1. A system configured to estimate affective response of a user to a token instance of interest utilizing a predicted affective response to a background token instance, comprising: a processor configured to: receive the background token instance, generate a feature value based on the background token instance, and to utilize a machine learning-based predictor to calculate, based on the feature value, a value of a predicted affective response to the background token instance; and a decomposer configured to receive a value of a measured affective response of the user due to simultaneous exposure to both the background token instance and the token instance of interest, and to estimate an affective response of the user to the token instance of interest based on a difference between the value of the measured affective response and the value of the predicted affective response.