1. A computer-implemented method for determining a first quantification of a deformation of a sample, said method implemented using a computing device in communication with a memory, said method comprising: receiving, by the computing device, a first image of the sample; receiving, by the computing device, a second image of the sample; registering the first image to the second image using a warping function, wherein the warping function maps a plurality of pixels in the first image to a plurality of pixels in the second image; determining a first deformation gradient tensor for the sample based on the warping function, the first deformation gradient tensor including at least a portion of the warping function; and determining the first quantification of the deformation of the sample based at least in part on the first deformation gradient tensor.