1. A processor-implemented authentication method comprising: receiving a first location corresponding to a first device and an identifier corresponding to a second device, the first and second devices being associated with a user; obtaining, based on the identifier, a second location corresponding to the second device; retrieving at least one authentication rule; determining, by a processor, whether the first and second locations generate a location match in accordance with the at least one authentication rule; and if the first and second locations generate a location match, generating an authentication response that indicates that the user has been authenticated.