he performed at the Almeida Theatre on 16 March 2005 and at the Duke of York's Theatre when it transferred to the West End on 19 May 2005.[30] This transfer marked his first West End appearance.[31] 
Television 
Filming Sherlock in Chinatown, London, March 2010. 
He is known for his performances on the stage and screen and has received numerous accolades, including a Emmy Award, a BAFTA, and a Olivier Award. Cumberbatch has won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Play for Frankenstein and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for Sherlock. His performance in The Imitation Game (2014) earned him nominations for an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and Golden Globe Award, all for Best Actor in a Leading Role. 
In 2004, he landed his first main part in television as Stephen Hawking in Hawking. He was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor and won the Golden Nymph for Television Films – Best Performance by an Actor. He later provided Hawking's voice in the first episode of the television series Curiosity. 
The Telegraph called his performance "[a] treat ... vividly bringing Van Gogh to impassioned, blue-eyed life."[56] In the same year, Cumberbatch began playing Sherlock Holmes in the joint BBC/PBS television series Sherlock, to critical acclaim.[57][58][59] The second series began on New Year's Day 2012 in the United Kingdom[60] and was broadcast on PBS in the United States in May 2012.[61] The third series aired on PBS over a period of three weeks in January to February 2014. Cumberbatch won an Emmy as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for the third episode of the third series of the show entitled His Last Vow. Cumberbatch has one of the most aggressive fanbases to date, part of the 'Big Three' fandoms on the social media site Tumblr, called SuperWhoLock.[62] In April 2015, Cumberbatch was nominated for his sixth British Academy Television Award for Best Leading Actor for the third series of the Sherlock.[63][64] In 2016, he was once again nominated for an Emmy as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie, this time for Sherlock: The Abominable Bride.[65] 
In 2012, Cumberbatch led the BBC and HBO co-produced miniseries Parade's End with Rebecca Hall. An adaptation of the tetralogy of novels of the same name by Ford Madox Ford, it was filmed as five episodes, directed by Susanna White and adapted by Tom Stoppard.[66][67] His performance earned Cumberbatch his second Emmy Award nomination for Best Actor in Miniseries or TV Movie.[68] In February 2014, Cumberbatch appeared with Sesame Street characters Murray and Count von Count for PBS.[69] In April that same year, it was announced that Cumberbatch would portray Richard III in Shakespeare's play of the same name in the second series of films for The Hollow Crown which aired in both Britain and the United States.[70] Cumberbatch has also been a brand ambassador for Dunlop and Jaguar luxury cars since 2014.[71][72] 
Film 
In 2010, he appeared in The Whistleblower as well as Four Lions. He portrayed Peter Guillam, George Smiley's right-hand man, in the 2011 adaptation of the John le Carré novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. The film was directed by Tomas Alfredson and featured Gary Oldman and Colin Firth.[78] Cumberbatch played Major Jamie Stewart in Steven Spielberg's War Horse in 2011.[78] 
In 2012, Cumberbatch provided the voice and motion-capture for both Smaug the Dragon and the Necromancer in An Unexpected Journey, the first instalment of The Hobbit film series based on the novel by J. R. R. Tolkien.[79] He reprised his roles as Smaug and the Necromancer for The Desolation of Smaug (2013) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014).[80][81] For the motion-capture aspect of the films, he used a suit and facial markers to highlight the dragon's expressions and movements. Cumberbatch told Total Film "You just have to lose your shit on a carpeted floor, in a place that looks a little bit like a mundane government building. It was just me as well, with four static cameras and all the sensors."[81] 
A graduate of the Victoria University of Manchester, Cumberbatch continued his training at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, obtaining a Master of Arts in Classical Acting. He first performed at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park in Shakespearean productions and made his West End debut in Richard Eyre's revival of Hedda Gabler in 2005. Since then, he has starred in the Royal National Theatre productions After the Dance (2010) and Frankenstein (2011). 
In 2013, Cumberbatch appeared in J. J. Abrams' sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, as Khan, the film's antagonist.[82][83] Three of the four films he featured in during the second half of 2013 premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival: The Fifth Estate, in which he played WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, 12 Years a Slave, in which he played William Prince Ford, a slave owner, and August: Osage County, in which he played Charles Aiken.[84] For the official soundtrack of the latter film, he recorded a song titled "Can't Keep it Inside".[85] 
Cumberbatch had a voice role in DreamWorks Animation's feature film Penguins of Madagascar, which was released in November 2014.[86][87] He then starred in the historical drama The Imitation Game as British cryptographer Alan Turing, also released in November 2014. The role earned him nominations for the Golden Globe, BAFTA, SAG, and Academy Award for Best Actor.[88][89][90] In May 2014, he joined the cast of the film Black Mass opposite Johnny Depp which was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[91] 
Cumberbatch starred as Doctor Strange in both the eponymous film released in November 2016,[92] in Avengers: Infinity War in April 2018,[93] and in Avengers: Endgame in April 2019. He starred as electricity titan Thomas Edison in the film The Current War in September 2017.[94] In 2018, Cumberbatch voiced the title character in the film The Grinch,[95] and provided the voice and did performance capture for the tiger Shere Khan in Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle, Netflix's film adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, starring alongside Christian Bale and Cate Blanchett.[96] In 2019, he appeared briefly as British Colonel Mackenzie in Sam Mendes’ World War I film 1917.[97] 
Radio 
Narration 
Cumberbatch has narrated numerous documentaries for the National Geographic and Discovery channels. He has also read for several audiobooks, including Casanova, The Tempest, The Making of Music, Death in a White Tie, Artists in Crime, Tom and Viv, and Sherlock Holmes: The Rediscovered Railway Mysteries and Other Stories. He has done voice-overs for several commercials, including for major names Jaguar, Sony, Pimms, and Google+, performing the Seven Ages of Man monologue. 
Cumberbatch's television work includes his performance as Stephen Hawking in the television film Hawking in 2004. He gained worldwide recognition for his performance as Sherlock Holmes in the BBC series Sherlock from 2010 to 2017. He has also headlined Tom Stoppard's adaptation of Parade's End (2012), The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses (2016), Patrick Melrose (2018), and Brexit: The Uncivil War (2019). 
On 28 September 2016, Cumberbatch appeared on stage with Pink Floyd member David Gilmour during one of the musician's shows in London held at the Royal Albert Hall. He sang lead vocals on the song "Comfortably Numb", singing the verse sections originally sung by Roger Waters.[114] 
Cumberbatch, Adam Ackland, writer-director Patrick Monroe, action coordinator Ben Dillon, and production manager Adam Selves launched a production company, SunnyMarch Ltd., in late 2013.[1] 
Their first project under the company's banner was the £87,000 crowd-funded short film Little Favour, written and directed by Monroe with Cumberbatch in the lead role. The 30-minute action-thriller became internationally available on iTunes on 5 November 2013.[117][118] 
Public image 
Cumberbatch achieved international recognition with the first series of Sherlock in 2010.[119][120][121] He has since been called "The Thinking Woman's Crumpet" and has been a mainstay in numerous "Sexiest Man Alive" lists including those of Empire and People.[122][123][124][125] 
In movies, Cumberbatch has starred in Amazing Grace (2006) as William Pitt the Younger, Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) as Khan, 12 Years a Slave (2013) as William Prince Ford, The Fifth Estate (2013) as Julian Assange, and The Imitation Game (2014) as Alan Turing. He also acted in the historical dramas The Current War (2017), 1917 (2019) and The Courier (2020). From 2012 to 2014, through voice and motion capture, he played the characters of Smaug and Sauron in The Hobbit film series. 
Waxwork of Cumberbatch on display at Madame Tussauds London 
Cumberbatch is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust.[1][147] He is a supporter and patron of organisations focused on using the arts to help disadvantaged young people including Odd Arts, Anno's Africa and Dramatic Need.[148][149][150] Since portraying Stephen Hawking in 2004, he has been an ambassador, and in 2015 patron,[151] for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and in 2014 did the Ice Bucket Challenge for the organisation.[152] He also set up a recovery fund for the benefit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association.[153][154][155] Cumberbatch has donated artworks for charities and fundraisers including the Willow Foundation, and Thomas Coram Foundation for Children.[156][157] 
Together with Prince Philip, Cumberbatch presented 85 young people with the Duke of Edinburgh's Award at St James's Palace on 19 March 2014.[158] "Our ambition is to extend this opportunity to hundreds of thousands across the UK", Cumberbatch said on behalf of the youth awards programme.[159] 
Cumberbatch was appointed a CBE in the 2015 Birthday Honours for services to the performing arts and to charity.[173] He received the honour from the Queen at an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 10 November 2015.[174] In February 2016, Cumberbatch was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University.[175] 
He subscribes to Buddhist philosophy and has expressed affinity for meditation and mindfulness.[128][188] Cumberbatch also follows a vegan diet.[189] 
Cumberbatch is married to English theatre and opera director Sophie Hunter. Their engagement was announced in the "Forthcoming Marriages" section of The Times on 5 November 2014, after a 17-year friendship.[190][191] On 14 February 2015, the couple married at the 12th-century Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Mottistone on the Isle of Wight followed by a reception at Mottistone Manor.[192] They have three sons, Christopher Carlton (born 1 June 2015),[193][194] Hal Auden (born 3 March 2017),[195][196] and Finn (born 11 January 2019).[197][198] 
See also 
List of British Academy Award nominees and winners List of actors with Academy Award nominations 
Programming languages have been classified into several programming language generations. Historically, this classification was used to indicate increasing power of programming styles. Later writers have somewhat redefined the meanings as distinctions previously seen as important became less significant to current practice. 
Cumberbatch at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con 
Radio 
At the London premiere of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy in September 2011 
At the 2014 London Evening Standard Theatre Awards 
Year Title Notes Ref. 2006 Casanova Track: "Memoirs of Giacomo Casanova" [110] 2009 South Pacific Documentary; 6 episodes [111] 2010 Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking Documentary; 3 episodes [112] 2011 Curiosity Documentary; episode "Did God Create the Universe?" [113] 2012 Stephen Hawking's Grand Design Documentary; 3 episodes [114] Our War Documentary narrating Lt. Mark Evison diary ; 1 episodes Late Night Tales: Friendly Fires Track: "Flat of Angles (Part 1)" [115] 2013 Late Night Tales: Röyksopp Track: "Flat of Angles (Part 2)" [116] Late Night Tales: Bonobo Track: "Flat of Angles (Part 3)" [117] Jerusalem Documentary [118] Usher House Opera by Gordon Getty [119] 2014 Late Night Tales: Django Django Track: "Flat of Angles (Part 4)" [120] Globalised Slavery Documentary by The Guardian [121] Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet Documentary [122] 2017 Walk with Me – A Journal into Mindfulness featuring Thich Nhat Hanh Documentary [123] 
Video games 
Actor Benedict Cumberbatch has performed in many films, television series, theatre productions, and recorded lines for various radio programs, narrations and video games. He first performed for the New Shakespeare Company at Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park for two seasons. He later portrayed George Tesman in Richard Eyre's revival of Hedda Gabler (2005) and since then has starred in the Royal National Theatre productions After the Dance (2010) and Frankenstein (2011). 
See also 
List of awards and nominations received by Benedict Cumberbatch 
He has starred in the films Star Trek Into Darkness as Khan Noonien Singh (2013), 12 Years a Slave as William Prince Ford (2013), The Fifth Estate as Julian Assange (2013), and The Imitation Game as Alan Turing (2014). Through voice and motion capture, he played the characters of Smaug and The Necromancer in The Hobbit film series. He plays Doctor Strange in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), beginning with the release of Doctor Strange (2016) and reprised the role in Thor: Ragnarok (2017) (cameo), Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019), he is set to reprise his role in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). 
He has also received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for Sherlock. His portrayal of Alan Turing in The Imitation Game earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In addition, he has received six British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominations, five Screen Actors Guild Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations among others.And the best actor in world. 
Film 
Television 
Theatre 
Year Title Voice Ref. 2011 The Nightjar Narrator [124] 2014 Sherlock: The Network Sherlock Holmes [125] 2014 Lego The Hobbit Smaug / The Necromancer [23] 2015 Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff Himself [126] 
During rehearsals for Frankenstein, April 2011 
Year Title Role Location Ref. 1998 Rat in the Skull Roche Edinburgh Festival Fringe [67] 1999 The Zoo Story Jerry Edinburgh Festival Fringe [68] 1999, 2002 The Kvetch George Teatro Della Contraddizione [69] 2000 Woyzeck Unknown Didsbury Studio 2001 The Visit Anton Schill Edinburgh Festival Fringe Drayton Court Theatre Tearto Della Contraddizione Love's Labour's Lost Ferdinand Open Air Theatre [4] A Midsummer Night's Dream Demetrius Open Air Theatre [2] 2002 As You Like It Orlando Open Air Theatre [2] Romeo and Juliet Benvolio Open Air Theatre [2] Oh, What a Lovely War! 
Unknown Open Air Theatre [2] 2004 Dead Hand Unknown The Old Vic [2] The Lady from the Sea Lyngstrand Almeida Theatre [2] 2005 Hedda Gabler George Tesman Almeida Theatre Duke of York's Theatre [5] 2006 Period of Adjustment George Almeida Theatre [70] 2007 Rhinoceros Bérenger Royal Court Theatre [71] The Arsonists Eisenring Royal Court Theatre [71] 2008 The City Chris Royal Court Theatre [72] 2010 After the Dance David Scott-Fowler Royal National Theatre [73] The Children's Monologues Reader The Old Vic [74] 2011 Frankenstein The Creature / Victor Frankenstein Royal National Theatre [9] 2013 50 Years on Stage Himself / Rosencrantz Royal National Theatre [75] 2013 – 2015, 2018 – 2019 Letters Live Reader The Tabernacle Hay Festival Freemasons' Hall The Town Hall Union Chapel [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] 2015 Hamlet Prince Hamlet Barbican Theatre [81] 
Year Title Role Channel Ref. 2004 Mansfield Park Edmund Bertram BBC Radio 4 [1] Kepler Johannes Kepler BBC Radio 4 [82] The Raj Quartet Nigel Rowan BBC Radio 4 The Recruiting Officer Worthy BBC Radio 4 The Odyssey Telemachus BBC Radio 4 [2] The Biggest Secret Captain Rob Collins BBC Radio 4 [83] The Far Side of the World Narrator BBC Radio 4 [2] The Surgeon's Mate Narrator BBC Radio 4 [82] Mr. Norris Changes Trains Narrator BBC Radio 4 [82] 2005 Le Pere Goriot Narrator BBC Radio 4 [84] Seven Women Tovey BBC Radio 4 [85] Medical Humanities: Baptism by Rotation Narrator BBC Radio 4 [86] Fieldstudy: The Field Narrator BBC Radio 4 [86] The Cocktail Party Peter Quilpe BBC Radio 4 [2] 2006 The Possessed Nikolai Stavrogin BBC Radio 4 [87] 2008 The Pillow Book Tadanobu BBC Radio 4 [88] Blake's 7: The Early Years Townsend [89] Last Days of Grace GF BBC Radio 4 [90] At War with Wellington Duke of Wellington BBC Radio 4 [91] Chatterton: The Allington Solution Thomas Chatterton BBC Radio 4 [47] Spellbound Dr. Murchison BBC Radio 4 [86] Rainy Season Narrator BBC Radio 4 [86] The Tiger's Tale Narrator BBC Radio 4 Words and Music: Italian Fantasy Narrator BBC Radio 4 [92] Doctor Who: Forty-Five Howard Carter / Thing 2 [14] 2008–14 Cabin Pressure Captain Martin Crieff BBC Radio 4 [93] 2008 Metamorphosis Narrator BBC Radio 7 [94] 2009 Good Evening Dudley Moore BBC Radio 4 [86] Little Red Hen Narrator [95] Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [96] 2010 Rumpole and the Family Pride Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [97] Rumpole and the Eternal Triangle Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [98] Words for You: The Next Chapter Narrator [99] 2011 Tom and Viv T. S. Eliot BBC Radio 7 [94] 2012 Rumpole and the Man of God Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [100] Rumpole and the Explosive Evidence Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [101] Rumpole and the Gentle Art of Blackmail Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [102] Rumpole and the Expert Witness Young Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [103] 2013 Copenhagen Werner Heisenberg BBC Radio 3 [104] Neverwhere Angel Islington BBC Radio 4 [105][106] 2014 Rumpole and the Old Boy Net Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [107] Rumpole and the Sleeping Partners Rumpole BBC Radio 4 [108] 2015 My Dear Bessie Chris BBC Radio 4 [109] 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2002 Hills Like White Elephants The Man Short film [1] 2003 To Kill a King Royalist [2] 2006 Starter for 10 Patrick Watts [1] Amazing Grace Prime Minister William Pitt [3] 2007 Inseparable Joe / Charlie Short film [4] Atonement Paul Marshall [1] 2008 The Other Boleyn Girl William Carey [1] 2009 Creation Joseph Dalton Hooker [3] Burlesque Fairytales Henry Clark [5] 2010 Four Lions Negotiator [6] Third Star James [7] The Whistleblower Nick Kaufman [8] 2011 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy Peter Guillam [9] Wreckers David [10] War Horse Major Jamie Stewart [11] 2012 Girlfriend in a Coma Dante Alighieri (voice) Documentary [12] The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Smaug / The Necromancer Motion capture and voices [13] 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Khan Noonien Singh [14] Little Favour Wallace Short film; also producer [15] 12 Years a Slave William Prince Ford [16] The Fifth Estate Julian Assange [17] August: Osage County "Little" Charles Aiken [18][19] The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Smaug / Sauron Motion capture and voices [20] 2014 The Imitation Game Alan Turing [21] Penguins of Madagascar Classified Voice [22] The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies Smaug / Sauron Motion capture and voices [23] 2015 Black Mass William M. Bulger [24] 2016 Zoolander 2 All Cameo [25] Doctor Strange Dr. Stephen Strange Dormammu (Motion capture and voice) Uncredited as Dormammu [26][27] 2017 The Current War Thomas Edison [28] Thor: Ragnarok Dr. Stephen Strange [29] 2018 Avengers: Infinity War Dr. Stephen Strange [30] The Grinch The Grinch Voice [31] The Dog Days of Winter The Grinch Voice; short film Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle Shere Khan Motion capture and voice [32] 2019 Avengers: Endgame Dr. Stephen Strange [33] Between Two Ferns: The Movie Himself [34] 1917 Colonel Mackenzie [35] 2020 The Courier Greville Wynne [36] 2021 The Mauritanian Stuart Couch Also producer [37] The Power of the Dog Phil Burbank [38] The Electrical Life of Louis Wain Louis Wain [39] Spider-Man: No Way Home Dr. Stephen Strange Post-production [40] 2022 Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Dr. Stephen Strange Post-production [41] 
2002 Tipping the Velvet Freddy Episode #1.1 [1] Silent Witness Warren Reid 1 episode, two parts, season 6 (6.5 & 6.6) [42] 2003 Cambridge Spies Edward Hand Episode #1.2 [43] Spooks Jim North Episode #2.1 [44] Fortysomething Rory Slippery 6 episodes [2] 2004 Dunkirk Lt. Jimmy Langley Documentary [2] Heartbeat Toby Fisher 1 episode [45] Hawking Stephen Hawking Television film [46] 2005 Nathan Barley Robin 2 episodes [42] To the Ends of the Earth Edmund Talbot 3 episodes [8] Broken News Will Parker 3 episodes [48] 2007 Stuart: A Life Backwards Alexander Masters Television film [49] 2008 The Last Enemy Stephen Ezard 5 episodes [50] 2009 Small Island Bernard Television film [51] Marple: Murder Is Easy Luke Fitzwilliam Television film [13] 2010 Van Gogh: Painted with Words Vincent van Gogh Television film [52] The Rattigan Enigma Presenter Documentary [53] 2010–2017 Sherlock Sherlock Holmes 13 episodes [54] 2012 Parade's End Christopher Tietjens 5 episodes [55] 2013; 2021 The Simpsons British Prime Minister / Severus Snape; Quilloughby (voices) Episodes: "Love Is a Many-Splintered Thing" "Panic on the Streets of Springfield" [56][57] 2014 The Colbert Report Smaug (voice) Episode #1,443 [58] 2016 The Hollow Crown Richard III 2 episodes [59] Saturday Night Live Himself (host) Episode: "Benedict Cumberbatch/Solange" [60] 2017 The Child in Time Stephen Lewis Television film [61] 2018 Patrick Melrose Patrick Melrose 5 episodes; also executive producer [62] 2019 Brexit: The Uncivil War Dominic Cummings Television film [63] Good Omens Satan (voice) Episode: "The Very Last Day of the Rest of Their Lives" [64] 2021 What If...? Stephen Strange / Doctor Strange Supreme (voice) Episode: "What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?" [65][66] 
NGC 4093 is an elliptical galaxy located 340 million light-years away[2] in the constellation Coma Berenices.[3] The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 4, 1864.[4] NGC 4093 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group[5][6][7] and is a radio galaxy[8][9][10] with a two sided jet.[10] 
A rotating disk in the galaxy was detected by K. Geréb et al.[1] 
A US Army M113 in Panama in 1989 
Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both the operational and the tactical levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the urban terrain. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy.[1] 
Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armor, heavy artillery, or air support. Ambushes laid down by small groups of soldiers with handheld anti-tank weapons can destroy entire columns of modern armor (as in the First Battle of Grozny), while artillery and air support can be severely reduced if the "superior" party wants to limit civilian casualties as much as possible, but the defending party does not (or even uses civilians as human shields). 
Some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from such combatants as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. Tactics are complicated by a three-dimensional environment, limited fields of view and fire because of buildings, enhanced concealment and cover for defenders, below-ground infrastructure, and the ease of placement of booby traps and snipers.[citation needed] 
Many-banded krait Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Bungarus Species: B. multicinctus Binomial name Bungarus multicinctus Blyth, 1861[2] Range of the many-banded krait 
The many-banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus), also known as the Taiwanese krait or the Chinese krait, is a venomous species of elapid snake found in much of central and southern China and Southeast Asia. The species was first described by the scientist Edward Blyth in 1861. Averaging 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) in length, it is a black or bluish-black snake with many white bands across its body. 
A many-banded krait found in Taiwan 
More banding is seen in longer than average sized specimens. The tail is short and pointed, that is also black in colour with alternating white cross bands, of which there are 7–11. The belly of the snake is usually white in colour, but could be an off white or creamy white.[13] The head is primarily black in colour, is broad and oval in shape, but flat and slightly distinct from the body. 
Scalation 
The number and arrangement of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level.[16] The many-banded krait has 15 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, and an undivided anal scale.[lower-alpha 1] Males have 200 to 231 ventral scales and 43 to 54 undivided subcaudal scales, while females have 198 to 227 ventral scales and 37 to 55 subcaudal scales.[2] 
Distribution and habitat 
This species is found throughout Taiwan (including the Archipelagos of Matsu and Kinmen), Hong Kong, Myanmar (Burma), Laos, and northern Vietnam.[1] It may also be found in Thailand.[14] 
In China, kraits with white cross-bands were assumed to he the many-banded krait, however a 2017 genetic study found that most museum specimens classified this was were actually the Malayan krait, and that true many-banded kraits were restricted to southern China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Hainan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Guangxi). The study authors raised the possibility that other specimens tagged as many-banded kraits from Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar may also be Malayan kraits.[18] 
Specimen found on Tai Mo Shan, Hong Kong 
In the daytime, it hides under stones or in holes. The snake appears from April and retreats into hibernation in November. It is considered to be more defensive than the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus), thrashing about as it is handled.[1] 
Venom and toxins 
The venom of the many-banded krait consists of both pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins (known as α-bungarotoxins and β-bungarotoxins, among others). By weight, almost half of the protein content of the venom is composed of β-bungarotoxins.[21] 
Clinical symptoms 
The local symptoms of victims bitten by the many-banded krait are usually neither serious swelling nor pain; the victims merely feel slightly itchy and numb. Systemic symptoms occur, in general, one to six hours after being bitten by this snake. Symptoms may include bilateral ptosis, diplopia, discomfort in the chest, general ache, weak feeling in limbs, ataxia, glossolysis, loss of voice, dysphagia, tunnel vision, and difficulty breathing. 
The many-banded krait gathered worldwide attention after a juvenile individual bit Joe Slowinski on 11 September 2001 in Myanmar. He died the following day, 29 hours after being bitten.[1] 
Specimen after shedding skin 
Description 
Effects on community 
The great skua is an aerial apex predator, both preying on other seabirds and bullying them for their catches.[7] 
Non-native predatory fish, for instance, have sometimes devastated formerly dominant predators. A lake manipulation study found that when the non-native smallmouth bass was removed, lake trout, the suppressed native apex predator, diversified its prey selection and increased its trophic level.[8] As a terrestrial example, the badger, an apex predator, predates on and also competes with the hedgehog, a mesopredator, for food such as insects, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and the eggs of ground-nesting birds. Removal of badgers (in a trial investigating bovine tuberculosis) caused hedgehog densities to more than double.[9] Predators that exert a top-down control on organisms in their community are often considered keystone species.[10] Humans are not considered apex predators because their diets are typically diverse, although human trophic levels increase with consumption of meat.[4] 
Effects on ecosystem 
Apex predators can have profound effects on ecosystems, as the consequences of both controlling prey density and restricting smaller predators, and may be capable of self-regulation.[12] They are central to the functioning of ecosystems, the regulation of disease, and the maintenance of biodiversity.[13] When introduced to subarctic islands, for example, Arctic foxes' predation of seabirds has been shown to turn grassland into tundra.[14] Such wide-ranging effects on lower levels of an ecosystem are termed trophic cascades. The removal of top-level predators, often through human agency, can cause or disrupt trophic cascades.[15][16][17] For example, reduction in the population of sperm whales, apex predators with a fractional trophic level of 4.7, by hunting has caused an increase in the population of large squid, trophic level over 4 (carnivores that eat other carnivores).[18] This effect, called mesopredator release,[19] occurs in terrestrial and marine ecosystems; for instance, in North America, the ranges of all apex carnivores have contracted whereas those of 60% of mesopredators have grown in the past two centuries.[20] 
Conservation 
The wolf is both an apex predator and a keystone species, affecting its prey's behaviour and the wider ecosystem. 
Because apex predators have powerful effects on other predators, on herbivores, and on plants, they can be important in nature conservation.[21] Humans have hunted many apex predators close to extinction, but in some parts of the world these predators are now returning.[22] They are increasingly threatened by climate change. For example, the polar bear requires extensive areas of sea ice to hunt its prey, typically seals, but climate change is shrinking the sea ice of the Arctic, forcing polar bears to fast on land for increasingly long periods.[23] 
Dramatic changes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were recorded after the gray wolf, both an apex predator and a keystone species (one with a large effect on its ecosystem), was reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 as a conservation measure. Elk, the wolves' primary prey, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing and allowing willows, aspens and cottonwoods to flourish, creating habitats for beaver, moose and scores of other species.[24] In addition to their effect on prey species, the wolves' presence also affected one of the park's vulnerable species, the grizzly bear: emerging from hibernation, having fasted for months, the bears chose to scavenge wolf kills,[25] especially during the autumn as they prepared to hibernate once again.[26] The grizzly bear gives birth during hibernation, so the increased food supply is expected to produce an increase in the numbers of cubs observed.[27] Dozens of other species, including eagles, ravens, magpies, coyotes and black bears have also been documented as scavenging from wolf kills within the park.[28] 
The lion is one of Africa's apex land predators.[1] 
Humans sometimes live by hunting other animals for food and materials such as fur, sinew, and bone, as in this walrus hunt in the Arctic, but their status as apex predators is debated. 
For instance, Sylvain Bonhommeau and colleagues argued in 2013 that across the global food web, a fractional human trophic level (HTL) can be calculated as the mean trophic level of every species in the human diet, weighted by the proportion which that species forms in the diet. This analysis gives an average HTL of 2.21, varying between 2.04 (for Burundi, with a 96.7% plant-based diet) and 2.57 (for Iceland, with 50% meat and fish, 50% plants). These values are comparable to those of non-apex predators such as the anchovy or pig.[11] 
In 2021, Miki Ben-Dol and colleagues compared human biology to that of animals at various trophic levels. Using metrics as diverse as tool use and acidity of the stomach, they concluded that humans evolved as apex predators, diversifying their diets in response to the disappearance of the megafauna that had once been their primary source of food.[30] 
The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile[2] and the dominant predator throughout its range.[3] 
Interactions with humans 
Hunting 
Humans hunted with apex predators in the form of wolves, and in turn with domestic dogs, for some 40,000 years; this collaboration may have helped modern humans to outcompete the Neanderthals.[36][37] Humans still hunt with dogs, which have often been bred as gun dogs to point to, flush out, or retrieve prey.[38] The Portuguese Water Dog was used to drive fish into nets.[39] Several breeds of dog have been used to chase large prey such as deer and wolves.[40] 
Eagles and falcons, which are apex predators, are used in falconry, hunting birds or mammals.[41] Tethered cormorants, also top predators,[42] have been used to catch fish.[43] 
The great white shark (bottom) was originally considered the apex predator of the ocean; however, the killer whale (top) has proven to be a predator of the shark. 
Ecotourism 
Tiger sharks are popular ecotourism subjects, but their ecosystems may be affected by the food provided to attract them. 
Ecotourism sometimes relies on apex predators to attract business.[44][45] Tour operators may in consequence decide to intervene in ecosystems, for example by providing food to attract predators to areas that can conveniently be visited.[44] This in turn can have effects on predator population and therefore on the wider ecosystem.[44] As a result, provisioning of species such as the tiger shark is controversial, but its effects are not well established by empirical evidence.[44] Other affected apex predators include big cats and crocodiles.[45] 
Rewilding 
The reintroduction of predators like the lynx is attractive to conservationists, but alarming to farmers. 
In some densely populated areas like the British Isles, all the large native predators like the wolf, bear, wolverine and lynx have become locally extinct, allowing herbivores such as deer to multiply unchecked except by hunting.[46] In 2015, plans were made to reintroduce lynx to the counties of Norfolk, Cumbria, and Northumberland in England, and Aberdeenshire in Scotland as part of the rewilding movement.[47] The reintroduction of large predators is controversial, in part because of concern among farmers for their livestock.[47] Conservationists such as Paul Lister propose instead to allow wolves and bears to hunt their prey in a "managed environment" on large fenced reserves.[47] 
Notes 
An apex predator, also known as an alpha predator or top predator, is a predator at the top of a food chain, without natural predators.[lower-alpha 1][5][6] 
The Ecological Function of Apex Predators: talk by Prof. James Estes (UC Santa Cruz) 
Apex predators are usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics, meaning that they occupy the highest trophic levels. Food chains are often far shorter on land, usually limited to being secondary consumers – for example, wolves prey mostly upon large herbivores (primary consumers), which eat plants (primary producers). The apex predator concept is applied in wildlife management, conservation and ecotourism. 
Apex predators have a long evolutionary history, dating at least to the Cambrian period when animals such as Anomalocaris dominated the seas. 
Humans have for many centuries interacted with apex predators including the wolf, birds of prey and cormorants to hunt game animals, birds, and fish respectively. More recently, humans have started interacting with apex predators in new ways. These include interactions via ecotourism, such as with the tiger shark, and through rewilding efforts, such as the proposed reintroduction of the lynx. 
Ecological roles 
Python kyaiktiyo, the Myanmar short-tailed python, is a python species endemic to Myanmar that is known only from the holotype collected in Yetagon Myaung at an altitude of 390 m (1,280 ft). It has been listed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable since 2012.[1] 
The 1964 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants used the older pre-criteria Red List assessment system. Plants listed may not, therefore, appear in the current Red List. IUCN advise that it is best to check both the online Red List and the 1997 plants Red List publication.[6] 
The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, and subpopulations. 
2007 release 
In this release, they have raised their classification of both the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) from endangered to critically endangered, which is the last category before extinct in the wild, due to Ebola virus and poaching, along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Endangered category.[7] 
2008 release 
The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient.[8] 
2012 release 
The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit;[9] nearly 2,000 species were added,[10] with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list.[11] The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction.[12] 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable".[13] At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds.[12] The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".[14] 
Categories 
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.[1] It uses a set of precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. 
Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups,[15] specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".: 6 [16] 
The aim of the IUCN Red List is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to reduce species extinction. According to IUCN the formally stated goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.[2] 
There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:[19][20] 
Criticism 
1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001. 
In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data.[21] These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.[22] 
Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List. 
See also 
CITES Conservation status Red List Index Regional Red List Species by IUCN Red List category Wildlife conservation 
1964 Red List of Threatened Plants 
Endangered (EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered. Vulnerable (VU) – meets one of the 5 red list criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention. Near threatened (NT) – close to being at high risk of extinction in the near future. 
NGC 6509 is a galaxy in the New General Catalogue. It is located in the constellation Ophiuchus. It is a Sc type spiral galaxy. 
The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats. Various systems of conservation status exist and are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels as well as for consumer use. 
International systems 
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.[1][2] 
Search the IUCN Red List IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 "Wildlife Conservation - Initiatives - WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 12 November 2017. 
Also included are species that have gone extinct since 1500 CE.[3] When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. 
Extinct (EX) – No known living individuals Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future Conservation Dependent (CD) – Low risk; is conserved to prevent being near threatened, certain events may lead it to being a higher risk level Least concern (LC) – Lowest risk; does not qualify for a higher risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Data deficient (DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. 
Not all EW species are rare. An example is the Brugmansia family, where all seven species are widely cultivated but none are found in the wild.[31] Ultimately, the purpose of preserving biodiversity is to maintain ecological function, so when a species exists only in captivity, it is ecologically extinct. 
Reintroduction 
Reintroduction is the deliberate release of individuals into the wild, from captivity or from other areas where the species survives. However, it may be difficult to reintroduce EW species into the wild, even if their natural habitats were restored, because survival techniques, which are often passed from parents to offspring during parenting, may have been lost. 
IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species for a list by taxonomy Category:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species for an alphabetical list Extinction Local extinction Lists of extinct species 
The ʻalalā has been listed as extinct in the wild since 2004 
A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as known only by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss.[1] 
The Guam kingfisher has been extinct in the wild since 1986 
Examples 
The Scimitar Oryx (Oryx dammah) is an example of a species which is extinct in the wild. 
Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct in the wild include: 
Alagoas curassow (last unconfirmed sighting reported in the late 1980s, listed extinct in the wild since 1994)[2] Beloribitsa[3] Cachorrito de charco palmal (last seen in 1994, listed extinct in the wild since 1996)[4] Escarpment cycad (listed extinct in the wild since 2006)[5] Franklinia (last seen in 1803, listed extinct in the wild since 1998)[6] Golden skiffia (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)[7] Guam kingfisher (listed extinct in the wild since 1986)[8] Hawaiian crow or ʻalalā (last seen in 2002, listed as extinct in the wild since 2004)[9] Small groups have since been released in 2017[10][11] and 2018.[12] Kihansi spray toad (listed extinct in the wild since 2009)[13] Northern white rhinoceros (possibly extinct in the wild)[14] Oahu deceptor bush cricket (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)[15] Panamanian golden frog (possibly extinct in the wild)[16] Père David's deer (listed extinct in the wild since 2008.[17] However, reintroduction from captive populations began in 1985, with 53 wild herds of varying sizes being recorded in 2003)[18] Scimitar oryx (listed extinct in the wild since 2000.[19] A herd of 21 was successfully released into the wild in Chad in 2016, producing the first offspring born in the wild in over 20 years in 2017)[20] Socorro dove (listed extinct in the wild since 1994)[21] Socorro isopod (last seen in 1988, listed as extinct in the wild since August 1996)[22] South China tiger (since 2008 IUCN Red List lists as critically endangered; possibly extinct in the wild)[23][24] Spix's macaw (listed extinct in the wild since June 2019)[25] Wyoming toad (listed extinct in the wild since 1991, although 853 have been released into the wild since 1995, leading to a population of around 1,500 in 2017)[26] 
D: Population Size Reduction The population size must be reduced to numbers of less than 50 MI. 
E: Probability of Extinction There must be at least a 50% probability of going extinct in the wild within over 3G/10Y 
Causes 
The current extinction crisis is witnessing extinction rates that are occurring at a faster rate than that of the natural extinction rate. It has largely been credited towards human impacts on climate change and the loss of biodiversity. This is along with natural forces that may create stress on the species or cause an animal population to become extinct.[7] 
Another reason for plants and animals become endangered is due to the introduction of invasive species. Invasive species invade and exploit a new habitat for its natural resources as a method to outcompete the native organisms, eventually taking over the habitat. This can lead to either the native species' extinction or causing them to become endangered. 
An IUCN Red List Critically Endangered (CR) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.[1] As of 2021, of the 120,372 species currently tracked by the IUCN, there are 6,811 species that are considered to be Critically Endangered.[2] 
The IUCN Red List provides the public with information regarding the conservation status of animal, fungi, and plant species.[3] It divides various species into seven different categories of conservation that are based on habitat range, population size, habitat, threats, etc. Each category representing a different level of global extinction risk. Species that are considered to be Critically Endangered are placed within the "threatened" category.[4] 
As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive, targeted surveys have been conducted, species that are possibly extinct are still listed as Critically Endangered. IUCN maintains a list[5] of "possibly extinct" and "possibly extinct in the wild" species, modelled on categories used by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa. 
Criteria for Critically Endangered Species 
To be defined as Critically Endangered in the Red List, a species must meet any of the following criteria (A–E) ("3G/10Y" signifies three generations or ten years—whichever is longer—over a maximum of 100 years; "MI" signifies Mature Individuals):[6] 
A: Population Size Reduction The rate of reduction is measured either over a 10 year span or across three different generations within that species. The cause for this decline must also be known. If the reasons for population reduction no longer occur and can be reversed, the population needs to have been reduced by at least 90% If not, then the population needs to have been reduced by at least 80% 
B: Reduction Across a Geographic Range This reduction must occur over less than 100 km2 OR the area of occupancy is less than 10 km2. Severe habitat fragmentation or existing at just one location Decline in extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, area/extent/quality of habitat, number of locations/subpopulations, or amount of MI. Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of locations/subpopulations, or amount of MI. 
C: Population Decline The population must decline to less than 250 MI and either: A decline of 25% over 3G/10Y Extreme fluctuations, or over 90% of MI in a single subpopulation, or no more than 50 MI in any one subpopulation. 
A vulnerable species is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature that is threatened with extinction in the near future unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve. 
Category:IUCN Red List vulnerable species for an alphabetical list Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources List of vulnerable amphibians List of vulnerable arthropods List of vulnerable birds List of vulnerable fishes List of vulnerable insects List of vulnerable invertebrates List of vulnerable mammals List of vulnerable molluscs List of vulnerable reptiles 
Notes and references 
Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species' home. Vulnerable habitat or species are monitored and can become increasingly threatened. Some species listed as "vulnerable" may be common in captivity, an example being the military macaw. 
List of Vulnerable species as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 
There are currently 5196 animals and 6789 plants classified as vulnerable, compared with 1998 levels of 2815 and 3222, respectively.[1] Practices such as Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources have been enforced in efforts to conserve vulnerable breeds of livestock specifically. 
Snares penguin (Eudyptes robustus) is an example of vulnerable species. 
The International Union for Conservation of Nature uses several criteria to enter species in this category. A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not critically endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): 
The order Falconiformes /fælˈkɒnɪfɔːrmiːz/ is represented by the extant family Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) and a handful of enigmatic Paleogene species. Traditionally, the other bird of prey families Cathartidae (New World vultures and condors), Sagittariidae (secretarybird) Pandionidae (ospreys), Accipitridae (hawks) were classified in Falconiformes. A variety of comparative genome analysis published since 2008, however, found that falcons are part of a clade of birds called Australaves, which also includes seriemas, parrots and passerines.[1][2][3] Within Australaves falcons are more closely related to the parrot-passerine clade (Psittacopasserae), which together they form the clade Eufalconimorphae.[4][2][3] The hawks and vultures occupy a basal branch in the clade Afroaves in their own clade Accipitrimorphae, closer to owls and woodpeckers.[1][2][3][5] 
See below cladogram of Telluraves relationships based on Braun & Kimball (2021):[6] 
A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessarily indicate that the species has not been extensively studied; but it does indicate that little or no information is available on the abundance and distribution of the species. 
The IUCN recommends that care be taken to avoid classing species as "data deficient" when the absence of records may indicate dangerously low abundance: "If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified"[1] (see also precautionary principle). 
See also 
IUCN Red List data deficient species List of data deficient amphibians IUCN Red List data deficient species (Annelida) List of data deficient arthropods List of data deficient birds IUCN Red List data deficient species (Cnidaria) List of data deficient fishes List of data deficient insects List of data deficient invertebrates List of data deficient mammals List of data deficient molluscs List of data deficient plants List of data deficient reptiles 
A not evaluated (NE) species is one which has been categorized under the IUCN Red List of threatened species as not yet having been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1][2] 
Notes and references 
This conservation category is one of nine IUCN threat assessment categories for species to indicate their risk of global extinction. The categories range from 'extinct' (EX) at one end of the spectrum, to ‘least concern’ (LC) at the other. The categories ‘data deficient’ and 'not evaluated' (NE) are not in the spectrum, because they indicate species that have not been reviewed enough to assign to a category.[3] 
Data deficient Convention on Biological Diversity 
The category of 'not evaluated' does not indicate that a species is not at risk from extinction, but simply that the species has not yet been studied for any risk to be quantified and published. The IUCN advises that species categorised as 'not evaluated' "...should not be treated as if they were non-threatened. It may be appropriate . . . to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed.".[1]: 7 [4]: 76 
A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.[1] [2] 
List of Near Threatened species as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 
The IUCN notes the importance of re-evaluating near-threatened taxon at appropriate intervals. 
Gallery 
The near-threatened European otter The maned wolf is near-threatened largely as the result of habitat loss. The gray bat was moved from "endangered" to "near-threatened" due to successful conservation efforts. It has now been moved to vulnerable.[3] Plains zebras (or Equus quagga) are listed as 'near threatened' by the IUCN The Ball python, formerly a common species had become near-threatened as a result of illegal trades and poaching. 
The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds.[1] The family is a large one, and was formerly broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into three subfamilies: Rollulinae, Phasianinae, and Pavoninae. 
Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls;[3] and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins.[4] Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor.[5][6] For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[5][6] 
Recent genera 
Rollulinae is a bird subfamily containing the jungle and wood partridges. They are the most basal member of the family Phasianidae, having diverged during the late Eocene or early Oligocene, about 30-35 million years ago.[1][2] Many taxonomists formerly placed this subfamily within the Perdicinae, but more recent studies have affirmed its existence, and it is accepted by taxonomic authorities such as the International Ornithological Congress.[2][3][4][5] 
Species in taxonomic order 
Image Genus Living species Xenoperdix Rubeho forest partridge, Xenoperdix obscuratus Udzungwa forest partridge, Xenoperdix udzungwensis Caloperdix Ferruginous partridge, Caloperdix oculeus Rollulus Crested partridge, Rollulus rouloul Melanoperdix Black partridge, Melanoperdix niger Arborophila Hill partridge (Arborophila torqueola) Sichuan partridge (Arborophila rufipectus) Chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii) White-necklaced (or collared) partridge (Arborophila gingica) Rufous-throated partridge (Arborophila rufogularis) Red-billed partridge (Arborophila rubrirostris) Siamese partridge (Arborophila diversa) Chestnut-headed partridge (Arborophila cambodiana) Hainan partridge (Arborophila ardens) Taiwan partridge (Arborophila crudigularis) White-cheeked partridge (Arborophila atrogularis) Bar-backed partridge (Arborophila brunneopectus) Orange-necked partridge (Arborophila davidi) Red-breasted (or Bornean) partridge (Arborophila hyperythra) Malayan partridge (Arborophila campbelli) Roll's partridge (Arborophila rolli) Sumatran partridge (Arborophila sumatrana) Chestnut-bellied partridge (Arborophila javanica) Grey-breasted (or white-faced) partridge (Arborophila orientalis) 
The Pavoninae are a subfamily of the pheasant family (Phasianidae) of landfowl, the order Galliformes. This subfamily includes the peafowl, arguses, peacock-pheasants, spurfowl, junglefowl (including the chicken), francolins, and Old World quail. Pavoninae is believed to have diverged from Phasianinae during the early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago.[1][2] 
Genera in taxonomic order 
Image Tribe Genera Pavonini Rheinardia (crested arguses) Argusianus (great argus) Afropavo (African peafowl) Pavo (Asiatic peafowl) Tropicoperdix Polyplectronini Haematortyx (crimson-headed partridge) Galloperdix (Asian spurfowl) Polyplectron (peacock-pheasants) Gallini Bambusicola (bamboo partridges) Gallus (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken) Peliperdix (Latham's francolin) Ortygornis Francolinus Campocolinus Scleroptila Coturnicini Tetraogallus (snowcocks) Ammoperdix (see-see and sand partridges) Synoicus Margaroperdix (Madagascar partridge) Coturnix (typical Old World quails) Alectoris (rock partridges) Perdicula (bush-quails) Ophrysia (Himalayan quail) Pternistis (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls) 
The word "Metaverse" is made up of the prefix "meta" (meaning beyond) and the stem "verse" (a back-formation from "universe"); the term is typically used to describe the concept of a future iteration of the Internet, made up of persistent, shared, 3D virtual spaces linked into a perceived virtual universe.[1] The metaverse in a broader sense may not only refer to virtual worlds, but Internet as a whole, including the entire spectrum of augmented reality.[2] 
History 
The term was coined in Neal Stephenson's 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans, as avatars, interact with each other and software agents, in a three-dimensional virtual space that uses the metaphor of the real world.[3] Stephenson used the term to describe a virtual reality-based successor to the Internet.[4] Concepts similar to the Metaverse have appeared under a variety of names in the cyberpunk genre of fiction as far back as 1981 in the novella True Names. Stephenson stated in the afterword to Snow Crash that after finishing the novel he learned about Habitat, an early MMORPG which resembled the Metaverse. 
See also 
Virtual world Virtual reality Simulated reality Simulated reality in fiction Internet metaphors Cyberspace Alternate reality game Supranet 
References 
Since many massively multiplayer online games share features with the Metaverse but provide access only to non-persistent instances, that are shared by up to several dozen players, the concept of multiverse virtual games has been used to distinguish them from the Metaverse.[9] 
Elements of the metaverse 
Technologies are the enablers that drive the transition from the current Internet to the metaverse, such as Extended Reality, User Interactivity (Human-Computer Interaction), Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Computer Vision, Edge and Cloud computing, and Future Mobile Networks. Remarkably, the metaverse ecosystem allows human users to live and play within a self-sustaining, persistent, and shared realm. Therefore, the metaverse ecosystem considers user-centric elements including Avatar, Content Creation, Virtual Economy, Social Acceptability, Security and Privacy, and Trust and Accountability.[11] 
The lesser whistling duck (Dendrocygna javanica), also known as Indian whistling duck or lesser whistling teal, is a species of whistling duck that breeds in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. They are nocturnal feeders that during the day may be found in flocks around lakes and wet paddy fields. They can perch on trees and sometimes build their nest in the hollow of a tree. 
A flock landing (Kolkata, India) 
In flight the broad wings are distinctive 
Call recordings Videos and other media on the Internet Bird Collection 
The chicks are patterned in black and white 
Shape of the outermost primary, claimed to produce a whistle in flight 
The Anatidae are the biological family of water birds that includes ducks, geese, and swans. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all the world's continents except Antarctica. These birds are adapted for swimming, floating on the water surface, and in some cases diving in at least shallow water. 
Relationship with humans 
Duck, eider, and goose feathers and down have long been popular for bedspreads, pillows, sleeping bags, and coats. The members of this family also have long been used for food. 
Humans have had a long relationship with ducks, geese, and swans; they are important economically and culturally to humans, and several duck species have benefited from an association with people. However, some anatids are damaging agricultural pests, and have acted as vectors for zoonoses such as avian influenza. 
Genera 
For the living and recently extinct members of each genus, see the article List of Anatidae species.[citation needed] 
Subfamily: Dendrocygninae (one pantropical genus, of distinctive long-legged goose-like birds) Dendrocygna, whistling ducks (8 living species) Thalassornis, white-backed duck Mute swan Subfamily: Anserinae, swans and geese (3–7 extant genera with 25–30 living species, mainly cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, but also some Southern Hemisphere species, with the swans in one genus [two genera in some treatments], and the geese in three genera [two genera in some treatments]. Some other species are sometimes placed herein, but seem somewhat more distinct [see below]) Cygnus, true swans (6 species, 4 sometimes separated in Olor) Anser, grey geese and white geese (11 species) Branta, black geese (6 living species) Subfamily: Stictonettinae (one genus in Australia, formerly included in the Oxyurinae, but with anatomy suggesting a distinct ancient lineage perhaps closest to the Anserinae, especially the Cape Barren goose) Stictonetta, freckled duck Subfamily: Plectropterinae (one genus in Africa, formerly included in the "perching ducks", but closer to the Tadorninae) Plectropterus, spur-winged goose Subfamily: Tadorninae – shelducks and sheldgeese Male common shelduck (This group of larger, often semiterrestrial waterfowl can be seen as intermediate between Anserinae and Anatinae. The 1986 revision[10] has resulted in the inclusion of 10 extant genera with about two-dozen living species [one probably extinct] in this subfamily, mostly from the Southern Hemisphere but a few in the Northern Hemisphere; the affiliations of several presumed tadornine genera has later been questioned[13] and the group in the traditional lineup is likely to be paraphyletic.) 
A male mallard duck 
Landing mallard drake 
References 
Wood duck Aix sponsa See also the monotypic subfamilies above, and the "perching ducks" Coscoroba, coscoroba swan – Anserinae or same subfamily as Cereopsis? Cereopsis, Cape Barren goose – Anserinae, Tadorninae, or own subfamily? Biziura, musk ducks (1 living species) Cnemiornis, New Zealand geese (prehistoric) – as Cereopsis Malacorhynchus, pink-eared ducks (1 living species) – Tadorninae, Oxyurinae or Dendrocheninae? 
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen whale parvorder Mysticeti. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 metres (98 ft) and weighing up to 199 tonnes (196 long tons; 219 short tons), it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. The blue whale's long and slender body can be various shades of greyish-blue dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath. 
A blue whale skull measuring 5.8 meters (19 ft) 
Blue whales are filter feeders; their diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill). They are generally solitary or gather in small groups and have no well-defined social structure other than mother-calf bonds. The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz and the production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. 
It was hunted almost to the point of extinction by whalers until the International Whaling Commission banned all blue whale hunting in 1966. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed blue whales as endangered as of 2018. It continues to face numerous threats, both man-made (ship strikes, pollution, ocean noise and climate change), and natural (killer whale predation). 
Behavior 
The blow of a blue whale 
The mechanism behind modern whale migration is debated.[86][87][88] Migration may function to reduce parasitism, pathogens, and competition,[89][90] improve access to prey in the spring and summer, reduce calf predation by orcas and optimize thermoregulation for growth in the winter.[86][87][91][92] For many baleen whales, such as humpback and gray whales, a general migration pattern can be defined as to-and-fro migration between feeding grounds at higher latitudes and breeding habitats at lower latitudes annually.[93] In contrast, blue whales have less specific movement patterns, with substantial evidence of alternative strategies, such as year-round residency, partial or differential migration, and anomalous habits such as feeding on breeding grounds.[94] 
The small dorsal fin of this blue whale is just visible on the far left. 
The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill). Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs.[99][100][101] However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented.[102][103] Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than 100 metres (328 ft), following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.[6][104][105][106] 
Adult blue whale 
A blue whale calf with its mother 
Vocalizations 
Blue whales have long, slender mottled grayish-blue bodies, although they appear blue underwater.[3][4][5] The mottling pattern is highly variable. Individuals have a unique pigmentation pattern along the back in the region of the dorsal fin which can be used for the purpose of identification.[6][7][8] 
Possible reasons for calling include: 
maintenance of inter-individual distance species and individual recognition contextual information transmission (for example, feeding, alarm, courtship) maintenance of social organization (for example, contact calls between females and males) location of topographic features, location of prey resources.[1] 
The global blue whale population is estimated to be 5,000–15,000 mature individuals as of 2018.[1] They were protected in areas of the Southern Hemisphere starting in 1939. In 1955 they were given complete protection in the North Atlantic under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; this protection was extended to the Antarctic in 1965 and the North Pacific in 1966.[247][248] The protected status of North Atlantic blue whales was not recognized by Iceland until 1960.[249] 
The Epic of Gilgamesh (/ˈɡɪlɡəmɛʃ/)[2] is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for "Gilgamesh"), king of Uruk, dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100 BC).[1] These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in Akkadian. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī ("Surpassing All Other Kings"). 
The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods to stop Gilgamesh from oppressing the people of Uruk. After Enkidu becomes civilized through sexual initiation with a prostitute, he travels to Uruk, where he challenges Gilgamesh to a test of strength. Gilgamesh wins the contest; nonetheless, the two become friends. 
In the second half of the epic, distress over Enkidu's death causes Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life withheld in their own hands".[4][5] Nevertheless, because of his great building projects, his account of Siduri's advice, and what the immortal man Utnapishtim told him about the Great Flood, Gilgamesh's fame survived well after his death with expanding interest in the Gilgamesh story which has been translated into many languages and is featured in works of popular fiction. 
The epic is regarded as a foundational work in the tradition of heroic sagas, with Gilgamesh forming the prototype for later heroes like Hercules, and the epic itself serving as an influence for the Homeric epics.[6] 
It includes the pintails[disambiguation needed], most teals[disambiguation needed], and the mallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a molecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera. The genus now contains 31 living species. 
Species 
There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:[1] 
Cape teal Anas capensis sub-Saharan Africa White-cheeked pintail Anas bahamensis Caribbean, South America, and the Galápagos Islands Red-billed teal Anas erythrorhyncha southern and eastern Africa Yellow-billed pintail Anas georgica South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia Eaton's pintail Anas eatoni island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean Northern pintail Anas acuta Europe, Asia and North America Eurasian teal Anas crecca northern Eurasia Green-winged teal Anas carolinensis North America except on the Aleutian Islands Yellow-billed teal Anas flavirostris Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil. Andean teal Anas andium (formerly included in A. flavirostris) Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador Sunda teal Anas gibberifrons Indonesia. Andaman teal Anas albogularis (formerly included in A. gibberifrons) Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma) Grey teal Anas gracilis Australia and New Zealand Chestnut teal Anas castanea Tasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island Bernier's teal Anas bernieri Madagascar Brown teal Anas chlorotis New Zealand Auckland teal Anas aucklandica Auckland Islands south of New Zealand Campbell teal Anas nesiotis (formerly included in A. aucklandica) New Zealand 
The small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) is a civet native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its widespread distribution, widespread habitat use and healthy populations living in agricultural and secondary landscapes of many range states.[1] 
Diet 
The small Indian civets feed on rats, mice, birds, snakes, fruit, roots and carrion.[24] Some individuals were observed while carrying off poultry.[2][3] 
The small Indian civet is a monotypic genus.[2] 
Conservation 
Viverricula indica is listed on CITES Appendix III.[1] In Myanmar, it is totally protected under the Wildlife Act of 1994.[2] 
Characteristics 
The small Indian civet has a rather coarse fur that is brownish grey to pale yellowish brown, with usually several longitudinal black or brown bands on the back and longitudinal rows of spots on the sides. Usually there are five or six distinct bands on the back and four or five rows of spots on each side. Some have indistinct lines and spots, with the dorsal bands wanting. 
Distribution and habitat 
The Small Indian civet occurs in most of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, south and central China, and Taiwan. Recent records are not known in Bhutan, Bangladesh, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and Bali, where it was historically recorded. Its current status in Singapore is unclear.[1] 
The small Indian civet is a nocturnal hunter. 
The Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), also called common palm civet, toddy cat and musang, is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. Since 2008, it is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern as it accommodates to a broad range of habitats. It is widely distributed with large populations that in 2008 were thought unlikely to be declining.[1] In Indonesia, it is threatened by poaching and illegal wildlife trade; buyers use it for the increasing production of kopi luwak.[3] 
Asian palm civet in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand 
Asian palm civet with pups in an urban area at Baranagar, Kolkata, India 
Juvenile Asian palm civet 
Asian palm civet housed in a cage for the production of kopi luwak coffee 
Close up of an Asian palm civet 
Ferret-badgers are the six species of the genus Melogale,[2] which is the only genus of the monotypic mustelid subfamily Helictidinae.[3][4][5][6] 
Bornean ferret-badger (Melogale everetti) Chinese ferret-badger (Melogale moschata) Formosan ferret-badger (Melogale subaurantiaca) Javan ferret-badger (Melogale orientalis) Burmese ferret-badger (Melogale personata) Vietnam ferret-badger (Melogale cucphuongensis)[7] 
The Asiatic linsang (Prionodon) is a genus comprising two species native to Southeast Asia: the banded linsang (Prionodon linsang) and the spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor).[3][4] Prionodon is considered a sister taxon of the Felidae.[5] 
Canids Temporal range: Late Eocene-Holocene[1]: 7 (37.8 Ma-present) 10 of the 13 extant canid genera Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Caniformia Family: Canidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817[2] Type genus Canis Linnaeus, 1758 Subfamilies and extant genera †Prohesperocyon †Hesperocyoninae †Borophaginae Caninae (Atelocynus, Canis, Cerdocyon, Chrysocyon, Cuon, Dusicyon, Lycalopex, Lupulella, Lycaon, Nyctereutes, Otocyon, Speothos, Urocyon, Vulpes) 
Canidae (/ˈkænɪdiː/;[3] from Latin, canis, "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (/ˈkeɪnɪd/).[4] There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae.[5] The Caninae are known as canines,[6] and include domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes and other extant and extinct species. 
Canids are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the 2-metre-long (6.6 ft) gray wolf to the 24-centimetre-long (9.4 in) fennec fox. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. 
Traditional English fox hunt 
Phylogenetic relationships 
The white rhinoceros is the largest living perissodactyl 
Restriction of their habitat and poaching threaten the survival of most rhino species, including the Indian rhinoceros shown here 
A young Brazilian tapir 
The non-weight-bearing toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, the even-toed ungulates bear most of their weight equally on two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as even-toed ungulates, with the exception of Suina, do. 
The order includes about 17 species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs). 
Interactions with humans 
Due to the motorisation of agriculture and the spread of automobile traffic, such use has declined sharply in Western industrial countries; riding is usually undertaken more as a hobby or sport. In less developed regions of the world, the traditional uses for these animals are, however, still widespread. To a lesser extent, horses and donkeys are also kept for their meat and their milk. 
Maha Bandula Bridge (sometimes spelled Mahabandoola Bridge) is a major bridge in Yangon, Myanmar built in 2001. It is named after General Maha Bandula, and crosses Pazundaung Creek just east of Yangon's central business district. It is accessed by Maha Bandula Road. 
Food chain in a Swedish lake. Osprey feed on northern pike, which in turn feed on perch which eat bleak which eat crustaceans 
The length of a food chain is a continuous variable providing a measure of the passage of energy and an index of ecological structure that increases through the linkages from the lowest to the highest trophic (feeding) levels.[7] 
Ecologists have formulated and tested hypotheses regarding the nature of ecological patterns associated with food chain length, such as increasing length increasing with ecosystem size, reduction of energy at each successive level, or the proposition that long food chain lengths are unstable.[1] Food chain studies have an important role in ecotoxicology studies, which trace the pathways and biomagnification of environmental contaminants.[10] 
In the deep sea, food chains centered on hydrothermal vents and cold seeps exist in the absence of sunlight. Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea use hydrogen sulfide and methane from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps as an energy source (just as plants use sunlight) to produce carbohydrates; they form the base of the food chain. Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms. 
The efficiency of a food chain depends on the energy first consumed by the primary producers.[13] The primary consumer gets its energy from the producer. The tertiary consumer is the 3rd consumer, it is placed at number four in the food chain. Producer → Primary Consumer → Secondary Consumer → Tertiary Consumer. 
A food chain also shows how organisms are related to each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level. A food chain differs from a food web because the complex network of different animals' feeding relations are aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time. 
The primary consumer may be eaten by a secondary consumer, which in turn may be consumed by a tertiary consumer. For example, a food chain might start with a green plant as the producer, which is eaten by a snail, the primary consumer. The snail might then be the prey of a secondary consumer such as a frog, which itself may be eaten by a tertiary consumer such as a snake. 
Primary producers, or autotrophs, utilize energy derived from either sunlight or inorganic chemical compounds to create complex organic compounds, whereas species at higher trophic levels cannot and so must consume producers or other life that itself consumes producers. Because the sun's light is necessary for photosynthesis, most life could not exist if the sun disappeared. Even so, it has recently been discovered that there are some forms of life, chemotrophs, that appear to gain all their metabolic energy from chemosynthesis driven by hydrothermal vents, thus showing that some life may not require solar energy to thrive. 
Decomposers, which feed on dead animals, break down the organic compounds into simple nutrients that are returned to the soil. These are the simple nutrients that plants require to create organic compounds. It is estimated that there are more than 100,000 different decomposers in existence. 
A keystone species is a species that has a large impact on the surrounding environment and can directly affect the food chain. If this keystone species dies off it can set the entire food chain off balance. Keystone species keep herbivores from depleting all of the foliage in their environment and preventing mass extinction.[3] 
Food chains were first introduced by the Arab scientist and philosopher Al-Jahiz in the 10th century and later popularized in a book published in 1927 by Charles Elton, which also introduced the food web concept.[4][5][6] 
Food chain length 
This food web of waterbirds from Chesapeake Bay is a network of food chains 
A cat with a calico pattern 
Calico cat 
Calico cat sisters 
A calico cat is a domestic cat of any breed with a tri-color coat. The calico cat is most commonly thought of as being typically 25% to 75% white with large orange and black patches (or sometimes cream and grey patches); however, the calico cat can have other three colors in its pattern. They are almost exclusively female except under rare genetic conditions. 
However, outside North America, the calico pattern is more usually called tortoiseshell and white.[citation needed] In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called chatte d'Espagne (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include brindle, tricolor cat, mikeneko (三毛猫) (Japanese for 'triple fur cat'), and lapjeskat (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called calimanco or clouded tiger. Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a tabby patterning; this calico-patched tabby is called a caliby or a torbie (i.e. a tabby tortoiseshell) .[1] 
"Calico" refers only to a color pattern on the fur, from colorful printed Calico fabric, not to a cat breed or any reference to any other traits, such as its eyes.[2] Among the breeds whose formal standards allow calico coloration are the Manx cat, American Shorthair, Maine Coon, British Shorthair, Persian cat, Arabian Mau, Japanese Bobtail, Exotic Shorthair, Siberian, Turkish Van, Turkish Angora and Norwegian Forest cat. 
Because the genetic determination of coat colors in calico cats is linked to the X chromosome, calicos are nearly always female, with one color linked to the maternal X chromosome and a second color linked to the paternal X chromosome.[1][3] In most cases, males are only one color (for instance, black) as they have only one X chromosome. Male calicoes can happen when a male cat has two X chromosomes (Klinefelter syndrome, with XXY sex chromosomes and generally sterile); is a chimera, with two different cell types;[4] or, rarely, when some skin cells of the developing kitten spontaneously mutate. 
History 
The coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa.[5] The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France, Spain and Italy, originating from Egypt.[6] The calico has been Maryland's state cat since October 1, 2001. Calico cats were chosen as the state cat because their white, black, and orange coloring resembles the coloring of the Baltimore oriole (the state bird) and the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (the state insect). 
The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is a crocodilian native to saltwater habitats and brackish wetlands from India's east coast across Southeast Asia and the Sundaic region to northern Australia and Micronesia. It has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 1996.[2] It was hunted for its skin throughout its range up to the 1970s, and is threatened by illegal killing and habitat loss. It is regarded as dangerous to humans.[3] 
The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile and crocodilian known to science.[4][5][6] Males grow to a length of up to 6 m (20 ft), rarely exceeding 6.3 m (21 ft) or a weight of 1,000–1,300 kg (2,200–2,900 lb).[7][8][9] Females are much smaller and rarely surpass 3 m (10 ft).[10][11] It is also known as the estuarine crocodile, Indo-Pacific crocodile, marine crocodile, sea crocodile or informally as saltie.[12] 
Fisheries Western Australia – Estuarine Crocodile Fact Sheet Saltwater crocodiles in freedom: Authentic pictures and descriptions Comprehensive Saltwater Crocodile web site unique information, plentiful images and video presentations Saltwater crocodile calls from Dr. Britton's crocodilian.com site Brief discussion from Dr. Britton and others discussing dromaeosaurid intelligence Naish, D. (2012). "The Saltwater Crocodile, and all that it implies (crocodiles part III)". Tetrapod Zoology. 
Description 
Saltwater crocodile skull from The Museum of Zoology, Saint Petersburg. Note the considerably more slender skull of a gharial in the background. 
Head of a saltwater crocodile 
However, it has a longer snout than the mugger crocodile (C. palustris); its length is twice its width at the base.[32] A pair of ridges runs from the eyes along the centre of the snout. The scales are oval in shape and the scutes are either small compared to other species or commonly are entirely absent. In addition, an obvious gap is also present between the cervical and dorsal shields, and small, triangular scutes are present between the posterior edges of the large, transversely arranged scutes in the dorsal shield. 
The colour as an adult is much darker greenish-drab, with a few lighter tan or grey areas sometimes apparent. Several colour variations are known and some adults may retain fairly pale skin, whereas others may be so dark as to appear blackish. The ventral surface is white or yellow in colour in saltwater crocodiles of all ages. 
The saltwater crocodile is a large and opportunistic hypercarnivorous apex predator. It ambushes most of its prey and then drowns or swallows it whole. It is capable of prevailing over almost any animal that enters its territory, including other apex predators such as sharks, varieties of freshwater and saltwater fish including pelagic species, invertebrates such as crustaceans, various reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans.[13][14] 
Saltwater crocodiles are the largest extant riparian predators in the world. However, they start life fairly small. Newly hatched saltwater crocodiles measure about 28 cm (11 in) long and weigh an average of 71 g (2+1⁄2 oz).[40] These sizes and ages are almost identical to those at average sexual maturity in Nile crocodiles, despite the fact that average adult male saltwater crocodiles are considerably larger than average adult male Nile crocodiles.[41][42] 
Distribution and habitat 
A saltwater crocodile off Maconacon, Isabela (province) 
Estuarine crocodile tracks in East Timor 
Saltwater crocodile jumping up at Adelaide River 
The saltwater crocodile inhabits coastal brackish mangrove swamps and river deltas from India's east coast, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh to Myanmar, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines, East Timor, Palau, Solomon Islands, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Australia's north coast. 
In Myanmar, it inhabits the Ayeyarwady Delta.[75] In southern Thailand, it was recorded in Phang Nga Province.[76] It is extirpated from Singapore, Cambodia and Vietnam.[3][77][78] 
In China, it once inhabited coastal areas from Fujian province in the north to the border of Vietnam.[79] References to crocodile attacks on humans and livestock during the Han and Song dynasties indicate that it occurred in lower Pearl River and Macau, Han River, Min River, portions of coastal Guangxi province and Hainan Island.[2] 
On a beach in Darwin, Australia 
Behavior and ecology 
Saltwater crocodile sunning itself 
The primary behavior to distinguish the saltwater crocodile from other crocodiles is its tendency to occupy salt water. Though other crocodiles also have salt glands that enable them to survive in saltwater, a trait that alligators do not possess, most other species do not venture out to sea except during extreme conditions.[91] 
Saltwater crocodile with a GPS-based satellite transmitter attached to its head for tracking 
While crocodilian brains are much smaller than those of mammals (as low as 0.05% of body weight in the saltwater crocodile), saltwater crocodiles are capable of learning difficult tasks with very little conditioning, learning to track the migratory route of their prey as the seasons change, and may possess a deeper communication ability than currently accepted.[94][95] 
Hunting and diet 
Feeding young adult in captivity, Western Australia 
While for example 20th century biological studies rigorously cataloged the stomach contents of "sacrificed" adult Nile crocodiles in Africa,[96][97] few such studies were done on behalf of saltwater crocodiles despite the plethora that were slaughtered due to the leather trade during that time period. Therefore, the diet of adults is more likely to be based on reliable eye-witness accounts.[98][99][100] Hatchlings are restricted to feeding on smaller animals, such as small fish, frogs, insects and small aquatic invertebrates.[99] In addition to these prey, juveniles also take a variety of freshwater and saltwater fish, various amphibians, crustaceans, molluscs, such as large gastropods and cephalopods, birds, small to medium-sized mammals, and other reptiles, such as snakes and lizards. When crocodiles obtain a length of more than 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), the significance of small invertebrate prey fades in favour of small vertebrates, including fish and smaller mammals and birds.[101] The larger the animal grows, the greater the variety of its diet, although relatively small prey are taken throughout its lifetime.[citation needed] 
Bite 
Regression of mean body mass and bite force of C. porosus 
Saltwater crocodiles, even adults, can breach out of the water in upwards direction to capture food, although are most often seen to do so when coerced by bait, as seen here 
The space for the jaw muscle in the skull is very large, which is easily visible from the outside as a bulge at each side. The nature of the muscle is extremely stiff, almost as hard as bone to the touch, such that it can appear to be a continuation of the skull. Another trait is that most of the muscle in a crocodile's jaw is arranged for clamping down. 
Saltwater crocodiles go through numerous physiological changes as they mature. Pictured here is a hatchling age or baby crocodile. 
Seen here is a juvenile crocodile, which grows considerably in length over several years but is easily distinguished by slender build and size. 
A saltwater crocodile in the subadult age range at Gembira Loka Zoo, similar but not as robust and relatively small-headed compared to adults. 
Large saltwater crocodile in park 
Relationship with humans 
Attacks on humans 
Of all the crocodilians, the saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile have the strongest tendencies to treat humans as prey.[1] The saltwater crocodile has a long history of attacking humans who unknowingly venture into its territory. As a result of its power, intimidating size and speed, survival of a direct predatory attack is unlikely if the crocodile is able to make direct contact. By contrast to the American policy of encouraging a certain degree of habitat coexistence with alligators, the only recommended policy for dealing with saltwater crocodiles is to completely avoid their habitat whenever possible, as they are exceedingly aggressive when encroached upon.[2] 
No Swimming sign used by Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory.[153] 
Mya Thaw (Burmese: မြသော်; born 13 November 1955) is a Burmese dental professor who served as Rector of the University of Dental Medicine, Yangon from 1998 to 2009. 
Biography 
Mya Thaw was born in Rangoon, Myanmar on 13 November 1955.[1] He graduated from University of Dental Medicine, Yangon in July, 1972.[1] 
He married to Khin Win May, a dentist. They have one daughter and one son. His son Zayar Thaw is a House of Representatives MP. 
See also 
Myanmar Dental Association Myanmar Dental Council University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay University of Dental Medicine, Yangon 
The Myanmar Dental Association (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ သွားနှင့်ခံတွင်း ဆရာဝန်အသင်း; MDA) is a professional association established in 1979 which has more than 4,000 members.[1] The association publishes Myanmar Dental Journal every year.[2] It also arranges Myanmar Dental Conference in which FDI World Dental Federation speakers also make their presentations.[3] Myanmar Dental Association and Myanmar Dental Council are the only two professional organizations for Myanmar Dentists. 
Leadership 
Past presidents of the organisation include: 
Aung Than (1979–1984) Khin Mg Lay (1985–1995) Myint Naing (1996–1998) Ba Myint (1998–2008) Thein Tut (2009–2011) Pwint Hpoo (2012–2015) Thein Kyu (2016–2019) Myint Htain (2020-present) 
See also 
Dentistry University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay University of Dental Medicine, Yangon Myanmar Dental Council Myanmar Dental Association (Yangon Region) 
Luís Vaz de Camões (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiʒ ˈvaʒ dɨ kaˈmõj̃ʃ]; sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns,[1] /ˈkæm oʊˌənz/; c. 1524 or 1525 – 10 June 1580) is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Vondel, Homer, Virgil and Dante. 
Babylon was the ancient city where some of the most influential empires of the ancient world ruled. It was the capital of the Babylonian empire and it was considered to be a center of commerce, art, and learning and is estimated to have been the largest early city in the world, perhaps the first to reach a population above 200,000.[2] 
Presently it is an archeological site and has only several thousand residents and a few villages within the archeological boundaries, although constructions have increased rapidly in recent years with some encroaching on the ruins.[3][4][3] The archeological site lies approximately 85 kilometers (53 mi) south of present-day Baghdad in Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, and its boundaries have been based on the perimeter of the ancient outer city walls, an area of about 1054.3 hectares.[6] Babylon was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site and receives thousands of visitors each year, almost all of whom are Iraqis.[5][6] 
The Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium (沖縄美ら海水族館, Okinawa Churaumi Suizokukan), formerly known as the Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium, is located within the Ocean Expo Park in Okinawa, Japan. It is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA), and was the largest aquarium in the world until it was surpassed by the Georgia Aquarium in 2005. The aquarium has the exhibit, “Encounter the Okinawan Sea”,[7] which reproduces the sea of Okinawa and most of the creatures that live in it.[2] Churaumi was selected as the name of the aquarium by public vote amongst Japanese people: chura means "beautiful" or "graceful" in the Okinawan language, and umi means "ocean" in Japanese. 
The aquarium is made up of four floors, with tanks containing deep sea creatures, sharks, coral, and tropical fish. The aquarium is set on 19,000 m2 of land, with a total of 77 tanks containing 10,000 m3 of water. Water for the saltwater exhibits is pumped into the aquarium from a source 350 m offshore, 24 hours a day.[12] 
The main tank, called the Kuroshio Sea, is 35 metres (115 ft) long, 27 metres (89 ft) wide and 10 metres (33 ft) deep.[13] It holds 7,500,000 litres (1,981,000 US gal) of water and features an acrylic glass panel measuring 8.2 by 22.5 metres (27 by 74 ft) with a thickness of 60 centimetres (2 ft),[14] the largest such panel in the world when the aquarium was opened.[3][15] 
Whale sharks and manta rays are kept alongside many other fish species in the main tank.[3] Since 2015, the aquarium has also had a reef manta ray with a black body.[16] Since 2018 they also keep giant oceanic manta ray.[17] The world's first birth of a manta ray in captivity was at the aquarium in 2007. This species and the giant oceanic manta ray were only recognized as separate species in 2009; they were both classified as Manta birostris until then.[18][19][20] By the time the mother died in 2013, seven puppies were born and four survived.[21][22][23][24] There is a record that the male reef manta ray, which lived in captivity in 1992, lived for about 23 years.[25] 
The first attempt of keeping whale sharks in an aquarium was in 1980, and it remains one of the few aquariums that maintains the species.[26] Most were obtained from incidental catches in coastal nets set by fishers (none after 2009), but two were strandings. Several of these were already weak from capture or stranding and some were released,[26] but initial survival rates were low.[27] After the initial difficulties in maintaining the species had been resolved, some have survived long-term in captivity. The record for a whale shark in captivity is an individual that, as of 2021, has lived for more than 26 years in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium from Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium.[28] 
Their oldest male reached sexual maturity around 2012 and began to show an interest in females in 2014. The exhibited until 2021 female was on display[29] (another is maintained away from the public) is 8 m (26 ft) long.[30] There were three whale sharks, but they have been moved to a separate tank to make room for breeding.[31] In 2021, a 13-year-old female whale shark that had been in captivity in the Kuroshio Sea tank was transferred to a medical treatment tank in the sea due to poor health, and later died. The cause of death is thought to be feeding difficulties from skeletal abnormalities in the jaw and a twisted pylorus.[32][29] 
In the Coral Sea tank, 450 colonies of reef-building corals of about 80 species are bred and exhibited.[33] The tank has a capacity of 300,000 litres (79,000 US gal), no roof, a structure that allows strong sunlight to enter, and a constant supply of fresh seawater to enable large-scale breeding of coral. The Coral Sea tank is made to emulate the coral reefs in Motobu.[33] In 2021, the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium was temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but it was confirmed that Acropora microphthalma gave spawned in the daytime for the first time.[34] 
Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium(the predecessor of Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium) Okichan Theater 
The Shark Research Lab 
Sharks such as bull sharks, tiger sharks, silvertip sharks, and silky sharks are bred in the shark research lab tank. Some bull sharks kept in aquariums have lived for more than 42 years.[1] 
In 2016, the aquarium showed an attempt to raise an adult great white shark. The great white shark exhibit was successful, but it died three days later, leading to criticism from animal rights groups.[35] In 2019, aquariums captured a pregnant tiger shark and succeeded in giving birth in a shark research lab tank.[36] 
Okichan Theater and Dolphin Lagoon 
Near the aquarium is the Dolphin Show Stadium, called the Okichan Theater, where viewers can touch the animals and watch the show's performance for free.[37] There is also a dolphin contact facility called Dolphin Lagoon, which houses several species of dolphin.[38][39] The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin named Okichan has been owned since the opening of the Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium and has been bred for 45 years as of 2020.[4] 
In 2003, the bottlenose dolphin named Fuji's caudal fin was 75% necrotic and had to be resected. The aquarium collaborated with Bridgestone to develop the world's first artificial caudal fin to attach to Fuji.[40][41][42] Fuji died of infectious hepatitis in 2014 at an estimated age of 45.[43] 
There is a manatee exhibition featuring manatees given to the aquarium by the Mexican government and a sea turtle exhibition.[44][45] A spawning ground dedicated to sea turtles is set up in the exhibition facility.[46] West Indian manatees have also given birth in the facility.[47] 
Expo '75 was held in Okinawa, Japan, at the Ocean Expo Park, where an aquarium centered on marine life was displayed. In 1976, the Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium was established as a national park on the site of the venue. 
At the Churaumi Aquarium, the Okinawa Churashima Foundation supervises conservation activities and conducts animal research.[9] The aquarium has won the breeding award from JAZA for 26 kinds of animals, such as the reef manta ray and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin.[9] In particular, it is characterized by the large breeding of large sharks and rays, which are rare in other locations. 
The Churaumi Aquarium collects blood from wild whale sharks, measures the total length and circumference of the body, collects tissues for DNA analysis and chemical analysis, and observes behavior in the natural sea using electronic labels[1] to obtain important information on the breeding habits and ecology of whale sharks. It also conducts tests for future breeding, such as monitoring the behavior of whale sharks during breeding and the concentration of hormones in the blood obtained by blood sampling.[9] 
The aquarium is investigating many humpback whales with local people and domestic and foreign researchers.[49] In a joint study with the Philippines in 2021, it was revealed that 43.48% of the humpback whales around the Philippines were the same as the individuals confirmed in Okinawa and were moving between the two waters,[50] revealing the migration route of humpback whales between Okinawa and the Philippines from the previously unknown Russia feeding ground.[50] 
The Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium and the Okichan Theater started operations with the facilities used at the Expo. At that time, the largest main tank in the aquarium had a water volume of 1,100,000 litres (291,000 US gal), which was the largest in the world.[8] 
Aquarium 
The Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium is one of the first public aquariums in the world that breeds large sharks and rays such as whale sharks and manta rays.[1] At a symposium held in Baltimore in 1985, the Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium was rated to have the most advanced breeding technology in the world for long-term rearing.[8] In 1988, the aquarium won the first Koga Award from JAZA in Japan for breeding two generations of whitetip reef sharks.[2] 
As the park lost incoming tourists, it was believed that a new aquarium would help revive the area and celebrate Okinawa's marine tradition. In addition, since the facility was built for a short-term expo, it deteriorated significantly, and a plan to build a new aquarium was proposed.[4] 
The Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium was closed in August 2002 due to facility deterioration, and the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium was opened on 1 November 2002, with a new facility designed by Yukifusa Kokuba. The number of visitors in the year before the old aquarium closed was about 430,000, but the number of visitors in the year after the opening of the new building increased to 2.75 million.[10] The number of visitors has continued to increase, with the number of visitors reaching 3,784,132 in 2017 and the cumulative number of visitors reaching 50 million in 2019.[5] 
In 2020, the number of tourists in Okinawa Prefecture decreased significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] 
Rays and sharks at the Churaumi Aquarium 
Official website (Japanese) Official website (English) Churaumi Official Fish Encyclopedia(Japanese) Churaumi Official Fish Encyclopedia(English) Ocean Park Homepage in English Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium's channel on YouTube Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium on Facebook Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium on Twitter Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium on Instagram Bus Timetable from Asahibashi Sta. to the Aquarium Geographic data related to Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium at OpenStreetMap 
The Navy directed that the YF-17 be redesigned into the larger F/A-18 Hornet to meet a requirement for a multi-role fighter to complement the larger and more expensive Grumman F-14 Tomcat serving in fleet defense interceptor and air superiority roles. 
The Hornet proved to be effective but limited in combat radius. The concept of an enlarged Hornet was first proposed in the 1980s, which was marketed by McDonnell Douglas as Hornet 2000. The Hornet 2000 concept was an advanced F/A-18 with a larger wing and a longer fuselage to carry more fuel and more powerful engines.[6][7] 
The McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II was canceled in 1991 after the program ran into serious problems; it was intended to replace the obsolete Grumman A-6 Intruder.[8] The Navy considered updating an existing design as a more attractive approach to a clean-sheet program. As an alternative to the A-12, McDonnell Douglas proposed the "Super Hornet" (initially "Hornet II" in the 1980s), an improvement of the successful previous F/A-18 models,[2] which could serve as an alternate replacement for the A-6 Intruder. The next-generation Hornet design proved more attractive than Grumman's Quick Strike upgrade to the F-14 Tomcat, which was regarded as an insufficient technological leap over existing F-14s.[9] 
At the time, the Grumman F-14 Tomcat was the Navy's primary air superiority fighter and fleet defense interceptor. Then-Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney described the F-14 as 1960s technology, and drastically cut back F-14D procurement in 1989 before cancelling production altogether in 1991, in favor of the updated F/A-18E/F.[10][11] The decision to replace the Tomcat with an all-Hornet Carrier Air Wing was controversial; Vietnam War ace and Congressman Duke Cunningham criticized the Super Hornet as an unproven design that compromised air superiority.[3][12] In 1992, the Navy canceled the Navy Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), which would have been a navalized variant of the Air Force's Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[5] As a cheaper alternative to NATF, Grumman proposed substantial improvements to the F-14 beyond Quick Strike, but Congress rejected them as too costly and reaffirmed its commitment to the less expensive F/A-18E/F.[13] 
The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine, carrier-capable, multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet. 
The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons. Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air-to-air refueling system. 
The Super Hornet is a redesign of the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. The wing and tail configuration trace its origin to a Northrop prototype aircraft, the P-530, c. 1965, which began as a rework of the lightweight Northrop F-5E (with a larger wing, twin tail fins and a distinctive leading edge root extension, or LERX).[5] Later flying as the Northrop YF-17 "Cobra", it competed in the United States Air Force's Lightweight Fighter (LWF) program to produce a smaller and simpler fighter to complement the larger McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle; the YF-17 lost the competition to the YF-16.[2] 
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III 
The Lee–Enfield is a bolt-action, magazine-fed repeating rifle that served as the main firearm of the military forces of the British Empire and Commonwealth during the first half of the 20th century, and was the British Army's standard rifle from its official adoption in 1895 until 1957.[9][10] The WWI versions are often referred to as the "SMLE", which is short for the common "Short, Magazine, Lee–Enfield" variant. 
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single-seat fighter in the document L.A. 1432/33.[8] 
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock-up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock-up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109," the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW.[1] 
Design competition 
It was designed by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser who worked at Bayerische Flugzeugwerke during the early to mid-1930s.[4] It was conceived as an interceptor, although later models were developed to fulfill multiple tasks, serving as bomber escort, fighter-bomber, day-, night-, all-weather fighter, ground-attack aircraft, and reconnaissance aircraft. It was supplied to several states during World War II and served with several countries for many years after the war. The Bf 109 is the most produced fighter aircraft in history, with a total of 33,984 airframes produced from 1936 to April 1945.[2][3] Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. 
A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick-up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load-bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong-points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated.[18] 
The Bf 109 was flown by the three top-scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest-scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans-Joachim Marseille, the highest-scoring ace in the North African Campaign who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). 
This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German.[1] [nb 3] This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P-39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S.XII moteur-canon, 37 mm cannon-armed fighters in France. 
Design and development 
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C-Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:[7] 
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi-seat medium bomber Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single-seat fighter Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two-seat heavy fighter 
The Yangon Stock Exchange (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်စတော့အိတ်ချိန်း; abbreviated YSX) opened on December 2015, at the former Central Bank of Myanmar and Myawaddy Bank headquarters in Yangon.[1][2] On 23 December 2014, two Japanese firms, Daiwa Institute of Research, the research arm of Daiwa Securities Group and Japan Exchange Group, established a joint venture with the state-owned Myanma Economic Bank to establish this stock exchange.[3] The joint venture firm, the Yangon Stock Exchange-Joint Venture Limited will have a working capital of US$31 million.[3] The Securities and Exchange Commission has selected Kanbawza Bank to be YSX' settlement bank.[4] 
Building history 
The YSX building, located on the corner of Sule Pagoda Road and Merchant Street, formerly housed the Central Bank of Myanmar.[5] The neoclassical structure was designed by G Douglas Smart, and opened in 1939, as the Rangon branch of the Reserve Bank of India, and managed British Burma's financial system, even after its separation from British India in 1937.[5] 
Following monetary independence from Britain, the building became home to the Union Bank of Burma (ပြည်တောင်စုဘဏ်), and the first Burmese kyats were issued there in July 1952.[1] It remained the site of Myanmar's central bank until 1993, when it became occupied by the military-owned Myawaddy Bank.[5] 
Code Listing Date Company Name Industry Foundation ISIN 00001 2016-03-25 First Myanmar Investment real estate industry investment company 1992-07-03[6] MM0000100006[6] 00002 2016-05-20 Myanmar Thilawa SEZ Holdings Public Limited real estate development[7] 2013-05-03 MM0000200004 00003 2016-08-26 Myanmar Citizens Bank Ltd banking industry 1991-10-30 MM0000300002[8] 00004 2017-01-20 First Private Bank Limited commercial banking industry 1991-09-09 MM0000400000[9] 00005 2018-01-26 TMH Telecom Public telecommunications industry 2007-08-21[10] MM0000500007[11] 00006 2020-05-28 Ever Flow River Group logistics[12] 2014-04-10 MM0000600005[12] 
The Securities and Exchange Commission of Myanmar (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ငွေချေးသက်သေခံလက်မှတ်လုပ်ငန်း ကြီးကြပ်ရေးကော်မရှင်, abbreviated SECM) is a financial regulatory authority that oversees Myanmar's liquid securities market, including the Yangon Stock Exchange. SECM was formed under the 2013 Securities Exchange Law under the Ministry of Planning and Finance.[1] SECM is currently chaired by Maung Maung Win.[2] 
Death 
Date Title Role Notes 20 December 1913 Deception[64] Wilson Smith Author Stanley Hall, Upper Norwood, London (Amateur Production) 20 December 1913 The Perplexed Husband[64] Stanley Hall, Upper Norwood, London (Amateur Production) 1916 October/November Tour Peg O' My Heart[64][65] Jerry England Tour 1916–1917 Winter–Spring Tour Charley's Aunt[64][65] Jack Chesney England Tour 10 June 1917 The Tidings Brought to Mary[64][66] the Apprentice Strand Theatre, London 1917 Summer–Fall Tour Under Cover[64][65] Monty Vaughan England Tour 14 February – 30 March 1918[66] The Freaks[64][65][66] Ronald Herrick New Theatre, London 19 March 1918 Romanticismo[64][66] Marquis Giacomino d'Arfo Comedy Theatre, London 14 April 1918 Romanticismo[64] Marquis Giacomino d'Arfo King's Hall, London 1 April 1918 The Morals of Vanda[64] Leonard Mortimer Grand Theatre, Croydon, London 6 May 1918 Box B[64] Capt. Robert Stroud London Coliseum, London 3 June 1918 Sinners[64] Robert Ransom Prince of Wales Theatre, Birmingham, England 20 July 1918 – Spring 1919[66] The Title[64][65][66] John Culver Royalty Theatre, London 3 April 1919 Our Mr. Hepplewhite[64][65][66] Lord Bagley Criterion Theatre, London 24 November 1919 Just A Wife Or Two[64] Victor Hamilton West Pier, Brighton, England 5 January 1920 Mr. Pim Passes By[64][65][66] Brian Strange New Theatre, London and The Garrick Theatre, London 10 February 1920 The Young Person in Pink[64][65][66] Lord Stevenage Prince of Wales Theatre, London 16 February 1920 Kitty Breaks Loose[64][66] Jack Wilson/Sir John Wilde Duke of York's Theatre, London 9 June 1920 East Is West[64][65][66] Billy Benson Lyric Theatre, London July 1920 Rosalind of the Farmyard[66] Captain L'Estrange Shaftesbury Theatre, London 1 November 1920 – January 1921 Just Suppose Hon. Sir Calverton Shipley Henry Miller's Theatre, New York[10] 10 December 1920 P's and Q's Charley Stark Morosco Theatre, New York 10 October – October 1921 The Wren Roddy Gaiety Theatre, New York[10] 22 December 1921 – February 1922 Danger Percy Sturgess 39th Street Theatre, New York[10] 14 March – June 1922 The Truth About Blayds Oliver Blayds Booth Theatre, New York[10] 24 August – September 1922 A Serpent's Tooth Jerry Middleton Little Theatre, New York[10] 14 November – December 1922 The Romantic Age Gervase Mallory Comedy Theatre, New York[10] 25 December 1922 – January 1923 The Lady Cristilinda Martini Broadhurst Theatre, New York[10] 20 February – April 1923 Anything Might Happen Hal Turner Comedy Theatre, New York[10] 21 May – June 1923 Aren't We All? 
The Hon. William Tatham Gaiety Theatre, New York[10] 7 January – May 1924 Outward Bound Henry Ritz Theatre, New York[10] 25 August – December 1924 The Werewolf Paolo Moreira 49th Street Theatre, New York[10] 13 January – February 1925 Shall We Join the Ladies? 
Mr. Preen Empire Theatre, New York[10] 13 January – February 1925 Isabel Peter Graham Empire Theatre, New York[10] 15 September 1925 – February 1926 The Green Hat Napier Harpenden Broadhurst Theatre, New York[10] 27 July 1926 The Way You Look At It[64][65][66] Bobby Rendon Queen's Theatre, London 20 December 1926 Mayfair[64] Broad Street Theatre, Newark (Out-of-Town Tryout) 21 March – August 1927 Her Cardboard Lover Andre Sallicel Empire Theatre, New York[10] 29 September – October 1927 Murray Hill[67] Wrigley Author Bijou Theatre, New York[10] 26 October 1927 – March 1928 Escape Matt Denant Booth Theatre, New York[10] June 1928 Tell Me the Truth (A Bit of Tomfoolery)[66] — Author Ambassadors Theatre, London 21 August 1928 Her Cardboard Lover[65][66] Andre Sallicel Lyric Theatre, London 6 March 1929 Berkeley Square[65][66] Peter Standish Lyric Theatre, London 1929 Candle Light[65] Josef Southampton, England 30 September 1929 – January 1930 Candle Light Josef Empire Theatre, New York[10] 4 November 1929 – May 1930 Berkeley Square Peter Standish Co-producer, Co-director Lyceum Theatre, New York[10] 8 February – February 1930 Out of a Blue Sky — Author, Director Booth Theatre, New York[10] 12 January – June 1932 The Animal Kingdom Tom Collier Co-producer Broadhurst Theatre, New York[10] 31 March – April 1932 We Are No Longer Children — Co-director Booth Theatre, New York[10] 19–28 October 1933[68] This Side Idolatry[65][66] William Shakespeare Producer Lyric Theatre, London July 1934 Elizabeth Sleeps Out[66][67] — Author Whitehall Theatre, London 7 January – June 1935 The Petrified Forest Alan Squier Co-producer Broadhurst Theatre, New York[10] 20 April – May 1936 Elizabeth Sleeps Out[67] — Author Comedy Theatre, New York[10] 10 November – December 1936 Hamlet Hamlet Director, Producer Imperial Theatre, New York[10] 27 September 1937 Alias Mrs. Jones[64] — Author, Director Little Theatre, Bristol, England May 1938 Here's to Our Enterprise[66] Lyceum Theatre, London 25 September 1942 Cathedral Steps[66] Horatio Nelson[69] St. Paul's Cathedral, London 
Date Network Show Title Episode Title Episode Number Appearing Listen (Shows filed under show title) 27 March 1932 to 8 May 1932 NBC Networks Yardley Program[79] Yardley Program Leslie Howard Reading, London String Quartet[80] 1933 or 1934[81] NBC Rudy Vallee – Fleischmann's Yeast Hour Leslie Howard, Margaret Sullavan 23 May 1934 NBC Sketch: Without the Benefit of Clergy[80][82] Without the Benefit of Clergy Leslie Howard 9 December 1934 NBC Lux Radio Theatre Berkeley Square 9 Leslie Howard, Helen Chandler 14 February 1935 NBC Rudy Vallee – Fleischmann's Yeast Hour A Minuet 278[83] Leslie Howard, Merle Oberon Old Time Radio Library 31 March 1935 NBC Lux Radio Theatre The Romantic Age 25 Leslie Howard, Sidney Fox 16 May 1935 NBC Rudy Vallee – Fleischmann's Yeast Hour Dear Brutus 291 Leslie Howard, Leslie Ruth Howard 27 June 1935 NBC Rudy Vallee – Fleischmann's Yeast Hour Dear Brutus 297 Leslie Howard, Leslie Ruth Howard Old Time Radio Library 6 October 1935 to 1 December 1935 CBS The Amateur Gentleman[84] The Amateur Gentleman Leslie Howard, Elizabeth Love 8 December 1935 CBS Play: Dear Brutus[80] Dear Brutus Leslie Howard, Leslie Ruth Howard 22 December 1935 CBS Play: Purple and Fine Linen[80] Purple and Fine Linen Leslie Howard 29 December 1935 CBS Play: An Unfinished Story[80] An Unfinished Story Leslie Howard, Paula Winslowe[85] 5 January 1936 CBS Play: Her Cardboard Lover[80][86] Her Cardboard Lover Leslie Howard 12 January 1936 CBS Play: The Admirable Crichton[80] The Admirable Crichton Leslie Howard 26 January 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee[87] There's Always Juliet[80] Leslie Howard 2 February 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee The Guardsman[80] Leslie Howard 9 February 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee Murray Hill[80] Leslie Howard 16 February 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee Journey's End[80] Leslie Howard 23 February 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee Springtime for Henry[80] Leslie Howard 8 March 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee The Scarlet Pimpernel[80] Leslie Howard 15 March 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee Raffles[80] Leslie Howard 22 March 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee Just Suppose[80] Leslie Howard 29 March 1936 CBS Leslie Howard's Matinee The Second Man[80] Leslie Howard 5 April 1936 CBS Magic Key of RCA, The Galsworthy's Justice 026 Leslie Howard Old Time Radio Library 17 September 1936 NBC Rudy Vallee – Fleischmann's Yeast Hour The Miraculous Visitor 7 Leslie Howard, Beatrice Barrett, Carl Hubble 6 December 1936 CBS Eddie Cantor's Texaco Town Three Pairs of Rubbers 12 Leslie Howard Old Time Radio Library 14 February 1937 CBS Eddie Cantor's Texaco Town Hamlet 22 Leslie Howard Old Time Radio Library 19 May 1937 CBS Your Hit Parade Interview and Lucky Strike Ad Leslie Howard Transcript Variety Radio Directory 30 May 1937 CBS Eddie Cantor's Texaco Town Aired in England 37 Leslie Howard Old Time Radio Library 21 June 1937 CBS Lux Radio Theatre Monsieur Beaucaire 138 Leslie Howard, Elissa Landi Old Time Radio Library – Lux 19 July 1937 CBS Columbia Presents Shakespeare[88] Much Ado About Nothing 2nd show in series Leslie Howard, Rosalind Russell[89] Old Time Radio Library 2 January 1938 BBC Hamlet Leslie Howard 28 November 1938 CBS Lux Radio Theatre Interference 195 Leslie Howard, Mary Astor, Herbert Marshall 12 December 1938 CBS Lux Radio Theatre The Scarlet Pimpernel 197 Leslie Howard, Olivia de Havilland Old Time Radio Library – Lux 15 December 1938 NBC The Kraft Music Hall[90] Leslie Howard, Jane Bryan 8 January 1939 CBS Silver Theatre, The A Study in Triangles 028 Leslie Howard, Rita Johnson Old Time Radio Library 26 March 1939 CBS The Gulf Screen Guild Theater Never in This World[91] 012 Leslie Howard, Kay Francis, Mary Nash, Irving Pichel, Virginia Weidler, Morgan Wallace Screen Guild Theater 1 May 1939 CBS Lux Radio Theatre Lady for a Day[92] 217 May Robson, Guy Kibbee, Warren William, Jean Parker Old Time Radio Library – Lux 8 May 1939 CBS Lux Radio Theatre The Life of Emile Zola[92] 218 Paul Muni, Josephine Hutchinson Old Time Radio Library – Lux 11 June 1939 NBC Radio Tribute to the King and Queen[93] Goodbye, Mr. Chips Segment Leslie Howard, Greer Garson Tribute To Their Majesties 
A mortar is usually a simple, lightweight, man-portable, muzzle-loaded weapon, consisting of a smooth-bore (although some models use a rifled barrel) metal tube fixed to a base plate (to spread out the recoil) with a lightweight bipod mount and a sight. They launch explosive shells (technically called bombs)[2] in high-arcing ballistic trajectories. Mortars are typically used as indirect fire weapons for close fire support with a variety of ammunition. 
When the round reaches the base of the barrel it hits a fixed firing pin that fires the round. The barrel is generally set at an angle of between 45 and 85 degrees (800 to 1500 mils), with the higher angle producing a shorter horizontal trajectory. Some mortars have a moving firing pin, operated by a lanyard or trigger mechanism. 
This allows for the elimination of much of the heavy and bulky recoil-counteracting equipment of a conventional cannon as well as a thinner-walled barrel, and thus the launch of a relatively large projectile from a platform that would not be capable of handling the weight or recoil of a conventional gun of the same size. Technically, only devices that use spin-stabilized projectiles fired from a rifled barrel are recoilless rifles, while smoothbore variants (which can be fin-stabilized or unstabilized) are recoilless guns. This distinction is often lost, and both are often called recoilless rifles.[2] 
U.S. operational service 
The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II and the Korean War, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in April 1940 by a team headed by James Kindelberger[5] of North American Aviation (NAA) in response to a requirement of the British Purchasing Commission. The Purchasing Commission approached North American Aviation to build Curtiss P-40 fighters under license for the Royal Air Force (RAF). 
At the start of 1944, Major General James Doolittle, the new commander of the 8th Air Force, released most fighters from the requirement of flying in close formation with the bombers, allowing them free rein to attack the Luftwaffe wherever it could be found. The aim was to achieve air supremacy. Mustang groups were sent far ahead of the bombers in a "fighter sweep" to intercept German fighters. 
Maezawa is the founder of the Tokyo-based Contemporary Art Foundation, which he started in 2012 with a goal of "supporting young artists as a pillar of the next generation of contemporary art."[11] The Contemporary Art Foundation currently hosts collection shows twice a year. In May 2016, Maezawa attracted significant media attention with a record purchase price at auction of $57.3 million for an Untitled (1982) artwork of a devil by Jean-Michel Basquiat, and broke a record again in May 2017 with a $110.5 million auction for another Untitled (1982) of a skull by the same artist.[12] At the same 2016 auction, Maezawa bought pieces by Bruce Nauman, Alexander Calder, Richard Prince, and Jeff Koons, spending a total of $98 million over two days.[13] Maezawa plans to open a contemporary art museum in Chiba, which will house his collection.[11] 
On 17 September 2018, it was announced that Maezawa will be the first commercial passenger to do a flyby around the Moon.[14] He will fly on board a SpaceX Starship, which has been in development since 2017. The flight is slated to take place no earlier than 2023 with a duration of nearly six days. He originally planned to take six to eight artists with him as a part of an art project he has created entitled #dearMoon.[15] However, in March 2021, Maezawa changed the requirement to members of the public.[16] 
On May 13, 2021, Maezawa announced he would be joining Space Adventures on a trip to the International Space Station in December 2021, via the Soyuz. He aims to spend 12 days on the orbital machine to experience a long duration spaceflight with his assistant, Yozo Hirano, where he will try to do top 100 things demanded by public as well as recording highlights in preparation to the SpaceX lunar flight.[17][18][19] 
On 8 December 2021, Maezawa and his assistant Hirano, lifted-off from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on board the Russian-operated Soyuz MS-20 to join the International Space Station (ISS).[20][21][22] On December 18, Maezawa announced that he will start a campaign in which every participant will receive a sum of money "from space".[23][24] The campaign started from December 19.[25] He returned as planned on December 20.[26] 
Yusaku Maezawa (前澤 友作, Maezawa Yūsaku, born 22 November 1975) is a Japanese billionaire entrepreneur and art collector. He founded Start Today in 1998 and launched the online fashion retail website Zozotown in 2004, now Japan's largest. Most recently, Maezawa introduced a custom-fit apparel brand ZOZO and at-home measurement system, the ZOZOSUIT, in 2018.[2] As of December 2021, he is estimated by Forbes to have a net worth of $1.9 billion.[1] 
On 5 January 2019, Maezawa successfully secured the most ever retweets for his Twitter message offering one million yen (approx US$9300) each to 1000 randomly selected people who retweeted the message and followed him.[27] More than four million people ended up retweeting Maezawa's tweet and following him.[2] 
He is divorced, with one child, and lives in Chiba, Japan.[1] His favorite musical artists are Sepultura, Biohazard, Metallica, X Japan, Pantera, Beastie Boys, Slayer, Deftones, Rage Against the Machine, S.O.D, Bad Religion, Green Day, No Use For A Name, Pennywise, NOFX, Rancid, Hi-Standard, Lagwagon, The Offspring, Youth of Today, Strife, Mouthpiece, Chain of Strength, Snapcase, Unbroken, Gorilla Biscuits, Earth Crisis, Sick of It All, Weezer, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam, The Smashing Pumpkins, Radiohead, The Verve, Travis, Foo Fighters, Muse, The Alfee, and Bon Jovi.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] 
Early life 
Maezawa began attending Waseda Jitsugyo High School in 1991, where he started an indie band with his classmates called Switch Style [ja], in which he was the drummer.[3][4] The band released their first EP in 1993.[5] After graduating from high school, he decided not to go to college; instead he moved to the US with a girlfriend, where he started collecting CDs and records.[6] When he returned to Japan in 1995, his album collection became the basis for his first company, which sold imported albums and CDs through the mail.[3] 
By 2000, Start Today had moved to an online platform, had begun selling clothing, and had become a public company. In 2001, Maezawa declared a hiatus on his music career. Start Today opened the retail clothing website Zozotown in 2004, and six years later, Start Today became a publicly traded company, listed on the "Mothers" Index of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. 
Maezawa recently[when?] introduced ZOZO, a custom-fit clothing brand and the ZOZOSUIT, an at-home measurement system, in over 72 countries and territories.[9] 
Maezawa resigned from ZoZo in September 2019 after selling a stake of 50.1% in the company to SoftBank for US$3.7 billion (400 billion Yen). He also sold 30% of his personal stake in ZoZo to Yahoo Japan.[10] 
On her eighth birthday, it was revealed her interests included writing kanji characters, calligraphy, jump rope, playing piano and violin, and writing poetry.[7] 
In early March 2010, Aiko began to stay home from school due to not getting along with other children and being bullied by her elementary school classmates.[8] Aiko returned to school on a limited basis on 2 May 2010. After returning to school, a senior palace official said that she would attend a limited number of classes accompanied by her mother, upon advice from a doctor at the Crown Prince's household.[9] 
In November 2011, Aiko was hospitalized with pneumonia.[10] In 2014, she enrolled at the Gakushuin Girl's Junior High-school.[11] 
In the summer of 2018, she made her first solo trip abroad to attend a summer program at Eton College.[12] Reports from an unnamed palace source close to the family reported that Aiko provides her mother Masako with emotional support in her new role as empress.[13] In February 2020 she was accepted at Gakushuin University where she is to major in Japanese language and literature.[14] 
After turning age 16, Aiko began accompanying her parents at public appearances.[15][16] She was ineligible to attend any of her father's ascension ceremonies in person as she was still a minor at the time.[17] On 5 December 2021, the Sunday after her 20th birthday, she participated in formal coming of age ceremonies and was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown by the Emperor.[18] She attended the 2022 New Year celebration at the Imperial Palace as her first public event as a working member of the imperial family.[19] 
Princess Aiko (standing, center) with the Imperial Family (November 2013) 
The Imperial Household Law of 1947 abolished the Japanese nobility; under provisions of this law, the imperial family was streamlined to the descendants of Emperor Taishō.[20] The laws of succession in Japan prevent inheritance by or through women. 
Aiko, Princess Toshi (敬宮愛子内親王, Toshi-no-miya Aiko Naishinnō, born 1 December 2001) is the only child of Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako of Japan.[1] 
The birth of Princess Aiko sparked debate in Japan about whether the Imperial Household Law of 1947 should be changed from the current system of agnatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture, which would allow a woman, as firstborn, to inherit the Chrysanthemum Throne ahead of a younger brother or male cousin. Although Imperial chronologies include eight empresses regnant in the course of Japanese history, their successors were always selected from amongst the members of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century.[1] Though Empress Genmei was followed on the throne by her daughter, Empress Genshō,[21] Genshō's father, Prince Kusakabe, was also a member of the imperial dynasty, as the son of Emperor Tenmu, and therefore Genshō was a patrilineal descendant of the imperial bloodline. In addition, Empress Genshō herself was succeeded by her brother's son, thus keeping the throne in the same agnatic line; both Genshō and Genmei, as well as all other empresses regnant and emperors, belonged to the same patriline. 
A government-appointed panel of experts submitted a report on 25 October 2005, recommending that the Imperial succession law be amended to permit absolute primogeniture. On 20 January 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi used part of his annual keynote speech to address the controversy when he pledged to submit a bill to the Diet letting women ascend to the throne in order that the Imperial throne be continued into the future in a stable manner. Koizumi did not announce a timing for the legislation to be introduced nor did he provide details about the content, but he did note that it would be in line with the conclusions of the 2005 government panel.[22] 
Birth of male cousin 
Proposals to replace agnatic primogeniture were shelved temporarily after it was announced in February 2006 that the-then Crown Prince's younger brother, Fumihito, Prince Akishino, and his wife, Kiko, Princess Akishino, were expecting their third child. On 6 September 2006, Princess Kiko gave birth to a son, Hisahito, who was third in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne at the time of the birth under the current law, after his uncle, the then-Crown Prince, and his father, Prince Akishino.[23][24][25] The prince's birth provided the first male heir to be born in the imperial family in 41 years. On 3 January 2007, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that he would drop the proposal to alter the Imperial Household Law.[26] Therefore, at this time, it seems unlikely that the succession laws will be changed to allow Princess Aiko to ascend the throne. 
Princess Aiko is styled as "Her Imperial Highness Princess Aiko".[27] She also has an imperial title, "Princess Toshi" (敬宮, toshi-no-miya).[27] 
Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown (5 December 2021)[28] 
Aiko, three months after her birth, 2002 
Princess Aiko was born on 1 December 2001 at 2:43 PM in the Imperial Household Agency Hospital in Tokyo Imperial Palace, the first and only child of the then-Crown Prince and Crown Princess, Naruhito and Masako.[2][3] 
In a break with tradition, the name of the princess was chosen by her parents, instead of by the Emperor. It was selected from clause 56 of Li Lou II, one of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Mencius. Aiko, the princess's personal name, is written with the kanji characters for 'love' (愛) and 'child' (子) and means "a person who loves others".[4] The princess also has an imperial title, Princess Toshi (敬宮, toshi-no-miya), which means "a person who respects others".[4] 
Aiko with her parents in Tochigi Prefecture in 2019 
Princess Aiko began her education at Gakushūin Kindergarten on 3 April 2006.[5] She left kindergarten on 15 March 2008.[6] 
Beavers from North America constitute an invasive species in Tierra del Fuego, where they have a substantial impact on landscape and local ecology through their dams. 
Attribution 
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[1] 
Kudzu, a Japanese vine species invasive in the southeast United States, growing in Atlanta, Georgia 
Vinca spreading in a garden[1] 
An invasive species is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and negatively alters its new environment.[2] Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species,[3] invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage.[4] The term can be used for native species that become harmful within their native distribution due to human alterations of habitat and the environment. An example of a native invasive species is the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) which has decimated kelp forests along the northern California coast due to overharvesting of its natural predator, the California sea otter (Enhydra lutris).[5] In the 21st century, invasive species have become a serious economic, social, and environmental threat. 
Invasion of long-established ecosystems by organisms is a natural phenomenon, but human-facilitated introductions have greatly increased the rate, scale, and geographic range of invasion. For millennia, humans have served as both accidental and deliberate dispersal agents, beginning with their earliest migrations, accelerating in the age of discovery, and accelerating again with international trade.[6][7] Notable examples of invasive plant species include the kudzu vine, Andean pampas grass, English ivy, Japanese knotweed, and yellow starthistle. Animal examples include the New Zealand mud snail, feral pig, European rabbit, grey squirrel, domestic cat, carp, and ferret.[8][9][10] 
Terminology 
An American alligator attacking a Burmese python in Florida; the Burmese python is an invasive species which is posing a threat to many indigenous species, including the alligator 
Poster asking campers to not move firewood around, avoiding the spread of invasive species. 
Alien or naturalized species are those species which are not native to an area but established, and those that are a threat to native species and biodiversity are often called invasive species.[15] The term "invasive" is poorly defined and often very subjective,[2] Invasive species may be plants, animals, fungi, and microbes; some also include native species that have invaded human habitats such as farms and landscapes.[17] Some broaden the term to include indigenous or "native" species that have colonized natural areas.[16] The definition of "native" is also sometimes controversial. For example, the ancestors of Equus ferus (modern horses) evolved in North America and radiated to Eurasia before becoming locally extinct. Upon returning to North America in 1493, during their human-assisted migration, it is debatable as to whether they were native or exotic to the continent of their evolutionary ancestors.[18] 
↑ "Myanmar's 'green princess' is a humble activist on a mission". Mongabay Environmental News. 11 January 2017. ↑ "Not the right time to repatriate King Thibaw, says descendant". 
Devi Thant Sin (Burmese: ဒေဝီသန့်စင်, also spelt Devi Thant Cin; born 2 January 1947) is a Burmese environmentalist, writer, and senior member of the Royal House of Konbaung. She is the leader of the environmental movement in Myanmar and has been called a "green princess".[1] She was seriously opposed to the Myitsone Dam project slated for construction at the confluence of two rivers that gives rise to the Irrawaddy River.[2] 
Analysts have suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic could be a "tipping point" for remote working. Remote working has been described as the 'future of work'.[140] In 2020, almost 70% of full-time employees worked from home.[141] Many companies have mandated employees work from home.[142][143] Some companies such as Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook, and Google have since allowed workers to work from home through the rest of the year,[when?] while companies such as Twitter have allowed their employees to do so on a permanent basis.[144] Google has offered reimbursement for employees to improve their home offices.[145] 
Regarding Eurofound, close to 40% of those who are currently working in the EU began to telework full time as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[146] However, the proportions of remote workers vary widely between countries inside the EU.[147] Others have suggested that an increase in remote working as a result of the outbreak could result in an expanded right to Internet access in the United States.[148] The COVID-19 pandemic has also affected all forms of education, transforming schools and universities into online learning.[149] 
Percentage of workforce that was home-based in 2019 
Remote work, also called distance working, telework, teleworking, working from home (WFH), mobile work, remote job, and work from anywhere (WFA)[1][2] is a work arrangement in which employees do not commute to a central place of work, such as an office building, warehouse, or store. 
Telecommuting came to be in the 1970s to describe work-related substitutions of telecommunication and related information technologies for travel.[3] 
Organizations may use telecommuting to reduce costs (telecommuting employees do not require an office or cubicle, a space which needs to be rented or purchased, and incurs additional costs such as lighting, climate control, etc.). Some organizations adopt telecommuting to improve workers' quality of life, as teleworking typically reduces commuting time and time stuck in traffic jams. Along with this, teleworking may make it easier for workers to balance their work responsibilities with their personal life and family roles (e.g., caring for children or elderly parents). 
Teleworkers in the 21st century often use mobile telecommunications technology such as a Wi-Fi-equipped laptop or tablet computers and smartphones to work from coffee shops; others may use a desktop computer and a landline phone at their home. According to a Reuters poll, approximately "one in five workers around the globe, particularly employees in the Middle East, Latin America and Asia, telecommute frequently and nearly 10 percent work from home every day."[7] In the 2000s, annual leave or vacation in some organizations was seen as absence from the workplace rather than ceasing work, and some office employees used telework to continue to check work e-mails while on vacation.[citation needed] 
The practice became much more mainstream during the COVID-19 pandemic, when millions of workers were forced to start remote working for the first time.[8] Over time, remote work has moved away from telecommuting. 
According to a 2021 report by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization the expansion of teleworking, if it increases working time to over 55 hours per week, could potentially increase health loss among workers.[115] At the release of the report, the Director General of the World Health Organization warned that an increase in teleworking in response to the Covid-19 pandemic could increase the burden of disease from exposure to long working hours, and called for effective action by governments to ensure healthy working time limits were established by law and enforced worldwide. 
Since 2000, US federal law (Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act) requires each Executive agency to establish a telecommuting policy allowing eligible employees to participate in telecommuting to the maximum extent possible, so long as the employee's performance is not diminished.[116] Notably, telework is not an employee right, i.e., Federal law mandates that agencies must establish telework programs, but does not give individual employees a legal right to telework.[117] 
The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Schäferhund, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt]) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. According to the FCI, the breed's English language name is German Shepherd Dog. The breed name was officially known as the "Alsatian Wolf Dog" in the UK from after the First World War until 1977 when its name was changed back to German Shepherd.[2] Despite its wolf-like appearance, the German Shepherd is a relatively modern breed of dog, with its origin dating to 1899. 
Pencilo (Burmese: ပန်ဆယ်လို; born Eaint Poe Ou Burmese: အိမ့်ပိုးဥ, 1990) is a Burmese writer, anti-regime activist, and a Democracy activist. She is best known for criticizing the Junta Military and taking up politically sensitive cases against the Burmese military junta and generals.[1] 
A YouTuber is an individual who produces videos on the video-sharing platform YouTube,[1] specifically whose main or only platforms are one or multiple YouTube channels, personalized subpages of the platform.[2] The term was first used in the English language in 2006.[3] 
Much of the site's content was homemade and produced by hobbyists with no plans for making money on the site.[27][28] The first targeted advertising on the site came in the form of participatory video ads, which were videos in their own right that offered users the opportunity to view exclusive content by clicking on the ad.[29] The first such ad was for the Fox show Prison Break and solely appeared above videos on Paris Hilton's channel.[29][30] At the time, the channel was operated by Warner Bros. Records and was cited as the first brand channel on the platform.[30] Participatory video ads were designed to link specific promotions to specific channels rather than advertising on the entire platform at once. When the ads were introduced, in August 2006, YouTube CEO Chad Hurley rejected the idea of expanding into areas of advertising seen as less user-friendly at the time, saying, "we think there are better ways for people to engage with brands than forcing them to watch a commercial before seeing content. You could ask anyone on the net if they enjoy that experience and they’d probably say no."[30] However, YouTube began running in-video ads in August 2007, with preroll ads introduced in 2008.[31] In December 2007, YouTube launched the Partner Program, which allows channels that meet certain metrics (currently 1000 subscribers and 4000 public watch hours in the past year)[32] to run ads on their videos and earn money doing so.[31] The Partner Program allowed for the first time YouTube personalities to make a living from the platform.[33]: 7 
During the 2010s, the ability for YouTubers to achieve wealth and fame due to success on the platform increased dramatically. In December 2010, Business Insider estimated that the highest earner on YouTube during the previous year was Dane Boedigheimer, creator of the web series Annoying Orange, with an income of around $257,000.[34] Five years later, Forbes released its first list of the highest-earning YouTube personalities, estimating top earner PewDiePie's income during the previous fiscal year at $12 million, more than some popular actors such as Cameron Diaz or Gwyneth Paltrow.[35] Forbes estimated that the tenth-highest earner that year was Rosanna Pansino at $2.5 million.[lower-alpha 1] That year, NME stated that "vlogging has become big business."[37] The rapid influx of wealth within the YouTube community has led some to criticize YouTubers for focusing on earnings more than the creativity and connection with their fanbase that some claim was at the heart of the platform before expanded monetization.[38][39][40] In August 2021, it was reported Kevin Paffrath made $5 million in just the first 3 months of 2021 and his Youtube analytics showed he made "several million" in ad revenue within the prior 12 months.[41] 
PewDiePie, who currently has the 4th-most-subscribed channel on the platform, is the most-subscribed independent YouTuber.[4][5] 
Influential YouTubers are frequently described as microcelebrities.[1] Since YouTube is widely conceived as a bottom-up social media video platform, microcelebrities do not appear to be involved with the established and commercial system of celebrity culture but rather appear self-governed and independent.[6][7] This appearance, in turn, leads to YouTubers being seen as more relatable and authentic, also fostered by the direct connection between artist and viewer using the medium of YouTube.[2][8] 
In 2014, the University of Southern California surveyed 13-18 year-olds in the United States on whether 10 YouTube celebrities or 10 traditional celebrities were more influential; YouTube personalities took the first five spots of the ranking, with the YouTube duo Smosh ranking as most influential.[1][9] It repeated in 2015 and found six YouTubers on the first ranks, with KSI ranked as most influential.[8][10] Several prominent YouTubers and their influence were subjects for scientific studies, such as Zoella[4] and PewDiePie.[11] Numerous studies in the late 2010s found that YouTuber was the most desired career by children.[12][13][14] 
YouTubers' influence has also extended beyond the platform. Some have ventured into mainstream forms of media, such as Liza Koshy, who, among other pursuits, hosted the revival of the Nickelodeon show Double Dare[15] and starred in the Netflix dance-comedy film Work It.[16] In 2019, Ryan's Mystery Playdate, a show starring Ryan Kaji, the then-seven-year-old host of the toy review and vlog channel Ryan's World, began airing on Nick Jr.;[17] later that year, NBC debuted A Little Late with Lilly Singh in its 1:35 AM ET time slot. Singh's digital prominence was cited as a reason for her selection as host by then-NBC Entertainment co-chairman George Cheeks.[18] In addition to expanding into other forms of media, several YouTubers have used their influence to raise money for charity or speak out on social issues. 
Commercial success 
YouTubers can earn revenue from Google AdSense. Additionally, they can supplement their income through affiliate links, merchandising, and 3rd party memberships using platforms such as Patreon.[25] Popular channels have garnered corporate sponsors, who pay to be included in the videos.[25] In 2018, Walmart, Nordstrom, and others sought YouTube stars as influencers.[26] 
Lincang (simplified Chinese: 临沧; traditional Chinese: 臨滄; pinyin: Líncāng) is a prefecture-level city located in the southwest of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. 
The jaguar: a keystone, flagship, and umbrella species, and an apex predator 
The beaver: a keystone species, and habitat creator, responsible for the creation of lakes, canals and wetlands irrigating large forests and creating ecosystems 
Prairie dog burrows provide the nesting areas for mountain plovers and burrowing owls. Prairie dog tunnel systems also help channel rainwater into the water table to prevent runoff and erosion, and can also serve to change the composition of the soil in a region by increasing aeration and reversing soil compaction that can be a result of cattle grazing. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators.[25] Grazing species such as plains bison, which is another keystone species, the pronghorn, and the mule deer have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.[26] 
Beaver dam, an animal construction which has a transformative effect on the environment 
Beaver dams alter the riparian area they are established in. Depending on topography, soils, and many factors, these dams change the riparian edges of streams and rivers into wetlands, meadows, or riverine forests. These dams have been shown to be beneficial to a myriad of species including amphibians, salmon, and song birds.[27] 
A keystone species is a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance, a concept introduced in 1969 by the zoologist Robert T. Paine. Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. 
Similarly, an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity. It became a popular concept in conservation biology, alongside flagship and umbrella species. Although the concept is valued as a descriptor for particularly strong inter-species interactions, and has allowed easier communication between ecologists and conservation policy-makers, it has been criticized for oversimplifying complex ecological systems. 
History 
He removed the starfish from an area, and documented the effects on the ecosystem.[3] In his 1966 paper, Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity, Paine had described such a system in Makah Bay in Washington.[4] In his 1969 paper, Paine proposed the keystone species concept, using Pisaster ochraceus, a species of starfish generally known as ochre starfish, and Mytilus californianus, a species of mussel, as a primary example.[1] The ochre starfish is a generalist predator and feeds on chitons, limpets, snails, barnacles, echinoids, and even decapod crustacea. The favourite food for these starfish is the mussel which is a dominant competitor for the space on the rocks. The ochre starfish keeps the population numbers of the mussels in check along with the other preys allowing the other seaweeds, sponges, and anemones to co-exist that ochre starfish do not consume. 
A keystone species was defined by Paine as a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.[7] It has been defined operationally by Davic in 2003 as "a strongly interacting species whose top-down effect on species diversity and competition is large relative to its biomass dominance within a functional group."[8] 
Retrieved 2011-02-03. 1 2 Mills, L. S.; Soule, M. E.; Doak, D. F. (1993). "The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation". 
1 2 Barua, Maan (2011). "Mobilizing metaphors: the popular use of keystone, flagship and umbrella species concepts". Biodiversity and Conservation. 
20 (7): 1427–1440. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0035-y. S2CID 11030284. ↑ HHMI, BioInteractive (29 May 2017). "Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades – HHMI (2016)". 
"A Conversation on Refining the Concept of Keystone Species". Conservation Biology. 9 (4): 962–964. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040962.x. ↑ Davic, R. D. (2003). 
"Linking Keystone Species and Functional Groups: A New Operational Definition of the Keystone Species Concept". Conservation Ecology. Retrieved 2011-02-03. ↑ Creed, R. P. Jr. 
"Is there a new keystone species in North American lakes and rivers?". OIKOS. 91 (2): 405. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910222.x. 
1 2 Maehr, David; Noss, Reed F.; Larkin, Jeffery L. (2001). Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological And Sociological Challenges In The 21St Century. Island Press. p. 73. 
ISBN 978-1-55963-817-3. ↑ Szpak, Paul; Orchard, Trevor J.; Salomon, Anne K.; Gröcke, Darren R. (2013). "Regional ecological variability and impact of the maritime fur trade on nearshore ecosystems in southern Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada): evidence from stable isotope analysis of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) bone collagen". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 
5 (2): 159–182. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0122-y. S2CID 84866250. ↑ Estes, James E.; Smith, Norman S.; Palmisano, John F. (1978). "Sea otter predation and community organization in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska". 
ISBN 978-0-471-38914-9. ↑ Wilmers, Christopher C.; Crabtree, Robert L.; Smith, Douglas W.; Murphy, Kerry M.; Getz, Wayne M. (November 2003). "Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: grey wolf subsidies to scavengers in Yellowstone National Park". 
72 (6): 909–916. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00766.x. ISSN 0021-8790. ↑ Ripple, William J.; Beschta, Robert L. (2004). "Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?". 
54 (8): 755. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0755:WATEOF]2.0.CO;2. ↑ Cottee-Jones, Henry Eden W; Whittaker, Robert J. (2012-09-28). "perspective: The keystone species concept: a critical appraisal". Frontiers of Biogeography. 4 (3). doi:10.21425/F54312533. 
26 (3): 439–445. doi:10.1111/rec.12684. S2CID 53686934. ↑ Lambeck, Robert J. (1999). Landscape Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Regions: A Case Study from the Wheatbelt of Western Australia. 
Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. ↑ Wright, J. P.; Jones, C. G.; Flecker, A. S. (2002). "An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale". 
ISBN 1-85799-473-6. ↑ "How the overlooked peccary engineers the Amazon, an interview with Harald Beck". 20 September 2010. ↑ "Where Peccaries Wallow, Other Animals Follow". National Geographic Society. 
27 September 2014. ↑ Gruber, Karl (26 September 2014). "Single keystone species may be the key to reef health". Australian Geographic. ↑ How Wildebeest Saved the Serengeti 
The SBD ("Scout Bomber Douglas") was the United States Navy's main carrier-based scout/dive bomber from mid-1940 through mid-1944. The SBD was also flown by the United States Marine Corps, both from land air bases and aircraft carriers. The SBD is best remembered as the bomber that delivered the fatal blows to the Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway in June 1942.[1] The type earned its nickname "Slow But Deadly" (from its SBD initials) during this period. 
A scout plane is type of surveillance aircraft, usually of single-engined, two/three seats, shipborne type, and used for the purpose of discovering an enemy position and directing artillery. Therefore, a scout plane is essentially a small naval aircraft, as distinguished from a tactical ground observation aircraft, a strategic reconnaissance "spyplane", or a large patrol flying boat. 
The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) since the 1950s. The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of weapons,[2] and has a typical combat range of more than 8,800 miles (14,080 km) without aerial refueling.[3] 
Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry (prototype Model 299/XB-17) outperformed both competitors and exceeded the Air Corps' performance specifications. Although Boeing lost the contract (to the Douglas B-18 Bolo) because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances,[4][5] becoming the third-most produced bomber of all time, behind the four-engined Consolidated B-24 Liberator and the multirole, twin-engined Junkers Ju 88. 
The Hawker Hurricane is a British single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–40s which was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was overshadowed in the public consciousness by the Supermarine Spitfire's role during the Battle of Britain in 1940, but the Hurricane inflicted 60 percent of the losses sustained by the Luftwaffe in the engagement, and fought in all the major theatres of the Second World War. 
The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt is a World War II-era fighter aircraft produced by the American aerospace company Republic Aviation from 1941 through 1945. Its primary armament was eight .50-caliber machine guns, and in the fighter-bomber ground-attack role it could carry five-inch rockets or a bomb load of 2,500 lb (1,100 kg). When fully loaded, the P-47 weighed up to eight tons, making it one of the heaviest fighters of the war. 
A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy for the bomb it drops. Diving towards the target simplifies the bomb's trajectory and allows the pilot to keep visual contact throughout the bomb run. This allows attacks on point targets and ships, which were difficult to attack with conventional level bombers, even en masse.[citation needed] 
All of Us Are Dead (Korean: 지금 우리 학교는; Hanja: 只今 우리 學校는; RR: Jigeum Uri Hakgyoneun; lit. Our School Now) is a 2022 South Korean coming-of-age zombie apocalypse horror streaming television series. It stars Yoon Chan-young, Park Ji-hoo, Cho Yi-hyun, Park Solomon and Yoo In-soo. Based on the Naver webtoon Now at Our School[2] by Joo Dong-geun, which was published between 2009 and 2011, the series was released on January 28, 2022, on Netflix.[3][4] 
The Union Party (Pyidaunsu Pati or Pataza) was the ruling political party in Burma in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Formed by a split in the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, it was initially known as the Clean Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (Clean AFPFL). 
The party was formed in June 1958 when the AFPFL split in two following internal disputes that had intensified since its January congress;[1] One group was led by Prime Minister U Nu, which he named the "Clean AFPFL"; the other was led by Kyaw Nyein and Ba Swe and became known as the Stable AFPFL. The Clean faction was occasionally referred to as the Nu-Tin faction, referring to its other leader Thakin Tin, and contained several groups from different political streams, including the left-wing Pongyi Kyaung faction of the Burma Socialist Party and conservative commercial interest groups.[2] 
In the 1960 elections campaign the Clean AFPFL promised increased autonomy for the Mon and Rakhine minorities, and that Buddhism would become the state religion, gaining it support from the Buddhist clergy.[1] It received 57% of the vote, winning 158 of the 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 53 of the 125 seats in the Chamber of Nationalities,[3] allowing U Nu to return as Prime Minister. Following the elections, it adopted the Union Party name.[2] 
In 1962 U Nu's government was overthrown by a military coup led by Ne Win. In 1964, Ne Win's Burma Socialist Programme Party became the sole legal political party. 
Although the Stable faction was supported by the larger group of AFPFL members in the Chamber of Deputies, U Nu was able to continue as Prime Minister due to support from the National United Front and some of the independent MPs.[1] However, the dispute between the two factions continued to worsen and in September 1958 the Army brokered a compromise, taking power with a government headed by Ne Win until elections were held eighteen months later.[1] 
The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is a venomous snake species of elapids endemic to jungles in Southern and Southeast Asia. The sole member of the genus Ophiophagus, it is distinguishable from other cobras, most noticeably by its size and neck patterns. The king cobra is the world's longest venomous snake, with an average length of 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft),[2] reaching a maximum of 5.85 m (19.2 ft).[2] Its skin colour varies across the habitats, from black with white stripes to unbroken brownish grey. 
Scales of the king cobra 
A baby king cobra showing its chevron pattern on the back 
Captive king cobras with their hoods extended 
King cobra in Pune, India 
A king cobra in its defensive posture (mounted specimen at the Royal Ontario Museum) 
Venom 
King cobra skull, lateral view, showing fangs 
The king cobra's venom consists of cytotoxins and neurotoxins, including alpha-neurotoxins and three-finger toxins.[47][48][49][50] Other components have cardiotoxic effects.[51] Its venom is produced in anatomical glands named postorbital venom glands.[52] 
If the envenomation is serious, it progresses to cardiovascular collapse, and the victim falls into a coma. Death soon follows due to respiratory failure. The affected person can die within 30 minutes of envenomation.[1] Ohanin, a protein component of the venom, causes hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mammals.[59] Large quantities of antivenom may be needed to reverse the progression of symptoms.[3] 
Threats 
In Southeast Asia, the king cobra is threatened foremost by habitat destruction owing to deforestation and expansion of agricultural land. It is also threatened by poaching for its meat, skin and for use in traditional Chinese medicine.[1] 
Conservation 
The king cobra is listed in CITES Appendix II. It is protected in China and Vietnam.[1] In India, it is placed under Schedule II of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Killing a king cobra is punished with imprisonment of up to six years.[67] 
Cobra is the common name of various elapid snakes, most of which belong to the genus Naja.[1] 
All of the known cobras are venomous and many are capable of rearing upwards and producing a hood when threatened.[2] 
Other snakes known as "cobras" 
Other "cobra" genera and species are as follows: 
The rinkhals, ringhals or ring-necked spitting cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) so-called for its neck band as well as its habit of rearing upwards and producing a hood when threatened[3] The king cobra or hamadryad (Ophiophagus hannah)[4] The two species of tree cobras, Goldie's tree cobra (Pseudohaje goldii) and the black tree cobra (Pseudohaje nigra)[5] The two species of shield-nosed cobras, the Cape coral snake (Aspidelaps lubricus) and the shield-nosed cobra (Aspidelaps scutatus)[5]: p.76 The two species of black desert cobras or desert black snakes, Walterinnesia aegyptia and Walterinnesia morgani, neither of which rears upwards and produces a hood when threatened[5]: p.65 The eastern coral snake or American cobra (Micrurus fulvius), which also does not rear upwards and produce a hood when threatened[5]: p.30 
The false water cobra (Hydrodynastes gigas) is the only "cobra" species that is not a member of the Elapidae. It does not rear upwards, produces only a slight flattening of the neck when threatened, and is only mildly venomous.[1]: p.53 
See also 
List of massacres in Burma 
The Depayin massacre (Burmese: ဒီပဲယင်း လူသတ်မှု) occurred on 30 May 2003 in Tabayin (Depayin), a town in Myanmar's Sagaing Division (now Sagaing Region), when at least 70 people associated with the National League for Democracy were killed by a government-sponsored mob.[1][2][3] In an April 2012 interview, Khin Nyunt, formerly the country's prime minister, claimed that he personally intervened to save Aung San Suu Kyi's life during the massacre, by mobilising his men to bring her to a safe location at a nearby army cantonment.[4] 
In making this statement, the Asian Legal Resource Centre concurs with the preliminary findings of the Ad Hoc Commission on the Depayin Massacre, presented on 25 June 2003. In its summary observations on the attack, the Ad Hoc Commission observed that the attack was clearly premeditated and well organised, as indicated by the following: 
Up to 5000 persons were brought to a remote rural location for the purpose of attacking the convoy. The attackers were all well-armed and located strategically at two killing sites. Before the motorcade arrived, local authorities threatened people living in nearby villages to stay indoors. 
The Asian Legal Resource Centre is of the opinion that the massacre at Depayin clearly amounts to a "widespread or systematic attack directed against [a] civilian population, with a knowledge of the attack" (article 7.1 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court) and is therefore a crime against humanity. To date, however, there has been no serious action taken on the massacre. 
Royal Highness is a style used to address or refer to some members of royal families, usually princes or princesses. Monarchs and their consorts are usually styled Majesty. 
The title of "Prince/Princess of the Burma with the accompanying style of HRH; Burmese: ထိပ်စုကြီးဘုရား, Hteik Su Gyi Phaya . 
A former monarch upon abdication. The heir apparent to the throne. 
When used as a direct form of address, spoken or written, it takes the form Your Royal Highness. When used as a third-person reference, it is gender-specific (His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness, both abbreviated HRH) and, in plural, Their Royal Highnesses (TRH). 
The title of "Prince/Princess of the Netherlands" with the accompanying style of HRH is or may be granted by law to the following classes of persons:[2] 
The spouse of the heir apparent. The legitimate children of the monarch and the wife of any legitimate son of the monarch. The legitimate children of the heir apparent. 
A separate title of "Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau" may be granted by law to members of the Dutch royal house[1] or, as a personal and non-hereditary title to former members of the royal house within three months of loss of membership. A Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau who is not also a Prince/Princess of the Netherlands is addressed as "His/Her Highness" without the predicate "royal". That is the case for example of the children of Princess Margriet, younger daughter of the late Queen Juliana.[3] 
Sons, daughters, patrilineal grandsons and granddaughters of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style "His/Her Royal Highness" (HRH), differing from those belonging to the cadet branches, who are called "His/Her Highness" (HH) and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.[18][19] 
In late March, it was reported that dozens of protesters had travelled to Myanmar's border areas to enlist in and train under one of the country's many insurgent groups,[11] elevating the risk of a countrywide civil war.[12] The CRPH also proposed the formation of a "federal armed force" to combat the military.[13] The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) has already been on the offensive against the military since February,[14] and in late March the Arakan Army (AA) threatened to end its ceasefire with the military should the latter "persist in massacring civilians".[15] 
Also since late March, protesters in Myanmar have increasingly begun arming themselves with homemade weapons such as guns in an attempt to defend themselves against attacks by the military. Clashes with soldiers and IED attacks against administrative buildings and police stations have become more common as armed resistance to the Tatmadaw by protesters has become a rising trend.[16] 
On 25 March, the KIA seized the military base of Alaw Bum near Laiza. On 11 April, the junta military launched an attack to recapture the base using airstrikes and ground troops but had to retreat amidst heavy casualties.[17] 
The first day of openly armed resistance against the coup came on 28 March when protesters in the town of Kalay when armed protesters fought back against soldiers and security forces attacking a protest camp, with clashes also taking place in villages in Kale township.[19] 
The town of Taze became another frequent site of clashes, such as on 8 April when protesters fought back against soldiers with hunting rifles and firebombs in a battle that resulted in 11 protesters' deaths. The same day, the country surpassed 600 deaths related to anti-coup protests since 1 February.[20] 
On 4 April, seven insurgent groups who were signatories to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement aligned themselves with the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, including the All Burma Student Democratic Front and the Karen National Union.[21] 
On 10 April, when the Northern Alliance, comprising the Arakan Army, the Ta’ang National Liberation Army and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, attacked a police station in Naungmon, Shan State, killing at least 10 police officers.[22] 
On 16 April, pro-democracy politician Min Ko Naing announced the formation of the National Unity Government, with people of ethnic minority groups among senior roles and said that ousted leaders Aung San Suu Kyi and Win Myint would retain their positions and that members of the Kachin and Karen minorities would have top priority in the new parallel government. In the same announcement, Min Ko Naing asked the international community for recognition over the junta.[23][24] 
On 26 April, the Chinland Defense Force began an armed resistance in Mindat, Chin State.[25] On 12 May, the Tatmadaw stormed the town to quell the rebellion. 
May 
Six Tatmadaw soldiers were killed in an ambush by the Chinland Defense Force in Hakha, Chin State, on 16 May.[26] On the same day, the Tatmadaw launched airstrikes in Kayin State in response to the Karen National Liberation Army's capture and scorching of a Tatmadaw military base.[27] 
On 5 May, the National Unity Government declared the formation of an armed wing, the People's Defence Force (PDF) to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army.[28] 
The People's Defence Force clashed with the Tatmadaw in the town of Muse on 23 May, killing at least 13 members of Myanmar's security forces.[29][30] 
On 29 and 30 May 2021, the Tatmadaw used artillery and helicopters to strike PDF and KPDF positions in Loikaw and Demoso.[32] 
On 30 May, the Kachin Independence Army joined the anti-coup People's Defence Force battling junta troops in Katha Township, killing eight regime soldiers. Fighting was also continuing in Putao, Hpakant and Momauk Township.[33] 
Armed insurgencies by the People's Defence Force of the National Unity Government (also known as People's Defensive War[1]) have erupted throughout Myanmar in response to the military government's crackdown on anti-coup protests.[2][3] The conflict has been described as a civil war by the UN Human Rights chief rather than an insurgency.[4] The fatalities during 2021 have been estimated to between 1,300[5][6] and 2,440[7] people. 
From 1 to 3 June, fighting erupted in Myawaddy District in which the military and Karen Border Guard Force (BGF) battling against a combined force of Karen ethnic armed groups and PDF had left dozens of junta troops killed.[34] 
On 22 June, junta forces using armoured vehicles raided a safehouse of the PDF in Mandalay, detaining a number of fighters.[35] 
On 2 July, media reported that Myanmar security forces have killed at least 25 people in a confrontation with opponents of the military junta in the central town of Tabayin.[36] 
August 
On 20 August, 50 junta soldiers were reportedly killed in a series of landmine attacks by resistance fighters in Gangaw Township.[37] 
On 7 September, the NUG declared a state emergency across the nation and launched a people's defensive war against the military junta.[38][39] 
On 10 September, at least 17 people have been killed during clashes between the military and resistance militia in Myin Thar village, Magway region.[40] 
On 14 September, the National Unity Government claimed that over 1700 junta soldiers had been killed and 630 wounded in fighting during the previous three months.[41] 
On 22 September, nearly 8,000 residents of Thantlang town, Chin state, have fled to Mizoram, India after houses were set ablaze by the junta army.[43] 
On 27 September, over 30 junta soldiers and at least 14 civilian resistance fighters were reported killed in clashes over the previous weekend in several townships in Sagaing Region and Chin and Kayah States.[44] 
On 28 September, at least 20 junta soldiers were reported killed in ambushes in Shan state. At least 4 resistance fighters died in the clashes, as well as an unarmed 70 year old civilian.[45] 
On 6 October, over 40 junta soldiers were killed in ambushes in Gangaw Township, Magwe Region.[46] 
On 7 October, junta controlled media reported at least 406 junta informants had been killed and 285 wounded since 1 February in targeted attacks by resistance forces.[47] On the same day, Brigadier-General Phyo Thant, a senior commander of the North-western junta forces was reportely detained after allegedly contacting resistance forces with the intention to defect, making him the highest-ranking official to have attempted to defect so far.[48] 
On 11 October, around 90 junta soldiers were reported killed in clashes in the Sagaing and Magwe regions, and Kayah State in fighting over the previous weekend.[49] 
On 16 November, junta forces overran and captured the base camp of Kalay PDF in a southwestern district of the Sagaing Region town of Kalay. A total of 9 Kalay PDF medics were captured and 2 PDF fighters were killed, in which the PDF personnels were from the Kalay PDF's Battalion 3.[50] 
On 17 November, dozens of junta forces ambushed and captured an outpost of the Moebye People's Defence Force (PDF) in southern Shan State's Pekhon Township. The PDF fighters guarding the outpost were asleep when a military unit from Light Infantry Battalion (LIB) 422 carried out an ambush. The junta forces had the resistance fighters surrounded resulting in the resistance fighters having to retreat from the outpost.[51] 
On 23 November, some 30 junta soldiers in 10 military vehicles along with a bulldozer, ambushed and destroyed a base belonging to Monywa PDF's Squadron 205 near Palin village in Monywa, Sagaing Region, forcing resistance fighters to flee. The base was also the site of a workshop where the PDF had made explosive devices. During the raid, junta troops set fire to two such buildings where weapons had been stockpiled. 
On 25 November, junta forces ambushed and killed 4 resistance fighters from Karenni National Defence Force (KNDF) near the village of Hohpeik in Kayah State's Demoso Township. The 4 resistance fighters were part of a scouting team of 6 men that was ambushed by troops from Light Infantry Battalion 427 at around 5:30am.[53] 
Furthermore, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) clashed with around 100 junta soldiers near Kachinthay, a village about 16km east of the town of Shwegu. KIA refused to address rumours of them working with People's Defence Force and did not provide casualty figures of KIA from the clash. The clash occurred after an aerial bombardment allegedly carried out by 2 of the recently acquired Su-30 fighter jets that the Myanmar military have been testing.[54] 
On the same day, Matupi CDF teamed up with the Chin National Army to attack an outpost of Light Infantry Battalion 304 on the road linking Matupi to the town of Paletwa. However, the resistance forces only managed to kill 2 junta soldiers on guard duty before having to retreat.[55] 
On 26 November, resistance fighters from the Chinland Defence Force (CDF) attacked a government office where 10 soldiers were stationed near the Chin State town of Matupi, killing just 2 junta soldiers.[1] 
On 28 November, the body of a dead PDF fighter who was previously captured by junta forces was found outside of a destroyed PDF base in the forested hills of the southeastern area of Madaya Township. The PDF fighter, Ye Thu Naing, was captured on 19 November and then forced to lead soldiers to the PDF base in which the soldiers then torched the base.[56] 
December 
On 1 December, a little under a week after the junta launched airstrikes against the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in Mohnyin, about 50 soldiers from Tatmadaw's Infantry Battalion 42 attacked KIA territory near Nyaung Htauk village in Mohnyin at around 8am and ended at about 6pm. KIA's information officer did not want to disclose the details of casualties on their side. There was also another clash on the same day near Wailon village, which sits along the road linking Hpakant with Mohnyin, about 17 miles from Hpakant's urban center in which the junta's artillery unit fired around 30 shells at the site of the clash between 3pm and 8pm in order to support the advance of the infantry unit.[57] The junta forces also carried out a night operation in which they captured and burned a camp of the Thein Min PDF (TM-PDF) after a heavy firefight. 
On the morning of February 1st 2021, the Tatmadaw successfully deposed the elected Myanmar government, forming a military junta. Former president Win Myint was arrested on grounds of violating COVID-19 restrictions and Min Aung Hlaing was placed as the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services and de facto ruler of the nation.[8] 
On 7 December, 10 December Salingyi G-Z Local People's Defence Force (PDF) fighters were captured and burned by junta soldiers in Done Taw in Salingyi Township, shortly before locals found the smoldering remains of their burnt bodies. This was after the PDF fighters detonated explosives in an attack against a military convoy travelling nearby, triggering an assault on the village by some 100 junta soldiers. An additional person burned was a civilian and the reason is unknown as to why he was burned.[59] 
This was after Tatmadaw launched a major offensive again CDF that lead to the Tatmadaw forces being able to reoccupy the town from the CDF. 3 CDF fighters were reported to have died during the clash. More houses burned in military-occupied Thantlang this week, with well over a quarter of the Chin State town's buildings now destroyed in 12 incidents, which makes it difficult for CDF rebels to hide in the buildings.[60] 
On 9 December, resistance fighters from the Myaing People's Defence Force (PDF) in Magway Region attacked two military vehicles with 3 handmade explosives in an ambush in the early morning. PDF claimed the ambush injured at least 3 soldiers. Later at noon, PDF attacked soldiers again who were leaving the village in Mintharkya on foot, sparking a shootout between the two sides. 
On 12 December, after 4 days of fierce fighting between combined force of KNDF and Karenni Army (KA) fighters, and troops from the military's Light Infantry Battalion 428 and police, it was claimed by KNDF that 4 Tatmadaw soldiers were killed however, it was a pure guess as the KNDF spokesperson said, "We’re not sure if they died, but it’s safe to assume that at least three or four of their soldiers were severely injured".[62] The Tatmadaw forces also killed 4 PDF-appointed community guards and 3 PDF fighters as well as injuring 3 PDF fighters in the village of Guang Kwe in the Sagaing region during two days of fighting. The resistance fighters then had to retreat from the village after military employed heavy weapons and snipers.[63] 
On the same day, Tatmadaw troops killed 8 Mandalay civilian guerrilla groups when two resistance hideouts were raided. This came after the confession by a suspect involved in an attack against Tatmadaw troops, in which the Tatmadaw troops then raided the People's Defense Forces (PDF) in Maha Aung Myay and Pyigyitagon townships. Fighting occurred at the Maha Aung Myay base and seven PDF members were killed and a junta soldier suffered a minor bullet wound in his belly while another PDF fighter was killed in Pyigyitagon base after throwing a homemade bomb at junta forces and running away.[64] 
On 13 December, Tatmadaw troops launched an offensive against PDF fighters as well as another another local resistance group calling itself Zayar 7 in Ke Bar village in Sagaing Region's Ayadaw Township which is assisted by artillery bombardment. The resistance fighters had to retreat due to the superior firepower of the assaulting Tatmadaw troops.[65] 
In addition, Tatmadaw soldiers captured 12 suspected resistance fighters including 3 injured fighters due to after several bombs exploded by accident in Yangon's Hlaing Tharyar Township. 2 additional resistance fighters who escaped were also captured later on by plain clothed and armed Tatmadaw troops who were wearing bulletproof vests. There have been several other cases of guerrilla fighters across Myanmar dying in accidents caused by handmade explosives.[66] Depayin PDF leader reported that Tatmadaw forces have surrounded the Sagaing's Depayin Township where PDF fighters are positioned. 
14 December, around 200 Tatmadaw soldiers conducted a search in the town of Lay Kay Kaw Myothit, located near the Thai border which is under the control of KNU Brigade 6. Tatmadaw troops then arrested several people believed to be linked to anti-junta movements including a NLD lawmaker, Wai Lin Aung. The Tatmadaw troops, who arrived in four convoys from Light Infantry Battalion 560, also searched Lay Kay Kaw's residential Nyein Chan Yay ward looking for activists and members of the People's Defence Force. 
On 17 December, 20 resistance fighters from Yaw Defence Force were killed after the Tatmadaw launched a surprise air assault on the village of Hnan Khar in Magway Region's Gangaw Township where YDF was holding a meeting. Three helicopters were involved in the air assault on the village. Hnan Khar is currently occupied by around 150 junta soldiers and members of the military-backed Pyu Saw Htee militia, said one resident of the village.[69] Furthermore, a member of a local armed resistance group was shot dead and three others were captured during a military raid in Yangon Region's Thanlyin Township. 
On 20 December, Tatmadaw forces left the village of Kunnar in Kayah (Karenni) State's Loikaw Township after capturing it from Karenni Nationalities Defence Force (KNDF) late last week. According to the KNDF member, there were around 130 troops stationed in Kunnar over the weekend. He added that there had been no new clashes since fighting broke out twice last week, on Monday and Thursday.[71] 
The exact motives behind the coup are unclear, the Tatmadaw claim the 2020 general elections had 8.6 million voter irregularities in the days prior to the coup, but presented no evidence. It's believed the coup might have been a way to reestablish the military's long-reigning power over of the country which ended ten years prior.[9] 
On 24 December, more than 35 people were massacred when their convoy were ambushed by junta troops near Mo So village of Hpruso town, Kayah State. Two workers for non-profit group Save the Children remained missing after the attack.[72] The United Nations have called for a 'thorough and transparent investigation' into the incident. 
On January 31, at least three dozen junta soldiers were reported killed in ambushes over three days in Magwe, Sagaing and Tanintharyi regions and Chin, Shan and Kayah states.[73] 
On February 1, it was reported at least 30 junta soldiers and allied militiamen from the Pyu Saw Htee militia had been killed by joint PDF attacks in Kani Township, Sagaing Region. Flotillas transporting supplies and soldiers by the junta were ambushed, with at least one flotilla set on fire during the attacks.[74] 
On February 2, 2 people were killed and 38 injured in a grenade attack following a pro junta rally.[75] 
According to Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, 367 junta-appointed officials have been assassinated in targeted attacks since 2021's February 1 coup.[76] 
The bloody repression of anti-coup demonstrations led to the creation of armed groups to fight the State Administration Council, the military junta birmanese. Gathered under the name of the People's Defence Force (PDF) and under the orders of the National Unity Government (NUG), formed by former parliamentarians in office before the coup d'état, the PDF and the NUG officially declare a "defensive war" against the military regime in September 2021.[10] 
On February 7, it was reported that 38 junta soldiers had been killed in surprise attacks by local PDFs in the Sagaing Region. These attacks also included the use of drones.[77] The Kachin Independence Army also claimed that around 200 junta soldiers, including a battalion commander, had been killed in three days of clashes in the Hpakant Township, Kachin State.[78] 
Fighting broke out on the 4th of February when junta troops carried out a sneak attack on an AA outpost near the Letpan Mountains northeast of Mee Taik Village, killing an AA sentry, according to AA spokesman Khaing Thukha. Three hours of clashes were also reported on the 6th of February. The clashes have raised fears of a breakdown of the informal ceasefire between the AA and the military which has been in place since November 2020.[79] Two civilians were also reported killed in further clashes in northern Maungdaw on the night of February 7th.[80] 
On February 9, it was reported that 35 junta soldiers had been killed in attacks by local PDFs in the Sagaing and Bago regions the previous day.[81] Resistance forces also began targeting the homes of junta pilots in Yangon in response to airstrikes on civilians.[82] 
On February 10, around 50 Myanmar junta personnel were reportedly killed during raids and ambushes by people’s defense forces in three townships in Sagaing Region on the 9th of February.[83] 
On February 11, several junta troops, including a Major, were reported killed in an attack by the Arakan Army in Maungdaw, Rakhine State, on the 8th of February.[84] 38 junta soldiers and 5 resistance fighters were also reported killed in clashes in Sagaing Region and Kayah State on the 10th and 11th of February.[85] 
See also 
Internal conflict in Myanmar 2021 Myanmar coup d'état 2021–2022 Myanmar protests 
Majesty (abbreviated HM for His Majesty or Her Majesty, oral address Your Majesty; from the Latin maiestas, meaning "greatness") is used as a manner of address by many monarchs, usually kings or queens. Where used, the style outranks the style of (Imperial/Royal) Highness, but was formerly inferior to the style of Imperial Majesty. It has cognates in many other languages, especially of Europe. 
Ancient China 
In imperial China, the honorific (陛下), referring to the Emperor of China (皇帝), was used. 
In Japan, the honorific (陛下) was only used when addressing the Reigning Emperor (今上天皇). 
Originally, during the Roman republic, the word maiestas was the legal term for the supreme status and dignity of the state, to be respected above everything else. This was crucially defined by the existence of a specific case, called laesa maiestas (in later French and English law, lèse-majesté), consisting of the violation of this supreme status. Various acts such as celebrating a party on a day of public mourning, contempt of the various rites of the state and disloyalty in word or act were punished as crimes against the majesty of the republic. 
Imperial Majesty may refer to: 
Imperial Majesty (style), abbreviated to HIM and used by emperors and empresses Imperial Majesty (cruise line) 
See also 
Highness (abbreviation HH, oral address Your Highness) is a formal style used to address (in second person) or refer to (in third person) certain members of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty. It is typically used with a possessive adjective: "His Highness", "Her Highness" (HH), "Their Highnesses", etc. Although often combined with other adjectives of honour indicating rank, such as "Imperial", "Royal" or "Serene", it may be used alone. 
Colonial use 
Republican and non-royal usage 
Highness is, both literally and figuratively, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke dignity or honour, and to acknowledge the exalted rank of the person so described. 
While the actual precedence depends on the rank itself, and sometimes more specifically on the monarchy, rather than on the style of address, the holders tend to end up roughly in the following order of precedence: 
His/Her Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH) His/Her Hteik Tin Taw and Royal Highness (HHT&RH), used by junior members of the houses of Kongbaung, Pyinse, and Pyin Oo Lwin (Taw Phya House) His/Her Imperial Highness (HIH) His/Her Royal Highness (HRH) His/Her Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH), used by junior members of the houses of Luxembourg, Grand Ducal Hesse, and Baden His/Her Highness (HH) His/Her Exalted Highness (HEH), used only by the Nizam of Hyderabad, the pre-eminent Indian princely ruler His/Her Sultanic Highness (HSH), a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style, exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt His/Her Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH) His Most Eminent Highness (HMEH), a hybrid with His Eminence, created in 1630 for the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire at par with a Cardinal (Prince of the Church). His/Her Most Serene Highness (HMSH) His/Her Serene Highness (HSH) His/Her Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) 
See also 
Excellency Monsignor Sire 
Imperial Majesty (His/Her Imperial Majesty, abbreviated as HIM) is a style used by Emperors and Empresses. It distinguishes the status of an emperor/empress from that of a King/Queen, who are simply styled Majesty. Holders of this style have sometimes been observed to follow religious leaders who are styled "His Holiness" in public ceremonies. 
King of Kings Prince HIM (Finnish band) 
Imperial and Royal Highness (abbreviation HI&RH) is a style possessed by someone who either through birth or marriage holds two individual styles, Imperial Highness and Royal Highness. His/Her Imperial Highness is a style used by members of an imperial family to denote imperial – as opposed to royal – status to show that the holder is descended from an Emperor rather than a King or Queen. Holders of the style Imperial Highness generally rank above holders of the style Royal Highness. 
Habsburg use 
Portuguese use 
His/Her Imperial Highness (abbreviation HIH) is a style used by members of an imperial family to denote imperial – as opposed to royal – status to show that the holder in question is descended from an Emperor rather than a King (compare His/Her Royal Highness). 
The first dynasty to use the style in Europe on the generic basis were the Romanovs in the eighteenth century; the archdukes and archduchess of the House of Habsburg were only styled as Royal Highness given the officially elective nature of the Holy Roman Empire. 
Chinese name or Chinese personal names are names used by individuals from Greater China as well as other parts of the Chinese-speaking world throughout East and Southeast Asia (ESEA). In addition, many names used in Japan, Korea and Vietnam are often ancient adaptations of Chinese characters (from Kanji, Hancha, and Chữ Hán respectively) in respect to the influences they have garnered geographically or have historical roots in Chinese, due to China's historic cultural influence in ESEA. 
Zhang Zhijun (Chinese: 张志军; pinyin: Zhāng Zhìjūn; born 1 February 1953) is a diplomat and politician of the People's Republic of China. From 17 March 2013 to 21 March 2018, he has served as the Minister[1] of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council.[2][3] He is currently the President of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits since April 2018. 
Zhoushan listen , formerly romanized as Chusan, is an urbanized archipelago with the administrative status of a prefecture-level city in the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang.[note 2] It consists of an archipelago of islands at the southern mouth of Hangzhou Bay, off Ningbo. The prefecture's city proper is Dinghai on Zhoushan Island, now administered as the prefecture's Dinghai District. During the 2020 census, Zhoushan Prefecture's population was 1,157,817, out of whom 882,932 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of two urban districts of Dinghai and Putuo.[1] 
Zhou Xun (Chinese: 周迅, born 18 October 1974) is a Chinese actress and singer. She is regarded as one of the Four Dan Actresses of China. She gained international fame for her roles in Suzhou River (2000) and Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (2002). 
Early life 
Zhonghai 
Zhongnanhai is a former imperial garden in the Imperial City, Beijing, adjacent to the Forbidden City; it serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council (Central government) of China. Zhongnanhai houses the office of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (paramount leader) and Premier of the People's Republic of China. The term Zhongnanhai is closely linked with the central government and senior Communist Party officials. 
A map of Zhongnanhai from the Republic of China era, with the two lakes colored green in the center. The western edge of the Forbidden City is shown at right. 
The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江; Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually understood as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River," from the meaning of Chinese 折,[8] but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (Pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet),[9] preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji and Jiang.[citation needed] 
Zhejiang (UK: /dʒɛˈdʒæŋ/, US: /ˌdʒʌdʒiˈɑːŋ/;[4] 浙江, also romanized as Chekiang) is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north, Anhui to the northwest, Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south. 
Etymology 
Chinese architecture is an architectural style that developed over millennia in China, before spreading out to influence architecture throughout East Asia. Since the solidification of the style during the early imperial period, the structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Starting with the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Vietnam, and a varying amount of influence on the architectural styles of Southeast and South Asia including Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and the Philippines.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] 
Chinese architecture is characterised by various features such as bilateral symmetry, use of enclosed open spaces, the incorporation of ideas related to feng shui (e.g. directional hierarchies), a horizontal emphasis, and an allusion to various cosmological, mythological or in general symbolic elements. Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type, ranging from pagodas to palaces. Due to the frequent use of wood, a relatively perishable material, as well as a lack of major monumental structures built of more durable materials, much historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published planning diagrams and specifications. 
Some of the architecture of China shows the influence of other types or styles from outside of China, such as the influences on mosque structures originating in the Middle East. Although displaying certain unifying aspects, Chinese architecture on status or affiliation, like whether or not the structures were constructed for emperors, commoners, or used for religious purposes. Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in the varying styles associated with different geographic regions and in ethnic architectural design. 
Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are properly addressed. Throughout history, many different styles were used, with little standardization. This page will detail the various styles used by royalty and nobility in Europe, in the final form arrived at in the nineteenth century.[why?] 
Imperial, royal, and princely styles 
Only those classified within the social class of royalty and upper nobility have a style of "Highness" attached before their titles. Reigning bearers of forms of Highness included grand princes, grand dukes, reigning princes, reigning dukes, and princely counts, their families, and the agnatic (of the male bloodline) descendants of emperors and kings. Royalty (usually emperors to princely counts) are all considered sovereign princes (German: Fürsten). 
Royal and noble styles in France 
Noble styles in the United Kingdom 
Marquesses and marchionesses bear the styles of The Most Honourable and Lordship (e.g. "His Lordship", "Her Ladyship", "Your Lordship", or "Your Ladyship").[1][5] They also hold the style of Most Noble, Most Honourable, and Potent Prince,[6] but even in the most formal situations, this style is rarely used. Earls, countesses, viscounts, viscountesses, barons, baronesses, Scottish Lords of Parliament, and Scottish Ladies of Parliament bear the styles of The Right Honourable and Lordship.[7][1] Scottish Barons and Baronesses bear the style of The Much Honoured. 
His or Her Grand Ducal Highness (abbreviation: HGDH) is a style of address used by the non-reigning members of some German ruling families headed by a Grand Duke. No currently reigning family employs the style, although it was used most recently by the younger sisters of the late Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg. Since Grand Duchess Charlotte's marriage to Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, all of their male-line descendants have used the style Royal Highness, which he bore. 
This practice was followed by the ruling families of Luxembourg, Hesse and by Rhine, and Baden. Other grand ducal families had either ceased to reign as grand dukes by the time this system developed following the 1815, Congress of Vienna or accorded only the style of "Highness" to cadet (Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar). At present, the style is used only by the former ruling family of Baden, as the Hessian grand ducal family has become extinct. 
Russian grand dukes and grand duchesses were the children or grandchildren of an Emperor of Russia and used the style Imperial Highness. The Grand Dukes of Tuscany used the style Royal Highness for themselves but it is not clear what style other members of the family would have used. By the time the system of different classes of Highness came into regular use for the relatives of rulers (in the eighteenth century), the Tuscan grand dukes were also members of the House of Austria. 
In most of Europe, the style of Grand Ducal Highness was of lower rank than Royal Highness, and Imperial Highness but higher than Highness and Serene Highness. If a woman with the rank of Royal Highness married a man with the rank Grand Ducal Highness, the woman would usually retain her pre-marital style. Also, if a woman with the rank of Grand Ducal Highness married a man with the rank of Serene Highness, she would keep her pre-marital style. 
Article on the use of the style Highness 
His Exalted Highness is a rare hybrid of the title style Highness. It is used as a salutation style only for the Nizams of Hyderabad and Berar conferred by the British Government.[1][2] 
See also 
His/Her Ducal Serene Highness (abbreviation: HDSH) was a style used by members of certain ducal families, such as those of Nassau, Braganza, and the Ernestine duchies (until 1844). This treatment is superior to Serene Highness because it takes the adjective ducal (relative at duke). 
The Saxon duchies of Meiningen, Gotha and Altenburg dropped the style in favor of Highness in 1844.[1] 
Doge Leonardo Loredan, portrait by Giovanni Bellini, 1501, National Gallery, London 
His/Her Serene Highness (abbreviation: HSH, second person address: Your Serene Highness) is a style used today by the reigning families of Liechtenstein, Monaco, and Thailand. Until 1918, it was also associated with the princely titles of members of some German ruling and mediatised dynasties and with a few princely but non-ruling families. It was also the form of address used for cadet members of the dynasties of France, Italy, Russia and Ernestine Saxony, under their monarchies. 
United Kingdom 
German-speaking lands 
In Thailand, the title of Serene Highness is the westernized style of the Thai title of Mom Chao (His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess | Thai: หม่อมเจ้า), denoting the grandchild of a king through one of his princely sons. In present-day Thailand, there are very few Mom Chao left after the royal family discontinued the traditional practice of polygamous marriages, and in Thailand all royal titles and styles decrease one level every generation for those not of the immediate royal family. Therefore, the child of a Mom Chao would only have the aristocratic title of Mom Rajawongse, which would then decrease in the next generation to Mom Luang, which would then decrease further, similar to a British life peerage. 
Map of India in 1760. The southern area in green was ruled by the Nizam. 
The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh Osman". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah" 
Mir Osman Ali Khan 
The Nizams were the rulers of Hyderabad from 18th-through-20th-century. Nizam of Hyderabad (Niẓām ul-Mulk, also known as Asaf Jah) was the title of the monarch of the Hyderabad State (as of 2019[update] divided between the state of Telangana, Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra). Nizam, shortened from Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning Administrator of the Realm, was the title inherited by Asaf Jah I. He was the viceroy of the Great Mughal in the Deccan, the premier courtier in Mughal India in 1724, and the founding "Nizam of Hyderabad". 
His Sultanic Highness (HSH) (French: Son Altesse Sultanica (SAS)) was an honorific of the Sultan of Egypt.[1][2] 
With the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the departure of the British from Egypt, and the proclamation of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1922, the country was recognized by the United Kingdom as a sovereign nation. Sultan Fuad I (His Sultanic Highness) was made king of Egypt, and his descendants became His Royal Highnesses, the princes and princesses of Egypt.[3] 
See also 
Sultan His Highness 
Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan Hussein Kamel Portrait by Charles Chusseau-Flaviens Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan Reign 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917 Predecessor Abbas Hilmi II (Khedive of Egypt) Successor Fuad I Prime Minister Hussein Roshdy Pasha Born (1853-11-21)21 November 1853 Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire Died 9 October 1917(1917-10-09) (aged 63) Cairo, Sultanate of Egypt Burial Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt Spouse Ayn al-Hayat Ahmad ​ ​ (m. 1873, divorced)​ Melek Tourhan ​ ​ (m. 1887)​ Issue Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein Princess Kazima Husayn Princess Kamila Husayn Prince Ahmed Kazim Bey Princess Kadria Husayn Princess Samiha Husayn Princess Badia Husayn Dynasty Muhammad Ali Dynasty Father Ismail Pasha Mother Nur Felek Qadin 
Sultan Hussein Kamel (Arabic: السلطان حسين كامل; 21 November 1853 – 9 October 1917) was the Sultan of Egypt from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the British protectorate over Egypt. He was the first person to hold the title of Sultan of Egypt since the killing of Sultan Tuman II by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt. 
His/Her Illustrious Highness (abbreviation: H.Ill.H.) is the usual English-language translation for Erlaucht, a style historically attributed to certain members of the European aristocracy. It is not a literal translation, as the German word for "Highness" is Hoheit, a higher style that appertained to sovereign dukes and other royalty. 
It is located on the western side of the main island of Viti Levu, and had a population of 42,284 at the most recent census, in 2007. A 2012 estimate showed that the population had grown to over 50,000. Nadi is multiracial with many of its inhabitants Asians, Indian or Indigenous Fijians, along with a large transient population of foreign tourists. 
The Nadi region has a higher concentration of hotels and motels than any other part of Fiji. With its large Indo-Fijian population, Nadi is a centre for Hinduism and Islam in Fiji. It has the largest Hindu temple in the Southern hemisphere, and is a site for pilgrims called Sri Siva Subramaniya temple. 
Sri Siva Subramaniya Temple. 
Nadi International Airport located 9 kilometres from the town, is the largest airport in Fiji. Thus, Nadi is the principal port of entry for air travellers to Fiji, even though it is on the opposite (western) side of the island of Viti Levu from the nation's capital and largest city, Suva. 
Kyal Sin at the Protests 
While she was on the front line of the protest she was shot dead.[20][2] Prior to the event, she had made a Facebook post stating her blood type in case she was injured and her wish for her organs to be donated should she die during the protest.[21] 
Her funeral on 4 March 2021 was attended by several thousands of protesters.[22][23] 
The next day, authorities went to the cemetery where her remains were buried and exhumed the body for autopsy.[24][25] 
Kyal Sin (Burmese: ကြယ်စင်), also known as Angel or by her Chinese name, Deng Jiaxi (邓家希),[1] was a 19-year-old woman from Mandalay who was killed on 3 March 2021 during the 2021 Burmese protests.[2] Kyal Sin emerged as an early martyr and symbol of resistance against the military junta's use of violence to suppress the protest movement.[3][4][5][6][7] She was one of several teenagers and young adults who gave up their lives in the protests.[8][9][10][11][12] As of 13 March, around 60 civilians had lost their lives; more than a third of the dead are teenagers.[13] 
Kyal Sin was born to a Kokang Chinese mother and a Yunnanese father.[citation needed] She voted for the first time in November 2020.[14][15] 
Kyal Sin was a taekwondo instructor and champion,[16] and worked as a dancer.[2] 
Protest and death 
During the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Kyal Sin began to express her support online for arrested civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the ruling National League for Democracy.[18] 
On 3 March 2021, she participated in a protest in Mandalay wearing a black T-shirt emblazoned with Everything will be OK. A photograph of her wearing the T-shirt has become iconic.[19] 
During the protest, she is reported to have broken open a water pipe to allow protestors to wash tear gas from their eyes, thrown a tear gas cannister back at police, and encouraged protestors to take cover when live rounds were fired.[17] 
Tibeto-Burman speakers found in the areas marked in orange 
The Tibeto-Burman migration to the Indian subcontinent started around 1000 BC.[1] The Tibeto-Burman speakers of the subcontinent are found in Nepal, Northeast India, and the Eastern Himalayas. 
Origin 
The origin of the Tibeto-Burman speakers was located in the upper course of Yangtse and the Haong Ho (Yellow) rivers in North West China.[2][3][4] 
The Tibeto-Burman speaking groups categorised as tribes constitute 12.5% of the total population of Assam, 68.79% in Arunachal Pradesh, 35.14% in Manipur, 94.44% in Mizoram, 86.46% in Nagaland and 31.76% in Tripura. 
Tibeto-Burman languages Sino-Tibetan and Tai peoples of Assam 
Cuisine 
External links 
Chinese Singaporeans (simplified Chinese: 新加坡华人/华裔新加坡人; traditional Chinese: 新加坡華人/華裔新加坡人; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Huárén / Huáyì Xīnjiāpōrén) are Singaporeans of Chinese ancestry. Chinese Singaporeans constitute 76.2% of the Singaporean population,[2] making them the largest ethnic group in Singapore.[3] 
The corpus of Thailand's pre-modern poetic works is large.[1] Thus, although many literary works were lost with the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767, Thailand still possesses a large number of epic poems or long poetic tales [2]—some with original stories and some with stories drawn from foreign sources. There is thus a sharp contrast between the Thai literary tradition and that of other East Asian literary traditions, such as Chinese and Japanese, where long poetic tales are rare and epic poems are almost non-existent. The Thai classical literature exerted a considerable influence on the literature of neighboring countries in mainland Southeast Asia, especially Cambodia, Laos, and Burma. 
Early Rattanakosin period 
Indian influence on the Siamese language 
Historic Indosphere cultural influence zone of Greater India for transmission of elements of Indian culture including language, arts, literature and drama. 
References 
External links 
Seal script (Chinese: 篆書; pinyin: zhuànshū) is an ancient style of writing Chinese characters that was common throughout the latter half of the 1st millennium BC. It evolved organically out of the Zhou dynasty bronze script. The Qin variant of seal script eventually became the standard, and was adopted as the formal script for all of China during the Qin dynasty. 
Poverty is the state of having few material possessions or little income. Poverty can have diverse social, economic, and political causes and effects.[1] When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: Absolute poverty measures compare income against the amount needed to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter.[2] Relative poverty measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the same time and place. Thus relative poverty is defined varies from one country to another, or from one society to another.[2] 
Statistically, as of 2019, most people on the planet live in poverty: (in Purchasing Power Parity dollars) 85% live on less than $30 per day, two-thirds live on less than $10 per day, and 10% live on less than $1.90 per day (extreme poverty).[3] According to the World Bank Group in 2020, more than 40 percent of the poor live in conflict-affected countries.[4] Even when countries experience economic development, the poorest citizens of middle-income countries frequently do not gain an adequate share of their countries' increased wealth to leave poverty.[5] Governments and non-governmental organizations have experimented with a number of different policies and programs for poverty alleviation, such as electrification in rural areas or housing first policies in urban areas. The international policy frameworks for poverty alleviation are summarized in Sustainable Development Goal 1: "No Poverty". 
Moreover, impoverished individuals are more vulnerable to the effects of other social issues, such as the environmental effects of industry or the impacts of climate change or other natural disasters or extreme weather events. Poverty can also make other social problems worse, economic pressures on impoverished communities frequently play a part in deforestation, biodiversity loss and ethnic conflict. For this reason, the Sustainable Development Goals and other international policy programs, such as the international recovery from COVID-19, emphasize the connection of poverty alleviation with other societal goals.[6] 
Khant Nyar Hein (Burmese: ခန့်ညားဟိန်း; 2003/2004 — 14 March 2021), also known by his Chinese name Lin Yaozong, was a Burmese medical student activist. He was killed during the 2021 Myanmar protests.[1][2][3] 
Khant Nyar Hein became an icon of the anti-coup protest movement after his death. He is remembered as a martyr of Myanmar's Democracy.[4][5][6][7] 
Early life 
Khant Nyar Hein was born in 2003 in Latha Township, Yangon, Myanmar into the Burmese-Chinese family. He finished his primary and secondary education at Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon. He was a first year student of University of Medicine 1, Yangon. 
Protest and death 
During anti-coup protests in Tamwe Township, he was shot in the head by Junta forces on 14 March 2021, the bloodiest day until that date during the protests.[8][9] Citizen video shows police approaching his body, beating up and arresting a young girl who was trying to help him, then later dragging his body away.[10] 
"Please don’t hate Chinese in Myanmar. We were born here", Khant Nyar Hein's mother appealed to the people of Myanmar shortly after her son was shot dead by police.[1] Speaking in fluent Mandarin, she called on the Chinese government to hear their pleas.[11] Hundreds of young mourners spilled out on to the street at the funeral of Khant Nyar Hein.[12][13] Members of the medical community hold up the three finger salute at the funeral.[14] 
Louis in 1701 
Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in history.[1][lower-alpha 1] His was succeeded by his great-grandson Louis XV (at age 5). Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe.[3] The King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Mazarin, Colbert, Louvois, the Grand Condé, Turenne, Vauban, Boulle, Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Charpentier, Marais, Le Brun, Rigaud, Bossuet, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles Perrault, Claude Perrault, and Le Nôtre. 
Early years 
Louis XIV as a young child, unknown painter 
A dancing gana, Deogarh 
The word gaṇa (/ˈɡʌnə/; Sanskrit: गण) in Sanskrit and Pali means "flock, troop, multitude, number, tribe, category, series, or class". It can also be used to refer to a "body of attendants" and can refer to "a company, any assemblage or association of men formed for the attainment of the same aims". The word "gana" can also refer to councils or assemblies convened to discuss matters of religion or other topics. 
In Hinduism, the Gaṇas are attendants of Shiva and live on Mount Kailash. Ganesha was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title gaṇeśa or gaṇapati, "lord or leader of the ganas".[1] 
Gaṇa sangha Ganachakra Ganatantra Ganesha Genos 
The Karen National Defence Organisation (Burmese: ကရင်အမျိုးသား ကာကွယ်ရေး အဖွဲ့အစည်း; KNDO) is one of two military branches of the Karen National Union (KNU), the other being the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). The original KNDO fought against the government of Myanmar from 1947 until 1949 as the armed wing of the KNU, until the KNLA was made the official armed wing.[3][1] 
The KNDO closely followed the peace process instigated by the government, starting with the call for a nationwide ceasefire by the Ethnic Armed Organisations (EAOs) in 2011. On 11 October 2015, the KNDO released a statement on the recently signed Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement.[4] 
The Pa-O National Army (Pa'o Karen: ပအိုဝ်ႏစွိုးခွိုꩻတပ်မတောႏ, Burmese: ပအိုဝ်းအမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်; abbreviated PNA) is a Pa-O insurgent group in Myanmar (Burma). It was established in 1949 and is the armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation.[2][3] 
The PNA protects the PNO-governed Pa-O Self-Administered Zone, which consists of three townships in southern Shan State: Hopong, Hsi Hseng, and Pinlaung townships.[1] The PNA has an informal alliance with the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) and the Karenni Army, in an attempt to prevent the spread of drug use and smuggling in their territory. 
The PNA signed a ceasefire agreement with the then ruling State Peace and Development Council on 11 April 1991. It merged with other Pa-O paramilitary groups on 9 December 2009.[1][4] Following the military coup d'état on 1 February 2021, the PNA announced its resumption of armed hostilities against the government. 
Order of Merit for National Foundation 3rd Grade Order of Merit for National Foundation. 
Awarded by South Korea Type Order of merit Awarded for Outstanding meritorious services in the interest of founding or laying a foundation for the Republic of Korea. Status Active Grades Republic of Korea Medal Presidential Medal Independence Medal Patriotic Medal National Medal Precedence Next (higher) Grand Order of Mugunghwa Related Order of Civil Merit Order of Military Merit Order of Service Merit Order of National Security Merit Order of Diplomatic Service Merit Order of Industrial Service Merit Order of Saemaeul Service Merit Order of Cultural Merit Order of Sports Merit Order of Science and Technology Merit 
Act No. 11690 of March 23, 2013.(in English and Korean) Korea Legislation Research Institute. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ↑ https://koreanmedals.com/ ↑ "훈장과 포장" [Orders and Medals]. Decorations of the Republic of Korea (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2018-02-14. ↑ "[보훈처] 3·1절 계기 독립유공자 포상 보도자료". Webzine Korean History (웹진 현대사). Retrieved 2006-04-22. 
The Order of Merit for National Foundation (Hangul: 건국훈장) is one of South Korea's orders of merit. It is awarded by the President of South Korea for "outstanding meritorious services in the interest of founding or laying a foundation for the Republic of Korea."[1] The Order was originally established under a slightly different name 건국공로훈장 (建國功勞勳章) by Presidential Decree #82, on Apr. 27, 1949, and is the oldest Order of the Republic of Korea. 
Grades 
Lieutenant-General Than Hlaing (Burmese: သန်းလှိုင်; born in 1965[1]) is the current Deputy Minister of Home Affairs and Chief of the Myanmar Police Force (MPF), appointed by the State Administration Council on 2 February 2021, in the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[2] He previously served as the head of Eastern Central Command and North Western Command.[3] 
The MPF falls within the jurisdiction of the Minister of Home Affairs,[4] currently headed by Myanmar Army Lieutenant General Soe Htut.[5] The chief of Police usually holds the rank of Police Major General.[4] However, Than Hlaing holds the rank of Lieutenant-General. 
Since 18 February 2021, HM Treasury and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on "Than Hlaing" for responsibility for serious human rights violations by the Myanmar Police Force. The UK sanctions include a freezing of his assets under the UK and a ban on entry or transit to the UK.[6] 
Since 22 March 2021, The U.S. Department of the Treasury has imposed sanctions on "Than Hlaing", in response to the Burmese military’s continued campaign of violence and intimidation against peaceful protesters and civil society, pursuant to Executive Order 14014. Under Than Hlaing’s leadership, the Burma Police Force has gone from attacking peaceful protesters with water cannons, rubber bullets, and tear gas, to using live ammunition. The US sanctions include a freezing of his assets under the US and a ban on transactions with a US person.[7] 
Since 22 March 2021, the Council of the European Union has imposed sanctions on "Than Hlaing" for responsibility for the military coup and the subsequent military and police repression against peaceful demonstrators, pursuant to Council Regulation (EU) 2021/479 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/480 which amended Council Regulation (EU) No 401/2013. The EU sanctions include a freezing of assets under member countries of the EU and a ban on entry or transit to the countries.[8][9] 
He was one of 11 siblings in the family. His younger brother Soe Moe Hlaing, was a pro-democracy activist and murdered in regime custody.[1] 
Sarcophaga nodosa, a species of flesh fly, feeding on decaying meat. 
White-backed vulture, lappet vulture and marabou stork feeding on a dead hyena. 
Many large carnivores that hunt regularly, such as hyenas and jackals, but also animals rarely thought of as scavengers, such as African lions, leopards, and wolves will scavenge if given the chance. They may also use their size and ferocity to intimidate the original hunters (the cheetah is a notable victim, rather than a perpetrator). Almost all scavengers above insect size are predators and will hunt if not enough carrion is available, as few ecosystems provide enough dead animals year-round to keep its scavengers fed on that alone. 
Scavengers of dead plant material include termites that build nests in grasslands and then collect dead plant material for consumption within the nest. The interaction between scavenging animals and humans is seen today most commonly in suburban settings with animals such as opossums, polecats and raccoons. In some African towns and villages, scavenging from hyenas is also common. 
In the prehistoric eras, the species Tyrannosaurus rex may have been an apex predator, preying upon hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and possibly juvenile sauropods,[5] although some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger. The debate about whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or scavenger was among the longest ongoing feuds in paleontology; however, most scientists now agree that Tyrannosaurus was an opportunistic carnivore, acting mostly as a predator but scavenging when it could.[6] Recent research also shows that while an adult Tyrannosaurus rex would energetically gain little though scavenging, smaller theropods of approximately 500 kg (1,100 lb) may have potentially gained levels similar to that of hyenas, though not enough for them to rely on scavenging.[7] 
Ecological function 
Scavengers play a fundamental role in the environment through the removal of decaying organisms, serving as a natural sanitation service.[9] While microscopic and invertebrate decomposers break down dead organisms into simple organic matter which are used by nearby autotrophs, scavengers help conserve energy and nutrients obtained from carrion within the upper trophic levels, and are able to disperse the energy and nutrients farther away from the site of the carrion than decomposers.[10] 
Disease transmission 
Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators.[1] While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding behavior.[2] Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming dead animal and plant material. Decomposers and detritivores complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers. 
Scavenging may provide a direct and indirect method for transmitting disease between animals.[13] Scavengers of infected carcasses may become hosts for certain pathogens and consequently vectors of disease themselves.[13] An example of this phenomenon is the increased transmission of tuberculosis observed when scavengers engage in eating infected carcasses.[14] Likewise, the ingestion of bat carcasses infected with rabies by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) resulted in increased infection of these organisms with the virus. 
Threats 
Before its ban by regional governments in 2006, the veterinary drug Diclofenac has resulted in at least a 95% decline of Gyps vultures in Asia. Habitat loss and food shortage have contributed to the decline of vulture species in West Africa due to the growing human population and overhunting of vulture food sources, as well as changes in livestock husbandry. Poisoning certain predators to increase the number of game animals is still a common hunting practice in Europe and contributes to the poisoning of vultures when they consume the carcasses of poisoned predators.[1] 
Benefits to human well-being 
Highly efficient scavengers, also known as dominant or apex-scavengers, can have benefits to human well being. Increases in dominant scavenger populations, such as vultures, can reduce populations of smaller opportunistic scavengers, such as rats.[17] These smaller scavengers are often pests and disease vectors. 
In humans 
Men scavenging a dead horse during World War II (at the end of the Battle of Berlin), on Manfred-von-Richthofen-Straße in Tempelhof borough, 1945 
In the 1980s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans primarily obtained meat via scavenging, not through hunting.[18] In 2010, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman proposed that early carnivorous human ancestors subsequently developed long-distance running behaviors which improved the ability to scavenge and hunt: they could reach scavenging sites more quickly and also pursue a single animal until it could be safely killed at close range due to exhaustion and hyperthermia.[19] 
Scavengers aid in overcoming fluctuations of food resources in the environment.[3] The process and rate of scavenging is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors, such as carcass size, habitat, temperature, and seasons.[4] 
Gallery 
White-backed vultures feeding on a carcass of a wildebeest A jungle crow feeding on a small dead shark Coyote feeding on an elk carcass in winter in Lamar Valley, near Yellowstone National Park A polar bear scavenging on a narwhal carcass An Ibiza wall lizard scavenging on fish scraps left over from another predator Red weaver ants feeding on a dead giant African snail 
Types of scavengers 
Vultures eating the carcass of a red deer in Spain 
Obligate scavenging is rare among vertebrates, due to the difficulty of finding enough carrion without expending too much energy. 
Well-known invertebrate scavengers of animal material include burying beetles and blowflies, which are obligate scavengers, and yellowjackets. Fly larvae are also common scavengers for organic materials at the bottom of freshwater bodies. For example, Tokunagayusurika akamusi is a species of midge fly whose larvae live as obligate scavengers at the bottom of lakes and whose adults almost never feed and only live up to a few weeks. 
"Scavenging of dead invertebrates along an urbanisation gradient in Singapore". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 5 (2): 138–145. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00143.x. 
S2CID 86467187. ↑ Getz, W (2011). "Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer–resource modelling". Ecology Letters. 
14 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x. PMC 3032891. PMID 21199247. ↑ Castilla, A.M.; Richer, R.; Herrel, A.; Conkey, A.A.T.; Tribuna, J.; Al-Thani, M. 
"First evidence of scavenging behaviour in the herbivorous lizard Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis". Journal of Arid Environments. 75 (7): 671–673. 
Bibcode:2011JArEn..75..671C. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.005. ISSN 0140-1963. 1 2 3 4 Turner, Kelsey L.; Abernethy, Erin F.; Conner, L. Mike; Rhodes, Olin E.; Beasley, James C. 
"Abiotic and biotic factors modulate carrion fate and vertebrate scavenging communities". Ecology. 98 (9): 2413–2424. doi:10.1002/ecy.1930. 
ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 28628191. ↑ Switeck, Brian (April 13, 2012). "When Tyrannosaurus Chomped Sauropods". 
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 469–472. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0469:TRFTUC]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 24, 2013. ↑ Hutchinson, John (July 15, 2013). 
"Tyrannosaurus rex: predator or media hype?". What's in John's Freezer?. Retrieved August 26, 2013. ↑ Kane; et al. 
"Body Size as a Driver of Scavenging in Theropod Dinosaurs" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 187 (6): 706–16. doi:10.1086/686094. hdl:10023/10617. 
S2CID 3840870. ↑ Pahl and Ruedas (2021). "Carnosaurs as Apex Scavengers: Agent-based simulations reveal possible vulture analogues in late Jurassic Dinosaurs". Ecological Modelling. 
458. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109706e. 1 2 3 Ogada, Darcy L.; Keesing, Felicia; Virani, Munir Z. (16 December 2011). "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide". 
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1249 (1): 57–71. Bibcode:2012NYASA1249...57O. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06293.x. 
PMID 22175274. S2CID 23734331. ↑ Olson, Zachary H.; Beasley, James C.; Rhodes, Olin E. (2016-02-17). "Carcass Type Affects Local Scavenger Guilds More than Habitat Connectivity". 
PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0147798. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147798O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147798. 
ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4757541. PMID 26886299. ↑ Dunlop, Kathy M.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Sweetman, Andrew K. 
(December 2017). "Direct evidence of an efficient energy transfer pathway from jellyfish carcasses to a commercially important deep-water species". Scientific Reports. 
PMID 29234052. 1 2 Olson, Z. H.; Beasley, J. C.; DeVault, T. L.; Rhodes, O. E. (31 May 2011). "Scavenger community response to the removal of a dominant scavenger". 
Oikos. 121 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19771.x. ISSN 0030-1299. 
1 2 3 4 Maák, István; Tóth, Eszter; Lőrinczi, Gábor; Kiss, Annett; Juhász, Orsolya; Czechowski, Wojciech; Torma, Attila; Lenda, Madalena (October 2020). "Behaviours indicating cannibalistic necrophagy in ants are modulated by the perception of pathogen infection level". Scientific Reports. 
Nature Research. 10 (17906): 17906. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1017906M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74870-8. 
PMID 33087857. S2CID 224819566. ↑ Carrasco-Garcia, Ricardo; Barroso, Patricia; Perez-Olivares, Javier; Montoro, Vidal; Vicente, Joaquín (2 March 2018). "Consumption of Big Game Remains by Scavengers: A Potential Risk as Regards Disease Transmission in Central Spain". 
Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 
5: 4. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00004. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 5840163. 
PMID 29552564. ↑ Wille, Michelle; McBurney, Scott; Robertson, Gregory J.; Wilhelm, Sabina I.; Blehert, David S.; Soos, Catherine; Dunphy, Ron; Whitney, Hugh (October 2016). "A Pelagic Outbreak of Avian Cholera in North American Gulls: Scavenging as a Primary Mechanism for Transmission?". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 
ISSN 0090-3558. PMID 27455197. ↑ Henning, Joerg; Wibawa, Hendra; Morton, John; Usman, Tri Bhakti; Junaidi, Akhmad; Meers, Joanne (August 2010). "Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia". 
Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (8): 1244–1250. doi:10.3201/eid1608.091540. ISSN 1080-6040. 
PMID 20678318. ↑ O'Bryan, Christopher J.; Holden, Matthew H.; Watson, James E. M. (2019). "The mesoscavenger release hypothesis and implications for ecosystem and human well-being". Ecology Letters. 
(December 1985). "Human Ancestors: Changing Views of Their Behavior". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 
4 (4): 292–327. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90009-1. ISSN 0278-4165. LCCN 82644021. 
S2CID 144619876. ↑ Lieberman, Daniel; Bramble, Dennis (2007). The Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans. Adis Data Information BV. p. 288. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737040-00004. 
Human endurance running performance capabilities compare favourably with those of other mammals and probably emerged sometime around 2 million years ago in order to help meat-eating hominids compete with other carnivores. [...] [S]mall teeth, larger bodies and archaeological remains suggest that hominids started to incorporate meat and other animal tissues in the diet at least 2.5Ma, probably by hunting as well as scavenging. [...] [Endurance running] might have enabled hominids to scavenge carcasses from lions after they were abandoned but before hyenas arrived, as modern hunter-gatherers still do in East Africa. ↑ Kapstein, Matthew T. (2014). 
LCCN 2003055913. ↑ Conklin, Beth A. (February 1995). ""Thus Are Our Bodies, Thus Was Our Custom": Mortuary Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society" (PDF). 
Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ↑ Vilaça, Aparecida (January 2000). "Relations between Funerary Cannibalism and Warfare Cannibalism: The Question of Predation". 
Ratifications 
Parties to the treaty. Greenland is covered by CITES regulations through Denmark.[1] 
The text of the convention was finalized at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., United States, on 3 March 1973. It was then open for signature until 31 December 1974. It entered into force after the 10th ratification by a signatory country, on 1 July 1975. 
CITES The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Signed 3 March 1973 (1973-03-03) Location Geneva, Switzerland Effective 1 July 1975 Condition 10 ratifications Parties 184 Depositary Government of the Swiss Confederation Language English French Spanish Full text Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora at Wikisource 
Regulation of trade 
CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls. All import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the convention has to be authorized through a licensing system. According to Article IX of the convention, Management and Scientific Authorities, each Party to the Convention must designate one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering that licensing system and one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on the effects of trade on the status of CITES-listed species. 
Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called appendices[11][12] (explained below). The Appendix that lists a species or population reflects the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade. 
Appendix I 
CITES (shorter name for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. 
Commercial trade in wild-caught specimens of these species is illegal (permitted only in exceptional licensed circumstances). Captive-bred animals or cultivated plants of Appendix I species are considered Appendix II specimens, with concomitant requirements (see below and Article VII). The Scientific Authority of the exporting country must make a non-detriment finding, assuring that export of the individuals will not adversely affect the wild population. 
Appendix II 
International trade in specimens of Appendix II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. In practice, many hundreds of thousands of Appendix II animals are traded annually.[16] No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES, although some Parties do require import permits as part of their stricter domestic measures. A non-detriment finding and export permit are required by the exporting Party.[2] 
Appendix III 
Appendix III, about 170 species, are species that are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species. The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally. In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.[1] 
Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.[1] 
As of 2018[update], Secretary-General of the CITES Secretariat is Ivonne Higuero.[2] 
Background and operation 
Meetings 
A current list of upcoming meetings appears on the CITES calendar.[27] 
See also 
Environmental agreements Illegal logging IUCN Red List Ivory trade Lacey Act List of species protected by CITES Appendix I List of species protected by CITES Appendix II List of species protected by CITES Appendix III Shark finning Wildlife conservation Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System Wildlife management Wildlife smuggling World Wildlife Day 
Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties, it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework respected by each Party, which must adopt their own domestic legislation to implement CITES at the national level. Often, domestic legislation is either non-existent (especially in Parties that have not ratified it), or with penalties with the gravity of the crime and insufficient deterrents to wildlife traders.[3] As of 2002, 50% of Parties lacked one or more of the four major requirements for a Party: designation of Management and Scientific Authorities; laws prohibiting the trade in violation of CITES; penalties for such trade; laws providing for the confiscation of specimens.[4] 
(Comp.) 2007. A CITES manual for botanic gardens English version, Spanish version, Italian version Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) 
Member countries (Parties) 
Chronological list of Parties Alphabetical list of Parties at CITES and at the depositary National contacts 
Lists of species included in Appendices I, II and III (i.e. species protected by CITES) 
Explanation of the Appendices Number of species on the Appendices Species lists (Appendices I, II and III) 
The Communist Party of Arakan (CPA), also known as the Arakanese Communist Party (ACP), was a communist party and armed insurgent group active in Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar). It was founded in 1962 after a faction under the leadership of Arakanese political leaders Kyaw Zan Rhee and Bo Maung Han broke away from the Red Flag Communist Party (RFCP). 
In 1962, regional leaders of the RFCP in Arakan, discontent with the leadership of the central committee, decided to split from the party. A faction under the leadership of Kyaw Zan Rhee and Bo Maung Han broke away and established the Communist Party of Arakan (CPA), calling for an independent Marxist–Leninist Arakan.[1] 
After General Ne Win seized power in a 1962 military coup, the CPA was invited to peace talks in Rangoon (present-day Yangon) along with other communist groups, most notably the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) and the RFCP. The negotiations ultimately failed due to the reluctance of the new socialist government to give concessions, and in November 1963 the CPA resumed its insurgent activities against the military.[1] 
In 1986, the CPA was involved in heavy clashes with local police in the town of Minbya, briefly occupying the town centre and seizing weapons and two million kyats in cash. Many of the CPA's fighters were killed or captured after the Tatmadaw (armed forces) launched a military offensive against them in response to the fighting in Minbya. Relatives of CPA members and suspected communist sympathisers in the area were arrested; some of the women amongst those arrested were allegedly raped by authorities.[1] 
A faction of the CPA splintered off in 1994 and merged with three other insurgent groups to form the National United Party of Arakan (NUPA). In 2004, the remnants of the CPA dissolved themselves and merged with the NUPA.[2] 
The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a professional men's Twenty20 cricket league, contested by ten teams based out of ten Indian cities.[1] The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. It is usually held between March and May of every year and has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme.[2] 
The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 was ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.[3] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube.[4][5] The brand value of the IPL in 2019 was ₹47,500 crore (US$6.3 billion), according to Duff & Phelps.[6] According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$150 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy.[7] The 2020 IPL season set a massive viewership record with 31.57 million average impressions and with an overall consumption increase of 23 per cent from the 2019 season. 
According to Islamic tradition, it was set intact into the Kaaba's wall by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 605 CE, five years before his first revelation. Since then it has been broken into fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba. Its physical appearance is that of a fragmented dark rock, polished smooth by the hands of pilgrims. 
Muslim pilgrims circle the Kaaba as a part of the tawaf ritual during the hajj and many try to stop to kiss the Black Stone, emulating the kiss that Islamic tradition records that it received from Muhammad.[3][4] Muslims do not worship the Black Stone.[5][6] 
The Black Stone is seen through a portal in the Kaaba 
The Black Stone (Arabic: ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد, al-Ḥajaru al-Aswad, 'Black Stone') is a rock set into the eastern corner of the Kaaba, the ancient building in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is revered by Muslims as an Islamic relic which, according to Muslim tradition, dates back to the time of Adam and Eve.[1] 
The Black Stone of Kaaba 
View of the Kaaba, 1718. Adriaan Reland: Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen 
Etymology 
The literal meaning of the word Ka'bah (Arabic: كعبة) is cube.[7] In the Qur'an, from the era of the life of Muhammad, the Kaaba is mentioned by the following names: 
al-Bayt (Arabic: ٱلْبَيْت, lit. 'the house') in 2:125 by Allah[Quran 2:125][8] Baytī (Arabic: بَيْتِي, lit. 'My House') in 22:26 by Allah[Quran 22:26][9] Baytik al-Muḥarram (Arabic: بَيْتِكَ ٱلْمُحَرَّم, lit. 'Your Inviolable House') in 14:37 by Ibrahim[Quran 14:37] al-Bayt al-Ḥarām (Arabic: ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْحَرَام, lit. 'The Sacred House') in 5:97 by Allah[Quran 5:97] al-Bayt al-ʿAtīq (Arabic: ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْعَتِيق, lit. 'The Ancient House') in 22:29 by Allah[Quran 22:29] 
Miniature from 1307 CE depicting Muhammad fixing the black stone into the Kaaba 
According to Islamic opinion 
The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram depicted on a talismanic shirt, 16th or early 17th century 
The Kaaba (Arabic: ٱلْكَعْبَة, romanized: al-Kaʿbah, lit. 'The Cube', Arabic pronunciation: [kaʕ.bah]), also spelled Ka'bah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah (Arabic: ٱلْكَعْبَة ٱلْمُشَرَّفَة, romanized: al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah, lit. 'Honored Ka'bah'), is a building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.[1][2] It is the most sacred site in Islam.[3] It is considered by Muslims to be the Bayt Allah (Arabic: بَيْت ٱللَّٰه, lit. 'House of God') and is the qibla (Arabic: قِبْلَة, direction of prayer) for Muslims around the world when performing salah. 
In early Islam, Muslims faced in the general direction of Jerusalem as the qibla in their prayers before changing the direction to face the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to be a result of a Quranic verse revelation to Muhammad.[4] 
The Kaaba and the Mataaf are surrounded by pilgrims every day of the Islamic year, except the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, known as the Day of Arafah, on which the cloth covering the structure, known as the Kiswah (Arabic: كسوة, romanized: Kiswah, lit. 'Cloth') is changed. However, the most significant increase in their numbers is during Ramadan and the Hajj, when millions of pilgrims gather for Tawaf.[5] According to the Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, 6,791,100 pilgrims arrived for the Umrah pilgrimage in the Islamic year AH 1439 (2017/2018 CE),[lower-alpha 1] a 3.6% increase from the previous year, with 2,489,406 others arriving for the AH 1440 Hajj.[6] 
Origin 
Background 
Kaaba كَعْبَة Kaaba (July 2012) Religion Affiliation Islam Region Makkah Province Rite Tawaf Leadership President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques: Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais Location Location Great Mosque of Mecca, Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia Location of the Kaaba in Saudi Arabia Show map of Saudi Arabia Kaaba (West and Central Asia) Show map of West and Central Asia Administration The Agency of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques Geographic coordinates 21°25′21.08″N 39°49′34.25″E / 21.4225222°N 39.8261806°E / 21.4225222; 39.8261806Coordinates: 21°25′21.08″N 39°49′34.25″E / 21.4225222°N 39.8261806°E / 21.4225222; 39.8261806 Architecture Type Temple Date established Pre-Islamic era Specifications Length 12.86 m (42 ft 2 in) Width 11.03 m (36 ft 2 in) Height (max) 13.1 m (43 ft 0 in) Materials Stone, Marble, Limestone 
History 
Notes 
References 
Land's End[1] (Cornish: Penn an Wlas or Pedn an Wlas)[2] is a headland and tourist and holiday complex in western Cornwall, England, situated within the Penwith peninsula about eight miles (13 km) west-south-west of Penzance at the western end of the A30 road. To the east of it is the English Channel, and to the west the Celtic Sea. 
Land's End is the most westerly point of mainland England.[3] However, it is not the westernmost point on mainland Great Britain, as this title narrowly goes to Corrachadh Mòr in the Scottish Highlands. 
Ye Baw Than Khae (also spelt Than Khe, Burmese: သံခဲ) is the current leader and chairman of the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF), an insurgent group based in Kayin State, Myanmar (Burma).[1] He was elected chairman of All Burma Students' Democratic Front on 10 April 2001 at the sixth general conference.[2][3] 
Than Khae signed a state-level ceasefire agreement with Kayin State Government representatives on 5 August 2013.[4][5] On 10 August 2013, he met with the Union Peace Working Committee (UPWC) and signed the Union-level ceasefire agreement at the Myanmar Peace Center in Yangon.[6] 
Than Khae signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) as ABSDF's representative with the government of Myanmar on 15 October 2015.[7] 
The National Reconciliation and Peace Centre (Burmese: အမျိုးသားပြန်လည်သင့်မြတ်ရေးနှင့်ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးဗဟိုဌာန; abbreviated NRPC), formerly known as the Myanmar Peace Centre (abbreviated MPC), was an organization to provide technical support to the peacemaking process in Myanmar (Burma),[1] including implementing and managing ceasefire agreements and facilitating dialogue on political issues.[2] The centre was renamed the NRPC in July 2016, with the promulgation of Order 50/2016 by President Htin Kyaw.[3][4] The centre was dissolved in February 2021 by authorities, in the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'etat.[5] 
The centre is on U Wisara Road in Yangon and was established with the support of the Peace Donor Support Group, comprising Norway, the European Union, Japan and United Nations agencies.[1][2][6] 
Riviera Lane, St Mawes (May 2004) 
View of St Mawes 
It lies on the east bank of the Carrick Roads, a large waterway created after the Ice Age from an ancient valley which flooded as the melt waters caused the sea level to rise dramatically. The immense natural harbour created is often claimed to be the third largest in the world. It was once a busy fishing port, but the trade declined during the 20th century and it now serves as a popular tourist location, with many properties in the village functioning as holiday accommodation.[citation needed] The village is in the civil parish of St Just in Roseland. 
Dartmoor is an upland area in southern Devon, England. The moorland and surrounding land has been protected by National Park status since 1951. Dartmoor National Park covers 954 km2 (368 sq mi).[1] 
The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. The landscape consists of moorland capped with many exposed granite hilltops known as tors, providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest point is High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. 
Dartmoor National Park is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority, whose 22 members are drawn from Devon County Council, local district councils and Government. 
Parts of Dartmoor have been used as military firing ranges for over 200 years. The public is granted extensive land access rights on Dartmoor (including restricted access to the firing ranges) and it is a popular tourist destination. 
The Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army (Chinese: 中国人民解放军军歌; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Jūngē), also known as the March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军进行曲; traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍進行曲; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ), is a patriotic song of the People's Republic of China. The song was written by Zhang Yongnian and composed by Zheng Lücheng. 
Middle Kingdoms (600–1300 CE) 
TN) is a state in southern India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. The state is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language—one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world—is widely spoken in the state and serves as its official language. 
Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)[102] Hinduism (87.58%) Christianity (6.12%) Islam (5.86%) Jainism (0.12%) Sikhism (0.02%) Buddhism (0.01%) Other or not religious (0.3%) 
Distribution of languages in Tamil Nadu[4] Tamil (89.41%) Telugu (5.65%) Kannada (1.67%) Urdu (1.51%) Other (1.76%) 
Kallanai or Grand Anicut, an ancient dam built on the Kaveri River in Thanjavur district by Karikala Chola around the 2nd century CE[41][42][43][44] Shore Temple built by the Pallavas at Mamallapuram during the 8th century, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site Vettuvan Koil, the unfinished temple is believed to have been built during the 8th century by Pandyas in Kalugumalai, a panchayat town in Thoothukudi district. 
Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from South India, including the land now comprising Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Sri Lankan Tamils from Sri Lanka, as well as the Tamil diaspora. 
Romanized Tamil: 
Tamil in the International Phonetic Alphabet: 
Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world.[11][12][13] A. K. Ramanujan described it as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past".[14] The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as "one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world".[15] A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years.[16] The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from c. 
300 BC until AD 300.[17][18] It has the oldest extant literature among Dravidian languages.[12] The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and 'hero stones' date from around the 3rd century BC.[19][20] About 60,000 of the 100,000 odd inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil Nadu. 
Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 per cent in languages other than Tamil.[21] Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt.[12][23] The two earliest manuscripts from India,[24][25] acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil.[26] 
Tamil Tamiḻ தமிழ் The word "Tamil" in Tamil script Pronunciation [t̪amiɻ]; pronunciation Native to India and Sri Lanka Region Tamil Nadu[lower-alpha 1] (India) Northern and Eastern Provinces (Sri Lanka) Ethnicity Tamils Native speakers 75 million (2011–2019)[1][2] L2 speakers: 8 million (2011)[1] Language family Dravidian Southern Tamil–Kannada Tamil–Kodagu Tamil–Malayalam Tamil languages Tamil Early forms Old Tamil Middle Tamil Writing system Tamil (Brahmic) Tamil-Brahmi (historical) Grantha (historical) Vatteluttu (historical) Pallava (historical) Kolezhuthu (historical) Arwi (Abjad) Tamil Braille (Bharati) Latin script (informal) Signed forms Signed Tamil Official status Official language in India Tamil Nadu[3] Puducherry[4] Sri Lanka[5] Singapore[6] Organizations ASEAN[7] Recognised minority language in Malaysia[8] South Africa[lower-alpha 2][9] Language codes ISO 639-1 ta ISO 639-2 tam ISO 639-3 Either: tam – Modern Tamil oty – Old Tamil Linguist List oty Old Tamil Glottolog tami1289 Modern Tamil oldt1248 Old Tamil Linguasphere 49-EBE-a This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. 
Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other. 
Internal conflict in Myanmar List of insurgent groups in Myanmar 
The Wa National Organisation (Burmese: ဝအမျိုးသားအစည်းအရုံး; WNO) is a political organisation in Shan State, Myanmar. It has an armed wing, the Wa National Army (WNA), that operates in northern Shan State and near Myanmar's border with Thailand.[2] 
History 
The WNO was founded along with the WNA on 29 July 1974, after the original group, the Ka Kwe Ye, joined forces with the Shan State Army (SSA) and Lo Hsing Han. The group was led by Mahasang, the son of the last sawbwa of Vingngun.[1] 
In 1977, the WNO broke ties with the SSA and allied themselves with the 3rd Kuomintang battalion operating near the Myanmar-China border, led by General Li Wenhuan. In 1983, the WNO officially joined the National Democratic Force (NDF).[1] 
The group signed a peace agreement with the SLORC government in August 1997.[1] 
The Wa National Army (Burmese: ဝအမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်; abbreviated WNA) is an insurgent group that operates in Shan State, Myanmar (Burma), near Myanmar's border with Thailand.[2] It is the armed wing of the Wa National Organisation (WNO).[3] 
The WNA was founded along with the WNO on 29 July 1974, after the original group, a Ka Kwe Ye, joined forces with the Shan State Army (SSA) and Lo Hsing Han. The group was led by Mahasang, the son of the last sawbwa of Vingngun.[1] 
In 1977, the WNA broke ties with the SSA and allied themselves with the 3rd Kuomintang battalion operating near the Myanmar-China border, led by General Li Wenhuan. In 1983, the WNA's political wing, the Wa National Organisation, officially joined the National Democratic Force (NDF).[1] 
In the 1980s, the WNA operated in northern Shan State, near the Myanmar-Thailand border, but not in the mountainous areas of the region, which were under the control of the Communist Party of Burma until 1989.[1] 
In August 1997, the WNA signed a peace agreement with the military junta government.[1] 
Manjangan (Ganesha) temple in Bali, Indonesia 
India and Hinduism has influenced many countries in other parts South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia as a result of commercial and cultural contacts. Ganesha is one of many Hindu deities who reached foreign lands as a result.[1] 
Ganesha at of the merumat of King Bhumibol Adulyadej 
Ganapati, Maha Rakta 
Ganesha in Ta Prohm, Angkor 
Bhram (English: The Illusion) is a 2008 Hindi suspense thriller film starring Dino Morea, Milind Soman and Sheetal Menon.[1] It was produced by Nari Hira and directed by Pavan Kaul. Music of the film was composed by Pritam.[2] 
External links 
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called Great Britain,[2] was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707[3] to 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England (which included Wales) and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use. 
Monarchs 
India 
Min Sithu (Burmese: မင်းစည်သူ, pronounced [mɪ́ɰ̃ sìθù]) is one of the 37 nats in the Burmese pantheon of nats. He is the nat representation of King Alaungsithu of Pagan, who was assassinated by his son Narathu in 1167. He is portrayed sitting on a throne with one knee up and his foot on the seat, wearing royal garments.[1] 
Min Sithu Nat 
References 
Walstan (recorded as Walston in some sources) was an Anglo-Saxon prince, known for the miracles which occurred during and after his life after he became a farm worker. He is a patron saint of agricultural workers and farm animals, who once visited his shrine at the church at Bawburgh, in the English county of Norfolk. Two sources for his life exist: the De Sancto Walstano Confessore in the Nova Legenda Angliæ, printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1516, and known as the English Life; and a later Latin manuscript copied in 1658 from a now lost medieval triptych, now kept in Lambeth Palace library in London. 
References 
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service.[2] It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, with the most senior two classes making the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female.[3] There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of the order. 
References 
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath[2] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.[3] The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight, which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as "Knights of the Bath".[4] George I "erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order".[5] He did not (as is commonly believed) revive the Order of the Bath,[6] since it had never previously existed as an Order, in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred.[7][8] 
The Queen wearing the insignia of the Sovereign of the Order of Australia 
The Order of Australia is an honour that recognises Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service. It was established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, on the advice of the Australian Government. Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. 
Order of Australia Association 
On 26 January 1980 the order's award recipients formed the Order of Australia Association. This organisation seeks to aid the members of the order in their pursuits related to the development and maintenance of Australia's culture and traditions. The organisation also attempts to increase awareness of those honoured by the order, since many of their number are not household names, despite their contributions. 
Order of Australia Insignia of a Knight/Dame of the Order of Australia Awarded by Monarch of Australia Type National order Eligibility All living Australian citizens Awarded for Achievement and merit in service to Australia or humanity Status Currently constituted Sovereign Head Queen Elizabeth II Chancellor David Hurley Grades Companion (AC) Officer (AO) Member (AM) Medal (OAM) Awarded in: General Division Military Division As an Honorary award Former grades Knight/Dame (AK/AD)[note 1] Statistics First induction 14 April 1975 Last induction 26 January 2022 Total inductees AK – 15 AD – 4 AC – 612 AO – 3,390 AM – 12,080 OAM – 28,055[1][note 2] Ribbons: general division; military division 
See also 
Notes 
References 
The Efficiency Medal (South Africa) was instituted in 1930 for award to part-time warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and men after twelve years of efficient service on the active list of the Citizen Force of the Union of South Africa. At the same time, a clasp was instituted for award to holders of the medal upon completion of further periods of six years of efficient service. The medal superseded the Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal.[1][2] 
Preceded by the Efficiency Decoration (South Africa) (ED). Succeeded by the Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (VRD). 
The Efficiency Medal (South Africa) was superseded by the John Chard Medal in 1952.[1][3][4] 
In 1896, the Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies was instituted by Queen Victoria. It was superseded by the Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal in 1899.[5][6] 
Qiangic (Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang, Chinese: 羌語支, "Qiang language group"; formerly known as Dzorgaic) is a group of related languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. They are spoken mainly in Southwest China, including Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the prefectures of Ngawa, Garzê, Ya'an and Liangshan in Sichuan with some in Northern Yunnan as well. 
Among the spoken varieties of Arabic, Standard Egyptian Arabic[23] (based on the dialect of the Egyptian capital) is the only one to have become a lingua franca in other parts of the Arabic-speaking world primarily for two reasons:[24][25] The proliferation and popularity of Egyptian films and other media in the region since the early 20th century as well as the great number of Egyptian teachers and professors who were instrumental in setting up the education systems of various countries in the Arabian Peninsula and also taught there and in other countries such as Algeria and Libya. Also, many Lebanese artists choose to sing in Egyptian. 
Standard Egyptian Arabic when used in documents, broadcast media, prepared speeches and sometimes in liturgical purpose; is heavily influenced by Cairene Arabic with loanwords of Modern Standard Arabic origin or code-switching between Cairene Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic.[better source needed] 
Arabic had been already familiar to Valley Egyptians since Arabic had been spoken throughout the Eastern Desert and Sinai. Arabic was also a minority language of some residents of the Nile Valley such as Qift in Upper Egypt through pre-Islamic trade with Nabateans in the Sinai Peninsula and the easternmost part of the Nile Delta. Egyptian Arabic seems to have begun taking shape in Fustat, the first Islamic capital of Egypt, now part of Cairo. 
The main purpose of the document was to show that while the Cairenes' vernacular contained many critical "errors" vis-à-vis Classical Arabic, according to al-Maghribi, it was also related to Arabic in other respects. With few waves of immigration from the Arabian peninsula such as the Banu Hilal exodus, who later left Egypt and were settled in Morocco and Tunisia, together with the ongoing Islamization and Arabization of the country, multiple Arabic varieties, one of which is Egyptian Arabic, slowly supplanted spoken Coptic. Local chroniclers mention the continued use of Coptic as a spoken language until the 17th century by peasant women in Upper Egypt. 
They adopted a modernist, secular approach and disagreed with the assumption that Arabic was an immutable language because of its association with the Qur'an. The first modern Egyptian novel in which the dialogue was written in the vernacular was Muhammad Husayn Haykal's Zaynab in 1913. It was only in 1966 that Mustafa Musharafa's Kantara Who Disbelieved was released, the first novel to be written entirely in Egyptian Arabic.[30] Other notable novelists, such as Ihsan Abdel Quddous and Yusuf Idris, and poets, such as Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi and Ahmed Fouad Negm, helped solidify vernacular literature as a distinct literary genre.[2] 
Though the revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained.[citation needed] 
Linguistic commentators[who?] have noted the multi-faceted approach of the Egyptian revolutionaries towards the Arabic language. 
Egyptian Arabic, locally known as Colloquial Egyptian (Arabic: العامية المصرية,[2][3][4] [el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ]), or simply Masri (مَصرى),[5][6] is the spoken vernacular Arabic dialect of Egypt.[7][8] 
Al-Masry Al-Youm had an average of 5% of headlines in Egyptian, while Al-Dustour averaged 11%.[31] 
As the status of Egyptian Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic can have such political and religious implications in Egypt,[how?] the question of whether Egyptian Arabic should be considered a "dialect" or "language" can be a source of debate. 
In sociolinguistics, Egyptian Arabic can be seen as one of many distinct varieties that, despite arguably being languages on abstand grounds, are united[how?][according to whom?] by a common Dachsprache in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). 
Egyptian Arabic evolved from the Quranic Arabic which was brought to Egypt during the seventh-century AD Muslim conquest that aimed to spread the Islamic faith among the Egyptians.[9] The grammar structure of Egyptian Arabic is influenced by the Egyptian Coptic language, which was the native language of the vast majority of Nile Valley Egyptians prior to the Muslim conquest;[10][11][12] the dialect itself was later also influenced by foreign and colonial languages such as French, Italian, Greek,[13] Ottoman Turkish and English. The 100 million Egyptians speak a continuum of dialects, among which Cairene is the most prominent. It is also understood across most of the Arabic-speaking countries due to broad Egyptian influence in the region, including through cinema and music. 
While it is primarily a spoken language, the written form is used in novels, plays and poems (vernacular literature), as well as in comics, advertising, some newspapers and transcriptions of popular songs. In most other written media and in radio and television news reporting, literary Arabic is used. Literary Arabic is a standardized language based on the language of the Qur'an, i.e, Classical Arabic. 
Egyptians generally call their vernacular "Arabic" (عربى, [ˈʕɑrɑbi]) when juxtaposed with non-Arabic languages; "Colloquial Egyptian" (العاميه المصريه, [el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ])[note B] or simply "'Aamiyya" (عامية, colloquial) when juxtaposed with Standard Arabic and the Egyptian dialect (اللهجه المصريه, [elˈlæhɡæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ])[note C] or simply Masri (مَصرى, [ˈmɑsˤɾi], Egyptian) when juxtaposed with other vernacular Arabic dialects.[20] Sometimes it is also called Modern Egyptian language[21] (اللغه المصريه الحديثه,[21] Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [elˈloɣæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ l.ħæˈdiːsæ]).[note A] 
The term Egyptian Arabic is usually used synonymously with "Cairene Arabic", which is technically a dialect of Egyptian Arabic. The country's native name, Maṣr, is often used locally to refer to Cairo itself. As is the case with Parisian French, Cairene Arabic is by far the most prevalent dialect in the country.[22] 
The total number of Egyptian Arabic users in all countries is over 51 million, 49 million of whom are native speakers in Egypt, including several regional dialects. In addition, there are immigrant Egyptian communities in the Middle East, Europe, North America, Latin America, Australia and Southeast Asia. 
Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional law .[28] Interest in the local vernacular began in the 1800s (in opposition to the language of the ruling class, Turkish), as the Egyptian national movement for self-determination was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing neologisms to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to the simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of colloquialisms to even complete "Egyptianization" (تمصير, tamṣīr) by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic.[29] 
The Arabic script is a writing system used for writing Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa, such as Persian (Farsi/Dari), Malay (Jawi), Uyghur, Kurdish, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balti, Balochi, Pashto, Lurish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Rohingya, Somali and Mandinka, among others.[1] Until the 16th century, it was also used to write some texts in Spanish. Additionally, prior to the language reform in 1928, it was the writing system of Turkish.[2] It is the second-most widely used writing system in the world by the number of countries using it and the third by the number of users, after the Latin and Chinese scripts.[3] 
The Arabs (singular Arab /ˈær.əb/;[54] singular Arabic: عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: arabīyun, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈʕarabiːjun], plural Arabic: عَرَب, DIN 31635: ʿarab, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈʕarab] (listen)), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group[lower-alpha 1] mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Western Indian Ocean islands (including the Comoros).[65] An Arab diaspora is established around the world in significant numbers, in the Americas, Western Europe, Indonesia, Turkey, and Iran.[3][67][68][69][70] 
The Arab world (Arabic: العالم العربي al-ʿālam al-ʿarabī), formally the Arab homeland (الوطن العربي al-waṭan al-ʿarabī),[7][8][9] also known as the Arab nation (الأمة العربية al-ummah al-ʿarabīyyah), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states,[10] consists of the 22 Arab countries which are members of the Arab League.[5] A majority of these countries are located in Western Asia, Northern Africa, Western Africa, and Eastern Africa. The region stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Indian Ocean in the southeast.[6] The eastern part of the Arab world is known as the Mashriq, and the western part as the Maghreb. Arabic is used as the lingua franca throughout the Arab world. 
Arab world Area 13,132,327 km2 (5,070,420 sq mi)[1] Population 423,000,000[2] Population density 29.839/km2 (70.37/sq mi)[3] GDP (nominal) $2.782 trillion[4] GDP per capita $6,647[5] Demonym Arab Countries 22 states Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen 2 partially recognized states Somaliland Western Sahara Dependencies Arab League[6] Time zones UTC+0 to UTC+4 Internet TLD .africa, .asia Largest cities Major cities of Arab world List Cairo Baghdad Riyadh Khartoum Amman Alexandria Kuwait City Casablanca Jeddah Dubai 
The Arab League boycott of Israel is a strategy adopted by the Arab League and its member states to boycott economic and other relations between Arabs and the Arab states and Israel and specifically stopping all trade with Israel which adds to that country's economic and military strength.[1] A secondary boycott was later imposed, to boycott non-Israeli companies that do business with Israel, and later a tertiary boycott involved the blacklisting of firms that do business with other companies that do business with Israel. 
Arabic literature (Arabic: الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-‘Arabī) is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is Adab, which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment.[1] 
The Arab states of the Persian Gulf refers to a group of Arab states which border the Persian Gulf. There are seven member states of the Arab League in the region: Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[1][2][3] Except Iraq, the 6 six countries bordering the Persian Gulf share societal, cultural and historical similarities. 
The fertile areas, suitable for cultivation, are small and concentrated in the wadi region. This harsh natural environment drove the Hadhramis to travel out of the area to trade and acquire the necessary items they needed. They had travelled to and engaged in trade in several areas: Hyderabad, India (before 1947), Dar-es-Salaam and East Africa as well as Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies. 
"My People, My Country" (我和我的祖国, literal translation Me and My Motherland/My Motherland and I) is a patriotic lyric song composed by Zhang Li of the Shenyang Conservatory of Music and composed by Qin Yongcheng which debuted in 1985.[1] The lyrics are expressed in the first person, depicting one's love for the motherland. The song was circulated widely after being sung by the famous singer Li Guyi, and remains one of the most popular songs in the country.[citation needed] On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, "Me and My Motherland" sang all over the country.[2][3][4] This song has been shortlisted for 100 patriotic songs recommended by the Central Propaganda Department and 100 excellent songs celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.[5] 
Lyrics 
Simplified Chinese Traditional Chinese Pinyin English 我和我的祖国 一刻也不能分割 无论我走到哪里 都流出一首赞歌 我歌唱每一座高山 我歌唱每一条河 袅袅炊烟 小小村落 路上一道辙 我最亲爱的祖国 我永远紧依着你的心窝 你用你那母亲的脉搏 和我诉说 我的祖国和我 像海和浪花一朵 浪是那海的赤子 海是那浪的依托 每当大海在微笑 我就是笑的旋涡 我分担着海的忧愁 分享海的欢乐 我最亲爱的祖国 你是大海永不干涸 永远给我碧浪清波 心中的歌[13] 我和我的祖國 一刻也不能分割 無論我走到哪裡 都流出一首讚歌 我歌唱每一座高山 我歌唱每一條河 裊裊炊煙 小小村落 路上一道轍 我最親愛的祖國 我永遠緊依著你的心窩 你用你那母親的脈搏 和我訴說 我的祖國和我 像海和浪花一朵 浪是那海的赤子 海是那浪的依托 每當大海在微笑 我就是笑的旋渦 我分擔著海的憂愁 分享海的歡樂 我最親愛的祖國 你是大海永不干涸 永遠給我碧浪清波 心中的歌 [13] wo he wo de zu guo yi ke ye bu neng fen ge wu lun wo zou dao na li du liu chu yi shou zan ge wo ge chang mei yi zuo gao shan wo ge chang mei yi tiao he chui yan xiao xiao cun luo lu shang yi dao zhe wo zui qin ai de zu guo wo yong yuan jin yi zhuo ni de xin wo ni yong ni na mu qin de mai bo he wo su shuo wo de zu guo he wo xiang hai he lang hua yi duo lang shi na hai de chi zi hai shi na lang de yi tuo mei dang da hai zai wei xiao wo jiu shi xiao de xuan wo wo fen dan zhuo hai de you chou fen xiang hai de huan le wo zui qin ai de zu guo ni shi da hai yong bu gan he yong yuan gei wo bi lang qing bo xin zhong de ge Never can we be apart my motherland and me No matter where I travel the hymn flows from me To every mountain on thee to every river that streams Uprise the wind small villages where my heart rests in My beloved land my close memories I lay my head in your breathing You dear my faith treasure my dream my motherland and me Like the oceans wide Like the waves in rows I long for your embraces I long for your strengths Moments when you are smiling All love ripples in me I share your joys and your sadnesses My dear mother country You are the ocean full of lives You send the waves and raise me high Forever loving forever worthy My dear mother country. 
Composed in 1983 within 20 minutes by Qin Yongcheng,[6] this song didn't receive its lyrics until 1984, a delay of over half a year until the lyricist Zhang Li went on a trip to Zhangjiajie.[7] The natural beauty of the land struck the Zhang, providing the inspiration needed, whereupon he completed the lyrics for the song.[7] Based on mountains and rivers, lakes and seas, and one's love to the motherland, this song expresses the natural beauty of China, epitomizing one's relationship with their motherland.[8] 
This song was chosen to be the theme song of the homonymic film My People, My Country (2019), which was released on 30 September 2019.[9] It also became an unofficial anthem in China, especially during and after the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China.[citation needed] Flash mobs sung this song in major places across China in 2019, including Beijing Capital International Airport, Shenzhen North station, Sansha, and many other places, totalling a viewership of over 600 million people.[10] Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping mentioned this song in his 2020 new year address, stating how this "ode to a new China" was sung throughout China, the paradigm of the patriotic spirit of China, inspiring the Chinese to work harder.[citation needed] 
In the opening ceremony of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the song was played during the entrance of the National flag of China. [11] 
This song uses a "downward" tune, and is in a metre of six or nine beats.[12] 
Pangasinan is on the western area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea. It has a total land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres (2,104.65 sq mi).[1] According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 3,163,190 people. [2] The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814.[4] The western portion of the province is part of the homeland of the Sambal people, while the central and eastern portions are the homeland of the Pangasinan people. Due to ethnic migration, Ilocano people have settled in some areas of the province. 
Pangaea or Pangea (/pænˈdʒiː.ə/)[1] was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.[2] It assembled from earlier continental units during the Carboniferous approximately 335 million years ago, and began to break apart about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic and beginning of the Jurassic.[3] In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, Pangaea was centred on the Equator and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa and the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent Tethys Oceans. Pangaea is the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists. 
The supercontinent Pangaea in the early Mesozoic (at 200 Ma) 
Punjab (Urdu & Punjabi: پنجاب, romanized: Panjāb (pronounced [pənˈdʒaːb]), listen ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, with a population of about 110,000,000 as of 2021.[2] Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region of Pakistan and India, it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave of Islamabad, and Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir. It also shares borders with the Indian territories of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu and Kashmir. The capital is Lahore, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's cinema industry, and much of its fashion industry, are based.[5][6] The largest cities of Punjab are Lahore and Faisalabad respectively. 
Province in Pakistan Punjab پنجاب Province Top left to right (anti-clockwise): Badshahi Mosque, Noor Mahal, Derawar Fort, Khewra Salt Mines, Faisalabad Clock Tower, Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam Flag Seal Location of Punjab in Pakistan Coordinates: 31°N 72°E / 31°N 72°E / 31; 72Coordinates: 31°N 72°E / 31°N 72°E / 31; 72 Country Pakistan Established 1 July 1970 Capital Lahore Largest cities Lahore, Faisalabad Government • Type Self-governing Province subject to the Federal Government • Body Government of Punjab • Governor Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar • Chief Minister Sardar Usman Buzdar • Chief Secretary Kamran Ali Afzal[1] • Legislature Provincial Assembly • High Court Lahore High Court Area • Total 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi) • Rank 2nd Population (2017)[2] • Total 110,012,442 • Rank 1st • Density 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi) Time zone UTC+05:00 (PKT) ISO 3166 code PK-PB Main Language(s) Punjabi, Saraiki, Urdu, Pothohari Notable sports teams Lahore Qalandars Multan Sultans Lahore Lions Rawalpindi Rams Sialkot Stallions Bahawalpur Stags Multan Tigers Faisalabad Wolves Central Punjab Southern Punjab HDI (2019) 0.564 [3] Medium Seats in National Assembly 183 Seats in Provincial Assembly 371[4] Divisions 9 Districts 37 Tehsils 146 Union Councils 7602 Website www.punjab.gov.pk 
Punjabi (/pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/;[8] sometimes spelled Panjabi; Shahmukhi: پن٘جابی, Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Punjabi pronunciation: [pənˈdʒaːbːi]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Punjabi people and native to the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. Punjabi is the 9th most widely spoken language in the world. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan and the 11th most widely spoken language in India, and the third most-spoken native language in the Indian subcontinent. 
Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پن٘جابی 'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script used in Punjab, Pakistan (top) and Gurmukhi script used in Punjab, India (bottom) Pronunciation Punjabi: [pənˈdʒaːbːi] English: /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/ Native to India and Pakistan Region Punjab Ethnicity Punjabis Native speakers 113 million (2011–2017)[1] Language family Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Indo-Aryan Punjabi Dialects See Punjabi dialects Writing system Shāhmukhī (Perso-Arabic) Gurmukhī Punjabi Braille Laṇḍā (historical) Takri (historical) Mahajani (historical) Official status Official language in India Punjab (official)[2][3] Haryana (additional)[4] Delhi (additional)[5] West Bengal (additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population)[6] Regulated by Department of Languages, Punjab, India[7] Punjab Institute of Language, Art, and Culture, Pakistan Language codes ISO 639-1 pa ISO 639-2 pan ISO 639-3 Either: pan – Panjabi pnb – Western Panjabi Glottolog panj1256 Eastern Panjabi west2386 Western Panjabi Linguasphere 59-AAF-e Majority language Minority language This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. 
Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge), also known as the Dano-Norwegian Realm (Det dansk-norske rige), Twin Realms (Tvillingerigerne) or the Oldenburg Monarchy (Oldenburg-monarkiet) was an early modern multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including then the Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein. The state also claimed sovereignty over three historical peoples: Frisians, Gutes and Wends. Denmark–Norway had several colonies, namely the Danish Gold Coast, the Nicobar Islands, Serampore, Tharangambadi, and the Danish West Indies. 
View towards Frogmill from Black Boy Island 
Black Boy Island is an uninhabited island in the River Thames in England between the villages of Medmenham, Buckinghamshire and Hurley, Berkshire. It is situated alongside the small hamlet of Frogmill, on the southern side of the stretch of river above Hurley Lock, and is within the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead unitary authority. 
Tantra (/ˈtæntrə/; Sanskrit: तन्त्र, lit. 'loom, weave, warp') are the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that developed in India from the middle of the 1st millennium CE onwards.[1] The term tantra, in the Indian traditions, also means any systematic broadly applicable "text, theory, system, method, instrument, technique or practice".[1][3] A key feature of these traditions is the use of mantras, and thus they are commonly referred to as Mantramārga ("Path of Mantra") in Hinduism or Mantrayāna ("Mantra Vehicle") and Guhyamantra ("Secret Mantra") in Buddhism.[4][5] 
The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ་, Wylie: bod pa, THL: bö pa; Chinese: 藏族) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as in India, Nepal and Bhutan. 
Tibetan people བོད་པ་ bod pa · 博巴[1] Total population c. 
6.7 million Regions with significant populations China 6.3 million[2] Bhutan 400,000[3] India 182,685 (2011 census)[4] Nepal 20,000–40,000[5][3] United States 10,000[6] Canada 8,040[7] Switzerland 4,000[8] Australia 1,000[9] New Zealand 66 (2006)[10] Japan 60 (1998)[10] Languages Tibetic languages and Chinese languages Religion Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism; significant minority of Bon; Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups Sherpa · Qiang · Ngalop · Sharchop · Ladakhis · Baltis · Burig · Kachin · Yi · Bamar · Other Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples 
Although the United States does not have an official language, the most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language, and the only one spoken at home by approximately 78% of the U.S. population.[5] Many other languages are also spoken at home, especially Spanish (13.4% of the population), according to the American Community Survey (ACS) of the U.S. Census Bureau; these include indigenous languages and languages brought to the U.S. by people from Europe, Africa, and Asia. However, the majority of speakers of these languages are bilingual and also speak English. Although 21.6% of U.S. residents report that they speak a language other than English at home, only 8.4% speak English less than "very well."[6] Several other languages, notably creoles and sign languages, have developed in the United States. 
Chinese woman with an elaborate hair style, 1869 
A hairstyle, hairdo, haircut or coiffure refers to the styling of hair, usually on the human scalp. Sometimes, this could also mean an editing of facial or body hair. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles.[1] 
The India Gate (formerly known as the All India War Memorial) is a war memorial located astride the Rajpath, on the eastern edge of the "ceremonial axis" of New Delhi, formerly called Kingsway. It stands as a memorial to 90,000 soldiers of the British Indian Army who died in between 1914 and 1921 in the First World War, in France, Flanders, Mesopotamia, Persia, East Africa, Gallipoli and elsewhere in the Near and the Far East, and the Third Anglo-Afghan War. 13,300 servicemen's names, including some soldiers and officers from the United Kingdom, are inscribed on the gate.[2] Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the gate evokes the architectural style of the memorial arch such as the Arch of Constantine, in Rome, and is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and the Gateway of India in Mumbai. 
Sentinel-2B, a comparable satellite operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). 
Landsat 9 is an Earth observation satellite launched on 27 September 2021 from Space Launch Complex-3E at Vandenberg Space Force Base on an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle.[3] NASA is in charge of building, launching, and testing the satellite, while the United States Geological Survey (USGS) operates the satellite, and manages and distributes the data archive.[4] It is the ninth satellite in the Landsat program, but Landsat 6 failed to reach orbit. The Critical Design Review (CDR) was completed by NASA in April 2018, and Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS) was given the go-ahead to manufacture the satellite.[5] 
The design and construction of Landsat 9 were assigned by NASA, under a delivery order contract to Orbital ATK, in October 2016. The purchase cost of US$129.9 million is part of a five-year contract between the two entities. The budget that provides for initial work on Landsat 9 also calls for research into less expensive and smaller components for future Landsat hardware.[1] 
Landsat 9 will largely replicate the functions of its predecessor Landsat 8. The former will include near-identical copies of remote sensors: the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instruments – optical and thermal sensors respectively – that will be designated OLI-2 and TIRS-2;[6] the latter will be upgraded to a risk class B implementation (high priority, high national significance, high complexity)[7] while no changes will be applied to OLI-2.[8] 
NASA selected Ball Aerospace & Technologies to provide the OLI-2 instrument through a sole source procurement. OLI-2 will collect data for nine spectral bands with a ground sample distance (GSD) of 30 m for all bands except the panchromatic band, which has a 15 m GSD.[9] 
NASA assigned the TIRS-2 instrument as a directed development to Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Design changes to the TIRS-2 are intended to address the stray light and Scene Select Mechanism (SSM) encoder problems experienced with the TIRS on Landsat 8.[1] Testing and assessment of the TIRS-2 demonstrate the stray light magnitude has been reduced to 1%.[10] 
Landsat 9 was launched on 27 September 2021 at 18:12 UTC.[11] This is 4–5 years after the end of Landsat 7's mission design lifetime and near the end of its maximum (fuel supply) lifetime. The Launch Services Program (LSP) at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) controlled the launch operations, which was conducted from Vandenberg Space Force Base.[12] The launch of Landsat 9 was delayed to September 2021 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on spacecraft work in Arizona.[3] 
The Bamar People's Liberation Army (BPLA) is an ethnic armed organisation in Myanmar.[2][3] 
It was founded on 17 April 2021 by a group of 17 activists, including Maung Saungkha, a poet and human rights activist who had participated in the 2021–2022 Myanmar protests.[1] The logo of the BPLA consists of nine peacock feathers arranged in a circle, a symbol of the last kings of Myanmar.[2] 
According to Saungkha, the objectives of the BPLA include "[ending] the dominance of Bamar Buddhists over other ethnic groups, "strengthen[ing] the unity of Myanmar's diverse ethnic groups under a federal democratic union", "ensuring that, if Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest, no political compromises are made under the name of state stability,[4] and recognising "a Bamar state or constituent unit based on Bamar identity in a future federal union".[5] 
Maung Saungkha, alternatively romanized as Maung Saung Kha, is a Burmese poet, human rights activist and commander of the Bamar People's Liberation Army.[2][3] 
In 2012, Maung Saungkha joined the National League for Democracy as a youth working group representative.[4] 
In 2016 he was sentenced to six months in prison for publishing "a poem about having a tattoo of a president on his penis."[5] 
On 15 January 2018 Maung Saungkha founded Athan ('voice'), an activist organisation to "promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press in Myanmar." In December 2018, this organisation received an award from the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for their contribution to "the promotion of freedom of expression in Myanmar."[6] He also resigned from the National League for Democracy citing disagreement with Aung San Suu Kyi about the government's actions on protecting the freedom of press and treatment of minorities.[2] He became a leader of the 2021–2022 Myanmar protests.[7] 
On 17 April 2022, he co-founded the Bamar People's Liberation Army, an ethnic armed organisation that strives for ethnic federalism in Myanmar, in which he serves as a commander.[8] 
The Chinland Defense Force (Burmese: ချင်းဒေသကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်မတော်, romanized: Chin Detha Kakweye Tatmadaw, lit. 'Chin Region Defense Army'; abbreviated: CDF) is a rebel group in Myanmar. It was formed in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état to protect Chin State from the military junta. The CDF claims that they do not attack the military without cause and that they always issue a warning, such as releasing detainees and refraining from using violence against civilians. 
History 
Coup opponents peacefully protest by banging pots and pans at night and staging other online and offline strikes.[2] The Military Council used violence to quell the protests, arresting citizens and torching families' homes.[3] defended themselves to ensure the safety of their own areas. Two ethnic armed organizations operated in Chin State, the Chin National Front's Chin National Army and the Zomi Revolutionary Army. However, the groups were unable to reach and safeguard the Chin townships, prompting the formation of the Chinland Defense Force on April 4, 2021.[3] 
The Chinland Defense Force's goals are to protect civilians from the terrorist military council, abolition of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, to end the dictatorship, and to establish a federal union.[1] 
The Chinland Defense Force purchased light weapons such as the M-16, AK (Kalashnikov), and Tu-mee (locally built hunting rifles that can be found in practically every home) and training anybody interested in joining the group. International importers bring M-16s and AK-47 rifles into Myanmar. 
Taxidermy specimen of a capybara 
The capybara has a heavy, barrel-shaped body and short head, with reddish-brown fur on the upper part of its body that turns yellowish-brown underneath. Its sweat glands can be found in the surface of the hairy portions of its skin, an unusual trait among rodents.[7] The animal lacks down hair, and its guard hair differs little from over hair.[12] 
Capybara skeleton 
Adult capybaras grow to 106 to 134 cm (3.48 to 4.40 ft) in length, stand 50 to 62 cm (20 to 24 in) tall at the withers, and typically weigh 35 to 66 kg (77 to 146 lb), with an average in the Venezuelan llanos of 48.9 kg (108 lb).[13][14][15] Females are slightly heavier than males. The top recorded weights are 91 kg (201 lb) for a wild female from Brazil and 73.5 kg (162 lb) for a wild male from Uruguay.[7][16] Also, an 81 kg individual was reported in São Paulo in 2001 or 2002.[17] The dental formula is 1.0.1.31.0.1.3.[7] Capybaras have slightly webbed feet and vestigial tails.[7] Their hind legs are slightly longer than their forelegs; they have three toes on their rear feet and four toes on their front feet.[18] Their muzzles are blunt, with nostrils, and the eyes and ears are near the top of their heads. 
A family of capybara swimming 
The capybara inhabits savannas and dense forests and lives near bodies of water. It is a highly social species and can be found in groups as large as 100 individuals, but usually lives in groups of 10–20 individuals. The capybara is hunted for its meat and hide and also for grease from its thick fatty skin.[3] It is not considered a threatened species. 
A Capybara eating hay at Franklin Park Zoo, Boston, Massachusetts 
Capybaras have a scent gland on their noses 
Mother and three pups 
Notes 
"Companionable Capybaras (18 Photos)". The Atlantic. Animal Diversity Web Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Capybara information 
Description 
Retrieved 10 January 2012. ↑ Forero-Montaña, Jimena; Betancur, Julio; Cavelier, Jaime (June 2003). "Dieta del capibara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) en Caño Limón, Arauca, Colombia" [Distribution and abundance of Caiman crocodilus in the Caño Negro National Wild Life Refuge, Costa Rica]. Revista de Biología Tropical (in Spanish). 
There are two extant species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents after the capybaras. They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet and flat, scaly tails. 
Treeshrews[1] Temporal range: Middle Eocene – Recent Tupaia sp. 
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Grandorder: Euarchonta Order: Scandentia Wagner, 1855 Families Tupaiidae Ptilocercidae 
The treeshrews (or tree shrews or banxrings[3]) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia. They make up the entire order Scandentia, which split into two families: the Tupaiidae (19 species, "ordinary" treeshrews), and the Ptilocercidae (one species, the pen-tailed treeshrew). 
Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew (Dendrogale murina) 
Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) 
Common treeshrew (T. glis) 
Horsfield's treeshrew (T. javanica) 
Pygmy treeshrew (T. minor) 
Pen-tailed treeshrew (1850 depiction of Ptilocercus lowii) 
Treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms, and to have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars, with an overall dental formula of 2.1.3.33.1.3.3[8] 
Treeshrews have good vision, which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species. 
Reproduction 
Female treeshrews have a gestation period of 45–50 days and give birth to up to three young in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows. The young are born blind and hairless, but are able to leave the nest after about a month. During this period, the mother provides relatively little maternal care, visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them. 
Treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months, and breed for much of the year, with no clear breeding season in most species.[1] 
Behavior 
Treeshrews live in small family groups, which defend their territory from intruders. Most are diurnal, although the pen-tailed treeshrew is nocturnal. 
Treeshrews are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. Among other things, treeshrews eat Rafflesia fruit. 
The pen-tailed treeshrew in Malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar (with up to 3.8% alcohol content) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour.[9] 
Taxonomy 
Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal, including humans,[4] but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than 1 kg (2 lb). 
Order Scandentia 
Family Tupaiidae 
Genus Anathana Madras treeshrew, A. ellioti 
Genus Dendrogale Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew, D. melanura Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew, D. murina 
Among orders of mammals, treeshrews are closely related to primates, and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia, psychosocial stress, and hepatitis.[5] 
Dentition of Tupaia 
Madras treeshrew (Anathana ellioti) 
The 23 species are placed in four genera, which are divided into two families. The majority are in the "ordinary" treeshrew family, Tupaiidae, but one species, the pen-tailed treeshrew, is different enough to warrant placement in its own family, Ptilocercidae; the two families are thought to have separated 60 million years ago.[18] The former Tupaiidae genus Urogale was disbanded in 2011 when the Mindanao treeshrew was moved to Tupaia based on a molecular phylogeny.[18] 
"Tiny tree shrew can drink you under the table". ↑ "See Why Tree Shrews Are Only the Second Known Mammal to Seek Spicy Food". nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2018-08-26. ↑ Janecka, Jan E.; Miller, Webb; Pringle, Thomas H.; Wiens, Frank; Zitzmann, Annette; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J. (2 November 2007). "Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relatives of the Primates". 
1 2 Zhou, Xuming; Sun, Fengming; Xu, Shixia; Yang, Guang; Li, Ming (1 March 2015). "The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful". Integrative Zoology. 
ISSN 1749-4877. PMID 25311886. ↑ Meredith, Robert W.; Janečka, Jan E.; Gatesy, John; Ryder, Oliver A.; Fisher, Colleen A.; Teeling, Emma C.; Goodbla, Alisha; Eizirik, Eduardo; Simão, Taiz L. L. (28 October 2011). "Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification". 
S2CID 38120449. ↑ Pettigrew, J.D.; Jamieson, B.G.; Robson, S.K.; Hall, L.S.; McAnally, K.I.; Cooper, H.M. (1989). "Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats, and primates" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates. 
Genus Tupaia Northern treeshrew, T. belangeri Golden-bellied treeshrew, T. chrysogaster Banka Island treeshrew, T. discolor Striped treeshrew, T. dorsalis Mindanao treeshrew, T. everetti Sumatran treeshrew, T. ferruginea Common treeshrew, T. glis Slender treeshrew, T. gracilis Javan treeshrew, T. hypochrysa Horsfield's treeshrew, T. javanica Long-footed treeshrew, T. longipes Pygmy treeshrew, T. minor Mountain treeshrew, T. montana Nicobar treeshrew, T. nicobarica Palawan treeshrew, T. palawanensis Painted treeshrew, T. picta Kalimantan treeshrew, T. salatana Ruddy treeshrew, T. splendidula Large treeshrew, T. tana 
Family Ptilocercidae 
Genus Ptilocercus Pen-tailed treeshrew, P. lowii 
Malayan black giant squirrel A Malayan giant squirrel at the Khao Yai National Park in Thailand Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Sciuridae Genus: Ratufa Species: R. bicolor Binomial name Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778) Subspecies[3] R. b. bicolor R. b. condorensis R. b. felli R. b. gigantea R. b. hainana R. b. leucogenys R. b. melanopepla R. b. palliata R. b. phaeopepla R. b. smithi Black giant squirrel range (erroneously missing Java and Bali) Synonyms Tennentii, source: Layard, in Blyth, 1849 
The black giant squirrel or Malayan giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa native to the Indomalayan zootope. It is found in forests from northern Bangladesh, northeast India, eastern Nepal, Bhutan, southern China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and western Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Bali and nearby small islands).[1] 
Behavior 
R. bicolor is diurnal and arboreal, but sometimes climbs down from the forest canopy to feed on the ground.[1] The black giant squirrel rarely enters plantations or settlements, preferring the wild forest.[1] 
Its diet consists of seeds, pine cones, fruits, and leaves.[1] It is primarily solitary, and has a litter of from 1 to 2 young, which it raises in a drey (or nest), often located within a hollow space of a tree.[1] 
A specimen from Nameri National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India 
Description 
An individual from Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India 
On average, an adult black giant squirrel weighs around 1.05–1.25 kg (2.3–2.8 lb), has a head–and–body length of 34–37 cm (13–15 in), and the tail is 41–42 cm (16–17 in) long. The subspecies R. b. condorensis of Vietnam's Côn Sơn Island averages only c. 30 cm (12 in) in head–and–body length and the tail 32 cm (13 in), but otherwise it resembles the typical subspecies.[4] 
The back, top of the head, ears and bushy tail are deep brown to black and the underparts are light buff-coloured. In Sumatra, Java and Bali the hairs of the back and tail are light-tipped, making these sections appear relatively pale (however, the back is still distinctly darker than the underparts). On small islands off Myanmar and in the Strait of Malacca the black giant squirrel has reddish-yellowish underparts.[1] 
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19377A22261810. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19377A22261810.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. 
Retrieved 2022-01-14. 1 2 Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005). "Ratufa bicolor". 
In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. 
Squirrels of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Menon, Vivek (2009) [First published 2003]. 
Originally published as: Menon, Vivek (ed.), et al. A field guide to Indian mammals (2003) ↑ Chatterjee, Paromit; Tripathy, Basudev; Chandra, Kailash; Saha, Goutam Kumar; Mondal, Krishnendu (October 2020). "Climate Change Alarms the Survival of Near Threatened Species Malayan Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor Sparrman, 1778) in India". 
In Myanmar, military rank system and insignia are used by the Myanmar Armed Forces, its auxiliary services, some government departments and some civilian organizations. 
All the government employees are called "civil service personnel" (နိုင်ငံ့ဝန်ထမ်း, lit. 'State's employee'. Their ranks and appointments are grouped into two category: 
The Armed Forces has a unique general officer rank: Vice senior general (Burmese: ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး, romanized: Dautaiya bauilaʻ khayupaʻ mahūʺkarīʺ), a rank between the five-star rank of Senior general and the four-star rank of General/Admiral. It is also a four-star rank but it is higher than the ordinary General or Admiral. 
In addition to the regular rank insignia, the general/flag officers have additional ones, that are only for them. 
Staffs 
In Myanmar Armed Forces, insignia-wearing staffs are commonly referred to as Saya (ဆရာ, lit. 'teacher') by both enlisted staffs and officers. For example, Warrant officers and Staff sergeants are referred to as Bo Lay (ဗိုလ်လေး, lit. 'little lieutenant'), Sergeant are referred to as Saya and Corporal/Lance Corporal as Saya Lay (ဆရာလေး, lit. 'little teacher'). These unofficial ranks are in used throughout the daily life of all branches of Myanmar Armed Forces.[citation needed] Insignia-wearing staffs within the Myanmar Armed Forces are usually seasoned veteran soldiers with wide-ranging experience of the battlefield, thus both officers and enlisted men refer to them as "teacher" out of respect as well as affection.[citation needed] 
Myanmar Police Force is an independent department of the Ministry of Home Affairs, one of the ministries under administration of Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services. The rank insignia of Myanmar Police Force are the insignia of Myanmar Armed Forces with different colours and with different titles. 
Officer (အရာထမ်း) or gazetted officer (ပြန်တမ်းဝင်အရာရှိ),[1] whose promotion and posting are recorded in the Gazette of Myanmar (မြန်မာနိုင်ငံပြန်တမ်း)[2] Staff (အမှုထမ်း), ranks below the gazetted officers.[1] 
Officers 
In Myanmar Police Force, a person of the rank of Police second lieutenant and above is called an officer (အရာရှိ); while an officer of the rank of Police Captain and above is called a gazetted officer (ပြန်တမ်းဝင်အရာရှိ).[19] 
Staffs 
Prisons Department is a department of the Ministry of Home Affairs, one of the ministries under administration of Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services. The rank insignia of its officers are the same as that of Myanmar Police Force but with different titles. 
Officers 
Staffs 
Personnels of the Armed Forces and the Police Force are included in the civil service personnels but the rules of civil service personnels are not applied to them because of the special nature of their duties.[3] 
General Administration Department is a department of the Ministry of Home Affairs, one of the ministries under administration of Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services. As its uniform is not the military style, pin badges are used to show ranks.[20] 
Officers 
Staffs 
Some departments/organizations use the same insignia with different colour, (example: rank insignia of Myanmar Police Force).[4] Some use the same style but with organization's symbol in place of military stars (example: rank insignia of Myanmar Red Cross Society). Those departments that don't use the military-like uniform system, use the pin badges with rank insignia (example: rank insignia of General Administration Department).[5] 
Unlike armed forces of other countries, all three branches of Myanmar Armed Forces — Myanmar Army, Myanmar Navy and Myanmar Air Force — use the same rank system and insignia, the same rank titles in Burmese. But the English translations of titles are different according to the branch. For example, the three-star general rank in Burmese is "ဗိုလ်ချုပ်" (bauilaʻ khayupaʻ) for all three branches, but for the English translation, it is "Major General" for Army and Air Force, while it is "Vice Admiral" for the Navy. 
Officers 
In Myanmar Armed Forces, the officer cadets graduated from Defense Services Academies (DSA, DSMA, DSTA, etc.) and Officer Training Schools (OTS) are directly appointed as gazetted officers with the rank of Second lieutenant.[6] 
See Wikipedia:Article titles to learn how we title articles. 
Article scope 
Each article has a scope, which is what the article covers. The article should contain a readable summary of everything within the scope, given due weight, based on what reliable sources say. 
Quality of articles 
Articles range greatly in quality, from as high as featured articles to as low as candidates for speedy deletion. Some articles are quite lengthy and rich in content while others are shorter (possibly stubs) or of lesser quality. 
Namespace 
"Articles" belong to the main namespace of Wikipedia pages (also called "article namespace" or simply "mainspace"). 
The main namespace, article namespace, or mainspace is the namespace of Wikipedia that contains the encyclopedia proper—that is, where "live" Wikipedia articles reside, as opposed to Sandbox pages. 
This is distinct from other namespaces, where page names are always prefixed by an indicator of the particular namespace in which the page resides. For example, all user pages are prefixed by "User:", their talk pages by "User talk:" templates by "Template:" and various types of internal administrative pages by "Wikipedia:" (such as this page). Thus, any page created without such a prefix will automatically be placed in the article namespace. 
The main namespace does not include any pages in any of the specified namespaces that are used for particular purposes, such as: 
the talk namespaces for discussing what the content of articles in mainspace should be (for example, Talk:Mathematics) the Wikipedia namespace, for material about meta subjects related to Wikipedia and is where policies and guidelines, essays, information, and process pages reside, as well as other "meta" topics about editing Wikipedia (examples, WP:VERIFY and Wikipedia:Statistics); the Wikipedia talk namespace, for discussing what the content of pages in Wikipedia space should be, and interpretations of them (for example, Wikipedia talk:VERIFY and Wikipedia talk:Statistics); the special namespace, whose pages are created by the software on demand (see Help:Special page); the user namespace for pages that are used by individual Wikipedia writers (example, User:Example). the file namespace which is used for describing and attributing images (example, File:Great Horned Owl.USFWS.jpg) the MediaWiki namespace, which is used to define shortcuts and other text strings used around Wikipedia (example MediaWiki:Wikimedia-copyrightwarning) 
But not all pages in the article namespace are considered by all to be articles. Pages in mainspace that are not usually considered articles-proper are: 
the Main Page (a WP:Portal) thousands of disambiguation pages, which are used to resolve naming conflicts; many millions of redirect pages, including soft redirects, which are used to re-route one page to another page; 
Lists of articles and statistics 
Wikipedia information page This is an information page. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, but rather intends to describe some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect varying levels of consensus and vetting. 
Special:AllPages has a list of all pages in the article namespace and Wikipedia:Statistics for statistics on Wikipedia and its growth. 
See also 
Wikipedia:Administration Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia? Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia Wikipedia:Subpages Wikipedia:Featured article criteria What counts as an Article (from English Wikipedia's newsletter, The Signpost) 
Special:Statistics (current article count) More detailed (but less current) statistics 
Wikipedia data structure Namespaces Subject namespaces Talk namespaces 0 (Main/Article) Talk 1 2 User User talk 3 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia talk 5 6 File File talk 7 8 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 9 10 Template Template talk 11 12 Help Help talk 13 14 Category Category talk 15 100 Portal Portal talk 101 118 Draft Draft talk 119 710 TimedText TimedText talk 711 828 Module Module talk 829 Deprecated 2300 Gadget Gadget talk 2301 2302 Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 2303 Virtual namespaces -1 Special -2 Media 
A Wikipedia article or entry is a page on this site that has encyclopedic information on it. A well-written encyclopedia article: 
identifies a notable topic, summarizes that topic comprehensively, is written in an encyclopedic style of language, has been well copyedited, contains references to reliable sources, and contains wikilinks to and is linked to by other articles or article sections about related topics. 
Most articles consist of paragraphs and images (perhaps with other types of audiovisual media). However, articles may also be formatted as stand-alone lists or tables (not to be confused with disambiguation pages, which are purely navigation aids). These lists or tables are also considered articles for Wikipedia's purposes and are included in the Main/Article namespace, the one without a title prefix followed by a colon (:). 
The following items are not counted as articles (see also Wikipedia:Administration § Data structure and development): 
disambiguation pages, templates, including navboxes (aka navigation boxes), user pages, drafts, portals, talk pages (aka discussion pages), file pages for media such as images, category pages, help pages, and Wikipedia policies and guidelines pages (along with everything else in the Wikipedia: namespace). 
A template is transcluded into another page by including a template tag in that page's content. A template tag contains the template page name surrounded by double curly braces, e.g. {{Disambiguation}}. If the template's page name does not begin with a namespace and colon, it is assumed to be in the Template namespace. 
Internal links to template pages may be made by using the Template: prefix, e.g. [[Template:Disambiguation]]. These links go to a page that directly contains a base template and often documentation. 
Templates should not be used to create lists of links to other articles when a category, list page, or "See also" section list can perform the same function. Templates for short, temporary messages that will be removed quickly (such as on User_talk: pages) or that contain text which is not likely to ever be changed should be invoked with substitution (subst:). Typical templates that are intended for long-term use and are likely to require changes should be transcluded for easy future updates. 
Referencing templates 
An easy way to do this is to call Template:Tl (short for "template link"). For example, to reference the Cleanup template, typing {{tl|Cleanup}} results in {{Cleanup}}. You can also add parameters using Template:Tlp; for example, {{tlp|Convert|1|m}} displays as {{Convert|1|m}}. 
Check the template documentation on Template:Tl for other options, such as {{tlb}} (bold), {{tlx}} (code), {{tlxi|param1|param2}} (italic parameters), and many more. 
Template names 
The first character (only) is not case-sensitive, so {{cleanup}} and {{Cleanup}} are the same template, but {{cfd}} and {{cfD}} are not. Template names are easiest to remember if they follow standard English spelling, spacing, and capitalization (also see the naming conventions for articles). Avoid having templates whose names differ only in case, spacing, or punctuation. 
Sandbox for experiments 
If you wish to experiment with templates (and not have your experiments deleted before you are done with them), you may do so in the Template sandbox. You may also use the templates X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, and X12 for experimental purposes. To include a test template, use the form {{X1}} for template X1, {{X2}} for template X2, etc. 
Existing templates often each have their own sandbox and test case pages (especially those that use {{Documentation}}). Changes should be thoroughly tested there before being applied to the main template, in order to prevent unintentional damage to many pages. 
Readability 
For templates that use a large number of parameters, it can be helpful to place each parameter on a separate line and align the equals signs. This helps future editors to more easily read the wikicode. 
Line breaks 
Some templates may accidentally cause extra line breaks in the rendered articles. This is especially true of infobox templates and other template boxes that usually float on the right side of an article, since the additional lines will not be seen on the template page. For more information, see Wikipedia:Line-break handling. 
As a general guideline, avoid two line breaks together in your template. These may "add up" with other line breaks in the article and be displayed as unwanted white space. 
Invoking a template using the form 
(that is, inserting subst: immediately after the opening pair of curly brackets) will make a copy of the template text and place it on the page, where it will be viewable in the source. The template is no longer transcluded and future changes to the template will not change the text. As a guideline, this method should be used for any short, temporary messages which are removed quickly, such as on User_talk: pages. 
Use subst: also if you need to edit the message after including it on the page. If you don't need to edit it, and would rather the message is automatically updated along with changes made to the template, don't use subst:. 
Documentation 
This page documents an English Wikipedia project content guideline. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. 
Because templates represent a step up in difficulty for the novice editor, documentation should be provided which describes its usage (optional parameters) and scope (where it should be used). There are two different ways to do this: 
One alternative is to use <noinclude> to add a minor description direct into the template, for example: 
It takes one parameter, an adjective used to describe the article. 
Another alternative is to create a formal /doc subpage for the documentation (preferred for templates with multiple parameters, etc.) and add <noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> after the actual template. The first "noinclude" tag should be placed on the same line as the end braces of the actual template in the following manner: 
If the "noinclude" tag starts on the line below the template's closing braces, then unwanted whitespace is introduced at the bottom of the template when it is used in articles and on other pages. 
Lua modules are sometimes used instead of templates to store reusable material. Reasons for this include usage of module-specific features such as loops or stored values, and complex code is often easier to read and maintain in a module. If a module is easily implementable in a template it generally should be, since there are more users with experience editing templates. 
If a module is intended to be used in articles or talk pages, a template wrapper should generally be created to simplify usage without directly requiring the #invoke parser function. Documentation is then mostly located on the template's /doc page, with the module's documentation pointing to the template and/or explaining further technical details that are unnecessary at the primary template documentation. 
This page in a nutshell: The Template: namespace on Wikipedia contains templates created for consistent formatting, maintenance, and navigation. Templates should not normally be used to store article text. Such content belongs in the article pages themselves. 
There are sometimes reasons not to use a template wrapper, however, such as causing potential issues with template limits; a template wrapper that passes too many parameters to a module is much less efficient compared to a direct invocation. Additionally, it is generally not desirable to use template wrappers in other templates. 
Searching for templates 
Use this form to search in the Template: or Template_talk: namespaces. See Help:Searching for more information. 
Pages which contain information on commonly used templates: 
Wikipedia:Navigation templates for a partial list of various subject-class navigational elements. Wikipedia:List of infoboxes for infoboxes, which are small panels that summarize key features of the page's subject. Wikipedia:Categorization for templates used for categories Wikipedia:Citation templates for templates used to format article references and citations 
If you're unable to find an existing template for your situation, but don't feel comfortable creating one yourself, you can ask for help at Wikipedia:Requested templates. 
See also 
Help:Template for information on developing templates and syntax details Help:Magic words for all template modifiers Help:Conditional tables Wikipedia:Template standardisation 
The Template namespace on Wikipedia is used to store templates, which contain Wiki markup intended for inclusion on multiple pages, usually via transclusion. Although the Template namespace is used for storing most templates, it is possible to transclude and substitute from other namespaces,[1] and so some template pages are placed in other namespaces, such as the User namespace. 
They often include optional and/or variable elements controlled by parameters to allow for specialized use. Templates are also used to assist in a large variety of Wikipedia maintenance tasks. Each template has a matching Template talk: page where editors can discuss the design and implementation of the associated template (see Help:Using talk pages for how to participate in talk page discussions). 
{{(template name) (piped parameters) }}<noinclude>... 
Template Template_talk 
Policies have wide acceptance among editors and describe standards all users should normally follow. All policy pages are in Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines and Category:Wikipedia policies. For summaries of key policies, . 
Guidelines are sets of best practices supported by consensus. Editors should attempt to follow guidelines, though they are best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Guideline pages can be found in Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines and Category:Wikipedia guidelines. 
Essays are the opinion or advice of an editor or group of editors for which widespread consensus has not been established. They do not speak for the entire community and may be created and written without approval. Essays the author does not want others to edit, or that contradict widespread consensus, belong in the user namespace. 
Other administration pages in the project namespace include: 
Process pages, which facilitate the application of the policies and guidelines (e.g. Wikipedia:Articles for deletion), WikiProject pages, including essays they have written to give advice to other editors about their areas of interest, How-to or help pages (also found in the Help namespace), which provide mainly technical information, Information pages, which generally provide factual information, Supplements to guidelines and policies, which explain advice in greater detail, Community discussion pages and noticeboards for communication between editors, and Historical pages, which are outdated.[1] 
These other pages are not policies or guidelines, although they may contain valuable advice or information. 
Adherence 
Use common sense in interpreting and applying policies and guidelines; Rules have occasional exceptions. That said, those who violate the spirit of a rule may be reprimanded or sanctioned even if they do not technically break the rule. 
Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal of creating a free, reliable encyclopedia. There is no need to read any policy or guideline pages to start editing. The five pillars are a popular summary of the most pertinent principles. 
Whether a policy or guideline is an accurate description of best practice is determined through consensus. 
Similar shortcuts are also used for other types of project pages like essays and how-to guides. Thus a shortcut does not necessarily imply the linked page has policy or guideline status or has been widely accepted by the community. Additionally, the shortcut is not the policy; the plain-English definition of the page's title or shortcut may be importantly different from the linked page. 
Enforcement 
If an editor violates the community standards described in policies and guidelines, other editors can persuade the person to adhere to acceptable norms of conduct, over time resorting to more forceful means, such as administrator and steward actions. In the case of gross violations of community norms, they are likely to resort to more forceful means fairly rapidly. Going against the principles set out on these pages, particularly policy pages, is unlikely to prove acceptable, although it may be possible to convince fellow editors an exception ought to be made. 
In cases where it is clear a user is acting against policy (or against a guideline in a way that conflicts with policy), especially if they are doing so intentionally and persistently, that user may be temporarily or indefinitely blocked from editing by an administrator. In cases where the general dispute resolution procedure has been ineffective, the Arbitration Committee has the power to deal with highly disruptive or sensitive situations. 
The community's view cannot simultaneously be "A" and "not A". When apparent discrepancies arise between pages, editors at all the affected pages should discuss how they can most accurately represent the community's current position and correct all the pages to reflect the community's view. This discussion should be on one talk page, with invitations to that page at the talk pages of the various affected pages; otherwise, the corrections may still contradict each other. 
Although Wikipedia generally does not employ hard-and-fast rules, Wikipedia's policy and guideline pages describe its principles and agreed-upon best practices. Policies are standards all users should normally follow, and guidelines are generally meant to be best practices for following those standards in specific contexts. Policies and guidelines should always be applied using reason and common sense. 
Not part of the encyclopedia 
Wikipedia has many policies and guidelines about encyclopedic content. These standards require verifiability, neutrality, respect for living people, and more. 
Consequently, they do not generally need to conform to the same content standards or style conventions as articles. It is therefore not necessary to provide reliable sources to verify Wikipedia's administrative pages, or to phrase Wikipedia procedures or principles in a neutral manner, or to cite an outside authority in determining Wikipedia's editorial practices. Instead, the content of these pages is controlled by community-wide consensus, and the style should emphasize clarity, directness, and usefulness to other editors.[2] 
These pages do, however, need to comply with Wikipedia's legal and behavioral policies, as well as policies applicable to non-content pages. For example, editors may not violate copyrights anywhere on Wikipedia, and edit warring is prohibited everywhere, not merely in encyclopedia articles. 
Life cycle 
Others developed as solutions to common problems and disruptive editing. Policy and guideline pages are seldom established without precedent[3] and always require strong community support. Policies and guidelines may be established through new proposals, promotion of existing essays or guidelines, and reorganization of existing policies and guidelines through splitting and merging. 
This policy page specifies the community standards related to the organization, life cycle, maintenance of, and adherence to policies, guidelines, and related pages of the English Wikipedia. It does not cover other editions of Wikipedia. 
Essays and information pages may be established by writing them and adding {{essay}}, {{Information page}}, {{Wikipedia how-to}}, or a similar template to the page. 
Current policy and guideline proposals can be found in Category:Wikipedia proposals, and failed proposals can be found in Category:Wikipedia failed proposals. All editors are welcome to comment on these proposals. 
Proposals for new guidelines and policies require discussion and a high level of consensus from the entire community for promotion to guideline or policy status. Adding the {{policy}} template to a page without the required consensus does not mean the page is policy, even if the page summarizes or copies policy. Most commonly, a new policy or guideline documents existing practices, rather than proposing a change to what experienced editors already choose to do. 
Good practice for proposals 
One path for proposals is developing them through steps of 
Derivation 
Authors can request early-stage feedback at Wikipedia's village pump for idea incubation and from any relevant WikiProjects. Amendments to a proposal can be discussed on its talk page. It is crucial to improve a proposal in response to feedback received from outside editors. 
Once you think the initial proposal is well written, and the issues involved have been sufficiently discussed among early participants to create a proposal that has a solid chance of success with the broader community, start a request for comment (RfC) about your policy or guideline proposal in a new section at WP:Village Pump/Policy (VPPOL), or on the proposal's talk page and advertised with a notice at VPPOL. Include the {{rfc|policy}} tag, along with a brief, time-stamped explanation of the proposal. Then, if you want, you can provide a detailed explanation of what the page does and why you think it should be a policy or guideline. 
Proposals involving contentious subjects or wide-ranging effects should normally be listed on Wikipedia:Centralized discussion for the duration of the RfC. Rarely, a particularly important proposal may be advertised via a watchlist notice; sitenotices (which are displayed to all readers, not just to active editors) are not used for proposals. RfCs for policy and guideline proposals are normally left open for at least a week or sometimes a couple of months. 
To avoid later complaints about insufficient notice, it may be helpful to provide a complete list of the groups or pages you used to advertise the proposal on the talk page. Be careful not to canvass, and avoid non-neutral wording. 
Editors should respond to proposals in a way that helps identify and build consensus. Explain your thoughts, ask questions, and raise concerns. Many editors begin their responses with bold-font 'vote' of support or opposition to make evaluation easier. 
Closing a discussion requires careful evaluation of the responses to determine the consensus. This does not require the intervention of an administrator; it may be done by any sufficiently experienced impartial editor, not involved in the discussion, who is familiar with all policies and guidelines related to the proposal. The following points are important in evaluating consensus: 
Polling is not a substitute for discussion, nor is a poll's numerical outcome tantamount to consensus. If consensus for broad community support has not developed after a reasonable time, the proposal has failed. If consensus is neutral or unclear on the issue and unlikely to improve, the proposal has likewise failed. 
Update the proposal to reflect the consensus. Remove the {{Proposal}} template and replace it with another appropriate template, such as {{Subcat guideline}}, {{Policy}}, {{Supplement}}, {{essay}}, or {{Failed proposal}}. See Wikipedia namespace templates for a listing of banners. 
If a proposal fails, the failed tag should not usually be removed. It is typically more productive to rewrite a failed proposal from scratch to address problems or seek consensus to integrate uncontroversial aspects of it into existing pages, rather than to re-nominate a proposal. 
Demotion 
An accepted policy or guideline may become obsolete because of changes in editorial practice or community standards, may become redundant because of improvements to other pages, or may represent unwarranted instruction creep. In such situations editors may propose that a policy be demoted to a guideline, or that a policy or guideline be demoted to a supplement, informational page, essay or historical page. In certain cases, a policy or guideline may be superseded, in which case the old page is marked and retained for historical interest. 
The process for demotion is similar to promotion. A talk page discussion is typically started, the {{Under discussion|status|Discussion Title}} template is added to the top of the project page, and community input is solicited. After a reasonable amount of time for comments, an independent editor should close the discussion and evaluate the discussion and determine whether a consensus has formed to change the status. 
The {{Disputed tag}} template is typically used instead of {{Under discussion}} for claims that a page was recently assigned guideline or policy status without proper or sufficient consensus being established. 
Essays, information pages, and other informal pages that are supported by only a small minority of the community are typically moved to the primary author's userspace. These discussions typically happen on the page's talk page, sometimes with an RfC, but they have at times also been conducted at Miscellany for deletion (despite the MFD guidelines explicitly discouraging this practice). Other pages are retained for historical reference and are marked as such. 
Policies and guidelines can be edited like any other Wikipedia page. It is not strictly necessary to discuss changes or to obtain written documentation of a consensus in advance. However, because policies and guidelines are sensitive and complex, users should take care over any edits, to be sure they are faithfully reflecting the community's view and to be sure they are not accidentally introducing new sources of error or confusion. 
Keep in mind that the purpose of policies and guidelines is to state what most Wikipedians agree upon, and should be phrased to reflect the present consensus on a subject. Editing a policy/guideline/essay page does not in itself imply an immediate change to accepted practice. It is, naturally, bad practice to recommend a rejected practice on a policy or guideline page. 
Wikipedia is operated by the not-for-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which reserves certain legal rights—see the Wikimedia Foundation's Policies page for a list of its policies. See also Role of Jimmy Wales. Nevertheless, normally Wikipedia is a self-governing project run by its community. 
Before making substantive changes to policy and guideline pages, it is sometimes useful to try to establish a reasonable exception to the existing practice. To try to update the existing best practices this way, you may directly deviate from the established practice following the WP:IGNORE and WP:BOLD principles and make the change to mainspace pages. After some time, if there are no objections to the change and/or if a widespread consensus for your change or implementation is reached through discussion, you can then edit policy and guideline pages describing the practice to reflect the new situation. 
Talk page discussion typically precedes substantive changes to a policy. Changes may be made if there are no objections or if the discussion shows there is consensus for the change. Minor edits to improve formatting, grammar, and clarity may be made at any time. 
If the result of discussions is unclear, then it should be evaluated by an administrator or other independent editor, as in the proposal process. Major changes should also be publicized to the community in general; announcements similar to the proposal process may be appropriate. 
If wider input on a proposed change is desired, it may be useful to mark the section with the tag {{Under discussion|section|talk=Discussion Title}}. (If the proposal relates to a single statement, use {{Under discussion inline|Discussion Title}} immediately after it.) 
Although most editors find prior discussion, especially at well-developed pages, very helpful, directly editing these pages is permitted by Wikipedia's policies. Consequently, you should not remove any change solely on the grounds that there was no formal discussion indicating consensus for the change before it was made. Instead, you should give a substantive reason for challenging it either in your edit summary or on the talk page. 
Bold editors of policy and guideline pages are strongly encouraged to follow WP:1RR or WP:0RR standards. Editing a policy to support your own argument in an active discussion may be seen as gaming the system, especially if you do not disclose your involvement in the argument when making the edits. 
If policy and/or guideline pages directly conflict, one or more pages need to be revised to resolve the conflict so all the conflicting pages accurately reflect the community's actual practices and best advice. As a temporary measure during that resolution process, if a guideline appears to conflict with a policy, editors may assume the policy takes precedence. 
More commonly, advice pages do not directly conflict, but provide multiple options. For example, Wikipedia:Reliable sources says newspaper articles are generally considered to be reliable sources, and Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) recommends against newspaper articles for certain technical purposes. Editors must use their best judgement to decide which advice is most appropriate and relevant to the specific situation at hand. 
The page names of policies and guidelines usually do not include the words "policy" or "guideline", unless required to distinguish the page from another. 
See also 
Mission statement – The Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia values – The six values of the Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia founding principles – Principles generally supported by all the Wikimedia communities 
In Greek mythology, Cerberus (/ˈsɜːrbərəs/;[2] Greek: Κέρβερος Kérberos [ˈkerberos]), often referred to as the hound of Hades, is a multi-headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from leaving. He was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon, and was usually described as having three heads, a serpent for a tail, and snakes protruding from multiple parts of his body. Cerberus is primarily known for his capture by Heracles, the last of Heracles' twelve labours. 
Cerberus was usually three-headed, though not always. Cerberus had several multi-headed relatives. His father was the multi snake-headed Typhon,[3] and Cerberus was the brother of three other multi-headed monsters, the multi-snake-headed Lernaean Hydra; Orthrus, the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle of Geryon; and the Chimera, who had three heads: that of a lion, a goat, and a snake.[4] And, like these close relatives, Cerberus was, with only the rare iconographic exception, multi-headed. 
680 – c. 645 BC)[lower-alpha 1] was a Greek lyric poet of the Archaic period from the island of Paros. He is celebrated for his versatile and innovative use of poetic meters, and is the earliest known Greek author to compose almost entirely on the theme of his own emotions and experiences.[3][4] 
Biography 
A considerable amount of information about the life of Archilochus has come down to the modern age via his surviving work, the testimony of other authors and inscriptions on monuments,[4] yet it all needs to be viewed with caution – the biographical tradition is generally unreliable and the fragmentary nature of the poems doesn't really support inferences about his personal history.[5] The vivid language and intimate details of the poems often look autobiographical[6][7] yet it is known, on the authority of Aristotle, that Archilochus sometimes role-played. The philosopher quoted two fragments as examples of an author speaking in somebody else's voice: in one, an unnamed father commenting on a recent eclipse of the sun and, in the other, a carpenter named Charon, expressing his indifference to the wealth of Gyges, the king of Lydia.[8] There is nothing in those two fragments to suggest that Archilochus is speaking in those roles (we rely entirely on Aristotle for the context) and possibly many of his other verses involved role-playing too. It has even been suggested by one modern scholar that imaginary characters and situations might have been a feature of the poetic tradition within which Archilochus composed, known by the ancients as iambus.[9] 
The two poems quoted by Aristotle help to date the poet's life (assuming of course that Charon and the unnamed father are speaking about events that Archilochus had experienced himself). Gyges reigned 687–652 BC and the date of the eclipse must have been either 6 April 648 BC or 27 June 660 BC (another date, 14 March 711 BC, is generally considered too early).[4] These dates are consistent with other evidence of the poet's chronology and reported history, such as the discovery at Thasos of a cenotaph, dated around the end of the seventh century and dedicated to a friend named in several fragments: Glaucus, son of Leptines.[10] The chronology for Archilochus is complex but modern scholars generally settle for c. 680 – c. 
V at the Jeonju Vivid Rock Festival in August 2013 
V, together with bandmate J-Hope, collaborated with Swedish singer Zara Larsson on a song called "A Brand New Day" for the soundtrack album of their mobile game BTS World.[23] It was released on June 14, 2019, and debuted at number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart.[24] Eight months later, he collaborated with bandmate Jimin for the song "Friends" and he also participated in the composition and writing of his solo song, "Inner Child" on their album Map of the Soul: 7.[25] 
V in Kobe, Japan during The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage Tour, March 23, 2016 
In 2016, V made his acting debut with a supporting role in KBS2's historical drama Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth under his real name.[27] He also collaborated with bandmate Jin on a duet for its soundtrack entitled "It's Definitely You".[28] To celebrate BTS' fourth anniversary, V released "4 O'Clock" on June 8, 2017, a song he co-produced with bandmate RM.[29] 
Kim Tae-hyung (Korean: 김태형; born December 30, 1995),[1] also known professionally as V, is a South Korean singer and songwriter. He is a member of the South Korean boy band BTS.[2] 
V was born Kim Tae-hyung on December 30, 1995, in the Seo District of Daegu, South Korea,[3][4] and grew up in Geochang County.[5] He is the eldest of three children, with a younger brother and sister.[6] V first aspired to be a professional singer in elementary school.[7] With his father's support,[8] he began taking saxophone lessons in early middle school as a means of pursuing the career.[6][7] V eventually became a trainee for Big Hit Entertainment after passing an audition in Daegu.[9] 
Frozen is a 2013 American computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures.[5] The 53rd Disney animated feature film, it is inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale "The Snow Queen". The film depicts a princess who sets off on a journey alongside an iceman, his reindeer, and a snowman to find her estranged sister, whose icy powers have inadvertently trapped their kingdom in eternal winter. 
The 60th film produced by the studio, it was directed by Jared Bush and Byron Howard, co-directed by Charise Castro Smith, who co-wrote the screenplay with Bush, and produced by Yvett Merino and Clark Spencer, with original songs by Lin-Manuel Miranda. The film stars the voices of Stephanie Beatriz, María Cecilia Botero, John Leguizamo, Mauro Castillo, Jessica Darrow, Angie Cepeda, Carolina Gaitán, Diane Guerrero, and Wilmer Valderrama. Encanto follows a multigenerational Colombian family, the Madrigals, led by a matriarch (Botero) whose children and grandchildren—except for Mirabel Madrigal (Beatriz)—receive magical gifts from a miracle that helps them serve the people in their rural community called the Encanto. 
In Greek mythology, Persephone (/pərˈsɛfəniː/ pər-SEF-ə-nee; Greek: Περσεφόνη, romanized: Persephónē), also called Kore or Cora (/ˈkɔːriː/ KOR-ee; Greek: Κόρη, romanized: Kórē, lit. 'the maiden'), is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. She became the queen of the Underworld after her abduction by Hades, the god of the underworld, with the approval of Zeus, her father/uncle (and brother in-law after her marriage to Hades).[6] The myth of her abduction, her sojourn in the underworld and her temporary return to the surface represents her functions as the embodiment of spring and the personification of vegetation, especially grain crops, which disappear into the earth when sown, sprout from the earth in spring, and are harvested when fully grown. In Classical Greek art, Persephone is invariably portrayed robed, often carrying a sheaf of grain. 
Marsh, 1892 Deinodon cristatus? (Marsh, 1892) Stygivenator cristatus? (Marsh, 1892) Manospondylus gigas Cope, 1892 Ornithomimus grandis (Marsh, 1897) Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn, 1905 Tyrannosaurus imperiosus (Osborn, 1905) Albertosaurus lancensis (Gilmore, 1946) Aublysodon lancensis (Gilmore, 1946) Deinodon lancensis (Gilmore, 1946) Gorgosaurus lancensis Gilmore, 1946 Nanotyrannus lancensis (Gilmore, 1946) Dinotyrannus megagracilis Olshevsky & Ford, 1995 Stygivenator molnari (Paul, 1988) 
Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the Upper Cretaceous period, 68 to 66 million years ago. It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. 
Silla or Shilla (57 BCE[note 1] – 935 CE) (Korean: 신라; Hanja: 新羅; RR: Silla Korean pronunciation: [ɕiɭ.ɭa]) was a Korean kingdom located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula. Silla, along with Baekje and Goguryeo, formed the Three Kingdoms of Korea. 
Baekje or Paekche[3] (Korean: 백제; Hanja: 百濟; RR: Baekje, Korean pronunciation: [pɛk̚.t͈ɕe]), also called Nambuyeo (Korean: 남부여; Hanja: 南扶餘; RR: Nambuyeo, Korean pronunciation: [na̠m.pu.jʌ̹]; lit. "South Buyeo"), was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BC[1] to 660 AD. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. 
Uija of Baekje (599?–660, r. 
641[1]–660) was the 31st and final ruler of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. His reign ended when Baekje was conquered by an alliance of the rival Korean kingdom Silla and China's Tang dynasty. 
In mythology, the Greek underworld is a distinct realm (one of the three realms that makes up the cosmos) where an individual goes after death. The earliest idea of afterlife in Greek myth is that, at the moment of death, an individual's essence (psyche) is separated from the corpse and is transported to the underworld.[1] In early mythology (e.g., Homer's Iliad and Odyssey) the dead were indiscriminately grouped together and lead a shadowy post-existence; however, in later mythology (e.g., Platonic philosophy) elements of post-mortem judgement began to emerge with good and bad people being separated (both spatially and with regards to treatment).[2] The underworld itself— commonly referred to as Hades (Aïdes), after its patron god, but also known by various metonyms—is described as being located at the periphery of the earth, either associated with the outer limits of the ocean (i.e., Oceanus, again also a god) or beneath the earth.[3][4] Darkness and a lack of sunlight are common features associated with the underworld[5][6] and, in this way, provide a direct contrast to both the 'normality' of the land of the living (where the sun shines) and also with the brightness associated with Mount Olympus (the realm of the gods).[7][8] The underworld is also considered to be an invisible realm,[9] which is understood both in relation to the permanent state of darkness but also a potential etymological link with Hades as the 'unseen place'.[10] The underworld is made solely for the dead and so mortals do not enter it - with only a few heroic exceptions (who undertook a mythical catabasis: Heracles, Theseus, Orpheus, possibly also Odysseus, and in later Roman depictions Aeneas).[11] 
Goguryeo (고구려; 高句麗; [ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ]; 37 BC[lower-alpha 1]–668 AD), also called Goryeo (고려; 高麗; [ko.ɾjʌ]), was a Korean kingdom[5][6][7][8][9] located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Northeast China. At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled most of the Korean peninsula, large parts of Manchuria and parts of eastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.[10] 
Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.[1][2] The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human beings in some other way.[1] 
Beliefs and practices categorized as "shamanic" have attracted the interest of scholars from a variety of disciplines, including anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, religious studies scholars, philosophers and psychologists. Hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. 
Queen Hyojeong (6 March 1831 – 2 January 1904;[1] 효정왕후 홍씨) of the Namyang Hong clan, was the second wife and Queen Consort of King Heonjong of Joseon, the 24th monarch of the Joseon Dynasty. 
After his death in 1849, she was known as Queen Mother Myeongheon (명헌대비, 明憲大妃) and later Queen Dowager Myeongheon (명헌왕대비, 明憲王大妃) during King Cheoljong’s reign. After the proclamation of the Korean Empire, she became known as Empress Dowager Myeongheon (명헌왕태후). She was posthumously called Hyojeong, the Accomplishment Empress (효정성황후, 孝定成皇后). 
The lyrics of "Aegukga" were originally set to the music of the Scottish song "Auld Lang Syne" before Ahn Eak-tai composed a unique melody specifically for it in 1936. Before the founding of South Korea, the song's lyrics, set to the music of "Auld Lang Syne", was sung, as well as during Korea under Japanese rule by dissidents. The version set to the melody composed by Ahn Eak-tai was adopted as the national anthem of the Korean exile government, which existed during Korea's occupation by Japan from the early 1910s to the mid-1940s. 
The Cretaceous ( /krəˈteɪʃəs/ krə-TAY-shəs)[2] is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of the entire Phanerozoic. 
The Cretaceous (along with the Mesozoic) ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a large mass extinction in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary), a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction that lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. 
The Cretaceous as a separate period was first defined by Belgian geologist Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1822 as the Terrain Crétacé,[3] using strata in the Paris Basin[4] and named for the extensive beds of chalk (calcium carbonate deposited by the shells of marine invertebrates, principally coccoliths), found in the upper Cretaceous of Western Europe. The name Cretaceous was derived from Latin creta, meaning chalk.[5] The twofold division of the Cretaceous was implemented by Conybeare and Phillips in 1822. Alcide d'Orbigny in 1840 divided the French Cretaceous into five étages (stages): the Neocomian, Aptian, Albian, Turonian, and Senonian, later adding the Urgonian between Neocomian and Aptian and the Cenomanian between the Albian and Turonian.[6] 
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual art of the Romantic Age. What he called his "prophetic works" were said by 20th-century critic Northrop Frye to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language".[2] His visual artistry led 21st-century critic Jonathan Jones to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced".[3] In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[4] While he lived in London his entire life, except for three years spent in Felpham,[5] he produced a diverse and symbolically rich collection of works, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God"[6] or "human existence itself".[7] 
The Jurassic (/dʒʊˈræs.sɪk/ juu-RASS-ik[2]) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 145 Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era and is named after the Jura Mountains, where limestone strata from the period were first identified. 
The start of the Jurassic was marked by the major Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, associated with the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. The beginning of the Toarcian Stage started around 183 million years ago, and is marked by an extinction event associated with widespread oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and elevated the temperatures likely caused by the eruption of the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous provinces. The end of the Jurassic, however, has no clear boundary with the Cretaceous and is the only boundary between geological periods to remain formally undefined. 
The Mesozoic Era ( /ˌmɛz.əˈzoʊ.ɪk, ˌmɛz.oʊ-, ˌmɛs-, ˌmiː.zə-, -zoʊ-, ˌmiː.sə-, -soʊ-/ mez-ə-ZOH-ik, mez-oh-, mess-, mee-zə-, -⁠zoh-, mee-sə-, -⁠soh-)[1][2], also called the Age of Reptiles and the Age of Conifers,[3] is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about 252 to 66 million years ago and comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods. It is characterized by the dominance of archosaurian reptiles, like the dinosaurs; an abundance of conifers and ferns; a hot greenhouse climate; and the tectonic break-up of Pangaea. The Mesozoic is the middle of three eras since complex life evolved: the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic. 
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era ( /ˌpæl.i.əˈzoʊ.ɪk, -i.oʊ-, ˌpeɪ.li.ə-, -li.oʊ-/ pal-ee-ə-ZOH-ik, -⁠ee-oh-, pay-lee-, -⁠lee-oh-;[1][2] from the Greek palaiós (παλαιός), "old" and zōḗ (ζωή), "life", meaning "ancient life"[3][4]) is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, lasting from 538.8 to 251.902 million years ago, and is subdivided into six geologic periods (from oldest to youngest): the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The Paleozoic comes after the Neoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon and is followed by the Mesozoic Era. 
It is characterized by the dominance of mammals, birds and flowering plants, a cooling and drying climate, and the current configuration of continents. It is the latest of three geological eras since complex life evolved, preceded by the Mesozoic and Paleozoic. It started with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, when many species, including the non-avian dinosaurs, became extinct in an event attributed by most experts to the impact of a large asteroid or other celestial body, the Chicxulub impactor. 
Mount Olympus (/oʊˈlɪmpəs, əˈlɪm-/;[6] Greek: Όλυμπος, romanized: Ólympos, also Ólimbos, IPA: [ˈoli(m)bos]) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is part of the Olympus massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Larissa and Pieria, about 80 km (50 mi) southwest from Thessaloniki.[7] Mount Olympus has 52 peaks and deep gorges.[8] The highest peak, Mytikas (Μύτικας Mýtikas), meaning "nose", rises to 2,917 metres (9,570 ft).[3] It is one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence.[9] 
East China Sea, a marginal sea east of China, where it is called Dōnghǎi (东海/東海) in Chinese, meaning "East Sea" East Sea (Chinese literature), one of the Four Seas, a literary name for the boundaries of China South China Sea, a marginal sea south of China and east and south of Indochina, called Biển Đông in Vietnamese, meaning "East Sea" Sea of Japan, a marginal sea between the Korean Peninsula, Russia and the Japanese archipelago, called Donghae (Korean: 동해; Hanja: 東海; East Sea) in South Korea, and Chosŏn Tonghae (Korean: 조선동해; Hanja: 朝鮮東海; Korean East Sea) in North Korea. Sea of Japan naming dispute Baltic Sea, called "East Sea" in various languages Dead Sea, a salt lake east of Israel, as used in the Bible (Joel 2:20; Ezek. 47:18) Mare Orientale, Latin for "Eastern Sea", on the Moon Atlantic Ocean, also referred to as the East Sea or Eastern Sea in poetry and other uses in North America Pacific Ocean, called the East Sea in poetry and other uses from Australia, New Zealand, China and Japan Indian Ocean, earlier called the "Eastern Ocean" or "Eastern Sea" Eastern Sea, the eastern ocean of Middle-earth in J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction 
A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.[1] Humans spend about two hours dreaming per night,[2] and each dream lasts around 5 to 20 minutes, although the dreamer may perceive the dream as being much longer than this.[3] 
The content and function of dreams have been topics of scientific, philosophical and religious interest throughout recorded history. Dream interpretation, practiced by the Babylonians in the third millennium BCE[4] and even earlier by the ancient Sumerians,[5][6] figures prominently in religious texts in several traditions, and has played a lead role in psychotherapy.[7][8] The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.[9] Most modern dream study focuses on the neurophysiology of dreams and on proposing and testing hypotheses regarding dream function. It is not known where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple regions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. 
These experiences can be brought on by strong emotions. Less commonly, there may be vivid hallucinations or an inability to move (sleep paralysis) while falling asleep or waking up. People with narcolepsy tend to sleep about the same number of hours per day as people without, but the quality of sleep tends to be lessened.[1] 
Joshua Ilan Gad[1] (born February 23, 1981)[2] is an American actor. He is known for voicing Olaf in the Frozen franchise, playing Elder Arnold Cunningham in the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon, and playing Le Fou in the live-action adaptation of Disney's Beauty and the Beast. For his role as Olaf, Gad won two Annie Awards, and for his work in The Book of Mormon, he co-won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. 
Idina Kim Menzel (/ɪˈdiːnə mɛnˈzɛl/; née Mentzel; born May 30, 1971)[2][3] is an American actress and singer, particularly known for her work in musicals on the Broadway stage. Having achieved mainstream success across stage, film and music, she is one of the most celebrated Broadway performers of her generation, and has garnered the honorific title "Queen of Broadway" for her achievements. The winner of one Tony Award, her accolades include an American Music Award and a Billboard Music Award, as well as nominations for three Drama League Awards and four Drama Desk Awards. 
After reprising her role as Maureen in Rent’s 2005 film adaptation, she was cast in a non-singing role as Nancy Tremaine in Disney's musical fantasy Enchanted (2007). Menzel also had a recurring role as Shelby Corcoran on the musical television series Glee, playing the biological mother of series lead Rachel Berry from 2010 to 2013. In 2019, she starred opposite Adam Sandler in the crime drama Uncut Gems, and played Vivian, Cinderella's stepmother, in 2021's jukebox musical adaptation of Cinderella. 
The song was performed in its original show-tune version in the film by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa. It was later released as a single,[2][3] being promoted to adult contemporary radio by Walt Disney Records in January 2014.[4][5] Anderson-Lopez and Lopez also composed a simplified pop version (with shorter lyrics and background chorus) which was performed by actor and singer Demi Lovato over the start of the film's closing credits. Disney's music division planned to release Lovato's version of the song before Menzel's, as they did not consider Menzel's version a traditional pop song.[5] A music video was released separately for the pop version of the song. 
The Second Husband (Korean: 두 번째 남편; Hanja: 第二任丈夫; RR: Du Beonjjae Nampyeon) is a South Korean television series starring Cha Seo-won, Uhm Hyun-kyung and Oh Seung-ah. The series, directed by Kim Chil-bong and written by Seo Hyeon-joo for Pan Entertainment, is a passionate romance drama in which a woman who has lost her family unfairly ventures out for revenge amid mixed fate and love.[1][2] 
Hanja (Korean: 한자; Hanja: 漢字, Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)nt͈ɕa]), alternatively known as Hancha, is the Korean name for a traditional writing system which consists of Chinese characters (Chinese: 漢字; pinyin: hànzì)[1] that has been incorporated and used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom. More specifically, it refers to the Chinese characters incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. 
Hanja-eo (한자어, 漢字語) refers to words of Chinese origin that can be written with Hanja, and hanmun (한문, 漢文) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although "Hanja" is also sometimes used to encompass both concepts. Because Hanja never underwent any major reforms, they are similar to kyūjitai and traditional Chinese characters, although the stroke orders for some characters are slightly different. For example, the characters 教 and 敎 as well as 研 and 硏.[2] Only a small number of Hanja characters were modified or are unique to Korean, with the rest corresponding to the traditional Chinese characters. 
Park Jin-young (born September 22, 1994), known mononymously as Jinyoung,[1] and formerly as Jr.[2] and Junior,[3] is a South Korean singer, actor, and songwriter.[2][4] He is a member of the boy band Got7 and boy band duo JJ Project.[3] He made his acting debut in the drama Dream High 2 (2012) followed by a series of supporting roles until he landed a main role in He Is Psychometric (2019). He made his film debut in the independent film A Stray Goat (2016). 
Chang'e (Chinese: 嫦娥; pinyin: Cháng'é, unofficially rendered as Chang-Er[1] or Chang-o for simpler pronunciation), originally known as Heng'e,[note 1] is the Chinese goddess of the Moon. She is the subject of several legends in Chinese mythology, most of which incorporate several of the following elements: Houyi the archer, a benevolent or malevolent emperor, an elixir of life, and the Moon. She was married to Houyi. 
The mythological White Hare from Chinese mythology, making the elixir of life on the Moon. 
The elixir of life, also known as elixir of immortality and sometimes equated with the name philosopher's stone, is a potion that supposedly grants the drinker eternal life and/or eternal youth. This elixir was also said to cure all diseases. Alchemists in various ages and cultures sought the means of formulating the elixir. 
An early mention of an elixir of life is found in the Epic of Gilgamesh (from the 2nd millenium BC) in which Gilgamesh comes to fear his own declining years following the death of his beloved companion Enkidu.[citation needed] He seeks out Utnapishtim, a Noah-like figure in Mesopotamian mythology in which he was a servant of the great Alchemist of the rain who later became immortal, to seek out the advice of the King of Herod of the Land of Fire. 
Gilgamesh is directed by him to find a plant at the bottom of the sea which he does but seeks first to test it on an old man before trying it himself. Unfortunately, it is eaten by a serpent before he can do so. 
Xu Fu's first expedition to the Mount of the immortals. By Utagawa Kuniyoshi. 
Many rulers of ancient China sought the fabled elixir to achieve eternal life. During the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang sent Taoist alchemist Xu Fu to the eastern seas with 500 young men and 500 young women to find the elixir in the legendary Penglai Mountain, but returned without finding it. He embarked on a second voyage with 3000 young girls and boys, but none of them ever returned (legend has it that he found Japan instead).[1] 
The ancient Chinese believed that ingesting long-lasting precious substances such as jade, cinnabar or hematite would confer some of that longevity on the person who consumed them. Gold was considered particularly potent, as it was a non-tarnishing precious metal; the idea of potable or drinkable gold is found in China by the end of the third century BC. The most famous Chinese alchemical book, the Danjing yaojue (Essential Formulas of Alchemical Classics) attributed to Sun Simiao (c. 
682 AD),[2][3] a famous medical specialist respectfully called "King of Medicine" by later generations, discusses in detail the creation of elixirs for immortality (mercury, sulphur, and the salts of mercury and arsenic are prominent, and most are poisonous) as well as those for curing certain diseases and the fabrication of precious stones. 
Many of these substances, far from contributing to longevity, were actively toxic and resulted in Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning. The Jiajing Emperor in the Ming Dynasty died from ingesting a lethal dosage of mercury in the supposed "Elixir of Life" conjured by alchemists.[citation needed] 
The Jiajing Emperor (Chinese: 嘉靖帝; pinyin: Jiājìng Dì; Wade–Giles: Chia-ching Ti; 16 September 1507 – 23 January 1567) was the 12th Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1521 to 1567. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the former Zhengde Emperor's cousin. His father, Zhu Youyuan (1476–1519), Prince of Xing, was the fourth son of the Chenghua Emperor (reigned from 1464 to 1487) and the eldest son of three sons born to the emperor's concubine, Lady Shao. 
Empress Xiaohuizhang (5 November 1641 – 7 January 1718), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the wife and second empress consort of Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor. She was Empress consort of Qing from 1654 until her husband's death in 1661, after which she was honoured as Empress Dowager Renxian during the reign of her step-son, Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor. She was posthumously honoured with the title Empress Xiaohuizhang. 
Victoria A flowering Victoria in the Amsterdam Hortus Botanicus Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Order: Nymphaeales Family: Nymphaeaceae Genus: Victoria Lindley Species Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) 
Sowerby Victoria cruziana Orb. 
Giant waterlily at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 
Victoria is a genus of water-lilies, in the plant family Nymphaeaceae, with very large green leaves that lie flat on the water's surface. Victoria amazonica has a leaf that is up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in diameter, on a stalk up to 8 metres (26 ft) in length. The genus name was given in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. 
Extant species 
The flowers are white the first night they are open and become pink the second night. They are up to 40 cm in diameter, and are pollinated by scarab beetles. Victoria cruziana Parana-Paraguay basin Slightly smaller than V. amazonica, with the underside of the leaves purple rather than the red of V. amazonica, and covered with a peachlike fuzz lacking in V. amazonica. 
The leaf of Victoria is able to support quite a large weight due to the plant's structure, although the leaf itself is quite delicate: so much so that "a straw held 6 inches above and dropped perpendicularly upon it would readily pass through it".[4] To counter the fragile nature of the leaf, the weight needs to be distributed across the surface through mechanical means, such as a sheet of plywood. This allows the leaf to support up to 32 kilograms (71 lb).[4] 
A woman standing on a leaf of Victoria cruziana in the lily pond in front of the Linnaean House of the Missouri Botanical Garden. A wooden plank and a towel is placed on the pad to prevent damage to the plant. 
↑ The Tyrant of the Deep | The Green Planet | BBC Earth, retrieved 2022-01-23 ↑ "Nymphaeaceae Victoria Lindl". Plant Name Details. International Plant Name Index. 
Oh Se-hoon (Korean: 오세훈, Hanja: 吳世勳; born January 4, 1961)[1] is a South Korean lawyer-turned-politician who is serving as the mayor of Seoul from 8 April 2021. He previously served as a member of the National Assembly of South Korea from 2000 to 2004, and the mayor of Seoul from 2006 to 2011. 
A few characters were invented in Japan by constructing character components derived from other Chinese characters. After World War II, Japan made its own efforts to simplify the characters, now known as shinjitai, by a process similar to China's simplification efforts, with the intention to increase literacy among the common folk. Since the 1920s, the Japanese government has published character lists periodically to help direct the education of its citizenry through the myriad Chinese characters that exist. 
The term kanji in Japanese literally means "Han characters".[3] It is spelled in Japanese by using the same characters as in traditional Chinese, and both refer to the character writing system known in Chinese as hanzi (traditional Chinese: 漢字; simplified Chinese: 汉字; pinyin: hànzì; lit. 'Han characters').[4] The significant use of Chinese characters in Japan first began to take hold around the 5th century AD and has since made a profound influence in shaping Japanese culture, language, literature, history, and records.[5] Inkstone artifacts at archaeological sites dating back to the earlier Yayoi period were also found to contain Chinese characters.[6] 
Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر, romanized: al-ʾuqṣur, lit. 'the palaces') is a modern city in Upper (southern) Egypt which includes the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. 
Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open-air museum", as the ruins of the Egyptian temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor stand within the modern city. Immediately opposite, across the River Nile, lie the monuments, temples and tombs of the west bank Theban Necropolis, which includes the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens. Thousands of tourists from all around the world arrive annually to visit Luxor's monuments, contributing greatly to the economy of the modern city. 
Syracuse (/ˈsɪrəkjuːz, ˈsɛr-, -kjuːs/ SIRR-ə-kewz, SERR-, -⁠kewss)[3][4][5] is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, United States. It is the fifth-most populous city in the state of New York following New York City, Buffalo, Yonkers and Rochester. 
Syracuse is home to Syracuse University, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry, and Le Moyne College. 
Big, of great size or degree 
2021–present: As Big Hit Music 
On March 19, 2021, Big Hit Entertainment announced that it had been renamed Hybe Corporation to emphasize its wider array of business units and ventures. With the change, the Big Hit record label was renamed Big Hit Music .[19][20][21] 
On April 1, 2021, Hybe announced through a board resolution that it would divide the label business (Big Hit Music) from Hybe to establish new company. Hybe will hold 100% of the stake in new company.[22] 
On July 1, 2021, Big Hit Music was divided from Hybe and became a subsidiary of the Hybe.[23] 
Big Hit Music (Korean: 빅히트 뮤직; formerly Big Hit Entertainment) is a South Korean entertainment company established in 2005 by Bang Si-hyuk. It was rebranded as Big Hit Music by its parent company Hybe Corporation, formerly Big Hit Entertainment Co. 
Ltd., in March 2021.[2] Big Hit Music was divided from Hybe on July 1. As of that date, the company manages soloist Lee Hyun, and boy groups BTS and Tomorrow X Together. It previously managed soloist Lim Jeong-hee, and groups 8Eight, 2AM, and Glam. 
2005–2020: Big Hit Entertainment 
Big Hit Entertainment was founded on February 1, 2005,[3] and signed the vocal trio 8Eight in 2007.[4] In 2010, the company signed a joint management contract with JYP Entertainment over the boy group 2AM.[5] That year, Bang Si-hyuk signed RM as the first member of BTS and launched nationwide auditions to recruit other members of the group[6]—BTS made their debut under Big Hit on June 13, 2013.[7] 
Following the end of the joint contract between Big Hit and JYP in April 2014, three members of 2AM returned to JYP, while Lee Chang-min remained with Big Hit in order to continue with his solo career and as part of the duo Homme.[1] The year also saw the disbandment of 8Eight after Baek Chan and Joo Hee's contracts with Big Hit ended.[2] In May 2015, Lim Jeong-hee parted ways with the agency, following the expiration of her three-year contract.[3] 
A north wind is a wind that originates in the north and blows in a southward direction. The north wind has had historical and literary significance, since it often signals cold weather and seasonal change in the Northern hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, especially in southern Australia, the north wind is a hot wind which often leads to bushfires. 
The North Wind, an 1891 painting by Frederick McCubbin 
Movies 
In literature 
One of Aesop's most famous fables is called The North Wind and the Sun. The North wind plays a part in the Norwegian fable, "East of the sun and west of the moon", as the only wind capable of helping a woman fly to the titular location to find her husband. The wind plays an important role in another Norwegian folktale, "The Lad who went to the North Wind", giving the lad a tablecloth that produces food, a donkey that produces gold, and a stick that beats a person on command. 
Music 
Qebui is the Egyptian god of the North Wind.[1] In art, Qebui appears as a man with four ram heads, or a winged, four-headed ram.[2][3] He is also associated with the lands beyond[clarification needed] the third cataract of the Nile.[4] 
With a population in excess of 60 million in the late 18th century, the species was down to just 541 animals by 1889. Recovery efforts expanded in the mid-20th century, with a resurgence to roughly 31,000 wild bison as of March 2019.[5] For many years, the population was primarily found in a few national parks and reserves. Through multiple reintroductions, the species now freely roams wild in several regions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with it also being introduced to Yakutia in Russia.[6] 
Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the plains bison (B. b. bison), smaller in size and with a more rounded hump, and the wood bison (B. b. athabascae)—the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Furthermore, the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern plains (B. b. montanae) and a southern plains (B. b. bison) subspecies, bringing the total to three.[10] However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of extant bovid in the world, surpassed only by the Asian gaur.[13] Among extant land animals in North America, the bison is the heaviest and the longest, and the second tallest after the moose. 
Male plains bison in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma 
Adult male (hindmost) and adult female (foremost), in Yellowstone National Park 
Description 
According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning, "The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes. The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions, and it was utilized in many ways. It was used in ceremonies, as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people, utensils, shields, weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew."[116] The Sioux consider the birth of a white buffalo to be the return of White Buffalo Calf Woman, their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their "Seven Sacred Rites". 
Alpha /ˈælfə/[1] (uppercase Α, lowercase α; Ancient Greek: ἄλφα, álpha, or Greek: άλφα, romanized: álfa) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which is the West Semitic word for "ox".[2] Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter A and the Cyrillic letter А. 
Uses 
In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced [a] and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: Ᾱᾱ, Ᾰᾰ. 
An agreement was reached between the VOC and the Helong tribe, but due to a lack of VOC presence on Timor, Kupang was heavily influenced by the Portuguese mestizo population of Flores, the Topasses, which led to the establishment of a Portuguese stronghold by the 1640s. However, by 1646, the VOC was firmly established on the nearby island of Solor, and renewed their agreement with the local Raja of Kupang.[6] In January 1653, a Dutch fortification, Fort Concordia, was built on an elevated position on the left bank of the river estuary. Kupang then became the base of the Dutch struggle against the Portuguese. 
Kupang (Indonesian: Kota Kupang, Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈkupaŋ]), formerly known as Koepang, is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara. As of 2020, it had a population of 442,758.[1] It is the largest city and port on the island of Timor, and is a part of the Timor Leste-Indonesia-Australia Growth Triangle free trade zone.[5] 
The harbor of Kupang in the early 20th century. 
The house of the Resident of Timor in the early 20th century. 
Kupang was an important port and trading post during the Portuguese and Dutch colonial eras. There are still ruins and remnants of the colonial presence in the city. 
Representatives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) first encountered Kupang in 1613 after having conquered the Portuguese fort on the island of Solor. At this time the area of the city was governed by a Raja of the Helong tribe, who claimed descent from the island of Ceram in the Maluku archipelago. Kupang occupied an ideal strategic position to exercise control over parts of Timor since it was possible to monitor shipping activities along the south coast of the island from the location. 
Laem Samila beach 
Songkhla (Thai: สงขลา, pronounced [sǒŋ.kʰlǎː]), also known as Singgora or Singora (Pattani Malay: ซิงกอรอ), is a city (thesaban nakhon) in Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, near the border with Malaysia. As of 2020 it had a population of 61,758.[1] Songkhla lies 968 km (601 mi) south of Bangkok. 
Despite being smaller than the neighboring city Hat Yai, Songkhla is the capital of Songkhla Province as well as the Mueang Songkhla District (Songkhla town district). 
At the opening of Songkhla Lake to the Gulf of Thailand, Songkhla is a fishing town and also an important harbour. It is the major seaport on the east side of the Isthmus of Kra. 
Naga Head at Song Thale Park, Laem Son On, Songkhla City 
General Sir Harry North Dalrymple Prendergast, VC, GCB (15 October 1834 – 24 July 1913) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of British and, in imperial times, Commonwealth forces. 
The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, including talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, shouting, humming or yelling. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are the primary sound source. (Other sound production mechanisms produced from the same general area of the body involve the production of unvoiced consonants, clicks, whistling and whispering.) 
The lungs, the "pump" must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds. The vocal folds (vocal cords) then vibrate to use airflow from the lungs to create audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source.[1] The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to 'fine-tune' pitch and tone. The articulators (the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of tongue, palate, cheek, lips, etc.) articulate and filter the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with the laryngeal airflow to strengthen or weaken it as a sound source. 
Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas.[1] 
A cosmopolitan plant, Jacaranda mimosifolia is quite common in Paraguay, Uruguay, Southern California, Florida, Mexico, Colombia, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Italy,[2] Portugal, Spain (particularly in Málaga) and Zambia and has been introduced to most tropical and subtropical regions to the extent that it has entered popular culture. It has been planted widely in Asia, with trees visible in many parts of Nepal, Pakistan and India. 
Aphrodite's major symbols include myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. 
Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of "sacred prostitution" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous. 
District in Khon Kaen, Thailand Chum Phae ชุมแพ District Aerial view of Chum Phae by night District location in Khon Kaen province Coordinates: 16°32′39″N 102°5′59″E / 16.54417°N 102.09972°E / 16.54417; 102.09972Coordinates: 16°32′39″N 102°5′59″E / 16.54417°N 102.09972°E / 16.54417; 102.09972 Country Thailand Province Khon Kaen Seat Chum Phae Area • Total 510.9 km2 (197.3 sq mi) Population (2005) • Total 122,091 • Density 239.0/km2 (619/sq mi) Time zone UTC+7 (ICT) Postal code 40130 Geocode 4005 
Chum Phae (Thai: ชุมแพ, pronounced [t͡ɕʰūm pʰɛ̄ː]) is a district () of Khon Kaen province, northeastern Thailand. 
The area has been occupied since prehistoric times. The ruins of the town Non Mueang date from the Dvaravati period.[citation needed] 
The establishment of the district was announced in the Royal Gazette on 3 August 1943, originally including tambons Chum Phae, Si Suk, Non Han, and Khua Riang,[1] which were later divided into 10 tambons. 
In 1965 the northeastern part of the district was split off to form Si Chomphu district. In 1981 the western portion of the district formed the district Phu Pha Man district. 
Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/Thai: อีสาน, pronounced [ʔīː.sǎːn] (listen); Lao: ອີສານ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali īsānna or Sanskrit ईशान्य īśānya "northeast")[3] consists of 20 provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand. Isan is Thailand's largest region, located on the Khorat Plateau, bordered by the Mekong River (along the Laos–Thailand border) to the north and east, by Cambodia to the southeast and the Sankamphaeng Range south of Nakhon Ratchasima. To the west it is separated from northern and central Thailand by the Phetchabun Mountains. 
Phra Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลก King Rama I King of Siam Reign 6 April 1782 – 7 September 1809 Coronation 21 June 1782 Predecessor Monarchy established Taksin (as King of the Thonburi Kingdom) Successor Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II) Viceroy Maha Sura Singhanat Isarasundhorn (later Rama II) Deputy viceroy Anurak Devesh Born (1737-03-20)20 March 1737 Ayutthaya, Ayutthaya Kingdom Died 7 September 1809(1809-09-07) (aged 72) Grand Palace, Bangkok, Siam Burial Wat Pho, Bangkok, Siam Spouse Amarindra Issue 42 sons and daughters with various consorts, including: Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II) Maha Senanurak Sakdiphonlasep House Chakri dynasty Father Thongdi (later Somdet Phra Prathom Borom Maha Rajchanok) Mother Daoreung Religion Buddhism 
Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok Maharaj (Thai: พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช, 20 March 1737 – 7 September 1809), personal name Thongduang (ทองด้วง), also known as Rama I, was the founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam (now Thailand). His full title in Thai is Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramoruracha Mahachakkriborommanat Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรโมรุราชามหาจักรีบรมนารถ พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลก). He ascended the throne in 1782, following the deposition of King Taksin of Thonburi. 
This guideline documents an English Wikipedia naming convention. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. 
In naming Korea-related topics and article titles, please follow these conventions. For infoboxes, templates, romanization, and other style issues, see also Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Korea-related articles). 
Given name 
Romanization of names 
Personal, organization, and company names should generally be romanized according to their common usage in English sources. If there is no established English spelling, then Revised Romanization should be used for South Korean and pre-1945 Korean names, McCune–Reischauer for North Korean names. 
Generally, Korean templates should be used to show the native script and both romanizations. Please be sure to create redirects from both romanizations and any other likely romanizations and common misspellings. 
Name order 
Unless the subject is known to prefer otherwise, family name should be written first. 
Family name 
Unless the subject is known to prefer otherwise such as Kim, Lee, or Park, family names are romanized per Revised Romanization (RR) for South Koreans and pre-1945 Koreans, or McCune–Reischauer (MR) for North Koreans. 
Hangul Hanja Revised Romanization Common usage 김 金 Gim Kim 박 朴 Bak Park 이 李 I Lee 
Koreans variously spell two-syllable given names as a joined word or separated by a hyphen or a space, with the second syllable occasionally capitalized. If there is no personal preference, and no established English spelling, hyphenate the syllables, with only the first syllable capitalized (e.g., Hong Gil-dong). 
The article titles for monarchs should use the format Name (the Great) of Kingdom. For example: Seondeok of Silla; Sejong the Great of Joseon; Gojong of Korea. 
Translate the terms for administrative divisions "-do". For example, North Gyeongsang Province, not Gyeongsangbuk-do. 
Temples 
For Buddhist temples, the full unhyphenated Korean name including sa should be used, as in Bulguksa. If disambiguation is needed, "Temple" can be added -- see Wikipedia:Disambiguation. 
King of Siam Phra Buddha Loetla Nabhalai พระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย King of Siam Reign 7 September 1809 – 21 July 1824 Coronation 1809 Predecessor Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) Successor Nangklao (Rama III) Viceroy Maha Senanurak Viceroy of Siam Tenure 1808 – 7 September 1809 Appointed Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) Predecessor Maha Sura Singhanat Successor Maha Senanurak Born (1767-02-24)24 February 1767 Amphawa, Samut Songkhram, Ayutthaya Kingdom Died 21 July 1824(1824-07-21) (aged 57) Grand Palace, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Siam Spouse Sri Suriyendra (queen) Kunthon Thipphayawadi Sri Sulalai Issue 73 sons and daughters,[1] including: Nangklao (Rama III) Mongkut (Rama IV) Pinklao House Chakri Dynasty Father Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) Mother Amarindra Religion Buddhism 
Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Thai: พระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย, 24 February 1767 – 21 July 1824), personal name Chim (Thai: ฉิม), also styled as Rama II was the second monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 1809 to 1824. In 1809, Itsarasunthon succeeded his father Rama I, the founder of Chakri dynasty, as Loetlanaphalai the King of Siam. His reign was largely peaceful, devoid of major conflicts. 
King Rama III Nangklao พระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว King Rama III King of Siam Reign 21 July 1824 – 2 April 1851 Coronation 21 July 1824 Predecessor Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) Successor Mongkut (Rama IV) Viceroy Maha Sakdi Polsep Born (1788-03-31)31 March 1788 Thonburi Palace, Siam Died 2 April 1851(1851-04-02) (aged 63) Grand Palace, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Siam Issue 51 sons and daughters with various consorts House Chakri Dynasty Father Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) Mother Sri Sulalai Religion Buddhism 
Nangklao (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, RTGS: Phra Bat Somdet Phra Nangklao Chao Yu Hua; 31 March 1788 – 2 April 1851), birth name Thap (Thai: ทับ), also styled Rama III, was the third king of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 21 July 1824 to 2 April 1851. 
Mara (Tagin), a tribe in Arunachal Pradesh Mara people, in West Maraland of Mizoram State in northeastern India, and in East Maraland in Chin state of Myanmar 
Mara (name), list of people with this name Māra (given name), a Latvian given name Mára, the stage name for American musician Faith Coloccia during solo performances Mahinda Rajapaksa, 6th president of Sri Lanka 
MaraDNS, DNS software 
See also 
Mahra (disambiguation) Marah (disambiguation) Maras (disambiguation) Marra (disambiguation) Mara language 
nominative – 이/가 i/ga for the subject, 께서 kkeseo for the subject who is respected genitive – 의 ui locative – 에 e "to" place or "in" place (e.g. "go to the hospital" or "I am in the hospital") 
This article is a description of the morphology, syntax, and semantics of Korean. For phonetics and phonology, see Korean phonology. See also Korean honorifics, which play a large role in the grammar.[1] 
On May 12, 2022, it was revealed that Emergent Fidelity Technologies Ltd., which is majority owned by Bankman-Fried, had bought 7.6% of Robinhood Markets Inc. stock.[14][15] 
Bankman-Fried is a supporter of effective altruism and pursues earning to give as an altruistic career.[16] He is a member of Giving What We Can and has claimed that he plans to donate the great majority of his wealth to effective charities over the course of his life.[2] 
His company FTX has a policy of donating 1% of its revenue to charity.[1][17] 
Bankman-Fried said in February 2022 that his political contributions were not aimed at influencing his policy goals for the cryptocurrency ecosystem; however, FTX was circulating a list of suggestions to policymakers at the time.[1] He said in an interview that he would prefer the Commodity Futures Trading Commission take a larger role in regulating and guiding the crypto industry.[18] The CFTC has a reputation for favoring relatively relaxed regulations for the industry, when contrasted with other regulators like the Securities and Exchange Commission.[19] 
Bankman-Fried made few political donations as a student, the exception being a $1000 contribution to Michael Bennet at the age of eighteen.[18] In the 2020 election cycle, he contributed $5.2 million to two super PACs that supported the Biden campaign.[18] He was the second-largest individual donor to Joe Biden in the 2020 election cycle, personally donating $5.2 million,[20] second to only Michael Bloomberg.[3][21] 
Contributions for June 2021 through February 2022 went to members of both parties. They included direct donations to the Republican campaigns of senators Susan Collins of Maine, Mitt Romney of Utah, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, and Ben Sasse of Nebraska.[1] 
In 2022, Bankman-Fried provided initial financial support for Protect Our Future PAC. Protect Our Future was launched as a Democratic political action committee with $10 million in initial funding aiming to support "lawmakers who play the long game on policymaking in areas like pandemic preparedness and planning", according to Politico.[22] 
Samuel Bankman-Fried[1] (born March 6, 1992[2]), also known by his initials SBF,[3] is an American entrepreneur, billionaire and investor. He is the founder and CEO of FTX, a cryptocurrency exchange.[4][5] He also manages assets through Alameda Research, a quantitative cryptocurrency trading firm he founded in October 2017. He was ranked 60th on the 2022 Forbes billionaires list with a net worth of US$24 billion.[6] 
Bankman-Fried is a vegan.[1][2] He ensures that every room in his office has bean bag chairs to sleep on.[8] He shares an apartment with roommates.[8] He lives in the Bahamas.[8] 
Bankman-Fried was born in 1992 on the campus of Stanford University, the son of Barbara Fried and Joseph Bankman, both professors at Stanford Law School.[2] He attended Canada/USA Mathcamp, a summer program for mathematically talented high school students.[2] 
From 2010 to 2014, Bankman-Fried attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[1] There, he lived in a coeducational group house called Epsilon Theta.[2] In 2012, he blogged about utilitarianism, baseball, and politics.[2][2] In 2014, he graduated with a degree in physics and a minor in mathematics.[2][7][8] 
In the summer of 2013, Bankman-Fried began working at Jane Street Capital, a proprietary trading firm,[1] trading international ETFs.[9] Initially an intern, he returned there full-time after graduating.[2] 
In September 2017, Bankman-Fried quit Jane Street and moved to Berkeley, where he worked briefly at the Centre for Effective Altruism as director of development from October to November 2017.[1][10] In November 2017, he founded Alameda Research, a quantitative trading firm.[2] As of 2021, Bankman-Fried owns approximately 90% of Alameda Research.[2] In January 2018, Bankman-Fried organized an arbitrage trade, moving up to $25M per day, to take advantage of the higher price of bitcoin in Japan compared to in America.[2][10] After attending a late 2018 cryptocurrency conference in Macau, and while also inspired by the concurrent fork of Bitcoin Cash, he moved to Hong Kong.[2][11] He founded FTX, a cryptocurrency derivatives exchange, in April 2019, and it then launched the following month.[2] 
On December 8, 2021, Bankman-Fried, along with other industry executives, testified before the Committee on Financial Services in relation to regulating the cryptocurrency industry.[12][13] 
Ba Than is best remembered for founding the main hospital in Rangoon to serve non-Japanese patients during the Japanese occupation of Burma (1942–1945) during World War II. The hospital served Burma Independence/Defence Army (BIA/BDA) and Indian National Army (INA) officers and troops as well as the general public. He also founded the wartime medical and nursing schools. 
Ba Than came to found the hospital out of sheer necessity in wartime Burma. He was one of the few physicians, and of even fewer specialists, who had not evacuated the country along with the British administration.[10] Furthermore, the city lost its main hospital when the Imperial Japanese Army seized and reserved Rangoon General Hospital only for the Japanese (soon after the IJA and their allies Burma Independence Army (BIA) took the city on 7 March 1942). The incoming Japanese administration sent Dr. T. Suzuki[note 4] to ask Ba Than to found a new hospital for the BIA.[10] Ba Than agreed, and in late March, with one other physician and an assistant, opened a "hospital" in the building of Anglican Diocesan School of Rangoon, with an outpatient clinic and a few beds.[11] 
With most trained personnel gone, he had to resort to taking in final year medical students and nurse trainees.[1] He was able to persuade most of the few remaining doctors and nurses in the country to join his fledgling outfit. Three highly experienced specialists—Dr. S. Sen (as Head of Internal Medicine), Dr. Yin May (as Head of Maternity Unit) and Dr. Chan Taik (as Head of Ophthalmology)—did join.[11] Indeed some like Dr. Yin May, Dr. Sen and senior nurse Khin Kyi had chosen to return to Rangoon.[note 5] To be sure, not everyone who remained joined. Myint Swe, who joined the hospital as a resident in April 1942, recounted an exchange in English between Ba Than and a former colleague of Ba Than who came to see the "hospital": the man reportedly remarked that "a handful of fellows can't do anything" to which Ba Than responded "it's the determined few that command the crowd."[12] 
In the early days of the hospital, he handled all types of cases, not just surgery ones.[13] Over the next six months, he pieced together the staff, equipment, and supplies to have a semblance of a functioning hospital. Under his leadership, the hospital became the main to-go place for all non-Japanese patients, not only the BIA/BDA and INA brass but also the ordinary servicemen and the general public. Founded as the BIA Hospital, the hospital was renamed as the Public General Hospital of Rangoon on 1 November 1942, and placed under the Ministry of Health.[14] 
One constant headache for Ba Than was Japanese surveillance and interference. The hospital operated under the watchful eye of Japanese agents, who planted themselves as longterm patients till the end.[15] However, the bigger issue for the staff was the constant disruption by the Japanese troops from the nearby barracks, who would barge in and mistreat patients and staff, nurses in particular. Ba Than himself was interrogated by the soldiers on a whim.[note 6] In 1943, the Japanese began sending doctors from the hospital to work on the Death Railway at the Thai-Burmese border, which most people took as a death sentence.[16] According to Myint Swe, everyone felt powerless and humiliated but no one could do anything about it.[17] 
What Ba Than did do was to keep his overworked staff motivated and entertained by organizing musical performances. Ba Than was an avid pianist and Burmese xylophonist, and he found time to organize small musical and opera performances by his staff for the patients. His two young children, Katie and Georgie, who were accomplished pianists, also performed at the shows.[18] 
The wedding of Gen. Aung San and Khin Kyi was held at the wartime hospital on 6 September 1942. The photo was taken at the easternmost hall of the hospital.[19] 
The hospital was the place where historically important people were treated, including Aung San, Ne Win, Bo Letya, Bo Setkya, Thakin Than Tun, Thakin Mya, Thakin Po Hla Gyi, Ba Cho, Kyaw Nyein, S. C. Bose, and J. R. Bhonsle.[20] It was also the place where Gen. Aung San met his future wife Khin Kyi during his brief hospitalization in mid 1942. Ba Than organized the wedding reception at the hospital, and even gave a song-and-piano performance.[note 7] 
The schools were to address the severe staff shortage throughout the country, including the Burmese military, which had only a skeleton medical staff. Although the hospital had attracted more physicians and nurses by November 1942, the patient load had also increased even faster.[21] Ba Than recruited a few specialists/professors (Drs. Asahi, Suji, Horibe, and Shikuma) directly from Japan to join the hospital and the medical school.[22] Even then, the wartime school could offer only an accelerated two and a half year LSMP (Licensed Surgery and Medical Practitioner) program, not a full-fledged MBBS program.[21] (The school's entire inaugural graduating class of June 1944 was drafted by the Burmese Army. The next class graduated in December 1944.[23]) The nursing school's classes were held in the evening at the hospital and were taught initially by two senior nurses (Mi Mi Gyi and Tin Nu), and later by the graduates of the program. 
Post-WWII 
Tin Tut in London, 1947 
After Allied forces returned to Rangoon in May 1945, Ba Than was repeatedly questioned by the British as to why he stayed behind and cooperated with the Japanese. In the end, the British reprimanded Ba Than only for the terrible conditions at the hospital, which they shut down in July 1945.[25] The British also restarted RMC as the Faculty of Medicine of Rangoon University in 1946, installing Dr. W. Burridge as its first dean, and later Lt. Col. Dr. Min Sein (husband of Dr. Yin May) in 1947.[26] (Ba Than would not be dean until after the British left in 1948.) 
Nonetheless, Ba Than was the "top surgeon" in the country by then.[1] He is remembered for his autopsies of famous politicians (many of whom were assassinated). He led the autopsies of Gen. Aung San and other cabinet officials who were assassinated on 19 July 1947, and later testified at the trial of the plotters.[28] The assassinated nine are commemorated each year on Martyrs' Day in the country. In September 1948, he performed the post-mortem of Tin Tut, the first Foreign Minister of the newly independent country. 
After independence, Ba Than increasingly focused on expanding medical education in the country. From 1948 onwards, he and Min Sein took turns being the dean of the medical school for the next 11 years. Ba Than served three terms: 1948–1949, 1951–1953, and 1955–1957 while Min Sein served three more: 1949–1951, 1953–1955, and 1957–1959, (in addition to his 1947–1948 term before independence.)[1] Ba Than also served as the head of the Department of Surgery from 1947 to 1959; he was succeeded by one of his wartime hospital colleagues, Dr. Kyee Paw.[30] Ba Than was instrumental in starting a medical school in Mandalay, serving as the first dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Mandalay University from 1960 to 1963.[note 8] 
9 May 1895 – 4 November 1971) was a Burmese medical surgeon, educator and administrator. The first Burmese police surgeon in British Burma, Ba Than founded and ran the main hospital in Rangoon (Yangon) as well as the wartime medical and nursing schools during the Japanese occupation of the country (1942–1945). After the country's independence in 1948, Ba Than served several terms as dean and rector of the main medical universities in Rangoon and Mandalay until two months before his death in 1971. 
Ba Than finished out his long career in Rangoon. In 1964, the 69-year-old became the first rector of the Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon which had just been carved out of Rangoon University as an independent institution. According to his former students, the professor was still preaching about the importance of zwe (perseverance) to his students,[note 9] and organizing musical troupes and shows at the school in which he would perform a song about zwe.[1] In his free time, he served as a consultant surgeon at East Rangoon General Hospital well into his 70s.[6] The rector retired on 30 August 1971,[2] and died nine weeks later on 4 November 1971.[3] He was 76. 
For his services to the country, he was awarded the title of Thiri Pyanchi by the Burmese government.[note 10] 
Khin May Than (3rd from left) with Gen. Ne Win (4th from left) in Beijing on a state visit to China, 1965 
Although best known for his driven nature, Ba Than had other interests. He loved music, and liked playing the piano and the pattala in his free time.[note 11] According to historian Robert Taylor, Ba Than was a "bon vivant known to enjoy the Turf Club and sports, as well as ladies".[27] He was married to Khin Kyi,[2] (not Khin Kyi the wife of Gen. Aung San and mother of Aung San Suu Kyi). The couple had at least three children: 
Khin May Than (Katherine "Katie" or "Kitty") (16 August 1927 – 30 September 1972): Wife of Gen. Ne Win (1951–1972) and First Lady of Burma (1962–1972). Died of brain hemorrhage in London in 1972.[31] Kyaw Than (George "Georgie"): U.S. trained urologist. He and his American wife Nancy left for the US for good in 1965.[32][33] Khin May Aye: Wife of Aung Than, rector, Institute of Dental Medicine, Rangoon (1964–1982).[34] 
He is also known for his autopsies of famous politicians, including those of Aung San and Tin Tut. His daughter Khin May Than, third wife of General Ne Win, was the First Lady of Burma from 1962 to 1972. 
Ba Than was born to U Kinn and Daw Swei in May 1895 in Pyuntaza, a small town about 140 km (87 mi) northeast of Yangon (Rangoon), in what was then British Burma.[1] His parents were apparently well-to-do as he graduated from Rangoon's St. Paul's English High School,[1] went to Rangoon College in 1914,[2] and went on to study medicine at the University of Calcutta where he received an MB in 1922.[1] (Burma's first MBBS program began only in 1923.[3]) He started out as a Civil Assistant Surgeon (CAS) in the Health Department in 1922,[note 1] and received his FRCS certification from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1932.[1][4] 
By then, Ba Than was part of the tiny colonial era medical community made up mainly of foreign-born physicians and specialists that existed primarily in Rangoon.[note 2] Known for his extreme work ethic—his motto was "zwe" (ဇွဲ, lit. "perseverance, persistence"),[5] the surgeon by the late 1930s had risen to be the deputy head of the surgery department at Rangoon General Hospital (RGH)[5] and the first Burmese police surgeon.[6] His first high-profile case came in 1938 when he led the autopsy of Aung Kyaw, a student leader killed by the colonial police, amidst nationwide protests against the colonial government.[7] 
In 1937, Ba Than also began teaching at Rangoon Medical College as a lecturer in forensic medicine.[1][2] He was an inspiration for Burmese medical students. According to Myint Swe, who studied at RMC from 1939 to 1942, Ba Than and one Henry Aung Khin[note 3] were the only two surgeons of indigenous Burmese descent he knew of at the time.[5] (Myint Swe apparently did not recall that there was at least one other Burmese practicing FRCS surgeon at the time. She was Dr. Yin May, who received her FRCS in gynecology from RCS Edinburgh in 1929,[8] three years before Ba Than. 
Back in Rangoon, Yin May started as the Assistant Medical Superintendent of Lady Dufferin Maternity Hospital in 1930.[5] As the deputy head of a major hospital, she had joined the upper echelons of the tiny colonial era medical community made up mainly of foreign-born physicians and specialists that existed primarily in Rangoon (Yangon).[6] (Her two superiors during her first stay at the hospital (1930–1936) were British IMS officers: Lt. Col. S.T. Crump (1930–1931) and Lt. Col. M.L. Treston (1931–1936).[note 2]) 
Yin May was instrumental in the expansion of modern obstetrics and gynecology (OG/OBGYN) practices in Burma; she was the first person to perform the Caesarian section in the country.[1] She started an OG program at Rangoon Medical College that finally yielded the country's first ever MBBS graduates specializing in OG,[2] and founded the first OG training school for midwives that taught primarily in Burmese in 1937.[2][5] All the while, she contributed to the field. In 1937, she published her most famous research paper in The Indian Medical Gazette on amoebic vaginitis, which was subsequently named May's disease.[5] 
WWII 
Rangoon in the aftermath of World War II 
Yin May founded and ran the country's main maternity hospital during World War II (1942–1945).[1] It was out of sheer necessity. The country had been without its main maternity hospital since 25 December 1941 when Japanese aerial bombing destroyed Dufferin Hospital.[8] Patients from Dufferin were moved to Rangoon General Hospital[8] but the Imperial Japanese Army seized the general hospital for its exclusive use in March 1942, leaving the non-Japanese without a hospital.[9] Most of its tiny colonial era medical staff had also fled. 
Indeed, she herself fled with her husband Min Sein and their young son to Upper Burma in early 1942.[note 3] But she somehow got separated from her family in Upper Burma, and returned to Rangoon c. mid 1942 alone, and pregnant.[note 4] She then joined BIA Hospital, the makeshift hospital founded by Dr. Ba Than, as the head of the Maternity Unit.[10] 
In the beginning, she had no staff with any OG experience; she was assigned just one novice physician Kyee Paw and a few nurses.[7] According to Myint Swe, a pregnant Yin May, despite getting tired easily, worked all hours at the hospital; she even went back to work the night after she had given birth herself to perform a complicated surgery to save a mother's life.[note 5] In late 1942, she was able to establish a maternity hospital in Tamwe Township. Dr. Kyee Paw, who would later become a highly accomplished surgeon and professor in his own right, joined as her deputy.[11] The maternity hospital proved a lifeline to many would-be mothers, and became a training ground for a new generation of several young physicians and nurses. She, along with Drs. Ba Than and S. Sen, was a co-founder of the wartime medical and nursing schools. 
She served as the head of the reconstructed Dufferin Hospital from 1946 to 1959, and also as the head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Faculty of Medicine of Rangoon University from 1947 to 1959.[1][2] Between 1946 and 1948, she as the head (Medical Superintendent) of Dufferin also became a Lt. Col. in Burma Medical Service in the colonial administration called Civil Affairs Service, Burma (CAS-B). She was responsible for getting Dufferin Hospital to be recognized as a teaching hospital by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 1957.[13] Having a local RCOG recognized hospital made it much easier for Burmese OGs to pursue FRCOG fellowships. Through the process, Yin May too became an FRCOG in 1957.[13] It was her third fellowship; she became an FRCP from Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh in 1954.[2][5] She was the first Burmese to achieve a fellowship in three different disciplines,[2] and is recognized as one of the pioneers of modern medicine in Myanmar.[note 6] 
Prof. Yin May retired in 1959 but remained active. She was a member of the executive committee of Burma Research Society.[1] She died on 29 September 1978 in Rangoon. Her husband Min Sein died six weeks later on 9 November 1978.[2] For her services to the country, she was awarded the title of Thiri Pyanchi in 1949.[2][5] 
Yin May married Dr. Min Sein, then a captain in the IMS, in 1936.[14] Min Sein went on to become a lieutenant colonel in the BMS (the Burmese version of IMS) by 1946,[2][3][15] the first Burmese dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Rangoon University in 1947. He served in the British 14th Army from 1942 to 1946.[14] The couple had a son and a daughter,[2] including Dr. Thein Htut, a gastroenterologist,[4][note 7] as well as an adopted son, Brig. Gen. Dr. Mya Thein Han, who went on to become the director of Myanmar Army Medical Corps.[16][17] 
Thiri Pyanchi Yin May FRCS FRCP FRCOG (Burmese: ရင်မေ, pronounced [jìɰ̃ mè]; September 1900 – 29 September 1978) was a Burmese physician and educator. She was the first Burmese obstetrician and gynecologist, and the first person to perform the Caesarian section in British Burma. She is also known for her research on amoebic vaginitis, known as May's disease. 
Yin May founded the country's main maternity hospital during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), and she co-founded the wartime medical and nursing schools (1943–1945). After the war, she served as the head of Lady Dufferin Maternity Hospital from 1946 to 1959, and the head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Faculty of Medicine of Rangoon University from 1947 to 1959. Under her leadership, Dufferin became a maternity hospital recognized by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 1957. 
Yin May was born in September 1900[note 1] to a well-to-do family in Prome (Pyay) in British Burma. (Her father U Kyaw was then the Deputy Commissioner of Prome,[1][2] a mid-level official in the colonial administration, and later became the Secretary of Home and Defence by the early 1940s.[3]) She had at least one brother, Thein Kyaw.[4] 
Yin May had a brilliant academic career. After two years at Rangoon College, she went to study medicine at the University of Calcutta on a scholarship in 1919, and graduated with an MB (and a gold medal in pathology) in 1925.[1][2] She then spent a year at Rangoon General Hospital as a staff physician before leaving for the UK for graduate studies in obstetrics and gynecology in 1926.[3] In 1927, she received her LRCP and MRCS certifications from the Royal College of Physicians of England and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, respectively. After two more years of training, she received her FRCS fellowship (specializing in gynecology) from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1929,[5] becoming the second Burmese woman FRCS in history.[2] She returned to Rangoon in 1930, after stints in Dublin (1929) and Vienna (1930).[5] 
Win Htet Oo Personal information Native name ဝင်းထက်ဦး Nationality Myanmar Born Malaysia Sport Sport Swimming College team New York University 
Win Htet Oo (Burmese: ဝင်းထက်ဦး[1]) is a Burmese swimmer. 
Win Htet Oo was born in Malaysia to Burmese parents.[2] He attended International School Manila in Taguig, Philippines for his high school studies. He also studied at the New York University in the United States.[3] 
Win Htet Oo first took up swimming when he was six years old and grew up to be a professional swimmer. He represented Myanmar in international tournaments such as the 2013 and 2019 Southeast Asian Games.[4] In 2017, he moved to Melbourne, Australia to get better training.[5] He also held the national record for the 50 metres, 100 metres and 200 metre men's freestyle events.[3] He also swam for the collegiate team of New York University.[4] 
Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Win Htet Oo decided to forego competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics in April 2021 as a protest against the military junta which assumed power in Myanmar and after learning that the Myanmar Olympic Committee (MOC) fell under the military's control.[1] In March 2021, he made a petition to the International Olympic Committee for the expulsion of the MOC from the Olympic movement and that athletes from Myanmar to be able to compete as neutral athletes, but both requests were denied.[2][6] The IOC also remarked that "to the best of our knowledge" that Win Htet Oo has not been selected to be part of the Myanmar delegation at the Olympics.[4] 
Ronald Edsel Findlay (April 12, 1935 – October 2021)[2] was an economist and trade theorist. He was Professor of Economics at Columbia University, New York. 
He was born in Rangoon, Burma during British colonial rule.[1] He has a BA from Rangoon University, Burma (1954) and a PhD from MIT (1960). He worked at Rangoon University as an economist first as a tutor (1954–57), then as a lecturer (1960–66), and finally as a research professor of (1966–68).[2] 
He joined Columbia in 1969 first as a visiting professor and was appointed a professor in 1970. His research focus has been on international trade and economic development, and he takes what has been described as a political economy perspective.[3] He became a U.S. citizen in 1976.[citation needed] 
Thado Maha Thray Sithu U Kyin (25 April 1904 – 2006) was a Burmese civil servant and diplomat. He died in Yangon. 
In December 1935, he became the Joint Registrar at the Co-operative Societies Department, moving up to Officiating Registrar in March 1937. In January 1939, he was promoted to Deputy Commissioner, and to Secretary of the Agriculture and Forests Department in February 1941. He was part of the Civil Affairs Service from May to October 1945 and became Secretary of the Social Services Department in October 1945. 
He later went on the become the ambassador of the Union of Burma to the Republic of India (1951—1955), to the Court of St. James's or the UK (1955—1956) and to the USSR (1956—1962). 
In Modern English, I is the singular, first-person pronoun. 
Negaraku English: My Country Coat of arms of Malaysia National anthem of Malaysia Lyrics Collectively (original author: Saiful Bahri), 1954 Music Pierre-Jean de Béranger Adopted 1957; 65 years ago (1957) Audio sample Official orchestral and choral vocal recording file help 
"Negaraku" (pronounced [nəgaraku]) is the national anthem of Malaysia. It was adopted as the national anthem at the time of the Federation of Malaya's independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. The tune was originally used as the regional anthem of the state of Perak—"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan",[1] which was adopted from a popular French melody titled "La Rosalie", composed by the lyricist Pierre-Jean de Béranger.[2] 
The Hangang River or Hangang (Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)n.ɡaŋ])[lower-alpha 5] is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok (Yalu), Tuman (Tumen), and Nakdonggang rivers.[7] The river begins as two smaller rivers in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula, which then converge near Seoul, the capital of the country. 
Chatichai Choonhavan (Thai: ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ, RTGS: Chatchai Chunhawan, IPA: [t͡ɕʰâːt.t͡ɕʰaːj t͡ɕʰun.hà.wan]; 5 April 1920 – 6 May 1998) was a Thai army officer, diplomat and politician. From 1986 to 1991, he was the chairman of the Thai Nation Party and served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from August 1988 until the coup d'état of February 1991. 
The grotto overlooks the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and rests 750 meters above sea level. In 1962, it was designated the 24th national treasure of Korea. In 1995, Seokguram was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List together with the Bulguksa Temple.[1] It exemplifies some of the best Buddhist sculptures in the world.[2] 
Egyptian hieroglyphs, which have their origins as logograms 
In a written language, a logogram or logograph is a written character that represents a word or morpheme. Chinese characters (pronounced hanzi in Mandarin, kanji in Japanese, hanja in Korean and Hán tự in Vietnamese) are generally logograms, as are many hieroglyphic and cuneiform characters. The use of logograms in writing is called logography, and a writing system that is based on logograms is called a logography or logographic system. 
Outer moat of Osaka castle 
Osaka Castle (大坂城 or 大阪城, Ōsaka-jō) is a Japanese castle in Chūō-ku, Osaka, Japan. The castle is one of Japan's most famous landmarks and it played a major role in the unification of Japan during the sixteenth century of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.[1] 
Sandra Annette Bullock (/ˈbʊlək/; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress and producer. The recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award, she was the world's highest-paid actress in both 2010 and 2014.[1][2][3] In 2010, she was named one of Time's 100 most influential people in the world. 
After making her acting debut with a minor role in the thriller Hangmen (1987), Bullock received early attention for her supporting role in the action film Demolition Man (1993). Her breakthrough came in the action thriller Speed (1994). She established herself in the 1990s with leading roles in the romantic comedies While You Were Sleeping (1995) and Hope Floats (1998), and the thrillers The Net (1995) and A Time to Kill (1996). 
Gyeongju (Korean: 경주, pronounced [kjʌ̹ŋ.dzu]), historically known as Seorabeol (Korean: 서라벌, pronounced [sʰʌ̹.ɾa̠.bʌɭ]), is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province in South Korea.[2][3] It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324 km2 (511 sq mi) with a population of 264,091 people (as of December 2012.)[2][4] Gyeongju is 370 km (230 mi) southeast of Seoul,[5] and 55 km (34 mi) east of Daegu.[6] The city borders Cheongdo and Yeongcheon to the west, Ulsan to the south and Pohang to the north, while to the east lies the coast of the Sea of Japan.[2] Numerous low mountains—outliers of the Taebaek range—are scattered around the city.[7] 
Town in Mizoram, India Siaha Saiha Town Siaha Show map of Mizoram Siaha Show map of India Coordinates: 22°29′N 92°58′E / 22.48°N 92.97°E / 22.48; 92.97Coordinates: 22°29′N 92°58′E / 22.48°N 92.97°E / 22.48; 92.97 Country India State Mizoram District Saiha Elevation 1,225 m (4,019 ft) Population (2014)[1] • Total 25,110 Languages • Official Mara Reih Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST) PIN Code 796901 Vehicle registration MZ03 Climate Cwa Website mizoram.nic.in 
A Helicopter service by Pawan Hans[6] has been started which connects the Aizawl with Siaha.[7] The Distance between Siaha and Aizawl through NH 54 is 378 km and is connected with regular service of Bus and Jeeps.[8] 
The Major Newspapers in Saiha are:[9] 
↑ "Census of India Search details". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 10 May 2015. ↑ http://www.madconline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Official_Resolution.pdf [bare URL PDF] ↑ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Saiha ↑ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. 
District Website Siaha Maraland.NET : Mara people's Online site SiahaOnline.com : Siaha Online website 
Siaha (official name given by the Mara Autonomous District Council,[2] popularly known as Saiha) is a census town in Siaha district in the Indian north-eastern state of Mizoram. It is the Headquarters of the Mara Autonomous District Council, one of the three autonomous district councils within Mizoram. It is located in the South Central part of the state. 
Siaha is a commercial hub for Mara people. 
Siaha is located at 22°29′N 92°58′E / 22.48°N 92.97°E / 22.48; 92.97.[3] The average elevation is 729 metres (2391 feet). 
Siaha has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 77%. In Siaha, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Siaha is the fastest growing town in Mizoram, 2008 statistical handbook of Mizoram reveals that the town has a population of 29,275 in 2008 against 19,731 in 2001.[5] 
There is one college - Saiha College Siaha, under Mizoram University and a number of public and private schools. 
Mario[lower-alpha 1] is a media franchise, produced and published by video game company Nintendo, created by Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto and starring the fictional character Mario. It is primarily a video game franchise, but has extended to other forms of media, including television series, comic books, a 1993 feature film and theme park attractions. The series' first installment was 1983's Mario Bros., although Mario had made his first appearance in 1981's Donkey Kong, and had already been featured in several games of the Donkey Kong and Game & Watch series. 
The main Mario subseries is the Super Mario series of platform games started with 1985's Super Mario Bros., which mostly follows Mario's adventures in the fictional world of the Mushroom Kingdom and typically rely on Mario's jumping ability to allow him to progress through levels. The franchise has spawned more than 200 games of various genres and several sub-series, including Mario Golf, Mario Kart, Mario Party, Mario Tennis, Mario vs. Donkey Kong, and Paper Mario; several characters introduced in the Mario franchise, such as Donkey Kong, Wario, and Yoshi, sparked successful franchises of their own. 
Tourist spots within MADC include 
About 3 km from Chakhei town, 76 km approx. from Siaha. Pala Lake, the biggest lake in the state, River Kaladan, the biggest river in Mizoram, that serves as border between MADC and Lai Autonomous District Council. Kaladan river fish are famous for their taste. 
Primarily, an autonomous administrative government meant for the Mara people living in the state. It is situated at the southern tip of Mizoram state bordering Myanmar. Its autonomy was established and carved out from the erstwhile Pawi-Lakher Regional Council on 29 May 1971 and separated the next year as Lakher Autonomous District Council, and renamed to its current name in 1988.[3] It covers 1445 square kilometres.[3] 
N. Viakhu formally joined Mizo National Front (MNF) to lead a new MADC government formed by MNF with a simple majority. He was severely criticized for his nomination of four MNF workers to MDC nominated seats despite being the CEM of the Cong-MNF coalition government. The nomination allows MNF to enjoy a simple majority (15 - 11); otherwise Cong-MDF combine and MNF were tied at 11 elected members each. 
The latest election of MADC had been held in 2017, with an Indian National Congress gained a majority. A new government by Congress was formed thereafter. The current Chief Executive Member (CEM) is Shri N.Zakhai. 
The last election held on 5th May 2022.Results announced on 9th May 2022 as BJP - 12 MNF - 9 INC - 4 
In 1954 the Central and Assam governments established a regional council, the Pawi Lakher Regional Council (PLRC), for the Lakhers (aka Mara) and the Pawis (aka Lai), in which a large number of Chakmas also resided. However, the PLRC could not function properly right from its inception as there was no common communication language among the three tribal communities to understand each other. The first meeting was held without understanding each other’s language where Mizo was used as official language but Chakmas and Maras could hardly understand anything. 
The government has jurisdiction over land administration, administration of justice, limited legislative powers, and a few other local powers.[4] In 2009 the council was led by an independent member of the District Council, Shri. 
N. Viakhu formed a coalition government with Maraland Democratic Front and Indian National Congress in the 2005 election. 
Mara Autonomous District Council looks after many departments in her area including fisheries, schools (up to Middle school) and education, judiciary, land and revenue, forestry, Public Health Engineering (PHE), etc. 
↑ "Congress-MNF win trust vote in Mara Council". Retrieved 4 June 2022. ↑ "Rivals Congress and MNF join hands to control Mizoram's MADC, keep BJP out". Hindustan Times. 
18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022. 1 2 Zohra, K. (17 June 2003) "Mara History, Maraland Location, Physical features" Archived 2010-12-31 at the Wayback Machine Maraland Net ↑ Roy, Devasish, Raja (2005) Traditional Customary Laws and Indigenous Peoples in Asia Minority Rights Group International, London, p. 
ISBN 1-904584-27-6 ↑ "Chakma Autonomous District Council" Agriculture Department, Mizoram State Annual Plan 2003-2004 Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine page 284, last accessed 23 December 2010 
History 
In scientific cosmology the world or universe is commonly defined as "[t]he totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be". Theories of modality, on the other hand, talk of possible worlds as complete and consistent ways how things could have been. Phenomenology, starting from the horizon of co-given objects present in the periphery of every experience, defines the world as the biggest horizon or the "horizon of all horizons". 
Korean Buddhism is distinguished from other forms of Buddhism by its attempt to resolve what its early practitioners saw as inconsistencies within the Mahayana Buddhist traditions that they received from foreign countries. To address this, they developed a new holistic approach to Buddhism that became a distinct form, an approach characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers. The resulting variation is called Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism"), a form that sought to harmonize previously arising disputes among scholars (a principle called hwajaeng 和諍).[1] 
Colors and porous surface texture of rust 
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3), and is typically associated with the corrosion of refined iron. 
A style of office or form/manner of address, is an official or legally recognized form of address for a person or other entity (such as a government or company), and may often be used in conjunction with a personal title.[1][2] A style, by tradition or law, precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or political office, and is sometimes used to refer to the office itself. An honorific can also be awarded to an individual in a personal capacity. Such styles are particularly associated with monarchies, where they may be used by a wife of an office holder or of a prince of the blood, for the duration of their marriage. 
Their Excellencies the Lords Justices of England, for the administration of the Government during the absence of the King by Robert White. 
Excellency is an honorific style given to certain high-level officers of a sovereign state, officials of an international organization, or members of an aristocracy. Once entitled to the title "Excellency", the holder usually retains the right to that courtesy throughout their lifetime,[1] although in some cases the title is attached to a particular office, and is held only for the duration of that office.[2] 
The president of Myanmar, first lady, state counsellor, vice-presidents of Myanmar, speaker of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, speaker of the House of Nationalities, speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar, governor of the Central Bank of Myanmar, members of the Cabinet of Myanmar, chief ministers of states and regions of Myanmar, mayors and ambassadors are addressed as "His/Her Excellency" while justices of the Supreme Court of Myanmar are addressed as "The Honourable". 
Emperor Taishō (大正天皇, Taishō-tennō, 31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926) was the 123rd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, and the second ruler of the Empire of Japan from 30 July 1912 until his death in 1926. 
He launched a military expedition from Hyūga near the Seto Inland Sea, captured Yamato, and established this as his center of power. In modern Japan, Jimmu's legendary accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11. During the 1930s and 1940s in Imperial Japan, it was dangerous to question the existence of Jimmu.[6] 
President of the United States of America Presidential seal Presidential flag Incumbent Joe Biden since January 20, 2021 Executive branch of the U.S. government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President[1][2] (informal) The Honorable[3] (formal) His Excellency[4][5] (diplomatic) Type Head of state Head of government Abbreviation POTUS Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington, D.C. Appointer Electoral College or via succession from vice presidency Term length Four years, renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of the United States Formation March 4, 1789 (233 years ago) (1789-03-04)[6][7][8] First holder George Washington[9] Salary 400,000 United States dollar Website www.whitehouse.gov 
The president of the United States (POTUS)[upper-alpha 1] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. 
Joe Biden is the 46th and current president of the United States, having assumed office on January 20, 2021. 
Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are politics further on the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of being authoritarian and ultra-nationalist, as well as having nativist ideologies and tendencies.[1] 
Historically used to describe the experiences of Fascism, Nazism, and Falangism, far-right politics now include neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, the Third Position, the alt-right, racial supremacism, and other ideologies or organizations that feature aspects of authoritarian, ultra-nationalist, chauvinist, xenophobic, theocratic, racist, homophobic, transphobic, and/or reactionary views.[2] 
A Mala xiang guo in China 
Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. ↑ ကြည်စင်သန့် (2019-11-07). "ရန်ကုန်မြို့ရဲ့ နာမည်ကျော် မာလာရှမ်းကောဆိုင် (၁၀) ဆိုင်". The Myanmar Times (in Burmese). Retrieved 2020-12-09. ↑ ဆုမြတ်ဦး (2018-12-21). "မာလာရှမ်းကော". 
A Mala xiang guo containing various seafood, meat, vegetables, fuzhu and fensi 
Mala xiang guo (simplified Chinese: 麻辣香锅; traditional Chinese: 麻辣香鍋; pinyin: málà xiāngguō), roughly translated into English as "spicy stir-fry hot pot",[1] is a Chinese dish prepared by stir frying. Strongly flavored with mala, it often contains meat and vegetables, and has a salty and spicy taste. The preparation process involves placing the required ingredients in the pot, stir frying and adding seasoning. 
Mala xiang guo was introduced by the Burmese Chinese people to Myanmar, and is now a popular dish there, where it is called mala shan gaw (မာလာရှမ်းကော).[4][5] 
Mala Xiang Guo originated from the Tujia people in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing, and it is a home-style dish that is popular locally. People there usually like making this dish with various seasonings in a large pot. When they have guests visiting them, they will add meat, seafood, bamboo, and tofu skin to the pot to treat their guests. 
United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June–July 1776 Ratified July 4, 1776 Location Engrossed copy: National Archives Building Rough draft: Library of Congress Author(s) Thomas Jefferson, Committee of Five Signatories 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain[1]: 5 
Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration, as painted by Rembrandt Peale 
Believe me, dear Sir: there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose; and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America. — Thomas Jefferson, November 29, 1775[10] 
Enacted during the American Revolution, the Declaration explains why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step in forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by 56 of America's Founding Fathers, congressional representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
The declaration was made to guarantee equal rights for every person, and if it had been intended for only a certain section of people, Congress would have left it as "rights of Englishmen".[5] Stephen Lucas called it "one of the best-known sentences in the English language",[6] with Joseph Ellis saying it contains "the most potent and consequential words in American history".[7] The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive. This view was notably promoted by Lincoln, who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted.[8]: 126 
Ho Chong,[1] Huh Chung, or Heo Jeong (Korean: 허정; Hanja: 許政; April 8, 1896 – September 18, 1988) was a South Korean politician and Korean independence activist, who served as the sixth Prime Minister of South Korea during the country's Second Republic.[2] 
He is said to be the "grandson of heaven"[1] and "son of a bear",[2] and to have founded the kingdom in 2333 BC. The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk Yusa, which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost historical record Gogi (lit. 'Ancient Record') (고기, 古記).[3] However, it has been confirmed that there is no relevant record in the China's Book of Wei. 
Jizi A sculpture depicting a modern interpretation of Jizi in Perak, Malaysia Chinese name Traditional Chinese 箕子 Simplified Chinese 箕子 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jīzǐ Wade–Giles Chi-tzu Korean name Hangul 기자 Hanja 箕子 Transcriptions Revised Romanization Gija McCune–Reischauer Kija 
Jizi or Qizi or Kizi (Chinese: 箕子; Wade–Giles: Chi-tzu; Gija or Kija in Korean)[1] was a semi-legendary[note 1] Chinese sage who is said to have ruled Gija Joseon in the 11th century BCE. Early Chinese documents like the Book of Documents and the Bamboo Annals described him as a virtuous relative of the last king of the Shang dynasty who was punished for remonstrating with the king. After Shang was overthrown by Zhou in the 1040s BCE, he allegedly gave political advice to King Wu,[2] the first Zhou king. 
King Taejong Muyeol (604–661), born Gim Chunchu, was the 29th ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is credited for leading the unification of Korea's Three Kingdoms. 
ㅡ (eu) is one of the Korean hangul vowels. that pronounced like the IPA sound [ɯ] - the close back unrounded vowel. The Unicode for the letter "ㅡ" is U+3161. 
ㅏ(a) is a jamo, the smallest component of the Korean hangul writing system. It represents a vowel, the IPA pronunciation of which is [ɐ].[1][2][3][4] 
The Unicode for ㅏ is U+314F. 
Munmu was the son of King Muyeol and Munmyeong, who was the younger sister of Gim Yu-sin. Under his father's reign, he held the office of pajinchan, who apparently was responsible for maritime affairs, and played a key role in developing the country's diplomatic links with Tang China. He was born Prince Beopmin (Hangul: 법민 Hanja: 法敏), and took the name Munmu when he succeeded his father to the throne. 
Isabella Portrait (c. 1490) Queen of Castile and León Reign 11 December 1474 – 26 November 1504 Coronation 13 December 1474[1] Predecessor Henry IV Successor Joanna Co-monarch Ferdinand II Queen consort of Aragon (more..) Tenure 20 January 1479 – 26 November 1504 Born 22 April 1451 Madrigal de las Altas Torres Died 26 November 1504 (aged 53) Medina del Campo Burial Royal Chapel of Granada Spouse Ferdinand II of Aragon ​ ​ (m. 1469)​ Issue among others... 
Isabella, Queen of Portugal John, Prince of Asturias Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon Maria, Queen of Portugal Catherine, Queen of England House Trastámara Father John II of Castile Mother Isabella of Portugal Religion Roman Catholicism Signature 
Isabella I (Spanish: Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504)[1] was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by virtue of her marriage to King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Reigning together over a dynastically unified Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand are known as the Catholic Monarchs.[2] 
Ferdinand the Catholic Rex Catholicissimus Rex Hierosolymitanus Portrait by Michel Sittow King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Count of Barcelona Reign 20 January 1479 – 23 January 1516 Predecessor John II Successor Charles I and Joanna I King of Sicily Reign 27 June 1468 – 23 January 1516 Predecessor John II Successor Charles I and Joanna I King of Naples Reign 31 March 1504 – 23 January 1516 Predecessor Louis XII Successor Charles I and Joanna I King of Navarre Reign 24 August 1512 – 23 January 1516 Predecessor John III and Catherine Successor Charles I and Joanna I King of Castile and León Reign 15 January 1475 – 26 November 1504 Predecessor Henry IV Successor Philip I and Joanna I Co-regent Isabella I Regent of the Crown of Castile Reign 25 September 1506 – 23 January 1516 Predecessor Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros Successor Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros Born 10 March 1452 Sos del Rey Católico, Aragon Died 23 January 1516 (aged 63) Madrigalejo, Extremadura Burial 10 November 1521 Royal Chapel of Granada Spouse Isabella I of Castile ​ ​ (m. 1469; died 1504)​ Germaine of Foix ​ ​ (m. 1505)​ Issue Detail John, Prince of Asturias and Girona Isabella, Queen of Portugal Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon Maria, Queen of Portugal Catherine, Queen of England John, Prince of Girona Illegitimate: Alonso, Archbishop of Zaragoza and Valencia Alonso, Governor of New Spain Juana, Duchess of Frias Maria Blanca Maria Esperanza Miguel Fernandez House Trastámara Father John II of Aragon and Navarre Mother Joanna Enríquez Religion Roman Catholicism Signature 
He is the son of former King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía, and has two elder sisters, Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo, and Infanta Cristina. In 2004, Felipe married TV news journalist Letizia Ortiz with whom he has two daughters, Leonor (his heir presumptive) and Sofía. In accordance with the Spanish Constitution, as monarch, he is head of state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces with the military rank of Captain General,[1][2] and also plays the role of the supreme representation of Spain in international relations.[1][2] 
Felipe ascended the throne on 19 June 2014 upon the abdication of his father.[1][2][3] His reign has been marked by his dissolution of the Spanish Parliament in 2016 (so that new elections could be called), strong condemnation of the Catalonian independence referendum, the COVID-19 pandemic, and moves towards greater transparency in royal affairs. 
City in Washington, United States Seattle, Washington City City of Seattle Top to bottom, left to right: Downtown with Mount Rainier in the distance, the Quad at the University of Washington, Pike Place Market, the Space Needle with Puget Sound and the Olympic mountains in the background, Seattle Great Wheel, Link light rail, and the Amazon Spheres. Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Emerald City, Jet City, Rain City Motto(s): The City of Flowers, The City of Goodwill Location within King County Seattle Location within the State of Washington Show map of Washington (state) Seattle Location within the United States Show map of the United States Seattle Location within North America Show map of North America Coordinates: 47°36′35″N 122°19′59″W / 47.60972°N 122.33306°W / 47.60972; -122.33306Coordinates: 47°36′35″N 122°19′59″W / 47.60972°N 122.33306°W / 47.60972; -122.33306 Country United States State Washington County King Founded November 13, 1851 (1851-11-13) Incorporated as a town January 14, 1865 (1865-01-14) Incorporated as a city December 2, 1869 (1869-12-02) Named for Chief Si'ahl Government • Type Mayor–council • Body Seattle City Council • Mayor Bruce Harrell (D) • Deputy mayors Monisha Harrell, Tiffany Washington, and Kendee Yamaguchi Area [1] • City 142.07 sq mi (367.97 km2) • Land 83.99 sq mi (217.54 km2) • Water 58.08 sq mi (150.43 km2) • Metro 8,186 sq mi (21,202 km2) Elevation [citation needed] 175 ft (53 m) Highest elevation 520 ft (158 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2020)[2] • City 737,015 • Estimate (2021)[2] 733,919 • Rank 18th in the United States 1st in Washington • Density 8,775.03/sq mi (3,387.95/km2) • Metro [3] 4,018,762 (15th) Demonym(s) Seattleite[4] or Seattlite[5] Time zone UTC−8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST) UTC−7 (PDT) ZIP Codes ZIP Codes[6][7] 98101–98119, 98121–98122, 98124–98127, 98129, 98131, 98133–98134, 98136, 98138–98139, 98141, 98144–98146, 98148, 98154–98155, 98158, 98160–98161, 98164–98166, 98168, 98170, 98174–98175, 98177–98178, 98181, 98185, 98188, 98190–98191, 98194–98195, 98198–98199 Area code 206 FIPS code 53-63000 GNIS feature ID 1512650[8] Website Seattle.gov 
It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015,[1] it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The Seattle metropolitan area's population is 4.02 million, making it the 15th-largest in the United States.[2] Its growth rate of 21.1% between 2010 and 2020 makes it one of the nation's fastest-growing large cities.[3] 
ㅂ Hangul Korean name Transcriptions Revised Romanization Bieup McCune–Reischauer Biŭp 
It indicates a 'b' or 'p' sound, depending on its position. At the beginning and end of a word or syllable it indicates a [p] sound, while after a vowel it designates a [b] sound. For example: it is pronounced [p] in 바지 baji ("trousers"), but [b] in 아버지 abeoji ("father").[1][2][3] 
ㄷ Hangul Korean name Transcriptions Revised Romanization Digeut McCune–Reischauer Tiŭt 
ㄷ (South Korean: 디귿, digeut; North Korean: 디읃, dieut) is a consonant in the Korean alphabet. The Unicode for ㄷ is U+3137. Depending on its position, it makes a 'd' or a 't' sound.[1][2] In an initial or final position in a word, the pronunciation is usually [t], while after a vowel it is pronounced [d],[3] for example in the word deudieo (드디어, "finally"), the initial ㄷ is [t], while the second ㄷ is [d]. 
ㅅ Hangul Korean name Transcriptions Revised Romanization Siot McCune–Reischauer Siot 
ㅅ (Korean: 시옷, siot, North Korean: 시읏, sieut) is a consonant of the Korean alphabet.[1] The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3145. Siot indicates an [s] sound like in the English word "staff", but at the end of a syllable it denotes a [t] sound. Before [i] , semivowels (like ㅛ, yo) and the vowel ㅟ (ui) it is pronounced [ɕ].[2][3][4][5] 
East India Company Company flag (1801) Coat of arms (1698) Motto: Auspicio Regis et Senatus Angliae Latin for "By command of the King and Parliament of England" Type Public Partially State-owned enterprise[1] Industry International trade Founded 31 December 1600; 421 years ago (1600-12-31) Founders "The Adventurers" by royal charter Thomas Smythe, first Governor Defunct 1 June 1874; 148 years ago (1874-06-01) Fate Nationalised: Territories and responsibilities ceded to the British Government by the Government of India Act 1858 dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 Headquarters East India House, London , Great Britain Products Cotton, silk, indigo dye, sugar, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, slave trade and opium 
The East India Company (EIC)[lower-alpha 1] was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600.[1] It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong, and kept trading posts and colonies in the Persian Gulf Residencies.[2] At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world, competing with the Dutch East India Company. The HEIC even had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three Presidency armies, totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the army of Britain.[3][4] The operations of the company had a profound effect on the global balance of trade, almost single-handedly[5] reversing the trend of eastward drain of Western bullion, seen since the Roman times.[6] 
Leonor Princess of Asturias (more) Leonor in 2019 Born (2005-10-31) 31 October 2005 (age 16) Madrid, Spain Names Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz House Bourbon Father Felipe VI of Spain Mother Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano Signature 
Leonor, Princess of Asturias[lower-alpha 1][1] (Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz; born 31 October 2005) is the heir presumptive to the throne of Spain as the elder daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia. 
The song was written by Sia and Christopher Braide, and produced by Jesse Shatkin. It was released as the album's final promotional single on 21 January 2016. In July, a new version of the song was made for Gillette's 2016 Olympic ad campaign, "Pretty Isn't Perfect", which features a verse from American rapper Pusha T.[1][2][3] 
"Angel Baby" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Troye Sivan. Released on 10 September 2021 via EMI, Universal and Capitol Records, "Angel Baby" is the lead single from Sivan's upcoming third studio album and his first solo release of new material since "Rager Teenager!" in August 2020.[1][2] 
Norodom Sihamoni (Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហមុនី, Nôroŭttâm Seihâmŭni [nɔˈroːɗɑm səjˈhamoniː]; born 14 May 1953) is the King of Cambodia. He became King on 14 October 2004, a week after the abdication of his father, Norodom Sihanouk.[1] He is the eldest son of King Sihanouk and Queen Norodom Monineath and was Cambodia's ambassador to UNESCO, prior to his selection by a nine-member throne council to become the next king. Before ascending to the throne, Sihamoni was educated in Czechoslovakia and was best known for his work as a cultural ambassador in Europe and as a classical dance instructor. 
Khmer Cambodian ភាសាខ្មែរ / ខេមរភាសា Phéasa Khmêr ("Khmer language") written in Khmer script Pronunciation [pʰiəsaː kʰmae] [kʰeːmarapʰiəsaː] Native to Cambodia Thailand (East and Isan) Vietnam (Mekong Delta and Southeast) Ethnicity Khmer Native speakers 16 million (2007)[1] Language family Austroasiatic Khmeric Khmer Early forms Proto-Khmeric Old Khmer Middle Khmer Writing system Khmer script Khmer Braille Official status Official language in Cambodia ASEAN[2] Recognised minority language in Thailand Vietnam Language codes ISO 639-1 km Central Khmer ISO 639-2 khm Central Khmer ISO 639-3 Either: khm – Khmer kxm – Northern Khmer Glottolog khme1253 Khmeric cent1989 Central Khmer Linguasphere 46-FBA-a Khmer 
Khmer (/kmɛər, kəˈmɛər/;[1] ខ្មែរ, Khmêr [kʰmae]) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Khmer people, and the official and national language of Cambodia. Khmer has been influenced considerably by Tamil-Brahmi and Shilla, especially in the royal and religious registers, through Shaivism and Buddhism. It is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the Mon–Khmer family, predating Mon and Vietnamese,[2] due to Old Khmer being the language of the historical Chola dynasty empires of Chenla, Angkor and, presumably, their earlier predecessor state, Funan. 
View from Kinmen of the Taiwan Strait, the source of the proverb 
1 2 "Малая воздушная война в Китае". www.airwar.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ↑ "Toomas Alatalu: Põhja-Korea ja USA ootamatult tuliseks kujunenud olukorras on suureks õli tulle valajaks silmatorkavalt sõjajanune ajakirjandus". Eesti Päevaleht. 
"China's final warning" (Russian: последнее китайское предупреждение) is a Russian proverb that originated in the former Soviet Union, to refer to a warning that carries no real consequences.[1] 
Empress Kōgyoku / Empress Saimei 皇極天皇 / 斉明天皇 Empress of Japan (Kōgyoku, first reign) Reign January 25, 642 – June 14, 645 Predecessor Jomei Successor Kōtoku (Saimei, second reign) Reign January 3, 655 – July 24, 661 Predecessor Kōtoku Successor Tenji Empress consort of Japan Tenure 630 – 641 Born Takara (宝) 7 August 594 Japan Died 24 August 661 (aged 66–67) Asakura no Miya Burial Ochi-no-Okanoe no misasagi (Nara) Spouse Emperor Jomei Issue Emperor Tenji Emperor Tenmu Princess Hashihito Posthumous name Chinese-style shigō: Empress Kōgyoku (皇極天皇) Empress Saimei (斉明天皇) Japanese-style shigō: Ametoyotakaraikashihitarashi-hime no Sumeramikoto (天豊財重日足姫天皇) Father Prince Chinu Mother Princess Kibitsu-hime 
Norodom Suramarit (Khmer: នរោត្តម សុរាម្រិត, Nôroŭttâm Sŏréamrĭt [nɔˈroːɗɑm soˈraːmrɨt]; 6 March 1896 – 3 April 1960) was King of Cambodia from 3 March 1955 until his death in 1960. [citation needed] He was the father of King Norodom Sihanouk and the grandfather of Cambodia's current king, Norodom Sihamoni. Suramarit was born in Phnom Penh to Prince Norodom Sutharot. When his grandfather King Norodom died in 1904, Norodom's brother Sisowath took the throne. 
Upon Monivong's death in 1941, Sihanouk, Suramarit's son and Monivong's grandson, was selected as the new king. In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favor of his father. He was formally crowned on 6 March 1956, which coincided with his 60th birthday.[1] 
Following Suramarit's death in 1960, Sihanouk became Chief of State, while Suramarit's wife Sisowath Kosamak became Queen. Suramarit was given the posthumous title of Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Suramarit Preah Moha Kachanakkot (ព្រះករុណាព្រះនរោត្តមសុម្រិត ព្រះមហាកាញ្ចនកោដ្ឋ). [citation needed] 
Sisowath (Khmer: ស៊ីសុវត្ថិ, Sisŏvôtthĕ [ˈsiːsoʋat]; 7 September 1840 – 9 August 1927) was King of Cambodia from 27 April 1904 to his death in 1927. He was the son of King Ang Duong and half brother of Prince Si Votha and King Norodom. 
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average.[1][2] The more acidic the acid rain is, the lower its pH is.[2] Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. 
Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters, soils, microbes, insects and aquatic life-forms.[1] In ecosystems, persistent acid rain reduces tree bark durability, leaving flora more susceptible to environmental stressors such as drought, heat/cold and pest infestation. Acid rain is also capable of detrimenting soil composition by stripping it of nutrients such as calcium and magnesium which play a role in plant growth and maintaining healthy soil. In terms of human infrastructure, acid rain also causes paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health.[2][3][4][5] 
Some governments, including those in Europe and North America, have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere through air pollution regulations. These efforts have had positive results due to the widespread research on acid rain starting in the 1960s and the publicized information on its harmful effects.[1][2] The main source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that result in acid rain are anthropogenic, but nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes and sulphur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions.[3] 
Indochinese Union Union indochinoise (French) 法屬印度支那 (Chinese) สหภาพอินโดจีน (Thai) Liên bang Đông Dương (Vietnamese) សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន (Khmer) ສະຫະພາບອິນໂດຈີນ (Lao) 1887–1954 Flag Great Seal[lower-alpha 2] Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Anthem: La Marseillaise ("The Marseillaise") Vietnamese-style seal of the Government-General of French Indochina[lower-alpha 3] Map of French Indochina, excluding Guangzhouwan Status Federation of French colonial possessions Capital Saigon (1887–1902) Hanoi (1902–1945) Saigon–Cholon (1945–1954) Common languages French (official) Vietnamese Tây Bồi Teochew Khmer Lao Cantonese Siamese[lower-alpha 4] Religion Buddhism Taoism Confucianism Vietnamese folk religion Roman Catholicism Government French federation Governor-General • 1887–1888 (first) Ernest Constans • 1955–1956 (last) Henri Hoppenot[lower-alpha 5] Historical era New Imperialism • French conquest of Vietnam 1858–85 • Establishment 17 October 1887 • Addition of Laos 19 April 1899 • Addition of Guangzhouwan 5 January 1900 • Japanese occupation 22 September 1940 • Franco-Thai War Oct. 
1940 – May 1941 • First disestablishment 9 March 1945 • Reestablishment 13 September 1945 • Indochina War 19 December 1946 • Second disestablishment 21 July 1954 Area • Total 737,000 km2 (285,000 sq mi) Currency French Indochinese piastre Preceded by Succeeded by 1887: Protectorate of Annam Protectorate of Tonkin French Cochinchina French Protectorate of Cambodia 1899: Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1900: Guangzhouwan 1904: Kingdom of Champasak Kingdom of Siam 1945: Democratic Republic of Vietnam Kingdom of Kampuchea 1946: Lao Issara 1945: Empire of Vietnam Kingdom of Kampuchea Kingdom of Luang Phrabang Guangzhouwan Empire of Japan 1954: State of Vietnam Kingdom of Cambodia Kingdom of Laos Today part of Vietnam Laos Cambodia China ∟Zhanjiang Localised version of the Great Seal of France removing a number of French nationalistic symbols related to universal suffrage, science, and the Gallic cock while adding an anchor and rice wheat.[1] ↑ Localised version of the Great Seal of France removing a number of French nationalistic symbols related to universal suffrage, science, and the Gallic cock while adding an anchor and rice wheat.[2] ↑ Used on Classical Chinese language documents, its inscription reads Đại Pháp Quốc Khâm mệnh Tổng thống Đông Dương Toàn quyền đại thần quan nho (大法國欽命總統東洋全權大臣關伩) written in seal script. ↑ Changed the name to "Thai" since 1939 ↑ As Commissioner-General 
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] officially known as the Indochinese Union[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] and after 1947 as the Indochinese Federation,[lower-alpha 5] was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia until its demise in 1954. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south. The capital for most of its history (1902–45) was Hanoi; Saigon was the capital from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1954. 
Nevertheless, deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina. 
Imperial Seal of Japan Armiger Naruhito, Emperor of Japan Adopted 1183; 839 years ago (1183) Order(s) Order of the Chrysanthemum 
The Imperial Seal of Japan or National Seal of Japan, also called the Chrysanthemum Seal (菊紋, kikumon), Chrysanthemum Flower Seal (菊花紋, 菊花紋章, kikukamon, kikukamonshō) or Imperial chrysanthemum emblem (菊の御紋, kikunogomon), is one of the national seals and a crest (mon) used by the Emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family. It is a contrast to the Paulownia Seal used by the Japanese government. 
Imperial Seal of Korea Armiger House of Yi 
Imperial Emblem of Korea Armiger Emperor of Korea Adopted 1903 
Plum blossoms commonly known as the Maehwa, signals the beginning of spring in Korea (When spring blooms in Korea, 2021). Plum blossom was taken to symbolize courage in the face of hardship, especially in something so physically delicate, and has been long admired by the Korean and Chinese literati (Sunglim Kim, 2018). As the Plum tree blossoms between two seasons, it is also seen as a symbol of spring - bringing warmth, transition and the promise of fruitfulness (Every plum tree has a story, 2022). 
ㅁ(Korean: 미음, mieum) is a consonant of the Korean alphabet. The Unicode for ㅁ is U+3141. It indicates an 'm' sound. 
ㅇ Hangul Korean name Transcriptions Revised Romanization ieung McCune–Reischauer iŭng 
The Unicode for ㅇ is U+3147. It is silent when used at the beginning of a syllable (it is a consonant placeholder in vowel letters). However, ㅇ might take on the glottal stop ʔ sound on some occasions.[1] And it takes on the [ŋ] sound when it is the ending consonant in a syllable.[2][3][4] 
Yin and yang The Two Aspects of Taiji, also known as the yin-yang symbol; yin-dark on the right and yang-light on the left Chinese name Traditional Chinese 陰陽 Simplified Chinese 阴阳 Literal meaning "dark-light" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin yīnyáng Gwoyeu Romatzyh inyang Wade–Giles yin1-yang2 IPA [ín.jǎŋ] Hakka Romanization yim1-yong2 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization yāmyèuhng Jyutping jam1-joeng4 IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ] Southern Min Hokkien POJ im-iông Middle Chinese Middle Chinese 'im-yang Old Chinese Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang Vietnamese name Vietnamese âm dương Hán-Nôm 陰陽 Korean name Hangul 음양 Hanja 陰陽 Transcriptions Revised Romanization eumyang McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang Mongolian name Mongolian Cyrillic арга билиг / арга билэг ("arga bilig/bileg", meaning "method of knowledge/wisdom") Mongolian script ᠡ‍ᠠ‍᠊ᠷ᠊ᠭ᠎᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢ᠊ᠯ᠊ᠢ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠡ᠋ / ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ Japanese name Kanji 陰陽 Hiragana いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう Transcriptions Revised Hepburn in'yō, on'yō, onmyō 
Yin and yang [1] is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes interconnected opposite forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).[1] 
Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5 cm (2 in) diameter or up to 30 cm (1 ft) ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons—genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele—which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity. 
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm (12 in) to more than 1.8–2.4 m (6–8 ft). The majority of species do not produce scented flowers. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue. 
The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963.[4] The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.[5] 
Princess of Naradhiwas Galyani Vadhana Princess of Naradhiwas Galyani Vadhana in 1944 Born (1923-05-06)6 May 1923 London, England Died 2 January 2008(2008-01-02) (aged 84) Bangkok, Thailand Burial 15 November 2008 Royal Crematorium, Sanam Luang, Bangkok, Thailand Spouse Aram Rattanakul Serireongrit (1944–1950) Prince Varananda Dhavaj (1969–1990) Issue Dhasanawalaya Sornsongkram House Mahidol (Chakri Dynasty) Father Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla Mother Princess Srinagarindra Religion Buddhism Signature 
Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas (Thai: กัลยาณิวัฒนา; Thai pronunciation: [kān.lā.jāː.ní.wát.tʰā.nāː]; 6 May 1923 – 2 January 2008) was a princess of Thailand and the elder sister of King Ananta Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). She was also a direct granddaughter of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), and aunt of King Vajiralongkorn (Rama X). 
He gained succeeding major roles in the television series Search: WWW (2019), which got him instant popularity, and was quickly followed by his big screen debut in the war film The Battle of Jangsari (2019). He also starred in significant roles in the television series Extraordinary You (2019) and When The Weather Is Fine (2020). He landed his first leading role in the television series Do Do Sol Sol La La Sol (2020). 
Prefecture-level city in Henan, People's Republic of China Luoyang 洛阳市 Loyang Prefecture-level city Top: Longmen Grottoes, Bottom left: White Horse Temple, Bottom right: Paeonia suffruticosa in Luoyang and Longmen Bridge Location of Luoyang City jurisdiction in Henan Luoyang Location on the North China Plain Show map of Northern China Luoyang Luoyang (China) Show map of China Coordinates (Luoyang municipal government): 34°37′11″N 112°27′14″E / 34.6197°N 112.4539°E / 34.6197; 112.4539Coordinates: 34°37′11″N 112°27′14″E / 34.6197°N 112.4539°E / 34.6197; 112.4539 Country People's Republic of China Province Henan Municipal seat Luolong District Government • Party Secretary Li Ya • Mayor Liu Wankang Area • Prefecture-level city 15,229.15 km2 (5,880.01 sq mi) • Urban 810.4 km2 (312.9 sq mi) • Metro 1,402.3 km2 (541.4 sq mi) Elevation 144 m (472 ft) Population (2020 census, 2018 for otherwise)[1] • Prefecture-level city 7,056,699 • Density 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi) • Urban 2,249,300 • Urban density 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi) • Metro 2,751,400 • Metro density 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi) Time zone UTC+8 (China Standard) Area code(s) 379 ISO 3166 code CN-HA-03 GDP ¥52541 per capita (2015) Ethnicities Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongolian County-level divisions 15 License plate prefixes 豫C Website www.ly.gov.cn 
Luoyang "Luoyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters Simplified Chinese 洛阳 Traditional Chinese 洛陽 Literal meaning "Northern bank of the Luo [River]" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Luòyáng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Luohyang Wade–Giles Lo4-yang2 IPA [lwô.jǎŋ] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Lohk-yèuhng Jyutping Lok6-joeng4 IPA [lɔ̀ːk̚.jœ̏ːŋ] Southern Min Tâi-lô Lo̍k-iông 
Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of December 31, 2018, Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up (or metro) area made of the city's five out of six urban districts (except the Jili District not continuously urbanized) and Yanshi District, now being conurbated.[1] 
A minister without portfolio is either a government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister who does not head a particular ministry. The sinecure is particularly common in countries ruled by coalition governments and a cabinet with decision-making authority wherein a minister without portfolio, while they may not head any particular office or ministry, may still receive a ministerial salary and has the right to cast a vote in cabinet decisions. In some countries where the executive branch is not composed of a coalition of parties and, more often, in countries with purely presidential systems of government, such as the United States, the position of minister without portfolio (or an equivalent position) is uncommon.[citation needed] 
Town in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand Chanthaburi Town Chanthaburi Location in Thailand Coordinates: 12°36′31″N 102°16′14″E / 12.60861°N 102.27056°E / 12.60861; 102.27056 Country Thailand Province Chanthaburi Province District Mueang Chanthaburi District Elevation 30 ft (10 m) Population (2019) • Total 23,024 Time zone UTC+7 (ICT) 
Chanthaburi (Thai: จันทบุรี, pronounced [tɕān.tʰá(ʔ).bū.rīː]) is a town (thesaban mueang) in the east of Thailand, on the banks of the Chanthaburi River. It is the capital of the Chanthaburi Province and the Mueang Chanthaburi District. 
Town in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand Kanchanaburi กาญจนบุรี Town Kanchanaburi Bus Terminal Kanchanaburi Location in Thailand Coordinates: 14°1′10″N 99°31′52″E / 14.01944°N 99.53111°E / 14.01944; 99.53111 Country Thailand Province Kanchanaburi Province District Mueang Kanchanaburi District Elevation 100 ft (30 m) Population (2017) • Total 25,651 [1] Time zone UTC+7 (ICT) 
That number was reduced to 25,651 in 2017. The town covers tambons Ban Nuea and Ban Tai and parts of Pak Phraek and Tha Makham, all of Mueang Kanchanaburi District, and parts of tambon Tha Lo of Tha Muang District. Kanchanaburi lies 123 km west of Bangkok.[2] 
Politics of Thailand Constitution History Laws Human rights LGBT rights Monarchy The King (List) Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) Heir presumptive Dipangkorn Rasmijoti Head of the Royal Armed Forces Royal family Succession Regent Privy Council Bureau of the Royal Household Royal Security Command Crown Property Bureau Executive Prime Ministers (list) Prayut Chan-o-cha (Suspended) Prawit Wongsuwan (PPRP; Acting) Deputy Prime Ministers Prawit Wongsuwan (PPRP) Wissanu Krea-ngam Anutin Charnvirakul (BJT) Jurin Laksanawisit (D) Don Pramudwinai Supattanapong Punmeechaow 62nd Council of Ministers Cabinet Ministries Independent agencies Legislature President Chuan Leekpai (D) Vice President Pornpetch Wichitcholchai Senate President Pornpetch Wichitcholchai Vice Presidents Singsuk Singpai Supachai Somcharoen House of Representatives Speaker Chuan Leekpai (D) Deputy Speakers Suchart Tancharoen (PPRP) Supachai Phosu (BJT) Leader of the Opposition Chonlanan Srikaew (PTP) 25th House of Representatives Judiciary Supreme Court President : Piyakul Boonperm Administrative Court President : Charnchai Sawangsagdi Constitutional Court President : Worawit Kangsasitiam Criminal Court Military Courts Elections & Referendums Recent elections & referendums General Elections 2011 2014 2019 next Senate Elections 2000 2006 2008 2014 Referendums 2007 2016 Local elections Bangkok Pattaya Provincial Subdistrict Municipalities Village Election Commission Political Parties Administrative Divisions Ministry of Interior Provincial Provinces (Governors) Districts Subdistrict Village Local Provincial Administrative Organisation City Municipality Town Municipality Subdistrict Municipality Subdistrict Administrative Organisation Special Bangkok (Governor) Pattaya Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in Thailand Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Borders : Cambodia Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Maritime : India Indonesia Vietnam) Foreign aid UN ASEAN ACD BIMSTEC MRC EAS RCEP APEC MNNA G77 IPEF Political unrest After reunited in 1767 Political crisis Front Palace Crisis (1874–1875) 1970s peasant revolts 1973 popular uprising Black May (1992) 2005–2006 political crisis 2008 political crisis 2009 political unrest 2010 political protests 2013–2014 political crisis 2020–present protests Military coups Palace Revolt of 1912 Revolution of 1932 April 1933 coup d'état June 1933 coup d'état Boworadet rebellion (1933) Rebellion of the Sergeants (1935) Songsuradet Rebellion (1939) 1947 coup d'état 1948 coup d'état Army General Staff plot (1948) Palace Rebellion (1949) Manhattan Rebellion (1951) Silent Coup (1951) March 1977 coup d'état attempt October 1977 coup d'état 1981 military rebellion 1985 coup d'état attempt 1991 coup d'état 2006 coup d'état 2014 coup d'état Terrorism Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis (1972) 1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok South insurgency (2004–present) 2012 Bangkok bombings 2015 Bangkok bombing 2019 Bangkok bombings Conflicts Taksin's reunification (1767–1771) Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) Lao rebellion (1826–1828) Haw wars (1865–1890) Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–1936) Ngiao rebellion (1902) Communist insurgency (1965–1983) Foreign relations crisis Wars Blue Diamond Affair (1989–2019) 2003 Phnom Penh riots Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) Related topics History Demographics Economy Education Crime Armed Forces Police Bank of Thailand Thailand portal Other countries 
Thesaban administration building, Surat Thani city 
Thesaban (Thai: เทศบาล, RTGS: thetsaban, pronounced [tʰêːt.sā.bāːn]) are the municipalities of Thailand. There are three levels of municipalities: city, town, and sub-district. Bangkok and Pattaya are special municipal entities not included in the thesaban system. 
City Municipality in Thailand Udon Thani อุดรธานี Udon City Municipality City of Udon Thani เทศบาลนครอุดรธานี Udon Thani Seal Udon Thani Location in Thailand Coordinates: 17°25′0″N 102°45′00″E / 17.41667°N 102.75000°E / 17.41667; 102.75000Coordinates: 17°25′0″N 102°45′00″E / 17.41667°N 102.75000°E / 17.41667; 102.75000 Country Thailand Province Udon Thani District Mueang Udon Thani Town municipality 14 March 1936 City municipality 25 September 1995 Government • Type City Municipality • Mayor Itthipol Treewatanasuwan Area • City Municipality 47.7 km2 (18.4 sq mi) • Metro 1,095 km2 (423 sq mi) • Rank 9th Population (2019)[1] • City Municipality 130,531 (Registered residents) • Rank 7th • Density 2,736/km2 (7,090/sq mi) • Metro 430,000 • Metro density 393/km2 (1,020/sq mi) Time zone UTC+7 (ICT) Postcode 41000 Calling code 042 Website udoncity.go.th 
Songthaew in Udon Thani 
Udon Thani International Airport 
Udon Thani (Thai: อุดรธานี, pronounced [ʔù.dɔ̄ːn tʰāː.nīː]) is one of the four major cities of Isan (Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, and Khon Kaen known as the "big four of Isan"), Thailand's north-eastern region, an area the size of England with Wales or roughly half the size of Germany. The city is the capital of Udon Thani Province and with a population of approximately 130,531 is the 7th largest urban settlement in the country. 
A 
Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game Efim Geller vs. Bent Larsen, Copenhagen 1966 adjournment Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first time control, but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis.[3] See also sealed move. adjudication A way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A tournament director, or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.[4] adjust See touch-move rule. 
UMS Yan Ye Aung (left) and UMS Yan Nyein Aung (right) Class overview Builders Thanlyin Naval Dockyard Operators Myanmar Navy Preceded by 49m Stealth FAC(M) class Built March 2016-Present In commission 24 December 2020-present Planned 10 Completed 2 Active 2 General characteristics Type Stealth submarine chaser/ASW corvette Displacement 600 ton Length 63 m (207 ft) Beam 7.5 m (25 ft) Draft 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Propulsion 3 x diesel engines supported by three water jet propulsers Speed 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) Range 1,800 nmi (3,300 km) at the 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) Complement 18 Sensors and processing systems 1 x MR-36A surface search radar (planned) 2 x Furuno navigation radar 1 x HUMSA Blackfish-911 hull-mounted sonar Electronic warfare & decoys 4 x Type-A FL-NA flare catridge magazines for various chaff and flare types Armament 1 × Chinese Type-66 57 mm (2.2 in) twin AA guns 2 × 2M-3M 25 mm (0.98 in) twin AA guns 2 x licensed built QJG-02G 14.5 mm AA guns 2 x triple-tubes torpedo launchers for 12 Shyena torpedoes (6 in the tubes and 6 on the racks) 2 × RBU-1200 ASW rocket launchers 2 × DC (Depth Charge) throwers naval mines Notes The hulls of the ships are constructed with Steel and their superstructures with Aluminium to reduce the displacement of the ships. 
The Yan Nyein Aung-class submarine chaser (Project PGG 063), also known as 63m stealth submarine chaser, is the first indigenous stealth submarine chaser class of the Myanmar Navy. The lead ship of the class is UMS Yan Nyein Aung (443) and she was commissioned with UMS Yan Ye Aung (446) on 24 December 2020. This class is intended to replace the ten old Hainan-class submarine chasers.[1] 
Armament 
Type-66 57 mm twin AA guns and 2M-3M 25 mm twin AA guns of UMS Yan Ye Aung 
The ships of this class are equipped with one Type-66 57 mm semi-automatic twin gun, two 2M-3M 25 mm twin guns and two locally made QJG-02G 14.5 mm guns for anti-aircraft warfare. Armament for air defense role may seem weak, but this category does not need much because this class focuses only on the anti-submarine role. 
Triple torpedo launchers fitted on the left side of UMS Yan Ye Aung 
The ships are also equipped with two triple torpedo launchers for Shyena torpedoes, two RBU-1200 ASW rocket launchers and two LDC (large depth charge) throwers and naval mines as the anti-submarine weapons (ASW).[1] 
Ships of the class 
Photo Name Project Number Pennant Builder Commissioned Homeport Yan Nyein Aung Project PGG 063 A-1 443 Thanlyin Naval Dockyard (Myanmar Navy) 24 December 2020[3] Yan Ye Aung Project PGG 063 A-2 446 Thanlyin Naval Dockyard (Myanmar Navy) 24 December 2020[3] 
History 
Project PGG 063 was approved at the 31st council meeting of Myanmar Navy. 
The construction of the lead ship, UMS Yan Nyein Aung started in March 2016 and she was launched in March 2019. UMS Yan Nyein Aung (443) was commissioned with UMS Yan Ye Aung (446) on 24 December 2020.[1][2] 
The early design of the Yan Nyein Aung-class submarine chaser 
The hulls of the ships are constructed of steel and their superstructures of aluminium to reduce the ship's displacement. The uniqueness of this class is that the ships are equipped with three waterjet propulsers to secretly track and attack submarines and to improve maneuverability by reducing noise produced from the engines and propellers. 
Office of amphoe Mae Sai in Chiang Rai province 
An amphoe (sometimes also amphur, Thai: อำเภอ, pronounced [ʔām.pʰɤ̄ː])—usually translated as "district"—is the second level administrative subdivision of Thailand. Groups of amphoe or districts make up the provinces, and are analogous to counties. The chief district officer is Nai Amphoe (นายอำเภอ). 
Kammavasanā script (Lantsa[1]) is an abugida writing system which developed in the 11th century[2] and until the mid-20th century was used in an area from Burma and West Northern Thailand by the Burmese people, the historic inhabitants of the Buddhist Monastery 
, to writBurmeseit ansalia. Nowadays it is also used in Buddhist monasteries i Burmese and Mon, especially in theBurmtan Buddhist areas within th Myanmardn.[1] It is normally written from left to right but it form is written from top to bottom.[2] It is also considered to be the standard NPalicalligraphic script. 
History Myanmar Name Moattama Namesake Gulf of Martaban Ordered 2018 Builder Dae Sun Shipbuilding, South Korea Launched July 2019[1] Commissioned 24 December 2019[2] Identification Hull number: 1501[1] Status In active service General characteristics Class and type Makassar-class landing platform dock[2] Displacement Standard: 7,300 tons Full load: 12,500 tons[2] Length 125 m (410 ft 1 in) (LOA) 109.2 m (358 ft 3 in) (LPP) Beam 22 m (72 ft 2 in) Draft 5 m (16 ft 5 in) Decks tank deck: 6.7 m (22 ft 0 in); truck deck: 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) Installed power 1 x MAN D2842 LE301 diesel generator Propulsion Combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) propulsion , 2 shafts MAN B&W 8L28/32A diesel rated at 1,988 kilowatts (2,666 bhp) at 775 RPM Speed Maximum: 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) Operational:14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) Cruising:13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) Range 9,360 nmi (17,330 km; 10,770 mi) Endurance 30 days Boats & landing craft carried 2 x 23 m (75 ft 6 in) LCU (or) LCM at floodable well decks 4 × 8.5 m (27 ft 11 in) RHIB Capacity 22 x trucks or 25 x tanks(10 addition trucks or tanks can use if necessary) Troops 520 troops Complement 103 Sensors and processing systems Furuno X-band & S-band navigation radars Combat management system Armament 2 x 14.5 mm gantling guns 2 x QJG-02G 14.5 mm heavy machine guns Aircraft carried 2 × Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin or 2 x Mil Mi-17 (Up to 3 helicopters) Aviation facilities Hangar for 1 medium (10-ton) helicopters Flight deck for 2 medium (10-ton) helicopters Notes Flagship of Myanmar Navy, used as a multi-purpose support vessel and command Ship 
UMS Moattama (1501) also UMS Mottama (Burmese: မုတ္တမ) is the first landing platform dock (LPD) and current flagship of the Myanmar Navy. Like other LPDs, Moattama is designed for amphibious operations, transportation of personnel as well as disaster relief and humanitarian assistance. It has a well deck and two helicopter landing spots and hangar. 
Myanmar joins other navies in the ASEAN region that operate LPD-type ships including Indonesia and the Philippines which operate ships based on the Makassar class, and Singapore and Thailand which both operate ships based on the Endurance-class design.[1] 
See also 
Aung Zeya-class frigate Kyan Sittha-class frigate Anawrahta-class corvette Inlay-class offshore patrol vessel 5-Series class : Fast Attack Craft 
1 2 "Myanmar deploys amphibious ship to Malaysia as part of repatriation operations". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ↑ Rubaiyat Rahman, Mohammad (9 November 2019). 
Maha Bandula Bridge (sometimes spelled Mahabandoola Bridge) is a major bridge in Yangon, Myanmar built in 2001. It is named after General Maha Bandula, and crosses Pazundaung Creek just east of Yangon's central business district. It is accessed by Maha Bandula Road. 
Marine habitats Biodiversity of a coral reef Coastal habitats Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Mangrove forests Seagrass meadows Kelp forests Coral reefs Continental shelf Neritic zone Ocean surface Surface microlayer Epipelagic zone Open ocean Pelagic zone Oceanic zone Sea floor Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zone Marine sediment 
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate.[1] Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups. 
Further references 
2007. Coral Reefs Demonstration Sites in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 5. 
UNEP, 2007. National Reports on Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 11. 
Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015. Corals and Coral Reefs overview at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal About Corals Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Australian Institute of Marine Science. 
Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons that support and protect the coral. Most reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated water. Coral reefs first appeared 485 million years ago, at the dawn of the Early Ordovician, displacing the microbial and sponge reefs of the Cambrian.[2] 
The Inlay-class offshore patrol vessel is a class of offshore patrol vessel (OPV) operated by the Myanmar Navy.The lead ship of the class is UMS Inlay. UMS Inlay was built at Thanlyin Naval Dockyard near Yangon with the help of technical assistance and equipment provided by Singapore-based companies. Launched by late November 2015, Inlay had been very largely completed by April 2017. 
Design 
The OPV is approximately 81 metres (265 ft 9 in) long with a beam of about 12.5 metres (41 ft 0 in) and is understood to displace at least 1,500 tons.[1] It is powered by two diesel engines driving two propellers. The OPV is capable of operating a helicopter from its approximately 17.5-metre (57 ft)-long flight deck and has a single hangar. A stern ramp is fitted for a rigid-hulled inflatable boat.[citation needed] The armament comprises manually operated 57-millimetre (2.2 in) twin guns in a Type 66 or 76 gun mount on the forecastle as well as two manually-operated heavy machine guns atop the hangar deck. 
The Inlay will supplement the two remaining Danish-built Osprey-class OPVs in service.[citation needed] 
Ships of the class 
Name Pennant Builder Launched Commissioned Homeport UMS Inlay 54 Myanmar Naval Dockyard November 2015 24 December 2017 Thilawa Navy Shipyard 
See also 
Aung Zeya-class frigate Kyan Sittha-class frigate – Myanmarese Stealth Frigate Anawrahta-class corvette – Warships operated by the Myanmar Navy UMS Moattama – UMS Moattama Myanmar Navy 5-Series-class fast attack craft – Ships of the Myanmar Navy 
Inlay class UMS Inlay (54) of Myanmar Navy Class overview Builders Myanmar Naval Dockyard Operators Myanmar Navy Built 2013 In commission 24 December 2017[1] Building 1[2] Completed 1 Active 1 General characteristics Type Offshore patrol vessel Displacement 1,500 tons[1] Length 81 m (265 ft 9 in)[citation needed] Beam 12.5 m (41 ft 0 in) Propulsion CODAD Propulsion[citation needed] Speed 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) estimated Range Unknown Sensors and processing systems 1 x Unknown surface search radar 2 x Furuno navigation radar[citation needed] Armament 1 x Type-66/76 57 mm twin guns[citation needed] 2 x M2 Browning Heavy Machine Guns[citation needed] Aircraft carried 1 x Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin helicopter 1 x Schiebel Camcopter S-100 Aviation facilities 17.5 m (57 ft)-long flight deck and has a single hangar.[citation needed] 
The National Liberation Day of Korea is a holiday celebrated annually on 15 August in both South and North Korea. It commemorates Victory over Japan Day, when the United States and the Soviet Union liberated Korea from 35 years of Japanese rule. 
A green angle formed by two red rays on the Cartesian coordinate system 
In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.[1] Angles formed by two rays lie in the plane that contains the rays. Angles are also formed by the intersection of two planes. These are called dihedral angles. 
Hwang Min-hyun 황민현 Hwang in July 2019 Born (1995-08-09) August 9, 1995 (age 27) Busan, South Korea Education Hanyang University Institute for Future Talents [1] Inha University (Suspended)[2] Alma mater School of Performing Arts Seoul[3] Occupation Singer songwriter actor Musical career Genres K-pop Years active 2012–present Labels Pledis YMC[lower-alpha 1] Swing[lower-alpha 1] Formerly of Wanna One NU'EST Korean name Hangul 황민현 Hanja 黃旼炫 Revised Romanization Hwang Min-hyeon McCune–Reischauer Hwang Minhyŏn Musical artist Signature 
Hwang Minhyun was discovered by South Korean entertainment agency Pledis Entertainment at the age of fifteen. After two years of training, Hwang debuted as a member of boy group NU'EST in 2012. In 2017, he represented Pledis Entertainment in the survival series Produce 101 Season 2 along with three members of NU'EST, with him finishing in ninth place and becoming a member of Wanna One. 
Larry is a domestic cat who has served as Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom at 10 Downing Street since 2011. He is a brown-and-white tabby, believed to have been born in January 2007. By July 2016, when Theresa May became Prime Minister, he had developed a reputation of being "violent" in his interactions with other local mousers, especially the Foreign Office's much younger cat, Palmerston.[1] 
"David Cameron should save Larry the cat from his lonely life in Downing Street". The Daily Telegraph. ↑ "There is a special door for cats in Downing Street, Nick Clegg confirms". The Daily Telegraph. ↑ "Downing Street cat Larry needed to tackle Parliament's rodent problem, says David Blunkett". politicshome.com. 
Retrieved 3 August 2016. ↑ Andrew Kersley (2 September 2019), "Will Larry cope with Dilyn in Downing Street? Here's Battersea's advice on introducing dogs and cats", i ↑ "Brexit tensions turn deadly as Larry the cat tries to kill pigeon", i, 24 December 2020 ↑ Horton, Helena (13 April 2016). "Palmerston the cat arrives for work at the Foreign Office". 
Devanagari देवनागरी Devanagari script (vowels top, consonants bottom) Script type Abugida Time period Early form: 1st century CE[1] Modern form: 7th century CE to present[2][3] Direction left-to-right Region India 120+ languages use Devanagari script Fiji as script for Fiji Hindi South Africa as protected language (script)[4] Nepal Languages Apabhramsha, Awadhi, Bhili, Bhojpuri, Boro, Braj, Chhattisgarhi, Dogri, Gujarati, Garhwali, Haryanvi, Hindi, Hindustani, Kashmiri, Konkani, Kumaoni, Magahi, Maithili, Marathi, Marwari, Mundari, Newari, Nepali, Pāḷi, Pahari, Prakrit, Rajasthani, Sadri, Sanskrit, Santali, Saraiki, Sherpa, Sindhi, Surjapuri, and many more. Related scripts Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic[a] Phoenician alphabet[a] Aramaic alphabet[a][5][6] Brāhmī Gupta Siddhaṃ[7][8] Nāgarī Devanagari Sister systems Nandinagari Kaithi Gujarati Moḍī ISO 15924 ISO 15924 Deva (315), ​Devanagari (Nagari) Unicode Unicode alias Devanagari Unicode range U+0900–U+097F Devanagari, U+A8E0–U+A8FF Devanagari Extended, U+11B00–11B5F Devanagari Extended-A, U+1CD0–U+1CFF Vedic Extensions [a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is debated. 
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. 
Devanagari (/ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəri/ DAY-və-NAH-gə-ree; देवनागरी, IAST: Devanāgarī, Sanskrit pronunciation: [deːʋɐˈnaːɡɐriː]), also called Nagari (Sanskrit: नागरी, Nāgarī),[1] is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental writing system),[2] based on the ancient Brāhmī script,[3] used in the Indian subcontinent. It was developed in ancient India from the 1st to the 4th century CE[3] and was in regular use by the 7th century CE.[1][4] The Devanagari script, composed of 47 primary characters including 14 vowels and 33 consonants, is the fourth most widely adopted writing system in the world,[5] being used for over 120 languages.[6] 
The Heckler & Koch HK416 is a gas-operated assault rifle chambered for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge. It is designed and manufactured by the German company Heckler & Koch. 
Although the design is based on the AR-15 class of firearm (specifically the Colt M4 carbine family issued to the U.S. military), it uses a proprietary short-stroke, gas piston system from Heckler & Koch's earlier G36 family of rifles. 
The HK416 is the standard assault rifle of the Norwegian Armed Forces, and it has been selected by the French Armed Forces to replace the FAMAS. Other users of the HK416 include the German Army and the Irish Army Ranger Wing, as well as the US Navy's SEAL Team Six, who used it to kill Osama Bin Laden in 2011.[1][2] 
Panipuri (originally known as Jalapatra from Mahabharata times) (pānīpūrī ), phuchka (fuchka ), gupchup, golgappa, or pani ke patashe is a type of snack that originates from India, and is one of the most common street foods there.[1][2][3][4][5] 
Punctuation (or sometimes interpunction) is the use of spacing, conventional signs (called punctuation marks), and certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding and correct reading of written text, whether read silently or aloud.[1] Another description is, "It is the practice, action, or system of inserting points or other small marks into texts in order to aid interpretation; division of text into sentences, clauses, etc., by means of such marks."[2] 
59 civil organizations across Myanmar condemned the massacre, and promised that "they will stand with Karenni People to get justice".[1] The Myanmar government, meanwhile, refused to comment on the incident.[8] Save the Children temporarily suspended operations in certain parts of Myanmar after the attack happened.[9] 
The National Unity Government of Myanmar condemned the incident, tweeting that the international community must "act immediately & decisively to end the military junta’s escalating war crimes & crimes against humanity."[10] 
The United Nations Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths replied that what had occurred was a "horrific" incident and that the Government of Myanmar must investigate the massacre.[12] The American embassy in Myanmar also condemned the massacre, deeming it "barbaric", demanding the government to "immediately cease its indiscriminate attacks in Karen State and throughout the country and ensure the safety of all civilians in line with international law.”[13][14] 
See also 
Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021. ↑ Reuters (December 27, 2021). ""Horrified" U.N. official condemns reported killings in Myanmar". 
Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021. ↑ "The UN called for an investigation after the report of the massacre in Myanmar; two Save the Children workers went missing". Washington Post. 
Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021. ↑ "Statement: Burned bodies of women, children found in Myanmar; Save the Children staff missing". Save the Children International. 
Al Jazeera. Retrieved January 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ↑ National Unity Government Myanmar [@NUGMyanmar] (December 25, 2021). "Announcement addressing the Christmas massacre in #Karenni "As the world celebrates Christmas , #NUG repeats its demand on international community to act immediately & decisively to end the military junta's escalating war crimes & crimes against humanity..." #BurntAliveByJunta" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ↑ "The UN was 'horrified' by the massacre of dozens of civilians in Myanmar". www.aljazeera.com. 
Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021. ↑ Vejpongsa, Tassanee (December 26, 2021). "Photos of aftermath of massacre in Myanmar fuel outrage". 
Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021. ↑ Vejpongsa, Tasanee (December 25, 2021). "Save the Children says staff missing after Myanmar massacre". 
The troops first engaged in a fight with the Karenni Border Guard Force (KBGF), resulting in the deaths of four KBGF soldiers, then ransacked the victims and their belongings. The next morning, individuals from the Karenni Nationalities Defence Force (KNDF) saw the victims burned in their vehicles and properties. Two Save the Children staff went missing during the incident and were later confirmed dead.[2] On December 27, the KNDF reported that 13 locals were unaccounted for during the massacre, including eight employees of a gasoline station. 
The incident was met with international condemnation from the United Nations, Save the Children, and the US Embassy in Myanmar. 
Incident 
The commander troop of the Karenni Nationalities Defense Force (KNDF) Brigade 4 spotted fire on the vehicles by 04:30 UTC (11:00 MYT) on December 24 at the scene of the incident but didn't see the burned bodies as they were still blazing. After reporting it to the KNDF, they could not visit the scene until the morning of the next day because of fear of the military junta in the area. Upon analyzing the scene, they found that the bodies of the victims were burned beyond recognition; either turned to ashes or charred. 
The Myanmar military junta was also recognized as the principal culprit of the disaster, according to them. The Karenni Human Rights Group counted 27 skulls from the victims at the scene and further believed that there were still many people that have not been discovered yet. There were three large trucks, three small cars, two tractors, and five motorcycles discovered to have been looted as well, containing a supply of food, medication, and gasoline.[5] 
Meanwhile, according to Myanmar's state, their soldiers killed an unknown number of people in seven vehicles which came from Kwaing Ngan and pertained that they shot the troops before they were "captured dead". The military soldiers also referred to the victims as "terrorists with weapons". They reported that these vehicles contained "recruits for terrorist training".[6] However, the KNDF noted that they were villagers and not individuals with firearms.[2][7] 
OK (spelling variations include okay, O.K., ok and Ok) is an English word (originally American English) denoting approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, acknowledgment, or a sign of indifference. OK is frequently used as a loanword in other languages. It has been described as the most frequently spoken or written word on the planet.[1] Its origins are disputed. 
In Unicode 
The National Day of the Republic of China or the Taiwan National Day,[3] also referred to as Double Ten Day or Double Tenth Day, is a public holiday taking place on 10 October annually in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It commemorates the start of the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911 which ultimately led to the collapse of the imperial Qing dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912.[4] The anniversary was celebrated during Republican Period in mainland China before 1949, the date continues to be observed by the subsequent People's Republic of China as the Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution but not as a public holiday. 
Common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpole 
Ten-day-old tadpoles. The external gills will eventually be hidden by a layer of skin. 
Metamorphosis of Bufo bufo 
Anatomy of a wood frog tadpole (Lithobates sylvaticus) 
Most tadpoles are fully aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial. Tadpoles have some fish-like features that may not be found in adult amphibians such as a lateral line, gills and swimming tails. As they undergo metamorphosis, they start to develop functional lungs for breathing air, and the diet of tadpoles changes drastically. 
Republic of Korea Taegukgi / Taegeukgi (Korean: 태극기, Hanja: 太極旗) Use National flag and ensign Proportion 2:3 Adopted January 27, 1883; 139 years ago (1883-01-27) (original version, used by the Joseon dynasty) June 29, 1942; 80 years ago (1942-06-29) (Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea) October 15, 1949; 73 years ago (1949-10-15) (as the flag of South Korea)[1] May 30, 2011; 11 years ago (2011-05-30) (current version) Design A white field with a centered red and blue taegeuk surrounded by four trigrams Designed by Gojong Use Naval jack Design A Blue Ensign with a white canton that has a red and blue taegeuk superimposed in the center of the canton, with two anchors crossing. 
Flag of South Korea Hangul 태극기 Hanja 太極旗 Revised Romanization Taegeukgi McCune–Reischauer T'aegŭkki 
The flag of South Korea, also known as the Taegukgi (also spelled as Taegeukgi, lit. 'Taegeuk flag') and colloquially known as the flag of Korea, has three parts: a white rectangular background, a red and blue Taegeuk in its center, and four black trigrams, one in each corner. Flags similar to the current Taegeukgi were used as the national flag of Korea by the Joseon dynasty, the Korean Empire, and the Korean government-in-exile during Japanese rule. South Korea adopted the Taegukgi as its national flag when it gained independence from Japan on 15 August 1945. 
On the night of 23 October 2022, the Myanmar Air Force launched a series of airstrikes in Hpakant Township, Kachin State, Northern Myanmar. The targeted area was within the territory of the Kachin Independence Organization's 9th Brigade Area Anangpa. The airstrikes hit an outdoor concert killing at least 80 civilians, including KIO officials and musical performers.[4] 
Australian MP Zoe Daniel called for 'immediate' sanctions against Myanmar following the massacre.[14] 
The KIA armed wing flew the flag at half-mast to remember victims of the military air attacks.[15] Sumlut Gun Maw, the leader of KIA, concluded the official letter that is aimed to the Senior General Min Aung Hlaing that "all the tears and cries for those who lost in this air strike would be an invaluable investment".[16] 
See also 
List of massacres in Myanmar Mo So massacre 2021-2022 Myanmar civil war Myanmar Air Force 
Incident 
Myanmar NOW (in Burmese). Retrieved 2022-10-25. ↑ "Singers and soldiers among over 60 killed at celebration in Myanmar military air attack, ethnic group says". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2022-10-24. ↑ "Myanmar airstrike kills dozens at concert, says Kachin separatist group". the Guardian. 
Retrieved 2022-10-24. ↑ Lotha, Lesly (2022-10-24). "Statement by the United Nations in Myanmar on reported airstrikes in Hpakant, Kachin State". United Nations. ↑ "ASEAN Chairman's Statement on the Recent Escalation of Violence in Myanmar". 
2022-10-25. ↑ "Australian MP calls for 'immediate' sanctions against Myanmar following junta massacre of Kachin State civilians". Myanmar NOW. Retrieved 2022-10-25. ↑ "KIO အုပ်ချုပ်နယ်မြေများ၊ ဗဟိုဌာနချုပ် အစိုးရရုံးများနှင့် ပညာရေးကျောင်းတိုင်းတွင် အလံကို တိုင်တစ်ဝက်ချကာလွင့်ထူရန် KIO ညွန်ကြား". 
Those jets were reported to be flown from Mandalay International Airport, which has been deployed with No. 62nd Attack Squadron that mostly composed of Yak 130 fighter/trainer aircraft.[5] The strike was aided by the bright spotlights of the music concert that had been being held by Kachin Independence Organization at the time of the attack near the target area.[3][4] The concert was intended for the 62nd Anniversary ceremony of the founding of KIO. Preliminary death toll counts over 80 people, most of them are civilians who came to the event, including famous Kachin public figures and singers.[3] High-ranking KIO officials and soldiers took a number of casualties as well. And more than 100 were injured.[6] The junta denies the bombings, stating that they had bombed a Kachin army base and acted with the rules of engagement derived from the four Geneva Conventions. 
Among dozens killed in the brutal attack, actor Lahtaw Zau Ding, singer Aurali, singer Galau Yaw Lwi, pianist Ko King are confirmed killed. The Kachin News Group (KNG) says the organizer of the event invited 9 singers and actors to entertain the audiences for the anniversary celebration of KIO. The strike resulted in the deaths of over 80 civilians who were attending the concert at the time of the strike, making it the single deadliest attack on civilians since the start of the renewed civil war.[1] It was reported that one of the bombs landed near the stage, killing three performers as they were performing.[7][8][9][4] 
After the massacre, the security forces at the security gate of Ginsi village stopped the cars taking the injured to Hpakant and Myitkyina.[10] 
The United Nations issued a statement expressing deep concern and sadness over the report of excessive and disproportionate use of force against unarmed civilians.[11] 
ASEAN Chairman Prak Sokhonn issued a statement on the 25th of October expressing grave concern after the airstrike and recent Insein Prison bombing in Yangon. He observes with alarm and urges restraint and cessation of violence.[12] 
Eduardo Corrêa Riedel (born in 5 July 1969) is a Brazilian politician and businessman, affiliated to the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, was elected governor of Mato Grosso do Sul in the 2022 elections in Brazil.[1] Already held the position of Secretary of State for Infrastructure of Mato Grosso do Sul from February 22, 2022 to January 1, 2023.[2] 
In 1994 he married Mônica Morais with whom he has two children: Marcela and Rafael. 
Riedel was born in Rio de Janeiro on July 5, 1969, son of Seila Garcia Côrrea and Nelson Riedel.[8] 
Sejong of Joseon 朝鮮世宗 조선 세종 Bronze statue of Sejong the Great at Deoksu Palace King of Joseon Reign 19 September 1418 – 8 April 1450 Coronation Geunjeongjeon Hall, Gyeongbok Palace, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon Predecessor Taejong of Joseon Successor Munjong of Joseon Regent King Emeritus Yi Bang-won (1418 – 1422) Crown Prince Yi Hyang (1442 – 1450) Crown Prince of Joseon Tenure 15 July 1418 – 19 September 1418 Predecessor Crown Prince Yi Je Successor Crown Prince Yi Hyang Born Yi Do (이도, 李祹) 15 May 1397 Main Palace, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon Died 8 April 1450(1450-04-08) (aged 52) Grand Prince Yeongeung's private residence,[1] Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon Burial Yeongneung Tombs, Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Spouse Queen Soheon ​ ​ (m. 1408; died 1446)​ Issue Munjong of Joseon Sejo of Joseon Posthumous name Joseon dynasty: King Yeongmun Yemu Inseong Myeonghyo the Great 영문예무인성명효대왕 英文睿武仁聖明孝大王 Ming dynasty: Jangheon (장헌, 莊憲) Temple name Sejong (세종, 世宗) Clan Jeonju Yi clan Dynasty House of Yi Father Taejong of Joseon Mother Queen Wongyeong Religion Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) → Korean Buddhism 
Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450), personal name Yi Do (Korean: 이도; Hanja: 李祹), widely known as Sejong the Great (Korean: 세종대왕; Hanja: 世宗大王), was the fourth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Initially titled Grand Prince Chungnyeong (Korean: 충녕대군; Hanja: 忠寧大君), he was born as the third son of King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong. In 1418, he was designated as heir after his eldest brother, Crown Prince Yi Je, was stripped of his status. 
Seoul Halloween crowd crush Halloween crowds in the alleyway across Itaewon Station where most casualties fell, on the evening of the disaster Date 29 October 2022 (2022-10-29) Time c. 22:15 KST (UTC+9) Location Itaewon, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South Korea Coordinates 37°32′05″N 126°59′36″E / 37.53472°N 126.99333°E / 37.53472; 126.99333Coordinates: 37°32′05″N 126°59′36″E / 37.53472°N 126.99333°E / 37.53472; 126.99333 Type Crowd crush Cause Under investigation Deaths 158 Non-fatal injuries 197 
The Itaewon alleyway during the week-long national mourning. 
Witnesses said the streets, including the narrow downhill alley near Hamilton Hotel, were packed with partygoers.[20] An attendee who arrived earlier in the night, at 19:00 local time, claimed that it took over 10 minutes to go to a meet-up spot about a minute from Itaewon station, because of the number of people.[21] At least seventy-nine emergency calls were made to 112, between 18:00 and 22:00, prior to the crush with the first being made at 18:34. In the call, the caller said that an alley next to the Hamilton hotel was becoming extremely crowded and dangerous. The caller clarified after being prompted by the official that they felt that a large accident could happen if someone was crushed and fell.[22][23] 
The crowd crush occurred at 22:20 local time (KST),[24][25] along an alleyway near Itaewon station Exit 1 and the Hamilton Hotel.[3][26] Videos made by eyewitnesses showed that hundreds of people had been compressed in the narrow alley into a huge mass of bodies, five or six persons deep.[27] One attendee said the crush started when a group of young men pushed others until people started falling.[28][29] Some survivors claimed that because business hours were over, nearby establishments had blocked people from entering to escape the crush.[30][31] A viral video showing some people partying and allegedly preventing ambulances from reaching the scene drew anger online.[32][33] 
On the night of 29 October 2022, a crowd crush occurred during Halloween festivities in the Itaewon neighbourhood of Seoul, South Korea. At least 158 people were killed and 196 others were injured.[1] The victims were mostly young adults.[2] 
Victims 
Confirmed fatalities (as of 13 November 2022)[43] Nationality Fatalities Ref. South Korea 131 [44] Iran 5 [45] China 4 [46][5] Russia 4 [47] Japan 2 [48] United States 2 [49][20] Australia 2 [50][51][52] Austria 1 [53] France 1 [54] Kazakhstan 1 [55] Norway 1 [56] Sri Lanka 1 [57] Thailand 1 [58] Uzbekistan 1 [59] Vietnam 1 [60] Total 158 
The majority of the people who died were women. According to a professor of fire and disaster prevention at Soongsil Cyber University, women's bodies are less resistant to pressure than men.[66] However, a professor of crowd science at University of Suffolk, claimed that evidence of women being more prone to compressive asphyxia is inconclusive. He instead cited women being majorly slighter then men with more body mass in their upper chest and less upper body strength.[67] 
The crowd crush is the deadliest disaster in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014 and the largest mass casualty event in Seoul since the Sampoong Department Store collapse in 1995.[3][4] It is the deadliest crowd crush in the country, surpassing a 1959 incident at Busan Municipal Stadium in which 67 people were crushed to death.[5] 
Psychological assistance was also provided for schools where the victims studied.[88] By 13 November the initial memorial created around the exit 1 of Itaewon Station had expanded to cover about 20 meters of sidewalk from the station to the entrance of the alley where the disaster occurred. Many anonymous volunteers work together to keep the memorial in good shape and free of trash or rotting foods, as many leave food and drinks as offerings to the deceased normally via a ceremonial table. With the help of Yongsan District Official officials they have also coordinated to protect the memorial and offerings from any rain or other weather.[89] 
On 11 November, a police officer at Yongsan Police Station committed suicide. He was being investigated on charges of abuse of authority, destruction of evidence and professional negligence for ordering the deletion of a internal intelligence report warning of the dangers of gathering crowds in Itaewon.[92] That same day a senior official from the Seoul Metropolitan Governments safety support division was found deceased by an apparent suicide. While he had not worked at the disaster site nor being investigated by police, it was later reported that he had been the final approver of the documents for the emergency checks on the local safety measures and psychological counseling programs for the disaster.[2] 
President of South Korea Yoon Suk-yeol attended an emergency briefing. He suggested swiftly treating the injured and reviewing the safety of festivity sites.[1] He addressed the nation the following morning[93] and later visited the scene of the incident.[94] A week of national mourning until 5 November was declared by President Yoon, ordering flags at government buildings and public offices to fly at half-mast.[95][96][97] The Mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, who was on a trip to Europe at the time of the incident, returned to Seoul.[40] 
In the days following the crush, amid growing criticism over the management of the event, South Korean Minister of the Interior Lee Sang-min offered an official apology and National Police Chief Yoon Hee-keun said "There were several reports to the police just before the incident occurred and it was known that a massive crowd had gathered, indicating the urgency of the danger. However, information management was insufficient and there was no adequate reaction from the police".[1] Yoon bowed as an apology. 
Offers of solidarity and help were extended by many heads of state around the world.[110] US President Joe Biden said, "We grieve with the people of the Republic of Korea and send our best wishes for a quick recovery to all those who were injured."[2] Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said that he was "shocked and deeply saddened by the loss of many precious lives." China's president Xi Jinping paid condolences to the victims in a letter. British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak tweeted: "All our thoughts are with those currently responding and all South Koreans at this very distressing time.". 
Crush 
Koreans 조선인 • 한국인 Total population c. 85 million[1] Regions with significant populations South Korea 51,709,098[2] North Korea 25,778,815[3] Diaspora as of 2021[update] c. 
7.3 million[4] United States 2,633,777[4] China 2,350,422[4] Japan 818,865[4] Canada 237,364[4] Uzbekistan 175,865[4] Russia 168,526[4] Australia 158,103[4] Vietnam 156,330[4] Kazakhstan 109,495[4] Germany 47,428[4] United Kingdom 36,690[4] Brazil 36,540[4] New Zealand 33,812[4] Philippines 33,032[4] France 25,417[4] Argentina 22,847[4] Singapore 20,983[4] Thailand 18,130[4] Kyrgyzstan 18,106[4] Indonesia 17,297[4] Malaysia 13,667[4] Ukraine 13,524[4] Sweden 13,055[4] Mexico 11,107[4] India 10,674[4] Cambodia 10,608[4] United Arab Emirates 9,642[4] Netherlands 9,473[4] Denmark 8,694[4] Norway 7,744[4] Languages Korean[5] Religion Predominantly irreligious Korean shamanic, Christian or Buddhist minorities Related ethnic groups Jeju, Japanese, Manchus, Salars, Yugurs 
Koreans (South Korean: 한민족/한국인/한국사람, 韓民族/韓國人/韓國사람, Han minjok/ethnic, Hanguk-in (people of the Han nation), Hanguksaram, North Korean: 조선민족/조선인/조선사람, 朝鮮民族/朝鮮人/朝鮮사람, Joseon minjok/ethnic, Joseon-in (people)/Joseonsaram; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] 
They are also an officially recognized ethnic minority in other Asian countries; such as China, Japan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Koreans also form sizeable communities in Europe, specifically in Russia, Germany, United Kingdom, and France. Over the course of the 20th century, Korean communities have also formed in the Americas (especially in the United States and Canada) and Oceania. 
As of 2021, there were an estimated 7.3 million ethnic Koreans residing outside Korea.[4] 
Juche Torch symbolizing Juche at the top of the Juche Tower in Pyongyang Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 주체사상 Hancha 主體思想 Revised Romanization Juche sasang McCune–Reischauer Chuch'e sasang Literally "subject idea" 
Juche (English: /ˈdʒuːtʃeɪ/ (listen) JOO-chay; Korean: [tɕutɕʰe] (listen)), officially the Juche idea (Korean: 주체사상; RR: Juche sasang), is the state ideology of North Korea and the official ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea. North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to Kim Il-sung, the country's founder and first leader. Juche was originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism until Kim Jong-il, Kim Il-sung's son and successor, declared it a distinct ideology in the 1970s. 
The English Wikipedia does not have a single, definitive statement of the community's values and principles. Over the years, several editors have written summaries of these values and principles as well as essays expressing their ideas about what is important. The following is a list of some of the more popular pages: Shortcuts WP:PRINCIPLES WP:Fundamentals 
Wikipedia:Wikipedia is an encyclopedia: Blunt and to the point laying out of what Wikipedia is Wikipedia:Wikipedia in brief: Focuses on the encyclopedic nature of the project. Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset: A longer page with more detail. Wikipedia:Ethics: A list of various ethical codes Wikipedia:Ethical Code for Wikipedians Wikipedia:Purpose: Wikipedia's purpose User:Andrewa/creed: What Wikipedians believe Wikipedia:Pledges: Specific principles individual Wikipedians pledge to uphold Wikipedia:Product, process, policy: The three Ps Wikipedia:Here to build an encyclopedia: Behaviors that build, or destroy, the project. 
All of these pages are intended to be informative and helpful to editors. None of these pages themselves are official policies or guidelines of the English Wikipedia community (see WP:Local consensus for details). 
See also 
Wikipedia:Administration, about the human administrative structure, as well as its non-human components. Wikipedia:Expectations and norms of the Wikipedia community, supplement Wikipedia:Editorial oversight and control, summary of various processes and structures Wikipedia:Introduction/Wikipedia:About, introductory pages Wikipedia:History of Wikipedian processes and people, historical Wikipedia:Governance, directory of links related to Wikipedia governance Wikipedia:IPs are human too, an essay Wikipedia:The rules are principles, an essay Wikipedia:Reasonability Rule, an essay Wikipedia:Wikiness, an essay Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great, an essay Wikipedia:Five pillars of evil, a humorous essay Wikipedia:Content forking/Internal § Policy forks – on avoiding conflict between different policy/guideline pages 
External video Jimmy Wales: The birth of Wikipedia, 2005 TED (conference), 20 mins. 
Mission statement – The Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia values – The six values of the Wikimedia Foundation In a nutshell, what is Wikipedia? And what is the Wikimedia Foundation? – The Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia founding principles – Principles generally supported by all of the Wikimedia communities Wikimedia Ethics – Principles of ethics in-regards to online media 
Notation for the (principal) square root of x. 
In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y2 = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y ⋅ y) is x.[1] For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16, because 42 = (−4)2 = 16. 
G20 Group of Twenty Member countries in the G-20 Countries represented through the membership of the European Union Permanently invited country, Spain Formation 26 September 1999 (23 years ago) (1999-09-26) 2008 (2008) (heads-of-state/heads-of-government summits) Purpose Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1] Membership 20 members[lower-alpha 1] Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China France Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Mexico Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Turkey United Kingdom United States European Union Chairman (Incumbent) Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India Website https://g20.org[2] 
The G20 or Group of Twenty is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 countries and the European Union (EU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development.[3] 
The G20 is composed of most of the world's largest economies, including both industrialised and developing nations; it accounts for around 80% of gross world product (GWP),[4] 59–77% of international trade,[lower-alpha 2] two-thirds of the global population,[5] and 60% of the world's land area. 
The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises.[6] Since 2008, it has convened at least once a year, with summits involving each member's head of government or state, finance minister, or foreign minister, and other high-ranking officials; the EU is represented by the European Commission and the European Central Bank.[7][8][lower-alpha 3] Other countries, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations are invited to attend the summits, some on a permanent basis. 
At its 2009 summit, the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial cooperation.[9] The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and it is recognised by analysts as exercising considerable global influence;[10] it is also criticised for its limited membership,[3] lack of enforcement powers,[12] and for the alleged undermining of existing international institutions.[11] Summits are often met with protests, particularly by anti-globalisation groups.[13][14] 
Metropolis in Madhya Pradesh, India Jabalpur Metropolis From top: MP High Court, Jabalpur Engineering College, Dhuandhar Waterfall, Bhedaghat Jabalpur Location of Jabalpur in India Show map of Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Jabalpur (India) Show map of India Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E / 23.167°N 79.933°E / 23.167; 79.933Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E / 23.167°N 79.933°E / 23.167; 79.933 Country India State Madhya Pradesh District Jabalpur Government • Type Mayor–Council • Body Jabalpur Municipal Corporation • Mayor Jagat Bahadur Singh[1] • District Magistrate Shri S.K. Suman (IAS).[2] • Municipal commissioner Chandramauli Shukla • MP Rakesh Singh Area [3] • Metropolis 263.49 km2 (101.73 sq mi) Elevation 412 m (1,352 ft) Population (2011)[4][5][6] • Metropolis 1,055,525 • Rank 40th • Density 4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi) • Metro [7] 1,267,564 • Metro rank 38th Demonyms Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpurites Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST) PIN 482001 to 482011 Telephone code 0761 ISO 3166 code IN-MP Vehicle registration MP-20 Sex ratio 929 ♀ / 1000 ♂ Average Literacy Rate 82.13% Official language Hindi[8] Website https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/ 
Jabalpur is an important administrative, industrial and business center of Madhya Pradesh. It is the judicial capital of Madhya Pradesh as The Madhya Pradesh High Court along with other important administrative headquarters of India and Madhya Pradesh are located in Jabalpur. It is generally accepted that the game of Snooker originated in Jabalpur.[1] Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of Jabalpur district (the second-most-populous district in Madhya Pradesh) and the Jabalpur division. 
Some of them, despite being de facto independent states, were formally part of the Holy Roman Empire. The era of the Italian states, in particular from the 11th century to the 15th century, was characterized by the remarkable economic development, trade, manufacture, and mercantile capitalism, together with increasing urbanization，with remarkable influence throughout much of the Mediterranean world and Europe as a whole. During this time, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by one person, such as the Signoria or by a dynasty, such as the House of Gonzaga and the House of Sforza.[10] 
These were referred to as mueang, and were usually related in a tributary relationship now described as mandala or as over-lapping sovereignty, in which smaller city-states paid tribute to larger ones that paid tribute to still larger ones—until reaching the apex in cities like Ayutthaya, Bagan, Bangkok and others that served as centers of Southeast Asian royalty. The system existed until the 19th century, when colonization by European powers occurred. Siam, a regional power at the time, needed to define their territories for negotiation with the European powers so the Siamese government established a nation-state system, incorporated their tributary cities (Lan Xang, Cambodia and some Malay cities) into their territory and abolished the mueang and the tributary system.[12][need quotation to verify][13][14] 
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.[1] They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as Rome, Athens, Sparta, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, such as Florence, Venice, Genoa and Milan. 
With the rise of nation states worldwide, only a few modern sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which qualify; Monaco, Singapore and Vatican City are most commonly accepted as such. Singapore is the clearest example, with full self-governance, its own currency, a robust military and a population of 5.5 million.[2] 
Modern city-states 
Monaco-Ville (the ancient fortified city) and Monaco's well-known area Monte Carlo are districts of a continuous urban zone, not distinct cities, though they were three separate municipalities (communes) until 1917. The Principality of Monaco and the city of Monaco (each having specific powers) govern the same territory. Though they maintain a small military, they would still have to rely on France for defence in the face of an aggressive power. 
Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy and are sometimes considered city-states. Hong Kong, Macau,[3][4] and members of the United Arab Emirates—most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi—are often cited as such.[3][4][7] 
Singapore was part of Malaysia for two years before it was expelled from the federation in 1965, becoming an independent republic, a city and a sovereign country. The Economist refers to the nation as the "world's only fully functioning city-state". In particular, it has its own currency, a large commercial airport, one of the busiest transshipment maritime ports in the world, and fully fledged armed forces to safeguard the nation's sovereignty against potential regional aggressors.[23][24][25] 
Until September 1870, the city of Rome had been controlled by the pope as part of his Papal States. When King Victor Emmanuel II seized the city in 1870, Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the newly formed Kingdom of Italy. 
Because he could not travel without effectively acknowledging the authority of the king, Pius IX and his successors each claimed to be a "Prisoner in the Vatican", unable to leave the 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi) papal enclave once they had ascended the papal thrones. 
The impasse was resolved in 1929 by the Lateran Treaties negotiated by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini between King Victor Emmanuel III and Pope Pius XI. Under this treaty, the Vatican was recognized as an independent state, with the Pope as its head. The Vatican City State has its own citizenship, diplomatic corps, flag, and postage stamps. 
Data migration is the process of selecting, preparing, extracting, and transforming data and permanently transferring it from one computer storage system to another. Additionally, the validation of migrated data for completeness and the decommissioning of legacy data storage are considered part of the entire data migration process.[1][2] Data migration is a key consideration for any system implementation, upgrade, or consolidation, and it is typically performed in such a way as to be as automated as possible, freeing up human resources from tedious tasks. Data migration occurs for a variety of reasons, including server or storage equipment replacements, maintenance or upgrades, application migration, website consolidation, disaster recovery, and data center relocation.[2] 
Migration addresses the possible obsolescence of the data carrier, but does not address the fact that certain technologies which run the data may be abandoned altogether, leaving migration useless. Time-consuming – migration is a continual process, which must be repeated every time a medium reaches obsolescence, for all data objects stored on a certain media. Costly – an institution must purchase additional data storage media at each migration.[12] 
"Data migration from old to new application: An experience". gplivna.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2018. ↑ Ortac, Alper; Monperrus, Martin; Mezini, Mira (2015). "Abmash: mashing up legacy Web applications by automated imitation of human actions" (PDF). 
Multi-Domain Master Data Management: Advanced MDM and Data Governance in Practice. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 61–2. ISBN 9780128011478. ↑ van der Hoeven, Jeffrey; Bram Lohman; Remco Verdegem (2007). 
The International Journal of Digital Curation. 2 (2): 123–132. doi:10.2218/ijdc.v2i2.35. ↑ Muira, Gregory (2007). "Pushing the Boundaries of Traditional Heritage Policy: maintaining long-term access to multimedia content" (PDF). 
As of 2011[update], "nearly 40 percent of data migration projects were over time, over budget, or failed entirely."[1][3] As such, to achieve an effective data migration, proper planning is critical. While the specifics of a data migration plan may vary—sometimes significantly—from project to project, the computing company IBM suggests there are three main phases to most any data migration project: planning, migration, and post-migration.[3] Each of those phases has its own steps. During planning, dependencies and requirements are analyzed, migration scenarios get developed and tested, and a project plan that incorporates the prior information is created. 
Feasible migration and back-out scenarios are developed, as well as the associated tests, automation scripts, mappings, and procedures. Data cleansing and transformation requirements are also gauged for data formats to improve data quality and to eliminate redundant or obsolete information. Migration architecture is decided on and developed, any necessary software licenses are obtained, and change management processes are started.[1][2] 
Migration: Hardware and software requirements are validated, and migration procedures are customized as necessary. Some sort of pre-validation testing may also occur to ensure requirements and customized settings function as expected. If all is deemed well, migration begins, including the primary acts of data extraction, where data is read from the old system, and data loading, where data is written to the new system. 
Post-migration: After data migration, results are subjected to data verification to determine whether data was accurately translated, is complete, and supports processes in the new system. During verification, there may be a need for a parallel run of both systems to identify areas of disparity and forestall erroneous data loss. Additional documentation and reporting of the migration project is conducted, and once the migration is validated complete, legacy systems may also be decommissioned. 
Iberian Peninsula Native names Península Ibérica (Spanish) Península Ibérica (Portuguese) Peninsula Iberica (Aragonese) Península Ibérica (Asturian) Iberiar Penintsula (Basque) Península Ibèrica (Catalan) Iberian Peninsula (English) Península Ibérica (Extremaduran) Péninsule Ibérique (French) Península Ibérica (Galician) Peninsula Iberica (Occitan) Península Eibérica (Mirandese) Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula Geography Location Southern Europe Coordinates 40°30′N 4°00′W / 40.500°N 4.000°W / 40.500; -4.000Coordinates: 40°30′N 4°00′W / 40.500°N 4.000°W / 40.500; -4.000 Area 583,254 km2 (225,196 sq mi) Highest elevation 3,478 m (11411 ft) Highest point Mulhacén Administration See below Demographics Demonym Iberian Population ca. 53 million 
The Iberian Peninsula (/aɪˈbɪəriən/),[lower-alpha 1] also known as Iberia,[lower-alpha 2] is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is principally divided between Spain and Portugal, comprising most of their territory, as well as a small area of Southern France, Andorra, and Gibraltar. With an area of approximately 583,254 square kilometres (225,196 sq mi),[1] and a population of roughly 53 million,[2] it is the second largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula. 
Scandinavian Peninsula Scandinavian Peninsula in winter 2003 Geography Location Northern Europe Coordinates 63°00′N 14°00′E / 63.000°N 14.000°E / 63.000; 14.000Coordinates: 63°00′N 14°00′E / 63.000°N 14.000°E / 63.000; 14.000 Adjacent to Arctic Sea, Atlantic Ocean Area 750,000 km2 (290,000 sq mi) Highest elevation 2,469 m (8100 ft) Highest point Galdhøpiggen Administration Norway Mainland Sweden Mainland Finland Parts of Lapland 
The Scandinavian Peninsula (Swedish: Skandinaviska halvön; Norwegian: Den skandinaviske halvøy (Bokmål) or Nynorsk: Den skandinaviske halvøya; Finnish: Skandinavian niemimaa) is a peninsula located in Northern Europe, which roughly comprises the mainlands of Sweden, Norway and the northwestern area of Finland. 
The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia, the cultural region of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania, the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which was for centuries a part of Denmark, which is the ancestral home of the Danes, and is now part of Sweden.[1][2][3] 
Uses 
Culinary 
Makhana being lightly roasted, ready to eat 
The plant is cultivated for its seeds[1] in lowland ponds in India, China, and Japan. The Chinese have cultivated the plant for centuries.[6] More than 96,000 hectares of Bihar, India, were set aside for cultivation of Euryale in 1990–1991.[4] The plant grows best in locations with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Seeds are collected in the late summer and early autumn, and may be eaten raw or cooked. 
Surface-floating leaf of Euryale ferox 
The seeds of foxnut are used in Ayurveda preparations and in traditional Chinese medicine.[1] 
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 72 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1006/jaer.1998.0356. 
Verma, Arvind Kumar; Banerji, B. K.; Chakrabarty, Debasis; Datta, S. K. (2010). 
Current Science. 99 (6): 795–800. 
ISSN 0011-3891. 
JSTOR 24109608. Bhardwaj, Tarun (August 22, 2022). "Bihar Mithila Makhana awarded GI Tag! 
Know about this variety of Fox Nut and its benefits". Financial Express. The Indian Express. 
"Euryale ferox". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 
A pond of cultivated Euryale in northern India 
Euryale ferox, commonly known as prickly waterlily[1] or Gorgon plant, is a species of water lily found in southern and eastern Asia, and the only extant member of the genus Euryale.[lower-alpha 1] The edible seeds, called fox nuts or makhana when dried,[2][lower-alpha 2] are eaten in Asia. 
Though normally classified in the water lily family, Nymphaeaceae, the species is occasionally regarded as a distinct family, Euryalaceae. Unlike other water lilies, the pollen grains of Euryale have three nuclei.[3] 
References 
Arakan forest turtle Arakan forest turtle in Atlanta Zoo Conservation status Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Geoemydidae Genus: Heosemys Species: H. depressa Binomial name Heosemys depressa (Anderson, 1875)[1] Synonyms[2] Geoemyda depressa Anderson, 1875 Geoemyda arakana Theobald, 1876 Heosemys depressa Stejneger, 1902 
The Arakan forest turtle (Heosemys depressa) is a critically endangered turtle species native to the Arakan Hills in western Myanmar[1] and the bordering Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh.[3] The Arakan forest turtle is a semiterrestrial turtle, meaning it can survive in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats, but adults prefer living in terrestrial habitats. 
Threats 
Arakan forest turtles are being traded by animal pet dealers in China, who catch them in western Myanmar. In 2003, researchers took samples for research from nine Arakan forest turtles that had been imported to the Czech Republic to be kept in a private collection.[8] 
Conservation 
In captivity 
As of 2009, a small number of turtles were present in captivity, and as of 2009, only the Zoo Atlanta has successfully bred the turtles in captivity.[9] 
Archived from the original on 2016-04-09. Retrieved 23 March 2014. "Zoo Hatches Endangered Asian Turtle". 
The Indian Statutory Commission also known as Simon Commission, was a group of seven Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission arrived in India in 1928 [1] to study constitutional reform in Britain's largest and most important possession. One of its members was the future leader of the Labour Party Clement Attlee, who became committed to self-government for India. 
At the time of introducing of Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, the British Government declared that a commission would be sent to India after ten years to examine the effects and operations of the constitutional reforms and to suggest more reforms for India.[1] 
In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission two years ahead of schedule to report on India's constitutional progress for introducing constitutional reforms, as promised. The Commission was strongly opposed by many Indians. It was opposed by Nehru, Gandhi, Jinnah, the Muslim League and Indian National Congress because it contained seven members of the British Parliament but no Indians. 
Prominent Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai led a protest in Lahore. He suffered a police beating during the protest and died of his injuries on 17 November 1928. 
In 2013, he was a member of the team that developed Blockchain.info and also served as Chief Technology Officer of OKCoin.[1] 
After launching the cryptocurrency exchange in July 2017, Binance was able to raise $15 million in an initial coin offering, and trading began on the exchange eleven days later.[8] In less than eight months, Zhao grew Binance into the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange by trading volume (as of April 2018).[9][8] Zhao also launched Binance Coin in 2017, which is a utility token that gives its owners various benefits, such as discounts on trading fees.[10] In April 2019, Binance launched Binance Smart Chain, which has smart contract functionality and is an Ethereum competitor.[11] 
In February 2018, Forbes placed him third on their list of "The Richest People In Cryptocurrency," with an estimated net worth of $1.1-2 billion.[1][12] 
In 2019, Zhao launched Binance's U.S. affiliate, Binance.US.[13] Binance withdrew its application to run a Singapore-based crypto exchange in 2021.[2] 
Views 
In an interview with The New York Times, Zhao said people are getting into crypto as they see it grow, "trade it and make money off it as opposed to using it", but that the market will always self-correct.[14] On April 6, 2021, Zhao told Bloomberg Markets that nearly 100% of his liquid net worth was in the form of cryptocurrency.[15] 
In 2022, Zhao invested $500 million through Binance to finance the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk.[16] 
Personal life 
In 2015, he sold his Shanghai apartment and used the funds to purchase Bitcoin.[17] Zhao said he plans to donate up to 99% of his wealth, following the philanthropic feats of other magnates. "I intend to donate most of my wealth, as many other entrepreneurs or founders have done, from Peabody to today. I intend to donate 90%, 95%, or 99% of my wealth."[18] 
Changpeng Zhao (Chinese: 赵长鹏; pinyin: Zhào Chángpéng), commonly known as "CZ", is a Chinese-Canadian business executive. Zhao is the co-founder and CEO of Binance, the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange by trading volume as of July 2022.[1] CZ was born in Jiangsu, China and moved to Canada at a young age with his family. He is currently based in Singapore.[2] 
According to a Reuters investigative story about Binance, Zhao had a romantic relationship with former Chinese travel television show host and Binance co-founder Yi He for "several years." She later gave birth to a son in the United States.[19] 
According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Zhao was ranked the 30th richest person in the world with a net worth estimated at $33 billion as of October 2022.[3][4] 
Early life and education 
In the late 1980s, he moved with his family to Canada when he was 12 years old, settling in Vancouver, British Columbia. His parents were both teachers in China. His father worked as a university instructor before he was branded a "pro-bourgeois intellect" and exiled to rural areas shortly after Zhao's birth.[5] In his teenage years, Zhao helped support his family by working a number of service jobs, including at a McDonald's.[6] 
Zhao attended McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he majored in computer science.[1] 
After graduating from university, Zhao was selected for an internship in Tokyo working for a subcontractor of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, developing software for matching trade orders. He then worked full-time for four years at Bloomberg Tradebook where he was a developer of futures trading software.[1] 
In 2005, he moved to Shanghai where he founded Fusion Systems,[7] known for "some of the fastest high-frequency trading systems for brokers."[2] 
The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine. 
The 2022 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 8, 2022, as part of the 2022 United States elections during incumbent president Joe Biden's term. The Republican Party won a majority of seats and will be the majority party in the House of Representatives in the 118th United States Congress. 
2022 United States House of Representatives elections ← 2020 November 8, 2022 2024 → All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives[lower-alpha 1] 218 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Kevin McCarthy Nancy Pelosi Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3, 2019 January 3, 2003 Leader's seat California 20th California 11th Last election 213 seats, 47.7% 222 seats, 50.8% Seats before 212 220 Seats won 221 213 Seat change 8 9 Popular vote 54,214,279 51,066,093 Percentage 50.7% 47.7% Results Democratic gain Republican gain Democratic hold Republican hold Result unknown Speaker before election Nancy Pelosi Democratic Elected Speaker TBD Republican 
During this U.S. midterm election, which occurred during the term of incumbent president Joe Biden of the Democratic Party, all 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and 35 of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate were contested to determine the 118th United States Congress. Thirty-nine state and territorial U.S. gubernatorial elections, as well as numerous state and local elections, were also contested. This was the first election affected by the 2022 U.S. redistricting that followed the 2020 U.S. census.[1] The Republican Party won the House by a narrow majority and Democrats retained control of the Senate.[2][3][4] 
Kevin Owen McCarthy (born January 26, 1965) is an American politician, serving as House Minority Leader in the United States House of Representatives since 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he served as House Majority Leader under speakers John Boehner and Paul Ryan from 2014 to 2019. McCarthy is in his eighth House term, serving as the U.S. representative for California's 22nd congressional district from 2007 to 2013 and for the 23rd district since 2013. 
John Fullerton MacArthur Jr. (born June 19, 1939) is an American Protestant pastor and author known for his internationally syndicated Christian teaching radio and television program Grace to You.[1] He has been the pastor of Grace Community Church, a non-denominational church in Sun Valley, California since February 9, 1969.[2] He is currently the chancellor emeritus of The Master's University in Santa Clarita and The Master's Seminary. 
MacArthur is a strong proponent of expository preaching, and has been acknowledged by Christianity Today as one of the most influential preachers of his time.[3] MacArthur has written or edited more than 150 books, most notably the MacArthur Study Bible, which has sold more than one million copies, receiving a Gold Medallion Book Award.[4] 
English Wikipedia Screenshot Main Page of the English Wikipedia in April 2021 Type of site Internet encyclopedia Owner Wikimedia Foundation URL en.wikipedia.org Commercial No Registration Optional; required for certain tasks Users 44,561,122 users, 1,022 administrators as of 27 November 2022 Launched 15 January 2001; 21 years ago (2001-01-15) Content license Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike 3.0 (most text also dual-licensed under GFDL) Media licensing varies 
The English Wikipedia is, along with the Simple English Wikipedia, one of two English-language editions of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of 27 November 2022, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,580,271.[1] As of November 2022, 11% of articles in all Wikipedias belong to the English-language edition; this share was more than 50% in 2003.[2][3] The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021.[4] 
The French Wikipedia (French: Wikipédia en français) is the French-language edition of Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia. This edition was started on 23 March 2001, two months after the official creation of Wikipedia.[1] It has 2,473,455 articles as of 25 November 2022, making it the fifth-largest Wikipedia overall, after the English-, Cebuano-, Swedish- and German-language editions, the largest Wikipedia edition in a Romance language. It has the third-most edits, and ranks 6th in terms of depth among Wikipedias. 
Korean Wikipedia Screenshot Main Page of the Korean Wikipedia in December 2019 Type of site Internet encyclopedia project Available in Korean Headquarters Seoul Owner Wikimedia Foundation URL ko.wikipedia.org Commercial No Registration Optional 
The Korean Wikipedia (Korean: 한국어 위키백과, romanized: Han-gugeo Wiki Baekgwa) is the Korean language edition of Wikipedia. It was founded on 11 October 2002 and reached ten thousand articles on 4 June 2005.[1] As of November 2022, it has 614,032 articles with 1,702 active users and is the 23rd largest Wikipedia.[2] 
The Japanese Wikipedia (ウィキペディア日本語版, Wikipedia Nihongoban, literally "Wikipedia: Japanese-language version") is the Japanese-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, open-source online encyclopedia. Started on 11 May 2001,[1] the edition attained the 200,000 article mark in April 2006 and the 500,000 article mark in June 2008. As of November 2022, it has over 1,352,000 articles with 14,704 active contributors, ranking fourth behind the English, French and German editions.[2] 
Japanese Wikipedia Screenshot Main Page of the Japanese Wikipedia in April 2021 Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in Japanese Owner Wikimedia Foundation URL ja.wikipedia.org Commercial No Registration Optional Launched May 11, 2001; 21 years ago (2001-05-11) Current status Active 
Arabic Wikipedia Screenshot Main Page of the Arabic Wikipedia in May 2016 Type of site Internet encyclopedia project Available in Arabic Headquarters Miami, Florida Owner Wikimedia Foundation Created by Arab wiki community URL ar.wikipedia.org Commercial No Registration Optional Launched 9 July 2003; 19 years ago (2003-07-09)[1] 
It started on 9 July 2003. As of November 2022, it has 1,194,808 articles, 2,343,835 registered users and 50,781 files and it is the 17th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 8th in terms of depth among Wikipedias. It was the first Wikipedia in a Semitic language to exceed 100,000 articles[2] on 25 May 2009, and also the first Semitic language to exceed 1 million articles, on 17 November 2019.[3] 
The Malay Wikipedia (Malay: Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, Jawi alphabet: ويکيڤيديا بهاس ملايو, abbreviation: mswiki) is the Malay edition of Wikipedia. It uses the Malay alphabet only and not the Jawi alphabet. This edition was started on 26 October 2002. 
Canada: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed his support for freedom of speech in China.[110][111] Germany: German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier asked Chinese authorities to "respect" the freedom of protesters and that he "understand[s] why people want to voice their impatience and grievance". He said that he hoped the Chinese authorities would respect the protesters' rights to freedom of expression and freedom of demonstration, and that the protests would remain peaceful.[112] German government spokesperson Steffen Hebestreit suggested that the Chinese government should address its strict COVID lockdown policies by administering Western-made mRNA vaccines, which Germany and Europe had a "very good experience with" and had allowed most countries to ease COVID restrictions.[113] Republic of China (Taiwan): The Mainland Affairs Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan) called on the PRC to treat protestors peacefully and rationally and to gradually loosen up COVID restrictions.[114] The Democratic Progressive Party called on the government to actively listen and respond to the demands of the people.[115] United Kingdom: In response to the arrest of BBC journalist Edward Lawrence, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak described it as "shocking and unacceptable" and that China was moving towards "even greater authoritarianism".[116][117] British Foreign Secretary James Cleverly called the incident "deeply disturbing" and it was "clear" that the people of China were "deeply unhappy" about the COVID restrictions.[118][119] Business Secretary Grant Shapps said that there was "absolutely no excuse whatsoever" for journalists covering the protests to be attacked by police.[120] United States: The Biden administration, via National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, voiced support for the protests, and that President Biden was being briefed on the situation.[121][122][123] The U.S. Embassy in Beijing said that Ambassador Nick Burns had raised concerns directly with senior Chinese officials. The embassy encouraged American citizens to keep a 14-day supply of water, food and medication for their household.[124][125][126] Numerous Republican politicians criticized the Biden administration's response as "weak" and "pitiful", and of failing to "stand up to the CCP and stand in solidarity with the Chinese people".[116] According to Politico and The New York Times, a more forceful response from the Biden administration would have given the Chinese government more reason to deflect attention away from the demands of the protesters by alleging foreign involvement in the protests.[125][121] On 1 December, Chief Medical Advisor to the President, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said that China's lockdowns were "draconian" and lacked a justifiable public health endgame. 
Democracy movements of China 
Various political movements for democracy have sprung up in opposition to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s one-party rule. The growing discontent with the Chinese government's response to COVID-19 has precipitated discussions of freedom and democracy in China and some calls for the resignation of Xi Jinping, who was endorsed for an unprecedented third term as CCP general secretary (top position in China) weeks before the beginning of the widespread protests.[20][21] 
Prelude: Sitong Bridge protest 
On 13 October 2022, on the eve of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, a man hung two anti-lockdown and pro-democracy banners on the parapet of the Sitong Bridge [zh] in Beijing. The banners were swiftly removed by the local police, and mentions of it were censored from the Chinese internet. Despite this, the news became widespread among the Chinese public.[22] It later inspired the principal goals of the upcoming protests. 
Guangzhou 
As lockdowns returned to Guangzhou starting on 5 November 2022, residents of Haizhu District marched in the streets at night, breaking through metal barriers and demanding an end to the lockdown.[25] The Haizhu district is home to many migrant workers (Mingong) from outside the province, who were unable to find work and unable to have sustainable incomes during lockdowns. In videos spread online, residents also criticized hour-long queues for COVID testing, an inability to purchase fresh and affordable produce, and a lack of local government support.[26] 
Chongqing 
In Chongqing, a man was filmed giving a speech in his residential compound on 24 November, loudly proclaiming in Chinese, "Give me liberty, or give me death!"[lower-alpha 1] to the cheers and applause of the crowd. When law enforcement attempted to arrest him, the crowd fought off the police and pulled him away, although he was ultimately still detained.[32][33] The man was dubbed the "Chongqing superman-brother" (重庆超人哥) online. Quotes by him from the video were widely circulated despite censorship, such as, "there is only one disease in the world and that is being both poor and not having freedom [...] we have now got both", referring to both the lockdown and high food prices.[32] 
The 2022 COVID-19 protests, colloquially referred to as the White Paper Protests (Chinese: 白纸抗议; pinyin: Bái zhǐ kàngyì) or the A4 Revolution (Chinese: 白纸革命; pinyin: Bái zhǐ gémìng),[4][5] are a series of ongoing protests against COVID-19 lockdowns that began in mainland China in November 2022.[6][2][5][6][7] The demonstrations started in response to measures taken by the Chinese government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the country, including implementing a zero-COVID policy. Discontent towards the policy has grown since the beginning of the pandemic, which confined many people to their homes without work and left some unable to purchase or receive daily necessities.[10][11] 
While small-scale protests began in early November, widespread civil unrest erupted following a fire in Ürümqi that killed ten people, three months into a lockdown in Xinjiang.[12] Protesters demanded the end of the government's zero-COVID policy and lockdowns, and some extended their protest towards the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its general secretary, Xi Jinping.[2][3] 
Background 
COVID-19 lockdowns in China 
Policemen wearing masks patrolling Wuhan Tianhe International Airport during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020. 
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, the Chinese government has made extensive use of lockdowns to manage COVID outbreaks, in an effort to implement a zero-COVID policy. These lockdowns began with the lockdown of Wuhan in January 2020, and soon spread to other cities and municipalities, including Shanghai and Xinjiang. As these lockdowns became more widespread, they became lengthier and increasingly disruptive, precipitating increasing concern and dissent. 
Censorship and resistance 
The broadcasts of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in China showed scenes of spectators in Qatar without COVID-19 restrictions, despite the Chinese state broadcaster CCTV cutting close-up shots of the maskless audience and replacing them with shots of the players, officials or venues.[92][93] On 22 November, a social media post, titled Ten Questions, went viral on WeChat, asking the rhetorical question of whether Qatar was "on a different planet" for having minimal COVID-19 control measures.[94] The post was shortly taken down, but not before archives could be made outside of the Chinese internet.[95] 
On Twitter, where authorities lacked the ability to censor protest imagery for those who had circumvented the Great Firewall, Chinese-language hashtags for cities with active demonstrations became flooded with spam arising from both new and long-dormant accounts suspected to be Chinese government-run.[101][102][103] 
Republic of China 中華民國 Chunghwa Minkuo Jonghwa Min'gwo Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1925–1948 Flag Emblem Anthem: 《中華民國國歌》 "National Anthem of the Republic of China" (1937–1948) Flag anthem: 《中華民國國旗歌》 "National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China" (1947–1948) National seal 中華民國之璽 (1929–1949) Land controlled by the Republic of China (1945) shown in dark green; land claimed but uncontrolled shown in light green. Capital Canton (1925–1927) provisional capital Nanking (1927–1948) Chungking (1937–1946) wartime capital Largest city Shanghai Official languages Chinese Burmese Tibetan Uyghur Manchu Mongolian Others Demonym(s) Chinese Government Unitary provisional government under a military dictatorship (1925–1928) Unitary Tridemist one-party republic under an authoritarian military dictatorship (1928–1947) Unitary dominant-party parliamentary constitutional republic (1947–1948) Chairman • 1928 Tan Yankai (first) • 1943–1948 Chiang Kai-shek (last) Generalissimo • 1931-1946 Chiang Kai-shek Premier • 1928–1930 Tan Yankai (first) • 1947–1948 Zhang Qun (last) Legislature National Assembly • Upper house Control Yuan • Lower house Legislative Yuan History • Established in Guangzhou 1 July 1925 • Northern Expedition 1926–1928 • Reset in Nanking 18 April 1927 • Chinese Civil War 1927–1936, 1946–1950 • Second Sino-Japanese War 7 July 1937–2 September 1945 • Admitted to the United Nations 24 October 1945 • Retrocession of Taiwan and the Pescadores[lower-alpha 1] 25 October 1945 • February 28 incident 28 February 1947 • Constitution adopted 25 December 1947 • Government of the Republic of China established 20 May 1948 Currency Chinese yuan Old Taiwan dollar (1946–1949) ISO 3166 code CN Preceded by Succeeded by Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China Beiyang China 1945: Japanese Taiwan Government of the Republic of China Today part of People's Republic of China Republic of China Mongolia Russia 
See also 
Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state; its preservation may be sought through constitution or other legal protection and security. 
The United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers".[1] 
Canaanite period 
Archaeological confirmation of Bethlehem as a city in the Kingdom of Judah was uncovered in 2012 at the archaeological dig at the City of David in the form of a bulla (seal impression in dried clay) in ancient Hebrew script that reads "From the town of Bethlehem to the King." According to the excavators, it was used to seal the string closing a shipment of grain, wine, or other goods sent as a tax payment in the 8th or 7th century BCE.[21] 
Biblical scholars believe Bethlehem, located in the "hill country" of Judea, may be the same as the Biblical Ephrath,[22] which means "fertile", as there is a reference to it in the Book of Micah as Bethlehem Ephratah.[23] The Hebrew Bible also calls it Beth-Lehem Judah,[24] and the New Testament describes it as the "City of David".[25] It is first mentioned in the Bible as the place where the matriarch Rachel died and was buried "by the wayside" (Genesis 48:7). Rachel's Tomb, the traditional grave site, stands at the entrance to Bethlehem. According to the Book of Ruth, the valley to the east is where Ruth of Moab gleaned the fields and returned to town with Naomi. 
Bethlehem (/ˈbɛθlɪhɛm/; Arabic: بيت لحم Bayt Laḥm; Hebrew: בֵּית לֶחֶם Bet Leḥem) is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about 10 km (6.2 miles) south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000,[3][4] and it is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the State of Palestine. The economy is primarily tourist-driven, peaking during the Christmas season, when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity.[5][6] The important holy site of Rachel's Tomb is at the northern entrance of Bethlehem, though not freely accessible to the city's own inhabitants and in general Palestinians living in the West Bank due to the Israeli West Bank barrier. 
On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany.[2] The group called "Patriotic Union" (German: Patriotische Union) or "The Council" (German: Der Rat) is a German far-right extremist Reichsbürger group. The group aim to reestablish a monarchic government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich. The group allegedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany in order for it to take power.[3] 
In 1991, the economic liberalization policies turned out to be favorable for his company and he started expanding the businesses into trading of metals, textiles, and agro products.[1][11] 
In 1994, the Government of Gujarat announced managerial outsourcing of the Mundra Port and in 1995, Adani got the contract.[12] 
Originally operated by Mundra Port & Special Economic Zone, the operations were transferred to Adani Ports & SEZ (APSEZ). Today, the company is the largest private multi-port operator. Mundra Port is the largest private sector port in India, with the capacity of handling close to 210 million tons of cargo per annum.[13][14] 
In 1996, the power business arm of the Adani Group, Adani Power, was founded by Adani. Adani Power holds thermal power plants with a capacity of 4620MW, the largest private thermal power producer of the country.[15] 
In 2006, Adani entered the power generation business.[1] From 2009 to 2012, he acquired Abbot Point Port in Australia and Carmichael coal mine in Queensland.[17] 
In May 2020, Adani won the world's largest solar bid by the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) worth US$6 billion. The 8000MW photovoltaic power plant project will be taken up by Adani Green; Adani Solar will establish 2000MW of additional solar cell and module manufacturing capacity.[18][19] 
In November 2021, while speaking at the Bloomberg India Economic Forum, Adani said the group is investing USD$70 billion in a new green energy business.[16][21][22] In July 2022, he offered new details on how this investment will be utilized to build three giant factories – solar, electrolyzer (to make green hydrogen), wind turbine plants.[23][24] 
In February 2022, he became Asia's richest person, surpassing Mukesh Ambani.[25] In August 2022, he was named the 3rd richest person in the world by Fortune.[26] 
In May 2022, Adani family acquired Ambuja Cements and its subsidiary ACC from Holcim Group for $10.5 billion, through an overseas special-purpose entity.[27] 
Gautam Shantilal Adani (born 24 June 1962) is an Indian billionaire industrialist. He is the chairman and founder of Adani Group, an Ahmedabad-based multinational conglomerate involved in port development and operations in India.[2][2] Adani is also the president of Adani Foundation, which is primarily led by his wife, Priti Adani. As of November 2022, with a net worth of US$138.1 billion according to Forbes and $133 billion according to Bloomberg. 
In August 2022, AMG Media Networks Limited (AMNL), a unit of Adani Group, declared that it planned to buy RRPR Holding, owner of 29.18% of national news broadcaster NDTV, and made an open offer to buy a further 26%. In a statement, NDTV said that Adani acquired his stake via a third party without informing the company’s founders, former journalist Radhika Roy and her economist husband Prannoy Roy, and that the deal was done “without discussion, consent or notice.”[28] This bid also raised concern regarding editorial independence in India, since Adani is considered to be close to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.[3][29] 
Gautam Adani is married to Priti Adani. The couple have two sons, Karan Adani and Jeet Adani.[30][31] [32] He was abducted and held hostage for ransom in 1998, but was released without collecting the money.[33][34] He was in the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel during the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[35][36] 
Adani is the owner of the Adani Foundation, funded through the Adani Group. It was founded in 1996. Other than Gujarat, the organisation operates in the states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.[37] 
In March 2020, he contributed ₹100 crore (US$13 million) to the PM Cares Fund through his group's philanthropy arm, to fight the Coronavirus outbreak.[38] A contribution of ₹5 crore (US$630,000) was made to the Gujarat CM Relief Fund and ₹1 crore (US$130,000) to the Maharashtra CM Relief Fund.[39] 
Adani led diversified conglomerate Adani Group imported four ISO cryogenic tanks filled with 80 metric tonnes of liquid medical oxygen from Dammam in Saudi Arabia to Mundra in Gujarat. The group also secured 5,000 medical-grade oxygen cylinders from Linde Saudi Arabia. In a Twitter post, Adani shared that each day his group is supplying 1,500 cylinders with medical oxygen to wherever they are needed in the Kutch district of Gujarat.[40] In June 2022, Adani has committed to donate Rs 60,000 crore ($7.7 billion) to social causes. 
"The World's Second-Biggest Fortune Deserves a Keener Spotlight". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ↑ "Real Time Billionaires". 
Retrieved 18 September 2022. ↑ Chandna, Himani (26 February 2019). "The Rise Of The Tycoon: Gautam Adani". Businessworld. ↑ "A look into profile of billionaire Gautam Adani". 
1 2 3 4 Joseph, Anto T. (8 December 2007). "Gautam Adani: Another Gujarati who made it big". The Economic Times. 
Retrieved 23 May 2022. ↑ Cambridge Core (12 December 2017). "Transnational Indian Business in the Twentieth Century". Business History Review. 
91 (4): 651–679. doi:10.1017/S0007680517001350. S2CID 158483062. ↑ Tumbe, Chinmay (12 December 2017). "Transnational Indian Business in the Twentieth Century". 
Business History Review. 91 (4): 651–679. doi:10.1017/S0007680517001350. S2CID 158483062. ↑ Vora, Rutam (22 May 2022). 
"Gautam Adani: Cementing his portfolio". www.thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 23 May 2022. ↑ Mehta, Harit (10 April 2014). "Gautam Adani, the baron to watch out for if Narendra Modi becomes king". 
The Times of India. Retrieved 16 April 2022. ↑ Manoj, P. (3 August 2017). "APSEZ set to become top container port operator". @businessline. 
Retrieved 11 March 2021. ↑ "Adani becomes first Indian port operator to record 200 MT cargo movement". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 March 2021. ↑ "Adani Solar Project". economictimes.com. 
"The World's Third-Richest Man Sells the World a Green Dream Built on Coal". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ↑ "Gautam Adani, chairman Adani group". outlookbusiness.com. 
"Adani Green hits new high on winning world's largest solar bid worth $7 bn". Business Standard India. Retrieved 10 June 2020. ↑ "Adani wins world's largest solar project; to invest Rs 45,000 crore". 
"India's 10 Richest Billionaires 2021". Forbes. Retrieved 1 July 2021. ↑ "Adani to invest $70 billion in renewable energy, produce cheapest hydrogen". 
Retrieved 9 September 2022. ↑ "Gautam Adani says $50-70 bn investment planned across energy chain". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 
4 October 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ↑ Singh, Rajesh Kumar; Sanjai, P R (7 September 2022). "Billionaire Adani Adds More Detail on $70 Billion Green Push". 
Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ↑ Sanjai, P R (11 November 2021). "Gautam Adani's $70 Billion Pledge Now Includes Greenest Data Centers". 
Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ↑ Pratap, Aayushi (3 February 2022). "Indian Billionaire Gautam Adani Becomes Asia's Richest Person". 
"A college dropout is now the 3rd richest person in the world". Fortune. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ↑ "Adani to acquire Holcim India assets for $10.5 bn". 
Retrieved 15 September 2022. ↑ Shih, Gary; Masih, Niha. "Fears for independent media in India as tycoon eyes major news channel". The Washington Post. 
2 June 2015. ↑ "Priti Adani". Ahmedabad mirror. 7 July 2016. ↑ [://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/jains-to-organise-trade-fair/articleshow/15652322.cms "Jains to organise trade fair"]. 
10 November 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2022. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help) ↑ "Throwback: When India's fifth richest man was kidnapped for ransom". Times Now News. 
14 June 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020. ↑ "Two accused of abducting Gautam Adani 20 years ago acquitted". The Indian Express. 
1 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2020. ↑ Sazonov, Alexander; Shrivastava, Bhuma; Sanjai, P R (13 December 2020). "Billionaire Survivor of Ransom, Terror Attacks Now Rivals Ambani". 
"Gautam Adani felt safe in Taj toilet". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 December 2020. ↑ "Adani Foundation | Youth4work". youth4work.com. 
Retrieved 7 December 2020. ↑ Joshi, Manas (29 March 2020). "Gautam Adani gives Rs 100 crore to PM Fund to fight coronavirus". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ↑ "Billionaire Gautam Adani commits to support fight against coronavirus". 
"To improve oxygen availability, Adani group imports cryogenic tanks from Saudi Arabia". Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 11 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ↑ "Adani commits to give away Rs 60,000 crore in charity". 
Early life 
Adani was born on 24 June 1962 in a Jain family to Shantilal Adani (father) and Shantaben Adani (mother) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.[1][5] He has 7 siblings. His parents had migrated from the town of Tharad in the northern part of Gujarat.[6] His father was a small textile merchant.[7] He was educated at Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya school in Ahmedabad. He enrolled for a bachelor's degree in commerce at Gujarat University, but dropped out after the second year.[8] Adani was keen on business, but not his father's textile business.[9] 
As a teenager, Adani moved to Mumbai in 1978 to work as a diamond sorter for Mahendra Brothers.[10] 
In 1981, his elder brother Mahasukhbhai Adani bought a plastics unit in Ahmedabad and invited him to manage the operations. This venture turned out to be Adani's gateway to global trading through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) imports.[1] 
In 1985, he started importing primary polymers for small-scale industries In 1988, Adani established Adani Exports, now known as Adani Enterprises, the holding company of the Adani Group. Originally, the company dealt in agricultural and power commodities.[1] 
The German Wikipedia (German: Deutschsprachige Wikipedia) is the German-language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. 
Events in the year 2022 in Myanmar. 
May 
Incumbents 
September 
State Administration Council 
7 February – Abhijatabhivamsa, Buddhist monk (born 1968) 16 February – Pheung Kya-shin, guerrilla leader and drug smuggler, chairman of Kokang Special Region (1989–1993, 1995–2009) (born 1931)[49] 19 February – Kyi Hla Han, golfer (born 1961)[50] 20 March – Vijjota, Buddhist monk, thathanabaing (since 2017) (born 1930)[51] 18 April – Thein Tun, beverage executive and banker, founder of Tun Foundation Bank (born 1937) 30 April – Khun Htun Oo, political activist (born 1943)[52] 23 May – Zaw Htay, politician, spokesman of the President Office (2011–2016) (born 1973)[53] 23 July – Kyaw Min Yu, writer and political activist (born 1969)[54] Zayar Thaw, politician and rapper, MP (2012–2016, 2016–2021) (born 1981)[54] 12 August – Lillian Frank, hairdresser, philanthropist, and fashion influencer (born 1930)[55] 13 August – Maung Paw Tun, writer (born 1935)[56] 
Photo Post Name Prime Minister of Myanmar State Administration Council Chairman Min Aung Hlaing State Administration Council Vice-Chairman Soe Win 
Photo Post Name Acting President of Myanmar Myint Swe 
National Unity Government (in exile) 
Photo Post Name President of Myanmar Win Myint Vice President of Myanmar Duwa Lashi La State Counsellor of Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi 
Events 
Flight MH370: The Mystery is a 2014 book by the American-born-British author Nigel Cawthorne concerning the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.[1] 
Red bananas at the market in Guatemala 
A bunch of ripe red bananas. 
This variety contains more beta carotene and vitamin C than yellow bananas. It also contains potassium and iron. The redder the fruit, the more carotene and the higher the vitamin C level.[6] As with yellow bananas, red bananas will ripen in a few days at room temperature and are best stored outside from refrigeration. 
Compared with the most common banana, the Cavendish banana, they tend to be smaller, have a slightly thicker skin with a sweeter taste, but do have a longer shelf life than yellow bananas. They tend to cost about 50% more per pound than yellow bananas, just because there is a much smaller supply of them. 
Uses 
Red bananas are eaten in the same way as yellow bananas, by peeling the fruit before eating. They are frequently eaten raw, whole or chopped, and added to desserts and fruit salads, but can also be baked, fried, and toasted. Red bananas are also commonly sold dried in stores. 
The red banana has more beta carotene and vitamin C than yellow banana varieties.[citation needed] All bananas contain natural sources of three sugars: sucrose, fructose, and glucose. 
The first bananas to appear on the market in Toronto (in the 1870s and 1880s) were red bananas.[7] Red bananas are available year round at specialty markets and larger supermarkets in the United States. 
Panama disease[8] 
Red banana longitudinal and cross sections 
See also 
Banana Banana cultivar groups Musa acuminata 
They are also softer and sweeter than the yellow Cavendish varieties, some with a slight raspberry flavor and others with an earthy one. Many red bananas are exported by producers in East Africa, Asia, South America and the United Arab Emirates. They are a favorite in Central America[1][2] as a form of aphrodisiac juice, along with being a favourite in India in order to promote fertility but are sold throughout the world. 
Taxonomy and nomenclature 
The red banana is a triploid cultivar of the wild banana Musa acuminata, belonging to the AAA group.[3] 
Its official designation is Musa acuminata (AAA Group) 'Red Dacca'.[4][5] 
Synonyms include: 
Baker Musa rubra Wall. ex Kurz. Red banana From Tamil Nadu Musa × paradisiaca L. ssp. sapientum (L.) 
It is known in English as Red dacca (Australia), Red banana, 'Red' banana (USA), Claret banana, Cavendish banana "Cuban Red", Jamaican red banana, and Red Cavendish banana. 
The dictatorship of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, 1982–90 
Presidential Oath Ceremony after 1986 election, with the Chief Justice and Military Secretary (1984–1989) Brigadier ABM Elias 
Ershad's takeover was generally viewed as a positive development, as Bangladesh was in a state of serious economic difficulty. Two weeks before the coup in March, Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman announced that the country was facing significant food shortages. The government also faced a severe budget deficit to the tune of 4 billion takas, and the IMF declared that it would not provide any more loans until Bangladesh paid down some of its existing debts. 
Bangladeshi pro-democracy activist Noor Hossain photographed by Dinu Alam before he was killed, protesting the autocratic rule of Hussain Muhammad Ershad. 
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman administration 
Bangladesh's founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, as prime minister, with US President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office in 1974 
English translation by Rabindranath Tagore Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, dispenser of India's destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of the Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat and Maratha, of the Dravida, Orissa and Bengal. It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of the Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. 
Agni-V Agni-V test fired from canister on 10 December 2018 Type ICBM[1][2] Place of origin India Service history In service Active[3][4] Used by Strategic Forces Command Production history Designer Defence Research and Development Organisation Manufacturer Bharat Dynamics Limited Unit cost ₹50 crore (US$6 million)[5] Specifications Mass 50000–56000 kg[6] Length 17.5 m[7] Diameter 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) Warhead Strategic nuclear weapon Warhead weight 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb)[8] Engine Three-stage solid rocket Propellant Solid fuel Operational range 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi)[9] (official) 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi)[10][11][12] (alleged) Maximum speed Terminal phase: Mach 24 (29,400 km/h; 18,300 mph; 8.17 km/s)[13] Guidance system Ring laser gyroscope inertial navigation system. Optionally augmented by GPS/NavIC satellite guidance. 
Accuracy <30 m CEP[14][15] Launch platform 8 × 8 Tatra TEL and rail mobile launcher (canisterised missile package) [16] Transport Road 
The missile is believed to have a range of around 5,000 to 5,500 kilometers. Chinese researchers allege that the missile has the range of 8,000 kilometers. It is a three-stage, road-mobile and solid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missile which is transported by a truck and launched via a canister. 
Popa langur Conservation status Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Family: Cercopithecidae Genus: Trachypithecus Species: T. popa Binomial name Trachypithecus popa Roos et al., 2020 
The Popa langur (Trachypithecus popa) is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It occurs only in Myanmar and was named after Mount Popa, where a population of 100 of the monkeys live.[2] It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as the wild population is thought to comprise 200 to 250 mature individuals.[2] 
The Popa langur is threatened by hunting, habitat destruction and fragmentation.[1][2] 
Taxonomy 
The Popa langur was discovered in 2020 in a lab setting instead of the field. A phylogenetic study was conducted with the effort of understanding the Popa langur's taxonomic relationships with other species of the genus. For this study, scientists used fecal samples from wild langurs and tissue samples from museum specimens.[3] 
Alongside the genetic analysis the discovery also involved the comparison of the Popa langur with a specimen of the Phayre's langur at the Natural History Museum, London. The examination revealed small differences in their skins, skulls and coloration.[4] 
Characteristics 
The Popa langur has a dark-brown or grey-brown back, a white belly, and black hands and feet. It has distinctive white rings around the eyes, as well as the muzzle. It weighs around 8 kg (18 lb).[1] 
Distribution and habitat 
The Popa langur occurs in central Myanmar, mainly around Mount Popa.[1] 
Conservation 
Auliʻi Cravalho Cravalho in 2016 Born Chloe Auli'i Cravalho[1] (2000-11-22) November 22, 2000 (age 22)[2] Kohala, Hawaii, U.S.[2] Alma mater Columbia University Occupation Actress singer Years active 2016–present 
Chloe Auliʻi Cravalho (/aʊˈliːʔi krəˈvɑːljoʊ/;[1][2] born November 22, 2000[3]) is an American actress and singer who made her acting debut as the voice of the titular character in the 2016 Disney 3D computer-animated musical feature film Moana.[4][5][6][7] She went on to star in the NBC drama series Rise (2018), the Netflix drama film All Together Now (2020) and the Hulu romantic comedy Crush (2022). 
Sultan Mahmud Minister of Health of the Union of Burma In office 1960–1962 Member of the Union Parliament from Buthidaung North In office 1957–1958 Member of the Union Parliament from Buthidaung North In office 1960–1962 Personal details Born 1900 Arakan Division, Burma Province, British Indian Empire (now in Myanmar) Died 1982 
Sultan Mahmud (1900 – 1982) was a politician from Arakan, Burma (now Rakhine State, Myanmar).[1] In the British Raj (which included Burma Province until 1937), Mahmud served as cabinet secretary in the Central Legislative Assembly. After Burmese independence, he was elected to the Parliament of Burma through a by election from Buthidaung in 1957. He was re-elected in 1960. 
On 20 October 1960, Sultan Mahmud and his colleagues submitted a memorandum to the Statehood Consultative Committee.[3] The memorandum laid down two conditions for statehood: 1) if the Arakanese Buddhists would support their demands; and 2) if the constitution of the proposed province would include adequate safeguards for Indian autonomy. The governor of the new state would alternate between Indians and Arakanese Buddhists.[3] 
The proposal mentioned that if the governor of a state was a Muslim, then the Speaker of the State Council would have to be a non-Muslim, but his deputy, a Muslim; and vice versa. The same arrangement would apply to most other elected or appointed public bodies.[1] The memorandum called for freedom of religion, including freedom to learn religious studies in educational institutions, according to personal beliefs. Arakanese Indians should be allowed to develop the Rohingya language and culture. 
See also 
Rohingya people 
When Burma was considering becoming a federal state under Prime Minister U Nu's "unity in diversity" policies, Mahmud proposed that Arakanese Indians should either have a separate province covering the area between the Naf and Kaladan Rivers; or if a separate Arakan province is established with Arakanese Buddhists, it should have a confessionalist structure, with Muslims and Buddhists alternating as provincial governor. 
Early life 
Mahmud was born in Akyab in 1900. He was educated in Calcutta. 
Political career 
During his tenure as health minister, several hospitals were established in Arakan, including the Akyab General Hospital and Buthidaung Hospital. As an MP, Mahmud persuaded the education ministry to establish several schools, including the Shaheb Bazaar State Middle School and Minglagyi State Middle School. He also managed to create a scholarship program for Arakanese Indian students to study in Britain. 
Statehood question 
The commission found that most Arakanese Buddhists supported statehood, whereas most Arakanese Indians (Muslim majority) opposed statehood. Sultan Mahmud proposed that a state for Arakanese Indians be established in the northern part of Arakan, where Indians were a majority. Mahmud cited the Mughal Empire's expeditions up till the Kaladan River under Shaista Khan in 1666 as forming the basis of the boundary between Arakanese Muslims and Buddhists. 
Arakan Division ရခိုင်တိုင်း 1826–1942 1945–1948 Flag Coat of arms Anthem: God Save the King (1824–1837; 1901–1942; 1945–1948) God Save the Queen (1837–1901) Arakan Division and its four districts Status Division of British India and Division of British Burma Capital Akyab Common languages English (official) Arakanese Religion Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism Historical era Colonial era • Treaty of Yandabo 24 February 1826 • Separation from British India 1937 • Japanese occupation 1942–1945 • Independence of the Union of Burma 4 January 1948 Currency Burmese rupee, Indian rupee, Pound sterling Preceded by Succeeded by British Raj Konbaung Dynasty State of Burma State of Burma Post-independence Burma, 1948–62 
Arakan Division (Burmese: ရခိုင်တိုင်း) was an administrative division of the British Empire, covering modern-day Rakhine State, Myanmar, which was the historical region of Arakan. It bordered the Bengal Presidency of British India to the north. The Bay of Bengal was located on its western coastline. 
Districts Akyab Northern Arakan Hill Tracts Sandoway Kyaukpyu 
The second largest community were Arakanese Indians, of whom the predominant majority were Muslim; and a minority were Hindu. Like the rest of Burma, the Burman Arakanese were concentrated in villages and tribal shifting cultivation zones; while Indians dominated urban areas. Arakan had the largest percentage of Indians in Burma.[4] The 1931 census found 500,000 Indians living in the divisional capital Akyab, where they dominated the seaport and its hinterland.[5] 
In 1937, Burma became a separate crown colony. During World War II, Arakan fell to the Japanese occupation of Burma in 1942. The Burma Campaign involved several Arakanese campaigns, including the Arakan Campaign 1942-1943. 
Geography 
Length from northern extremity to Cape Negrais, about 400 m; greatest breadth in the northern part, 90 m, gradually diminishing towards the south, as it is hemmed in by the Arakan Mountains, until, in the extreme south, it tapers away to a narrow strip not more than 15 m across. The coast was studded with islands, the most important of which are Cheduba, Ramree and Shahpura. The division had its headquarters at Akyab (Sittwe) and consists of four districts—namely, Akyab, Northern Arakan Hill Tracts, Sandoway and Kyaukpyu, formerly called Ramree. 
The Northern Arakan Hill Tracts district is under a superintendent, who was usually a member of the Imperial Police, with headquarters at Paletwa. The area of the Hill Tracts was 5233 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 20,682.[3] 
Mandalay spitting cobra Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Naja Laurenti, 1768[3] Species: N. mandalayensis Binomial name Naja mandalayensis Slowinski & Wüster, 2000[4] 
The Mandalay spitting cobra (Naja mandalayensis), also called the Burmese spitting cobra or Mandalay cobra, is a species of spitting cobra endemic to the dry zone in central Myanmar.[1] 
Behaviour and diet 
This species of cobra is predominantly nocturnal, hunting at dusk or night. They spend the daylight hours being mostly stationary or basking in the sun.[7] The spitting behaviour of this species is said to be similar to that of the Indochinese spitting cobra (N. siamensis) based on anecdotal observations made by herpetologists. Mandalay spitting cobras are alert and defensive snakes, quickly raising their forebodies and spreading a broad hood when faced with a threat. 
It preys mainly on toads and frogs but will also take other snakes, small mammals and occasionally even fish.[8] 
Nothing is known about the venom of this particular species. However, as a species of spitting cobra the venom likely has a cytotoxic and post-synaptic neurotoxic properties.[1] 
Encyclopedia of Life 
Specimens are often dark under the chin and throat, followed by a more pale clear area, then by 2 or 3 dark bands across the venter of the hood. This species has no obvious markings on dorsum of the hood, although a spectacle-shaped hood mark may be present, especially in some juveniles. Like other spitting cobra species, they possess a pair of fixed front upper fangs that are highly modified for "spitting" venom.[1] 
Geographic distribution 
This species is endemic to the central dry zone of Myanmar, spanning the Mandalay, Magway, and Sagaing Divisions. The central dry zone is a well defined area with a characteristic climate, and an extent of less than 20,000 km2. The few known records of this snake have been taken from areas throughout this general region, and it has an estimated range of approximately 18,500 km2 based on recorded data.[1] 
Habitat 
This species occurs in the central dry zone of Myanmar, an area that receives less than 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain annually. The area is made up of acacia and stunted dipterocarpaceae savannas, although the area is being intensively utilized for agricultural purposes. Mandalay spitting cobra specimens have been collected in dry forests and dry acacia habitat.[1] 
Trimeresurus White-lipped pit viper, T. albolabris Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Viperidae Subfamily: Crotalinae Genus: Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 Synonyms Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804 Craspedocephalus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 Trimeresura – Fleming, 1822 Craspedocephalus – Gray, 1825 Megaera Wagler, 1830 Atropos Wagler, 1830 Trimesurus Gray, 1842[1] 
Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. Currently 44 species are recognized.[2] Common names include Asian palm pit vipers,[3] Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers.[4] 
Geographic range 
Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India (including regions of the North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand) to Southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.[1] 
Species 
*) Not including the nominate subspecies. T) Type species.[1] 
Gallery 
A juvenile T. vogeli in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand Trimeresurus fucatus from Khao Sok National Park, Thailand Trimeresurus albolabris from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand Trimeresurus gumprechti, Gumprecht's green pit viper, from Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Thailand Trimeresurus macrops from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand Trimeresurus popeiorum from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand 
Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings. 
Feeding 
The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals. 
Reproduction 
Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown. 
Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans. 
Image Species[1] Taxon author[2] Subsp.*[2] Common name[5] Geographic range[3] T. albolabris Gray, 1842 0 White-lipped pit viper India (Assam), Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Southern China (Fukien, Hainan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung), Hong Kong, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Madoera, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Wetar). 
T. davidi Chandramouli, Campbell, & Vogel, 2020.[6] 0 Car Nicobar, India. 
T. mayaae Rathee, Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Dalal, Biakzuala, Muansanga and Mirza, 2022[7] 0 Maya's pit viper India: Meghalaya (Ri Bhoi), Mizoram (Champhai), Assam (Guwahati)[8] T. mcgregori Taylor, 1919 0 McGregor's pit viper, McGregor's tree viper, Philippine pit viper Batan Island, Philippines. 
T. phuketensis Sumontha, Kunya, S.G. Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011 [9] 0 Phuket pit viper Thailand: Phuket Island. 
T. rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini, and Stuart [fr], 2011) 0 ruby-eyed green pitviper southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia T. sabahi Regenass & Kramer, 1981 0 Sabah bamboo pit viper, Sabah pit viper Sabah, Sarawak T. salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande, & Patel (2020) 0 Salazar’s pit viper[10] India: western lowlands of Arunachal Pradesh T. schultzei Griffin, 1909 0 Schultze's pit viper Philippines: Palawan and Balabac. 
Ovophis monticola Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Viperidae Genus: Ovophis Species: O. monticola Binomial name Ovophis monticola (Günther, 1864) Synonyms Parias maculata - Gray, 1853 Trimeresurus monticola - Günther, 1864 Crotalus Trimeres[urus]. monticola - Higgins, 1873 Trimeresurus monticola - Boulenger, 1890 Lachesis monticola - Boulenger, 1896 Trimeresurus monticola monticola - Mell, 1931 Agkistrodon monticola - Pope, 1932 Trimeresurus tonkinensis - Bourret, 1934 (possible nomen nudum) Trimeresurus tonkinensis - Bourret, 1934 T[rimeresurus]. m[onticola]. tonkinensis - Deuve, 1970 Trimeresurus monticola - Saint-Girons, 1972 Ovophis monticola - Burger In Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 Ovophis monticola monticola - Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 Ovophis tonkinensis - Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 Ovophis tonkinensis - Golay et al., 1993 Ovophis monticola monticola - Orlov & Helfenberger, 1997[2] 
Ovophis monticola, commonly known as the Chinese mountain pit viper, is a venomous pitviper species found in Asia. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[3] Recent taxonomic work suggests that most of these should be considered as separate species.[4] IUCN has already evaluated O. m. makazayazaya as Ovophis makazayazaya.[5] 
Subspecies[1] Taxon author[3] Common name[2] Geographic range[7] O. m. monticola (Günther, 1864) Mountain pitviper Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts), China (Sichuan, Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal), Myanmar (Chin, Kachin and Shan) and Nepal. 
O. m. makazayazaya (Takahashi, 1922) Taiwanese mountain pitviper Taiwan (Majia, Pingtung, Chiayi Alishan), China (Southeast), Vietnam O. m. zhaokentangi Zhao, 1995 Gaoligong mountain pitviper Goaligong Shan, north of Pianma, Lushui County, Yunnan Province, China. 
Little is known about the venom of this species but it is presumed to contain hemorrhagins and procoagulants. There has been one recorded fatality from the bite of this species.[11] 
Total length of males 49 cm (19¼ inches), of females 110 cm (43¼ inches); tail length of males 8 cm (3⅛ inches), of females 15 cm (5⅞ inches).[6] 
The internasals are usually not in contact with one another, separated by 2 small suprapostrostral scales. There are 7-10 upper labials, the second of which is usually fused to the scale bordering the facial sensory pit anteriorly. The fourth and fifth upper labials are beneath the eye, but separated from orbit by a series of 2-4 small scales.[1] 
The body is stout. The dorsal scales are smooth or weakly keeled, in 23-25, occasionally in 19 or 21 longitudinal rows at midbody. Ventral scales and subcaudals (Myanmar, northeastern India and adjacent areas of China and Thailand) 137-176 and 36-62 respectively, subcaudals mixed paired and single, occasionally all unpaired (ventrals and subcaudals for southern China, Vietnam, Laos: 127-144 and 36-54, and Malaysian Peninsula: 133-137 and 22-28 respectively [fide Smith 1943:509]).[1] 
Common names 
Mountain pitviper,[7] mountain viper, Chinese pit viper, spotted pit viper, Arisan habu,[8] Chinese mountain pit viper.[9] Bengali name: পাহাড়ী বোড়া. 
Geographic range 
Found in Asia in Nepal, India (Assam, Sikkim, Mizoram, Nagaland), Bangladesh[10] (already stated on the subspecies table), Myanmar, China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, West Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra). The type locality is described as "Sikkim" (India).[2] 
Bungarus magnimaculatus Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Bungarus Species: B. magnimaculatus Binomial name Bungarus magnimaculatus Wall & Evans, 1901[2][3] Synonyms Bungarus caeruleus var. magnimaculata Wall & Evans, 1901 
Bungarus magnimaculatus, the Burmese krait, spotted krait[4] or splendid krait,[2] is a species of venomous snake of the genus Bungarus that is endemic to Myanmar.[3][5] 
Very little is known about the venom of this species. Like other species of krait, the venom is potent and contains both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurotoxins. There is no known antivenom for bites by this species.[1] Bites of humans by this species are exceptionally rare, therefore no well-documented cases of human fatalities have been attributed to this species.[7] 
Distribution and habitat 
Currently, this species is understood to be endemic to Myanmar.[1] It can be found in Mandalay, Sagaing, and Magway divisions of Myanmar.[2] It might also occur in adjacent areas of Yunnan Province in China, Thailand, Laos, Bangladesh and/or northeastern parts of India, but it has not yet been observed in any of them.[3] 
The type locality of this species is Meiktila, in Upper Myanmar in the Mandalay Division which lies in seasonal dry forest; thus, this species is likely to occur throughout the central dry zone. It occurs in dry tropical lowland forest. Specimens have been located in disturbed habitats close to plantations and villages.[1] This species can be found from near sea level to elevations reaching 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[2] 
Behaviour 
This is a terrestrial species of snake that is active at night, being a nocturnal in nature. The disposition of this species is placid and shy, often coiling loosely and hiding its head beneath its body when molested or threatened. It is very disinclined to bite unless persistently provoked.[1] 
Calliophis maculiceps,[2][3] commonly known as the speckled coral snake or the small-spotted coral snake, is a species of venomous elapid snake endemic to Southeast Asia.[3] Five subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies.[1] 
Geographic range 
C. maculiceps is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.[1][4][5] 
The following five subspecies are considered valid:[1] 
Sinomicrurus macclellandi Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Sinomicrurus Species: S. macclellandi Binomial name Sinomicrurus macclellandi (J.T. Reinhardt, 1844) Synonyms[2] Elaps macclellandi J.T. Reinhardt, 1844 Calliophis macclellandii [sic] — Stejneger, 1907 Callophis maclellandii [sic] – Wall, 1908 Hemibungarus macclellandi — Golay et al., 1993 Micrurus macclellandi — Welch, 1994 Sinomicrurus macclellandi — Slowinski et al., 2001 
Sinomicrurus macclellandi, commonly known as MacClelland's coral snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to southern and eastern Asia. 
Like other elapids, S. macclellandi possesses a potent neurotoxic venom, which is capable of killing a person. Bite symptoms include numbness of lips and difficulty of speech and breathing, followed by blurred vision. Severe bite victims may die of instant heart failure, although there have been only a few human deaths recorded in Thailand. 
Geographic range 
S. macclellandi is found in northern and northeastern India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, northern Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, central and southern China (including Hong Kong, Hainan, north to Gansu and Shaanxi), Taiwan, and Ryukyu Islands (Japan).[1][2] It is also found in Laos.[1] 
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.[2] It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal, and injection.[9] Symptom onset occurs between one day and more than two months after the infection is contracted.[1] The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center.[1] The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain and shortness of breath.[1] The intestinal form presents with diarrhea (which may contain blood), abdominal pains, nausea and vomiting.[1] The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection.[1] 
Most email marketing software provides tracking features, sometimes in aggregate (e.g., click-through rate), and sometimes on an individual basis. 
Xenopeltis unicolor is a non-venomous sunbeam snake species found in Southeast Asia and some regions of Indonesia. This is a primitive snake known for both its highly iridescent scales and its ability to reproduce quickly, as it is oviparous and as such can lay up to 10 eggs at a time. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3] 
Xenopeltis unicolor at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. 
Accessed 1 September 2007. 
Sunbeam Snake at Ecology Asia. Accessed 18 September 2008. Photos and videos of Xenopeltis unicolor 
This closeup clearly shows the characteristic iridescent highly polished scales. 
Oligodon splendidus, commonly known as the splendid kukri snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.[2] 
The species, belonging to the genus Oligodon, is endemic to Myanmar. It was first described by Albert Günther in 1875 as Simotes splendidus.[1][2] 
Dendrelaphis Dendrelaphis punctulatus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Subfamily: Ahaetuliinae Genus: Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890 Species >40 recognized species, see article. 
Synonyms Dendrophis 
Dendrelaphis andamanensis (Anderson, 1871) – Andaman bronzeback Dendrelaphis ashoki G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2011 – Ashok's bronzeback[3] Dendrelaphis bifrenalis (Boulenger, 1890), Boulenger's bronzeback – southern India and Sri Lanka[4] Dendrelaphis biloreatus (Wall, 1908) – Gore's bronzeback Dendrelaphis calligaster (Günther, 1867) – northern treesnake, green treesnake, coconut treesnake Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834) – striped bronzeback Dendrelaphis caudolineolatus (Günther, 1869) Dendrelaphis chairecacos (F. Boie, 1827) – Karnataka bronzeback Dendrelaphis cyanochloris (Wall, 1921) – blue bronzeback Dendrelaphis flavescens Gaulke, 1994 – Sulu bronzeback Dendrelaphis formosus (F. Boie, 1827) – elegant bronzeback Dendrelaphis fuliginosus (Griffin, 1909) – Negros bronzeback Dendrelaphis gastrostictus (Boulenger, 1894) – spot-bellied treesnake, montane treesnake Dendrelaphis girii G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2011 – Giri's bronzeback[3] Dendrelaphis grandoculis (Boulenger, 1890) – southern bronzeback[4] Dendrelaphis grismeri G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 – Grismer's bronzeback Dendrelaphis haasi van Rooijen & G. Vogel, 2008 – Haas's bronzeback Dendrelaphis hollinrakei Lazell, 2002 – Shek Kwu Chau island tree snake[5] Dendrelaphis humayuni Tiwari & Biswas, 1973 – Nicobar bronzeback Dendrelaphis keiensis (Mertens, 1926) – Kei Islands bronzeback Dendrelaphis kopsteini G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2012 – Kopstein's bronzeback Dendrelaphis inornatus (Boulenger, 1897) – Lesser Sunda bronzeback Dendrelaphis levitoni van Rooijen & G. Vogel, 2008 – Palawan bronzeback Dendrelaphis lineolatus (Jacquinot & Guichenot, 1853) Dendrelaphis lorentzii (van Lidth de Jeude, 1911) – Lorentz River treesnake Dendrelaphis luzonensis Leviton, 1961 – Luzon bronzeback Dendrelaphis macrops (Günther, 1877) – big-eyed treesnake Dendrelaphis marenae G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 – Maren Gaulke's bronzeback Dendrelaphis modestus (Boulenger, 1894) – Moluccan bronzeback, grey bronzeback, striped bronzeback Dendrelaphis ngansonensis (Bourret, 1835) – Ngan Son bronzeback Dendrelaphis nigroserratus G. Vogel, van Rooijen & Hauser, 2012 – sawtooth-necked bronzeback Dendrelaphis oliveri (Taylor, 1950) – Oliver's bronzeback Dendrelaphis papuensis (Boulenger, 1895) – Trobriand Islands treesnake Dendrelaphis philippiensis (Günther, 1879) – Philippine bronzeback Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) – painted bronzeback, common bronzeback Dendrelaphis punctulatus (Gray, 1827) – common treesnake, Australian treesnake Dendrelaphis schokari (Kuhl, 1820) – Schokar's bronzeback Dendrelaphis sinharajensis Wickramasinghe, 2016 – Sinharaja tree snake Dendrelaphis striatus (Cohn, 1905) – striped bronzeback Dendrelaphis striolatus (W. Peters, 1867) – Palau treesnake Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger, 1888) – mountain bronzeback, Burmese bronzeback Dendrelaphis terrificus (W. Peters, 1872) – Sulawesi bronzeback, terrific bronzeback Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin, 1803) – common bronzeback, Daudin's bronzebackack Dendrelaphis underwoodi van Rooijen & G. Vogel, 2008 – Underwood's bronzeback Dendrelaphis vogeli Jiang, Guo, Ren & Li, 2020 – Vogel's bronzeback Dendrelaphis walli G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2011 – Wall's bronzeback native to Myanmar[6] Dendrelaphis wickrorum Danushka et al., 2020 – Wickramasinghes’ bronzeback 
The buff striped keelback (Amphiesma stolatum) is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake found across Asia. It is a typically nonaggressive snake that feeds on frogs and toads. It belongs to the subfamily Natricinae, and is closely related to water snakes and grass snakes. 
Gallery 
A buff-striped keelback (normal form) The body of the snake The snake being held by the head The snake twisting its head while being held. 
Ptyas korros, commonly known as the Chinese ratsnake or Indo-Chinese rat snake, is a species of colubrid snake endemic to Southeast Asia. 
Distribution 
Nepal, Myanmar; Cambodia, China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Hong Kong), Taiwan, India (Assam; Manipur; Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha - Changlang district, Chessa, Chimpu, Itanagar - Papum Pare district), Bangladesh, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, West Malaysia and Singapore Island. 
Myoza or Myosa (Burmese: မြို့စား) is a high-ranking royal title and position for Burmese royalty and nobility. 
Below the monarch rank, minor queens, princes, princess, relatives of the royal family, nobles, ministers, and court officials had to own the major towns that represented a certain region. Since the Pagan era of the 11th century, each and every single member of the royal family received the title of Myosa (also Myoza), literally means "chief of town or territory", which is nearly equivalent to the title of Duke. All royals were given the honor of possessing at least one territory by the King. 
Depending on their rank, royals and nobles must own towns. The younger children of a monarch, as well as junior officials and obscure nobles, were owned at the village level. 
The kingdom's peripheral coastal provinces (Pegu, Tenasserim, Martaban and Arakan) were administered by a Viceroy called a Myowun, who was appointed by the king and possessed civil, judicial, fiscal, and military powers.[7] Provincial councils (myoyon) consisted of myo saye (town scribes), nakhandaw (receivers of royal orders), sitke (chiefs of war), htaunghmu (jailer), ayatgaung (head of the quarter), and dagahmu (warden of the gates).[8] Each province was divided into districts called myo, each led by a myo ok (if appointed), or by a myo thugyi (if the office was hereditary).[8] The Viceroy of Pegu was assisted by several additional officials, including an akhunwun (revenue officer), akaukwun (customs collector), and a yewun (conservator of port).[9] 
1977. ↑ Murdoch, William Gordon Burn (1908). From Edinburgh to India & Burmah. G. Routledge & sons Limited. ↑ Center, Duke University Commonwealth-Studies (1966). 
The kingdom was divided into provinces called myo (town, မြို့).[5][6] These provinces were administered by Myoza ('governor of town', မြို့စား), who were members of the royal family or the highest-ranking officials of the Hluttaw.[7] They collected revenue for the royal government, payable to the Shwedaik (Royal Treasury) in fixed instalments, and retained whatever was left over.[7] Each myo was subdivided into districts called taik (တိုက်), administered by Taikza ('governor of district', တိုက်စား), which contained collections of villages called ywa (ရွာ), administered by Ywaza ('governor of village', ရွာစား).[5] 
See also 
Military organization 
Military branch (also service branch or armed service) is according to common standard a subdivision of the national armed forces of a sovereign nation or state. 
Burmese Jews မြန်မာဂျူးလူမျိုး יהודים בורמזיים Total population 50 Regions with significant populations Yangon, Myanmar Languages Burmese, English, Hebrew Religion Judaism Related ethnic groups Baghdadi Jews 
The history of Jews in Myanmar, (formerly Burma), begins primarily in the mid-19th century, when hundreds of Jews immigrated from Iraq during the British colonial period. Cochin Jews came from India and both groups were part of the development of the British Empire, becoming allied with the British in Burma (now Myanmar). At its height in 1940 the community of Jews in the country stood at 2,500 members.[1] 
Burma was the first Asian nation to recognize Israel, and it maintains diplomatic relations with the Jewish state. Israel opened its first Diplomatic mission in Yangon in 1953, and in 1957 it became an embassy. Both nations shared a Socialist outlook in their early years and held extensive contacts between their respective leaders.[5] 
Following nationalization of businesses in 1964, the remaining Jewish community suffered further decline. Beth El closed. Most members moved to other countries.[6] The country's last rabbi left in 1969. 
They have taken on the belief that they descend from the lost tribe of Manasseh, based on certain traditions that are similar to those of Judaism. Some have converted to Judaism and immigrated to Israel. Their settlers in Israel have embraced Orthodox Judaism (they had to convert to Orthodoxy to be considered citizens) and have been settled in Judea, Samaria, and Gush Katif. 
21st-century Yangon Jewish community 
Musmeah Yeshua synagogue bimah 
Many Burmese Jews have immigrated to Israel over the years, after India achieved independence.[1] The local Jews use the Musmeah Yeshua Synagogue, but it rarely draws the required quorum of men for a full religious service. Often, employees of the Israeli embassy help maintain regular services; Moses Samuels, a native-born descendant of Jewish immigrants from Iraq, took on his father's role as Trustee of the synagogue to keep it up, along with the cemetery. His son Sammy Samuels was also committed to the future of the synagogue.[6] The senior Samuels has given numerous tours to visitors. 
In 2007 the US-ASEAN Council for Business and Technology, the US-ASEAN Business Council's 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization, obtained a license from the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) to raise funds for a humanitarian project: the maintenance and restoration of the Musmeah Yeshua Synagogue in Yangon. (The license was needed to operate outside the US economic sanctions against the government of Myanmar because of its human rights abuses; sanctions were lifted in 2012.) The Council planned to provide for the synagogue's monthly expenses; complete restoration and maintenance of the synagogue; and assist the synagogue to purchase and establish a new cemetery.[1] 
On December 8, 2013, an interfaith event attended by the Myanmar Presidential Minister U Aung Min, US Ambassador Derek Mitchell, Israeli Ambassador Hagay Moshe Behar, the Yangon Religious Council, and other guests celebrated the completion of the restoration and establishing the synagogue as self-supporting. They credited anthropologist Ruth Cernea, who wrote a history of the Jewish community in Rangoon; Laura Hudson of the Council, and Stuart Spencer, a member of the synagogue's diaspora, as three leaders of this project. The Yangon Heritage Trust has installed a blue plaque at the synagogue, marking its historical significance.[8] 
On July 26, 2020, the MICCI Myanmar - Israel Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Innovation was launched in Musmea Yeshua Synagogue in Yangon by the Ambassador of Israel, Ronen Gilor, the head of the Jewish Community, Sammy Samuels, the President of UMFCCI together with Myanmar and Israeli Business and leaders. The MICCI was incorporated by the DICA of the Ministry of Investment and Foreign Relations of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 
During and after the Second World War many Jews left the country, first under pressure from the Japanese occupation of Burma, and later because of repression under the newly independent nationalist Burmese government. One synagogue survives in Yangon, the capital, and in the 21st century, it attracts an increasing number of tourists. 
The first recorded Jew in the country was Solomon Gabirol, who served as a commander in the army of King Alaungpaya in the 18th century.[2] But it was in the mid-19th century, during the British colonial period, that Jewish merchants from Iraq and India began establishing sizable communities in Rangoon and Mandalay. The Baghdadi Jews had emigrated from Iraq to escape persecution and being subject to pogroms; they comprised most of the immigrants.[2] Cochin Jews and the Bene Israel came from India. Under British rule, the local Jewish community prospered as merchants developed small businesses, and traders worked in cotton and rice.[4] 
The Baghdadi Jews established Musmeah Yeshua synagogue in Rangoon; it is the only synagogue still standing in Yangon or the country.[1] It was first built in the 1850s as a small wooden structure, then rebuilt in 1896. The Jewish cemetery, containing 700 graves, is about six miles away. A Jewish school, for children up to middle-school age, had 200 students at its peak in 1910.[3] After that some parents sent their children to secular schools, especially as many Jewish men married Burmese or other ethnic women. 
The Jewish community also established ties with British colonial officers and businessmen. A second synagogue, Beth El, was opened in 1932, reflecting the growth in population. By 1940 the community numbered its peak of 2500 persons. most were involved in business and industry, with "some owning ice factories and bottling plants, others dealing in textiles and timber. 
In the early part of the twentieth century, various minority groups began to work toward establishing some autonomy, including the Karen people, who were indigenous to the territory. The Burmese were working toward nationalism; they had been later migrants from China in ancient times. 
With the Japanese invasion in 1942, many Jews fled to India, as their British alliances made the Japanese hostile to them. Though the Japanese were allies of the Nazis, they did not have any particular antipathy towards the Jews. At the same time, they viewed the local Jews with suspicion as a pro-British and a "European" group. 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2020 Sweet Home Hae-rang Season 1 [33] 2021 The Witch's Diner Ahn Sung-ho Cameo [34] 
August 7, 2021. ↑ "멜로가 체질 측 "윤지온, 오승윤 후임으로 출연 확정(공식입장)" [Melo's constitution side "Jeon Yoon and Seungyoon Oh confirmed to appear as successors (official position)]. Newsen. August 1, 2021. ↑ "[인터뷰] "밝은 성격유승호진짜 로맨스"..윤지온이 '메모리스트'로 얻은 것" [[Interview] "Bright personality Yoo Seung-ho, a real romance"..What Yoon Ji-on got with 'Memorist]. 
August 26, 2021. ↑ "'너나봄' 서현진, 과거 기억 찾던 윤박에 목 졸려김동욱과는 설렘 지수" ['You're Spring' Seo Hyun-jin, strangled by Yoon Park who was looking for past memories, fluttering with Kim Dong-wook Jisoo]. The Korea Herald. February 5, 2021. ↑ "[팩트체크] 배우 윤지온 측, "드라마 '멜로가 체질' 합류 확정"…'음주운전 방조 혐의' 오승윤 대체" [[Fact Check] Actor Yoon Ji-on's side, "Confirmed to join the drama 'Melo is constitution'"... 
March 14, 2021. ↑ "윤지온, '미션' 학도병 '은주의 방' 직진 연하남 '검블유' 반전남 활약" [Yoon Ji-on, 'Mission' student soldier 'Eun-ju's room', younger man 'Gumbleu' Reversal of action]. Newsen. March 26, 2021. ↑ "'멜로가 체질' 윤지온 "뒤늦은 합류, 잠못 이룬 촬영...그래도 좋았어요" ['Melo is constitutional' Yoon Ji-on "Joining late, filming without sleep... it was good]. 
Retrieved October 18, 2021. ↑ Baek Seung-hoon (November 18, 2021). "윤지온, 드라마 '내일' 합류…김희선·로운과 호흡 [공식입장]" [Ji-on Yoon joins the drama 'Tomorrow'... Breathing with Kim Hee-sun and Rowoon [Official Position]] (in Korean). iMBC. Retrieved November 18, 2021 – via Naver. ↑ Park Ah-reum (November 22, 2022). "윤지온 '우연일까' 출연 확정, 인기 작가 된다[공식]" [Yoon Ji-on confirmed to appear in 'Is it a coincidence', become a popular writer [Official]]. 
Yoon Ji-on is a South Korean actor.[3] He is best known for his roles in television series such as Be Melodramatic (2019), Memorist (2020), You Are My Spring (2021) and Tomorrow (2022).[4] 
In 2016 he made his debut as an actor.[5] After his debut as an actor, he has appeared in a number of dramas and several films including Monthly Magazine Home, You Are My Spring and Memorist.[6] He appeared in films including Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds, Okay! Madam and Jo Pil-ho: The Dawning Rage.[7] 
Filmography 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2017 Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds Soo-hong's legionnaire [8] 2019 Jo Pil-ho: The Dawning Rage Conscripted policeman [9] 2020 Okay! Madam University student [10] Breakup Probation, A Week X [11] 
Television series 
Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2016 Memory Assistant director [12] Our Gap-soon Student part timer [13] 2017 Hit the Top Detective [14] Stranger Cafe part timer [15] 2018 Mr. Sunshine Student soldier [16] Dear My Room Yang Jae-hyun [17] Where Stars Land Security check employee [18] 2019 Be Melodramatic Lee Hyo-bong [19] Drama Special – Understanding of Electric Shock Park Kang-sol one act-drama [20] Search: WWW Team manager [21] VIP Kim Min-ki [22] Psychopath Diary Joo Young-min [23] 2020 Memorist Oh Se-hoon [24] Drama Special – Modern Girl Nam Woo-jin one act-drama [25] 2021 You Are My Spring Park-ho [26] Breakup Probation, A Week X [27] Monthly Magazine Home Jang Chan [28] Jirisan Se-wook [29] 2022 Tomorrow Lim Rung-gu [30][31] 2023 Is It Fate? Bang Jun-ho [32] 
Yoon Ji-on Born Yoon Ji-on (1990-05-19) 19 May 1990 (age 32) Incheon, South Korea Alma mater Kyonggi University – Department of Acting [1] Occupation Actor Years active 2016–present Agent Ieum Hashtag[2] Korean name Hangul 윤지온 Revised Romanization Yun Ji-on McCune–Reischauer Yun Ji-on 
Behaviour 
Snakes of the genus Boiga are primarily arboreal,[1] nocturnal snakes.[citation needed] 
The toxicity of Boiga venom varies from species to species, but is not generally considered to be life-threatening to humans. Since their venom doesn't usually harm humans, they are popular exotic pets.[citation needed] 
Species of the genus Boiga are native to southeast Asia, India, and Australia, but due to their extremely hardy nature and adaptability, have spread to many other suitable habitats around the world. There are 38 recognized species in the genus. According to the study done by Jiří Smíd regarding Old World cat snakes, the ancestor of the cat snake originated in Africa, from where it diversified and expanded to other countries. 
Species and subspecies 
Mangrove snake at the United States National Zoological Park. 
The following species and subspecies are recognized as being valid.[2] 
Boiga andamanensis (Wall, 1909) – Andaman cat snake Boiga angulata (W. Peters, 1861) – Leyte cat snake Boiga barnesii (Günther, 1869) – Barnes' cat snake Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909) – Beddome's cat snake Boiga bengkuluensis Orlov, Kudryavtzev, Ryabov & Shumakov, 2003 Boiga blandingii (Hallowell, 1844) – Blanding's tree snake Boiga bourreti Tillack, Ziegler & Le Khac Quyet, 2004 Boiga ceylonensis (Günther, 1858) – Sri Lanka cat snake Boiga cyanea (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – green cat snake Boiga cynodon (F. Boie, 1827) – dog-toothed cat snake Boiga dendrophila (F. Boie, 1827) – gold-ringed cat snake, mangrove snake Boiga dendrophila annectens (Boulenger, 1896) Boiga dendrophila dendrophila (F. Boie, 1827) Boiga dendrophila divergens Taylor, 1922 Boiga dendrophila gemmicincta (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) Boiga dendrophila latifasciata (Boulenger, 1896) Boiga dendrophila levitoni Gaulke, Demegillo & G. Vogel, 2005 Boiga dendrophila multicincta (Boulenger, 1896) Boiga dendrophila occidentalis Brongersma, 1934 Boiga dightoni (Boulenger, 1894) – Pirmad cat snake Boiga drapiezii (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) – white-spotted cat snake Boiga flaviviridis G. Vogel & Ganesh, 2013 Boiga forsteni (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – Forsten's cat snake Boiga gocool (Gray, 1835) – arrowback tree snake Boiga guangxiensis Wen, 1998 Boiga hoeseli Ramadhan, Iskandar & Subasri, 2010 Boiga irregularis (Merrem, 1802) – brown tree snake Boiga jaspidea (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – jasper cat snake Boiga kraepelini (Stejneger, 1902) – Kelung cat snake Boiga melanota (Boulenger, 1896) Boiga multifasciata (Blyth, 1861) – many-banded cat snake Boiga multomaculata (F. Boie, 1827) – many-spotted cat snake Boiga nigriceps (Günther, 1863) – black-headed cat snake Boiga nuchalis (Günther, 1875) – collared cat snake Boiga ochracea (Günther, 1868) – tawny cat snake Boiga philippina (W. Peters, 1867) – Philippine cat snake Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908) Boiga saengsomi Nutphand, 1985 – banded cat snake Boiga schultzei Taylor, 1923 – Schultze's blunt-headed tree snake Boiga siamensis (Nutphand, 1971) – gray cat snake Boiga tanahjampeana Orlov & Ryabov, 2002 Boiga thackerayi Giri, Deepak, Captain, Pawar & Tillack, 2019 – Thackeray’s cat snake Boiga trigonata (Schneider, 1802) – Indian gamma snake Boiga trigonata trigonata (Schneider, 1802) Boiga trigonata melanocephala (Annandale, 1904) Boiga wallachi Das, 1998 – Nicobar cat snake Boiga westermanni Reinhardt, 1863 – Indian egg-eating snake Boiga whitakeri Ganesh, Mallik, Achyuthan, Shanker & G. Vogel, 2021 – Whitaker's cat snake 
They vary greatly in pattern and color. Many species have banding, but some are spotted and some are solid-colored. Colors are normally black, brown, or green with white or yellow accents.[citation needed] 
↑ Genus Boiga at Wikispecies. species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Boiga. ↑ Genus Boiga at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org. ↑ Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. 
ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Genus Boiga, p. 324). ↑ Rodda GH, Fritts TH, McCoid MJ, Campbell EW III (1999). 
"An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands". pp. 44-80. In: Rodda GH, Sawai Y, Chiszar D, Tanaka H (editors) (1999). Problem Snake Management: the Habu and the Brown Treesnake. 
Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 534 pp. ISBN 978-0801435072. http://www.stoppinginvasives.org/dotAsset/aa46f8a3-9334-4e55-b724-5f63ffaffc7f.pdf ↑ "The Brown Treesnake on Guam". 
Fort Collins Science Center, United States Geological Survey. 
Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. 
Many-spotted cat snake Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Genus: Boiga Species: B. multomaculata Binomial name Boiga multomaculata (Boie, 1827) Synonyms Dipsas multomaculata Boie, 1827 Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus Boulenger, 1896 
Boiga multomaculata, also called the many-spotted cat snake, large-spotted cat snake and marbled cat-eyed snake, is a species of rear-fanged colubrid snakes. 
Boiga ochracea Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Genus: Boiga Species: B. ochracea Binomial name Boiga ochracea (Theobald, 1868) Synonyms[1] Dipsas ochracea Theobald, 1868 Dipsas ochraceus — Günther, 1868 Dipsas hexagonotus Stoliczka, 1871 Dipsadomorphus hexagonotus — Boulenger, 1896 Boiga ochracea — M.A. Smith, 1943 
Boiga ochracea, commonly called the tawny cat snake, is a species of rear-fanged snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to South Asia. 
Geographic range 
B. ochracea is found in the Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Changlang District), Myanmar, and Nepal. It is also found in China.[2] 
Three subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.[1] 
Reproduction 
B. ochracea is oviparous.[1] 
Boiga cyanea, commonly known as the Green cat snake, is a colubrid snake species found in South Asia, China and South-east Asia. 
B. cyanea near Gorumara National Park 
Defensive posture 
City in Saraburi Province, Thailand Saraburi สระบุรี City Location in Saraburi Province Country Thailand Province Saraburi Province District Amphoe Mueang Saraburi Area • Land 7.8 sq mi (20.1 km2) Population (2020) • Total 60,809 Time zone UTC+7 (ICT) Website http://www.tmsbr.go.th 
Saraburi City (thesaban mueang) is the provincial capital of Saraburi Province in central Thailand.[1][2] In 2020, it had a population of 60,809 people, and covers the complete tambon Pak Phriao of the Mueang Saraburi district. 
Riyadh (/riːˈjɑːd/,[3] Arabic: الرياض, romanized: 'ar-Riyāḍ, lit.: 'The Gardens' [ar.riˈjaːdˤ] Najdi pronunciation: [er.rɪˈjɑːðˤ]), formerly known as Hajr al-Yamamah, is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of the Riyadh Province and the centre of the Riyadh Governorate. 
Town in Mizoram, India Champhai Town Champhai town Champhai Show map of Mizoram Champhai Show map of India Coordinates: 23°27′22″N 93°19′44″E / 23.456°N 93.329°E / 23.456; 93.329Coordinates: 23°27′22″N 93°19′44″E / 23.456°N 93.329°E / 23.456; 93.329 Country India State Mizoram District Champhai Area • Total 3,185.3 km2 (1,229.9 sq mi) Elevation 1,678 m (5,505 ft) Population (2011) • Total 32,734 • Density 10/km2 (27/sq mi) Languages • Official Mizo Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST) PIN 796321 Telephone code 03831 Vehicle registration MZ-04 Climate Cwb Website champhai.nic.in 
A helicopter service by Pawan Hans[8] has been started which connects the Aizawl with Champhai.[9] The distance between Champhai and Aizawl is 194 km and is connected with regular service of bus and maxi cab.[10] 
It is the headquarters of Champhai district, one of the eleven districts in the state. It is located on the Indo-Myanmar border and is situated in a strategically important location. Because of this, it is the main business corridor for India and Myanmar in the area. 
It was accorded the status of a fort during the British period.[1] The Champhai Valley was once a lake and was gradually silted to obliterate the lake. The soil of the plain was still uncultivated during the Lushai Expedition of 1872.[2] Irrigated rice cultivation started in Champhai in the year 1898 encouraged by the British Colonial Authorities to supply rice for their soldiers and laborers. As of 1922, there was only 1 shop in Champhai.[3] On 1 March 1966, the MNF declared unilateral Mizo Independence and attacked Assam Rifles post at Champhai.[4] 
The Lushai expedition in Mizoram sketched by Lieutenant BWG Cole in the Illustrated London News 1889 
Assam now enjoyed comparative peace until 1888-1889, when the hillmen raided into Chittagong, and Assam furnished a force of 400 police under the command of Mr. Daly to co-operate with General Tregear's column. Entering the hills from Cachar, the police, with a detached force of the Chittagong column, attacked and destroyed several villages which were implicated in the raids into Chittagong in 1888. When the troops retired at the close of the operations, they left two posts in the North Lushai hills—one at Aijal, the other at Changsil—and a Political Officer was appointed to administer the North Lushai Tract, with headquarters at Aijal.[6] In 1891, another British column was murdered, leading to the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90. 
1 2 3 4 5 Sausmarez & Tuck 1896, p. 14. ↑ Sausmarez & Tuck 1896, p. 14 cites Mackenzie's North-Eastern Frontier of Bengal, Chapter XXI. 1 2 3 4 Low 1883, p. 110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sausmarez & Tuck 1896, p. 15. ↑ Charles Low states two columns with 20 days of provisions; one column was under the command of Brigadier-General Nutthal and the other under consisting of the 7th Native Infantry under the command of Major Stephenson (Low 1883, p. 110) 1 2 3 4 Sausmarez & Tuck 1896, p. 16. 
The British Indian Army Lushai Expedition of 1871 to 1872 was a punitive incursion under the command of Generals Brownlow and Bourchier. The objectives of the expedition were to rescue British subjects who had been captured by the Lushais in raids into Assam—including a six-year-old girl called Mary Winchester—and to convince the hill tribes of the region that they had nothing to gain and everything to lose by placing themselves in a hostile position towards the British Government. 
Prelude 
After turning the Burmese out of Assam during the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1824, the Bengal Government of the East India Company attempted to administer all that was not absolutely necessary for the control of the frontier through Purandar Singha a native prince; this arrangement failed, and Assam became a non-regulation province in 1838. On its southern borders lay the Lushais, the principal tribes known to Assam being Thadoe and Poitoo Kukies. For many years, long before the British occupation, the inhabitants of the plains to the south had lived in dread of the Kukies, who used to come down and attack the villages, massacring the inhabitants, taking their heads, and plundering and burning their houses.[1] 
The first Kuki or Lushai raid mentioned as being committed in British governed Assam was in 1826. From that year to 1850 the local officers were unable to restrain the fierce attacks of the hillmen on the south. Raids and outrages were of yearly occurrence,[2] and on one occasion the Magistrate of Sylhet reported a series of massacres by "Kookies" in what was alleged to be British territory, in which 150 persons had been killed.[1] 
Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 Date November 15, 1889 - April 30, 1890 Location Chin Hills and Lushai Hills Result British victory Belligerents British Raj Tribes of the Chin Hills and Lushai Hills Commanders and leaders Maj.Gen. William Symons Col. Charles McD. Skene DSO Col. Vincent William Tregear Chin Tribes Lushai Tribes Strength 3,608 British and Indian troops 10,000+ Casualties and losses 3 officers 78 soldiers 916 invalided 500+ 
The Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 was a British punitive expedition in Burma and India against the tribes of the Chin Hills and Lushai Hills.[1] 
Second — To advance in combination with the Northern column to the capital of the Tashon Chins and compel their submission. Third — To advance west from Haka, and, in co-operation with the Chittagong Column, complete the opening of the road between Bengal and Burma, coercing the tribes, and obtaining submission to our authority on both sides of the line of advance. Fourth — To visit villages; force the Chins to cease raiding and give up all captives; to explore the Chin Hills in every direction as far as the limits of time and the working season would permit. 
Following the Lushai Expedition of 1871-72, the border regions of Burma and India remained relatively peaceful with few raids occurring. In 1888 however raids become more frequent, and in February 1889, Lieutenant Stewart of the British Army and his surveying party were murdered by Chin tribesmen, and the government was determined to stop the raids.[2] 
Throughout the summer of 1889 the Political Officer kept up negotiations with the Soktes and Siyins, but though they surrendered a large number of Burman captives, they continued to give trouble by cutting the telegraph wires, ambushing convoys, and firing into the British posts. These facts, coupled with the advisability of thoroughly exploring and opening out the narrow strip of country which alone now divided British Burma from India, led to the undertaking, in the cold weather of 1889–90, of military operations from Burma and Chittagong into the country of the Chins and Lushais.[1] 
Chittagong Field Force [1] Column Regiment Number of Men Chittagong Column Col. V.W. Tregear 2nd Battalion, 2nd Gurkhas 300 3rd Bengal Infantry 250 Detachment, 9th Bengal Infantry 28th Bombay Pioneers 102 2nd Company, Bengal Sappers and Miners 80 Detachment, Chittagong Frontier Police 50 
The expedition advanced on November 15, 1889, in two columns, Brigadier-General Symons proceeding against the Chin tribes, and Colonel Tregear against the Lushai Tribes. The little forces had to make their way through the roadless and pestilent jungle, which caused many troops to die from disease. [1] 
Chin Hills Chin Hills Location in Myanmar Highest point Peak Nat Ma Taung Elevation 3,053 m (10,016 ft) Coordinates 22°30′N 93°30′E / 22.500°N 93.500°E / 22.500; 93.500Coordinates: 22°30′N 93°30′E / 22.500°N 93.500°E / 22.500; 93.500 Geography Location Chin State, Burma Parent range Patkai Range 
The Chin Hills[1] are a range of mountains in Chin State, northwestern Burma (Myanmar), that extends northward into India's Manipur state.[2] 
The highest peak in the Chin Hills is Khonu Msung, or Mount Victoria, in southern Chin State, which reaches 3,053 metres (10,016 ft). The Chin Hills–Arakan Yoma montane forests ecoregion has diverse forests with pine, camellia and teak. Falam is the largest town in the Chin Hills, lying at their southern edge. 
The Chin Hills are the eastern part of the Patkai Range, which includes the Lushai Hills and runs through Nagaland in India, as well as part of Burma. The Lushai Hills are frequently discussed with the Chin Hills as the topography, people's culture and history are similar. The southern prolongation of the Chin Hills is the Arakan Range (Arakan Yoma), stretching as well from north to south. 
Historically the area of the range has been populated by the Chin people who like their neighbours to the west are a Laimi people. In addition to subsistence agriculture the Chin raided the villages of the Burman on the plains of the Myittha and Chindwin rivers, as well as each other.[3] In 1888, the British began a military campaign to end these raids which resulted in pacification of the province by 1896,[3] and it was administratively added to Burma as a special division. 
Hydrophis is a genus of sea snakes, venomous snakes in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. Species in the genus Hydrophis are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Currently, around 36 species are recognized as being valid.[1] 
See also 
Sea snake Snakebite 
The blue-lipped sea krait, also known as the blue-banded sea krait, or common sea krait (Laticauda laticaudata), is a species of venomous sea snake in the subfamily Laticaudinae of the family Elapidae. It is found in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.[2] 
Land management has preserved the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia while allowing ample access for visitors. 
An image of the Sahara desert from satellite. It is the world's largest hot desert and third-largest desert after the polar deserts. 
A view of wilderness in Estonia 
Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. 
Amazon rainforest in Brazil. The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth, including some that have evolved within the past few hundred thousand years.[37][38] 
It is the common understanding of natural environment that underlies environmentalism — a broad political, social, and philosophical movement that advocates various actions and policies in the interest of protecting what nature remains in the natural environment, or restoring or expanding the role of nature in this environment. While true wilderness is increasingly rare, wild nature (e.g., unmanaged forests, uncultivated grasslands, wildlife, wildflowers) can be found in many locations previously inhabited by humans. 
Goals for the benefit of people and natural systems, commonly expressed by environmental scientists and environmentalists include: 
Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change.[40] Establishment of nature reserves for recreational purposes and ecosystem preservation. Sustainable and less polluting waste management including waste reduction (or even zero waste), reuse, recycling, composting, waste-to-energy, and anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Reducing profligate consumption and clamping down on illegal fishing and logging.[41] Slowing and stabilisation of human population growth.[42] 
Earth's layered structure: (1) inner core; (2) outer core; (3) lower mantle; (4) upper mantle; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust 
Some scientists include as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geographical sciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth.[4] There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of Earth. 
Media related to Environment at Wikimedia Commons UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme BBC - Science and Nature. 
Geological activity 
The Earth's crust, or lithosphere, is the outermost solid surface of the planet and is chemically and mechanically different from underlying mantle. It has been generated greatly by igneous processes in which magma cools and solidifies to form solid rock. Beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the decay of radioactive elements. 
Water on Earth 
Coral reefs have significant marine biodiversity. 
Most water is found in various kinds of natural body of water. 
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity.[1] The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished as components: 
Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[5][6] The deep seabeds are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. 
Rivers 
A river is a natural watercourse,[7] usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. A few rivers simply flow into the ground and dry up completely without reaching another body of water. 
Rocky stream in the U.S. state of Hawaii 
Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff, groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of water stored in glaciers and snowpacks. 
Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek and brook. Their current is confined within a bed and stream banks. Streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. 
Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive civilized human intervention, including all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, the atmosphere, and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries and their nature. Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating from civilized human actions. 
Lakes 
Lácar Lake, of glacial origin, in the province of Neuquén, Argentina 
A lake (from Latin lacus) is a terrain feature, a body of water that is localized to the bottom of basin. A body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, is not part of an ocean, and is larger and deeper than a pond.[9][10] 
A swamp area in Everglades National Park, Florida, US 
Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last ice age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. 
Ponds 
A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation, fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams by their current speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. 
Human impact on water 
Built environments are where humans have fundamentally transformed landscapes such as urban settings and agricultural land conversion, the natural environment is greatly changed into a simplified human environment. Even acts which seem less extreme, such as building a mud hut or a photovoltaic system in the desert, the modified environment becomes an artificial one. Though many animals build things to provide a better environment for themselves, they are not human, hence beaver dams, and the works of mound-building termites, are thought of as natural. 
Humans impact the water in different ways such as modifying rivers (through dams and stream channelization), urbanization, and deforestation. These impact lake levels, groundwater conditions, water pollution, thermal pollution, and marine pollution. Humans modify rivers by using direct channel manipulation.[11] We build dams and reservoirs and manipulate the direction of the rivers and water path. 
Atmosphere, climate and weather 
Atmospheric gases scatter blue light more than other wavelengths, creating a blue halo when seen from space. 
A view of Earth's troposphere from an airplane 
Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity accompanied by thunder, which occurs during thunderstorms and certain other natural conditions.[12] 
Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor and suspensions of water droplets and ice crystals seen as clouds. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, volcanic ash, and meteoroids. Various industrial pollutants also may be present, such as chlorine (elementary or in compounds), fluorine compounds, elemental mercury, and sulphur compounds such as sulphur dioxide (SO2). 
The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in reducing the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes. 
Layers of the atmosphere 
Principal layers 
People cannot find absolutely natural environments on Earth, and naturalness usually varies in a continuum, from 100% natural in one extreme to 0% natural in the other. The massive environmental changes of humanity in the Anthropocene have fundamentally effected all natural environments: including from climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution from plastic and other chemicals in the air and water. More precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform.[2] If, for instance, in an agricultural field, the mineralogic composition and the structure of its soil are similar to those of an undisturbed forest soil, but the structure is quite different. 
Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. These layers are mainly determined by whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude. From highest to lowest, these layers are: 
The stratopause, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). Troposphere: The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (23,000 ft) at the poles and 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator, with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude. 
Within the five principal layers determined by temperature there are several layers determined by other properties. 
It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The ionosphere, the part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation, stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and typically overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere. 
Effects of global warming 
The retreat of glaciers since 1850 of Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps (situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002), due to global warming 
This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.[15] This warming is also responsible for the extinction of natural habitats, which in turn leads to a reduction in wildlife population. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the group of the leading climate scientists in the world) concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius) between 1990 and 2100.[16] Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming. Some examples of recent collaboration to address climate change and global warming include: 
Another view of the Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps, which because of global warming has been decreasing 
The United Nations Framework Convention Treaty and convention on Climate Change, to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.[17] The Kyoto Protocol, which is the protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change treaty, again with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change.[18] The Western Climate Initiative, to identify, evaluate, and implement collective and cooperative ways to reduce greenhouse gases in the region, focusing on a market-based cap-and-trade system.[19] 
A significantly profound challenge is to identify the natural environmental dynamics in contrast to environmental changes not within natural variances. A common solution is to adapt a static view neglecting natural variances to exist. Methodologically, this view could be defended when looking at processes which change slowly and short time series, while the problem arrives when fast processes turns essential in the object of the study. 
Worldwide climate classifications map 
Climate looks at the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time.[20] Weather, on the other hand, is the present condition of these same elements over periods up to two weeks.[20] 
Climates can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme is the one originally developed by Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system,[21] in use since 1948, uses evapotranspiration as well as temperature and precipitation information to study animal species diversity and the potential impacts of climate changes.[22] 
Weather 
A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. 
Weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmospheric area at a given time.[23] Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere,[24][25] just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.[26] When used without qualification, "weather" is understood to be the weather of Earth. 
Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On the Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in the Earth's orbit have affected the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate 
Life 
An example of the many animal species on the Earth 
Evidence suggests that life on Earth has existed for about 3.7 billion years.[27] All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple organic molecules via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism. 
Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.[28] Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms. In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.[29][30] 
Composition 
Ecosystems 
Rainforests often have a great deal of biodiversity with many plant and animal species. This is the Gambia River in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park. 
An ecosystem (also called as environment) is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.[31] 
Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms are continually engaged in a highly interrelated set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment in which they exist. Eugene Odum, one of the founders of the science of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (i.e.: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."[32] 
Old-growth forest and a creek on Larch Mountain, in the U.S. state of Oregon 
The human ecosystem concept is then grounded in the deconstruction of the human/nature dichotomy, and the emergent premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope. 
A greater number or variety of species or biological diversity of an ecosystem may contribute to greater resilience of an ecosystem, because there are more species present at a location to respond to change and thus "absorb" or reduce its effects. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's structure is fundamentally changed to a different state. This is not universally the case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level. 
A volcanic fissure and lava channel 
Wilderness 
A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps (National Park) 
The Ahklun Mountains and the Togiak Wilderness within the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. state of Alaska 
Wilderness is generally defined as a natural environment on Earth that has not been significantly modified by human activity. The WILD Foundation goes into more detail, defining wilderness as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet – those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure."[34] Wilderness areas and protected parks are considered important for the survival of certain species, ecological studies, conservation, solitude, and recreation. Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic reasons. 
↑ Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 
ISBN 0-19-502535-0. ↑ Earth's Spheres Archived 2007-08-31 at the Wayback Machine. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future. Retrieved November 11, 2007. ↑ What is Earth Science? | Geology Buzz ↑ ""Page Jaffna | Srilanka's Top Tamil Online News Paper". 
Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15.". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 
New York: Columbia University Press ↑ "Distribution of land and water on the planet Archived May 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine". UN Atlas of the Oceans Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ↑ River {definition} from Merriam-Webster. Accessed February 2010. ↑ "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?". 
United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2021. ↑ Britannica Online. 
Retrieved 2008-06-25. [a Lake is] any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams are relatively fast moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. 
Geologically defined, lakes are temporary bodies of water. ↑ "Dictionary.com definition". Retrieved 2008-06-25. a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land. 1 2 Goudie, Andrew (2000). 
Archived from the original on 2010-10-09. Retrieved 2013-03-09. ↑ "World's Space Agencies Unite To Face The Climate Challenge – ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ↑ "Climate Change". sites.google.com. 
Retrieved 2013-10-28. ↑ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Retrieved August 2008. ↑ Kyoto Protocol from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Retrieved August 2008. ↑ Western Climate Initiative Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on Feb 12, 2009. 1 2 "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 
Retrieved 2021-04-22. ↑ Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate". Geographical Review. 
Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-06-27. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology. Troposphere. Archived 2012-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-06-27. ↑ "Climate". 
American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2008-05-14. ↑ "History of life through time". University of California Museum of Paleontology. ↑ "Definition of Life". 
Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-01-07. ↑ The Concise Oxford Dictionary. English Edition 1991 ↑ "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". 
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-06-21. ↑ Christopherson, Robert W. (1996). Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography. 
ISBN 0-13-505314-5. ↑ Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology (Third ed.). New York: Saunders. 
ISBN 0-7216-6941-7. ↑ Smil, V. (2000). Cycles of Life. New York: Scientific American Library. 
ISBN 978-0-7167-5079-6. ↑ "The WILD Foundation". Wild.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. 
Retrieved 2013-03-09. ↑ Botkin, Daniel B. (2001). No Man's Garden: Thoreau And A New Vision For Civilization And Nature. Island Press. pp. 155–157. 
ISBN 978-1-55963-465-6. ↑ wilderness. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. 
Retrieved November 29, 2012. ↑ "Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species : News". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2005-12-05. 
Archived from the original on 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2013-03-09. ↑ "Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species". Sciencedaily.com. 
2005-12-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09. ↑ Escolero, O.; Kralisch, S.; Martínez, S.E.; Perevochtchikova, M. (2016). "Diagnóstico y análisis de los factores que influyen en la vulnerabilidad de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable a la Ciudad de México, México". 
Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana (in Spanish). 68 (3): 409–427. doi:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a3. ↑ Drayer, Lisa (January 2, 2019). "Change your diet to combat climate change in 2019". 
"Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ↑ Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). 
BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. It is also time to re-examine and change our individual behaviors, including limiting our own reproduction (ideally to replacement level at most)... ↑ Jamieson, Dale. 
"The Heart of Environmentalism". In R. Sandler & P. C. Pezzullo. Environmental Justice and Environmentalism. 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. pp. 85–101. ISBN 9780262195522 ↑ Davis, T. (2000). Sustaining the Forest, the People, and the Spirit. 
Lushai Hills Hmuifang mountainside Highest point Peak Phawngpui Elevation 2,157 m (7,077 ft) Coordinates 23°10′N 92°50′E / 23.167°N 92.833°E / 23.167; 92.833Coordinates: 23°10′N 92°50′E / 23.167°N 92.833°E / 23.167; 92.833 Geography Lushai Hills Location in India Location Mizoram and Tripura, India Parent range Patkai Range 
The Lushai (Pron: ˌlʊˈʃaɪ) Hills (or Mizo Hills) are a mountain range in Mizoram and Manipur, India.[1] The range is part of the Patkai range system and its highest point is 2,157 m high Phawngpui, also known as 'Blue Mountain'.[2] 
Flora and fauna 
The hills are for the most part covered with dense bamboo jungle and rank undergrowth; but in the eastern portion, owing probably to a smaller rainfall, open grass-covered slopes are found, with groves of oak and pine interspersed with rhododendrons. The Blue Mountain is the highest peak in Lushai hills.[3] 
Inhabitants 
These hills are inhabited by the Lushais and other Mizo tribes, but the population is extremely scanty. When they invaded the district from the north. Their first attack upon British territory took place in November 1849, and after that date they proved one of the most troublesome tribes on the north-east frontier of India; but operations in 1890 resulted in the complete pacification of the northern Lushai villages, and in 1892 the eastern Lushais were reduced to order.[3] 
The management of the South Lushai hill country was transferred from Bengal to Assam in 1898. To obtain more efficient control over the country the district has been divided into eighteen circles, each in charge of an interpreter, through whom all orders are transmitted to the chiefs.[3] 
Bibliography 
State in India Tripura State (clockwise from top) Ujjayanta Palace; Rock-cut sculptures at Unakoti; Tripura Sundari Temple; Wildlife of Sepahijala; Neermahal palace; Tripura Legislative Assembly Seal Motto: Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit) (English: "Truth alone triumphs") Coordinates (Agartala): 23°50′N 91°17′E / 23.84°N 91.28°E / 23.84; 91.28Coordinates: 23°50′N 91°17′E / 23.84°N 91.28°E / 23.84; 91.28 Country India Union territory 1 November 1956 Upgraded as state 21 January 1972† Named for Tripura Sundari Temple Capital and largest city Agartala Districts 8 Government • Body Government of Tripura • Governor Satyadev Narayan Arya[1] • Chief Minister Manik Saha • Legislature Unicameral Assembly (60 seats) • Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha (1 seat) Lok Sabha (2 seats) • High Court Tripura High Court Area [2] • Total 10,491.69 km2 (4,050.86 sq mi) • Rank 28th of 36 Population (2011) • Total 3,671,032 • Estimate (2022)[3] 4,109,000 • Density 350/km2 (910/sq mi) GDP (2020–21) • Nominal ₹0.589 lakh crore (US$7.4 billion) • Nominal per capita ₹140,694 (US$1,800) Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST) ISO 3166 code IN-TR Vehicle registration TR- HDI (2022) 0.667 medium[4] Literacy 87.75% (2011)[5] Official languages[6] Bengali English Kokborok Website tripura.gov.in †It was elevated from the status of Union territory by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971 
Tripura (/ˈtrɪpʊrə, -ərə/, Bengali:[ˈtri̯puraˈ] (listen) )[7] is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi); and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 36.71 lakh ( 3.67 million).[8] It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east and by Bangladesh to the north, south and west.[9] Tripura is divided into 8 districts and 23 sub-divisions, where Agartala is the capital and the largest city in the state. Tripura has 19 different tribal communities[10] with a majority of the Bengali population. 
Football tournament AFF Championship Symbol used since the 2018 edition Organising body AFF Founded 1996; 27 years ago (1996) Region Southeast Asia Number of teams 10 (finals) 11 (eligible to enter qualification) Current champions Thailand (6th title) Most successful team(s) Thailand (6 titles) Website affmitsubishielectriccup.com 2022 AFF Championship 
The ASEAN Football Federation Championship (less formally known as the AFF Championship or AFF Cup), currently known as the AFF Mitsubishi Electric Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the primary association football tournament organized by the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF).The tournament is recognized as an 'A' international tournament by FIFA, with FIFA ranking points being awarded since 1996.[1] 
The AFF Championship title have been won by four national teams; Thailand have won six titles, Singapore has four titles, Vietnam has two titles and Malaysia with one title. To date, Thailand and Singapore are the only teams in history to have won consecutive titles; Thailand in 2000 and 2002 and also in 2014 and 2016, and Singapore in 2004 and 2007. It is one of the most watched football tournaments in the region. 
Hmar (Mar, Mhar, Manmasi, Khawthlang, Khawsak, Old Kuki) Hmar Hnam Total population 4,00,000[1][2] Regions with significant populations India ○Manipur ○Meghalaya ○Mizoram ○Nagaland ○Tripura ○Assam Myanmar ○Chin State ○Sagaing Division ○Magwe Division Bangladesh ○Chittagong Hill Tracts Languages Hmar Mizo Religion Christianity Judaism (Bnei Menashe) Related ethnic groups Chin Kuki Khyang Mizo 
Hmar, also spelled as Mar, are one of the ethnic peoples of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo living in Northeast Indian state of Manipur and Mizoram, western Myanmar (Burma) and eastern Bangladesh.[3] 
Manipur 
In the 2011 census, there were 49,081 Hmars in Manipur.[4] 
Mizoram 
In the first census of 1901 there were 10,411 Hmar language speakers. By 1961 the population was assessed to be 3,118, and then 4,524 in 1971. In the 2001 census, 18,155 Hmar speakers were found in Mizoram, but most of the Hmars of Mizoram speak Mizo languages.[5] 
Religion 
Hmar (Hmar Ṭawng) Manmasi, Sinlung, Mar Pronunciation [m̥a] Native to India Region Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya Ethnicity Hmar Native speakers 2,00,000[1] Language family Sino-Tibetan Kuki-Chin Central Mizo Hmar cluster Hmar (Hmar Ṭawng) Early forms Manmasi Nelachal Tukbemsawm Official status Recognised minority language in Assam, Manipur, Mizoram and Meghalaya Language codes ISO 639-3 hmr Glottolog hmar1241 ELP Hmar 
Hmar language, also known by its endonym Khawsak Ṭawng, belongs to the Kukish branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of the language are also known as Hmar. According to the official 2011 Census of India, there are 29,268 Hmar/Khawsak speakers in Assam, 48,375 in Manipur, 1,700 in Meghalaya, 18,587 in Mizoram although Majority of the Hmars in Mizoram speak Duhlian (Mizo). 
Ajumma (Korean: 아줌마), sometimes spelled ajoomma, is a Korean word for a married, or middle-aged woman. It comes from the Korean word ajumeoni (Korean: 아주머니).[1] Although it is sometimes translated "aunt", it does not actually refer to a close family relationship. It is most often used to refer to middle-aged or older woman since referring to an elder by name without a title in Korea is not socially acceptable. 
Lalduhoma Lalduhoma in 2011 Member of Legislative Assembly, Mizoram Legislative Assembly Incumbent Assumed office 2018 Preceded by Constituency Established Constituency Serchhip Member of Parliament for Mizoram In office 1984–1989 Preceded by R. Rothuama Succeeded by C. Silvera Personal details Born (1949-02-22) 22 February 1949 (age 73) Tualpui, Mizoram Political party Zoram People's Movement Spouse Liansailovi Children Two sons Residence(s) Aizawl, Mizoram 
Lalduhoma (alternatively spelled Lalduhawma,[1] born 22 February 1949[2]) is an Indian politician and a former Indian Police Service officer from Mizoram. Resigning from the security service to the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, he was elected as Member of Parliament to the Lok Sabha from Mizoram in 1984. He left the Indian National Congress, the party from which he was elected, for which he was disqualified from the parliament. 
Lalduhoma is the founder and president of Zoram Nationalist Party, a regional political party in Mizoram. His party joined the coalition party Zoram People's Movement, in which he was chosen as the first Chief Ministerial candidate in the 2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election.[4] He was elected from Aizawl West I and Serchhip constituencies, and chose to represent Serchhip. While serving as leader of the opposition of the legislature, he was disqualified as Member of the Legislative Assembly on charge of breaching anti-defection law in 2020 to become the first case in state legislatures in India.[5] He was re-elected from the same Serchhip constituency in a by-election in 2021.[6] 
The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan, New Delhi. 
The Constitution of India (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of India.[3][4] The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written national constitution in the world.[3][6][7] 
Honey Nway Oo (Burmese: ဟန်နီနွေဦး; born on 19 March 1999) is a former Burmese actress who turned rebel and taken up arms against the military junta of Myanmar. Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, she rose to prominence as one of most prominent revolutionaries of Myanmar's ruling military junta.[1][2] Her involvement in leading anti-coup demonstrations led to a warrant for her arrest. Honey is a heroine and regarded as the "people's girl" for her role in anti-coup movements.[3][4] 
While studying German at Yangon University of Foreign Languages, she began modeling for local magazines and music videos in 2019.[5] She has appeared in over 20 TV commercials.[6] She was a brand ambassador for Oppo.[7][8] She made her acting as a main role in the 2020 film Yangon In Love. She participated in the non-profit organization Care Teen. The non-profit organization provides school supplies and health and education services to underprivileged children.[9] 
In the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, she organized many anti-coup protests, which prompted her to flee to the jungle. Along with several other celebrities, she was charged with calling for participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) and damaging the state's ability to govern, with supporting the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, and with generally inciting the people to disturb the peace and stability of the nation. On 3 July 2021, the military troops arrived at her family's home in Lanmadaw Township and posted a notice declaring that it had been confiscated by the junta. 
External links 
Geologic time scale with proportional representation of eons/eonothems and eras/erathems. Cenozoic is abbreviated to Cz. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life. 
Alternate representation of the geologic time scale represented as a clock. Note: the GTS is linear and not cyclic. 
It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by Earth scientists (including geologists, paleontologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and paleoclimatologists) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as lithologies, paleomagnetic properties, and fossils. 
The Ralte tribes were mostly found scattered in the northern part of today's Aizawl, Kolasib and Serchhip Mamit, Lunglei District and all over Mizoram. Tahan (Myanmar) Bangladesh, Tripura, Assam and Manipur India . The total population of Ralte tribes is around 5,00,000+ Various town and villages in Mizoram and Myanmar and Ralte Pau (Ralte language ) is used by only around 2000-5000 people nowadays . 
The Raltes mainly divided themselves into 4 clans namely – Kawlni, Siakeng, Khelte and Lelhchhun. 
Ralte Region India Ethnicity 34,000 Ralte, Mizo[1] Native speakers 900 (2007)[2] Language family Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Kuki-Chin Northern Ralte Language codes ISO 639-3 ral Glottolog ralt1242 
Ralte is a Kuki-Chin language of India. Fewer than a thousand Ralte people speak the language. 
At present, as per the Ministry of Home Affairs,[8][9] there are demands for inclusion of 39 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are: 
Angika Awadhi Banjara Bajjika Bhojpuri Bhoti Bhotia Bundelkhandi Chhattisgarhi Dhatki English Garhwali Gondi Gujjari Ho Kachhi Kamtapuri Karbi Khasi Kodava Kokborok Kumaoni Kurukh Kurmali Lepcha Limbu Mizo Magahi Mundari Nagpuri Nicobarese Pahari Pali Rajasthani Sambalpuri Shauraseni Prakrit Saraiki Tenyidi Tulu 
The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[1] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.[2] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."[3] In addition, candidates sitting for an examination conducted for public service are entitled to use any of these languages as a medium to answer the paper.[4] 
Schedule languages 
As per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Indian Constitution, the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages:[5][6] 
Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi[note 1] Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santhali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu[note 1] 
Meitei Manipuri (Meiteilon, Meetei, Meeteilon) ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ • Meiteilon "Meiteilon" written in Meitei script Native to India Region Manipur Ethnicity Meitei people Native speakers 1,800,000+[1] Language family Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman Meitei Early forms Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Ancient Meitei Writing system Meitei script (officially known as Meetei Mayek[lower-alpha 1]) (officially used according to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021")[2][1] Bengali script (officially used according to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021")[3][1] Latin script (unofficial) Official status Official language in India Manipur Regulated by Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (DLPI), Government of Manipur Development body Ministry of Culture (India) Sahitya Akademi Government of Manipur Department of Art and Culture Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (DLPI) Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (MSP) Language codes ISO 639-2 mni ISO 639-3 Either: mni – Manipuri omp – Old Manipuri Glottolog mani1292 Manipuri Meitei is predominantly spoken in Manipur, India. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. 
It is spoken by around 1.8 million people, predominantly in the state of Manipur, but also by smaller communities in the rest of the country and in parts of neighbouring Myanmar and Bangladesh. It is native to the Meitei people, and within Manipur it serves as an official language and a lingua franca. It was used as a court language in the historic Manipur Kingdom and is presently included among the 22 scheduled languages of India. 
Meitei is a tonal language whose exact classification within Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. It has lexical resemblances to Kuki and Tangkhul.[6] 
Maha Bandula Bridge (sometimes spelled Mahabandoola Bridge) is a major bridge in Yangon, Myanmar built in 2001. It is named after General Maha Bandula, and crosses Pazundaung Creek just east of Yangon's central business district. It is accessed by Maha Bandula Road. 
Emily Jean "Emma" Stone[lower-alpha 1] (born November 6, 1988) is an American actress. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award. In 2017, she was the world's highest-paid actress and named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. 
Born and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, Stone began acting as a child in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000. As a teenager, she relocated to Los Angeles and made her television debut in In Search of the New Partridge Family (2004), a reality show that produced only an unsold pilot. After small television roles, she appeared in a series of well-received teen comedy films, such as Superbad (2007), Zombieland (2009), and Easy A (2010). 
In 2014, Stone played a recovering drug addict in the black comedy Birdman, which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and made her Broadway debut as Sally Bowles in a revival of the musical Cabaret. For playing an aspiring actress in the romantic musical La La Land (2016), she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She received a third Academy Award nomination for portraying Abigail Masham in the historical comedy-drama The Favourite (2018). 
Emily Jean Stone was born on November 6, 1988, in Scottsdale, Arizona, to Jeffrey Charles Stone, the founder and CEO of a general-contracting company, and Krista Jean Stone (née Yeager), a homemaker.[4][5] She lived on the grounds of the Camelback Inn resort from ages twelve to fifteen.[6][7] She has a younger brother, Spencer.[8] Her paternal grandfather, Conrad Ostberg Sten, was from a Swedish family that anglicized their surname to "Stone" when they immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island. She also has German, English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry.[9] 
Hailee Steinfeld Steinfeld at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con Born (1996-12-11) December 11, 1996 (age 26) Tarzana, California, U.S. Occupations Actress singer Years active 2007–present Works Discography Relatives Jake Steinfeld (uncle) True O'Brien (cousin) Awards Full list Musical career Genres Pop dance-pop[1] Instrument(s) Vocals Labels Republic Website haileesteinfeldofficial.com Musical artist 
Hailee Steinfeld (born December 11, 1996)[2][3] is an American actress and singer. She is the recipient of various accolades, including a Peabody Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award. 
Artistry and media reception 
Musical and acting styles 
Steinfeld pictured at the 83rd Academy Awards, where she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress 
V magazine writer Dylan Kelly called Steinfeld an "artist of ambidexterity, showcasing supremacy across an impressive repertoire of on-screen roles in film and television", and said "her musical prowess is one of melodic self-growth and good-natured, lyrical wisdom".[119] 
Steinfeld had her breakthrough with the western film True Grit (2010), which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. Following appearances in Ender's Game and Begin Again (both 2013), she gained wider recognition for her roles in the Pitch Perfect film series (2015–2017) and the coming-of-age film The Edge of Seventeen (2016), the latter of which earned her a Golden Globe nomination. Her highest-grossing release came with the Transformers film Bumblebee (2018). 
Steinfeld said in a 2016 interview, "With [my] music, I feel like I get to be myself, tell my own story, and take my life experiences and not put them into another story but into my own words."[120] She went on to say that "music is such a big influence in [her] acting" and that the two "entwine".[120] Variety writer Natalie Weiner stated that Steinfeld has long been injecting "some vague notion of female empowerment [...] into her music.[121] Self-love is a common theme Steinfeld has looked at within her music.[122] 
Steinfeld has stated that she hopes to be remembered as "an artist that truly cared about the art".[123] She went on to note the "differences between working on a film set and in a studio are multiple", and adding that "she loves the freedom of making music".[123] 
There's something so freeing about going into a studio. It doesn't matter what time of day it is, doesn't matter what you're wearing or whether you're wearing make-up or not. You go into a room with people that you love and you feel comfortable with, and can be yourself around and be vulnerable and open up and talk about experiences. 
Steinfeld has voiced Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman in the animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) and Vi in the Netflix series Arcane (2021–present). In television, she has portrayed Emily Dickinson in the Apple TV+ comedy-drama series Dickinson (2019–2021), and Kate Bishop in the Disney+ series Hawkeye (2021). 
Steinfeld started dating Instagrammer Cameron Smoller in 2016. They made their public debut as a couple at a Golden Globes party in early 2017 but broke up in November 2017.[133] She started dating Irish singer Niall Horan in December 2017. The two broke up a year later in December 2018.[134][135] 
Steinfeld gained recognition in music after performing "Flashlight" in Pitch Perfect 2 (2015). She signed with Republic Records soon after and released her debut single, "Love Myself", followed by her debut EP Haiz (2015). She went on to release a series of successful singles, including "Starving", "Most Girls" and "Let Me Go". 
Early life 
Steinfeld was born in the Tarzana neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the younger of two children of Cheri (née Domasin), an interior designer, and Peter Steinfeld, a personal trainer.[4][5] She has an older brother, Griffin.[4] Her paternal uncle is fitness trainer and actor Jake Steinfeld, and her maternal great uncle is former child actor Larry Domasin.[3][6] Her maternal first cousin, actress True O'Brien, appeared in a television commercial when Steinfeld was eight years old, inspiring her to try acting as well.[7] 
Steinfeld's father is Jewish and her mother is Christian.[8][9][10][11] Her maternal grandfather, Ricardo Domasin, was half Filipino (from Panglao, Bohol)[5] and half African-American.[12][13][14] Steinfeld was raised in Agoura Hills and later in Thousand Oaks, California,[9][15] attending Ascension Lutheran School, Conejo Elementary and Colina Middle School. She was home-schooled from 2008 until her high school graduation in June 2015.[16] 
The Allied leaders of the European theatre (left to right): Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943 
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China. 
Jacques Cousteau AC Born Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910-06-11)11 June 1910 Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France Died 25 June 1997(1997-06-25) (aged 87) Paris, France Occupation Oceanographer Spouses Simone Melchior ​ ​ (m. 1937; d. 1990)​ Francine Triplet ​ ​ (m. 1991)​ Children Jean-Michel Philippe-Pierre Diane Pierre-Yves Relatives Pierre-Antoine Cousteau (brother) Awards Palme d'Or at Cannes Legion of Honour - Commmander (1972) 
Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (/kuːˈstoʊ/, also UK: /ˈkuːstoʊ/, French: [ʒak iv kusto]; 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997)[1] was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful Aqua-Lung, open-circuit SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). The apparatus assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries. 
At the time of the 2022 census, the division had a population of 33,202,326. 90.11% were Muslims, 6.61% Hindus, 2.92% Buddhists, 0.22% Christians and 0.14% Animism. 
Chittagong Division, officially known as Chattogram Division, is geographically the largest of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the south-easternmost areas of the country, with a total area of 33,909.00 km2 (13,092.34 sq mi)[4] and a population at the 2022 census of 33,202,326. The administrative division includes mainland Chittagong District, neighbouring districts and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. 
Chittagong Division is home to Cox's Bazar, the longest natural sea beach in the world;[5][6] as well as St. Martin's Island, Bangladesh's sole coral reef. 
Typical Mizo lunch including chhangban, alu chop, atta and tea 
Lunch in a Mizo home differs from house to house .Food eaten in lunch can range from Simple biscuits to even noodles and also sometimes " Chhangban" ( A snack prepared from finely ground Sticky rice ) which is usually accompanied by Kurtai( Jaggery ) and tea. Some of the Items eaten during lunch are : 
Mizo cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the Mizo people of Mizoram, India. Mizos are traditionally rice eaters. 
Most Mizos love eating boiled vegetables along with rice but the younger generation tends to like fried and spicy food; food from other cultures are also a popularity among many young Mizo. A popular dish is bai, made from boiling vegetables (the ingredients tend to differ from household to household) with bekang (fermented soybeans) or sa-um, a fermented pork, and served with rice. Sawhchiar is another common dish, made of rice and cooked with beef, pork or chicken.[1][2] 
Dishes 
The staple food of most of the Mizo people is rice, with meat and vegetables served on the side, ranging from the homely bai, a simple vegetable stew, non veg stew with sesame, garlic, onion and herbs.[3] 
Typical Mizo food including stable rice, bai, meat and hmarcha rawt 
Bai – combination of several herbs cooked with string beans and edible ferns.[4] Rep – smoked meat (fish, chicken, pork or beef) mixed with flavors of chilies, local herbs and fresh leafy greens Chhum han – mixed steamed vegetables.[5] Hmarcha rawt - tangy and spicy chilli chutney Dal Bekang - fermented soya beans 
Mizo Culture is the culture of the Mizo people. Mizo culture is rooted in the arts and ways of life of Mizo's in India, Bangladesh and Myanmar 
Mizo Music 
Mizo folk music consists of vocals (singing) accompanied by traditional drums, gong and other native percussion instruments.[4] 
Mizo Folk Dance 
Mizo people have a number of dances which are accompanied with few musical instrument like the gong and drum. The different dances of Mizoram are Cheraw dance, Khuallam, Chheihlam, Chailam, Tlanglam, Sarlamkai and Chawnglaizawn.[5] 
Traditional festivals in Mizoram often revolved around stages of jhum cultivation or the seasons. The major kuts are Chapchar Kut, Thalfavang Kut, Mim Kut and Pawl Kut. 
Typical Mizo Food Including stable rice, bai, non veg and hmarcha rawt 
Mizoram shares characteristics to other regions of Northeast India and North India. The staple food of most of the Mizo people is rice, with meat and vegetables served on the side, ranging from the homely bai, a simple vegetable stew, non veg stew with sesame, garlic, onion and herbs.[6] 
The Mizo people (Mizo: Mizo hnam) are an ethnic group native to north-eastern India, western Burma (Myanmar) and eastern Bangladesh; this term covers several ethnic peoples who speak various Kuki-Chin languages. Though the term Mizo is often used to name an overall ethnicity, it is an umbrella term to denote the various clans, such as the Hmar, Ralte, Lai, Lusei etc. A number of dialects are still spoken under the umbrella of Mizo;[1] 
Mizoram Language 
Mizo is the official language of Mizoram, along with English. Mizo language, or Mizo ṭawng, is a language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages, spoken natively by the Mizo people in Mizoram states of India and Chin State in Burma.[2] 
Mizo literature is the literature written in Mizo ṭawng, the principal language of the Mizo peoples, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the Lushai language, with significant influence from Pawi language, Paite language and Hmar language, especially at the literary level.[3] 
Cheraw Dance 
People's Defence Force – Kalay (Burmese: ပြည်သူ့ကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့ (ကလေး) abbreviated PDF Kalay) is a local defence force operating in Kalaymyo, Sagain. It was formed by Myanmar youths under the National Unity Government and pro-democracy activists in 2021 in response to the coup d'état that occurred on 1 February 2021 and the ongoing violence in Myanmar by the military junta. The force comprises 12 battalions. 
People's Defence Force – Kalay ပြည်သူ့ကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့ (ကလေး) Badge of the People's Defence Force – Kalay Headquarters Kalay Active regions Kalay, Sagaing Region Part of Myanmar (NUG) People's Defence Force Allies Chin National Defence Force Chinland Defense Force Chin National Army Opponents Myanmar (SAC) Tatmadaw Myanmar Army Myanmar Police Force Pyu Saw Htee militias[1] Battles and wars Internal conflict in Myanmar Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 
Paite is a Sino-Tibetan Language spoken by a subgroup of the Chin Kuki people. There are different Paite dialects. The language exhibits mutual intelligibility with the other languages of the region including Hmar, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom, Gangte and other languages.[3] The name Paite could translate to 'the people who went', 'a group of people marching',[4] or it can even be construed to mean 'nomads'. 
Paite alphabet (Paite laimal) 
The alphabet was propounded by Shri T. Vialphung in 1903 which was extracted from the Roman alphabet and has 18 consonants and 6 vowels. Out of 18 consonant phonemes in Paite, 11 of them are glottal stops, 4 fricatives, 2 nasal and 1 lateral. 
Sansoen Phra Barami English: Glorify His Prestige สรรเสริญพระบารมี Sheet music of "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami" in postcard, early 20th century Royal anthem of Thailand Lyrics Narisara Nuwattiwong and King Vajiravudh, 1913 Music Pyotr Shchurovsky [th], 1888 Adopted 1888 (unofficial lyrics) 1913 (official lyrics) Relinquished 1932 (as National Anthem) Preceded by "Bulan Loi Luean" Succeeded by "Phleng Chat Siam" (as National Anthem) Audio sample U.S. Navy Band instrumental version file help 
"Sansoen Phra Barami" (Thai: สรรเสริญพระบารมี, pronounced [sǎn.sɤ̌ːn pʰráʔ bāː.rā.mīː]; transl. "Glorify His Prestige") is the current royal anthem of Thailand. It was a de facto national anthem of Siam before 1932. 
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom Versions Version of the royal coat of arms used in Scotland The banner of arms, which serves as a royal standard The banner of arms, which serves as a royal standard in Scotland English Herald's tabard Armiger King Charles III in right of the Crown Adopted 1837 Crest Upon the helm, a royal crown proper thereon a lion statant guardant Or langued Gules armed Argent, royally crowned Proper; mantled Or doubled Ermine Blazon Quarterly, I and IV Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or langued and armed Azure. 
III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent.; quarters for England and Scotland are exchanged in Scotland. Supporters On the dexter a lion rampant guardant Or langued and armed Gules, royally crowned Proper. 
On the sinister a Unicorn rampant Argent armed crined and unguled Or, and gorged with a Coronet composed of crosses patee and fleurs-de-lis, a chain affixed thereto passing through the forelegs and reflexed over the back Or Compartment Tudor rose, Shamrock, and Thistle Motto French: Dieu et mon droit, lit. 'God and my right' Order(s) Order of the Garter Earlier version(s) see below Use On all Acts of Parliament; the cover of all UK passports; various government departments; adapted for the reverse of coins of the pound sterling (2008) 
The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, or the royal arms for short, is the arms of dominion of the British monarch,[1][2] currently King Charles III. These arms are used by the King in his official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom. Variants of the royal arms are used by other members of the British royal family, by the Government of the United Kingdom in connection with the administration and government of the country, and some courts and legislatures in a number of Commonwealth realms. 
Place in India Northeast India North Eastern Region (NER) Coordinates: 26°N 91°E / 26°N 91°E / 26; 91Coordinates: 26°N 91°E / 26°N 91°E / 26; 91 Country India States Arunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Tripura Sikkim Largest city Guwahati Major cities (2011 Census of India)[1] Agartala Aizawl Imphal Itanagar Silchar Shillong Dibrugarh Dimapur Kohima Area • Total 262,179 km2 (101,228 sq mi) Population (2011) • Total 45,772,188 • Estimate (2022)[2] 51,670,000 • Density 173/km2 (450/sq mi) Demonym Northeast Indian Time zone UTC+5:30 (Indian Standard Time) Scheduled languages Assamese[3] Bengali[3] Bodo[3] Meitei (Manipuri)[3][4] State/Regional official languages Assamese (of Assam)[5][6] Bengali (of Tripura[5][7][8] and Barak Valley[5][9]) Bodo (of Bodoland)[5][10][11] Kokborok (Tripuri) (of Tripura)[5][7][8] Mizo (of Mizoram)[5][12] Meitei (Manipuri) (of Manipur)[5][12][13][14] Nepali (of Sikkim)[15] English (of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland)[5] Sikkimese (of Sikkim)[16] 
Northeast India (officially the North Eastern Region (NER)) is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political administrative division of the country. It comprises eight states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura (togetherly known as "Seven Sister States") and one brother state Sikkim.[1] 
Maha Bandula Bridge (sometimes spelled Mahabandoola Bridge) is a major bridge in Yangon, Myanmar built in 2001. It is named after General Maha Bandula, and crosses Pazundaung Creek just east of Yangon's central business district. It is accessed by Maha Bandula Road. 
Cần Thơ, also written as Can Tho or Cantho (standard Vietnamese: [kən˨˩ tʰəː˧˧], Southern: [kʌŋ˨˩ tʰəː]), is the fourth-largest city in Vietnam, and the largest city along the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam.[5][6] 
It is noted for its floating markets, rice paper-making village, and picturesque rural canals.[1] It has a population of around 1,282,300 as of 2018,[7] and is located on the south bank of the Hậu River, a distributary of the Mekong River. In 2007, about 50 people died when the Cần Thơ Bridge collapsed, causing Vietnam's worst engineering disaster.[8] In 2011, Cần Thơ International Airport opened.[9] 
The city is nicknamed the "western capital" (Vietnamese is Tây Đô), and is located 169 kilometres (105 miles) from Hồ Chí Minh City. 
The city is an independent municipality at the same level as the other provinces of Vietnam. It was created in the beginning of 2004 by a split of the former Cần Thơ Province into two new administrative units: Cần Thơ City and Hậu Giang Province. 
Cần Thơ is subdivided into nine district-level sub-divisions: 
Haiphong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng, IPA: [haːj˧˩ fawŋ͡m˨˩] (listen)), or Hải Phòng, is a major industrial city and the third-largest in Vietnam.[6] Hai Phong is also the center of technology, economy, culture, medicine, education, science and trade in the Red River delta. 
Haiphong was founded in 1887 as a major seaport city of Vietnam. In 1888, the president of the French Third Republic, Sadi Carnot, promulgated a decree to establish Haiphong. From 1954 to 1975, Haiphong served as the most important maritime city of North Vietnam, and it became one of direct-controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam with Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 1976. 
Haiphong has a Human Development Index of 0.782 (high), ranking fourth among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[7] 
Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the Trưng Sisters who rose against Chinese rule in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Centuries later under the Mạc dynasty, the area earned the appellation Hải-dương thương-chính quan-phòng ("The trading defensive area of Hải Dương Province") as it protected the eastern flank of Mac kings' home province. 
By the 19th century at the end of Nguyễn Emperor Tự Đức's reign, the Hang Kenh Communal House in what is now the city's Le Chan District was made the administrative seat of An Dương District, restoring its regional importance.[8] The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port. 
At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a typhoon ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve as Indochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades. 
The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roy, meaning "king".[1][2] He has also been styled the king's lieutenant. A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty, though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal,[3] less often viceroyal.[4] The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure, although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term.[5] Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy's wife.[5] 
List of massacres in Myanmar 
The Chut Pyin massacre was a massacre of Rohingyas by the Myanmar Army and armed Rakhine locals that purportedly took place in the village of Chut Pyin, in Rakhine State, Myanmar on 25 August 2017, the same day Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) insurgents attacked security forces along the Bangladesh–Myanmar border. The event was first brought to attention after a report was published by Human Rights Watch, which detailed accounts of rape and killings from survivors.[3][4] 
The Rohingya people are an ethnic minority that mainly live in the northern region of Rakhine State, Myanmar, and have been described as one of the world's most persecuted minorities.[5][6][7] In modern times, the persecution of Rohingyas in Myanmar dates back to the 1970s.[8] Since then, Rohingya people have regularly been made the target of persecution by the government and nationalist Buddhists. The tension between various religious groups in the country had often been exploited by the past military governments of Myanmar.[5] According to Amnesty International, the Rohingya have suffered from human rights violations under past military dictatorships since 1978, and many have fled to neighbouring Bangladesh as a result.[9] In 2005, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had assisted with the repatriation of Rohingyas from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps threatened this effort.[10] In 2015, 140,000 Rohingyas remained in IDP camps after communal riots in 2012.[11] 
On 25 August 2017, insurgents of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) launched a large-scale attack against security forces, leading to new "clearance operations" by the Myanmar government,[12] one of which was conducted in Chut Pyin. 
Massacre 
According to eyewitnesses, the village of Chut Pyin was razed by Myanmar's security forces and local Rakhines on 26 August 2017, a day after attacks by ARSA on 25 August 2017.[13] Prior to the village's destruction, members of the security forces allegedly threatened and raped Rohingya women, whilst Rohingya men were either killed or detained as ARSA suspects.[2] In September 2017, the death count was reportedly 130;[1] in May 2018, the final death count from violence in Chut Pyin was 358.[2] Satellite imagery released on 16 September 2017 revealed that Chut Pyin had been completely burnt down.[14] 
See also 
Gu Dar Pyin massacre Inn Din massacre 2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar List of massacres in Myanmar 
The Maung Nu massacre was a mass-killing of Rohingya people by the Myanmar Army that reportedly happened in the village of Maung Nu (also known as Monu Para), in Rakhine State, Myanmar on 27 August 2017.[1][2][3][5] In February 2018, video evidence emerged allegedly showing government-contracted workers bulldozing parts of Maung Nu, with visible body bags and corpses in the footage.[6] 
The Rohingya people are an ethnic minority that mainly live in the northern region of Rakhine State, Myanmar, and have been described as one of the world's most persecuted minorities.[7][8][9] In modern times, the persecution of Rohingyas in Myanmar dates back to the 1970s.[10] Since then, Rohingya people have regularly been made the target of persecution by the government and nationalist Buddhists. The tension between various religious groups in the country had often been exploited by the past military governments of Myanmar.[7] According to Amnesty International, the Rohingya have suffered from human rights violations under past military dictatorships since 1978, and many have fled to neighbouring Bangladesh as a result.[11] In 2005, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had assisted with the repatriation of Rohingyas from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps threatened this effort.[12] In 2015, 140,000 Rohingyas remained in IDP camps after communal riots in 2012.[13] 
On 25 August 2017, insurgents of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) launched their second large-scale attack on the Myanmar Army, leading to new "clearance operations" by the government, which critics argue targeted civilians.[14] Many Rohingyas sought refuge at Maung Nu, after fleeing neighbouring villages upon hearing gunfire.[1] 
Massacre 
At around 11:00 AM on 27 August 2017, dozens of Myanmar Army soldiers from Battalion 564[4] arrived in Maung Nu, prompting most of the Rohingya villagers to hide in their homes. According to 37 alleged survivors of the massacre, a soldier demanded that the villagers come outside, and when nobody did the soldiers opened fire on the homes.[1] Soldier then stormed into the homes, looting valuables, assaulting women, and detaining men and boys.[2] Some of the men detained were allegedly executed afterwards on the order of the commanding officer.[3][5] 
See also 
On 27 July 2021, an explosion at the Chempark site in the city killed 2 people and injured 31 others.[7] 
Population development since 1832:[8] 
The current Mayor of Leverkusen is Uwe Richrath of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows: 
Japanese Garden in front of the Bayer tower 
The Bayer Cross Leverkusen is one of the largest illuminated advertisements in the world.[citation needed] Freudenthaler Sensenhammer is an industrial museum. Schloss Morsbroich – moated castle in the Baroque style, now a museum for contemporary art. Water Tower Leverkusen-Bürrig – 72.45-metre-high (237.7 ft) water reservoir containing an observation deck. 
The city is home of the football team Bayer 04 Leverkusen and the basketball team Bayer Giants Leverkusen, which is the German record holder of national basketball championships. As of 2019, the team plays in the German ProA league and plays its home games in the Ostermann-Arena. 
With about 161,000 inhabitants, Leverkusen is one of the state's smaller cities. The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its sports club Bayer 04 Leverkusen. 
Leverkusen is twinned with:[12] 
Lothar Rohde (1906–1985), scientist and founder of Rohde & Schwarz Messtechnik Heinrich Lützenkirchen (1909–1986), mayor of Leverkusen Paul Janes (1912–1987), footballer Wolf Vostell (1932–1988), sculptor, painter and happening artist Ileana Jacket (born 1947), telenovela actress Bärbel Dieckmann (born 1949), politician (SPD), mayor of Bonn 1994–2009 Wilfried Schmickler (born 1954), comedian Andreas Hedwig (born 1959), archivist Dietmar Mögenburg (born 1961), athlete Detlef Schrempf (born 1963), basketball player Sabine Moussier (born 1966), Mexican telenovela actress Uta Briesewitz (born 1967), cinematographer Ralf Schmitz (born 1974), actor and comedian Jörg Bergmeister (born 1976), racing driver Ji-In Cho (born 1976), heavy metal singer Danny Ecker (born 1977), pole vaulter Felix Sturm (born 1979), middleweight boxer Thomas Fleßenkämper (born 1981), classical composer and pianist 
↑ Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021. ↑ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2021" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. 
ISBN 978-3866809703. ↑ WW2 People's War - A Bedfordshire Bomb Aimer - Part Two. BBC. Retrieved on 2013-07-17. ↑ 322nd Dailies from 1943 - 91st Bomb Group (H). 
Leverkusen. Erfurt: Sutton. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-3866809703. ↑ http://www.leverkusen.com/newsbild/151127/Stadt01.pdf [bare URL PDF] ↑ "Partner in aller Welt". leverkusen.de (in German). 
The heart of what is now Leverkusen was Wiesdorf, a village on the Rhine, which dates back to the 12th century.[3] With the surrounding villages which have now been incorporated, the area also includes the rivers Wupper and Dhünn,[2] and has suffered a lot from flooding, notably in 1571 and 1657, the latter resulting in Wiesdorf being moved East from the river to its present location.[3] 
During the Cologne War, from 1583 to 1588 Leverkusen was ravaged by war. The entire area was rural until the late 19th century, when industry prompted the development that led to the city of Leverkusen, and to its becoming one of the most important centres of the German chemical industry. 
The chemist Carl Leverkus, looking for a place to build a dye factory, chose Wiesdorf in 1860. He built a factory for the production of artificial ultramarine blue at the Kahlberg in Wiesdorf in 1861, and called the emerging settlement "Leverkusen" after his family home in Lennep. The factory was taken over by the Bayer company in 1891; Bayer moved its headquarters to Wiesdorf in 1912. 
During the Second World War, the IG Farben factories were bombed by the RAF on 22 August 1943,[5] again by the RAF during bombing campaigns on 19/20 November, the USAAF Eighth Air Force on 1 December 1943,[6] and finally once again by the RAF on 10/11 December 1943. 
In 1975, Opladen (including Quettingen and Lützenkirchen since 1930), Hitdorf and Bergisch Neukirchen joined Leverkusen. The present city is made up of former villages, originally called Wiesdorf, Opladen, Schlebusch, Manfort, Bürrig, Hitdorf, Quettingen, Lützenkirchen, Steinbüchel, Rheindorf and Bergisch-Neukirchen.[1] 
Mladá Boleslav (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmladaː ˈbolɛslaf]; German: Jungbunzlau) is a city in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 42,000 inhabitants. 
Mladá Boleslav is the second most populated city in the region. It is a major centre of the Czech automotive industry thanks to the Škoda Auto company, and therefore the centre of Czech industry as a whole. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. 
Lee Sang-yeob (born May 8, 1983) is a South Korean actor.[2] He is best known for starring in the sitcom Living Among the Rich (2011–12), the melodrama The Innocent Man (2012), the period drama Jang Ok-jung, Living by Love (2013), and the fantasy drama While You Were Sleeping (2017). Lee was cast in his first leading role in the weekend drama A Little Love Never Hurts (2013). He recently gained immense recognition for portraying the role of Yoon Gyu-jin in the weekend drama Once Again (2020). 
Lee is the only grandson of the late businessman Kim Jong-jin, who served in executive positions at POSCO and Dongkuk Steel.[3][4] In August 2013, he admitted he had been in a relationship with Gong Hyun-joo for half a year and affection began when they were colleagues in the same agency. In August 2016, the agency announced they broke up due to personal reasons. They changed agencies respectively after their break-up.[5] 
2007 A Happy Woman 2008 King Sejong the Great Crown Prince Hyang [12] Kokkiri (Elephant) Joo Sang-yeob [13] The Art of Seduction Sung-il Here He Comes 2009 Her Style Yoon Seok-woo 2011 Midas Han Jang-seok [14] Miss Ripley Ha Cheol-jin [15] Can't Lose Yeon Hyung-joo Cameo (Episode 9) Living Among the Rich Lee Sang-yeob [16] 2012 Koisuru Maison ~Rainbow Rose~ Han Sae-woo Japan series [17] The Innocent Man Park Joon-ha [18][19] 2013 Jang Ok-jung, Living by Love Prince Dongpyeong [20] The Greatest Thing in the World John Harrison [21] A Little Love Never Hurts Jung Jae-min [22] 2015 House of Bluebird Jang Hyun-do [23] 2016 Signal Kim Jin-woo Cameo (Episode 9–11) [24] The Master of Revenge Park Tae-ha [25] The Doctors Kim Woo-jin Cameo (Episode 15–16, 18, 20) [26] Drama Special – Home Sweet Home Kang Sung-min one act-drama [27] Listen to Love Ahn Joon-young [28] 2017 While You Were Sleeping Lee Yoo-bum [29] Drama Special – You're Closer Than I Think Choi Woo-jin one act-drama [30] 2018 The Hymn of Death Kim Hong-ki [31] Top Star U-back Choi Ma-dol [32] 2019 Love Affairs in the Afternoon Yoon Jung-woo [33] 2020 Once Again Yoon Gyu-jin [34] Good Casting Yoon Seok-ho Drama Special – Traces of Love Jung Ji-sub one act-drama [35] 2021 On the Verge of Insanity Han Se-kwon [36] 2022 Sh**ting Stars Do Ji-hyuk Cameo (Episode 11) [37] Eve Seo Eun-pyeong [38][39] 2023 Pure Boxer Kim Tae-young [40] 
Yoon Jong-hoon (born February 15, 1984) is a South Korean actor.[1][2][3][4][5] 
Ma Aeint မအိမ့် Occupations Film producer writer Known for Writing and producing Money Has Four Legs 
Ma Aeint (Burmese: မအိမ့်) is a Burmese filmmaker and writer, best known for her 2020 film, Money Has Four Legs.[1][2] 
In the wake of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, she was detained by the military junta on 5 June 2021 at Insein Prison, after becoming a target of the junta for her involvement in Money Has Four Legs.[3][4] While in custody, her legs were reportedly broken by interrogation authorities.[5] In April 2022, she was sentenced under section 505A of Myanmar's Penal Code to 3 years of hard labour, after pleading not guilty.[4][4] 
Her sentencing was condemned by PEN America and the international filmmaking community, including the International Coalition for Filmmakers at Risk, the Directors Guild of Japan, eleven South Korean film festivals led by the Busan International Film Festival, and Southeast Asia Fiction Film Lab.[6][2][7][8][9] In September 2022, actress Julianne Moore led a flash-mob protest at the 79th Venice International Film Festival, calling for the release of Ma Aeint and other imprisoned filmmakers.[10][11] 
References 
Retrieved 2023-02-28. 1 2 3 "PEN America Condemns Harsh Sentencing of Myanmar Filmmaker Ma Aeint, Sentenced to Three Years in Prison with Hard Labor on Baseless Charges". PEN America. 
Retrieved 2023-02-28. ↑ "Japanese Directors' Guild calls for release of another Myanmar filmmaker Maung Thein Dan". The Star. Retrieved 2023-02-28. ↑ "Myanmar Filmmaker Ma Aeint's Arrest Condemned by International Film Festival Community, Release of Detained Producer Urged". 
Win Htein (Burmese: ဝင်းထိန် [wɪ́ɴ tʰèiɴ]) is a Burmese politician and former inmate who served as a Pyithu Hluttaw MP for Meiktila Township. He is a patron and member of the Central Executive Committee of National League for Democracy (NLD), for which he acts as official spokesperson. Win Htein is considered to be one of the closest confidantes of NLD chairperson Aung San Suu Kyi.[1] On the morning of 5 February 2021, he was charged with sedition and moved to the capital of Naypyidaw, but the location of his detainment remains unclear.[2][3] 
In March 2013, Meiktila was the site of anti-Muslim riots that left more than 40 people dead, including 32 teenage students at the Mingalar Zayone Islamic Boarding School. Win Htein, who attempted to intervene to stop the riots, later said the violence made him "ashamed to be from Meiktila", prompting anger from Buddhist constituents and a failed attempt to recall him from the Pyithu Hluttaw.[9][10] 
Win Htein did not recontest his seat in the 2015 election.[1] He told the Financial Times he would focus on internal NLD party matters into the future, following the party's landslide election win. 
On 29 October 2021, Win Htein was sentenced by the military junta to 20 years in prison in Mandalay's Obo Prison, purportedly for making remarks after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[11] He was found guilty of sedition, under Section 124(A) of the Penal Code, which recently had been amended by the military junta shortly after his arrest to increase the maximum term from 3 years to 20 years, and expanded to “Defense Services or Defense Services Personnel.”[11] 
Personal life 
He married Thein Myint Kyi and the couple has two sons and two daughter.[12] 
Years in prison have taken a toll on the health of Win Htein. In 2014, he collapsed on the floor of parliament and requires an oxygen tank to sleep at night because of a chronic heart condition.[1] A brief hospitalisation in February 2016 led to widely circulated and false rumours of his death.[13] 
"U Win Htein, aide to Aung San Suu Kyi". Financial Times. Retrieved March 7, 2016. ↑ "Myanmar coup: Teachers join growing protests against military". 
Retrieved 2021-02-05. ↑ "Senior NLD figure Win Htein detained in Yangon on sedition charge, family says". Myanmar NOW. Retrieved 2021-02-05. 
Win Htein was born in Sel Kone Village, Meiktila, Mandalay Region, Burma to parents Hla Tun and Khin Su. He joined the Tatmadaw in 1959, graduating at the top of his class in 1963 from the fifth intake of the Defence Services Academy.[4] Attaining the rank of captain, he participated in a number of counterinsurgency operations before taking a staff position at the Ministry of Defence.[5] He was dismissed from the armed forces in 1977, apparently because of his association with former general and later National League for Democracy cofounder Tin Oo, and embarked on a new career as a businessman and consultant after he was awarded a science degree from Rangoon Arts and Science University.[4] 
National League for Democracy and imprisonment 
Following the 8888 Uprising in 1988, Tin Oo sought out Win Htein and asked him to join the National League for Democracy, where he was assigned to the personal staff of Aung San Suu Kyi.[1] Along with dozens of other NLD members, he was arrested in July 1989, subjected to physical torture during interrogations and held in solitary confinement at Yangon's notorious Insein Prison.[5] 
Released in 1995 under a general amnesty for political prisoners, he was arrested again the following year and charged with "instructing" Maung Tin Hlaing, a bodyguard of Aung San Suu Kyi, to speak about the torture of political prisoners in Myanmar's jails during an interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, and organising farmers to collect agricultural statistics.[1] Released from Katha Prison in 2008, he was arrested again less than 24 hours later.[6] 
Parliamentary career 
Win Htein was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw seat of Meiktila Township, his hometown, to represent the NLD after the Myanmar by-elections in April 2012. He replaced Thein Aung, who vacated his seat to take the post of Deputy Minister for Industry in the government of President Thein Sein.[8] 
School in Yangon, Myanmar, Yangon Division, Myanmar Yangon International School (YIS) Address 117 Thumingalar Housing Thingangyun Township Yangon , Myanmar , Yangon Division , 11071 Myanmar Information Type International School (American curriculum) Established 2004 Director Mike Livingston Principal Hugh Schoolman Principal Heather Kissack Staff 68 Grades K-12 Number of students 300+ Classes offered American Curriculum with IB Diploma Programme Mascot Eagle Accreditation International School Services (ISS), Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), East Asia Regional Council of Schools (EARCOS), IB Diploma Programme Website www.yismyanmar.com 
Graduates have been offered placement at universities in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, the European Union, Japan, India, South Korea, and Singapore. YIS has been accredited by WASC since 2009. The school is managed locally in Myanmar by ILBC in partnership with US-based International Schools Services (ISS). 
Bridge in Nonthaburi, Thailand Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge สะพานมหาเจษฎาบดินทรานุสรณ์ Coordinates 13°51′16″N 100°28′47″E / 13.854331°N 100.479841°E / 13.854331; 100.479841Coordinates: 13°51′16″N 100°28′47″E / 13.854331°N 100.479841°E / 13.854331; 100.479841 Carries 6-lane extradosed concrete bridge Crosses Chao Phraya River Locale Nonthaburi, Thailand Characteristics Design Extradosed bridge Total length 460 m Longest span 200 m History Construction start May 2012 Construction end December 2014 Location 
The Naga languages are a geographic and ethnic grouping of languages under the Kuki-Chin-Naga languages, spoken mostly by Naga peoples.[1] 
Kuki-Chin–Naga (geographic / cultural) Geographic distribution South Asia and Southeast Asia Linguistic classification Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman languages Kuki-Chin–Naga Subdivisions Kuki-Chin Naga Meithei Karbi Glottolog kuki1245 
The Kuki-Chin–Naga languages are a geographic clustering of languages of the Sino-Tibetan family in James Matisoff's classification used by Ethnologue, which groups it under the non-monophyletic "Tibeto-Burman".[1] Their genealogical relationship both to each other and to the rest of Sino-Tibetan is unresolved, but Matisoff lumps them together as a convenience pending further research. 
The Tar Taing massacre was a mass killing of civilians by Burmese military forces between 1 and 2 March 2023, in the village of Tadaing (variously spelt Tataing, Tar Taing, Tatai, Tartaing, and Tar Tine), Sagaing Region, located 28 miles (45 km) west of Mandalay, Myanmar's 2nd largest city. During the massacre, Myanmar Army troops killed at least 17 civilians.[1] The event has become one of Myanmar's deadliest civilian massacres in 2023. Just nine days after this massacre, military troops killed at least 28 additional individuals in the Pinlaung massacre. 
A view of the Mu River 
On 1 March, around 3 am, army troops crossed the Mu River, and began raiding the village of Tadaing.[1] Villagers there had not evacuated, under the false assumption that troops would not cross the river.[2] That evening, army troops detained 70 to 100 villagers from Tadaing, taking them as hostage, at a local monastery.[3][4] Soldiers raided village shops and homes, and tortured villagers throughout the raid.[2] 
The following morning, troops took the hostages as human shields, as they marched to the village of Nyaungyin, which is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of Tadaing.[1][2] The Demon King Defence Force, a local resistance group, failed to rescue the hostages from troops.[3] Later that day, army troops executed the hostages.[3] Army troops also raped and sexually assaulted at least 3 women before killing them.[2][5] The corpse of 'Michael' Kyaw Zaw, the only local resistance fighter among the victims, was heavily mutilated, as troops had decapitated and dismembered him, and left him with his internal organs displayed atop of his body.[7][2][5] Another civilian, 'Yahu' Naing Lin Aung, was similarly decapitated.[3] 
Perpetrators 
The attack was carried out by Myanmar Army troops from the 99th Light Infantry Division (LID) under the direct command of the Army's chief of staff, who ultimately reports to Min Aung Hlaing, who also heads the military junta, the State Administration Council.[8] The 99th LID, which has been described by locals as the 'ogre column' (ဘီလူးစစ်ကြောင်း) due to their violence, previously led the deadly 2017 military offensives that forced 800,000 Rohingya villagers to flee into Bangladesh.[9][8] 
Victims 
All but one of the victims were civilians, and most had been farmers and fishermen.[1] At the time of their deaths, the 17 known victims ranged from the ages of 17 to 67:[10] 
'Michael' Kyaw Zaw (aged 47) Kyaw Kyaw (aged 35) Chit Kaung (aged 35) Kyaw Soe (aged 37) Soe Naing (aged 50) U Lin (aged 40) U Tun (aged 40) Aung Aung (aged 40) Ye Lin Aung (aged 25) Thein Htaik (aged 60) Zaw Phyo (aged 17) 'Htila' Kyaw Moe (aged 42) 'Yahu' Naing Lin Aung (aged 25) Win Htay (aged 67) Pan Thwe (aged 37) Pan Nwe (aged 40) Swe Swe Oo (aged 42) 
On 3 March, the opposition National Unity Government of Myanmar (NUG) issued a statement condemning the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Burmese military during the 'brutal' massacre.[13] The NUG has escalated the case, which violates international law, to international judiciary bodies, including the United Nations Security Council and the International Criminal Court.[14][13] Aung Myo Min, the NUG's minister for human rights, deemed the massacre a democide.[3] The Burmese military has not publicly responded.[4] 
As of March 2023[update], major international organisations and governments have not publicly responded to the massacre. At the 52nd Session of the U.N. Human Rights Council, Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, accused the military of sharply escalating its use of arson as a weapon against civilians, noting that 1.3 million people have been displaced since the coup, and that 25,000 of the 39,000 houses destroyed by military operations since February 2022 were in Sagaing Region.[15][2] 
See also 
2021 Myanmar coup d'état Myanmar civil war (2021–present) List of massacres in Myanmar 
"In Myanmar's heartland, new horrors from a junta struggling for control". Myanmar NOW. Retrieved 2023-03-11. ↑ "Myanmar Junta Extends Martial Law in Resistance Stronghold Sagaing Region". 
1 2 "လက်ယက်ကုန်း ပစ်ခတ်မှုကို ခမရ ၃၆၈ တပ်ရင်း ကျူးလွန်ဟု NUG ဆို". ဧရာဝတီ (in Burmese). 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-02. ↑ "How Myanmar's shock troops led the assault that expelled the Rohingya". 
On 1 February 2021, the Myanmar Armed Forces staged a coup d'état and deposed the democratically elected government led by the National League for Democracy. Shortly thereafter, the military established a junta, the State Administration Council (SAC), and declared a national state of emergency. In response, civilians throughout the country staged large-scale protests to resist the military takeover. 
By May 2021, the civilian-led resistance had escalated into a civil war against the SAC, which was unwilling to compromise. Tadaing is situated in the traditional Bamar Buddhist heartland, which quickly emerged as a stronghold of resistance against military rule.[2] Tadaing is a small village of approximately 80 households, located at confluence of the Irrawaddy and Mu Rivers, and faces the nearby village of Nyaungyin.[3] 
In late February 2023, Myanmar Army troops launched a military offensive in Sagaing Region, where Tadaing is located, to intimidate and suppress local resistance, by burning and raiding villages, executing villagers, and driving thousands of people from their homes.[1][2] By 23 February, 14 of the 50 townships placed under martial law were located in Sagaing Region.[4] 
Incident 
Insignia of the 99th LID 
On 23 February, a special task force composed of soldiers from the 99th Light Infantry Division was deployed via helicopter into Ayadaw Township, which is located 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Tadaing, and launched a series of village raids.[1] The soldiers were stationed at the Northwest Military Command in Monywa.[5] During the military offensive, army troops accompanied by Russian-made Mi-35 helicopters, torched and raided entire villages as they advanced toward the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Mu Rivers.[5] On 26 February, an intense fight broke out in the village of Kandaw, after local fighters attempted to defend the village.[5] That day, troops decapitated the heads of four resistance fighters, including two teenagers, in Kandaw and the nearby village of Nyaungpinkan.[6] 
Xin Yunlai 辛云来 Pronunciation Xīn Yúnlái Born (1994-09-22) September 22, 1994 (age 28) Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province Nationality Han Chinese Alma mater Wuxi Technician College Occupation Actor Years active 2016-present Employer Beijing Enlight Media Notable work Cry Me A Sad River My Blue Summer Height 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) Chinese name Traditional Chinese 辛雲來 Simplified Chinese 辛云来 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xīn Yúnlái 
Xin Yunlai (Chinese: 辛云来; pinyin: Xīn Yún Lái; born September 22, 1994) is a Chinese actor under Beijing Enlight Media. He was born in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province.[1] In 2016, he joined the Chinese boy group "Attack! Bigboy" and officially entered the entertainment industry.[2] Yunlai made his acting debut on 2018 when he played Gu Sen Xi in the 2018 Chinese film "Cry Me A Sad River."[3] Since then, he has appeared in various films and television dramas, including the 2019 time-traveling historical romance drama, “Dreaming Back to the Qing Dynasty”.[4] 
1 2 网易 (2019-10-11). "刘洛汐《不说谎恋人》开机 霸气职场女王已上线". www.163.com. Retrieved 2022-12-22. ↑ ""梦回"正式定档12月14日 李兰迪王安宇尽情酣甜梦一场_娱乐频道_中国青年网". fun.youth.cn. Retrieved 2022-12-22. ↑ "新京报 - 好新闻，无止境". www.bjnews.com.cn. 
On 26 April 2021 the Tatmadaw and the Karen National Liberation Army (the armed wing of the Karen National Union) clashed near the Myanmar–Thailand border.[1][2] The fighting ended with the capture and scorching of a Tatmadaw military base by the Karen National Liberation Army. The Tatamdaw responded with airstrikes in Kayin State.[2] As of late April, 2021,Al Jazeera described the clashes as "the fiercest fighting between the Tatmadaw and an ethnic armed group since the 1 February coup."[3] 
The clashes occurred in the backdrop of increasing violence and protests in Myanmar caused by the Tatmadaw's coup on 1 February 2021. Prior to the clashes, international organisations and analysts, such as the United Nations Special Envoy on Myanmar, warned that an escalation in violence could lead to a nationwide civil war.[4] The clashes also broke a brief period of "relative calm" that followed the ASEAN Summit held two days earlier.[2] 
See also 
2021 Myanmar coup d'état 2021 Myanmar protests Timeline of the 2021 Myanmar protests 
In January 2023, Burmese military forces began indiscriminate military airstrikes and shelling in Pinlaung Township, including the nearby villages of Nampan and Leinlin.[11][12] On 24 February, ground fighting began in Pinlaung Township, forcing more than 5,000 villagers to flee, including most villagers from Namneng.[13][14] However, 33 villagers, including the abbot of the local Buddhist monastery in Namneng, two disciple monks and 30 lay followers, remained in the village, which was otherwise deserted.[5][6] 
On 11 March, around 5 am, Burmese army troops began raiding Namneng, while a unit situated on a nearby hill shelled the village with artillery.[1] In response, a clash broke out between resistance fighters from the People's Defence Force and Karenni Nationalities Defence Force, which attacked army troops that were torching houses in the village.[4] The Burmese army and resistance forces both sustained losses during the conflict.[4] 
That evening, resistance forces retreated after military aircraft attacked the village.[1] Military forces torched approximately 50 homes in the village, and a total of at least 200 houses in the area were burned down.[15][16] Army troops proceeded to occupy the local monastery.[4] The following morning, resistance forces that returned to the village uncovered the bodies of 28 civilians, including 3 Buddhist monks at that local monastery.[4] The victims, most of whom displayed cranial gunshot wounds, had been executed by army troops.[4][4] The monastery's walls were also pocked with bullet holes.[15] 
Perpetrators 
The attack was carried out by Myanmar Army troops which ultimately reports to Min Aung Hlaing, who also heads the military junta, the State Administration Council. Bullets and weaponry used by the Burmese military, including 5.51 mm (0.217 in) and 5.56 mm (0.219 in) bullets, M79 bullets, and heavy weapon shrapnel, and empty bullet boxes, were later found at the massacre site.[1][17] 
Victims 
As of 13 March, the bodies of 28 villagers, including 3 monks, had been retrieved, while five remained missing.[18] Most of the victims were associated with the local Buddhist monastery in Namneng.[18] Victims were found with multiple gunshot wounds, knife wounds, and signs of torture, including broken legs, bruises, and burns.[2] Many victims had been shot at "very, very close range" and repeatedly slashed with knives to ensure they were dead.[3] The monks, identified as Paṇḍi (aged 45), Sobhāka (aged 66), and Kovida (aged 66), were cremated on 14 March.[19][20] The missing villagers are believed to have been kidnapped by the military, to be used for propaganda purposes to exonerate the army from its role in the massacre.[21] 
On 13 March, Zaw Min Tun, the military junta's spokesman, claimed on Myawaddy TV that resistance forces including the KNDF had instigated the skirmish, by ambushing military troops and allied Pa-O National Army fighters entering the village.[22][2] He refuted allegations that the military had killed villagers in the skirmish, calling it "misinformation."[22][3] The following day, the PNO, which is an ally of the military, blamed the KNDF for the massacre.[4] 
The Pinlaung massacre was a mass killing of civilians by Burmese military forces on 11 March 2023, in the village of Namneng, Shan State. During the massacre, Myanmar Army troops killed at least 30 civilians, including 3 Buddhist monks.[1] The massacre occurred 9 days after the Tar Taing massacre in Sagaing. 
The KNDF has posited that the military is actively trying to incite ethnoreligious conflict by killing Buddhist monks and civilians inside a monastic compound.[1] The KNDF includes ethnic Karennis who are predominantly Christian, while the Pa'O are predominantly Buddhist.[21] On 16 March, the opposition National Unity Government (NUG) echoed the KNDF's sentiments, accusing the military of sowing religious conflict, when it released details of the massacre.[2] Aung Myo Min from the NUG called the massacre a "terror campaign" and called for a global arms embargo and other decisive actions against the Burmese military.[23] He noted that this massacre fit the military's pattern of routinely attacking civilians, and the escalation of violence against civilians in recent months.[23] 
In response to the massacre, Phil Robertson, the deputy head of Human Rights Watch called on the international community to impose sanctions on the Myanmar armed forces to end these massacres, and noted that the increase in 'brutal massacres' indicated that "the junta commanders have given the green light to their troops to indiscriminately attack civilian targets without hesitation."[24] 
A week before the massacre, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights had separately condemned the Burmese military's scorched earth strategy, which has killed thousands of civilians and destroyed 39,000 houses throughout the country since February 2022.[1] 
See also 
2021 Myanmar coup d'état Myanmar civil war (2021–present) List of massacres in Myanmar 
2023-03-15. Retrieved 2023-03-16. 1 2 "The SAC military committed a massacre of monks and people who were taking refuge in the monastery of Nam Nane village in Pinlaun". 
"Bodies of monks killed in Pinlaung massacre showed signs of torture". Myanmar NOW. Retrieved 2023-03-16. ↑ "ပအိုဝ်းဒေသ သတ်ဖြတ်ခံရသူများထဲမှ သံဃာသုံးပါး၏ ရုပ်အလောင်းများကို သင်္ဂြိုဟ်". 
On 1 February 2021, the Myanmar Armed Forces staged a coup d'état and deposed the democratically elected government led by the National League for Democracy. Shortly thereafter, the military established a junta, the State Administration Council (SAC), and declared a national state of emergency. In response, civilians throughout the country staged large-scale protests to resist the military takeover. 
By May 2021, the civilian-led resistance had escalated into a civil war against the SAC, which was unwilling to compromise. Namneng (Shan: ၼမ်ႉၼဵင်ႈ; Burmese: နန်းနိမ့်, variously spelt Namneint, Nanneint, Nam Neng, Nam Hnain, Nan Neint, Nan Nein, etc.) is situated in a contested area of Shan State. The village, whose villagers are predominantly Pa'O, is part of Pinlaung Township (also spelt Panglong) in Shan State's Pa'O Self-Administered Zone, which is controlled by the Pa-O National Organisation (PNO), an ally of the military junta.[2][3] The zone acts as a strategic buffer between more restive parts of Shan, Kayin and Kayah States and the national capital of Naypyidaw.[4][5] 
In the wake of the civil war, Pa'O youths, like many throughout the country, formed and joined resistance forces like the Pa-O National Defence Force, in opposition to military rule.[6][7] By September 2021, the PNO's armed wing, the Pa-O National Army (PNA), began partnering with Myanmar army troops in military operations to capture resistance bases.[8] In July 2022, the PNO began an effort to forcibly conscript villagers into a new local militia.[9][5] The PNA also expanded recruitment efforts as fighting intensified in the region.[6] 
Incident 
The Burmese army has employed a 'four cuts' strategy, to cut off resistance groups from access to food, financing, intelligence, and recruits, by denying humanitarian access, razing entire villages, and using indiscriminate airstrikes and artillery shelling.[10] 
After a coup in 1958, the army tried to disband them, but they instead evolved into the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League party's personal militias. They were more successfully replaced with Kakweye units after the 1962 coup.[1] In the 2000s the groups re-emerged out of existing local networks of Buddhist nationalists, members of the military's proxy party, Union Solidarity and Development Party, and army veterans. The militias became increasingly active in 2021, when junta-appointed ward and village tract administrators and offices were attacked throughout the country.[2] Observers have noted ties with extremist nationalist groups like the Patriotic Association of Myanmar.[3] 
History 
In 1956, the Burmese government under U Nu devised a local village and town defence scheme, which used paramilitary units called 'Pyusawhti' to assist the Burmese military in counterinsurgency operations.[4] The army attempted to disband and disarm them after the 1958 coup with mixed success.[2] The Pyusawhti quickly became the personal militaries of local leaders appoint by the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, the dominant political party at the time. They would rampage rural areas to force votes during the 1956 and 1960 elections. After the 1962 Burmese coup d'état, Ne Win would replace them with his own Kakweye (Burmese: ကာကွယ်ရေး) militia units, making the Pyusawhti obsolete.[1] 
The term 'Pyusawhti' re-emerged in the 2000s, used by Burmese media in reference pro-military networks and groups.[1] Burmese security forces had previously deployed similar networks, including swan ar shin (စွမ်းအားရှင်, lit. 'masters of force'), during the crackdown on the Saffron Revolution in 2007.[2] Observers have noted ties with extremist nationalist groups like the Patriotic Association of Myanmar.[5] 
During the 2021 Myanmar civil war, the Pyusawhti militias often fought with Tatmadaw troops and helped to occupy contested areas.[6][7] In the wake of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and ensuing Myanmar civil war (2021–present), Burmese security forces have leveraged Pyusawhti militias for reinforcements, military intelligence, and knowledge of local terrain.[3] These groups emerged out of existing local networks of Buddhist nationalists, members of the military's proxy party, Union Solidarity and Development Party, and army veterans in the lead-up to the 2020 Myanmar general election.[2] The militias became increasingly active in May 2021 in response to the resistance' attacks on junta-appointed ward and village tract administrators and offices. Police forces armed the otherwise poorly armed Pyusawhti militias with seized hunting guns and other older weapons.[2] 
Patty Aubery is an American author from California. She coauthored the Chicken Soup for the Soul series, including Chicken Soup for the Christian Soul. 
A pioneer of women's empowerment, Aubery co-authored a book aimed at women only, Chicken Soup for the Christian Woman's Soul. The book presents true stories of women facing challenges, difficult times and renewing faith. The chapters include Faith, Family Love, God's Healing Power, Friendship, Making a Difference, Challenges and Wonders. 
↑ "Resources". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ↑ "Wake Up!" 
Love and Fear (TV Episode) - Plot - IMDb ↑ The Soul of Success: The Jack Canfield Story ↑ Brown, Pamela N. (1999). Facing Cancer Together: How to Help Your Friend Or Loved One. ISBN 9780806638331. ↑ MV Hansen, J Batten, The master motivator: Secrets of inspiring leadership. 
Jaico Publishing House ↑ Business networking and sex : not what you think. ↑ Wright, Brian K. (20 March 2018). Success Profiles: Conversations With High Achievers Including Jack Canfield, Tom Ziglar, Loral Langemeier and More. ISBN 9781683506164. ↑ Sandella, Deborah (September 2016). 
Success Profiles: Conversations With High Achievers Including Jack Canfield, Tom Ziglar, Loral Langemeier and More. ISBN 9781683506164. ↑ McNealy, Megan (28 November 2019). Reinvent the Wheel: How Top Leaders Leverage Well-Being for Success. 
[2] In 2017 she was featured in the movie Soul of Success. [3] Her writings gained prominence within the self-help genre.[4][5] She is a contributor to several books in the area of self-help,[6][7] mind and body,[8] training,[9] life struggle, [10] money,[11] success,[12] and innovation.[13] Author Lisa Nichols wrote that Aubery "was a force for possibility". [10] Her books are considered essential reading by many self-authored books. 
As an activist for international nonviolence, she and Arun Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi's grandson, founded Season for Nonviolence.[1][2] As part of her work at Season for Nonviolence, Morrissey was invited to address the United Nations, first on curbing violence,[3] and later about the need for an international nonviolence agenda.[3][31] During the decades since its foundation, Season for Nonviolence has grown to be taught and celebrated globally. Its curriculum was taught in schools and universities.[32] As of January 2019, Season for Nonviolence was celebrated around the world as an opportunity "to bring communities together, empowering them to envision and help create a nonviolent world."[6] 
Morrissey was the founder of the Living Enrichment Center in Oregon,[33] however, in 2004 she and her then-husband filed for bankruptcy. In the ensuing media scandal, Morrissey apologized for leading her supporters to a "risky financial road."[34][35] She took "absolute responsibility" for the situation.[36] She reached a settlement with the federal government which involved repaying over 10 million dollars in debt.[34] Morrissey later divorced her husband and, for the following 14 years, labored to pay her debt. According to Morrissey, the debt was settled and paid in full by the end of 2018.[37] 
Building Your Field of Dreams chronicles Morrissey's struggles as a teenage mother and lays out her self-actualization process.[38] Publishers Weekly called the book "sincere" although stated that it was riddled with "clichés."[38] The book was embraced by the self-development community, with Wayne Dyer writing that the book "sparkles"[39] and author Gay Hendricks calling the book a "wellspring of spiritual wisdom."[39] The book became popular[40] and was taught by readers in study groups throughout the USA.[41][42][43][44] The Peninsula Daily News magazine called the book "a metaphysical classic."[45] In his book The Art of Being, author Dennis Merritt Jones cites Building Your Field of Dreams among the recommended reading for readers interested in mindfulness.[46] Author Tess Keehn in Alchemical Inheritance writes that Building Your Field of Dreams was instrumental in helping her create vision boards.[47] Author Sage Bennet in Wisdom Walk cites Morrissey's Building Your Field of Dreams as a source to learn about New Thought.[48] Within its genre it achieved international renown,[49] with its Spanish version considered among the top books in the field of spirituality even 25 years after its publication.[50][51] 
Mary Morrissey (born 1949) is an American New Thought author[1][2] and an activist for international nonviolence.[3] She is the author of Building Your Field of Dreams, which chronicles Morrissey's struggles and lessons from her early life.[4][5] She is also the author of No Less Than Greatness, a book about healing relationships.[6][7] In 2002 she collected and edited the book New Thought: A Practical Spirituality.[8] American author Wayne Dyer called her "one of the most thoughtful teachers of our time."[9] 
Relationships were often at the core of Morrissey's teachings, speaking of the tension between masculinity and femininity.[52] Over the years Morrissey wrote articles and columns for various newspapers and magazines, often focusing on relationships from a spiritual perspective.[53][3][4] In her book, No Less Than Greatness: Finding Perfect Love in Imperfect Relationships, Morrissey focused on relationship building. Publishers Weekly wrote that the book was at times "superficial" yet noted that Morrissey's narrative "would please many devotees of the spiritual self-help genre."[55] The book was taught internationally.[56][57] Author Gary Zukav called the book "practical and inspiring,"[58] and author Marianne Williamson wrote that the book "should be every couple's companion."[59] Robert LaCrosse cited No Less Than Greatness as a recommended resource in his book Learning From Divorce.[60] Author Dennis Jones recommended No Less Than Greatness in his 2008 book The Art of Being.[11] Neale Donald Walsch, in his book Tomorrow's God, recommended "a reading binge" with No Less Than Greatness among other key books of the genre.[61] 
Morrissey incorporated into her teachings sources from the Bible,[1] A Course In Miracles,[55] the Talmud,[54] the Tao Te Ching,[62] Thoreau[63] and others. Wishing to present the New Thought movement in a more cohesive nature, Morrissey collected and edited the book New Thought: A Practical Spirituality. Published by Penguin in 2002, the book offered brief essays from over 40 New Thought leaders.[5] The book became a resource for academic research: in the book Alternative Psychotherapies Jean Mercer referred to it as a key source for understanding the "engagement with the spiritual world."[64] In Jones & Bartlett's 2009 book, Spirituality, Health, and Healing: An Integrative Approach, authors Young and Koopsen cited Morrissey's New Thought as a source for differentiating the New Thought movement from New Age, asserting that "New Thought is not New Age" and quoting Morrissey's book.[65] Numerous additional research books, including Oxford University Press' Gurus of Modern Yoga, refer to Morrissey's New Thought book as a main source to deepen one's understanding of the New Thought movement.[66][67] 
Over the decades Morrissey wrote articles and columns for newspapers,[68] magazines,[2][3] and books.[69][5] This included being featured regularly at Success Magazine.[29][71] Quotes taken from her books were published in magazines internationally,[72][73] as well as in books.[74][75] References and quotes from her teachings appear in self-help books,[76][77][78] Christian teachings books,[79][80][81] books about empowerment,[82][83][84] vocation-finding,[85][86] and happiness.[87][88] Simon & Schuster's Chicken Soup for the Soul series often open chapters with her teachings.[89][90] 
An authority within the New Thought movement,[91] she is credited for inspiring the writing of several books, including The Conscious Heart,[92] The Art of Being,[93] The Inspired Life,[94] Small Pleasures,[95] The Twelve Conditions of a Miracle,[96] Healing From Depression,[97] Positive Energy,[98] Ninety Seconds to a Life You Love[9][99] To Hell and Back,[100] and others.[101] Morrissey's versatile writings made her, according to Alan Cohen's book Handle With Prayer, "one of the most respected ministers in the New Thought movement."[102] Her teachings appeared in books around the world.[103][104] She achieved special notability in Russia,[105][106] as well as in the Far East, with her teachings taught in Indonesia[107] and China.[108][109] 
Media appearances 
In radio, Morrissey sought to use broadcasting in order "to make a difference in the world."[110] Morrissey's radio programs were broadcasted internationally.[2][111][112] She authored several audio programs, including The Eleven Forgotten Laws with Bob Proctor.[113] 
On television, a two-hour television PBS special: Building Dreams was adapted from her book Building Your Field of Dreams.[114][115] Her various PBS specials were continuing to air into the 2000s.[116] Her television programs aired on various channels, including NBC-affiliated television stations,[4] and, with the rise of the internet, on streaming service Gaia.[117] 
Active from her early career in international humanitarian work, Morrissey co-founded the Association for Global New Thought in 1995 and was its first president.[1][10] In 1997 she joined hands with Mahatma Gandhi's grandson, Arun Gandhi, in establishing the international Season for Nonviolence.[11][4] As of January 2019, Season for Nonviolence was celebrated around the world as an opportunity "to bring communities together, empowering them to envision and help create a nonviolent world."[12] 
In cinema, Morrissey was an early proponent of spiritual cinema,[118] and over the years appeared in various documentaries in the field. In 2005 Morrissey appeared in The Moses Code.[119][120][121] In 2007 she appeared alongside Eckhart Tolle in Living Luminaries,[122][123] the movie was later recognized among the finest spiritual documentaries produced.[124] In 2009 she participated in the movie Beyond the Secret, alongside Les Brown.[125] In 2010 she appeared in the movie Discover the Gift alongside The Dalai Lama.[126][127] In the same year she also appeared in the movie The Inner Weigh.[128] In 2014 she appeared in Sacred Journey of the Heart,[129][130] which won the Best Film category in the 2014 International Film Festival for Environment, Health, and Culture.[131] 
In his book, Shadow Medicine: The Placebo in Conventional and Alternative Therapies, John S. Haller warns that alternative approaches to medicine, such as offered by Mary Morrissey, should not be considered a substitute to conventional medicine.[133] 
See: Joan Rosenberg mentions Morrissey being her "premier" teacher. 
ISBN 978-0-7407-8678-5https://books.google.com/books?id=3TSbQVs3VFMC&q=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-8678-5 ↑ Friesen, Tracy (2014). Ride the Waves - Volume II. 
Hay House. p. 
284. 
ISBN 978-1-4525-2249-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=HRreBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA284 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4525-2249-4 ↑ Norville, Deborah (2009). 
The Power of Respect: Benefit from the Most Forgotten Element of Success. 
Thomas Nelson (publisher). p. 
59. 
ISBN 978-1-4185-8629-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=Skt9oYkcRrsC&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA59 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8629-4 ↑ Fishel, Ruth (2010). 
Change Almost Anything in 21 Days: Recharge Your Life with the Power of Over 500 Affirmations. 
Simon and Schuster. 
ISBN 978-0-7573-9989-3 https://books.google.com/books?id=hrKXDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PT151 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7573-9989-3 ↑ MA, Ron Price (2020). 
ISBN 978-1-64279-986-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=lgf1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PT56 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_James_Publishing as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64279-986-6 ↑ Gugliotti, Nick (2006). 
I Had Other Plans, Lord: How God Turns Pain Into Power. 
David C. Cook. p. 
33. 
ISBN 978-0-7814-4304-3 https://books.google.com/books?id=cm9NpQ-W8H8C&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA33 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Cook as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-4304-3 ↑ Sweet, Leonard (2012). 
I Am a Follower: The Way, Truth, and Life of Following Jesus. 
Thomas Nelson. 
ISBN 978-0-8499-4916-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=sysyntmd6swC&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA283 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher) as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-4916-6 ↑ Allenbaugh, Kay (2012). 
Chocolate for a Woman's Soul: 77 Stories to Feed Your Spirit and Warm Your Heart. 
Simon and Schuster. p. 
172. ISBN 978-1-4767-1452-3 https://books.google.com/books?id=UTReJ60rnq0C&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA172 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-1452-3 ↑ Beck, Meryl Hershey (2012). 
Stop Eating Your Heart Out: The 21-Day Program to Free Yourself from Emotional Eating. 
Red Wheel/Weiser/Conari. p. 
171. 
ISBN 978-1-57324-545-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=OKZ8AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA171 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Wheel/Weiser/Conari as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57324-545-6 ↑ Allenbaugh, Kay (2007). 
Chocolate for a Teen's Spirit: Inspiring Stories for Young Women About Hope, Strength, and Wisdom. 
Simon and Schuster. p. 
56. ISBN 978-0-7432-3385-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=PZqyb5gs2tAC&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PA56 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3385-9 ↑ Toms, Michael; Toms, Justine (March 23, 1999). 
Mary Morrissey [...] one of the elite teachers in the human potential movement ↑ She is among the authors thanked by the Hendricks for having "been with uson our incredible journey": She is among the authors thanked by the Hendricks for having "been with uson our incredible journey": Hendricks, Gay; Hendricks, Kathlyn (2009). 
ISBN 978-0-307-57308-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=CnNCDABzWn0C&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PR11 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-57308-7 ↑ Morrissey is among a few figures thanked by Dennis Merritt Jones for having "inspired" and "encouraged" him to write the book: Morrissey is among a few figures thanked by Dennis Merritt Jones for having "inspired" and "encouraged" him to write the book: Jones, Dennis Merritt (April 17, 2008). 
ISBN 978-1-4406-3575-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=XOy9jODD3IYC&dq=Mary+manin+morrissey+1949&pg=PT226 as well as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-3575-5 ↑ Morrissey is mentioned by author Susyn Reeve among the sources to have given her "the encouragement and the tools" that eventually led to the writing of 'The Inspired Life'. 
See: Morrissey is mentioned by author Susyn Reeve among the sources to have given her "the encouragement and the tools" that eventually led to the writing of 'The Inspired Life'. 
See: Author Justine Toms mentions Morrissey's teaching twice in her book 'Small Pleasures', having taught her principles that assisted in her work in 'New Dimensions' and subsequently led to the writing of the book. 
See: Author Todd Michael mentioned Morrissey's help in bringing the book 'The Twelve Conditions of a Miracle' to the "attention of thousands". 
See: Author Judith Orloff thanks Morrissey, among others, in the Acknowledgements section in her book 'Positive Energy'. 
See: Steven B. Steven B. Heird writes of Morrissey being one of four "mentors" that helped him in his spiritual journey, offering a "special thank you." 
See: John Haller noted that Morrissey was considered a "celebrity healer" whose advice is sometimes to "replace conventional medicine." 
Early life 
Mary Morrissey (née Manin) was born in Beaverton, Oregon in 1949. At age 16 she was her class' vice president, when she fell in love with a college student and soon became pregnant.[13] The couple quickly married, yet due to the shame of teen pregnancy in the mid-1960s Morrissey was expelled from high school.[13] Soon after giving birth she became terminally ill with a kidney infection, being given a prognosis of six-months to live.[13][14] Morrissey later wrote that she believed that it was shame that induced her terminal disease, having "spent the whole year feeling badly for shaming myself, my school, and my family."[15] Following a change of thought triggered by a visit of a New Thought minister to her bedside, Morrissey recovered quickly.[13][16] She began studying the field of New Thought, which was then relatively novel.[5][17] 
Morrissey became a teacher, and in 1975 became an ordained minister.[18] She began lecturing in the fields of New Thought,[19] spiritual growth,[20] and non-violence.[21] She became an activist and a leader for the New Thought movement and helped in founding of spiritual centers across the USA.[22] According to Wayne Dyer, it was her "ability to find common language that personally touches" that assisted her in communicating with people of various cultures.[23] 
An active feminist in the American Second-wave feminism of the 1970s, Morrissey joined hands with Barbara Marx Hubbard and Jean Houston to found The Society for the Universal Human.[24] She was later invited to become a member of the Transformational Leadership Council, founded by Jack Canfield.[25][26] 
Morrissey worked with the Dalai Lama on issues relating the global nonviolence movement.[27][28][3] She co-founded the Association for Global New Thought in 1995 and was its first president.[4][5] As part of her humanitarian work she met Nelson Mandela in South Africa and later incorporated his teachings of nonviolent resistance into her work.[30] 
Member Since: January 17th, 2010 08:53 pm ↑ "Shelby Ann Fero, Born 10/27/1993 in California". CaliforniaBirthIndex.org. Retrieved June 28, 2015. ↑ LAWS, WILL (March 9, 2014). 
Retrieved June 28, 2015. ↑ Magic Bag show, Hosted by Eliza Skinner and DC Pierson, at SModcastle, 6468 Santa Monica, Hollywood, CA; later at Underground Annex, 1314 Wilton Pl, Los Angeles, CA; later at Little Modern Theater, 6476 Santa Monica Blvd, Los Angeles, CA ↑ ""Key and Peele" Episode #2.4 (TV Episode 2012) - IMDb". IMDb. ↑ "Outstanding Short Form Animated Program 2016". emmys.com. Retrieved September 15, 2016. 
Shelby Ann Fero (born October 27, 1993) is an American writer and comedian. 
Early life 
Fero was born at Stanford Hospital on October 27, 1993.[2] After graduating from Menlo-Atherton High School, she attended the USC School of Cinematic Arts before leaving to pursue a career in comedy.[3] 
Shelby Fero is an American comedian best known for her popular tweets.[4][5] She has written for Cracked[1] and HelloGiggles.[6] Fero has done stand-up at Magic Bag (Eliza Skinner's and DC Pierson's stand-up showcase in Los Angeles).[6][7] She appeared on a live version of WTF with Marc Maron, and has been a panelist several times on National Public Radio's Wait Wait... 
Don't Tell Me show. She played Denise (mispronounced as Dee-nice) in Key & Peele's viral "Substitute Teacher" sketch.[8] In 2016, she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Animated Program.[9] 
2013 Froyo Robbery (Short) 2014 DeAndre Jordan's Amazing Charles Barkley Impression (Short) 2014 The Live Read of Space Jam with Blake Griffin (Short) 
A photo of actor/writer Susan Burke 
Susan Theresa Burke is an American writer, actress and stand-up comic. Born and raised in Casper, Wyoming, she now lives and works in Los Angeles, California. She is a frequent performer in the Los Angeles alternative comedy scene and has acted in film and television. 
Burke is the co-writer of the 2012 film, Smashed, starring Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Aaron Paul.[1] Burke co-wrote the film with director James Ponsoldt. The film is loosely based on Burke's own struggles with alcoholism and sobriety. Burke is open about getting sober at the age of 24, but most of her comedy and writing prior to Smashed has little to nothing to do with that, focusing instead on the absurdities of day-to-day life.[2] 
Burke was engaged to actor and comic Matt Peters in June 2012. 
"Sony Pictures Classics to Buy Sundance Hit Smashed". Reuters. Retrieved 17 September 2012. ↑ "Nancy Doyle Palmer: Smashed and Predisposed - Sundance Spotlights Addiction". 
Beth Groundwater in Colorado Springs in March 2010. 
Deadly Currents (2011) Wicked Eddies (2012) [9] 
Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011. ↑ Fisher, Brett (March 20, 2011). "An Interview with Beth Groundwater, Author of Deadly Currents". 
Beth Groundwater is an American author who has written three novels. Her first novel, A Real Basket Case, was nominated for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.[1] She writes primarily in the Mystery genre, but has a published science fiction novella. 
Groundwater first began writing fiction in the fifth grade, and in high school took an independent study in English.[2] She went to the College of William and Mary and earned a degree in Psychology and Computer Science in 1978.[2] She received a Master of Science degree in software engineering from Virginia Tech in 1983.[3] She worked as a software engineer until 1999, then decided to become a writer.[2] 
After attending multiple writers' conventions, she began writing short stories.[1] Seven were published before she met a literary agent who agreed to publish her first novel, A Real Basket Case. It was published in 2007,[4] and was nominated for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.[3][5] Of her short stories, nine have been published including one translated into Persian.[5] Another of Groundwater's short stories has been adapted into a live theater performance.[5] Her most recent short story, "Fatal Fish Flop," was published in Fish Tales, a 2011 mystery anthology.[6] 
Groundwater's short stories have won several contests. Her short story "New Zealand" won first place in the 2003 PPW Paul Gillette Memorial Writing Contest, and was the winner of the Rocky Mountain Fiction Writers Short Story Anthology Contest.[7] "Flamingo Fatality" won the Great Manhattan Mystery Conclave Short Story Anthology Contest in 2005, and her 2005 short story "Lucky Bear" placed first in the Storyteller Magazine Flash Fiction Contest.[7] 
Groundwater's first two novels have been award candidates. A Real Basket Case was nominated for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.[1][2] To Hell in a Handbasket was a finalist in the Colorado Romance Writers' 2010 award category, Mainstream with Romantic Elements.[8] 
In June 2022, a television series based on Han's book series The Summer I Turned Pretty was released on Amazon Prime.[18] Han had a cameo in the last episode of the series.[19] The television adaptation was noteworthy in part because there were a number of modifications to make the story more diverse. For example, in the book, Belly appears to be white, as confirmed by the original book cover.[20] However, in the television series, Belly is biracial; her dad is white and her mom is Korean American.[21] In the book, Belly's mom is Laurel Dunne, but in the television series her name is Laurel Park. Additionally, in the television adaptation, there are several openly gay characters, and a major character (Jeremiah) is bisexual.[22] The series was renewed for a second season before the first season was even released.[23] 
Shug (2006) ISBN 978-1416909422 Clara Lee and the Apple Pie Dream (2011) ISBN 978-0316070386 
The Summer I Turned Pretty (2009) ISBN 978-1416968238 It's Not Summer Without You (2010) ISBN 978-1416995555 We'll Always Have Summer (2011) ISBN 978-1416995586 
To All the Boys I've Loved Before (2014) ISBN 978-1442426702 P.S. I Still Love You (2015) ISBN 978-1442426733 Always and Forever, Lara Jean (2017) ISBN 978-1481430487 
Jenny Han is an American author of young adult fiction and children's fiction. She is best known for writing the To All the Boys series and The Summer I Turned Pretty trilogy, which were adapted into a film series and TV series, respectively.[1][2] 
"Polaris Is Where You'll Find Me" in My True Love Gave To Me: Twelve Holiday Stories (2014) ISBN 978-1250059307 
Retrieved June 12, 2014. ↑ "Jenny Han; Official Publisher Page". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved June 12, 2014. ↑ Freedman, Adrianna (June 25, 2022) https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a40410014/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-book-show-amazon/ Retrieved July 1, 2022. ↑ Han, Jenny (2014). 
Han was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia, to Korean-American parents.[3] She graduated from Governor's School for Government and International Studies in 1998,[4][5] then attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[6] In 2006, she received her Master of Fine Arts in creative writing at The New School.[7] 
Han wrote her first book, the children's novel Shug, while she was in college.[8] Shug was published in 2006 and is about Annemarie Wilcox, a twelve-year-old trying to navigate the perils of junior high school.[9] 
Her next project was a young adult romance trilogy about a girl's coming-of-age during her summer breaks. The three novels, The Summer I Turned Pretty, It's Not Summer Without You, and We'll Always Have Summer, were published from 2009 to 2011 by Simon & Schuster and quickly became New York Times Best Sellers.[10] The trilogy is the story of protagonist/narrator, Belly Conklin, who falls in love with two brothers she has known her whole life and works through a messy love triangle.[11] 
Han's second young adult trilogy was co-written with Siobhan Vivian and began with the 2012 publication of Burn for Burn. The novel follows three high school girls seeking revenge in their island town and contains paranormal and romance elements. The trilogy includes Fire with Fire, published in 2013, and Ashes to Ashes, published in 2014. 
In 2014, Han released a young adult romance novel, To All the Boys I've Loved Before, about Lara Jean Song Covey, a high school student whose life turns upside down when the letters she wrote to her five past crushes are mailed without her knowledge.[12] The novel was optioned for a screen adaptation within weeks of its publication.[13] The sequel, P.S. I Still Love You, was released the following year, and won the Young Adult 2015–2016 Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature.[14] A third novel, Always and Forever, Lara Jean, was released in 2017.[15] The film adaptation of the first novel, starring Lana Condor in the lead role, began filming in July 2017 and was released by Netflix in August 2018, to positive reviews.[16] Han had a brief cameo in the film. The sequel films To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You and To All the Boys: Always and Forever were released in 2020 and 2021. A spinoff television series XO, Kitty to To All the Boys film series created by Han is in production.[17] Han will also write, executive produce, and be a showrunner. 
OPPO Type Subsidiary Industry Consumer electronics Founded 10 October 2004; 18 years ago (2004-10-10) Founder Tony Chen (陈明永) Headquarters Dongguan, Guangdong , China Area served Worldwide Key people Tony Chen (CEO) Products Hi-Fi Home cinema Audiovisual Tablet computers ColorOS Smartphones Number of employees 40,000 Subsidiaries OnePlus Website Official website 
OpenAI Headquarters at the Pioneer Building in San Francisco Industry Artificial intelligence Founded December 10, 2015; 7 years ago (2015-12-10) Founders Sam Altman Ilya Sutskever Greg Brockman Wojciech Zaremba Elon Musk John Schulman Andrej Karpathy[1] Headquarters Pioneer Building, San Francisco, California, U.S.[2][3] Key people Greg Brockman (chairman & president) Sam Altman (CEO) Ilya Sutskever (chief scientist) Mira Murati (CTO) Products GPT-4 DALL-E OpenAI Five ChatGPT OpenAI Codex Number of employees c. 375 (2023)[4] Website openai.com 
ChatGPT Logo ChatGPT on Google Chrome Developer(s) OpenAI Initial release November 30, 2022; 3 months ago (2022-11-30) Stable release March 14, 2023; 12 days ago (2023-03-14)[1] Type Generative pre-trained transformer Chatbot License Proprietary Website chat.openai.com/chat 
ChatGPT[lower-alpha 1] is an artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched in November 2022. It is built on top of OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 families of large language models (LLMs) and has been fine-tuned (an approach to transfer learning) using both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques. 
ChatGPT was launched as a prototype on November 30, 2022, and quickly garnered attention for its detailed responses and articulate answers across many domains of knowledge.[1] Its uneven factual accuracy, however, has been identified as a significant drawback.[2] Following the release of ChatGPT, OpenAI's valuation was estimated at US$29 billion in 2023.[3] 
ChatGPT was originally released in November 2022 based on GPT-3.5; GPT-4, the newest OpenAI model, was released on March 14, 2023, and is available for ChatGPT Plus users. 
In 1967, a Los Angeles company called Charlatan Productions began producing promotional films for rock groups, with a unique approach that involved interpreting individual songs by crafting original scripts and artistic scenarios to match.[1] Charlatan was founded by filmmakers Peter Gardiner and Allen Daviau, both of whom were special effects producers that year for the film, The Trip. Tom Rounds, former program director for San Francisco's top 40 radio station KFRC, was brought on board later in 1967 as Charlatan president.[2] Under Rounds’ leadership, and on contract to record companies, Charlatan produced the short, song-length promo films and then distributed them on videotape to TV stations around the country.[3] By mid-1968, Charlatan had already completed 40 films for 15 record companies, for artists such as Jimi Hendrix, The Animals, Steppenwolf, Aretha Franklin, Richie Havens, The Who, The Rascals, Paul Revere & the Raiders, Connie Francis, The Cowsills, and Ricky Nelson.[4] 
In 1974, Gary Van Haas, vice president of Televak Corporation, created Music Video TV, a channel with video disc jockeys, to be shown in record stores across the United States, and promoted it to distributors and retailers in a May 1974 issue of Billboard.[1][2] 
1977–1981: Pre-history 
In 1977, Warner Cable, a division of Warner Communications (now as "WBD") and the precursor of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, launched the first two-way interactive cable TV system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. It offered many interactive programs – one of which was "Sight on Sound", a show featuring concert footage and music-oriented programs where viewers could vote for their favorite songs and artists.[1][2][3] 
MTV's original format was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, later president and CEO of MTV Networks.[1] He tested the format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, on New York City's WNBC-TV in the late 1970s.[2] 
Pittman's boss, Warner executive vice president John Lack, had shepherded PopClips, a TV series created by Monkee-turned-solo-artist Michael Nesmith, whose attention has turned to the music video format in the late 1970s.[1][2] 
1981–1991 
Launch 
The first images shown on MTV were a montage of the Apollo 11 moon landing. 
Eastern Time,[1][2] MTV was launched with the words "Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll," spoken by John Lack and played over footage of the first Space Shuttle launch countdown of Columbia (which took place earlier that year) and the launch of Apollo 11. The words were followed by the original MTV theme song, a vivid rock tune composed by Jonathan Elias and John Petersen, playing over the U.S. flag changed to show MTV's logo changing into different textures and designs. MTV producers Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert used this public domain footage as a concept;[3] Seibert said that they had originally planned to use Neil Armstrong's "One small step" quote, but lawyers said that Armstrong owned his name and likeness and that he had refused, so the quote was replaced with a beeping sound.[4] A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of every hour in different forms, from MTV's first day until it was pulled in early 1986 in the wake of the Challenger disaster.[5] 
It was followed by Pat Benatar's "You Better Run". Occasionally the screen went black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR.[2] MTV's lower third graphics near the beginnings and ends of videos eventually used the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years; but they varied on MTV's first day, set in a different typeface, and including details such as the song's year and record label. MTV's on-air programming was originally produced from the Teletronics studio facility at West 33rd Street in Manhattan, NY; programming was uplinked to satellite from a facility in Hauppauge, NY that also served as the uplink for sister networks Nickelodeon and The Movie Channel (originally, then-owner Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment had planned to uplink MTV from a facility located at the studios of WIVB-TV in Buffalo, NY, where Nickelodeon and The Movie Channel had been uplinked; said facility was planned to be expanded to handle MTV's needs, but the deal with WIVB fell apart when Warner-Amex was unable to reach a deal with channel 4's ownership concerning a long-term lease).[3][4] MTV later moved studio facilities to Unitel Video's complex located on 57th Street (ironically located across the street from the CBS Broadcast Center, owned by future corporate sibling CBS) in 1987, remaining until 1995 when MTV chose to begin producing studio content in-house.[5] 
As programming chief, Robert W. Pittman recruited and managed a team of co-founders for the launch that included Tom Freston (who succeeded Pittman as CEO of MTV Networks), Fred Seibert and John Sykes.[1] They were joined by Carolyn Baker (original head of talent and acquisition),[2] Marshall Cohen (original head of research),[3] Gail Sparrow (of talent and acquisition), Sue Steinberg (executive producer),[4] Julian Goldberg, Steve Lawrence, Geoff Bolton; studio producers and MTV News writers/associate producers Liz Nealon, Nancy LaPook and Robin Zorn; Steve Casey (creator of the name "MTV" and its first program director),[5] Marcy Brafman, Richard Schenkman, Ronald E. 
"Buzz" Brindle, and Robert Morton. Kenneth M. Miller is credited as MTV's first technical director at its New York City-based network operations facility.[5] 
Within two months, record stores were selling music local radio stations were not playing, such as Men at Work, Bow Wow Wow and the Human League.[1] MTV also sparked the Second British Invasion, featuring existing videos by Britsh acts who had used the format for several years (for example, on BBC's Top of the Pops).[2][3] 
MTV targeted an audience of ages 12 to 34. However its self-conducted research showed that over 50% of its audience was 12–24, and that this group watched for an average of 30 minutes to two hours a day.[1] As the PBS series Frontline[2] explored, MTV was a driving force that catapulted music videos to a mainstream audience, turning music videos into an art form as well as a marketing machine that became beneficial to artists."[3] 
Original VJs and format 
MTV's five original VJs in 1981 were Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter, J. J. Jackson and Martha Quinn. Popular New York DJ Meg Griffin was going to be a VJ, but decided against it at the last minute. The VJs were hired to fit certain demographics the channel was trying to obtain: Goodman was the affable everyman; Hunter, the popular jock; Jackson, the hip radio veteran; Blackwood, the bombshell vixen; and Quinn, the girl next door. 
The VJs recorded intro and outro voiceovers before broadcast, along with music news, interviews, concert dates and promotions. These segments appeared to air live and debut on MTV 24/7, but they were pre-taped within a regular work week at MTV's studios.[1] 
Rock bands and performers of the 1980s who appeared on MTV ranged from new wave to soft rock and heavy metal including Adam Ant, Bryan Adams, Pat Benatar, Blondie, the Cars, Culture Club,[1] Def Leppard, Dire Straits (whose 1985 song and video "Money for Nothing" included the slogan "I want my MTV" in its lyrics), Duran Duran,[2] Eurythmics,[3] Peter Gabriel, Genesis, Daryl Hall & John Oates, Billy Idol, Billy Joel, John Mellencamp, Mötley Crüe, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, the Police, Prince, Ratt,[4] Ultravox, U2, Van Halen[5] and ZZ Top. 
To accommodate the influx of videos, MTV announced changes to its playlists in the November 3, 1984, issue of Billboard that took effect the next week. Playlist rotation categories were expanded from three (Light, Medium, Heavy) to seven: New, Light, Breakout, Medium, Active, Heavy and Power. This ensured that artists with chart hits got the exposure they deserved, with Medium being a home for established hits still on the climb up to the top 10; and Heavy a home for the big hits – without the bells and whistles – just the exposure they commanded.[1] 
Flashdance (1983) was the first film whose promoters supplied MTV with musical clips to compose promotional videos, which the channel included in its regular rotation.[1] 
The channel also rotated the music videos of "Weird Al" Yankovic, who made a career out of parodying other artists' videos.[1] It also aired several of Yankovic's specials in the 1980s and 1990s, under the title Al TV. 
PSAs and promotion of charitable causes and NFPs were woven into the MTV fabric. In 1985, MTV spearheaded a safe-sex initiative, in response to the AIDS epidemic, when it was perceived that many teens might be more receptive to the message there than from their parents. Its safe-sex campaign continues today as "It's Your Sex Life".[1] 
Video Music Awards 
In 1984, the channel produced its first MTV Video Music Awards show, or VMAs. The first award show, in 1984, was punctuated by a live performance by Madonna of "Like A Virgin". The statuettes that are handed out at the Video Music Awards are of the MTV moonman, the channel's original image from its first broadcast in 1981. 
Special, annual events 
MTV began its annual Spring Break coverage in 1986, setting up temporary operations in Daytona Beach, Florida, for a week in March, broadcasting live eight hours per day. "Spring break is a youth culture event," MTV's vice president Doug Herzog said at the time. "We wanted to be part of it for that reason. 
The channel later expanded its beach-themed events to the summer, dedicating most of each summer season to broadcasting live from a beach house at different locations away from New York City, eventually leading to channel-wide branding throughout the summer in the 1990s and early 2000s such as Motel California, Summer Share, Isle of MTV, SoCal Summer, Summer in the Keys, and Shore Thing. 
MTV VJs hosted blocks of music videos, interview artists and bands, and introduced live performances and other programs from the beach house location each summer.[1] 
MTV also held week-long music events that took over the presentation of the channel. Examples from the 1990s and 2000s include All Access Week, a week in the summer dedicated to live concerts and festivals; Spankin' New Music Week, a week in the fall dedicated to brand new music videos; and week-long specials that culminated in a particular live event, such as Wanna be a VJ and the Video Music Awards.[1] 
At the end of each year, MTV takes advantage of its home location in New York City to broadcast live coverage on New Year's Eve in Times Square. Several live music performances are featured alongside interviews with artists and bands that were influential throughout the year. For many years from the 1980s to the 2000s, the channel upheld a tradition of having a band perform a cover song at midnight immediately following the beginning of the new year.[1] 
Live concert broadcasts 
Throughout its history, MTV has covered global benefit concert series live. For most of July 13, 1985, MTV showed the Live Aid concerts, held in London and Philadelphia and organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. While the ABC network showed only selected highlights during primetime, MTV broadcast 16 hours of coverage.[1] 
MTV drew heavy criticism for its coverage of Live 8. The network cut to commercials, VJ commentary, or other performances during performances. Complaints surfaced on the Internet over MTV interrupting the reunion of Pink Floyd.[2] In response, MTV president Van Toffler stated that he wanted to broadcast highlights from every venue of Live 8 on MTV and VH1, and clarified that network hosts talked over performances only in transition to commercials, informative segments or other musical performances.[3] Toffler acknowledged that "MTV should not have placed such a high priority on showing so many acts, at the expense of airing complete sets by key artists."[2] He also blamed the Pink Floyd interruption on a mandatory cable affiliate break.[3] MTV averaged 1.4 million viewers for its original July 2 broadcast of Live 8.[2] Consequently, MTV and VH1 aired five hours of uninterrupted Live 8 coverage on July 9, with each channel airing other blocks of artists.[4] 
Formatted music series 
1986 brought the departures of three of the five original VJs, as J. J. Jackson moved back to Los Angeles and returned to radio, while Nina Blackwood moved on to pursue new roles in television.[1][2] Martha Quinn's contract was not renewed in late 1986 and she departed the network.[1] She was brought back in early 1989 and stayed until 1992.[3][4] Downtown Julie Brown was hired as the first new VJ as a replacement. In mid-1987, Alan Hunter and Mark Goodman ceased being full-time MTV veejays.[5][6] 
Return of the Rock 
Beginning in late 1997, MTV progressively reduced its airing of rock music videos, leading to the slogan among skeptics, "Rock is dead."[1] Two years later, in the fall of 1999, MTV announced a special Return of the Rock weekend,[2] in which new rock acts received airtime, after which a compilation album was released. 
By 2000, Linkin Park, Sum 41, Jimmy Eat World, Mudvayne, Cold, At the Drive-In, Alien Ant Farm, and other acts were added to the musical rotation. MTV also launched the subscription channel MTVX to play rock music videos exclusively.[1] 
Total Request Live 
1515 Broadway in Times Square 
In 1997, MTV introduced its new studios in Times Square.[1] MTV created four shows in the late 1990s that centered on music videos: MTV Live, Total Request, Say What?, and 12 Angry Viewers. [citation needed] A year later, in 1998, MTV merged Total Request and MTV Live into a live daily top 10 countdown show, Total Request Live, which became known as TRL. The original host was Carson Daly.[2] The show included a live studio audience and was filmed in a windowed studio that allowed crowds to look in.[3] According to Nielsen, the average audience for the show was at its highest in 1999 and continued with strong numbers through 2001.[3] The program played the top ten pop, rock, R&B, and hip hop music videos, and featured live interviews with artists and celebrities.[3] In 2003, Carson Daly left MTV and TRL to focus on his late night talk show on NBC.[4] The series came to an end with a special finale episode, Total Finale Live, which aired November 16, 2008, and featured hosts and guests that previously appeared on the show.[5] 
From 1998 to 2003, MTV also aired several other music video programs from its studios. These programs included Say What? Karaoke, a game show hosted by Dave Holmes.[1] In the early 2000s MTV aired VJ for a Day, hosted by Ray Munns.[2] MTV also aired Hot Zone, hosted by Ananda Lewis, which featured pop music videos during the midday time period.[3] Other programs at the time included Sucker Free,[4] and BeatSuite.[5] 
Milestones and specials 
Around 1999 through 2001, as MTV aired fewer music videos throughout the day, it regularly aired compilation specials from its then 20-year history to look back on its roots. An all-encompassing special, MTV Uncensored, premiered in 1999 and was later released as a book.[1][2] 
Janet Jackson became the inaugural honoree of the "MTV Icon" award, "an annual recognition of artists who have made significant contributions to music, music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the MTV generation."[1] Subsequent recipients included Aerosmith, Metallica, and the Cure. 
1995–2010: Shift from music 
It's required us to reinvent ourselves to a contemporary audience."[1] The network launched MTV Radio Network in 1995 with Westwood One.[2] Despite targeted efforts to play certain types of music videos in limited rotation, MTV greatly reduced its overall rotation of music videos by the mid-2000s.[3] A 10pm programming block for top shows and specials was created and called the 10 Spot. Dana Fuchs was the promo voice actor and writer for ads promoting these shows.[4] While music videos were featured on MTV up to eight hours per day in 2000, the year 2008 saw an average of just three hours of music videos per day on MTV. It's been speculated that the rise of social media and websites like YouTube as an outlet for the promotion and viewing of music videos led to this reduction.[5] During this time, MTV hired Nancy Bennett as Senior VP of creative and content development for MTV Networks Music.[6] As the decade progressed, MTV video blocks would be relegated to the early morning hours. 
Over the next decade, MTV would engage in channel drift, gradually expanding its programming outside of music videos with programming lightly or heavily related to music. MTV became known for its reality programming, some of which followed the lives of musicians; The Osbournes, a reality show based on the everyday life of Black Sabbath frontman Ozzy Osbourne and his family premiered in 2002 and would become one of the network's premiere shows.[1] It also kick-started a musical career for Kelly Osbourne,[2] while Sharon Osbourne went on to host her own self-titled talk show on US television.[3] Production ended on The Osbournes in November 2004.[4] 2007's A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, chronicling MySpace sensation Tila Tequila's journey to find a companion, was the subject of criticism due to Tequila's bisexuality.[5][6] 
MTV would also venture into adult animation, with shows like Celebrity Deathmatch, Undergrads, Clone High, and Daria each becoming cult classics. Simultaneously, MTV spawned the paranormal reality tv genre with the broadcast of MTV's Fear in 2000. 
AMTV, the name of MTV's music video programming since 2009 
Prior to Total Request Live ending its run in 2008, MTV was experimenting with its remaining music programming under new formats.[1] MTV first premiered a new music video programming block called FNMTV, and a weekly special event called FNMTV Premieres, hosted from Los Angeles by Pete Wentz of the band Fall Out Boy, which was designed to premiere new music videos and have viewers provide instantaneous feedback.[2] AMTV, an early morning block, debuted in 2009.[3] The block would rebrand as Music Feed in 2013 with a reduced schedule and, unlike FNMTV, featured many full-length music videos, news updates, interviews, and performances.[3] MTV would continue to air music programming over the next decade, with the return of MTV Unplugged in 2009,[4][5] the debut of 10 on Top in May 2010,[6] and Hip Hop POV on April 12, 2012.[7] 
Pauly D and the Situation of Jersey Shore in 2011 
2009 saw the debut of Jersey Shore, which became a ratings success throughout its run and spawned the "MTV Shores" franchise, but would attract various controversies.[1] With backlash towards what some consider too much superficial content on the network, a 2009 New York Times article also revealed plans to shift MTV's focus towards more socially conscious media, which the article labels "MTV for the Obama era."[2][3][4] Shortly after Michael Jackson died on June 25, the channel aired several hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities.[5] The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week with the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[6] MTV aired similar one-hour live specials with music videos and news updates following the death of Whitney Houston on February 11, 2012, and the death of Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys on May 4, 2012.[7][8] 
2010–present: Retirement from music videos 
In February 2010, MTV would drop the "Music Television" branding.[1] The network would still air video premieres on occasion, through both television and real-time interaction with artists and celebrities on its website.[2][3][4][5] Throughout the decade, music programming on the network would be scaled back. In April 2016, then-appointed MTV president Sean Atkins announced plans to restore music programming to the channel.[6][7] On April 21, 2016, MTV announced that new Unplugged episodes will begin airing, as well as a new weekly performance series called Wonderland.[8] On that same day, immediately after the death of Prince, MTV interrupted its usual programming to air Prince's music videos.[9][10] In July 2017, it was announced that TRL would be returning to the network on October 2, 2017. The TRL relaunch only lasted until 2019.[7] Throughout the 2010s, it was observed that MTV's daily schedule came to predominantly consist of film broadcasts and frequent marathons of select original programming (such as Ridiculousness), with criticism from many about the frequency of Ridiculousness marathons.[11][12] 
Alongside its unscripted slate, MTV would produce more scripted programming.[1] Such shows included Awkward, an American version of Skins, and a reimagining of Teen Wolf. In June 2012, the network announced the development of a television series based on the Scream franchise.[2] As MTV would pivot back to unscripted programming towards the end of the decade, some of these shows would be moved to other networks.[3] 
Chris McCarthy was named president of MTV in 2016.[1] In 2021, McCarthy was named president and CEO of MTV Entertainment Group (which also oversees Comedy Central, Paramount Network, TV Land, CMT, and Smithsonian Channel).[2][3] 
1964–1977: Previous concepts 
Ideas for music television began in the 1960s. The Beatles used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s. Their 1964 film A Hard Day's Night, and particularly its performance of the song "Can't Buy Me Love", led MTV to later honor the film's director Richard Lester with an award for "basically inventing the music video".[1] 
As MTV expanded, music videos and VJ-guided programming were no longer the centerpiece of its programming. The channel's programming has covered a wide variety of genres and formats aimed at adolescents and young adults. In addition to its original programming, MTV has also aired original and syndicated programs from Paramount-owned siblings and third-party networks.[1][2][3][4] 
MTV is also a producer of films aimed at young adults through its production label, MTV Films, and has aired both its own theatrically released films and original made-for-television movies from MTV Studios in addition to acquired films.[1][2] 
In 2010, a study by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation found that of 207.5 hours of prime time programming on MTV, 42% included content reflecting the lives of gay, bisexual and transgender people. This was the highest in the industry and the highest percentage ever.[1] 
In 2018, MTV launched a new production unit under the MTV Studios name focused on producing new versions of MTV's library shows. This was later renamed MTV Entertainment Studios.[1] 
Academic journal Myanmar Historical Research Journal မြန်မာသမိုင်းသုတေသနစာဆောင် Discipline Burmese history Language Burmese Publication details History 1995–present Publisher Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar) Frequency Semiannual ISO 4 Find out here Indexing CODEN · JSTOR · LCCN MIAR · NLM · Scopus OCLC no. 
The Myanmar Historical Research Journal (Burmese: မြန်မာသမိုင်းသုတေသနစာဆောင်) is an academic journal covering the history of Myanmar. It is published by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture's department of historical research and the National Library of Myanmar.[1] First published in 1995, the Burmese language journal covers Burmese historical research and findings from local Burmese universities.[1] 
References 
1 2 "မြန်မာသမိုင်းသုတေသနစာစောင် အမှတ်(၃၆) (၃၇) (၃၈) စာအုပ်ထွက်ရှိ". MDN - Myanmar DigitalNews (in Burmese). 2020-01-23. 
OnePlus Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Native name 一加科技 Type Subsidiary Industry Consumer electronics Founded 16 December 2013; 9 years ago (2013-12-16) Founders Pete Lau Carl Pei Headquarters Tairan Building, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong , China Area served Worldwide Key people Pete Lau (CEO) Products Smartphones Earphones Powerbanks OxygenOS Phone cases Shirts Bags Televisions Smart Watch Number of employees 2,700+ (2019) Parent Oppo (BBK Electronics) OnePlus Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Simplified Chinese 深圳市万普拉斯科技有限公司 Traditional Chinese 深圳市萬普拉斯科技有限公司 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Shēnzhèn shì Wànpǔlāsī Kējì Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī IPA [ʂə́nʈʂə̂n ʂɻ̩̂ wânpʰùlásɹ̩́ kʰɤ́tɕî jòʊɕjɛ̂n kʊ́ŋsɹ̩́] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāmjan síh Maahnpóulāaisī Fōgeih Yáuhhahn Gūngsī Jyutping Sam1zan3 si5 Maan6pou2laai1si1 Fo1gei6 Jau5haan6 Gung1si1 IPA [sɐ́mtsɐ̄n si̬ː màːnpʰǒuláːisíː fɔ́ːkèi jɐ̬uhàːn kóŋsíː] OnePlus Chinese 一加 Literal meaning OnePlus Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yījiā IPA [ítɕjá] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Yātgā Jyutping Jat1gaa1 IPA [jɐ́t̚káː] Website oneplus.com Footnotes / references [1][2][3][4][5] 
(Chinese: 一加科技; pinyin: Yījiā Kējì), doing business as OnePlus, is a premium Chinese consumer electronics manufacturer headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong.[1] It is a subsidiary of Oppo. 
Pei would oversee the design and marketing of OnePlus' products until his departure from the company in October 2020, going on to found the consumer electronics manufacturer Nothing. In 2022–2023, OnePlus is still actively producing affordably priced phones ($200–749 USD) with top-of-the-line specs comparable to leading Samsung phones, including 5G connectivity. OnePlus is also partnered with T-Mobile to provide OnePlus Phone through T-Mobile to extend its legitimacy and reach. 
Since mid-2021, Myanmar's Tatmadaw has been engaged in a conflict with CDF-Thantlang and Chin National Army in Thantlang, Chin State, and had met major setbacks. Later that year, in September, the Burma regime allegedly burned down hundreds of houses in Thantalang, leading residents to flee to the wilderness or Mizoram, India. However, the military regime denied any wrongdoing in the town and placed the blame for the fire on the resistance group. 
Mon people, an ethnic group from Burma Mon language, spoken in Burma and Thailand Mon–Khmer languages, a large language family of Mainland Southeast Asia Mongolian language (ISO 639 code), official language of Mongolia Alisa Mon, Russian singer 
Personal Life 
ဟန်ထူးလွင် Birth name ဟန်ထူးလွင် Also known as ကျားပေါက် Born ရန်ကုန်မြို့၊Template:Country data မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ Genres Alternative Rock Alternative Metal Metalcore Punk Rock Hardcore Punk Indie Rock Occupation(s) ​​တေးဆို တေးရေးဆရာ ဂီတာသမား ထုတ်လုပ်သူ Instruments ဂစ်တာ ဒရမ် စန္ဒရား ချယ်လို Years active ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ်မှ ယနေ့ထိ Labels bibag record Kyi Thar I Entertainment Associated acts Big Bag Bloodsugar Politik Lucid 
Han Htue Lwin (Kyar Pauk) is a Burmese Alternative and Punk Rock Artist. He's son of famous singer "Ringo." Also, he's a singer, guitarist, song writer and producer of "Big Bag Band." 
Han Htue Lwin is a singer, guitarist, song writer and producer of "Big Bag Band." He founded his band in year 2000. He also founded "Bloodsugar Politik" and "Lucid" bands before. The "BigBag" band was organized by Han Htue Lwin (Singer and Guitar), Ye Zaw Myo (Bass) and Mun Bwe (Drum.) 
Han Htue Lwin married with "Su Lae Win Zone Zone" and born two daughters "Ei Cho" and "Sweet Cho." 
Han Htue Lwin 
He is also know as the nephew of Famous Fortune Teller E Thi. He began his acting career on 2012 with "Ywar Pyouk Gyi" Video. He appeared as the main character in "Ah Lin Htae Ka Lu" Film Series by MRTV-4. 
Films 
Series 
Childhood Life 
Si Phyo was born in Pathein Hospital at September 4, 1990. [1] He moved to Yangon at the age of two with his aunty E Thi 
Personal Business 
Happy Pages - Snack & Stationery Boombox Recording Studio Rasta Myanmar Mae Sot Taste Authentic Thai Food[1] E Thi Gems and Jewels 
Videos, Films and Series 
Videos 
ဇာတ်ကားစာရင်း Year Movie Actors 2012 Ywar Pyouk Gyi Wine Su Khaing Thein၊ Zaw Win Naing (Mann)၊ ငှက်ပျောကြော်၊ စိုးမိုးကြည်၊ ဇော်ဇော်အောင်၊ စည်သူ၊ နန္ဒကျော်စွာ 2012 ချစ်သူအိမ် စိုးပြည့်သဇင်၊ မေသက်ခိုင်၊ ထွန်းထွန်းဝင်း၊ ခင်မို့မို့အေး၊ ဆင်မ၊ နေလင်း၊ ဂွမ်းပုံကြီး၊ ဒေါ်ထားအဖွဲ့ 2012 ဂန္ထဝင်သုည မေကဗျာ၊ ဇော်ဦး၊ စိုးမိုးကြည်၊ ဦးဝင်းမြိုင်၊ ဇော်ဝင်းနိုင်(မန်း)၊ ငှက်ပျောကြော်၊ ဇော်ဇော်အောင် 2012 ရင်ကွဲနက္ခတ် သဉ္ဇာနွယ်ဝင်း၊ မေတ္တာ၊ ထွန်းထွန်းဝင်း၊ Kညီ၊ သီဟဖြိုး၊ ကောင်းစံ၊ နှိုင်းယှဉ်မြင့်မိုရ်၊ နိနိ 2012 ဂွကျတဲ့ ဂွင် ခင်လှိုင်၊ ဒိန်းဒေါင်၊ ဗေလုဝ၊ စိုးမိုးကြည်၊ တက္ကသိုလ်ဂွမ်းပုံ 2012 ရေဒီယို မေကဗျာ၊ ဂျူးဂျူးစံသာ၊ တိမ်ညွန့်၊ ခင်လှိုင်၊ အောင်ဇော်မင်း၊ မြို့တော်ချစ်ဖွယ် 2012 လေနာ အရပ်က အချစ် ထိုက်တန်၊ မင်းဦး၊ အကယ်ဒမီ မို့မို့မြင့်အောင်၊ ပုလဲဝင်း၊ နန်းဆုရတီစိုး 2012 လွမ်းဆိပ်သင့်စေ သင်ဇာဝင့်ကျော်၊ စိုးမိုးကြည်၊ ဂျူးဂျူးစံသာ 2012 သတ်ပုံမှားတဲ့ အချစ် နေဆန်း၊ ချစ်သုဝေ 2014 စမောဆွဲသူများ မင်းဦး၊ နေဆန်း၊ မေသန်းနု၊ နန်းမြတ်ဖြိုးသင်း၊ ဖူးပွင့်သခင် 2016 မဟာဂေါ်လီ ဝိုင်းစုခိုင်သိန်း၊ အောင်ခိုင်၊ ဝါဝါအောင် ဖိုးစည်ဖြိုး ခင်လှိုင်၊ မေပန်းချီ၊ ဆင်မ၊ ရှက်တယ်၊ ချစ်လူလူ ခရေကြွေတဲ့မိုး ချစ်သုဝေ၊ ပြေဇင်၊ စိုးမိုးကြည်၊ မင်းညီ၊ ဦးဝင်းမြိုင်၊ ဦးထူးသာ၊ လမင်းကဗျာ အချစ် (သို့) ကွိုင် ပိုင်ဖြိုးသု၊ သားညီ သုညသက္ကရာဇ်၊ ဇီးရိုးနိဗ္ဗာန် မေသက်ခိုင်၊ ဘေဘီမောင် 
Maung Ohn Thaung (Magway) was a poet and writer. His another writing name is called "Ohn Chaint Thaung". 
sarpaybeikman literature awards 
1.In 1998, He won 3rd prize of classic poems collection:"Honey home of a thousand flowers". 2.In 2006, He won 2nd prize of classic poems collection:"Poems of Dream Home hidden by the Flowers". 
Pârâ village 
Pârâ village is located on Maraland, Chin state, Paletwa township, Myanmar. 
State - Chin Township - Paletwa District - Mindant 
People - Mara 
Religion - Christian Language - Mara(Fabau language) 
Thingyan Moe (Burmese: သင်္ကြန်မိုး;Thingyan Moe is a 1984) Burmese film that won the 1985 Myanmar Film Awards. The film won three Academy Awards for Best Director and a Best Picture Award. Filmed against the backdrop of Mandalay Thingyan, the soundtrack to the movie "Thingyan Moe" has been popular among fans for more than 20 years. 
Filming 
The film was produced by Yee Myint Film Production, but won the Thurya Pya Film Award at the Filmfare Awards. Born into a family of board members of the Mandalay Film Company, Yee Myint Films had to buy films from the government in the name of licensed film companies because it was not possible to buy foreign films due to the government's economic policy at the time. Therefore, it was released under the title Thuriya Pahya, a film owned by Prince University Patriots and actress Khin Ohn Myint. 
The filming took place at the Ye Myint Film Building in Mandalay's Sai Tan Ward and at Dr. Thein Aung Temple in Pwe Kone, and the piano was filmed inside Nyein Maung's house at Sein Maung Studio in Rangoon. 
The film was described as the novel Khin Maung Aye (Mandalay) but is said to be the story of director Maung Tin Oo. Khin Maung Aye (Mandalay) was a colonel who was then the managing director of the Information and Press Corporation at the time and was a cousin of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. It is said that when Khin Maung Aye was in power at the time, the novel was named Khin Maung Aye (Mandalay) in order to get permission to submit the story smoothly. 
The film, which was made with newcomers at the beginning, was not very successful, but it has been very successful since then. 
The words "Kyawan Taw" of the women in the film were censored.[1] 
References 
Episodes 
Nyein Maung, a musician, fell in love with the rich man's daughter Khin Khin Htar. Nyein Maung could not arrive on time on the day Khin Nyein Htar was scheduled to flee, so Khin Khin Htar's parents took him back and married him with the consent of his parents. Nyein Maung married and had a son, Thet Htwe. 
As the Thingyan festival approached, Thet Htwe's friend Ko Latt arrived in Mandalay. While singing for a beauty pageant at the Thingyan festival, Nyein Maung learned that Thet Htwe and Thet Htwe were going to play with Khin Htar's children, so Thet Htwe was banned from performing. 
On the day of Thingyan, Thet Htwe drank alcohol with his father Nyein Maung, and the father and son had an argument. Finally, Nyein Maung allowed Thet Htwe to perform on the last night. Ko Latt told Nwe Nwe that he would open up on Ascension Day and gave him a package as a gift when he arrived at Mandalay. 
Characters 
Nyein Maung as Nay Aung Khin Khin Htar as Khin Than Nu Thet Htwe as Zin Wine Nwe Nwe as May Than Nu Ko Latt as Zaw Wun 
Awards 
Thingyan Moe won the Best Film Award at the 1985 Myanmar Film Awards. Maung Tin Oo won the Best Director Award. Chit Min Lu won the best photo award. 
In the 11th century AD, after the Anawrahta king of Bagan invaded Thaton, also known as Thuwanna Bhumi, the Mons in Lower Burma were reduced to a monolithic state. Similarly, the Mons in present-day Thailand were colonized by the Shan-Thai (Tai) tribe, who descended from the north, and completely collapsed in the 12th century AD. Then, the Mons in Burma came to power from Bagan under Bagan. 
wareru Dynasty 
Bana Elaw (1331-1348) 8. Banya Oo (aka) White Elephant Shin Banya Oo (1348-1383) 9. Rajadhiraj (aka Bana Nwe) (1383-1421) 10. 
There are also two kings who can be called the Magadhu Dynasty. They are Thamin Saw Htut, a Thamin Sakwaw graduate who assassinated Hanthawaddy, the conqueror of Hanthawaddy, and Thamin Saw Htut, a Thamin Sakwaw graduate, who rebelled against Tapin Shwe Htee from the lowly life of the second Banyan king, and also Thamin Saw Htut. 
Theikdaing Min (516-523) 
The reason for the relocation is unknown. However, the landslide on the banks of the Irrawaddy River seems to have been worse since then, given in the 652nd Chinese inscription, “ငါ့ကောင်းမှုကို ဖျက်သသူကား ညောင်ဦးကသည် သီရိပစ္စယာတိုင်အောင် ကမ်းပြိုသကဲ့သို့ စီးပွားချမ်းသာယုတ်စေသော်” (Nyaung U, who destroyed my good deeds, wreaked havoc on Thiripyitsaya.) It seems that the king moved to a safer inland area to prevent the riverbank from collapsing. 
He died at the age of seven [1] 
Myanmar Motion Picture Academy Awards Yangon 
She was born on March 22, 1949 in Yangon to father U Mya Maung and mother Daw Mar La Myint. Her birth name is Daw San San Shin (ဒေါ်စန်းစန်းရှင်).She is the fourth oldest of her siblings. Daw Khin Oo Maw, Daw Win Mar, Toe Nyunt (Shwe Gaung Pyaung), Sanda and U Mya Zaw (Fuji) are siblings. 
Career 
At an early age, while Sanda was studying at St. Flomina (Sanchaung II) she would star in a number of films as an child actor with her staged named Sanda. She gained recognition by playing as the younger sibling of Win Mar in films such as 1953's Yadanarbon (ရတနာပုံ) and in 1995's Pho Pyone Cho (ဖိုးပြုံးချို). She was an amazing child actor and starred in many other famous films like Kyaw Maw (အကျော်အမော် ), Naung Thassa (နှောင်းသစ္စာ), Swetae Metta (စွဲတဲ့ မေတ္တ), Mayttar Shway Yae (မေတ္တာရွှေရည်) and Mainn Htain Shway Mhaan (မင်းထင်ရွှေမှန်) 
In 1967 she starred in two separate roles in Director's U Tin Maung's film Nhaitmwa Athi (နှစ်မွှာအသည်း) winning her best actress of 1967 in Myanmar Academy Awards. Nhaitmwa Athi (နှစ်မွှာအသည်း) also won the director's award as well as the photography award. In the film, Sanda plays the role of a boy with short hair, which influentienced many young girls to cut their hairs short. 
In the romance film Mayttar (မေတ္တ), she co-starred with actor Kyaw Hein. She married him later on. 
She acted in many films such as tahkyethkote nhaithkyet pyat , hpuuhcar lamsone (တချက်ခုတ် နှစ်ချက်ပြတ်၊ ဖူးစာလမ်းဆုံ၊). After her troubled marriage and divorce with Kyaw Hein, she wasn’t as involved with the film industry. After a quiet and long hiatus from the film industry, she co-starred with actor Win Hlaing as her sister in dircetor Toe Nyunt's film Shwe Gaung Pyaung (ရွှေဂေါင်းပြောင်). 
Death 
Daw San San Shin (Sanda) isn a beloved actress in Burma died on December 23, 2006 at the age of 58. [1] 
References 
Surbung Airport (IATA: SRU, ICAO: VYFS) is a domestic airport located in Falam Township, Chin State of Myanmar. The airport is the first airport in Chin State and 69th airport of Myanmar.[1] The airport is located west to Falam. It resides at an elevation of ၁,၈၃၀ မီတာ (၆,၀၀၀ ပေ) above mean sea level. 
The project was started on 2013 and construction began on April 2015 with the budget of US$ 26 millions.[1] 
References 
Created applications No Name Download Link 01 Quran MP4 Videos https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.netso.quranvideo 02 Mobile Guide App https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.netso.mobileguideapp.mgapro 03 Myanmar Exam Result https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.netso.aungsayin 
Shambhu( Burmese: မင်းသမ္ဘု ), also popularly known as Paukkjai( Burmese: ပေါက်ကျိုင်း), was, a mythical powerful king of Tagaung. He is a subject of Burmese folklores and ancient tales closely related with those of Srikshetra and Vishno cities. He is also said to be the last king of the second Tagaung dynasty. 
Aung Cheint (born 1948, died in August 9, 2021) is a Burmese poet. 
Early Life 
Aung Cheint was born in 1948. 
Career 
Aung Cheint is one of the modern poetry movement leaders, including Thukamein Hlaing, Maung Chaw Nwe, Phaw Way, etc.[1] "ဂန္ထဝင် မမ၊ ခင်ခင်ပျိုရေ စောင့်ခဲ့တယ်၊ အသည်းစွဲ ကဗျာဆရာ" are some famous works of Aung Cheint. 
Death 
Aung Cheint was passed away in August 9, 2021, at the age 73.[1] [2] 
References 
Signals Corps of Myanmar Army is a staff unit of the Armed Forces(Army). It is responsible for the staff duties of signals office of the Armed Forces(Army) and the communications networking. In addition, coordinations of the communication between the Armed Forces(Navy) and the Armed Forces(Air Force), inspections and recommendations of communication are also provided. 
History 
Structure 
The highest commanding office of Myanmar Army Signals Corps is Commander-in-Chief(Army) Office, Directorate of Signals and the highest rank is Director of Signals Corps. The structure of the Signals Corps is as follows: 
Commander-in-Chief(Army) Office, Directorate of Signals Defence Services High-Tech Communication and Electronics Equipments Production and Research Center Defence Services Signals and Electronics School Signals Regiments No.(111) Signals Regiment No.(212) Signals Regiment No.(818) Signals Regiment No.(2) Signals Regiment No.(4) Signals Regiment No.(5 Signals Regiment No.(6) Signals Regiment No.(7) Signals Regiment No.(8) Signals Regiment No.(10) Signals Regiment Advanced Signals Regiments No.(1) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(2) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(3) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(4) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(5) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(6) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(7) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(8) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(9) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(10) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(11) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(12) Advanced Signals Regiment No.(13) Advanced Signals Regiment Air Defense Electronics Warfare Regiments No.(5) Air Defense Electronics Warfare Regiment No.(7) Air Defense Electronics Warfare Regiment No.(8) Air Defense Electronics Warfare Regiment Air Defense Signals Regiments No.(5) Air Defense Signals Regiment No.(7) Air Defense Signals Regiment No.(8) Air Defense Signals Regiment Communication Security Regiment No.(1) Communication Security Regiment No.(2) Communication Security Regiment Central Signals Workshop Signals Workshops No.(1) Signals Workshop No.(2) Signals Workshop No.(3) Signals Workshop No.(4) Signals Workshop No.(5) Signals Workshop No.(6) Signals Workshop No.(7) Signals Workshop No.(8) Signals Workshop No.(9) Signals Workshop No.(10) Signals Workshop Advanced Signals Machinery Unit Signals Store Companies No.(1) Signals Store Company No.(2) Signals Store Company 
Former Directors of Signals Corps 
See Also 
Air Defense Troops of Myanmar Army Artillery Troops of Myanmar Army Military Equipments Troops of Myanmar Army 
Reference 
Signal Corps’ Emblem of Myanmar Army 
The four supervisors are Zaw Lin; Ko Htet၊ Bo Ney And Oscar Thet. Mountain Bike Solutions - Yangon the main purpose of Yangon is to provide knowledge and support to mountain bikers in Myanmar. At present, our team is discussing the problems of mountain bike enthusiasts in Myanmar live on Facebook 3 days a week. 
Mountain Bike Solutions - Yangon 
Mountain Bike Solutions - Yangon is a mountain biking enthusiast. My team is a key organization that provides guidance on how to repair mountain bikes and how to get the right equipment at the right price at the right price. Currently, the focus is on Yangon, and Facebook Massager provides guidance to local enthusiasts. 
The Other Side File:Thumb Official Poster Genre Fantasy, Thriller Story by Yamin Phyo Wai Directed by Htut Tint Htun Starring Aung Ye Htike Thein Lin Soe Kyaw Htet Nay Shine Su Htat Hillary Soe Bhone Hlyan U Naing Win Country of origin Myanmar Original language Burmese Production Producer Rangoon Entertainment Release Original network Channel K Original release 2022 Infobox instructions (only shown in preview) 
It will be aired on Channel K Television channel from July 2, 2022 and will be broadcasted weekly on Saturdays and Sundays. The story was written by Yamin Phyo Wai; and the script was written by Yamin Phyo Wai and Pai Soe Thu Maung. The Other Side tv series is directed by Htut Tint Htun; and starred by Aung Ye Htike, Thein Lin Soe, Kyaw Htet, Nay Shine , Su Htet, Hillary Soe , Bhone Hlyan, and U Naing Win. 
Synopsis 
The attack killed La Yaung and made lost both of Thurein's legs. The demon-possessed king escaped with only minor injuries and fled to the other side of the human world, but his sword was left in human world. Thirty years later, before fleeing into the world of evil, the demon, who had been destroyed, intended to return through La Yaung's generation, vowing to avenge the Thurein's generation and the human world. 
Casts 
Aung Ye Htike as Thet Naung Thein Lin Soe as Nay Htut Khaung Kyaw Htet as Htet Lu Nay Shine as Moe Nyi Su Htet as Nay Akari Hilary Soe as Yoon San 
Hmawbi Townships is located in the northern district of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar. 
City in Hmawbi, :Template:Country data myanmar Hmawbi Hmawbi city Hmawbi Township Yangon region Hmawbi Hmawbi, Yangon, Myanmar Coordinates: 17°06′03″N 96°02′27″E / 17.10071°N 96.04091°E / 17.10071; 96.04091Coordinates: 17°06′03″N 96°02′27″E / 17.10071°N 96.04091°E / 17.10071; 96.04091 Country Template:Country data myanmar Yangon Region Hmawbi Country Yangon Time zone UTC+06:30 
Seated statue of Gautama Buddha ထိုင်တော်မူ ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ ရုပ်ပွားတော်ဘုရားကြီး Seated statue of Gautama Buddha Coordinates 17°19′06″N 97°01′41″E / 17.3183733°N 97.0281018°E / 17.3183733; 97.0281018 (Statue of Gutama Buddha (Kyaikhto, Mon State, Myanmar)) Location Kyaikto, Myanmar Type Buddha statue Height 77.8764 m (255.500 ft) Beginning date February 10, 2016 Completion date 2019 Opening date April 7, 2019 Dedicated to Buddha 
The Sitting Gautama Buddha Statue (ထိုင်တော်မူ ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ ရုပ်ပွားတော်ဘုရားကြီး) is a 255.5 ft (77.9 m) seated statue in Kyaikto, a city in Mon State, Myanmar. It is the largest sitting statue in Myanmar, and the second largest sitting statue in the world.[1] Construction of the statue began on February 10, 2016 and the opening ceremony for the completed statue was held on April 7th, 2019.[2] 
Artist U San Hlaing was born in Pyapon Township, Ayeyarwaddy District, Myanmar to father U Khant and mother Daw Tint on December 24, 1923. He is the fourth kid in a family of eight. 
When he was younger, he attended Pyapon U Po Thit School and finished the English-Myanmar seventh grade there. Because his passion in painting began at an early age, he studied under Sayar Mhat and artist U Thein Nyunt once he grew up. These two teachers taught him how to paint in both oil and watercolor. 
At the age of 14, his elder brother acquainted him with U Ba Tun from the British Burma Films Company and U Aung Zan of A - 1 Films to learn Film-Posters and advertisement under the supervision of U Aung Zan. His career as an artist began when he was 13 or 15, and he was known as Myanmar's respected artist U San Hlaing until the age of 93. 
Then quitted and founded " San Hlaing's Art Studio" in the 27th street, Yangon and started his career as a professional artist from then onwards. In 1956, he held the exhibition in Jubilee Hall, Yangon. In 1958-59, Burma Artist Union's Chairman was U Ba Khin and U San Hlaing served as the committee member. 
He was also called as Honorable Legendary artist in Myanmar painting world. He is a versatile artist who not only illustrated the traditional and commercial arts, he also drew the traditional Jataka Tales Paintings, propaganda paintings and realism drawings. He also created the painting of Myanmar culture and fascist revolution as he portray the political situation of the past ages. 
In the special issues of Taing lone Kyaw and Myanma Alin Newspaper, all the cover were of his painings. Shumawa, Mgwe Taryi, Pe Phu Hlwar, Magaythi, Yadanarmon, Myatsumon magazines, Loke Thar, Pyi Thu Kye, Khit Myanmar, Byar Deik Pan, Taya Yeik, Myaing Journals, U San Hlaing works were seen monthly and consecutively. 
Editorial Committee of Oway Magazine (1936) Oway Magazine is first published in January of 1931 by the Rangoon University (now known as the University of Yangon) St[1]udents’ Union. 
Henceforth, the magazine of the students’ union officially adopted the new name ‘Oway Magazine’ used together with its slogan “Burma, a country of peacock; Oway, the voice of peacock”. 
The article openly criticized the injustices committed by a senior university official which deteriorated the image of, in addition to the university authorities, the then coalition government as well.The article was credited to an unidentified penname Yamamin, which means King of Hell in Theravāda Buddhism. Thus, the rector demanded Aung San for the writer’s identity which he refused under the code of ethics as an editor and took full responsibility for any punitive action intended.[1] 
Under the reason of featuring such an article, the chair of students’ union, Ko Nu was expelled together with Aung San who kept the author anonymous. 
Raschid, took over as the chair of students’ union following the chaos, convened mass students meeting on unfair expulsion and called for students’ strike. Hence, Second University Students' Strike (1936) took place[1]. 
Legacy 
Oway Magazine is accredited for its role throughout the history of student movements, independence journey and anti-junta resistance. This magazine of students’ union holds certain legacy for unwavering solidarity with oppressed people in their fight throughout the ages since the days of Aung San and Nyo Mya to now. 
During those times before the coup d’etat, the now University of Yangon Students' Union (formerly the Rangoon University Students’ Union) initiated to revive the Oway Magazine back in 2020.[1][2] 
At this present Spring Revolution period, Oway is being published as a biweekly periodical under the patronage of All Burma Federation of Student Unions and University of Yangon Students' Union.[1][2] 
These periodicals play a vital part for information distribution among the public following the internet shutdown by military regime, especially for those areas putting up strong armed resistance, to stamp out the defensive wars happening across the country. Oway is now published on paper in addition to the digital format and being widely circulated in areas including Yangon, Mandalay, Sagaing, Kayin, Karenni (Kayah) and Kachin. [1] 
Refrences 
Retrieved from - https://myanmartandawsint.wordpress.com/2015/08/04/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8/ ↑ Zöllner, H.-B. (2006). Myanmar Literature Project ‘Working Paper No. 10:4: Material on Thein Pe, Students’ Boycott (Two Volumes)’. Pg 100, Universität Passau, Lehrstuhl für Südostasienkunde. 
Etymology 
The original name intended for Oway Magazine was The Magazine of Rangoon University Students’ Union. Since that was long, advices were sought from the committee members and the then Editor Aung San accepted the name proposed by Nyo Mya. 
Nyo Mya want on to explain how he came up with the name ‘Oway’, which is Burmese onomatopoeia of peacock’s call, starting off with his fondness over an actress known under her stage name Daung Yinbyan during his school years in Mandalay and how her voice singing oway oway was captivating no matter which of the seven different tunes of hers he listened to. With that, the name Oway had long been imprinted on him to the point of envisioning to publish a magazine under that name if he ever become a journalist. 
Henceforth, the magazine of the students’ union officially adopted the new name ‘Oway Magazine’ used together with its slogan “Burma, a country of peacock; Oway, the voice of peacock”. 
‘The Hell-Hound At Large’: An article and its aftermaths 
An article with the title The Hell-Hound At Large was featured under English section of Oway Magazine’s Volume 5, Issue 1 published in January of 1936. 
Nway Oo Aung is ‌article writer and a youngwriter who advocate for youth. 
Published Articles Name Year How to cope the stress 2023