"Astroviruses were first observed by electron microscopy (EM) in stool specimens from infants with gastroenteritis (Appleton et al., 1975; Madeley et al., 1975). However, this method was relatively insensitive and studies based on this method of detection indicated that astroviruses were a rare cause of gastroenteritis (Glass et al., 1996). For example, hospital based EM studies indicated that enteric adenoviruses were the second most common cause of viral diarrhea in young children and that incidence rates of astrovirus infection never exceed 4% (Kapikian, 1993). The development of more advanced methods of detection such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have revealed that astroviruses are second only to rotavirus as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide (Glass et al., 1996; Matsui et al., In: Field's Virology ; Cruz et al., 1992; Herrmann et al, 1991; Lew et al., 1991). Furthermore, the imminent licensing of a rotavirus vaccine (Tucker et al., 1998) may lead to astrovirus becoming the primary cause of viral gastroenteritis among young children in the near future. Although numerous studies have pointed to the medical importance of astrovirus, very little is understood about the epidemiology of this virus.This paper will examine the findings of previous studies on the epidemiology of astrovirus, discuss questions raised by the epidemiological information provided by these studies, and identify areas for future study.BACKGROUNDMolecular BiologyAstroviruses are small, nonenveloped icosahedral viruses. Astroviruses are 28-30 nm in diameter with a smooth margin and a star-like EM appearance. The genome consists of plus-sense, single-stranded RNA that it approximately 6,800 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' poly (A) tail. To date, seven serotypes of human astrovirus have been identified  (Matsui et al., ""Astroviruses"", In: Field's Virology ).PathogenesisThe pathogenesis of human astrovirus infection has not been well studied in humans. The correlation of diarrhea with fecal shedding of astrovirus and the identification of viral particles in the intestinal epithelial cells suggests that viral replication takes place in the intestinal tissue in humans (Phillips et al., 1982). The viral pathogenesis of animal astroviruses has been studied more extensively. Studies of bovine astrovirus have determined that the virus infects the M cells and adsorptive enterocytes overlying the dome villi of the Peyer's patches in the small bowel (Woode et al., 1984). Studies of lamb astrovirus revealed that a mild transient diarrhea occurred following infection of mature enterocytes in the apical two-thirds of the villi and the subepithelial macrophages (Snodgrass et al., 1979). While the above in vivo experiments suggest that astrovirus enters cells through the apical surface, studies of viral pathogenesis in cell culture indicate that human astroviruses enter through the basolateral surface instead of the apical surface (Willcocks et al., 1990).Clinical Manifestations of Astrovirus InfectionFollowing a 1-4 day incubation period, astrovirus infection typically presents as watery diarrhea that resembles a mild form of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Astrovirus diarrhea is principally seen in young children 6 months to 2 years of age and may be associated with anorexia, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain. Although astrovirus diarrhea does not normally result in significant dehydration or hospitalization, individuals suffering from poor nutritional status, immunodeficiency, severe mixed infection, or underlying gastrointestinal disease are at risk for the development of complications (Blacklow et al., 1991; Greenberg et al., 1992).ImmunityImmunity to astrovirus infection is not well understood. Young children and the institutionalized elderly are usually the populations that develop symptomatic infection, suggesting that antibody is acquired early in childhood, provides protection through adult life, and wanes late in life (Glass et al., 1996). A recent study by Koopmans and colleagues  (1998) determined that there is no heterologous protection between the seven human astrovirus serotypes.EPIDEMIOLOGYTransmissionAstroviruses are transmitted from person to person by the fecal-oral route. Fecal-oral transmission has been verified by numerous volunteer studies. In 1979, Kurtz and colleagues examined filtrate from a child with mild gastroenteritis by EM and determined that it contained a large number of astrovirus particles. The filtrate was administered to eight volunteers by mouth. One volunteer developed diarrheal illness and shed large amounts of astrovirus in the feces and one experienced mild constitutional symptoms and a lower level of shedding. The original filtrate was subsequently given to nine more volunteers, two of whom shed virus. Thirteen of 16 inoculated subjects experienced an increase in titer of homologous antibody in their serum. Ultimately the authors concluded that astroviruses produce a transmissible infection of low pathogenicity for adults. Midthun and colleagues (1993) performed a similar volunteer study. Subjects were inoculated with a bacterium-free filtrate prepared from a stool specimen of an individual who had been ill during the 1978 Marin County outbreak of gastroenteritis which was attributed to human astrovirus serotype 5. Nineteen adult volunteers received an oral administration of the filtrate. One developed gastrointestinal illness and nine others experienced serologic responses.Contaminated water and food have occasionally been implicated as the cause of astrovirus outbreaks. On June 21, 1991 there was an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis identified from students and staff of the 10 primary and 4 junior high schools in Katano City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. All of the schools had separate water supplies but the schools lunches came from three central kitchens which all got their food from a common supplier. Oishi and colleagues (1994) examined food samples from the three central kitchens and fecal samples from 38 patients from 10 different schools. Astrovirus was detected in 10 of the fecal samples. Shigella species, Salmonella species, C. jejuni, S. aureus, V. parahemolyticus, B. cereus, Y. enterocolitica , and various types of Escherichia coli were not detected in either the food samples or the stool samples.Utagawa and colleagues (1994) identified astrovirus as the etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in three separate outbreaks. In the first outbreak, 22 (67%) of 33 people who dined at a restaurant in the Nagano Prefecture later developed gastroenteritis. The median incubation period was 36 hours and the median duration of illness was 72 hours. Symptoms included vomiting (46%), diarrhea (73%), fever (46%), and abdominal pain (36%). Two of the nine specimens that were collected were found to have SRSV-like particles by EM, but these samples were used up during examination. Three of the remaining seven were positive for astrovirus by EIA. The second outbreak involved 1,419 kitchen staff and students from a school in the Yamaguchi Prefecture who became ill after eating contaminated school lunches. The median incubation period was 44 hours and the median duration of illness was 72 hours. Symptoms experienced by the individuals in the Yamaguchi outbreak also included vomiting (70%), abdominal pain (65%), fever (64%), and diarrhea (40%). Of the 28 fecal specimens obtained for examination (22 from kitchen staff and 6 from school children), six specimens were positive by EIA and all of the childrens' specimens were EM and EIA negative. In the third outbreak, 45 of 68 high schools students became ill within 24 hours after eating at a ski lodge. Again, symptoms included vomiting (78%), fever (73%), diarrhea  (69%), and abdominal pain (69%). Of the six specimens examined, one was positive for astrovirus by EM and all specimens were positive for astrovirus by EIA.PrevalenceEstimates of the prevalence of astrovirus infection vary widely depending on the population and the method of detection used. The findings of the major studies of astrovirus prevalence are summarized in Table 1. Using a Northern (RNA) dot blot technique, Palombo and colleagues (1995) detected astrovirus in 4.2% of fecal samples from children in Melbourne, Australia who had been hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis.Using an ELISA capable of detecting the human astrovirus serotypes 1 to 5, Herrmann and colleagues (1991) performed controlled studies in Thailand comparing the incidence of astrovirus, rotavirus, and enteric adenovirus among pediatric outpatients with gastroenteritis. Astroviruses were detected in 8.6% of the children experiencing gastroenteritis. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus were detected in 19% and 2.6% of those with gastroenteritis, respectively. Similarly, using the same ELISA, Cruz and colleagues (1992) detected astrovirus in 38.6% of rural Guatemalan children 0 to three years of age.More recent studies by Koopmans and colleagues (1998) and Maldonado and colleagues (1998) have indicated an extremely high prevalence of astrovirus among certain populations. In the Koopmans study (1998), the overall percentage of persons with neutralizing antibodies to astrovirus ranged from 10-91% depending on the astrovirus serotype.Using noncommercial ELISA and RT-PCR, Maldonado and colleagues  (1998) identified astrovirus as the most common enteric pathogen in a population of rural Mayan infants living in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. In this population, little rotavirus or enteric adenovirus infection was detected in a three-year birth cohort of infants in the first year of life. Astrovirus was detected in 164 of 271 infants (61%) enrolled in an oral polio vaccine (OPV) immunogenicity study. This is the highest astrovirus prevalence reported among infants from any region in the world.Prevalence of the Seven Human Astrovirus SerotypesNumerous studies indicate that human astrovirus serotype 1 is the most predominant serotype worldwide. Table 2 summarizes the findings of the major studies on the prevalence of the seven human astrovirus serotypes. Lee and colleagues (1994) examined stool specimens from the Oxford Public Health Laboratory from children under six years of age who either had acute or recent gastroenteritis. Occasionally specimens from adults were also examined, but only when a viral agent of gastroenteritis was suspected. Specimens were first examined for viruses by electron microscopy and were then serotyped using immune electron microscopy (IEM). Of 291 astrovirus-positive stool specimens collected during the 17-year period from 1976-1992, 64.9% (n=189 specimens) contained astrovirus serotype 1, 11.3% (n=33 specimens) contained serotype 2, 9.3% (n=27 specimens) contained serotype 3, 11.3% (n=33 specimens) contained serotype 4, 2.1% (n=6 specimens) contained serotype 5, 0.3% (n=1 specimen) contained serotype 6, and 0.7% (n=2 specimens) contained serotype 7.Noel and colleagues (1994) collected 162 astrovirus-positive stool samples from children with diarrhea from 1981-1993. The viruses isolated from these samples were typed using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immune electron microscopy (IEM) and it was found that 66% (n=107) of the isolated viruses were serotype 1, 0.6% (n=1) were serotype 2, 6.2% (n=10) were serotype 3, 4.3% (n=7) were serotype 4, and 0% (n=0) were serotype 5. There was no information provided for astrovirus serotypes 6 and 7.In 1995, Noel and colleagues used a typing enzyme immunoassay  (TYPE-EIA) to determine the types of 64 astrovirus-positive specimens from nine collections from seven different countries. 52% (n=32 specimens) were astrovirus serotype 1, 11% (n=7 specimens) were astrovirus serotype 2, 16%  (n=10 specimens) were astrovirus serotype 3, 10% (n=6 specimens) were astrovirus serotype 4, 2% (n=1 specimen) were astrovirus serotype 5, 2%  (n=1 specimen) were astrovirus serotype 6, 0% (n=0 specimens) were astrovirus serotype 7.In the Koopmans study, it was found that the overall percentage of persons with neutralizing antibodies to astrovirus was highest for astrovirus serotype 1 (91%), followed by 69% for serotype 3, 56% for serotype 4, 36% for serotype 5, 31% for serotype 2, 16% for serotype 6, and 10% for serotype 7.Seasonal Distribution of Astrovirus InfectionIn temperate regions, most astrovirus infections are detected in the winter while in tropical climates, most astrovirus infections are noted in during the rainy season (Matsui et al., In: Field's Virology; Maldonado, 1996). This temporal pattern of infection is similar to that of rotavirus infection (Maldonado, 1996).Utagawa and colleagues (1994) examined the epidemiology and prevalence of astrovirus in six prefectural public health institutes in Japan from 1982 to 1992. The seasonal distributions of astrovirus from the sporadic cases examined by this study indicated that there was a peak in March and April which accounted for 65% of the cases. Sporadic cases did occur from November to May, but no case was detected from June to October.Cruz and colleagues (1992) conducted a longitudinal study of astrovirus infections and diarrhea among rural ambulatory children under three years of age living in a rural community of Guatemala and found that the highest monthly detection rate of astrovirus in sick children occurred in May which was the start of the rainy season.Maldonado and colleagues (1998) examined the epidemiology of astrovirus in a population of rural Mayan infants living in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico and found that although astrovirus was present throughout the year, it peaked in March and May and decreased in September. Increased astrovirus prevalence correlated best with the beginning of the warm rainy season.Although this pattern has been observed in a number of populations, the reasons behind the seasonal distribution of astrovirus infection have yet to be explained.Age Distribution of Astrovirus InfectionTo date, there have been a limited number of studies on the age distribution of astrovirus infection, but the few studies that have been conducted suggest that the majority of people acquire antibodies by the time they are five years of age.A study by Kurtz and colleagues (1978) examined the prevalence of astrovirus antibody in 87 children less than 10 years of age living in the Oxford region of the United Kingdom. Astrovirus antibodies were detected in 7% of infants 6 to 12 months of age, 70% of school-aged children, and 75% of children 10 years of age. A group of nursing students were also tested and astrovirus antibodies were detected in 77% of these young adults.More recently, Koopmans and colleagues (1998) used neutralizing tests to determine the seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies in an age-stratified sample of the population in the Utrecht Province. The age-stratified overall seroprevalence of the seven human astrovirus serotypes was approximately 15% for individuals less than 1 year of age, 29% for individuals 1 to 4 years of age group, and 44% for individuals 5 years of age and older.DISCUSSIONMany questions still remain regarding the epidemiology of astroviruses. In particular, the seasonal distribution of astrovirus infection remains largely unexplained even though it has been well-documented that most astrovirus infections are noted during the winter months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in tropical climates. While the high incidence noted during the winter months is extremely puzzling, it is likely that, in tropical climates, the rainy season creates conditions which increase the opportunities for transmission such as the breakdown of sanitation in developing nations. Interestingly, the seasonal distribution of astrovirus infection is different from that observed for most pathogens spread by the fecal-oral route yet it is similar to the pattern observed for rotavirus.The few studies that have been done on the age distribution of astrovirus infection indicate that antibody is acquired before five years of age. Studies that look at astrovirus prevalence among children under the age of five who have been divided into separate one year age groups would help to clarify the issue of age distribution. Understanding more about the age distribution of this pathogen will be of particular importance if vaccination is to be one of the long term goals of astrovirus research.Although previous studies on the prevalence of the seven human astrovirus serotypes have clearly indicated that serotype 1 is the most prevalent worldwide, these studies have also produced widely varying results which has mainly been due to differences in the sensitivities of the detection methods used by the investigators. A comparison of the various detection methods and their sensitivities would allow us to determine which procedure should be used as the standard detection method thereby making the results of subsequent studies would be more meaningful and easier to compare. Another major problem with the prevalence studies to date is that they examine the prevalence of astrovirus among extremely different populations. For example, a number of studies look at the prevalence of astrovirus among young children with gastroenteritis while others look at the prevalence of astrovirus among healthy individuals. Many of the studies of children with gastroenteritis were performed in order to determine whether or not astrovirus is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis. Now that we know astrovirus is the second most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, studies that investigate the prevalence of the seven serotypes among healthy populations living in different regions of the world would greatly advance our understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen. Finally, once use of the rotavirus vaccine begins, prevalence studies of astrovirus will become of increasing importance because they will allow us to determine whether or not the role of astrovirus infection in the morbidity and mortality of young children is changing and whether or not intervention is needed.The medical importance of astroviruses results from the prevalence of this pathogen among the pediatric population and the fact that astrovirus gastroenteritis can result in complications and lead to hospitalization among individuals suffering from poor nutritional status, immunodeficiency, severe mixed infection, or underlying gastrointestinal disease. If the licensing and routine use of the rotavirus vaccine occurs in the future, as it appears it will, the impact of astrovirus infection on the morbidity of infants and children may become increasingly important. The development of an effective astrovirus vaccine would be a worthwhile goal, especially for the protection of young children, the institutionalized elderly, and those at risk for the development of complicated disease. A vaccine would be of greatest medical benefit to those living in developing countries where tends to be a higher rate of malnourishment.Before we can begin to develop a vaccine, there are a number of issues regarding both immunity to and the epidemiology of astrovirus that need to be clarified. First, there is the issue of heterologous versus homologous protection. Koopmans and colleagues (1998) determined that there was no heterologous protection between the seven human astrovirus serotypes, but other studies need to confirm these findings before any solid conclusions can be made. If it is confirmed that there is no heterologous protection between the human astrovirus serotypes, it will probably be necessary to develop a ""septavalent"" vaccine that would provide protection from all seven serotypes. The other issue that will be important in the development of a vaccine is the prevalence of the seven serotypes. If future prevalence studies reveal that serotype 1 is significantly predominant then it might be possible to vaccinate against just one serotype. However, if studies reveal that serotype 1 is not as predominant as was previously believed, then it may be necessary to develop a vaccine that incorporates more than one serotype.As this review has shown, our understanding of astrovirus has increased greatly in recent years, but there is still much that we have to learn. Now that we know the basics of the epidemiology of this virus, we need to work on clarifying our understanding and eventually begin working towards the goal of vaccination.Table 1. Summary of Major Astrovirus Prevalence StudiesStudyRegionAge of Study PopulationDetection MethodAstrovirus PrevalencePalombo et al. (1978)Melbourne, Australia<5 years of ageNorthern (RNA) Dot Blot4.2%Herrmann et al. (1991)Cruz et al. (1992)Bangkok, ThailandGuatemala<5 years of age<3 years of ageELISAELISA8.6%38.6%Koopmans et al. (1998)Maldonado et al. (1998)The NetherlandsChiapas, Mexico<1 year to 79 years of age<3 years of ageNeutralization TestsELISA and RT-PCR10-91% *61%* This wide range in prevalence values is a result of differences in the prevalence of the seven different human astrovirus serotypes as illustrated by Table 2.Table 2. Summary of the Major Serotype Prevalence StudiesPrevalence of Astrovirus SerotypeStudyDetection Method1234567Lee et al. (1994)Noel et al. (1994)Noel et al. (1995)IEMEIA and IEMEIA64.9%66%52%11.3%0.6%11%9.3%6.2%16%11.3%4.3%10%2.1%0%2%0.3%- *2%0.7%- *0%Koopmans et al. (1998)Neutralization Tests91%33%69%56%36%16%10%* No data was available for the prevalence of serotypes 6 and 7 in this study.REFERENCES1. Appleton, H; Higgins, PG. Viruses and gastroenteritis in infants. The Lancet 1975; i: 1297.2. Blacklow, NR; Greenberg, HB. Viral gastroenteritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 1991, 325: 252-264.3. Cruz, JR; Bartlett, AV; Herrmann, JE; Caceres, P; Blacklow, NR; Cano, F. Astrovirus-associated diarrhea among Guatemalan ambulatory rural children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1992, 30: 1140-1144.4. Glass, RI; Noel, J; Mitchell, D; Herrmann, JE; Blacklow, NR; Pickering, LK; Dennehy, P; Ruiz-Palacios, G; de Guerrero, ML; Monroe, SS. The changing epidemiology of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis: a review. Archives of Virology. Supplementum, 1996, 12:287-300.5. Greenberg, HB; Matsui, SM. Astroviruses and caliciviruses: emerging enteric pathogens. Infectious Agents of Disease, 1992, I: 71-91.5. Herrmann, JE; Taylor, DN; Echeverria, P; Blacklow, NR. Astroviruses as a cause of viral gastroenteritis in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 1991, 324: 1757-1760.6. Kapikian, AZ. Viral gastroenteritis. JAMA, 1993, 269: 627-630.7. Koopmans, MP; Bijen, MH; Monroe, SS; Vinjbe, J. Age-stratified seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to astrovirus types 1 to 7 in humans in The Netherlands. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 1998 Jan, 5 (1):33-7.8. Kurtz, J; Lee, T. Astrovirus gastroenteritis age distribution of antibody. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1978; 166: 227-230.9. Kurtz, JB: Lee, TW; Craig, JW; Reed, SE. Astrovirus infection in volunteers. Journal of Medical Virology, 1979, 3: 221-230.10. Lee, TW; Kurtz, JB. Prevalence of human astrovirus serotypes in the Oxford region 1976-1992, with evidence for two new serotypes. Epidemiology and Infection, 112: 187-193.11. Lew, JF; Moe, CL; Monroe, SS; Allen, JR; Harrison, BM; Forrester, BD; Stine, SE; Woods, PA; Hierholzer, JC; Herrmann, JE; Blacklow, NR; Bartlett, AV; Glass, RI. Astrovirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea in children in day care settings. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1991, 164: 673-678.12. Madeley, CR; Cosgrove, BP. Viruses in infantile gastroenteritis in infants. The Lancet 1975, ii:124.13. Maldonado, YA. Astrovirus infections in children. The Report on Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 1996, 6: 39-40.14. Maldonado, YA; Cantwell, M; Old, M; Hill, D; de la Luz Sanchez, M; Logan, L; Millan-Velasco, F; Valdespino, JL; Sepulveda, J; Matsui, S. Population-based prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection in rural Mayan infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases , In press.15. Matsui, SM; Greenberg, HM. Astroviruses. In: Fields Virology, Third Edition. Fields, BN; Knipe, DM; Howley, PM (eds.). Raven Press, Ltd., New York, 1996, pp. 811-824.16. Midthun, K; Greenberg, HB; Kurtz, JB; Gary, GW; Lin, FC; Kapikian, AZ. Characterization and seroepidemiology of a type 5 astrovirus associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Marin County, California. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1993, 31: 955-962.17. Noel, JS; Cubbitt, D. Identification of astrovirus serotypes from children treated at the Hospitals for Sick Children, London 1981-93. Epidemiology and Infection, 1994, 113: 153-159.18. Noel, JS; Lee, TW; Kurtz, JB; Glass, RI; Monroe, SS. Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1995 April, 33 (4):797-801.19. Oishi, I; Yamazaki, K; Kimoto, T; Minekawa, Y; Utagawa, E; Yamazaki, S; Inouye, S; Grohmann, GS; Monroe, SS; Stine, SE; et al. A large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with astrovirus among students and teachers in Osaka, Japan. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1994 Aug, 170 (2):439-43.20. Palombo, EA; Bishop, RF. Annual incidence, serotype distribution, and genetic diversity of human astrovirus isolates from hospitalized children in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 1996 July, 34 (7):1750-3.21. Phillips, AD; Rice, SJ; Walker-Smith, JA. Astrovirus within human small intestinal mucosa. Gut, 1982, 23: A923-924.22. Snodgrass, DR; Angus, KW; Gray, EW; Menzies, JD, Paul, G. Pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by astrovirus infections in lambs. Archives of Virology, 1979, 60: 217-226.23. Tucker, AW; Haddix, AC; Bresee, JS; Holman, RC; Parashar, UD; Glass, RI. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a rotavirus immunization program for the United States. JAMA, 1998, 279: 1371-1376.24. Utagawa, ET; Nishizawa, S; Sekine, S; Hayashi, Y; Ishihara, Y; Oishi, I; Iwasaki, A; Yamashita, I; Miyamura, K; Yamazaki, S. Astrovirus as a cause of gastroenteritis in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 1994, 32 (8):1841-5.25. Willcocks, MM; Carter, MJ; Laidler, FR; Madeley, CR. Growth and characterization of human faecal astrovirus in a continuous cell line. Archives of Virology, 1990, 113: 73-81.26. Woode, GN; Pohlenz, JF; Kelso Goulery, NE; Fagerland, JA. Astrovirus and breda virus infections of dome cell epithelium of bovine ileum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1984, 19: 623-630.Last modified: Tue Jun 16 12:36:39 PDT 1998"
Following a 1-4 day incubation period, astrovirus infection typically presents as watery diarrhea that resembles a mild form of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Astrovirus diarrhea is principally seen in young children 6 months to 2 years of age and may be associated with anorexia, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain.mmunity to astrovirus infection is not well understood. Young children and the institutionalized elderly are usually the populations that develop symptomatic infection, suggesting that antibody is acquired early in childhood, provides protection through adult life, and wanes late in life (Glass et al., 1996).


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Astrovirus infections are considered among the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, second only to rotavirus infections, but in animals their association with enteric diseases is not well documented, with the exception of turkey and mink astrovirus infection.enetic variability has been described in almost all astrovirus species sufficiently examined infecting mammals and birds; however, antigenic variability has been demonstrated for human astroviruses but is far less investigated in animal viruses.


Phylum of human?
The phylum to which humans belong is Chordata.     Domain: Eukaryota   Kingdom: Animalia   Phylum: Chordata   Subphylum: Vertebrata   Class: Mammalia â¦   Subclass: Theria   Order: Primates   Suborder: Anthropoidea   Family: Hominidae   Genus: Homo   Species: H. sapiens   Subspecies: H. s.iver flukes belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. Liver flukes are any of several parasitic trematode worms, especially Clonorchis sinensis, that infest the liver of various â¦ animals, including humans.


What order and genus do humans belong to? Need immediate help!?
Answers. Best Answer: Humans belong to the order Primates and the genus Homo. Here is the full classification of Homo sapiens sapiens: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: H. sapiens Subspecies: H. s.sapiens. Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human.ere is the full classification of Homo sapiens sapiens: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: H. sapiens Subspecies: H. s. sapiens.


Yeast
In biology, a phylum (/ËfaÉªlÉm/ ; plural: phyla) is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.Traditionally, in botany the term division was used instead of phylum, although from 1993 the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepted the designation phylum.The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla, Plantae contains 12, and Fungi contains 7.Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.he kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla, Plantae contains 12, and Fungi contains 7. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.


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All humans, including those that edit at wiki.Answers.com belong to the species Homo sapiens, of the family Hominidae, of the class Mammalia, of the phylum Chordata. 3 people found this useful. Edit. dove is any bird of the family Columbidae, of the class Aves, of the phylum Chordata.


3. To what kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class and subclass do humans belong?
Subphylum: Vertebrata, the taonomic ranking system has identified verebra that are not a backbone or spinal column, this category is to provide that specificity Class: Mammalia, class of animals that has a mammary gland and some other random stuff. Subclass: Theria, gives birth to live young without using a shelled egg.est Answer: Kingdom: Animalia, characteristics include all animals and exclude all plants, fungus, single celled organisms and any of the organisms like bacteria strains and so forth.


3. To what kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class and subclass do humans belong?
Answers. Best Answer: Kingdom: Animalia, characteristics include all animals and exclude all plants, fungus, single celled organisms and any of the organisms like bacteria strains and so forth. Phylum: Chordata, includes animals with vertebreas and for some odd reason a few closely related ones without.est Answer: Kingdom: Animalia, characteristics include all animals and exclude all plants, fungus, single celled organisms and any of the organisms like bacteria strains and so forth.


Phylum of human?
All humans, including those that edit at wiki.Answers.com belong to the species Homo sapiens, of the family Hominidae, of the class Mammalia, of the phylum Chordata. 3 people found this useful.iver flukes belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. Liver flukes are any of several parasitic trematode worms, especially Clonorchis sinensis, that infest the liver of various â¦ animals, including humans.


Phylum of human?
Liver flukes belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. Liver flukes are any of several parasitic trematode worms, especially Clonorchis sinensis, that infest the liver of various â¦ animals, including humans. 1 person found this useful. dove is any bird of the family Columbidae, of the class Aves, of the phylum Chordata.


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Submit Corrections Cancel. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Always been a warrior.From back when I remember, now we stand together. Always been a warrior. Maybe here whenever, wanting this forever. Always been a warrior.ubmit Corrections Cancel. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Always been a warrior.


Fire In Your Eyes Lyrics
I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again.Always been a warrior. From back when I remember, now we stand together. Always been a warrior. Maybe here whenever, wanting this forever. Always been a warrior.ubmit Corrections Cancel. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Fire in your eyes again. I see fire in your eyes again, I see fire in your eyes again. Always been a warrior.


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I see fire. Blood in the breeze. I see fire (oh you know I saw a city burning out) (fire). And I see fire (feel the heat upon my skin, yeah) (fire). And I see fire (uh-uh-uh-uh) (fire). And I see fire burn auburn on the mountain side. Submit Corrections. Visit www.azlyrics.com for these lyrics. see fire (oh you know I saw a city burning out) (fire). And I see fire (feel the heat upon my skin, yeah) (fire). And I see fire (uh-uh-uh-uh) (fire). And I see fire burn auburn on the mountain side.


Ed Sheeran Lyrics
I see fire (oh you know I saw a city burning out) (fire). And I see fire (feel the heat upon my skin, yeah) (fire). And I see fire (uh-uh-uh-uh) (fire). And I see fire burn auburn on the mountain side.Submit Corrections. Visit www.azlyrics.com for these lyrics. see fire (oh you know I saw a city burning out) (fire). And I see fire (feel the heat upon my skin, yeah) (fire). And I see fire (uh-uh-uh-uh) (fire). And I see fire burn auburn on the mountain side.


Peter Gabriel â In Your Eyes
\nIn your eyes in your eyes. \nIn your eyes in your eyes. Love I get so lost, sometimes. \nDays pass and this emptiness fills my heart. \nWhen I want to run away. \nI drive off in my car. \nBut whichever way I go. \nI come back to the place you are. \nAll my instincts, they return. want to touch the light, The heat I see in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/p/peter_gabriel/in_your_eyes.html.


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I love this song! It's unbelievable, you can really feel his pain in his voice. The lyrics are well written. it is so true that you can love someone so much that they take your breath away and leave a hole in your heart.I think he's singing about loving someone who doesn't love you anymore and the pain can almost kill you.t's unbelievable, you can really feel his pain in his voice. The lyrics are well written. it is so true that you can love someone so much that they take your breath away and leave a hole in your heart. I think he's singing about loving someone who doesn't love you anymore and the pain can almost kill you.


I am looking for a particular song, how can I find it?
1 Imagine Dragons-I Was Me Lyrics. [ 2 Verse 1] It's just another day It's just another year One step at a time, they say One trip, and you're back that way I don't recognize these eyes I don't recognize these hands Please believe me when I... Toby Keith-Beautiful Stranger Lyrics. 2  You give in and the night begins with the red wine kiss I whisper something crazy about your shoes You hush me and you crush me with your fingertips Itâs been awhile since Iâve seen this side of you Beautiful stranger...


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\nI see the light and the heat. \nIn your eyes. \nOh, I want to be that complete. \nI want to touch the light, \nThe heat I see in your eyes. \nIn your eyes in your eyes. \nIn your eyes in your eyes. \nIn your eyes in your eyes. Click add artist photo and then Browse to choose artist's image from your disc. want to touch the light, The heat I see in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/p/peter_gabriel/in_your_eyes.html.


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I can see how people will get the song confused with god and the love for a woman. But in fact you are all correct. Peter Gabriel loves to reference god and he is a strong advocate in Humanitarianism. In most of his concert, he has a african singing the course Your Eyes. can see how people will get the song confused with god and the love for a woman. But in fact you are all correct. Peter Gabriel loves to reference god and he is a strong advocate in Humanitarianism. In most of his concert, he has a african singing the course Your Eyes.


In Your Eyes lyrics
I think my favorite song lyric ever may be: in your eyes I see the doorway to a thousand churches, the resolution to all my fruitless searches. want to touch the light, The heat I see in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. In your eyes in your eyes. Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/p/peter_gabriel/in_your_eyes.html.


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Owls - Symbology and Mythology. The word cailleach in the Scottish-Gaelic means old woman!, coileach-oidhche is the word for owl, believe it or not it means night-cockerel! These birds were most often associated with the Crone aspect of the Goddess.


More Animal Symbolism
In Ancient Greece, the owl was a symbol of a higher wisdom, and it was also a guardian of the Acropolis. Diana, the Roman response to Athena, was strongly associated with the moon, and also the owl. The Pawnee and the Sioux saw the owl as a messenger (akicita) to the first of all evil creatures (Unktehi).


More Animal Symbolism
Through pop culture references, like Winnie the Pooh, and through folklore, we all associate owls with wisdom at some time or other. Rather than intellectual wisdom, though, owls are connected with the wisdom of the soul. However, there are other qualities that owl has. Owls are often seen as mysterious, mostly because many owls are strictly nocturnal and humans have always found night to be full of mystery and the unknown. Owls live within the darkness, which includes magic, mystery, and ancient knowledge. Related to the night is the moon, which owls are also connected to.


What is the symbolic meaning of the Owl?
To the ancient Greeks, the owl is a symbol of Athene who is goddess of foresight & knowledge. Taking symbolism from the owl directly, it is noteworthy that it is a creature of the night. Nocturnal creatures are symbolic of inner-knowing, psychic ability, and intuition â so too is the owl. If an owl has visited you, an incredible gift has been bestowed.


Owl SymbolismâWhat Does It Mean When You See an Owl?
A hooting owl close to the house can be a positive or negative omen. In order to tell, it's important to observe what happens after the incident. If something good happens, the owl might be a blessing to you. Good things will continue to happen when you hear the owl nearby. If something negative happens, it might be a sign of impending sickness to you or someone close to you. Owls are most often seen and heard during the night, because they are nocturnal.


Owls - Mythology and Folklore - The White Goddess
Owls - Symbology and Mythology. (Cailleach, Oidhche, Comachag) The word cailleach in the Scottish-Gaelic means old woman!, coileach-oidhche is the word for owl, believe it or not it means night-cockerel! These birds were most often associated with the Crone aspect of the Goddess.


Owls - Mythology and Folklore - The White Goddess
The Owl has a dual symbolism of wisdom and darkness, the latter meaning evil and death. They are symbolically associated with clairvoyance, astral projection and magick, and is oftentimes the medicine of sorcerers and witches, you are drawn to magickal practices.


Owl Symbolism â Deeper Meaning of Owl
Utter nonsense â the owl is no more a symbol of death than I am (and I assure you, I am not!). Yes, in certain cultures (China, Egypt, India) the symbolic meaning of owl is associated with death, but you must understand that the owl is nota symbol of death per se. Rather â it was revered (honored) as being the guardian of the after-life â a highly respected emblem indeed.


Owls - Mythology and Folklore - The White Goddess
Owls are believed to be a sacred animal to the famed Cult of the Head. They often appear with human heads and with bovines, such as rams and bulls, all of which have been determined by scholars to be objects of this strange cult.


Christian Keyes Net Worth
$1.5 Million. Christian Keyes net worth: Christian Keyes is an American actor and producer who has a net worth of $1.5 million.Christian Keyes was born in Detroit, Michigan in July 1975. As an actor he starred as Troy in the television series Let's Stay Together from 2011 to 2014.hristian Keyes net worth: Christian Keyes is an American actor and producer who has a net worth of $1.5 million.


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Christian Keyes is an actor and producer, known for Note to Self (2012), Perfect Combination (2010) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005).See full bio Â». More at IMDbPro Â» Contact Info: View agent and manager.hristian Keyes is an actor and producer, known for Note to Self (2012), Perfect Combination (2010) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005). See full bio Â». More at IMDbPro Â» Contact Info: View agent and manager.


Saints & Sinners
Mini Bio (1). Christian Keyes is an actor and producer, known for Note to Self (2012), Perfect Combination (2010) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005).hristian Keyes is an actor and producer, known for Note to Self (2012), Perfect Combination (2010) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005).


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Photo courtesy of: ChristianKeyes.com. Christian Keyes is so much more than just a âPretty Boy.â Make no mistake, being FINE certainly helps in the business of entertainment, with that being said: The actor, singer, model, producer, screenwriter, is a complete package and then some.Oh and letâs not forget, former fitness trainer!1 Responses to Exclusive Interview: Actor Christian Keyes, Heâs so much More Than a âPretty Boyâ. August 7, 2013 - 11:42 AM. Hello Christian, The very time I saw you in a movie I seem to have coonected with you in a major way.


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Christian Keyes spoke to Cherise Nicole (CNikky.com) to answer his fans questions about his nationality.1  Entertainment. 2  Standard YouTube License.hristian Keyes spoke to Cherise Nicole (CNikky.com) to answer his fans questions about his nationality. Category. License.


Is Christian keyes married?
NO! I have worked with Mr. Keyes on some acting projects and he is a respectable and honest person (Not to say that being gay would change that), but he doesn't have anything â¦ to hide as a person. If he was gay, he would be the one to tell it!He is a fun person that you would love to get to know.O! I have worked with Mr. Keyes on some acting projects and he is a respectable and honest person (Not to say that being gay would change that), but he doesn't have anything â¦ to hide as a person. If he was gay, he would be the one to tell it!


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Mr. Christian Keyes, You are a very established and gifted actor. Black Wall Street New Dream Publishing is my publishing company that released the book, âMy Callâ a combination of the movies; The Ten Commandments, Scarface and New Jack City all rolled into one in modern times.1 Responses to Exclusive Interview: Actor Christian Keyes, Heâs so much More Than a âPretty Boyâ. August 7, 2013 - 11:42 AM. Hello Christian, The very time I saw you in a movie I seem to have coonected with you in a major way.


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21 Responses to Exclusive Interview: Actor Christian Keyes, Heâs so much More Than a âPretty Boyâ. August 7, 2013 - 11:42 AM. Hello Christian, The very time I saw you in a movie I seem to have coonected with you in a major way.1 Responses to Exclusive Interview: Actor Christian Keyes, Heâs so much More Than a âPretty Boyâ. August 7, 2013 - 11:42 AM. Hello Christian, The very time I saw you in a movie I seem to have coonected with you in a major way.


Alumnus Keyes to Return to Ferris to Host Apollo Showcase, Screening of His Film 'Note  to Self'
Christian Keyes, a Ferris State University alumnus, is returning to his Big Rapids roots for the âApollo Showcaseâ on Saturday, Oct. 13 during the universityâs homecoming celebration. The event is sponsored by Ferrisâ Office of Multicultural Student Services.Keyes, an actor, singer and producer, will host the event from 6 to 8 p.m. in the Rankin Student Center Dome Room. The finalists from an Oct. 2 tryout advance to the Oct. 13 showcase that will award a cash prize and a trophy to the winner.hristian Keyes, a Ferris State University alumnus, is returning to his Big Rapids roots for the âApollo Showcaseâ on Saturday, Oct. 13 during the universityâs homecoming celebration. The event is sponsored by Ferrisâ Office of Multicultural Student Services.


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# 13136 Most Popular Person Most Popular Person # 39 Born on July 24 Born on July 24 # 24 Person named Christian Person named Christian # 3 Leo named Christian Leo named Christian # 6 July 24 TV Actor July 24 TV Actor. 13136 Most Popular Person Most Popular Person # 39 Born on July 24 Born on July 24 # 24 Person named Christian Person named Christian # 3 Leo named Christian Leo named Christian # 6 July 24 TV Actor July 24 TV Actor.


AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY
1. the extent or level to which an organism responds physiologically to a stimulus, such as a stressor in the environment. 2. a pattern of autonomic nervous system responses that become characteristic of an individual throughout life.


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No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that neurotic patients demonstrate over-reactivity of the autonomic nervous system in response to stressful stimuli, or that introverts and extraverts are characterised by ease and difficulty respectively with which they form conditioned responses.


AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY
Also known as autonomic response specificity-individual response stereotypy. AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY: A person showing high autonomic reactivity would likely response in a more physiological manner than a person with low autonomic reactivity.. No related posts.


The Autonomic Response
In his classic description of the adrenal response, Walter Cannon suggested that the autonomic nervous system served rather like a support system. An emotion-provoking stimulus triggers the appropriate emotion and thence the autonomic nervous system (ANS) into action such as fight or flight.


Autonomic reactivity, eyelid conditioning and their relationship to neuroticism and extraversion
Abstract. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that neurotic patients demonstrate over-reactivity of the autonomic nervous system in response to stressful stimuli, or that introverts and extraverts are characterised by ease and difficulty respectively with which they form conditioned responses.


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Autonomic neuropathy is a group of symptoms that occur when there is damage to the nerves that manage every day body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, bowel and bladder emptying, and digestion. Autonomic neuropathy is a group of symptoms, not a specific disease.


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Given the possible linkages of autonomic reactivity to psychopathology, the purpose of this study was to examine a new reactivity assessment protocol for children aged 4-8 years and to seek measures of autonomic response that could identify children with early signs of developmental psychopathology.


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Autonomic hyperreflexia is an abnormal, overreaction of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system to stimulation. This reaction may include: 1  Change in heart rate. 2  Excessive sweating.


What is EMDR?
EMDR therapy is an eight-phase treatment which comprehensively identifies and addresses experiences that have overwhelmed the brainâs natural resilience or coping capacity, and have thereby generated traumatic symptoms and/or harmful coping strategies.


What is EMDR?
The left â right eye movements in EMDR therapy are a form of âbilateral stimulationâ. Other forms of bilateral stimulation used by EMDR therapists include alternating bilateral sound using headphones and alternating tactile simulation using a handheld device that vibrates or taps to the back of the patientâs hands.


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EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is an advanced psychotherapy model that combines psychology with physiology in a way that allows a person to identify and âclearâ past traumatic events.


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Expressing delight at having an experienced partner in Egypt, Hamilton said, 'I am confident that EMD along with its new partner Aman Trading and Engineering have the resources and the expertise to make ENR's future visions a reality.


What is EMDR?
Description of an EMDR Therapy Session. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an approach to psychotherapy that has been practiced in the U.S. and around the world for the past 25 years. It integrates many of the successful elements of a range of therapeutic approaches, yet there are aspects of EMDR that are unique.


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Instead of reacting to only the current event (driving), our bodies react to the current event plus all the similar or related events from the past (a previous accident). EMDR takes those experiences stuck in our adaptive memory, and moves them into our non-adaptive memory, where they belong.


What is EMDR?
Since the development of EMDR therapy, many adaptations of the therapy have been established to address particular types of psychological problems, but all specialized applications rest on EMDRâs basic protocols and concept of adaptive information processing.


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DAVIDSON, PR & PARKER, KCH 2001: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis. The workshops offer eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a highly controversial but effective technique, as an optional treatment. Mind Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an approach to psychotherapy that uses eye movements to stimulate the information processing in the brain. EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. A randomized experimental evaluation found support for the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)in reducing trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse.


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Interline EMD processing between launch partners Finnair and Egypt Air means the carriers' customers can now buy ancillary services across interline flights, safe in the knowledge that the operating airline will know the service has been purchased.


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In a more traditional acquisition strategy, logistics planning occurs during the EMD phase, typically in a logistics support analysis that provides the basis for making strategic logistics decisions, including defining requirements for spares, support equipment, training, and technical data.


Xopenex HFA
Xopenex HFA is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to levalbuterol, racemic albuterol, or any other component of Xopenex HFA. Reactions have included urticaria, angioedema, rash, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, and oropharyngeal edema.


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Levalbuterol systemic is used in the treatment of: 1  Asthma. 2  Asthma, acute. 3  Asthma, Maintenance. 4  COPD. COPD, Acute.  COPD, Maintenance.


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Levalbuterol tartrate (Xopenex hFa) is a beta2-agonist, hydrofluoroalkane inhalation aerosol labeled for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. Levalbuterol is the active R-isomer of albuterol (Proventil), which contains both the R- and S-isomers.


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â Search the entire Drugs.com site for levalbuterol. Disclaimer: The indications, uses and warnings for individual medications outside the USA are determined by local regulatory bodies in each country or region. The Drugs.com website is intended primarily for audiences in the United States and its territories. Indications, uses and warnings on Drugs.com patient information leaflets are derived from FDA product labels and may differ in countries outside the USA.


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Levalbuterol tartrate is well tolerated and seems to have a side-effect profile similar to that of albuterol; studies have not demonstrated any reduction in side effects with levalbuterol tartrate at equivalent doses.


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Levalbuterol tartrate is the generic name for (R)-albuterol tartrate in the United States. Levalbuterol tartrate HFA Inhalation Aerosol is a pressurized metered-dose aerosol inhaler (MDI), which produces an aerosol for oral inhalation.


Proper Use
The levalbuterol inhalation solution should be used with a jet nebulizer that is connected to an air compressor with good air flow. The inhalation solution and nebulizer will come with patient instructions. Read and follow these instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.


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Results from clinical trials in adults show levalbuterol tartrate to be as effective as albuterol in improving lung function as measured by percent change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).1,2 The duration of action is approximately four hours in most persons and is similar to that of albuterol.


Xopenex HFA
Levalbuterol tartrate, the (R)-enantiomer of albuterol, is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Levalbuterol tartrate has the chemical name (R)-Î±1-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedimethanol L-tartrate (2:1 salt), and it has the following chemical structure: The molecular weight of levalbuterol tartrate is 628.71, and its empirical formula is (C13H21NO3)2 Â· C4H6O6.


Xopenex HFA
Levalbuterol tartrate has the chemical name (R)-Î±1[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedimethanol L-tartrate (2:1 salt), and it has the following chemical structure: The molecular weight of levalbuterol tartrate is 628.71, and its empirical formula is (C13H21NO3)2 â¢ C4H6O6. It is a white to light-yellow solid, freely soluble in water and very slightly soluble in ethanol. Levalbuterol tartrate is the generic name for (R)-albuterol tartrate in the United States. XOPENEX HFA inhalation aerosol is a pressurized metered-dose aerosol inhaler (MDI), which produces an aerosol for oral inhalation.


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Waterfalls, gorge, ancient lava flows make Copper Falls one ofâ¦. Wisconsin has a fever, and the only prescription is more summer. Here are 100 ideas for things to do across the state to get your summer adventures started.


User Reviews
Cinema was completely packed, not a spare seat in the house, and the crowd really seemed to enjoy it. I thought the film was great, really cool genre pic that comes across as a nice mixture of Predator/Braveheart/Beowulf, all the while managing to feel quite original on its own.


planet earth 2
Many of the changes that Earth undergoes don't happen to other planets because Earth is the only planet with a mobile asthenosphere and a surface temperature that straddles the freezing temperature of water.


User Reviews
In 709 DC, in the Iron Age, a spacecraft crashes in Norway in the Viking kingdom of Herot, and the pilot Kainan (James Caviezel) survives. He turns the beacon on; learns the language and culture of the planet using a machine; and finds that the predator called Moorwen that he was transporting had escaped.


User Reviews
I was very skeptical before watching this film. Even if it got John Hurt and Ron Perlman in it, I just couldn't believe the SciFi/Norse legend combination would work. My instinct told me that this was going to be another of those horrible B-movies with a stupid story, sub-average effects and mediocre acting at best.


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The foundations of Middle-earth were laid by AulÃ« in times ancient beyond reckoning, and the Valar lit the new lands with two great Lamps, Illuin in the north and Ormal in the south. From fear of Tulkas, Melkor had fled beyond the Walls of the World, and Middle-earth was a place of peace and beauty.


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The Mortal Lands of Arda. The great continent on which much of the Silmarillion, and the adventures of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, are set. Little is known of the east or south of Middle-earth, or of the far north, but the geography and history of its Western lands are chronicled in great detail. Ancient Times.


planet earth 2
Methane, carbon dioxide, and several trace gases (including water) are all greenhouse gases that cause the atmosphere to cool by reflecting large amounts of solar energy back into space. Earth's early atmosphere contained far more CO2 and far less nitrogen compared to its modern composition.


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Our special summer guide is all about making the most of Wisconsin's precious few months of warm weather, from hiking trails and lakeside dining spots to outdoor movies and music festivals.


User Reviews
I stumbled upon this move by accident, but being a sci-fi and fantasy nerd, I watched it, despite the fact that sci-fi movies nowadays tend to be rather poor. The story begins with Kainan (James Caviezel) crash landing his spaceship into a lake, in the middle of Viking-land, in 709 AD. With his co-pilot dead, and his ship in ruins, sunken to the bottom of the lake, he uses his only working piece of technology to teach himself the norsk language.


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A DTaP booster is recommended for children ages 4 through 6 years old. Because our protection from tetanus decreases over time, older children need to get the Tdap vaccine. This booster shot contains a full dose of tetanus and lower doses of diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine.The Tdap vaccine is recommended for all 11 through 18 year olds, preferably at age 11 or 12 years.After getting the Tdap vaccine as a preteen or teen, adults need to get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected.he Tdap vaccine is recommended for all 11 through 18 year olds, preferably at age 11 or 12 years. After getting the Tdap vaccine as a preteen or teen, adults need to get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected.


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1 The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine (DTaP) are usually given to babies at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, and again at 15 to 18 months old. 2  DTap is a very effective vaccine for small children. 3  Kids will need another booster between ages 4 and 6. Td. 2  If you're an adult, get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected. 3  Since some people may lose the protective antibody levels after 5 years, a booster vaccination is recommended if you get a deep, contaminated wound and haven't had a vaccination in more than 5 years.


Tetanus - Vaccine
Tetanus immunization is generally required before starting school. Five doses of vaccine are recommended. DTaP or DT immunization is usually a series of injections given to children at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 15 to 18 months.etanus immunization is generally required before starting school. Five doses of vaccine are recommended. DTaP or DT immunization is usually a series of injections given to children at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 15 to 18 months.


Understanding Tetanus -- Prevention
Children should next get a tetanus vaccine using the Tdap vaccine at age 11 or 12. Any adult who has not had a tetanus immunization within 10 years should get a single dose of Tdap.After Tdap, the Td vaccine is recommended every 10 years.hildren should next get a tetanus vaccine using the Tdap vaccine at age 11 or 12. Any adult who has not had a tetanus immunization within 10 years should get a single dose of Tdap.


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1 DTaP. 2  The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine (DTaP) are usually given to babies at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, and again at 15 to 18 months old. 3  DTap is a very effective vaccine for small children.4  Kids will need another booster between ages 4 and 6. Td. 2  If you're an adult, get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected. 3  Since some people may lose the protective antibody levels after 5 years, a booster vaccination is recommended if you get a deep, contaminated wound and haven't had a vaccination in more than 5 years.


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1 Over time, protection from tetanus decreases, so older children need to get a booster shot. 2  It has a full dose of tetanus and lower amounts of diphtheria and pertussis. 3  All people between the ages of 11 and 18 are advised to get the booster, preferably around 11 or 12 years old. Td. 2  If you're an adult, get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected. 3  Since some people may lose the protective antibody levels after 5 years, a booster vaccination is recommended if you get a deep, contaminated wound and haven't had a vaccination in more than 5 years.


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1 Td. 2  If you're an adult, get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected. 3  Since some people may lose the protective antibody levels after 5 years, a booster vaccination is recommended if you get a deep, contaminated wound and haven't had a vaccination in more than 5 years. Td. 2  If you're an adult, get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected. 3  Since some people may lose the protective antibody levels after 5 years, a booster vaccination is recommended if you get a deep, contaminated wound and haven't had a vaccination in more than 5 years.


Immunization Schedule, Adults
After the initial tetanus series, booster shots are recommended every 10 years. If you experience a puncture wound and it's been more than five years since your last tetanus shot â or you can't remember when you had your last tetanus shot â it's best to get the booster shot.With. James M. Steckelberg, M.D.fter the initial tetanus series, booster shots are recommended every 10 years. If you experience a puncture wound and it's been more than five years since your last tetanus shot â or you can't remember when you had your last tetanus shot â it's best to get the booster shot. With.


Tetanus vaccine
Before the vaccine there was an average of 580 annual cases of tetanus and 472 annual deaths from tetanus. But since the vaccine there is an average of 41 annual cases of tetanus and 4 annual deaths from tetanus. This is 93% reduction in occurrence of tetanus and a 99% reduction in fatalities resulting from tetanus.etanus has become uncommon in the United States, with an average of 29 reported cases per year from 1996 through 2009. Nearly all cases of tetanus are among those who have never received a tetanus vaccine, or adults who don't stay up to date on their 10-year booster shots.


Top 30 Doctor insights on: Side Effects Of Whooping Cough Vaccine In Pregnancy
See vaccine information statements (VIS). The DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccine is highly effective in preventing tetanus in young children. DTaP shots are recommended for babies at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, and again at 15 through 18 months of age.he Tdap vaccine is recommended for all 11 through 18 year olds, preferably at age 11 or 12 years. After getting the Tdap vaccine as a preteen or teen, adults need to get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected.


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DISRUPTING DINNING EXPERIENCES. DINNER CLUB EXPERIENCE. A exclusive pop-up dinner experience using only the freshest local ingredients. Each dinner experience will never be duplicated, the menu is originally improvised by our executive chef promised to take your taste buds on a journey. Dinner will by complimented be Chef's personal music playlist to elevate your culinary journey.


Immerse yourself in exclusive opportunities
Take the benefits of Diners Club with you. Download the Diners Club Travel Tools mobile app to access airport lounges, explore Privileges offers on-the-go, and locate ATMs.


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What is Dinner Club? Dinner Club started back in 2008 as a means to connect with friends on a monthly basis. The first few get togethers were simple potluck style events lasting well into the night. These early renditions usually ended with one of us falling asleep on the couch from some food induced coma.


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Please note: The benefits seen on this page may not be available in your country and might be subject to restrictions, depending on the place or business at which they are offered. Please contact your local issuer to find out which Diners Club benefits are accessible to you and visit our Privileges page to explore all of the offers we have abroad.


How to Start Your Own Gourmet Supper Club
In that case the host is usually responsible for the main course. In some clubs the host of the month plans the meals, in others the group gets together to plan it. The typical size of these groups range from 8-12 members. Here are tips for organizing and running your own Dinner Club: 1  Decide the overall club objective. Is it simply camaraderie? 2  Invite friends who share similar food interests and skill levels to join the club. You don't want novices to be intimidated by professional chefs in the group.


How to Start Your Own Gourmet Supper Club
Organizing Your First Dinner Club. A Supper Club Gathering. Foodies is a new term deemed to those who love all things food and tend to taking to their phones to post their images to social media. Long before foodies people had affinities for all flavors of the world.


How to Start Your Own Supper Club Club
Remember why you're there. What makes supper clubs most enjoyable is how supportive the members are of one another's cooking. Tips from the Pros. We checked in with long-running groups to find out their tips to starting a club.


How to Start Your Own Supper Club Club
You can learn more in our Join CookingLight.com's Supper Club Community feature. But you can also recruit members at work, as well as your gym, church, or synagogue. Extend a personal invitation to potential members. You may find members among your acquaintances. Organize.


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Unwind and recharge at Diners Club airport lounges worldwide. 1  Access more than 700 airport lounges. 2  Relax and refresh in a serene environment. 3  Stay on target with modern business facilities.


Diners Club International
Diners Club International. Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale. It was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment.


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Definition of adventitious. 1  1 : coming from another source and not inherent or innate a Federal house without adventitious later additions adventitious influences. 2  2 : arising or occurring sporadically or in other than the usual location adventitious roots.


adventitious
adventitious - associated by chance and not an integral part; poetry is something to which words are the accidental, not by any means the essential form- Frederick W. Robertson; they had to decide whether his misconduct was adventitious or the result of a flaw in his character.


adventitious
adventitious (comparative more adventitious, superlative most adventitious) 1  From an external source; not innate or inherent, foreign. 2  Accidental, additional, appearing casually. ( 3 genetics, medicine) Not congenital; acquired. ( biology) Developing in an unusual place or from an unusual source.


adventitious
Arising from an external cause or factor; not inherent: symmetry that was purely adventitious; adventitious circumstances that contributed to the plan's success. 2. Biology. a. Of or belonging to a structure that develops in an unusual place: adventitious roots. b.


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Medical Definition of adventitious. 1  1a: arising sporadically or in other than the usual location an adventitious part in embryonic developmentb: occurring spontaneously or accidentally in a country or region to which it is not native an adventitious insect. 2  2: adventitial. 3  3: not congenital adventitious deafness.


adventitious
Definition of adventitious. 1 : coming from another source and not inherent or innate a Federal house without adventitious later additions adventitious influences.


Difference Threshold: Examples & Definition
Instructor: Sarah Collins. Learn about the difference threshold phenomenon and some of its practical applications. Understand what affects your perception of change and why, sometimes, you do not notice differences that exist.


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It refers to the minimum amount that something needs to change in order for a person to notice a difference 50% of the time. In the real world, understanding the concept of difference threshold helps us understand why people do or do not sense the progress they make.


Absolute Threshold: Examples & Definition
In this lesson, we'll talk about what absolute threshold is and explore some examples of absolute threshold for the human senses-specifically for vision and hearing. In the end, test your knowledge with a quiz.


Absolute Threshold: Examples & Definition
Examples of Absolute Threshold. Since we use our senses all the time, absolute threshold plays a part in everything we do. Here are examples of absolute threshold for each of the five senses: 1  Vision-A candle flame 30 miles away. 2  Hearing-A watch ticking 20 feet away. 3  Smell-A drop of perfume in a 6-room house. 4  Taste-A teaspoon of sugar in a gallon of water.


Difference Threshold: Examples & Definition
What Is the Difference Threshold. A difference threshold is the minimum amount that something needs to change in order for a person to notice a difference 50% of the time.


Difference Threshold: Examples & Definition
For example, if I were to give you a pile of five marshmallows and then give you one more, you'd probably notice the difference. It only took adding one marshmallow for you to notice a change, so the difference threshold was one marshmallow.


Just-noticeable difference
The JND is a statistical, rather than an exact quantity: from trial to trial, the difference that a given person notices will vary somewhat, and it is therefore necessary to conduct many trials in order to determine the threshold. The JND usually reported is the difference that a person notices on 50% of trials.


Just-noticeable difference
In the branch of experimental psychology focused on sensation and perception, psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference or JND is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time.


What Is the Differential Threshold in Marketing?
Differential Threshold. Measurements of differences are of interest to manufacturers who wish to produce a new product that's perceived to be the same as an existing product, even though key ingredients of one product may be quite different than those of another.


What Is the Differential Threshold in Marketing?
Consumer tests can lead to early consumer acceptance and lower production costs. Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images. Senior management tracks sales volume, repeat sales and return on investment, all in the name of determining if a new product launch is successful or unsuccessful. In the event a new product receives a lackluster market response, an additional new product may be marketed. Alternatively, the project team may reformulate the existing product to better meet consumer preferences, accommodate new pricing strategies, or provide a product line extension.


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A: The following list may be of help to you. Remember that one of the main activities of engineering is the discovery, attribution and distribution of force throughout a structure. It will not be surprising then that most of the terms you saw are shorthand expressions for some type of force.


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I am thrilled that the Kips Bay Boys and Girls Club decided to take this leap of faith and head west. 21, the central bank also launched a new savings deposit campaign, with an annual interest rate of 60%, in a bid to collect and funnel 75 billion kips back the financial system.


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The calculation of moments is so basic to the engineering process it is required for members, walls, foundations and even entire buildings. Reaction :: This is a fancy way of referring to the amount of weight an element contributes to a particular location.


What Is a Kip Measurement?
A kip is an informal measurement of force that equals 1,000 pounds. The name is a combination of kilo and pound.. It can also be used to represent 1,000 inch-pounds when used as a unit of energy or torque.


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It's the Real thing for the staff at Kips. 7) of 2 to 2-3/4 inches ranged from about 4 to 6 kips (kip = 1,000 poundf), whereas 2-inch tenons with end distances from 3 to about 4 inches ranged from about 6 to 7. Exploratory study of the withdrawal resistance of round mortise and tenon joints with steel pipe cross pins.


What Is a Kip Measurement?
A kip is an informal measurement of force that equals 1,000 pounds. It can also be used to represent 1,000 inch-pounds when used as a unit of energy or torque.


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Moment :: A way of describing a force acting at a distance. A teeter-totter is a good example. You (the 160 lb. adult) take your child (40 lbs.) down to the park. You put your child on the seat which is resting in the tanbark, then you walk to the other end to get on. Let's assume that the seats are 14 feet apart and the hinge point is fixed at the middle of the board, 7 feet away from each seat.


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7) of 2 to 2-3/4 inches ranged from about 4 to 6 kips (kip = 1,000 poundf), whereas 2-inch tenons with end distances from 3 to about 4 inches ranged from about 6 to 7. This first drop gives you enough momentum to start the kip with a little assistance.


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Tramping with Tramps Josiah Flynt. They are then packed in kips of thirty apiece, and put on the market. Highways and Byways in Cambridge and Ely Rev. Edward Conybeare. East Indian hides are known as kips, and are supposed to be, and should be, the hides of yearling cattle. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 16, Slice 3 Various. The crime of the inhabitants of these impure kips, was having spoken ill of Milady, their rival. Life and Times of Her Majesty Caroline Matilda, Vol. I (of III) C. F. Lachelles Wraxall. After tanning, the kips are rounded usually into butts, shoulders and bellies, to which different finishes are given.


What Is a Kip Measurement?
Kips are non-SI force units which may either use the symbol kip or klb. This should not be confused with kp, a symbol used to represent a measurement known as kilopond or kilogram-force in Europe before the introduction of SI units. Kips can additionally be used as a unit of mass and therefore when representing force may also be called kip-force (kipf or klbf) to avoid confusion. The unit is a product of the English engineering system, in which pounds are commonly used to measure weight.


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The Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar expiration date is printed on the upper portion of the bottle, at the shoulder and neck taper area, see photo below. The upper line of the 2 contains the expiration date.


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Cider is madefrom fermenting apple juice, which relies on naturalyeast present in the apples for fermenting.Fresh or unpasteurized apple juice or cider can causefood borne illness from bacteria.


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Store the juice in a cool, dark place, like anunheated basement or garage. Fermentation will take from 4 to 6 months. After 4 months, remove the cover and taste the vinegar. If it is strong enough, strainit through a triple layer of cheesecloth. Then heat the vinegar to 170 degreesFahrenheit and hold it at that temperature for 10 minutes.


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The mother is the most nutritious part of the Apple Cider Vinegar and is very beneficial to digest. Often the mother settles to the bottom of the bottle. We recommend shaking. the bottle lightly to distribute the mother before dispensing.


How long does it take for apple cider to ferment?
Ive been making this for 15 years. Here is how I do it. I buy 8 gallons. You can buy however many you like. I buy 8. It has to be UNPASTURISED. I set them in my fridge for about 3 to 4 weeks. Then all you have to do is pour out enough so you can add 2 cups of sugar. NO YEAST. Just Sugar. Get plastic tubing from your pet store that is for a fish tank for the unit that adds air.


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Fermentation turns all the sugars in the cider intoalcohol; therefore, this cider will no longer be a sweetdrink. The cider is dry, or hard, alcoholic cider. Pasteurizing and Storing Cider Unpasteurized, or fresh, cider may contain bacteriathat cause illness, such as E. coli O157:H7 orSalmonella.


Cider
Cider. Cider is a natural, liquid beverage that is obtained from the pressing of a finely ground fruit such as apples. Under the proper conditions, it undergoes a natural fermentation process, which yields an alcoholic juice.


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Apple Cider Vinegar FAQ's. This page is here to help enlighten you, our friends and customers, about the most common areas of interest concerning Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV). By presenting you with frequently asked questions we hope to provide you with simple and concise answers to your queries.


Apple Cider Vinegar Recipe - Make Your Own Vinegar
Selection of Apples Apples used for cider don't have to be flawless.They do, however, have to be free from spoilage.You can use blemished apples and small sizedapples. You can mix apple varieties together or useall one variety. The only rule is to cut out anyspoilage areas on otherwise good apples.


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Braggâs procedures for making Bragg Organic Apple Cider Vinegar eliminates the last scraps of the apple, such as the seeds and stems before our products are made. As a result there is no seed contamination in any of our Bragg products.


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1 170. 2  Malice Alternative Definition. 3  In Crimes. 4  In its broadest legal sense, the term is substantially synonymous with âcriminal intent,â and means the state of mind of a person, irrespective of his motive, whenever he consciously violates the law.


malice
Malice. The intentional commission of a wrongful act, absent justification, with the intent to cause harm to others; conscious violation of the law that injures another individual; a mental state indicating a disposition in disregard of social duty and a tendency toward malfeasance.


Defamation
Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called libel.


malice
When applied to the crime of murder, malice is the mental condition that motivates one individual to take the life of another individual without just cause or provocation.


Malice
1 Malice Alternative Definition. 2  In Crimes. 3  In its broadest legal sense, the term is substantially synonymous with âcriminal intent,â and means the state of mind of a person, irrespective of his motive, whenever he consciously violates the law.


malice
Malice is an element in first degree murder. In a lawsuit for defamation (libel and slander) the existence of malice may increase the judgment to include general damages. Proof of malice is absolutely necessary for a public figure to win a lawsuit for defamation.


Defamation
Someone is guilty of calumny Â« when law admits proof of the alleged fact Â» and of defamation when law does not admit this evidence (Article 443). The penalty is 8 days to one year of imprisonment, plus a fine (Article 444).


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The Advanced Medical Center. 197 Ridgedale Ave., Suite 300. Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927. Main Phone: (973) 538-2334.


Cedar Knolls, New Jersey
Cedar Knolls is an unincorporated community located within Hanover Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of Hanover Township along with Whippany.


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Search for foreclosed homes for sale in Cedar Knolls, Morris County, New Jersey.


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6. Patientsâ risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health.


Real Estate, Homes & Houses for Sale Looking to buy property?    Browse homes for sale in Cedar Knolls, New Jersey Real Estate on NJ.com.
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Rhonchi
Similarly, rales are no longer used in much of Europe, North America, and Australia with regard to description of auscultatory findings. More appropriate terms for auscultation of the thorax are respiratory sounds and adventitious sounds (wheezes, crackles, pleural rubs).


rhonchus
rhonchus. n, pl-chi (-kaÉª). 1. (Pathology) a rattling or whistling respiratory sound resembling snoring, caused by secretions in the trachea or bronchi.


rhonchus
Etymology: Gk, rhonchos, snore. an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of an airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasm, neoplasm, or external pressure. The continuous rumbling sound is more pronounced during expiration and characteristically clears on coughing, whereas gurgles do not. Wheeze.


sibilant rhonchus
Added sound with musical pitch occurring during inspiration or expiration, heard on chest auscultation and caused by air passing through bronchi narrowed by inflammation, spasm of smooth muscle, or presence of mucus in lumen. [L. fr. G. rhenchos, a snoring].


rhonchus
rhonchus. a continuous sound consisting of a dry whistlelike noise with a lower pitch than that of a wheeze, produced in the throat or bronchial tube due to a partial obstruction. , sonorous rhonchussibilant rhonchus, pl.


rhonchus
a rattling sound, somewhat like snoring heard on auscultation of the chest when there is a partial bronchial obstruction; dry rale. L, a snoring; from Classical Greek rhonchos, variant, variety of renchos; from Indo-European base an unverified form srenk-, to snore from source Old Irish srennim, (I) snore.


Rhonchi
Rhonchi are coarse rattling respiratory sounds, usually caused by secretions in bronchial airways.


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rhonÂ·chus. n. pl. rhonÂ·chi (-kÄ«). A coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial tube. [Latin, a snoring, from Greek. , variant of. , from. , to snore .]. rhonâ²chal (-kÉl) , rhonâ²chiÂ·al (-kÄ-Él) adj.


rhonchus
rhonÂ·chus. n. pl. rhonÂ·chi (-kÄ«). A coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial tube. [Latin, a snoring, from Greek. , variant of.


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Bronchiolitis obliterans presenting as prolonged ventilator ... by Saito, S.; Sanui, M.; Fujii, T.; Endo, A.; Saito, K.; Iwai, K.; Uchino, S.; Takinami, M. / Anaesthesia and Intensive Care.


Ojibwe
The Ojibwe (also Ojibwa), or Chippewa are a large group of Native Americans and First Nations in North America. There are Ojibwe communities in both Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the second-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by the Cree.In the United States, they have the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by the Navajo, Cherokee, and Lakota.jibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. The Ojibwe Peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family.


What was the Ojibwa religious beliefs?
Religious Beliefs. For the Ojibwa the supernatural world held a multitude of spiritual beings and forces. Some of these beings and forces-Sun, Moon, Four Winds, Thunder, and Lightning-were benign, but others-ghosts, witches, and Windigo, a supernatural cannibalistic giant-were malevolent and feared.eligious beliefs are a set of beliefs held by a person or group of  people. These beliefs refer to the reality of a supernatural or  mythological spiritual being or beings â¦ and are the basis of what  makes a religion. 2 people found this useful.


Midewiwin: âThe Original Wayâ
The people believed in only one Supreme Being, The Creator, whose mighty power governs and directs the beginning and end of all things.â. -Harold Flett. The Ojibwe religion infiltrated into every part of life. The beliefs held by each tribe member influenced the way he viewed himself and viewed the world around.Religion gave deeper meaning to every plant, animal, and dream.The religion of the Ojibwe brought special meaning to everything in the eyes of the Ojibwe people. The Objibwe beliefs centered around the belief in Gitchie Manitou, the âSupreme Being,â âMaster,â and âMysteryâ of all that exists.In the eyes of the Ojibwe, everything was spiritual and played a role in a great spiritual interaction.he people believed in only one Supreme Being, The Creator, whose mighty power governs and directs the beginning and end of all things.â. -Harold Flett. The Ojibwe religion infiltrated into every part of life. The beliefs held by each tribe member influenced the way he viewed himself and viewed the world around.


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The Chippewa--also known as the Ojibwe--are a tribe of Native Americans. They are the third largest tribe in the United States, after the Cherokee and Navajo.Approximately 56,000 Chippewa Native Americans live in areas between Michigan and Montana.he Chippewa--also known as the Ojibwe--are a tribe of Native Americans. They are the third largest tribe in the United States, after the Cherokee and Navajo.


Canadian History/The People of the Lands/Ojibwa
The tribe currently consists of around 219,000 members. The Ojibwa are also known as the Chippewa and as the Saltueurs by the French. The tribe was associated with the name Chippewa because of a different pronunciation.If you place an O in front (forming O'Chippewa) the relationship is more apparent. The Ojibwa were the largest and most powerful Great Lakes tribe.he tribe currently consists of around 219,000 members. The Ojibwa are also known as the Chippewa and as the Saltueurs by the French. The tribe was associated with the name Chippewa because of a different pronunciation.


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According to Eddy Benton-Banai (1988) the Ojibway clan system was a system of government and a division of roles and labor. William Warren, listed 21 totems (both by their Ojibway name and in English), noting that, according to oral tradition, in the beginning there were only five.ccording to Eddy Benton-Banai (1988) the Ojibway clan system was a system of government and a division of roles and labor. William Warren, listed 21 totems (both by their Ojibway name and in English), noting that, according to oral tradition, in the beginning there were only five.


Ojibwe
Ojibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. The Ojibwe Peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family.The Anishinaabe peoples include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi.jibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. The Ojibwe Peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family.


Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
Anishinaabe traditional beliefs cover the traditional belief system of the Anishinaabeg peoples, consisting of the Algonquin / Nipissing, Ojibwa/Chippewa / Saulteaux / Mississaugas, Odawa, Potawatomi and Oji-Cree, located primarily in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Contents.nishinaabe traditional beliefs cover the traditional belief system of the Anishinaabeg peoples, consisting of the Algonquin / Nipissing, Ojibwa/Chippewa / Saulteaux / Mississaugas, Odawa, Potawatomi and Oji-Cree, located primarily in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Contents.


What was the Ojibwa religious beliefs?
Religious beliefs are a set of beliefs held by a person or group of  people. These beliefs refer to the reality of a supernatural or  mythological spiritual being or beings â¦ and are the basis of what  makes a religion.2 people found this useful.eligious beliefs are a set of beliefs held by a person or group of  people. These beliefs refer to the reality of a supernatural or  mythological spiritual being or beings â¦ and are the basis of what  makes a religion. 2 people found this useful.


Ojibwa - Religion and Expressive Culture
Ojibwa religion was very much an individual affair and centered on the belief in power received from spirits during dreams and visions.For this reason, dreams and visions were accorded great significance and much effort was given to their interpretation.or the Ojibwa the supernatural world held a multitude of spiritual beings and forces. Some of these beings and forcesâSun, Moon, Four Winds, Thunder, and Lightningâwere benign, but othersâghosts, witches, and Windigo, a supernatural cannibalistic giantâwere malevolent and feared.


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Youâll find career-related tips for students so you can prepare yourself now for high school and college studies in engineering. Also on this site are tips for parents, people who can help you gather more information and guide you toward a rewarding future in engineering.


The Highest Paying Jobs In America
By visiting this site, you can learn about: 1  What engineering is. 2  What engineers do. 3  How to become an engineer.  Different types of 1  engineers. Engineering careers.  High school classes related to engineering.


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This is a list of some fields of engineering. Acoustical engineering. Aquatic and environmental engineering. Aerospace engineering. Agricultural engineering. Architectural engineering and Architecture. Automotive systems engineering (or Automotive engineering) Biological engineering.


TYPES OF ENGINEERING
Here is a brief description of major types of engineering programs found at many universities. Check with the school that you wish to attend to see if they have a specific program that fits your interest. Aerospace engineers design, analyze, model, simulate, and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, and rockets.


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Here at the âEngineering Your Futureâ website, you can see and hear real engineers talk about their careers. Through streaming video and audio, engineers from a variety of fields - mechanical, civil, chemical, electrical and others - will tell you their stories and answer frequently asked questions.


TYPES OF ENGINEERING
Marine and Ocean. These engineering fields are closely related, and deal with the design of ocean vehicles, marine propulsion systems, and marine structures such as harbors, docks, and offshore drilling platforms. these engineers are exploring and developing the natural resources and transportation systems of the ocean.


List of engineering branches
Chemical engineering is the application of chemical, physical, and biological sciences to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.


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The free document access is a part of Kara's commitment to save the taxpayers money. Thank you for visiting the website of the County Clerk Office, Nueces County, Texas. You'll be able to search and view index information and document images from our Land Records Database. Options that are available once you Login and click on My Account tab located on the upper right hand side of your screen.


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Sheriffs provide information on records, arrests, inmates, warrants, and mugshots. Sheriffs x Texas x Aransas County x Corpus Christi x. Search Text. Only Sheriffs.


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Find Corpus Christi, TX sheriff's office, department, headquarters, jail and detention center. Sheriffs x Texas x Aransas County x Corpus Christi x.


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Clerks near Corpus Christi TX. Find Corpus Christi, TX clerk, including county, city, and circuit clerk, and clerk of court. Clerks provide information on public court records and legal documents, criminal, jail, and arrest records, marriage licenses, divorce, judicial, and probate records, businesses liens, notary services, real estate taxes and voter registration services. Clerks x Texas x Aransas County x Corpus Christi x. Search Text.


Corpus Christi, Texas
Corpus Christi Official Website. Corpus Christi (/ËkÉËrpÉs ËkrÉªsti/), is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas. The county seat of Nueces County, it also extends into Aransas, Kleberg, and San Patricio Counties. The city's political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay. Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties.


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The free document access is a part of Kara's commitment to save the taxpayers money. Welcome. Thank you for visiting the website of the County Clerk Office, Nueces County, Texas. You'll be able to search and view index information and document images from our Land Records Database.


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Kara Sands, Nueces County Clerk is excited to announce that effective May 1, 2016 that all public records available on her website will have free access. All subscriptions to the site will also be free of charge.


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Movies & TV Shows Filmed in WilminGton. A partial list of feature films & TV shows shot in Wilmington, NC. Click on links below to learn more. Feature films are styled in bold, TV Shows & made for TV movies are styled normally. To learn more click on titles where applicable. (NOTE: Clicking on titles will open new page).


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Wilmington, known as Hollywood East, has 400-plus film credits to its name and features tours by land and water. And the Asheville and Charlotte areas offer the ultimate chance to recreate the action with Hunger Games Unofficial Fan Tours that teach archery and wilderness survival.


Movie and TV Filming Locations
Look, thereâs the bridge in Charlotteâs Freedom Park behind that scene of Damian Lewis in Showtimeâs Homeland. Thereâs Wilmingtonâs Front Street where Tim Guinee and Elizabeth Mitchell stroll in NBCâs Revolution, and the convention center where Julianne Hough filmed a sequence for Nicholas Sparksâ Safe Haven.


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Let North Carolina set the scene for your story. Step behind the scenes of movies and TV shows filmed in North Carolina, including The Longest Ride, Iron Man 3, The Hunger Games, Safe Haven, Homeland, One Tree Hill, The Last of the Mohicans and Dirty Dancing.


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Go Under the Dome at These Real-Life Film Locations. Explore Burgaw, Wilmington and Southport, the North Carolina town and cities that combine to serve as Chesterâs Mill on the popular CBS television show.


Movie and TV Filming Locations
Television favorites such as Dawsonâs Creek, One Tree Hill and Matlock have been shot here, along with pilots for the shows Hart of Dixie and Revenge. For a complete list of North Carolina film and TV productions from 1950 until today, visit the North Carolina Film Office website.


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Let North Carolina set the scene for your story. Film. Step behind the scenes of movies and TV shows filmed in North Carolina, including The Longest Ride, Iron Man 3, The Hunger Games, Safe Haven, Homeland, One Tree Hill, The Last of the Mohicans and Dirty Dancing.


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TV shows filming in Wilmington. âUnder The Domeâ season 3 begins filming in Wilmington, NC. Filming of Under The Domeâs third season began in the Wilmington, NC area last week. It was recently revealed that Kylie Bunbury has joined the cast for the new season. According to Deadline,..


Category:Television shows filmed in North Carolina
Category:Television shows filmed in North Carolina. Pages in category Television shows filmed in North Carolina. The following 20 pages are in this category, out of 20 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). American Gothic (1995 TV series)


Petroleum â Oil and Natural Gas
Petroleum, which is Latin for rock oil, is a fossil fuel, meaning it was made naturally from decaying prehistoric plant and animal remains. It is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons molecules containing hydrogen and carbon that exist sometimes as a liquid (crude oil) and sometimes as a vapor (natural gas).


Petroleum â Oil and Natural Gas
Over millions of years, the oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep within the Earth moved upward through tiny, connected pore spaces in the rocks. Some seeped out at the Earthâs surface, but most of the petroleum hydrocarbons were trapped by nonporous rocks or other barriers.


How Is Crude Oil Formed
It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil.


Petroleum â Oil and Natural Gas
The oil and natural gas that power our homes, businesses and transportation are found in small spaces â called pores â between layers of rock deep within the Earth. Many offshore wells, for example, are drilled in thousands of feet of water and penetrate tens of thousands of feet into the sediments below the sea floor.


Pennzoil Introduces First-Of-Its-Kind Synthetic Motor Oils Made From Natural Gas
PennzoilÂ® has introduced Pennzoil PlatinumÂ® and Pennzoil Ultra PlatinumTM with PurePlusTM Technology, full synthetic motor oils formulated from natural gas. PurePlus Technology is a patented, revolutionary process that converts pure natural gas into the first-of- its-kind, high quality full synthetic base oil. The Pennzoil Platinum line of products made with PurePlus Technology is the first major development in motor oil in more than 40 years. Oil.


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How Was Natural Gas Formed? One theory is that natural gas was formed millions of years ago when plants and tiny sea animals were buried by sand and rock. Layers of mud, sand, rock, plant, and animal matter continued to build up until the pressure and heat turned them into oil and natural gas. Another theory proposes that the earth is made up of primordial materials that combined in space billions of years ago when the basic structure of the earth evolved.


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A group of ducks is called a badelynge, bunch, brace, flock, paddling, raft or team. Also, one might call it a dover of ducks. If it's a group of ducklings (i.e., they've re â¦ cently hatched and are being looked after by their mother), it is called a brood. + 224 others found this useful.


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The duck-billed platypus is a member of the Monotreme's. The name Monotreme comes from the fact that the echidnas and the platypus use the same opening for reproduction and eliminating waste products, which is an attribute that is found in reptiles).


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Most farm ducks are of a species called Pekin. It is harder to tell a male from a female with the Pekin ducks because they look almost the same. Pekin ducks have white or cream coloured feathers and orange coloured bills. They do not fly and do well in captivity.