1. An information processing system comprising: a server; and a terminal device communicably coupled to the server via a network, the terminal device including: a display, an image capturing device configured to capture a recording medium including a marker image and a first image, the marker image indicating a condition of displaying information on the display, and circuitry configured to extract an identifier of the marker image from the marker image captured by the image capturing device, transmit, to the server, the identifier of the marker image and at least one of first identification information for identifying the terminal device, and second identification information for identifying a user of the terminal device, receive a second image associated with the identifier of the marker image and the at least one of the first identification information and the second identification information from the server, the second image being variably set depending on at least one of first information clearance level of the terminal device and second information clearance level of the user of the terminal device; superimpose the second image over the first image to cause the display to collectively display the second image and the first image while the recording medium is being captured by the image capturing device; and set a number of times the extraction, the transmission, the reception, and the superimposition are repeated based on a computing capability of the circuitry of the terminal device.