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# All About Stress



Medically reviewed by Nathan Greene, PsyD — Written by Madelyn Brown —  Updated on May 28, 2021

Everyone experiences stress at some point in their lives. But what’s stressful to you may not be the same as what’s stressful to others. You might also have your own way of managing that stress.

The intensity and duration of your stress response will depend on many factors that range from your personality to your support system.

And although it may often feel unpleasant, stress is an evolutionary necessity. More importantly, it can be managed. When it isn’t, though, it may develop into an acute or chronic stress disorder.

## What is stress?

Stress is the body’s natural response to a stressor. A stressor is a trigger that may cause you to experience physical, emotional, or mental distress and pressure.

In other words, stress is a physical sensation and a feeling of being overwhelmed and not able to deal with the pressures caused by a stressor.

Your mental and physical reactions to a stressor serve a purpose.

For example, in a hazardous situation, stress puts your body in “fight or flight” mode. In this heightened state of alert, your body and brain are doing everything possible to increase your chances of surviving that perceived or real threat.

You may also have a stress reaction to events that might not be life-threatening, like job deadlines or school assignments. In these scenarios, when managed well, stress could help you focus and accomplish your goals at an optimal level.

When stress has this potential for a positive outcome, it’s usually referred to as eustress. When, on the other hand, stress leads you to feel overwhelmed and unable to cope, we refer to it as distress.

In the short and long run, distress may impact your mental health and sense of well-being.

## Impact of distress on your mental health

Mental health professionals usually consider three main types of negative stress responses. They each have their own signs and symptoms and may vary in duration too.

### Acute stress disorder (ASD)

To reach a diagnosis of acute stress disorder, symptoms must last between 3 days and 1 month. A trigger is usually a traumatic event that causes an intense reaction.

Symptoms of acute stress disorder include:

For example, after experiencing a jarring car accident, you might start:

- avoiding vehicles altogether
- feeling muscle tension when riding in a car
- having nightmares about the car accident
- experiencing panic attacks with or without an evident cause

### Episodic acute stress disorder

Folks with episodic acute stress disorder experience intense and heightened distress from everyday challenges. In other words, if you live with this condition, you periodically experience intense and extreme stress reactions to relatively simple stressors.

Contrary to acute stress disorder, which is caused by one traumatic experience, episodic acute stress is a response to several stressors that might not be considered such by people without the condition.

For example, if you have episodic acute stress disorder, you might have an intense stress response from deciding what to do for lunch today, and again later on from thinking about an important report you need to submit tomorrow.

Symptoms of episodic acute stress disorder may include:

- irritability and poor anger management
- heart palpitations and shortness of breath
- muscular stiffness and pain
- panic attacks and other signs of anxiety
- chronic illnesses

### Chronic stress

Ongoing stress keeps your nervous system in overdrive. Your cortisol and adrenaline levels are constantly coursing at higher levels, and your body and mind don’t get the opportunity to wind down.

While acute and episodic stress symptoms will eventually ease, chronic stress holds the sympathetic nervous system hostage in a heightened state for an extended and undefined amount of time.

Triggers for chronic stress can vary from person to person, and they may include chronic illness, abuse, racism, and lack of rest and sleep.

Some signs and symptoms of chronic stress include:

- difficulty sleeping
- frequent headaches
- irritability
- brain fog
- anxiety
- depression
- physical conditions like acid reflux, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive disorders

## Causes of stress

Maybe you’re late to an appointment because of traffic, or you’re a new parent who hasn’t gotten enough sleep for a while. Life is full of potential stressors, and your threshold for managing these triggers depends on many factors.

What may cause you stress is not necessarily what stresses someone else. We are all unique in our responses and in how we interpret events. While some people get excited by speaking in public, others may experience a panic attack in the same situation.

There are also a few important life events that tend to be more stressful for everyone.

A well-known tool used by health professionals to measure the amount of stress someone’s experiencing is the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory. According to this scale, the most stressful life events are:

1. death of a spouse
2. divorce
3. marital separation
4. incarceration
5. death of a close family member
6. major injury or illness
7. marriage
8. being fired from a job
9. marital reconciliation
10. retirement
11. drastic change in the health of a family member
12. pregnancy

Extreme life changes, such as a pandemic, for example, may also trigger intense stress reactions in many people.

### Contributing factors

Any stimulus you experience throughout the day has the potential to activate a stress response.

Different stimuli may cause different biological stress reactions, resulting in physical, psychological, or psychosocial stress. Sometimes, the same stimulus might cause more than one type of stress reaction.

Hypothetically, if you procrastinated on your work presentation and found yourself standing in front of your bosses unprepared, you may feel all three types of stress simultaneously: the physical stress reaction of a stomach ache from nerves; the psychological stress of worrying that this will end your chances at promotion; and the psychosocial stress of fearing ostracization for failing to perform to an expected standard.

What else can cause specific stress responses?

#### Physical stress

- acute or chronic disease
- injury
- poor nutrition
- lack of quality sleep

#### Psychological stress

#### Psychosocial stress

- relationships
- employment
- isolation
- racism

Not everyone reacts the same way to these potential stressors. Your body may adapt better to fewer hours of sleep, or you may not find isolation as unpleasant as other people. If this is the case, your reaction to these stressors would not be as intense.

Your personality also plays an important role in the emotional narrative you craft around stress stimuli.

Your genetic makeup, past experiences, negative thinking patterns and cognitive distortions, and tendency to catastrophize can contribute to how intensely you react to a given situation.

At the same time, stressors don’t exist in a vacuum. They can become exacerbated or subdued due to other circumstances in your life.

In general, factors like a strong support network may positively impact overall mental wellness and your ability to manage stress.

You might also overcome a stressful obstacle when the stressor only happens occasionally. When faced with the same stressor every day, though, you’re likely to handle it better on day 1 than on day 82, for example.

In other words, the longer you’re exposed to an stressor, the greater the impact it will have on you.

Examples of long-term stressors include:

- a toxic workplace
- a chronic illness
- poverty
- racism and discrimination
- relationship conflict

## Symptoms and effects of stress

### Acute stress effects

When you’re exposed to a stressor, your brain and hormones immediately signal your body to be alert. You can thank the hormone epinephrine, more famously known as adrenaline, for symptoms such as:

- rapid heart rate
- focused vision and alertness
- tensed muscles
- increased lung capacity

If the stressful event is ongoing, your body will release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Cortisol keeps your body in this high-performance state until the peril has passed.

Sometimes, the body gets so hyped up on cortisol that it can’t switch off its high state of alert, even after the threat is gone.

### Chronic stress effects

A body that won’t wind down from ACTH and adrenaline can be impacted psychologically, physically, and emotionally.

Left in high-stress mode, your body may respond by developing more symptoms.

These symptoms may be physiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral.

### Physiological effects

- weight fluctuation
- high blood pressure
- increased chance of heart disease due to high blood pressure
- sexual dysfunction
- chronic muscle tension
- higher severity of acne
- insomnia
- fertility interruptions and irregular periods
- low sex drive
- increased risk of type 2 diabetes
- changes in appetite
- diarrhea or constipation

### Emotional and psychological effects

- low energy and motivation
- anxiety
- irritability and anger
- low self-esteem
- changes in mood

### Cognitive effects

- cognitive distortions
- memory challenges
- learning difficulties
- poor concentration
- brain fog
- intrusive thoughts

### Social and behavioral effects

- social withdrawal
- changes in routines
- substance abuse
- relationship conflicts

## How to manage stress

Stress is inevitable throughout your life, but it can be managed to reduce the chance it affects you in the long term.

Consider these tips to better manage your stress reaction:

### 1. Take a walk in nature

You don’t have to drive to a mountain resort to feel the stress-relieving benefits of nature. To start coping with stress, find any green space, like:

- a park
- a bench under a tree
- a friend’s backyard

A study published in Frontiers in Psychology found that spending just 20 minutes outdoors is associated with the biggest drop in cortisol levels when compared with other stress-reducing initiatives.

Presuming you have to walk to your nature destination, getting outside also has the stress-reducing bonus of some light exercise to help stabilize your sympathetic nervous system.

### 2. Learn new breathing techniques

Perhaps the most accessible stress reliever is built right into your body. Deep breathing and breathing techniques like belly breathing signal to your brain that it’s time to chill out.

Focusing on your breath is a long-held tenet of meditation for stress.

Learning to control your breathing can keep you anchored in the present moment. Sometimes, reminding yourself of what’s real and happening right now calms your nerves about the future and frustrations about the past.

### 3. Develop routines that work for you

Change is part of life. But a large part of life is also under your control. Developing a solid routine that promotes your mental wellness is a healthy way to minimize the potential stressful impact of change.

For example, sticking to a routine might help you maintain better sleep or eating habits.

When you know that certain parts of your day are guaranteed to happen, it prevents last-minute decisions that can result in stress.

Particularly during the pandemic, when the days may seem long and unformed, introducing some structure can help our brains and bodies adjust and reduce stress levels.

### 4. Power down blue screens

Are you using your phone as a tool, or are you addicted to scrolling?

Some studies have found an association between cell phone overuse and increased levels of stress, as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety.

To curb your phone use, consider setting limits on the time you spend with it, particularly before bedtime.

Shutting the phone down 30 minutes before bedtime has been shown to have the potential to improve quality of sleep, working memory, and positive emotions during the day.

### 5. Organize your stress triggers

You know what may push your buttons. It may be overdue bills or setting up a doctor’s appointment.

Ignoring unpleasant tasks may feel easier than confronting them in the moment. But out of sight doesn’t always mean out of mind, and not resolving things as they arise could clutter your mind with stress.

Consider tackling the junk drawer, making the appointment today, and revamping your important document filing system.

Developing a systematic approach to areas of your life that cause routine stress may leave you feeling lighter and more competent.

## When to seek help

Even if you know how to manage stress, there are times when stressors have a greater impact and your responses may be more intense.

It’s natural to need extra help once in a while.

If you feel stress is impacting your day-to-day life, it may be time to reach out for professional help.

It is especially important to seek this support if you’re experiencing symptoms of acute stress disorder.

Getting the necessary help can help manage stress before it impacts other aspects of your life.

## Let’s recap

Stress is a natural, biological response to life’s challenges. However, you may react to some of these challenges more intensely, leading you to experience extreme and long-term symptoms.

All types of stress can be managed, though. If you’re having a difficult time dealing with stressors or have experienced a traumatic event, consider reaching out to a mental health professional.

These resources may help:

13 sourcescollapsed

- 5 Things you should know about stress. (n.d.).

- A 20-minute nature break relieves stress. (2019).

- Anxiety disorders. (2015).

- Aschbacher K, et al. (2013). Good stress, bad stress and oxidative stress: Insights from anticipatory cortisol reactivity.

- Chronic stress can cause heart trouble. (2020).

- Coping with stress. (2020).

- Harandi T, et al. (2017). The correlation of social support with mental health: A meta-analysis.

- Shoukat S, et al. (2019). Cell phone addiction and psychological and physiological health in adolescents.

- Solan M. (2019).

- Stress effects on the body. (2018).

- The Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory.

- Xiong J, et al. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review.

- Zari S, et al. (2017). The association between stress and acne among female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

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Medically reviewed by Nathan Greene, PsyD — Written by Madelyn Brown —  Updated on May 28, 2021

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