1. A method, comprising: using a processor: receiving information generated by an X-ray detector related to detected X-rays of an X-ray beam that have passed through an object; estimating a first energy interaction with a first portion of the object based on an intensity profile of the detected X-rays of the X-ray beam; estimating a remaining energy in the X-ray beam after passing through the first portion of the object; estimating a second energy interaction with a second portion of the object adjacent to the first portion of the object, wherein the X-ray beam passes through the first portion before the second portion, based on the remaining energy; determining a first estimated dose value for the first portion based at least in part on the first energy interaction and the mass of the first portion of the object; and determining a second estimated dose value for the second portion based at least in part on the second energy interaction and the mass of the second portion of the object.