Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
Goosebumps occur on our skin in a reaction to cold, fear, shock and sometime due to sense of nostalgia or something awe-inspiring. The bumps are created when muscles at the base of the hair contract and cause the hair to stand straight up.It is a sympathetic nervous symptom reaction which is linked to the flight-or-flight response.n animals goosebumps appear when the flight-or-fight response is activated; the hair rises and the animal can appear bigger to predators. While we know what goosebumps are, we don't know why they have such a strange name.


Why Do You Get Goose Bumps?
Goose bumps â sometimes called goose flesh or goose pimples â are the little bumps on your skin at the base of hairs that spring up involuntarily whenever you get cold or experience strong emotions, like fear, pleasure or surprise. They also have a scientific name: kutis ansterina.his particular reflex is known as the pilomotor reflex. Humans arenât the only mammals that have this reaction. For example, when porcupines are threatened, their quills raise in a reflex action. Similarly, you may have seen a catâs or a dogâs hairs stand on end when they sense danger or feel afraid.


Why People Get Goose Bumps
Expand for References: Today I found out why you get goose bumps when itâs cold or as result of a strong emotion. It turns out, goose bumps are an involuntary reflex of mammals called piloerection, usually triggered by a hormone released on certain situations that causes their body hair to stand. Bristling, a phenomenon in fur-covered animals similar to goose bumps, also keeps them warmer by increasing the amount of air between hairs which traps body heat. 2  In humans, goose bumps are the strongest on the forearms, but also occur on the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair.


Why do you get goosebumps listening to music?
Scientists have now unraveled the theory behind why people get goosebumps while listening to music. Canadian researchers has suggested that when we are moved by music our brains behave as if reacting to delicious food, psychoactive drugs or money, reports the Scotsman.cientists have now unraveled the theory behind why people get goosebumps while listening to music. Canadian researchers has suggested that when we are moved by music our brains behave as if reacting to delicious food, psychoactive drugs or money, reports the Scotsman.


"Why do humans get ""goosebumps"" when they are cold, or under other circumstances?"
(Therefore we could as well call them turkeybumps or duckbumps.) These bumps are caused by a contraction of miniature muscles that are attached to each hair. Each contracting muscle creates a shallow depression on the skin surface, which causes the surrounding area to protrude.he thicker the hair layer, the more heat is retained. In people this reaction is useless because we do not have a hair coat, but goosebumps persist nevertheless. In addition to cold, the hair will also stand up in many animals when they feel threatened--in a cat being attacked by a dog, for example.


Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
In animals goosebumps appear when the flight-or-fight response is activated; the hair rises and the animal can appear bigger to predators. While we know what goosebumps are, we don't know why they have such a strange name.When feathers are pulled from a goose it leaves a bumpy flesh behind, but so do most birds.n animals goosebumps appear when the flight-or-fight response is activated; the hair rises and the animal can appear bigger to predators. While we know what goosebumps are, we don't know why they have such a strange name.


Foods Highest in Copper
Since the largest amount of copper that can be consumed regularly without the risk of toxicity is 10,000 micrograms daily, it's best to eat beef liver only occasionally, and in small amounts.


Foods That Are High in Folic Acid, Zinc, Copper & Niacin
Folic acid, zinc, copper and niacin are all essential nutrients that support various functions that keep your body working efficiently. If you eat a well-balanced diet filled with a variety of foods, you're probably getting all the folic acid, zinc, copper and niacin you need for good health. It's helpful to know the best sources of each nutrient, however, so you can build a healthy diet.


Foods That Are High in Folic Acid, Zinc, Copper & Niacin
Seafood, including oysters and clams, are also good sources of copper. Plant sources of copper include nuts, seeds, mushrooms and chocolate.


Foods Highest in Copper
However, budget-friendly white mushrooms are also rich in copper. A 1-cup serving of cooked white mushrooms has 786 micrograms of copper, or 87 percent of the copper requirement for a man or woman.


Foods Highest in Copper
Beef Liver. The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that beef liver has the highest natural concentration of copper of any food. A 3-ounce serving of cooked beef liver contains 12,400 micrograms of copper, far more than the recommended daily allowance of the mineral for adults.


Foods Highest in Copper
By consuming a varied diet that includes copper-rich foods regularly, healthy individuals can get enough copper, says the Linus Pauling Institute. Talk to your doctor if you're concerned about your copper intake.


Foods to Boost Copper in Your Body
Some types of beans, nuts and legumes are particularly high in copper, making them a good source of that mineral for vegetarians. Eaten in 1-ounce servings, cashews provide 629 micrograms, sunflower seeds have 519, hazelnuts give you 496, almonds contain 332 and cooked lentils provide 497.


Foods That Are High in Folic Acid, Zinc, Copper & Niacin
Folic acid and folate are forms of vitamin B that help your body turn food into energy and promote normal DNA production. Folate occurs naturally in food, while folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods.


Foods That Are High in Folic Acid, Zinc, Copper & Niacin
Photo Credit Kaplanec/iStock/Getty Images. Add cooked lentils to pasta sauce or stew to get folate, zinc, copper and niacin in one nutritious and low-fat meal. Nuts and seeds are additional foods that supply small amounts of each of the four nutrients.


Chemical formula for table sugar
A molecule of sucrose. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharide sugars. A monosaccharide is the smallest unit of sugar, mono meaning 1. Sucrose is commonly called table sugar and is a disaccharide. A disaccharide is a sugar that is made up of two sugar units, di meaning 2.Sucrose is produced as glucose and fructose are joined together by a condensation reaction.In the process a water molecule is eliminated. See the following equation.hese sugar molecules include glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, lactose and galactose. Sugar molecules are classified as monosaccharides or disaccharides. The following table lists the common sugar molecules are their chemical formula. Name.


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Sugar Glucose is a sugar monosaccharide (monomer): C 6 H 12 O 6. Table sugar (sucrose) is C 12 H 22 O 11. There are lots of sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccarhides). Glucose is one of the most important carbohydrates because it is used in cell respiration.he chemical formula of the sugar by itself, assuming it is table sugar, is C12H22O11. + 6 others found this useful. Kevin Porter. 1  The Periodic Table of Elements Life is sustained by a number of chemical elements.


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A sugar solution does not have a chemical formula as it is a mixture. Since there is not definite ratio between the components of the solution (sugar and water) a chemical for â¦ mula would be impossible. The chemical formula of the sugar by itself, assuming it is table sugar, is C12H22O11.+ 6 others found this useful.Kevin Porter. 1  The Periodic Table of Elements Life is sustained by a number of chemical elements.he chemical formula of the sugar by itself, assuming it is table sugar, is C12H22O11. + 6 others found this useful. Kevin Porter. 1  The Periodic Table of Elements Life is sustained by a number of chemical elements.


Chemical formula
Structural formula for butane. This is not a chemical formula. Examples of chemical formulas for butane are the empirical formula C 2 H 5, the molecular formula C 4 H 10 and the condensed (or semi-structural) formula CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3.or reasons of structural complexity, there is no condensed chemical formula (or semi-structural formula) that specifies glucose (and there exist many different molecules, for example fructose and mannose, have the same molecular formula C6H12O6 as glucose).


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Examples: Glucose and fructose, with the formula C6H12O6. Sucrose, or table sugar, with the formula C12H22O11.he chemical formula of the sugar by itself, assuming it is table sugar, is C12H22O11. + 6 others found this useful. Kevin Porter. 1  The Periodic Table of Elements Life is sustained by a number of chemical elements.


Sugar Molecular Formula
Share. There are several different type of sugar, but generally when one asks for the molecular formula of sugar, this refers to table sugar or sucrose. The molecular formula for sucrose is C 12 H 22 O 11.By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.hare. There are several different type of sugar, but generally when one asks for the molecular formula of sugar, this refers to table sugar or sucrose. The molecular formula for sucrose is C 12 H 22 O 11.


KurdishâTurkish conflict (1978âpresent)
The TurkeyâPKK conflict is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups, which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan, or to have autonomy and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.he Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war.


KurdishâTurkish conflict (1978âpresent)
1 The TurkeyâPKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict, the Kurdish question, the Kurdish insurgency, the Kurdish rebellion, the KurdishâTurkish conflict, or PKK-terrorism as well as the latest Kurdish uprising or as a civil war.ffers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government, which claimed, the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999â2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period.


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The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkeren KarkerÃªn â). Kurdistan although insurgents have carried out attacks in many regions Of, turkey the insurgency is mainly in Southeastern. turkeyhe Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war.


KurdishâTurkish conflict (1978âpresent)
The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkeren KarkerÃªn â). Kurdistan although insurgents have carried out attacks in many regions Of, turkey the insurgency is mainly in Southeastern. turkeyffers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government, which claimed, the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999â2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period.


KurdishâTurkish conflict (1978âpresent)
The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state.Meanwhile they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war.he Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war.


KurdishâTurkish conflict (1978âpresent)
On summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the Syrian civil war as President Bashar al-Assad ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the PYD, the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkish foreign minister Ahmet Davutoglu accused the Assad government of arming the group.he Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war.


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Turkey has launched a high-risk offensive against the rebel Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), while providing the US with an airbase for attacking Islamic State (IS) militants in Syria.he buffer zone plan reportedly gives Turkey a starring role in the conflict alongside the US. The plan is said to envisage driving IS out of northern Syria, through US air strikes. Syrian opposition groups-vetted and supported by Turkey and the US-would fill the vacuum, putting a brake on Kurdish territorial gains.


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The PKK-branded a terrorist organisation by Turkey and its Western allies-has been fighting for Kurdish self-determination since 1984. A ceasefire was signed in 2013. The Turkish government says it is ready to fight all the enemies of its national interest.he buffer zone plan reportedly gives Turkey a starring role in the conflict alongside the US. The plan is said to envisage driving IS out of northern Syria, through US air strikes. Syrian opposition groups-vetted and supported by Turkey and the US-would fill the vacuum, putting a brake on Kurdish territorial gains.


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Although Ankara considers IS a threat, it also fears that Turkish Kurds will cross into Syria to join the PYD-an offshoot of the PKK-and then use its territory to launch attacks on Turkey.espite this, Turkey refused to attack IS positions near the border or allow Kurds to cross to defend it, triggering Kurdish protests and a threat from the PKK to pull out of its peace talks with the government.


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Image caption The PKK is regarded as a terrorist group by Turkey, which accuses it of many civilian deaths. Turkey's truce with the PKK was undermined by the civil war in Syria, which strengthened the rebels' armed offshoot there, known as the YPG.he buffer zone plan reportedly gives Turkey a starring role in the conflict alongside the US. The plan is said to envisage driving IS out of northern Syria, through US air strikes. Syrian opposition groups-vetted and supported by Turkey and the US-would fill the vacuum, putting a brake on Kurdish territorial gains.


How to Spot Fake Torrent File Downloads
Beware if Password Instructions, Special Instructions, or Exe Files Are Included. If you see a file in the movie/music torrent that says 'password', 'special instructions', 'codec instructions', 'unrar instructions, 'important read me first', 'download instructions here', then the torrent could be a scam fake.


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The source file is a bit over 8 megs. The original AVI file the video was compiled from, is 740x493 pixels and is over 1 gig (1,159,666 k). There are really too many to be able to go into much detail here, but understand that each compression type will effect the output file size and quality in different ways.


How much does a good quality 720p video file take up in size?
There are two parameters that define the size of a coded video: bit rate and length. For example, if it is coded at 10 Mbits/s and it is 10 minutes long, then it will be 750 Mbytes (10*10*60/8). For a fixed resolution, the larger the bit rate, typically, the higher the quality.


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Gif files are compressed, but don't work well with photographs. The large image below is 20k. The same image would be 226k if saved as a bmp file, or 133k in a non compressed png format. Video files can be of any of about 30 different types, most of which require specific players to view the finished product.


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So logically you can figure a video can be anywhere from 5 to 30 times the size of a single picture times the number of seconds the video runs. Also if audio is included along with the video, that will add more to the file size. Image file type. The most common still image type found from webcams is a jpg file.


MOV, WMV, AVI, MPEG, MP3, OGG, WMA, â¦ Media Formats Explained
The length of a video is one deciding factor on how big its size will be. The difference between the different containers you list is in the type of codec they are likely to contain. In the case of MP4 and MKV it is likely to be some form of H.264 or x.264. These codecs deliver a file size that is comparable.


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Compressing Large Video Files. 1  1. Download Avidemux. 2  2. Launch Avidemux and load the video file. 3  3. Set the Video Output drop-down menu to Mpeg4 AVC (x264). 4  4. Set the Audio Output drop-down menu to AAC (Faac). 5  5. Set the Output Format to MP4 Mixer.  6. Click the .Configure button in the Video Output section.


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If the torrent does not exist at VCDQ.com, and/or is released before the actual movie date, then do not trust it. For the most part, true movie files are either .avi (audio video interleave) or .mkv (Matroska files) format. Conversely, the great majority of .wma and .wmv files are fake.


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*Photos based on an average file size of 1.5MB. *PowerPoint based on an average file size of 330kb (10 slides) *Movies based on an average file size of 1.5GB for 1 move. *Songs based on an average file size of 4MB per 1 song. *Note: USB drive memory capactiy is never 100% of stated capacity. Most. USB drive capacity ranges from 90 - 98% useable memory. (e.g. - a 1GB drive.


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Compressing Large Video Files. 1  1. Download Avidemux. This is a free, open source video editor that allows you to easily compress and convert your video files. 2  2. Launch Avidemux and load the video file. You can click File â Open to browse for the file on your computer. 3  3. Set the Video Output drop-down menu to Mpeg4 AVC (x264).


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the medial collateral ligament mcl is located on the inside of the knee ligaments hold bones together the mcl connects the top of the shinbone tibia to the bottom of the thighbone femur ligaments also add stability and strength to a jointinjury to the mcl is often called an mcl sprainligament injuries can either stretch the ligament or tear it mcl injury of the knee is usually caused by a direct blow to the knee this type of injury is common in contact sports and it is usually the result of a hit to the outer knee that stretches the mclnjury to the mcl is often called an mcl sprain ligament injuries can either stretch the ligament or tear it mcl injury of the knee is usually caused by a direct blow to the knee


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mcl tear or mcl sprain is another common knee injury which typically affects athletes involved in contact sports such as football gridiron and soccermcl tear and mcl sprain are commonly referred to as a medial collateral ligament injuryif you suffer from mcl tear or mcl sprain or are seeking to prevent its occurrence it is important to follow the information in this articleearn the causes of an mcl tear plus prevention and treatment strategies mcl tear or mcl sprain is another common knee injury which typically affects athletes involved in contact sports such as football gridiron and soccer mcl tear and mcl sprain are commonly referred to as a medial collateral ligament injury


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learn the causes of an mcl tear plus prevention and treatment strategies mcl tear or mcl sprain is another common knee injury which typically affects athletes involved in contact sports such as football gridiron and soccer mcl tear and mcl sprain are commonly referred to as a medial collateral ligament injuryif you suffer from mcl tear or mcl sprain or are seeking to prevent its occurrence it is important to follow the information in this articleearn the causes of an mcl tear plus prevention and treatment strategies mcl tear or mcl sprain is another common knee injury which typically affects athletes involved in contact sports such as football gridiron and soccer mcl tear and mcl sprain are commonly referred to as a medial collateral ligament injury


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medial knee ligament injury a medial ligament sprain or mcl injury is a tear of the ligament on the inside of the knee usually a result of twisting or direct impactmedial ligament injuries are common in contact sports such as football and rugby as well as martial artsedial knee ligament injury a medial ligament sprain or mcl injury is a tear of the ligament on the inside of the knee usually a result of twisting or direct impact


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swelling is common with mcl injury and is usually located over the inside of the knee directly over the position of the mcl there may be some swelling inside of the knee joint but this is not always true you can feel the swelling when you touch your knee and it feels puffy or full to the touchhe mcl blends in with the knee joint capsule along the medial side and portions of this ligament are found both inside and outside of the knee joint it is also sometimes called the tibial collateral ligament


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mcl injury is also part of the unhappy triad or the common injury of the mcl acl and meniscus all together usually through a pivot shift type of mechanismthe most obvious sypmtom of mcl injury is pain following the injury you will experience pain in the knee usually along the iside of the jointhe mcl blends in with the knee joint capsule along the medial side and portions of this ligament are found both inside and outside of the knee joint it is also sometimes called the tibial collateral ligament


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the mcl is usually injured when the outside of the knee joint is struck causing the outside of the knee to buckle and the inside to widen when the mcl is stretched too far it may tear a mcl injury may be an isolated injury or it may be part of a complex injury to the kneecl the mcl is another one of the four ligaments in the knee the mcl is on the inside of the knee joint and spans the distance from the end of the femur thigh bone to the top of the tibia shin bone the mcl resists widening of the inside of the joint or prevents opening up of the knee


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there are four ligaments in the knee that are prone to injury mentioned above the anterior cruciate ligament acl is one of the two major ligaments in the knee it connects the thigh bone to the shin bone in the knee acl injuries are a common cause of disability in the kneewo important ligaments in the knee the acl and posterior cruciate ligament pcl connect the femur or thigh bone with the tibia one of the bones of the lower leg


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injuries to the mcl commonly occur as a result of a strong force hitting the outside of the knee that causes the mcl and possibly other ligaments on the inside of the knee such as the anterior cruciate ligament acl to stretch or tearnjuries to the mcl commonly occur as a result of a strong force hitting the outside of the knee that causes the mcl and possibly other ligaments on the inside of the knee such as the anterior cruciate ligament acl to stretch or tear


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these ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint the medial collateral ligament of the knee is on the inner side of the joint as indicated here the meniscus is a c shaped cartilage pad between the two joints formed by the femur and tibiathe meniscus acts as a smooth surface for the joint to move onhese ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint the medial collateral ligament of the knee is on the inner side of the joint as indicated here the meniscus is a c shaped cartilage pad between the two joints formed by the femur and tibia the meniscus acts as a smooth surface for the joint to move on


To Sleep: Perchance To Take Lots of Pills
It's not worth it to get a prescription drug like Ambien, as the recommended course of treatment with these is to take them at night for a week or so and then stop, hoping they've brought you back onto a normal sleep schedule.


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Unisom SleepGels Diphenhydramine hydrochloride Presentation Each liquid-filled blue, soft gelatine capsule is imprinted UNISOM and contains 50 mg ofdiphenhydramine hydrochloride. UsesActions Diphenhydramine is an ethanolamine antihistamine with anticholinergic and sedative effects.


To Sleep: Perchance To Take Lots of Pills
4. Just for Kicks After getting a good night's sleep (without pills), I woke up one weekend morning and immediately took a half-dose of Sominex (25 mg diphenhydramine hydrochloride) just to see what would happen. I didn't fall back asleep, but man did it take the edge off.


To Sleep: Perchance To Take Lots of Pills
Thanks, Unisom! The next night, still wickedly lagged, I took two Simply Sleep caplets (together, another 50 mg of diphenhydramine hydrochlorideâsame as the Unisom), but only managed to sleep until 5:45 a.m. I blame it on the sheer momentum of jet lag, not the pills.


Dysport
Dosage and Administration Adults and children over 12 years of age. The dose is one softgel (50 mg) at bedtime if needed.Should sleeplessness persist for more than 7 to 10 nights further medical advice should besought.Do not give to children under 12 years of age. Do not exceed the recommended dosage. Contraindications Premature or newborn infants. Hypersensitivity to the drug.


To Sleep: Perchance To Take Lots of Pills
Also, there's no chemical difference between Unisom Maximum Strength SleepGels and Simply Sleep, yet there are two important distinctions. 1) Unisom's gel is much nicer going downâthe Simply Sleep actually caught in my throat half-dissolved and tasted so bad that I gagged.


Unisom
The diphenhydramine HCL formula can be found in the following Unisom products: SleepGels â This easy-to-swallow sleep aid provides the same relaxing effects as other Unisom products but without the chalky taste.


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For example, a college considers: 1  12 hours or more full time. 2  9â11 hours three-quarter time. 3  6â8 hours half time.  Less than six hours as reimbursable at a rate not to exceed the tuition and fees charged for the course or courses.


Institutions of Higher Learning Undergraduate and Graduate Degrees
Most VA education and training benefits may be used at institutions of higher learning, including four-year universities, community colleges, and entities offering advanced degrees. Payments are based on the number of classes you attend. For example, a college considers: 12 hours or more full time. 9â11 hours three-quarter time. 6â8 hours half time. Less than six hours as reimbursable at a rate not to exceed the tuition and fees charged for the course or courses.


Full-Time Graduate Student Status
Maximum Course Load. The maximum course load for a graduate student is 15 semester hours in a spring or fall semester, or 12 semester hours in a 12-week summer session. Students who wish to exceed the maximum course load must submit a petition letter from their graduate adviser to the graduate dean for approval.


FAQ for Enrolled Students
A full-time graduate student is defined as a graduate student who is taking 9 or more graduate level credit hours per semester. A part-time graduate student is defined as a graduate student who is taking 5-6 graduate level credit hours per semester. Further information see the Financial Aid website.


Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes.To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight.o be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential. The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight.


Photoreceptors by Helga Kolb
Photoreceptors by Helga Kolb. Helga Kolb. Two or three types of cone photoreceptor and a single type of rod photoreceptor are present in the normal mammalian retina. Some non-mammalian retinas have even more cone types (see later).1. Light microscopy and ultrastructure of rods and cones.here also appears to be a pathway for crosstalk between cones and cones and cones and rods in the human retina. Cone pedicles have small projections from their sides or bases that pass to neighboring rod spherules and cone pedicles.


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Rod Details. The rods are the most numerous of the photoreceptors, some 120 million, and are the more sensitive than the cones. However, they are not sensitive to color. They are responsible for our dark-adapted, or scotopic, vision.The rods are incredibly efficient photoreceptors.owever, they are not sensitive to color. The 6 to 7 million cones provide the eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central yellow spot known as the macula. In the center of that region is the  fovea centralis , a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones.


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Click here to view the animated graph. Some points to note about the dark adaptation function: * Cone sensitivity adjustment lasts for about 4 to 5 minutes; rods increase their sensitivity for 20 to 30 minutes or so.* At about 7 minutes rod sensitivity first matches that of cones, a point called the rod-cone break.ark Adaptation. You've probably noticed that when you enter a darkened area from a well lit area (e.g., going to a movie), that you have difficulty seeing at first, but after a while, you can see much more effectively.


Light and Dark Adaptation by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
The shorter the duration of the pre-adapting light, the more rapid the decrease in dark adaptation (figure 3). For extremely short pre-adaptation periods, a single rod curve is obtained. It is only after long pre-adaptation that a bi-phasic, cone and rod branches are obtained.hen stimuli of different wavelengths are used, the dark adaptation curve is affected. From figure 7 below, a rod-cone break is not seen when using light of long wavelengths such as extreme red. This occurs due to rods and cones having similar sensitivities to light of long wavelengths (figure 8).


Adaptation (eye)
The human eye can function from very dark to very bright levels of light; its sensing capabilities reach across nine orders of magnitude. This means that the brightest and the darkest light signal that the eye can sense are a factor of roughly 1,000,000,000 apart.However, in any given moment of time, the eye can only sense a contrast ratio of one thousand. What enables the wider reach is that the eye adapts its definition of what is black.n ocular physiology, adaptation is the ability of the eye to adjust to various levels of darkness and light.


Cone cell
However, they are not sensitive to color. The 6 to 7 million cones provide the eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central yellow spot known as the macula. In the center of that region is the  fovea centralis , a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones.owever, they are not sensitive to color. The 6 to 7 million cones provide the eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central yellow spot known as the macula. In the center of that region is the  fovea centralis , a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones.


Psychology 121
Dark adaptation. overtime photoreceptors can build addtitional photopigments to see better in the dark, this is something the rods do. î î î. or 3 color theory color vision by mixing 3 wave lengths. red=long, green=medium, blue=short. 3 different types of cones, we have found there are these different cones.ark adaptation. overtime photoreceptors can build addtitional photopigments to see better in the dark, this is something the rods do. î î î. or 3 color theory color vision by mixing 3 wave lengths. red=long, green=medium, blue=short. 3 different types of cones, we have found there are these different cones.


Light and Dark Adaptation by Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu
Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu. Dark Adaptation. The eye operates over a large range of light levels. The sensitivity of our eye can be measured by determining the absolute intensity threshold, that is, the minimum luminance of a test spot required to produce a visual sensation.hen stimuli of different wavelengths are used, the dark adaptation curve is affected. From figure 7 below, a rod-cone break is not seen when using light of long wavelengths such as extreme red. This occurs due to rods and cones having similar sensitivities to light of long wavelengths (figure 8).


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A major difference between day and night vision is inhibition and convergence, the way the photoreceptors are wired together, and the amount of light-sensitive photopigment available. Moreover, most night vision occurs in a mixed rod/cone mode. major difference between day and night vision is inhibition and convergence, the way the photoreceptors are wired together, and the amount of light-sensitive photopigment available. Moreover, most night vision occurs in a mixed rod/cone mode.


Bipolar disorder
1 Whether you have bipolar I or II disorder, you'll typically need mood-stabilizing medication to control manic or hypomanic episodes. 2  Examples of mood stabilizers include lithium (Lithobid), valproic acid (Depakene), divalproex sodium (Depakote), carbamazepine (Tegretol, Equetro, others) and lamotrigine (Lamictal). Children and teens with bipolar disorder are often prescribed the same types of medications as those used in adults. 2  There's less research on the safety and effectiveness of bipolar medications in children than in adults, so treatment decisions are often based on adult research. 3  Psychotherapy.


Bipolar disorder
A number of medications are used to treat bipolar disorder. The medication with the best evidence is lithium, which is effective in treating acute manic episodes and preventing relapses; lithium is also an effective treatment for bipolar depression.ipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder and manic-depressive illness, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression. The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypomania depending on the severity or whether there is psychosis.


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They include: 1  Lithium is the main medication used for bipolar disorder and is usually the first drug prescribed. 2  Antiseizure medications used for bipolar disorder treatment include valproic acid (Depakene, generic), divalproex sodium (Depakote, generic), and lamotrigine (Lamictal, generic).ipolar Disorder Symptoms. In bipolar disorder, manic symptoms alternate with depressive symptoms. Manic symptoms include: 1  Exaggerated euphoria. 2  Irritability. 3  Poor concentration. 4  High energy and decreased need for sleep.


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1 Bipolar disorder is an illness which can require long-term treatment. 2  Skilled medical management is needed. 3  Different medications are used to treat acute episodes of mania and of depression, and other medications ('mood stabilisers') are used to keep episodes at bay or to augment acute treatments. It is hard for most people to accept a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and, for younger people the prospect of taking preventative medication for long periods is very unappealing. 2  Other people fail to take medication either because they find the experience of mania seductive, or because of the unpleasant side-effects.


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Medications commonly used for bipolar include:â¢ Antipsychotic medication, used to control psychotic symptoms and severe agitationâ¢ Mood stabilisers, which are the mainstay of maintenance therapy and improve symptoms during acute manic episodesâ¢ Lithium is the most commonly used mood stabiliser.ipolar disorder is a mental illness that was previously referred to as manic depression. It affects the normal functioning of the brain so that the person experiences extreme moods â mania and depression. People may also experience psychosis in the manic and/or depressed phase.


Facts about Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder can be present even when mood swings are less extreme. For example, some people with bipolar disorder experience hypomania, a less severe form of mania. During a hypomanic episode, you may feel very good, be highly productive, and function well.ipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe.


Treatment
In the UK, lithium carbonate (often referred to as just lithium) is the medication most commonly used to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium is a long-term method of treatment for episodes of mania, hypomania and depression.It is usually prescribed for at least six months.reatment options for bipolar disorder. If a person is not treated, episodes of bipolar-related mania can last for between three and six months. Episodes of depression tend to last longer, for between 6 and 12 months. However, with effective treatment, episodes usually improve within about three months.


Bipolar Disorder Treatment
Medications vary depending on the phase of the illness: acute mania, acute depression or long-term treatment. 1 Medication selection is also based on specific symptoms and severity. Common medications used in the treatment of bipolar disorder include:1  Antipsychotics such as haloperidol (Haldol) , ziprasidone (Geodon) , quetiapine (Seroquel) and risperidon (Risperdal). 2  Lithium.3  Anticonvulsants (often called mood stabilizers) like Valproate (Depakote) and lamotrigine (Lamictal).edications vary depending on the phase of the illness: acute mania, acute depression or long-term treatment. 1 Medication selection is also based on specific symptoms and severity. Common medications used in the treatment of bipolar disorder include:


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It also helps you stay on your medication -- and helps you deal with effects of bipolar disorder on your social and work life. It can help you maintain a positive self-image. Types of psychotherapy used to treat bipolar disorder include: 1  Behavioral therapy.2  This focuses on behaviors that decrease stress.ipolar in children and teens, mixed bipolar disorder, bipolar symptoms, schizophrenia, cyclothymia, mental health, bipolar 1, depression, managing mania, ADD/ADHD, rapid cycling bipolar, bipolar 2. Â© 2008 WebMD, LLC.


Area of a Rectangle
To find the area of a rectangle, multiply the length by the width. The formula is: , where is the area, is the length, is the width, and Â· means multiply. A square is a rectangle with 4 equal sides.To find the area of a square, multiply the length of one side by itself. The formula is: or, where A is the area, s is the length of a side, and Â· means multiply.Let's look at some examples of finding the area of rectangles.iven the length and width of a rectangle, we can find the area. Given the area and one dimension of a rectangle, we can find the other dimension. The formula for area of a rectangle is: where is the length and is the width.


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Units. Area is measured in square units. The area of a figure is the number of squares required to cover it completely, like tiles on a floor. Area of a square = side times side. Since each side of a square is the same, it can simply be the length of one side squared.If a square has one side of 4 inches, the area would be 4 inches times 4 inches, or 16 square inches.(Square inches can also be written in2.) Be sure to use the same units for all measurements.nits. Area is measured in square units. The area of a figure is the number of squares required to cover it completely, like tiles on a floor. Area of a square = side times side. Since each side of a square is the same, it can simply be the length of one side squared.


Area of a Rectangle
Area of a Rectangle. The area of a polygon is the number of square units inside the polygon. To understand the difference between perimeter and area, think of perimeter as the length of fence needed to enclose the yard, whereas area is the space inside the yard.iven the length and width of a rectangle, we can find the area. Given the area and one dimension of a rectangle, we can find the other dimension. The formula for area of a rectangle is: where is the length and is the width.


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In another example, the length of our rectangle is 5 inches and the width is 4 inches. So 2(5in) + 2(4in) = 18. Therefore the perimeter of this rectangle is 18 inches. So that's how you calculate the area and perimeter of a rectangle.he area would equal 6 x 4, which equals 24 inches squared.Here's another example: if the rectangle is 8 inches long by 2 inches wide, the area would equal 8 x 2, which equals 16 inches squared. Now lets move on to finding the perimeter of a rectangle.


Area Formulas for Geometric Figures.
Area of a rectangle formula. The area of a rectangle is equal to a product of lenghts of two sides (height and width). where A-the area of a rectangle, a, b-the length of sides(the height and width of rectangle).A = a Â· b. You can use online calculator for computing the area of a rectangle.rea of a rectangle formula. The area of a rectangle is equal to a product of lenghts of two sides (height and width). where A-the area of a rectangle, a, b-the length of sides(the height and width of rectangle).


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The formula is written as Perimeter = 2(length) + 2(width). As you can see, the formula can be written in various ways that mean the same thing.So let's do a couple of examples: If the length of a rectangle is 3 inches and the width is 1 inch, the perimeter = 2(3in) + 2(1in) = 8 in.So the perimeter is 8 inches.he area would equal 6 x 4, which equals 24 inches squared.Here's another example: if the rectangle is 8 inches long by 2 inches wide, the area would equal 8 x 2, which equals 16 inches squared. Now lets move on to finding the perimeter of a rectangle.


Area of a Triangle
To find the area of a triangle, multiply the base by the height, and then divide by 2. The division by 2 comes from the fact that a parallelogram can be divided into 2 triangles. For example, in the diagram to the left, the area of each triangle is equal to one-half the area of the parallelogram.o find the area of a triangle, multiply the base by the height, and then divide by 2. The division by 2 comes from the fact that a parallelogram can be divided into 2 triangles. For example, in the diagram to the left, the area of each triangle is equal to one-half the area of the parallelogram.


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The opposite sides of a rectangle are always parallel and equal in length.The formula for finding the area of a rectangle is very easy, you simply multiply the length of the rectangle by the width. Therefore Area = Length x Width.he area would equal 6 x 4, which equals 24 inches squared.Here's another example: if the rectangle is 8 inches long by 2 inches wide, the area would equal 8 x 2, which equals 16 inches squared. Now lets move on to finding the perimeter of a rectangle.


Area of a Rectangle
Area of a Rectangle. A quadrilateral is a called rectangle, if it is a parallelogram and each angle measures 90 degrees. A rectangle is a four sided and closed figure. In a rectangle all opposite sides are parallel and equal. Also in a rectangle all the adjacent sides are perpendicular.A rectangle is a quadrilateral and also a parallelogram. Let us consider a rectangle with length x units and width y units. Area of the above rectangle = L Ã W. Example 1: Given a rectangle where the length is 5cm and the width is 3cm.rea of a Rectangle. A quadrilateral is a called rectangle, if it is a parallelogram and each angle measures 90 degrees. A rectangle is a four sided and closed figure. In a rectangle all opposite sides are parallel and equal. Also in a rectangle all the adjacent sides are perpendicular.


What is SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase)?
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase is the full form of SGPT. It is an enzyme which is normally present in liver and heart cells. When the heart or liver are damaged in any person then SGPT is released into blood.


What are function of SGOT , SGPT and BILIRUBIN ?
SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart are damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated with liver damage (for example, from viral hepatitis) or with an insult to the heart (for example, from a heart attack). Some medications can also raise SGPT levels.


Identifying Liver Damage With Liver SGPT Test
The term SGPT stands for Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase. This is an enzyme that is found in the cells of the liver. It is also commonly known as Alanine Transaminase, abbreviated as ALT. In a normally healthy individual, the level of SGPT is measurable in the blood.


Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)  [en EspaÃ±ol]
ALT was formerly called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). ALT is measured to see if the liver is damaged or diseased. Low levels of ALT are normally found in the blood. But when the liver is damaged or diseased, it releases ALT into the bloodstream, which makes ALT levels go up.


What are function of SGOT , SGPT and BILIRUBIN ?
The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated with liver damage (for example, from viral hepatitis) or with an insult to the heart (for example, from a heart attack). Some medications can also raise SGPT levels. Also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT).


What is SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase)?
It is a known fact that the elevated levels of SGPT is the indication of the existence of different other medical problems like viral hepatitis, liver damage, bile duct problems, congestive heart failure, infectious mononucleosis or myopathy. SGPT is also known by the name of ALT (Alanine Transaminase).


Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements
1 1,500 milligrams of calcium per day is recommended for pregnant or lactating women. 2  For postmenopausal women less than age 65 not on estrogen replacement therapy: 1,500 milligrams of calcium per day.3  For men ages 25-65: 1,000 milligrams of calcium per day.he recommended amounts of vitamin D for adults are as follows: 1  For people over 50 (and postmenopausal women): 400-800 i.u. of vitamin D per day. 2  For people over 65 or 70, at least 600 i.u. is usually recommended. 3  For people 25-50 years old (and premenopausal women): 400 i.u. of vitamin D per day.


Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements
The recommended amounts of calcium for adults are as follows: 1  For pre-menopausal women 25-50 years old and post-menopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy: 1,000-1,200 milligrams of calcium per day.he recommended amounts of vitamin D for adults are as follows: 1  For people over 50 (and postmenopausal women): 400-800 i.u. of vitamin D per day. 2  For people over 65 or 70, at least 600 i.u. is usually recommended. 3  For people 25-50 years old (and premenopausal women): 400 i.u. of vitamin D per day.


Steps to Estimate Your Calcium Intake
Step 2: List the estimated number of servings of each food item under âServings Per Day.â. Step 3: Multiply the number of âServings Per Dayâ by the number of milligrams (mg) under âCalcium.â For example: if you have about two servings of milk per day, multiply 2 x 300 to get a total of 600 mg of calcium from milk.ou'll also see how much more calcium you need to get each day from other food sources or supplements. How to Estimate Your Daily Calcium Intake. Step 1: Estimate the number of servings you have on a typical day for each type of food.


Calcium
For example, dietary supplementation with 1,500 mg/day of calcium (from calcium carbonate) for 2 years was found to have no clinically significant effects on weight in 340 overweight and obese adults as compared with placebo [ 121 ].** Calcium content is for tofu processed with a calcium salt. Tofu processed with other salts does not provide significant amounts of calcium. In its food guidance system, MyPlate, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that persons aged 9 years and older eat 3 cups of foods from the milk group per day [ 3 ].


Recommended Daily Calcium Intake
1 The recommended calcium intake for men and women in the age group of 19-50 is 1,000 mg per day. 2  While, for people in the age group of 50-70, the recommended daily calcium intake is 1,200 mg a day.ietary Reference Intakes (DRI) which is developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), provides you with the recommended intake of calcium for your body. The term DRI may be defined as a set of values that helps assess the daily nutritional requirement of a healthy person based on his age and gender.


Calcium
In the Women's Health Initiative, postmenopausal women who consumed 1,000 mg of supplemental calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D per day for 7 years had a 17% higher risk of kidney stones than subjects taking a placebo [ 104 ].** Calcium content is for tofu processed with a calcium salt. Tofu processed with other salts does not provide significant amounts of calcium. In its food guidance system, MyPlate, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that persons aged 9 years and older eat 3 cups of foods from the milk group per day [ 3 ].


Calcium
1 One cup of regular brewed coffee, for example, causes a loss of only 2â3 mg of calcium [ 14 2  ]. Moderate caffeine consumption (1 cup of coffee or 2 cups of tea per day) in young women has no negative effects on bone [ 17 ].** Calcium content is for tofu processed with a calcium salt. Tofu processed with other salts does not provide significant amounts of calcium. In its food guidance system, MyPlate, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that persons aged 9 years and older eat 3 cups of foods from the milk group per day [ 3 ].


Calcium and Vitamin D Requirements
Vitamin D Intake. The recommended amounts of vitamin D for adults are as follows: 1  For people over 50 (and postmenopausal women): 400-800 i.u. of vitamin D per day. 2  For people over 65 or 70, at least 600 i.u. is usually recommended. 3  For people 25-50 years old (and premenopausal women): 400 i.u. of vitamin D per day.he recommended amounts of vitamin D for adults are as follows: 1  For people over 50 (and postmenopausal women): 400-800 i.u. of vitamin D per day. 2  For people over 65 or 70, at least 600 i.u. is usually recommended. 3  For people 25-50 years old (and premenopausal women): 400 i.u. of vitamin D per day.


Calcium
*** Calcium content is for tofu processed with a calcium salt. Tofu processed with other salts does not provide significant amounts of calcium. In its food guidance system, MyPlate, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that persons aged 9 years and older eat 3 cups of foods from the milk group per day [ 3 ].** Calcium content is for tofu processed with a calcium salt. Tofu processed with other salts does not provide significant amounts of calcium. In its food guidance system, MyPlate, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that persons aged 9 years and older eat 3 cups of foods from the milk group per day [ 3 ].


Worksheet to Estimate Your Total Daily Calcium Intake
1 If you consume less calcium than recommended, first try to eat more calcium-rich foods to get the calcium you need each day. 2  Your body uses calcium best in amounts of 600 mg or less at one time of the day.stimated Daily Calcium in the Foods You Eat = (Add all the above). =________________. *If foods are high-fortified, it is wise to choose smaller portions. For example, if a food contains 100% calcium per serving, or 1000 mg per serving, it would be best to eat a half serving at one time.


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Watershed Analysis. A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that falls in it and drains off of it goes into the same place or common outlet. A watershed is also defined by topographic divides between two or more adjacent catchment basins, such as a ridge or a crest.


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You use watershed analysis, which is one of several types of analysis that you can perform on a surface, to visualize and analyze the surface watersheds. You use water drop analysis, which is a separate utility, to trace the path that water would take across a surface.


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You use watershed analysis, which is one of several types of analysis that you can perform on a surface, to visualize and analyze the surface watersheds. You use water drop analysis, which is a separate utility, to trace the path that water would take across a surface. This tutorial includes the following general steps:


Watershed Analysis: What, How, Influencing Factors & Applications
A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that falls in it and drains off of it goes into the same place or common outlet. A watershed is also defined by topographic divides between two or more adjacent catchment basins, such as a ridge or a crest.


Watershed Analysis: What, How, Influencing Factors & Applications
In simple words watershed is a region of land within which water flows down into a specified body, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean; a drainage basin. The word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably with drainage basin or catchment. Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide.


Watershed Analysis: What, How, Influencing Factors & Applications
In simple words watershed is a region of land within which water flows down into a specified body, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean; a drainage basin. The word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably with drainage basin or catchment.


Watershed Analysis: What, How, Influencing Factors & Applications
A watershed is also defined by topographic divides between two or more adjacent catchment basins, such as a ridge or a crest. In simple words watershed is a region of land within which water flows down into a specified body, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean; a drainage basin.


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Ecosystem Analysis at the Watershed Scale: Federal Guide for Watershed Analysis-Version 2.222 make general recommendations in step 6 to correct 2. What is the relative sequence of recommendedand rectify inconsistencies between resource management actions, based on resource risk andconditions and management objectives.


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Ecosystem Analysis at the Watershed Scale: Federal Guide for Watershed Analysis-Version 2.210 a manner that enables project-level consultationState Water Quality Management Plans documents to directly reference or incorporate Each state has the authority and responsibility topertinent sections of analysis reports.


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Watershed Analysis of the Salmon River Watershed, Washington: Hydrology By William R. BidlakePrepared in cooperation with theQUINAULT INDIAN NATIONTacoma, Washington2003Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4204U.S.


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Haruka's origin, as well as its use, is in the Japanese language. The name Haruka means 'faraway'. Haruka is not commonly used as a baby girl name. It is listed outside of the top 1000.


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In Japanese, the name Haruka means-far spring fragrance.The name Haruka originated as an Japanese name. The name Haruka is most often used as a girl name or female name. Japanese Name Meaning-far spring fragrance. Origin-Japan. Global Star Registery-Name a star after someone special!


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In Japanese, the name Haruka means-far spring fragrance.The name Haruka originated as an Japanese name. The name Haruka is most often used as a girl name or female name. Japanese Name Meaning-far spring fragrance.


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Japanese name. In Japanese, the name Haruka means-far spring fragrance.The name Haruka originated as an Japanese name. The name Haruka is most often used as a girl name or female name. Japanese Name Meaning-far spring fragrance. Origin-Japan.


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Japanese name. In Japanese, the name Haruka means-far spring fragrance.The name Haruka originated as an Japanese name. The name Haruka is most often used as a girl name or female name. Japanese Name Meaning-far spring fragrance.


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[ 3 syll. ha-ru-ka, har-uka ] The baby girl name Haruka is pronounced HH AA-Ruw-Kaa- â . Haruka's origin, as well as its use, is in the Japanese language. The name Haruka means 'faraway'. Haruka is not commonly used as a baby girl name. It is listed outside of the top 1000.


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Meaning of Haruka. Japanese name. In Japanese, the name Haruka means-far spring fragrance.The name Haruka originated as an Japanese name. The name Haruka is most often used as a girl name or female name. Japanese Name Meaning-far spring fragrance.


Haruka - Meaning of Haruka
[ 3 syll. ha-ru-ka, har-uka ] The baby girl name Haruka is pronounced HH AA-Ruw-Kaa- â . Haruka's origin, as well as its use, is in the Japanese language. The name Haruka means 'faraway'. Haruka is not commonly used as a baby girl name.


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Haruka is generally used as a girl's name. It consists of 6 letters and 3 syllables and is pronounced Ha-ru-ka. In the U.S. in 2014, it ranked 8586 in baby name popularity for girls with 13 occurrences.


Haruka Meaning
Haruka is generally used as a girl's name. It consists of 6 letters and 3 syllables and is pronounced Ha-ru-ka. In the U.S. in 2014, it ranked 8586 in baby name popularity for girls with 13 occurrences. Less than 5 boys were given the name.


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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava (SVC). It is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process within the thorax. A patient with SVCS requires immediate diagnostic evaluation and therapy.


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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava (SVC). It is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process within the thorax.


Background
Background. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava (SVC). It is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process within the thorax. A patient with SVCS requires immediate diagnostic evaluation and therapy.


Background
Background. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava (SVC). It is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process within the thorax.


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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a collection of symptoms that usually occur in patients who have lung cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or other cancers. It also can occur from noncancer causes. Although serious when it occurs in adults, this syndrome is life-threatening in children.


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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a collection of symptoms that usually occur in patients who have lung cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or other cancers. It also can occur from noncancer causes.


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Conch Shell Operculum. 1  The operculum, meaning little lid,The operculum is attached to the upper surface of the foot and in its most complete state, it serves as a sort of trapdoor to close the aperture of the shell when the soft parts of the animal are retracted.2  0P-2. 3  One Conch Operculum approximately 2 inches ...... The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another. 2  It is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. 3  In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell.


Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum is attached to the upper surface of the foot and in its most complete state, it serves as a sort of trapdoor to close the aperture of the shell when the soft parts of the animal are retracted.The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another.any families have opercula that are reduced in size, and which are not capable of closing the shell aperture. Opercula have sometimes been modified: in the Strombidae the operculum is claw-shaped and is used to push into the substrate in a leaping form of locomotion.


Conch Shell Operculum
1 In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell. 2  A small air-hole may remain to aid respiration.Perhaps the most essential function of the operculum in gastropods is to allow snails to resist drying out. The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another. 2  It is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. 3  In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell.


Conch Shell Operculum
1 In species of conch shells, the operculum is elongated and claw-shaped, and is used to dig into the sand to enable the conch to perform a leaping type of locomotion. 2  0P-2. 3  One Conch Operculum approximately 2 inches ...... The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another. 2  It is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. 3  In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell.


conch
Thus the conch lacks the creeping motion of most gastropods. The king conch, Strombus gigas, found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, has a shell 10 to 12 in. (25â30 cm) long and may weigh up to 5 lb (2.3 kg).Similar in size and distribution is the queen conch, Cassis cameo.Its shell has been used in Europe to carve cameos.his conch is similar in shape to the king and queen conchs but is much more slender and reaches a length of 20 in. (50 cm). C. tritonis is found in the Gulf of Mexico and the Indian Ocean.


conch
During locomotion, the operculum secures a foothold in the sand, and the conch jumps forward by means of the quick contraction of a retractor muscle called the columella muscle. Thus the conch lacks the creeping motion of most gastropods.The king conch, Strombus gigas, found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, has a shell 10 to 12 in. (25â30 cm) long and may weigh up to 5 lb (2.3 kg). Similar in size and distribution is the queen conch, Cassis cameo.uring locomotion, the operculum secures a foothold in the sand, and the conch jumps forward by means of the quick contraction of a retractor muscle called the columella muscle. Thus the conch lacks the creeping motion of most gastropods.


Operculum (gastropod)
1 The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another. 2  It is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. 3  In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell. The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another. 2  It is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. 3  In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell.


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Operculata. The operculum is not a product of the mantle. It is produced by a separate organ, the opercular disc, a pad of specialized secretory epithelial cells located right where the operculum is attached-on the posterior, dorsal aspect of the foot.perculata. The operculum is not a product of the mantle. It is produced by a separate organ, the opercular disc, a pad of specialized secretory epithelial cells located right where the operculum is attached-on the posterior, dorsal aspect of the foot.


conch
Thus the conch lacks the creeping motion of most gastropods. The king conch, Strombus gigas, found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, has a shell 10 to 12 in. (25â30 cm) long and may weigh up to 5 lb (2.3 kg). Similar in size and distribution is the queen conch, Cassis cameo.he largest conch and also one of the largest univalves in the world is the horse conch, Pleuroploca gigantea, having a shell length of 24 in. (60 cm). It is found along the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Brazil.


Operculum (gastropod)
Perhaps the most essential function of the operculum in gastropods is to allow snails to resist drying out, or desiccation. This is very important in intertidal marine snails during low tide, and this also enables operculate freshwater and land snails to survive periods of drought and dry weather.any families have opercula that are reduced in size, and which are not capable of closing the shell aperture. Opercula have sometimes been modified: in the Strombidae the operculum is claw-shaped and is used to push into the substrate in a leaping form of locomotion.


Arnold History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Arnold Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century. 1  George Arnold was a defendant in the Supreme Court in St. John's in 1810. 2  Pat Arnold from County Waterford, Ireland, was married in St. John's in 1811. 3  John Arnold from England and his brother William settled at Greenspond, Newfoundland in 1836, moved later to Traytown. William and Thomas Arnold of Nottingham, England, who settled in Higham Mass, and Watertown New York in May 1635. 2  William later moved to Providence, Rhode Island.


Where does surname Schwarzenegger come from?
Best Answer: Hey Edwardo, German. Schwarzenegger Origin: German Spelling variations of this family name include: Schwartz, Swartz, Schwarz, Schwartze, Schwarte and others. First found in the Thuringian region, where this family name became a prominent contributor to the development of the district from ancient times.est Answer: Hey Edwardo, German. Schwarzenegger Origin: German Spelling variations of this family name include: Schwartz, Swartz, Schwarz, Schwartze, Schwarte and others. First found in the Thuringian region, where this family name became a prominent contributor to the development of the district from ancient times.


Given Name ARNOLD
Meaning & History. From a Germanic name meaning eagle power, derived from the elements arn eagle and wald power. The Normans brought it to England, where it replaced the Old English cognate Earnweald.It died out as an English name after the Middle Ages, but it was revived in the 19th century.aints bearing the name include an 8th-century musician in the court of Charlemagne and an 11th-century French bishop who is the patron saint of brewers. It was also borne by Arnold of Brescia, a 12th-century Augustinian monk who rebelled against the church and was eventually hanged.


Last name:  Arnold
This ancient and distinguished surname, recorded in over fifty spellings, is usually of Olde German and Anglo-Saxon origins. It derives from a baptismal compound personal name Ernault or Arnolt, of which the elements are arn, meaning an eagle, and wald, to rule.n the year 1086 the Normans completed a survey of the country known as the Domesday Book, this being the first gazetter of its kind ever produced. Rogerus filius Ernaldi is recorded in Domesday Book for London, this being the first known recording of the name, although not as a surname.


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Arnold Name Meaning. English and German: from a very widely used personal name of Germanic origin, composed of the elements arn âeagleâ + wald âruleâ.rnold Name Meaning. English and German: from a very widely used personal name of Germanic origin, composed of the elements arn âeagleâ + wald âruleâ.


What is the origin of surname Kardashian?
This surname Haidacher is of German and Swiss German origin, mostly found in Austria in the province called Landeck. The name perhaps means heath running water from Haid, pe â¦ rhaps also as Heid, meaning heath, and Ach meaning running water, perhaps derived from a place called Haidach.his surname Stroop could originate from the following origins below. 1. Dutch and German: from Middle Dutch, Middle Low German stropen, a nickname. See related links below f â¦ or more information. Now, there is of English origin, but the English surname Stroop is very rare.


Last name:  Arnold
One of the first settlers in Virginia was Thomas Arnold, aged 30 yrs., who embarked from London on the ship Plaine Joan, in May 1635. The first recorded spelling of the family name anywhere is believed to be that of Puntius Arnaldi, which was dated 1196, in the rolls of Devonshire, England.n the year 1086 the Normans completed a survey of the country known as the Domesday Book, this being the first gazetter of its kind ever produced. Rogerus filius Ernaldi is recorded in Domesday Book for London, this being the first known recording of the name, although not as a surname.


What does Arnold mean?
Arnold /ar-nold/ [2 sylls.] as a boys' name is pronounced AR-nold. It is of Old French and Old German origin, and the meaning of Arnold is eagle ruler.From the phrase arn wald. Brought to Britain with the Norman invasion, lost popularity after the 13th century, and briefly revived in the late 19th century.rnold /ar-nold/ [2 sylls.] as a boys' name is pronounced AR-nold. It is of Old French and Old German origin, and the meaning of Arnold is eagle ruler.


Arnold History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Suggested Readings for the name Arnold. 1  Ancestry and Descendants of John Chambers Arnold and Mary Elizabeth (Shepherd) Arnold: 1789-1967 by Marjorie Organ Regan.2  The Arnold Best, Cullison and Herron Families by Evelyn L. Strong. William and Thomas Arnold of Nottingham, England, who settled in Higham Mass, and Watertown New York in May 1635. 2  William later moved to Providence, Rhode Island.


Given Name ARNOLD
Saints bearing the name include an 8th-century musician in the court of Charlemagne and an 11th-century French bishop who is the patron saint of brewers. It was also borne by Arnold of Brescia, a 12th-century Augustinian monk who rebelled against the church and was eventually hanged.aints bearing the name include an 8th-century musician in the court of Charlemagne and an 11th-century French bishop who is the patron saint of brewers. It was also borne by Arnold of Brescia, a 12th-century Augustinian monk who rebelled against the church and was eventually hanged.


Robocopy and a Few Examples
/MIR is an option to ROBOCOPY where you mirror a directory tree with all the subfolders including the empty directories and you purge files and folders on the destination server that no longer exists in source. ROBOCOPY \\sourceserver\share \\destinationserver\share /MIR.


Robocopy and a Few Examples
/W:5 reduces the wait time between failures to 5 seconds instead of the 30 second default. #7. Use Robocopy to copy all changes to files in a directory called c:\data to a directory that contains the date, like data_20091124. Create a batch file as follows.


Getting ROBOCOPY to return a âproperâ exit code?
I am using ROBOCOPY as part of my TeamCity build configurations, and having to add a step to just silence the exit code from ROBOCOPY seems silly to me. Basically, I have added this: to the script that is being run. However, this of course masks any real problems that ROBOCOPY would return. Basically, I would like to have exit codes of 0 for SUCCESS and non-zero for FAILURE instead of the bit-mask that ROBOCOPY returns now.


Getting ROBOCOPY to return a âproperâ exit code?
0Ã10 Serious error. Robocopy did not copy any files. This is either a usage error or an error due to insufficient access privileges on the source or destination directories. 0Ã08 Some files or directories could not be copied (copy errors occurred and the retry limit was exceeded).


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The most obvious use of /RH is to limit Robocopyâs copy activity to a time slot that is outside of normal business hours (e.g. /RH:2200-0600), to limit Robocopyâs use of network bandwidth and improve network performance for interactive users during the day.


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12 Robocopy.exe Usage Notes The following sections provide more details about using the command-line options to tailor Robocopy to match your needs. Backwards Compatibility This version of Robocopy was developed and tested under Microsoft Windows XP.


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Robocopy.exe 11 /TEE Displays output in the console window, in addition to directing it to the log file specified by /LOG or /LOG+. /JOB: job Reads parameters from the named Job file. /SAVE: job Writes the current parameter settings to the named Job file. /QUIT Quits after processing the command line.


Robocopy Over the Network
Robocopy lets me ameliorate its effect on the network in three waysâby letting me specify the time range in which it will run, the method with which it retries copies, and the length of time it waits between sending blocks of data. When to Run. The /rh option lets me specify when a given copy operation may run.


Robocopy and a Few Examples
Robocopy.exe c:\sourceFolder d:\targetfolder /max:33553332 /l. Note: /l-will list files matching the criteria. if /l is omitted, files matching the criteria will be copied to the taget location. #4. Move files over 14 days old (note the MOVE option will fail if any files are open and locked).


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6 Robocopy.exe The default is /COPY:DAT, or /COPY:DATS if /SEC is specified. If file Data is copied, then file Timestamps are also copied. The /TIMFIX or /SECFIX switches are no longer supported. If you have scripts that use these switches you must edit them to use /COPY: instead.


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Down payment. You can often get the best mortgage rates by paying a higher mortgage down payment. Down payments can range anywhere from 0% to 20% or more of the total cost of the home.15% to 20% is ideal. Paying mortgage points up front can also help lower your payments and interest.own payment. You can often get the best mortgage rates by paying a higher mortgage down payment. Down payments can range anywhere from 0% to 20% or more of the total cost of the home.


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1 The minimum deposit for a buy-to-let mortgage is usually a quarter (25%) of the propertyâs value (some lenders offer deals with a 20% deposit, others want a 40% deposit).2  The fees tend to be much higher. Interest rates on buy-to-let mortgages tend to be higher. 2  The minimum deposit for a buy-to-let mortgage is usually a quarter (25%) of the propertyâs value (some lenders offer deals with a 20% deposit, others want a 40% deposit).


Buy-to-let mortgages explained
1 Interest rates on buy-to-let mortgages tend to be higher. 2  The minimum deposit for a buy-to-let mortgage is usually a quarter (25%) of the propertyâs value (some lenders offer deals with a 20% deposit, others want a 40% deposit).3  The fees tend to be much higher. Interest rates on buy-to-let mortgages tend to be higher. 2  The minimum deposit for a buy-to-let mortgage is usually a quarter (25%) of the propertyâs value (some lenders offer deals with a 20% deposit, others want a 40% deposit).


Mortgage Qualification Calculator
Start interest rates at. The current interest rate you could receive on your mortgage. This is used as the starting point for displaying a range of interest rates and the resulting mortgage amount. Term in years. The number of years over which you will repay this loan.The most common mortgage terms are 15 years and 30 years.tart interest rates at. The current interest rate you could receive on your mortgage. This is used as the starting point for displaying a range of interest rates and the resulting mortgage amount. Term in years. The number of years over which you will repay this loan.


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If you earn Â£40,000 and your partner earns Â£30,000, for example, the range given is between Â£210,000 and Â£297,500. Whether you can borrow just Â£210,000 or as much as Â£297,500 will depend on a number of factors, including the lender you apply to and whether you have other debts, such as a car loan.ind out how much you could borrow, how much your monthly repayments would be and how much stamp duty youâd pay using our mortgage calculator.


How big a deposit do I need?
So for a Â£200,000 house you would need to have Â£20,000 in savings for a 90% mortgage or Â£10,000 in savings for a 95% mortgage. However 100% mortgages, where you donât need any deposit, are virtually non-existent unless you have additional financial help from your family.o for a Â£200,000 house you would need to have Â£20,000 in savings for a 90% mortgage or Â£10,000 in savings for a 95% mortgage. However 100% mortgages, where you donât need any deposit, are virtually non-existent unless you have additional financial help from your family.


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Knowing how much of a house you can afford will also help you to determine the other costs that are going to be involved with buying a home like a down payment, monthly mortgage payments and closing costs. The first step in buying a house is determining your budget.This calculator steps you through the process of finding out how much you can borrow. Fill in the entry fields and click on the 'View Report' button to see a complete amortization schedule of your mortgage payments.Javascript is required for this calculator.verview. When it is time to go house shopping it is really helpful to know how much of a home you can afford. Knowing how much of a house you can afford will help you (and your Realtor) to narrow your house search down by price range.


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You need to have a rough idea of how much you can borrow before you even start looking for a new home or investment property. The MoneySuperMarket mortgage affordability calculator is therefore an invaluable tool for everyone from first-time buyers to families looking for their âforeverâ house.ind out how much you could borrow, how much your monthly repayments would be and how much stamp duty youâd pay using our mortgage calculator.


Can Lupus Be Treated Naturally?
* THESE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. THESE PRODUCTS ARE NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT, CURE OR PREVENT DISEASE. **SIMOPOULIS 2011/P204/A, B (SIMOPOULIS AP MOL. NEUROBIOL. 2011/44:203-215) â  Supportive, but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.


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Your heart loves Omega-3s. That's why we've combined the best of science and nature to create easily absorbed MegaRedÂ® 100% Krill Oil â the smart choice for heart healthy Omega-3s.


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1 Your body doesnât naturally produce Omega-3 fatty acids on its own. 2  MegaRedÂ® Krill Oil is 100% Krill Oil to help support overall heart health. 3  MegaRedÂ® is easily absorbed by your body.  MegaRedÂ® is proven to raise your Omega-3 levels in just 30 days.


Krill
Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceanâs surface and live off carbon dioxide and the sunâs rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales.


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Omega-3 fatty acids found in krill and fish oils are a type of polyunsaturated fat that can help support coronary function, but our bodies canât naturally produce these essential nutrients. See why MegaRedÂ® Krill Oil is the smart choice for getting your heart-healthy Omega-3s.


Krill
Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface.


Krill
Integral to the food chain, tiny shrimp krill are the primary food source for many marine mammals and fish.


Krill
Pink and opaque, Antarctic krill are among the largest of the 85 known krill species. Their estimated numbers range from 125 million tons to 6 billion tons in the waters around Antarctica. During certain times of year, krill congregate in swarms so dense and widespread that they can be seen from space.


House Foundation Cost
1 A slab foundation for an average 1,600- to 1,800-square-foot family home might cost about $7,000-$16,000 or more, while a slab foundation for a 3,000- to 4,500-square-foot home might cost $13,000-$40,000 or more.hopping for a house foundation: 1  Concrete shouldn't be poured in temperatures lower than 40 degrees or higher 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 2  Installing a typical foundation for a new home can take 2-3 weeks including time for curing the concrete, according to BobVila.com.


House Foundation Cost
1 A crawl space foundation might cost $8,000-$21,000 for an average family home, or $15,000-$50,000 for a larger house.hopping for a house foundation: 1  Concrete shouldn't be poured in temperatures lower than 40 degrees or higher 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 2  Installing a typical foundation for a new home can take 2-3 weeks including time for curing the concrete, according to BobVila.com.


House Foundation Cost
1 Build Your Own House explains the pros and cons of a crawl space foundation. 2  A full basement foundation for an average home can cost $13,000-$30,000 or more, depending on the width and height of the walls, and whether utilities, windows or other features are included.hopping for a house foundation: 1  Concrete shouldn't be poured in temperatures lower than 40 degrees or higher 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 2  Installing a typical foundation for a new home can take 2-3 weeks including time for curing the concrete, according to BobVila.com.


How Much Does it Cost to Build a Concrete Foundation?
For new construction of a single-family home, the National Association of Home Builders estimates that foundation, excavation and backfill make up 9.3 percent of the total construction cost. If youâre building a $200,000 home, for example, the foundation would cost $18,600.reaking down the price, budget about $80-$120 per cubic yard (27 square feet) for concrete alone. Say youâre building a 400-square-foot garage or addition-the concrete for that project would cost $593 to $889.


Useful For
The determination of TPO antibody levels is the most sensitive test for detecting autoimmune thyroid disease (eg, Hashimoto thyroiditis, idiopathic myxedema, and Graves disease) and detectable concentrations of anti-TPO antibodies are observed in most patients with these disorders.hyroperoxidase (TPO) is an enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, catalyzing the oxidation of iodide on tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the synthesis of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine).


Anti-thyroid autoantibodies
The most clinically relevant anti-thyroid autoantibodies are anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibodies), thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) and thyroglobulin antibodies.TRAbs are subdivided into activating, blocking and neutral antibodies, depending on their effect on the TSH receptor.nti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies are specific for the autoantigen TPO, a 105kDa glycoprotein that catalyses iodine oxidation and thyroglobulin tyrosyl iodination reactions in the thyroid gland.


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Thyroid peroxidase (microsomal antigen): Antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb). TSH receptor: Anti-TSH receptor antibody (TRAb). The presence of serum thyroid antibodies usually indicates an autoimmune thyroid disorder, but elevated levels may also be detected in other conditions.hyroid peroxidase (microsomal antigen): Antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb). TSH receptor: Anti-TSH receptor antibody (TRAb). The presence of serum thyroid antibodies usually indicates an autoimmune thyroid disorder, but elevated levels may also be detected in other conditions.


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Plan you week with the help of our 10-day weather forecasts and weekend weather predictions for Roselle, NJ


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Roselle 10 Day Weather. 1  Saturday:The Roselle forecast for Sep 02 is 67 degrees and Sunny. There is 38 percentage chance of rain and 8 mph winds from the East-Southeast. 2  Sunday:The Roselle forecast for Sep 03 is 73 degrees and Moderate or heavy rain shower. There is 67 percentage chance of rain and 8 mph winds from the South.


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NEWARK, NJ 3 hourly weather forecast: weather forecast created 7:00 PM EST 2/13/2018


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Get the Roselle hour-by-hour weather forecast including temperature, RealFeel and chance of precipitation for Roselle, NJ 07203 from AccuWeather.com Get the Roselle hour-by-hour weather forecast including temperature, RealFeel and chance of precipitation for Roselle, NJ 07203 from AccuWeather.com my recent locations Â°f Roselle, NJ 37Â°


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Countries/United States/ New Jersey/ 07203 The 07203, NJ forecast for Feb 08 is 32 degrees and Sunny . There is 47 percentage chance of rain and 9 mph winds from the Northwest.


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NEWARK, NJ 3 hourly weather forecast: weather forecast created 7:00 AM EST 2/16/2018


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Todayâs and tonightâs Roselle, NJ weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.com Todayâs and tonightâs Roselle, NJ weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.com Connection restored! Show me the weather in... city, zip, or place


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A white, crystalline compound, C5H4N4, from which is derived a group of compounds including uric acid, xanthine, and caffeine. Or a purine derivative, especially the bases ad â¦ enine and guanine, which are fundamental constituents of nucleic acids.


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1. a white, crystalline compound, C 5 H 4 N 4, from which is derived a group of compounds including uric acid, xanthine, and caffeine. 2. one of several purine derivatives, esp. the bases adenine and guanine, which are fundamental constituents of nucleic acids.


Purine alkaloid degradation
In bacteria, it is the process by which caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and other purine alkaloids are catabolized by N-demethylases, producing xanthine and then further degraded by oxidases. An alternative pathway involves solely oxidative methods.


purine
puâ¢rine. 1. a white, crystalline compound, C 5 H 4 N 4, from which is derived a group of compounds including uric acid, xanthine, and caffeine. 2. one of several purine derivatives, esp. the bases adenine and guanine, which are fundamental constituents of nucleic acids.


Purine alkaloid degradation
The purine alkaloids are a distinct form that have a nitrogen containing ring structure resembling that of purine. They are termed pseudoalkaloids, as they are not derived from amino acids like true alkaloids (2). The aromatic structure makes them recalcitrant to degradation.


Purine alkaloid degradation
The purine alkaloids are a distinct form that have a nitrogen containing ring structure resembling that of purine. They are termed pseudoalkaloids, as they are not derived from amino acids like true alkaloids (2).


Caffeine
More than sixty plants, including those that give us coffee, tea, cola, and cacao, produce caffeine from the purine xanthine. Whereas caffeine is a natural constituent in coffee, tea, chocolate, and some cola drinks, it is added to consumer products such as soft drinks, diet pills, and analgesics.


Purine alkaloid degradation
In bacteria, it is the process by which caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and other purine alkaloids are catabolized by N-demethylases, producing xanthine and then further degraded by oxidases.


Caffeine
It has the systematic name 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione; it is also known as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, and 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine. Caffeine can be classified as an alkaloid, a term used for substances produced as end products of nitrogen metabolism in some plants.


Scrying
The Crystal Ball by John William Waterhouse (1902, oil on canvas). Scrying (also called seeing or peeping) is the practice of looking into a translucent ball or other material with the belief that things can be seen, such as spiritual visions, and less often for purposes of divination or fortune-telling.ne method of scrying using a crystal ball involves a self-induced trance. Initially, the medium serves as a focus for the attention, removing unwanted thoughts from the mind in the same way as a mantra. Once this stage is achieved, the scryer begins a free association with the perceived images suggested.


Scrying
Although scrying is most commonly done with a crystal ball, it may also be performed using any smooth surface, such as a bowl of liquid, a pond, or a crystal. Like other aspects of divination and parapsychology, scrying is not supported by science as a method of predicting the future.ne method of scrying using a crystal ball involves a self-induced trance. Initially, the medium serves as a focus for the attention, removing unwanted thoughts from the mind in the same way as a mantra. Once this stage is achieved, the scryer begins a free association with the perceived images suggested.


Make a Scrying Mirror
Scrying is one of the best known forms of divination, and can be done in a variety of ways. Basically, it's the practice of looking into some sort of reflective surface -- such as water, fire, glass, dark stones, etc. -- to see what messages, symbols, or visions may appear.crying is one of the best known forms of divination, and can be done in a variety of ways. Basically, it's the practice of looking into some sort of reflective surface -- such as water, fire, glass, dark stones, etc. -- to see what messages, symbols, or visions may appear.


Scrying
Scrying is something all witches learn from a very tender age, it means to perceive or to reveal. To scry you need a reflective surface to gaze into, this can be a crystal ball, a mirror, a candle flame or water.It is an ancient technique used for the purposes of divination.crying is something all witches learn from a very tender age, it means to perceive or to reveal. To scry you need a reflective surface to gaze into, this can be a crystal ball, a mirror, a candle flame or water.


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You may see the word âscryingâ used here on About Paganism/Wicca. In general, the term is used to mean staring into something-often a shiny surface, but not always-for the purpose of divination.Visions that are seen are often interpreted intuitively by the person who is scrying.ater Scrying: A very popular method of scrying involves the use of water. While this can be a large body of water, such as a pond or lake, many people simply use a bowl. Nostradamus used a large bowl of water as a scrying tool, and put himself into a trance to interpret the visions he saw.


What is Scrying?
By Patti Wigington. You may see the word âscryingâ used here on About Paganism/Wicca. In general, the term is used to mean staring into something-often a shiny surface, but not always-for the purpose of divination. Visions that are seen are often interpreted intuitively by the person who is scrying.ater Scrying: A very popular method of scrying involves the use of water. While this can be a large body of water, such as a pond or lake, many people simply use a bowl. Nostradamus used a large bowl of water as a scrying tool, and put himself into a trance to interpret the visions he saw.


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The methods and techniques for scrying, including crystal balls, black mirrors, water bowls and more.he methods and techniques for scrying, including crystal balls, black mirrors, water bowls and more.


Scrying
Scrying is the magical ability to find a person or an object through the use of a crystal and a map.It is one of the three basic abilities possessed by witches and warlocks.However, Leo Wyatt has also used this power when he was an Elder.crying is the magical ability to find a person or an object through the use of a crystal and a map.


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Scrying Methods. Catoptromancy is a form of scrying and divination using a mirror. Also known as captromancy or enoptromancy. Mirror gazing is a popular method of scrying and comes in two forms. The first requires an individual to stand before a mirror and stare into their reflection.ative Americans used a form of scrying by way of rising smoke. This isn't just the stereotypical movie version where a blanket is draped over a small fire and then lifted to release the smoke. Rather watching the rising smoke from a flame and divining images held within the smoke stream.


Definitions &Translations
Scrying. Scrying is the practice of looking into a translucent ball or other material with the belief that things can be seen, such as spiritual visions, and less often for purposes of divination or fortune-telling.crying. Scrying is the practice of looking into a translucent ball or other material with the belief that things can be seen, such as spiritual visions, and less often for purposes of divination or fortune-telling.


What does Colton mean?
Colton /col-ton/ [2 sylls.] as a boys' name is pronounced KOHL-ton. It is of Old English origin, and the meaning of Colton is swarthy person; coal town or settlement .Surname and place name, derived from the personal name Cola, or also a doublet of Colby.Could also possibly mean colt-settlement, or Cole's settlement.olton is a somewhat popular first name for males (#1160 out of 1220, Top 95%) and an even more popular surname for both adults and children (#5102 out of 150436, Top 3%). (2000 U.S. Census). Charted below is the birth name popularity of Colton for boys.


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Colton is a surname of mainly Irish origin. Mac Comhaltan Ua Cleirigh, King of Ui UÃ Fiachrach aidhne IN ad 964 appears to be the first recorded use of this. Name Mac comhaltan was an early member of THE O Ã³, cleirigh clÃ©irigh family reputedly the Oldest. surname in europe1] An English variation of the name is Colby; Irish variations include O'Comhaltain (Irish: O Ã³) comhaltain ComhaltÃ¡in, and collin Anglicized. as colton


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Colten is a more modern Americanized respelling of Colton. Colton originated as an English surname from a place name. The name Colton is thought to be derived from the Olde English words âcolâ (meaning âcharcoalâ) and âtÅ«nâ (meaning âtown, settlementâ) to signify a town where coal was produced.Predating the surname was the nickname âColaâ used for a âswarthy personâ.olton originated as an English surname from a place name. The name Colton is thought to be derived from the Olde English words âcolâ (meaning âcharcoalâ) and âtÅ«nâ (meaning âtown, settlementâ) to signify a town where coal was produced. Predating the surname was the nickname âColaâ used for a âswarthy personâ.


Colton
Etymology & Historical Origin-Colton. Colton is a transferred use of an English surname which either derived from a place name or a nickname. It remains as a surname, but it is now also used as a masculine personal name, mainly in the United States and Canada.The name Colton is thought to be derived from the Olde English words âcolâ meaning âcharcoalâ and âtÅ«nâ meaning âtown, settlementâ.t remains as a surname, but it is now also used as a masculine personal name, mainly in the United States and Canada. The name Colton is thought to be derived from the Olde English words âcolâ meaning âcharcoalâ and âtÅ«nâ meaning âtown, settlementâ.


Colton
English Meaning: The name Colton is an English baby name. In English the meaning of the name Colton is: From the dark town. American Meaning: The name Colton is an American baby name.In American the meaning of the name Colton is: From the dark town. SoulUrge Number: 3. Expression Number: 7. People with this name have a deep inner desire to create and express themselves, often in public speaking, acting, writing or singing.he name Colton is an American baby name. In American the meaning of the name Colton is: From the dark town. SoulUrge Number: 3. Expression Number: 7. People with this name have a deep inner desire to create and express themselves, often in public speaking, acting, writing or singing.


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Colton is a surname of mainly Irish origin. Mac Comhaltan Ua Cleirigh, King of Ui UÃ Fiachrach aidhne IN ad 964 appears to be the first recorded use of this. name1] An English variation of the name is Colby; Irish variations include O'Comhaltain (Irish: O Ã³) comhaltain ComhaltÃ¡in, and collin Anglicized. as colton


What does Colton mean?
Colton is a somewhat popular first name for males (#1160 out of 1220, Top 95%) and an even more popular surname for both adults and children (#5102 out of 150436, Top 3%). (2000 U.S. Census). Charted below is the birth name popularity of Colton for boys.olton is a somewhat popular first name for males (#1160 out of 1220, Top 95%) and an even more popular surname for both adults and children (#5102 out of 150436, Top 3%). (2000 U.S. Census). Charted below is the birth name popularity of Colton for boys.


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Its origin is  English . This name is mostly being used as a boys name. Last year it ranked 64th in the U.S. Social Security Administration list of most popular baby boy names. Colton is a surname derived from an English place name meaning Cola's town.Cola is an Old English byname meaning charcoal..his name is mostly being used as a boys name. Last year it ranked 64th in the U.S. Social Security Administration list of most popular baby boy names. Colton is a surname derived from an English place name meaning Cola's town. Cola is an Old English byname meaning charcoal..


Colton (surname)
[1] An English variation of the name is Colby; Irish variations include O'Comhaltain (Irish: O Ã³) comhaltain ComhaltÃ¡in, and collin Anglicized. As Colton some Irish descending coltons can trace lineage to The notable kennedy Family an american Family of irish descent who are Prominent in american politics. and government1] An English variation of the name is Colby; Irish variations include O'Comhaltain (Irish: O Ã³) comhaltain ComhaltÃ¡in, and collin Anglicized. as colton


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Mac Comhaltan was an early member of the O Ã³ cleirigh, clÃ©irigh family reputedly the oldest Surname. [in] Europe 1 an english variation of the Name; Is colby irish Variations'Include (O: COMHALTAIN Irish) o Ã³, comhaltain comhaltÃ¡in And. collin anglicized as colton1] An English variation of the name is Colby; Irish variations include O'Comhaltain (Irish: O Ã³) comhaltain ComhaltÃ¡in, and collin Anglicized. as colton


MSM Powder...
MSM powder is a completely safe nutritional supplement, that most people can use, that has a number of excellent advantages to its use. MSM is a naturally occurring organic sulfur that is found in all living tissue, animals and plants.ou may also obtain an MSM supplement as a capsule or tablet and it also comes mixed with other ingredients in some supplements. These three letters are the shortened form of the full name methyl sulfonyl methane. MSM powder is a white crystalline powder, and perhaps might be termed a nutritional mineral.