1. An information processing system comprising: a server; and a terminal device communicable with the server via a network, the terminal device including: a display; an image capturing device to capture a marker image and a first image formed on a recording medium, the marker image indicating a condition of displaying information on the display; and circuitry to extract an identifier of the marker image from the marker image captured by the image capturing device; transmit the extracted identifier of the captured marker image and at least one of identification information for identifying the terminal device and identification information for identifying a user of the terminal device to the server; receive data of a second image associated with the identifier of the marker image and at least one of the identification information of the terminal device and the identification information of the user of the terminal device from the server, the data of second image variably set depending on at least one of an information clearance level of the terminal device and an information clearance level of the user of the terminal device; and superimpose the second image over the first image to cause the display to collectively display the second image and the first image while the recording medium is being captured by the image capturing device.