1. A method to manufacture one or more articles of manufacture that searches for an arrangement of shapes that satisfy exact or approximate analytical representations of boundary distance constraints using the execution of the following steps comprising: (a) constructing functions for one or more boundary distance constraints where said functions are exact or approximate analytical representations of said constraints using one or more gradient shaping transformations and the following: (1) alone or more external boundary surface of closest approach functions where at least one of the external boundary surfaces of closest approach is a non-n-sphere and each external boundary surface of closest approach is formed from two shapes and, optionally, additional boundary distance constraints between the shapes and is determined using the addition of two or three functions where one of the three functions represents the first shape and another function represents the second shape and, optionally, a third function represents the additional boundary distance constraints between the shapes, (2) one or more analytical compositions, and (3) one or more superellipsoid shape function approximations for the interior or exterior boundary surface of closest approach between a pair of axis aligned orthotopes with axis-aligned orthotopic boundary distance constraints; (b) constructing an analytical optimization problem which incorporates said constraint functions of step (a) and which is an exact or approximate representation of a boundary distance constrained arrangement problem; (c) selecting the initial values of one or more optimization variables; (d) solving the optimization problem constructed in step (b) using one or more analytical optimization methods and one or more of the initial values of step (c).