1. An image processing device, comprising: one or more processors and one or more memories configured to: decode a bit stream to generate a first image; replace a pixel of the first image based on a replacement pattern that indicates a pixel value variation distribution; clip a first coefficient by a clipping process, wherein the first coefficient is obtained by frequency transform on the first image having the pixel replaced, wherein the clipping process is based on a second coefficient and a quantization parameter obtained from the bit stream, and wherein the second coefficient is obtained by the frequency transform on the first image; and reconstruct a second image from the first coefficient subjected to the clipping process.