1. A non-invasive optical detection system, comprising: an interferometer configured for delivering sample light into the anatomical structure having a target voxel, whereby a portion of the sample light passing through the target voxel is scattered by the anatomical structure as signal light, and another portion of the sample light not passing through the target voxel is scattered by the anatomical structure as background light that is combined with the signal light to create a sample light pattern, the interferometer comprising: a single beam splitter configured for splitting the sample light pattern into first and second sample light pattern portions; a first beam splitter/combiner configured for splitting the reference light respectively into a first two of four different phases, and concurrently combining the first sample light portion and the reference light having the first two of the four different phases to respectively generate a first two of four interference light patterns; and a second beam splitter/combiner configured for splitting the reference light respectively into a second two of the four different phases, and concurrently combining the second sample light pattern portion and the reference light having the second two of the four different phases to respectively generate the second two of the four interference light patterns; a camera system having four optically registered detector arrays respectively configured for detecting the four interference light patterns, and generating four pluralities of values representative of spatial components of the respective four interference light patterns; and a processor configured for determining a physiologically-dependent optical parameter of the target voxel based on the four pluralities of values.