1. A computer-implemented method comprising: maintaining a model buffer that provides a modeled current state of each pixel of a plurality of pixels of a display, the modeled current state corresponding to a predicted color for each pixel; receiving an indication of a frame to be displayed, the indication including a target state for each pixel of the plurality of pixels; for each of the pixels updated in one or more sub-frames of the frame, determining a voltage to be applied to that pixel based on which one of a positive voltage, a negative voltage, or a neutral voltage alters the modeled current state of that pixel closest toward the target state for that pixel; modifying a displayed image by applying the voltages for the pixels updated in the one or more sub-frames; and updating the modeled current state of each pixel based on the voltages applied to the pixels updated in the one or more sub-frames.