1. A method of decoding moving pictures by adaptively applying a plurality of quantization weight matrices, that are not related by a scalar, to a respective macroblock of an input image, the method comprising: receiving an encoded stream including the input image, the encoded stream comprising at least one macroblock; for each macroblock that is an intra-block, the respective intra-block comprises index information that specifies a plurality of intra-block quantization weight matrices for a luminance (Y) component and chrominance (U, V) components for intra-blocks corresponding to the respective intra-block, wherein the specified intra-block quantization weight matrices correspond to which of non-zero spatial characteristic were detected regarding the respective intra-block; for each macroblock that is an inter-block, the respective inter-block comprises index information that specifies a plurality of inter-block quantization weight matrices for Y, U, and V components for inter-blocks corresponding to the respective inter-block, wherein the specified inter-block quantization weight matrices correspond to which of non-zero spatial characteristics were detected regarding the respective inter-block; performing a variable length decoding on the encoded image data; selecting at least one quantization weight matrix based on the index information; and inversely quantizing each variable length decoded macroblock by adaptively applying specified respective quantization weight matrices for the respective macroblock.