1. A method for analyzing a relationship between at least two agents and one or more clinical outcomes, the method comprising: receiving a selection of at least two agents; receiving a selection of one or more clinical outcomes; for each of the at least two agents, analyzing in real-time or near real-time, by a processor included in a computing device, clinical data stored in a database to determine a number of occurrences of each of the one or more clinical outcomes when the agent is administered; for each of the at least two agents, calculating in real-time or near real-time, by the processor, a risk score for each clinical outcome, wherein, for each combination of agent and clinical outcome, calculating the risk score includes measuring a statistical significance of a relationship between the agent and the clinical outcome based on a total number of patients in an entire population, a number of patients to whom the agent is administered, a number of occurrences of the clinical outcome when the agent is administered, and a total number of patients in the entire population that experienced the clinical outcome; outputting the risk scores to a graphical display device, wherein, for a first agent of the at least two agents, a first risk score indicates that the first agent is not the cause of a first clinical outcome for a first sub-population that is a subset of the entire population, and wherein, for a second agent of the at least two agents, a second risk score identifies a possible benefit of the second agent for a second sub-population that is a subset of the entire population; generating a first hypothesis by the processor that is based on the first risk score that indicates that the first agent is not the cause of the first clinical outcome for the first sub-population; generating a second hypothesis by the processor that is based on the second risk score that identifies the possible benefit of the second agent for the second sub-population; and generating and outputting a message corresponding to the first hypothesis or the second hypothesis generated by the processor.