cn/m/0111ir1 (Vi1r1111i11 IJ12) Cohnl:1111in is also par1 or cn<Jn,:yme syst«:m m,cd in cell synthesis and helps to maintain nerve cell)-;. The snurnis of cobalnmin iire animal products (meat. fish. poultry, milk und cgw,). Stric:I vcgt:tari;111s arc likely tt J develop deficiem. ')' symptoms if there are 110 01hcr :;otircc of the vitamin is 1ak P. n. Vitamin defici1mcy is also characterized by 111cgnlohlastic ;,ncmia. l'aticnts who had partfol or totnl gastrec:tomy arc at risk of the dcf-idcncy becm1sc of loss of the inlrinsic factor needed in the metabolism of the vitamin. Pa11tnthenic l\cic/ panl Ot heuic acicl is part of a coen1. ym e system used in energy metabolism. lt occurs ahundnnlly i11 animal foods, whole grain cereals and legumes. Deficiency syndromes ;,re unlikely. Jiiorin Biotin is a s11lf11r-cont:1ining vitamin and is essential in coenzyme used in energy metnlmlism. fat. Hrnino acid and glycogen synthesis. It is widely found in foods. Dd1cioi1cy symptoms include loss c,f appetite, nausea, depression, weakness, fatigue, hair loss and dci-nrnl itis. Asw,·l,ic Acid (Vilomi11 C) Vitamin C is. :-. sscntia I in a wide range offuncti ons. Vitamin C is needed in the formation c>f cnlln)!. cn. th<. : base for 1111 con ncctivc tissues in the body such as bones, teeth, skin llnd wndnn. 4 11 i11c-rc;is1. s resistance t O infection, enh:rnces the absorption of iron. and functions :is m1 :rntinxidnnl. Vitamin C is found in citrns fruits, dark green vegetables, strnwlwrril!s, p,·rrwro;. potatoes. p:1payas. Deficiency nf inlakc may evcntu,11ly leatl lo scurvy-swollen. hlccdini:; )!,t1ms, nncl loose teeth. Other symptoms are rough skin, poor w()und hc;tlini. ;. bruise easily. increased risk to infection und anemia. Megacl. oses of vit. umin C. supplements can result in rebound scurvy. MINERA LS M incral. s ha"c,·arious functions: ( 1) asstn1ctured components of bones; (2) ns central atoms in t11')')!,i'nc11rrying proteins: (3) :u; consti I11en1s of numerous en-zymes: and (4) as dectrnlyte rt'. sponsihle for the movement of wnter through tissues. Requirements ,·nl)' frwn r,w micrni:rams (trace minerals) lo hundreds or mi. lugrams (major minerals) n d11y. Minerals nrc widely but unevenly distributed in nature. Major Minerals C<1/d111t1 C11lci111n is thl! most 11hunda111 mineral in the body with 99% found in bones and teeth nncl ahout 1Y<, in body fluids. Cnlcium is needed to keep strong bones nnd teeth. Other mujc11· roll':-: or 1. :aldum arc rc1sulntion of transport of ion anoss membran es particularly nervt' tr:111):n1issinn. It is e SSl'ntial in muscle contrnction :md bloocl clotting, helps mai11111i11 bkl$1d pres. sure. and (11111. :tioning nf :some cn7. ymcs. Fuod sourcc::s include milk, clri,d small lish with ho1ws e:11,n. some green vegc::tablcs. tofu, canned fish. and fortifod 1m,d111·t:<. Dl'fici L·ncy lead to po L1r hone growth and tooth devel<>pmcnt, poor bl CJod cl11tti111,t. i111·rrn:-1·d risk ofn. stenmalacia and ostt. 'Oporosis in adul1i;. Toxicity may lead tu tctany or formal inn of rt!11al stones. l'lws{'htw11 s M. tjorlty of 1hc phosphoru · in the body is combined with calcium in the bones and tf'cth. Ph1)>-f)honis helps rnninroin acid-bas·e bolnnce and energy metabolism. Primary fond su11n·cs nrc foods rich in proteins such as meat fish an. d poultry. Deficiency from pho:-phoni. s i:-prnctica Uy unknown. 331 