How <lo you summnrize data from fixed response and open-ended questions? Fixed­ response questions provide choices the respondent will select from. These choices will serve as categories for colluling the responses. In some community diagnosis designs, dutn collcclors use flashcards to help the respondenl choose his answer. Tilis is espcciully useful if one is dealing '"''ith very young respondents or respondents whose levels of education arc limited. '111c flashcards arc assigned uumbers or letters corresponding to a specific category of choice. The respondent will just call out or point to the letter or number that match or is consistent with his or her 1·esponse. 170 Open-ended questions do not provide choices or categories. Unlike fixed-response questions, categories are only constructed after data collectio n is over. Categor ies ai:e constructed from responses in randomly selected questionnaires. For example, a nurse wishes lo know Ute J'Cftsons why molhers do not breast feed their infants. Respondents are expected to brive out a wide selection of responses. The responses from randomly selected questionnaires will be the b~1ses for constructing the categories. QI__..Dfl ft.-1t hll'ldl ka n.. papasuso n1 lyon1 sannol~ Reiponse 10: Gumara~ alto ogoral contracepttve pllls. Response 27: Pumapaolc 'na ~ sa trabllho: Response BO: Ayaw nl mister, makalcasira daw n~ aklng,ftgur;e. Rupanse 45: SUmasakft ans aldns uton1 pag nagpapadede. Response 59: Bottle feedlnt Is more corwenlent. Response &Ot Glna1amot ako npypn sa saklt ns bap. Response 62: Naic. kahlya maa Pasuso p.,a1~nasa l;abas ng bahay. Response 67: Nakalalabala lalo na kung maramlng 1awalng bahay. Response 77: Nalcakllwala rig ~· · For these ~nses ;pos,ible c:ate110rles Include: Persorral convenience: Rwotues2'7, 45, ss, 67, Mildlcal reasons: Responses 10, 60 ~ pers U8$10n/. l>elll!ft "~nses 30, 62, 77 The next step after categorizing the responses will be to summarize the data. There arc two ways to summarize data. One can do it manually by tallying the data or by using the computer. Tallying involves entering the responses into prepared tally sheets showing all possible responses. For example (Table 7. 1): st JPPLY, When computers are going to be used in summanzmg results, a coding manual is needed where the responses are given numbers or codes. Using software such as EPITNFO, the responses are inputted into the computer for tallying. 