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1. Decide your investment goals · 2. Select investment vehicles · 3. Calculate how much money you want to invest · 4. Measure your risk tolerance.
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“ The data show that investing the sum all at one time is better than dollar cost averaging. By investing the money all at once, you get to your target allocation immediately and, thus, have a higher expected return than if you kept a portion in cash,” says Lauren M. Niestradt, CFP, CFA, and senior portfolio manager at Truepoint Wealth Counsel. Your target allocation refers to the mix of stocks, <anchor>bonds</anchor>, and other assets you should own based on your goals and risk tolerance (more on this below) as well as how long you plan to invest.
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# What are bonds? How they work—and how to invest in them



Ivana Pino is a personal finance expert who is passionate about creating inclusive financial content that reaches a wide range of readers from all types of backgrounds. She graduated from the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University with a degree in Digital Journalism.

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Bonds can be a safer, low-risk way to diversify your portfolio.

Photo illustration by Fortune; Original photo by Getty Images

When you think about investing, your mind may automatically default to investing in stocks.

But stocks are just one of many different asset classes investors have the opportunity to put their money into. Another common type of investment you might consider adding to your portfolio: bonds. And some experts argue that this particular investment class is on the up and up and worth considering.

## What are bonds and how do they work?

A bond is essentially a loan from you, the investor, to a corporation, government entity, or other organization. In exchange for your funds, you’ll receive interest payments from the borrower. Their IOU is only good until your loan’s term ends (i.e., the bond “matures”), and then they’ll be expected to repay their loan in full.

Many bonds are fixed-income investments, meaning that, unlike other asset classes, investors are promised a set amount of earnings at a set interval throughout the bond’s term.Because bonds are essentially a loan, they represent ownership of debt, rather than ownership in the company or government entity issuing the bond. This can come with its own set of risks and rewards—more on that later.

Bonds can be purchased directly from the issuing government entity or corporation or through a broker. Each bond receives a credit rating, which is a score provided by credit rating agencies used to judge the quality and creditworthiness of a bond. It tells investors how likely it is that the issuing entity will repay the bond’s interest and principal.

Here are a few key terms you’ll need to know before investing bonds:

- Maturity: A specific date by which your principal loan must be repaid. This date is set at the beginning of the bond’s term and can range from one day to 100 years, although most long-term bonds mature around 30 years.
- Face value: This is how much your bond will be worth on its maturity date. It’s also sometimes called your bond’s “par value,” and is used to determine the amount of the interest payments you’ll receive until your bond matures. Most bonds are issued in multiples of $1,000.
- Coupon: The annual interest rate paid on your borrowed money, equal to a percentage of the bond’s face value. This is generally paid out semiannually.
- Price: The highest amount investors are willing to pay for an existing bond.
- Yield: The return an investor can expect to receive from a bond’s interest.
- Callable bond: This type of bond gives the issuer the right to pay the bondholder back earlier than the full term of the bond.
- Put bond: This type of bond gives the investor the right to demand early repayment of the principal, effectively canceling the loan.
- Floating-rate bonds: Not all bonds are fixed-income bonds. Some bonds’ interest payments change according to other short-term benchmark rates or even the price of a commodity.
- Zero coupon bond: These bonds have no periodic interest payments, instead, the cash return from these bonds comes at maturity.

## What are the different types of bonds?

There are various kinds of bonds that all carry different levels of risk. The main types of bonds include:

### U.S. Treasury bonds

Also known as treasuries, these are bonds issued by the U.S. treasury and sold to investors as a way to fund government spending. These are considered safer, low-risk investments because they are fully backed by the U.S. government. That means that investors are protected from the impacts that events like war, a recession, or even inflation can have on their bonds. Interest income is subject to federal income tax, but they’re exempt from state and local income taxes.

### Municipal bonds

Sometimes called “munis,” municipal bonds are issued by states, cities, counties, and other government entities to raise funds for public projects like new schools, highways, and sewer systems. Most munis are sold in minimum increments of $5,000. Some municipal bonds are tax-exempt, meaning that investors can rake in their interest earnings without paying federal taxes. And, in some cases, municipal bonds may even be exempt from city and state taxes if investors live in the state or city that’s issuing the bond.

### Corporate bonds

Corporations may issue bonds to fund a large capital investment or a business expansion, known as corporate bonds. These bonds are subject to federal and state taxes. The risk associated with these bonds can vary across the board because it’s dependent on the issuing company’s financial outlook. This is a key difference to note between bonds and other kinds of assets like stocks.

Bonds don’t come with ownership rights, so you won’t necessarily benefit from a company’s growth. As long as the company can stay current on its loan and continue to pay you interest on your bond, any positive or negative business moves won’t directly impact you unless the company completely goes under.

### Agency bonds

Bonds issued by government-sponsored agencies or federal departments outside of the treasury for a public purpose are known as agency bonds. Organizations like the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae all issue agency bonds to fund their projects.

## How do investors make money on bonds?

There are two different ways that investors can earn money by investing in bonds, apart from waiting until your bond reaches maturity to collect your original investment.

1. Collecting interest: Bonds will naturally pay you interest throughout their term until they reach maturity. By making your initial investment and letting time do its thing, you can regularly collect interest payments until your bond matures.

2. Earning capital gains: Many bonds are not held until maturity, as an investor you may choose to sell your bond before it reaches its maturity date. When you sell a bond for more than you paid for it, that’s known as a capital gain, so say you purchase a bond for $1,000 and re-sell it for $2,000. You can pocket that $1,000 difference, known as a capital gain. Although, if you sell at a time when your bond’s price is lower than what you paid for it, you could face a capital loss.

## Pros and cons of bonds

There are several benefits that come along with adding bonds to your investment portfolio, and experts suggest that they can help offset some of the risks taken on by more volatile investments.

### Pros

- Bonds can serve as a source of income. Regular interest payments can be a huge selling point for many investors. “Bonds are particularly attractive to retirees because their interest payments are a potential source of regular income, which can be used to augment other retirement income sources [such as] Social Security, pensions, [and] on-the-job earnings,” says Luis Alvarado, investment strategy analyst at the Wells Fargo Investment Institute.
- Historically, bonds are less volatile than stocks. Bond prices will fluctuate, but overall these investments are more stable, compared to other investments. “Bonds can bring stability, in part because their market prices have been more stable than stocks over long time periods,” says Alvarado. “By adding bonds to a portfolio, an investor may be able to reduce the amount of volatility in the portfolio over time.”

### Cons

- Bonds are sensitive to interest rate changes. Bonds have an inverse relationship with the Fed’s interest rate. When interest rates rise, bond prices fall. And when the interest rate is slashed, bond prices tend to rise. Surprise increases or decreases could create temporary instability.
- You could lose out on major returns by only investing in bonds. While assuming less risk may seem like a great idea in theory, you could miss out on some major earnings. “A bondholder can only receive what is promised—nothing more,” says Robert R. Johnson, a CFA and Professor of Finance at Heider College of Business at Creighton University. “If you bought a bond of a wildly successful company—like Amazon, Apple, or Microsoft—and held it to maturity, the best you could hope for is to receive the promised interest payments and the full return of the principal amount. Contrast that with the experience of the stockholder of one of these corporations, who would have seen her initial investment grow exponentially in value.”

## The takeaway

While bonds are safer than stocks and may provide a fixed return on your investments, many experts agree that they should be one component of a more diverse investing strategy. When deciding whether or not to add them to the mix, pay close attention to the bond’s credit rating, maturity date, and your personal investing goals to determine if it’s a good fit for you.

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#### About the contributors



Ivana Pino is a personal finance expert who is passionate about creating inclusive financial content that reaches a wide range of readers from all types of backgrounds. She graduated from the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University with a degree in Digital Journalism.



EDITORIAL DISCLOSURE : The advice, opinions, or rankings contained in this article are solely those of the Fortune Recommends ™ editorial team. This content has not been reviewed or endorsed by any of our affiliate partners or other third parties.

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