The Future Of Artificial Intelligence - Forbes
The current trend for neural networks to grow larger will likely continue into the near future as more functionality is required.
ImageNet challenge
Artificial intelligence found its purpose in 2012 when AlexNet won the <anchor>ImageNet challenge</anchor> with a 16.4% overall error rate, compared to over 26%. The ImageNet challenge is a collection of 1.4 million images in 1000 categories, such as dogs, cars, plants, etc. A neural network is the internal engine of all artificial intelligence technologies. The neural network is said to be based on the way the human brain functions; however, this is far from the truth. Brains are way more complicated and efficient than neural networks. Brains have awareness, imagination, inventiveness and creativity, all missing in neural networks. Brains are also dynamic, consisting of specialized cells called neurons.
AlexNet: The Architecture that Challenged CNNs | by Jerry Wei | Towards Data Science
# AlexNet: The Architecture that Challenged CNNs

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Jul 3, 2019

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A few years back, we still used small datasets like CIFAR and NORB consisting of tens of thousands of images. These datasets were sufficient for machine learning models to learn basic recognition tasks. However, real life is never simple and has many more variables than are captured in these small datasets. The recent availability of large datasets like ImageNet, which consist of hundreds of thousands to millions of labeled images, have pushed the need for an extremely capable deep learning model. Then came AlexNet.

The Problem. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) had always been the go-to model for object recognition — they’re strong models that are easy to control and even easier to train. They don’t experience overfitting at any alarming scales when being used on millions of images. Their performance is almost identical to standard feedforward neural networks of the same size. The only problem: they’re hard to apply to high resolution images. At the ImageNet scale, there needed to be an innovation that would be optimized for GPUs and cut down on training times while improving performance.

The Dataset. ImageNet: a dataset made of more than 15 million high-resolution images labeled with 22 thousand classes. The key: web-scraping images and crowd-sourcing human labelers. ImageNet even has its own competition: the ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC). This competition uses a subset of ImageNet’s images and challenges researchers to achieve the lowest top-1 and top-5 error rates (top-5 error rate would be the percent of images where the correct label is not one of the model’s five most likely labels). In this competition, data is not a problem; there are about 1.2 million training images, 50 thousand validation images, and 150 thousand testing images. The authors enforced a fixed resolution of 256x256 pixels for their images by cropping out the center 256x256 patch of each image.

Convolutional Neural Networks that use ReLU achieved a 25% error rate on CIFAR-10 six times faster than those that used tanh. Image credits to Krizhevsky et al., the original authors of the AlexNet paper.

AlexNet. The architecture consists of eight layers: five convolutional layers and three fully-connected layers. But this isn’t what makes AlexNet special; these are some of the features used that are new approaches to convolutional neural networks:

- ReLU Nonlinearity. AlexNet uses Rectified Linear Units (ReLU) instead of the tanh function, which was standard at the time. ReLU’s advantage is in training time; a CNN using ReLU was able to reach a 25% error on the CIFAR-10 dataset six times faster than a CNN using tanh.
- Multiple GPUs. Back in the day, GPUs were still rolling around with 3 gigabytes of memory (nowadays those kinds of memory would be rookie numbers). This was especially bad because the training set had 1.2 million images. AlexNet allows for multi-GPU training by putting half of the model’s neurons on one GPU and the other half on another GPU. Not only does this mean that a bigger model can be trained, but it also cuts down on the training time.
- Overlapping Pooling. CNNs traditionally “pool” outputs of neighboring groups of neurons with no overlapping. However, when the authors introduced overlap, they saw a reduction in error by about 0.5% and found that models with overlapping pooling generally find it harder to overfit.

Illustration of AlexNet’s architecture. Image credits to Krizhevsky et al., the original authors of the AlexNet paper.

The Overfitting Problem. AlexNet had 60 million parameters, a major issue in terms of overfitting. Two methods were employed to reduce overfitting:

- Data Augmentation. The authors used label-preserving transformation to make their data more varied. Specifically, they generated image translations and horizontal reflections, which increased the training set by a factor of 2048. They also performed Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on the RGB pixel values to change the intensities of RGB channels, which reduced the top-1 error rate by more than 1%.
- Dropout. This technique consists of “turning off” neurons with a predetermined probability (e.g. 50%). This means that every iteration uses a different sample of the model’s parameters, which forces each neuron to have more robust features that can be used with other random neurons. However, dropout also increases the training time needed for the model’s convergence.

The Results. On the 2010 version of the ImageNet competition, the best model achieved 47.1% top-1 error and 28.2% top-5 error. AlexNet vastly outpaced this with a 37.5% top-1 error and a 17.0% top-5 error. AlexNet is able to recognize off-center objects and most of its top five classes for each image are reasonable. AlexNet won the 2012 ImageNet competition with a top-5 error rate of 15.3%, compared to the second place top-5 error rate of 26.2%.

AlexNet’s most probable labels on eight ImageNet images. The correct label is written under each image, and the probability assigned to each label is also shown by the bars. Image credits to Krizhevsky et al., the original authors of the AlexNet paper.

What Now? AlexNet is an incredibly powerful model capable of achieving high accuracies on very challenging datasets. However, removing any of the convolutional layers will drastically degrade AlexNet’s performance. AlexNet is a leading architecture for any object-detection task and may have huge applications in the computer vision sector of artificial intelligence problems. In the future, AlexNet may be adopted more than CNNs for image tasks.

As a milestone in making deep learning more widely-applicable, AlexNet can also be credited with bringing deep learning to adjacent fields such as natural language processing and medical image analysis.

I’ve linked some more resources below that may be interesting.

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Large language models, AI for health. Research Engineer at Google DeepMind.