L'intelligence artificielle pour les entreprises | SAP Insights
L'IA est l'un des domaines du développement technologique qui connaît la croissance la plus rapide. Pourtant, aujourd'hui, même les modèles d'IA les plus ...
grands modèles de langage (LLM)
IA générative : type de Deep Learning qui utilise des modèles de base tels que les <anchor>grands modèles de langage (LLM)</anchor> pour créer du contenu inédit (images, texte, son, vidéos et code logiciel) basé sur leurs données d'entraînement. « IA générative » est un terme générique désignant diverses technologies de modèle de base, des réseaux neuronaux entraînés sur d'énormes volumes de données à l'aide de l'apprentissage auto-supervisé, comme la prédiction du mot suivant dans un texte. Avec ses fonctionnalités émergentes, elle révolutionne le monde de l'IA, un seul modèle étant parfois en mesure d'écrire des poèmes comme des documents commerciaux, de créer des images et de réussir des tests de raisonnement. Imaginez deux LLM, l'un entraîné exclusivement à partir de revues de recherche scientifique et l'autre de romans de science-fiction. Tous deux peuvent produire une brève description du mouvement des objets dans l'espace, mais les résultats seraient radicalement différents. L'IA générative possède de nombreuses applications métier, telles que la création de prototypes de produits réalistes, la tenue des conversations naturelles dans le cadre le service client, la conception de supports marketing personnalisés, l'automatisation des processus de création de contenu et la création de graphiques et d'effets spéciaux. Cette technologie a su séduire les entreprises comme les consommateurs, car de nombreuses applications d'IA générative ne nécessitent aucune compétence en programmation ou en codage. Les utilisateurs se contentent de décrire ce qu'ils veulent avec leurs propres mots, et l'application s'exécute, souvent avec des résultats impressionnants. Selon un rapport McKinsey, en 2023 :
What Is a Large Language Model (LLM)? | SAP
Computer source code on a monitor

# What is a large language model?

A large language model (LLM) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that excels at processing, understanding, and generating human language. LLMs are useful for analyzing, summarizing, and creating content across many industries.

## Large language model definition

In the realm of artificial intelligence, LLMs are a specially designed subset of machine learning known as deep learning, which uses algorithms trained on large data sets to recognize complex patterns. LLMs learn by being trained on massive amounts of text. At the foundational level, they learn to respond to user requests with relevant, in-context content written in human language – the kind of words and syntax people use during ordinary conversation.

## How are large language models and AI related?

Think of artificial intelligence like a pyramid, with AI as the parent technology at the bottom base layer. The next layer is machine learning, then deep learning, neural networks, and generative AI, followed by foundation models then large language models on the top two layers. LLMs are an advanced subcategory of AI that focuses on understanding, predicting, and generating human-like text. ­­

## Large language model applications

LLMs are a critical component in generative AI capability, making them powerful tools for a range of natural language processing tasks such as:

- Searching, translating, and summarizing text
- Responding to questions
- Generating new content including text, images, music, and software code

But it’s the ability of LLMs to combine information, analyze data, and spot trends that enables them to adapt to specific use cases beyond just creating text. Their emerging abilities span a broad range of fields, roles, and tasks – from genetic sequencing to drug development, from code generation to robot programming, from investment advising to fraud detection. LLMs are even useful in agricultural applications, retail, and human resources.

## How do large language models work?

LLMs run on neural networks – computational models with nodes clustered together like the neurons in a biological brain. This structure enables fast, parallel processing of signals and improves pattern recognition and deep learning.

But the real breakthrough of LLMs lies in their transformer architecture and the self-attention mechanisms that enable the models to weigh the importance of different parts of the input data. LLMs can then predict a sequence of what should come next, rather like an auto-complete function. LLMs sift through billions or even trillions of data set parameters in their semantic analysis as they work to develop an understanding of the meaning of words in the specific context they’re being used.

Over time, deep learning algorithms learn to predict not just the next word that should occur in the sentence, but beyond to the next paragraph and sometimes even the next section. This process is how an LLM bridges the gap between the underlying structure of data and the core business concepts it needs to be able to generate relevant content.

### 8 examples of Artificial Intelligence in action

Explore what organizations across industries are doing with artificial intelligence in this summary of eight real-world AI projects in action.

## How are large language models trained?

No matter if the model is deployed in life sciences, marketing, financial services, or any other setting, LLMs must learn the rules of a language and domain – decoding complex patterns to gain a deep understanding of grammar, semantics, and processes so that they can produce contextually accurate responses.

### Training data for LLMs

Initially, LLMs are fed vast amounts of textual data from a wide array of sources. This training involves processing billions of words from books, articles, websites, and other text-rich environments. The diversity and size of the data set are critical for the model to have an adequate learning base.

### LLM training process

This first phase of training is supervised by humans supplying the model with conversations and other texts to ingest. The second phase is reinforcement training based on human feedback by ranking the model’s responses. The model is then trained in multiple iterations including unsupervised learning, where the model is exposed to text and learns to identify patterns and correlations in order to predict parts of it – without explicit instruction.

### Fine-tuning after LLM training

After training on a generic data set, an LLM can be more narrowly tailored for particular environments, even to the company level, using a process called model inference. A model that’s trained with real-world industry-relevant and organization-specific data – anything from unstructured content like databases to customer conversations and support tickets to legal contracts – uses its learned linguistic patterns and knowledge gained during pre-training and fine-tuning to analyze the new inputs. It can then interact more effectively and naturally with users, be optimized for specific applications and use cases, and understand the nuances of distinct business contexts and terminology.

For example, domain-specific LLMs could be trained specifically on types of medical, scientific, or legal data, whereas proprietary LLMs could be trained on a company’s own private data for competitiveness and security.

A best practice for maintaining model performance is to update training data incrementally by adding things like new product descriptions and policy documents, thereby continually fine-tuning the LLM for maximum business value.

### Required resources for training an LLM

- Computational power requirements: Training a robust large language model requires substantial computing resources. This includes powerful processors (for both compute and graphics), ample memory, and significant cloud resources, depending on the size and complexity of the model.
- Time investment: Training a large language model is a gradual process. It requires time to feed, adjust, and retrain the model with the right data sets.

One of the most significant advantages of LLMs is that they can learn and improve over time, adapting to various use cases and responding to evolving business needs. From laying the foundational training to providing advanced, context-aware capabilities, each step is about evolving the LLM to be more aligned and effective for the specific organization’s unique requirements.

## What are large language model use cases for business?

LLMs are proving to be so versatile that essentially every industry at every stage can benefit from their implementation across a growing number of business processes. This is particularly the case as new customized, interconnected LLM tools are allowing more businesses to adopt – and monetize – generative AI capabilities.

As the technology progresses, LLMs are expanding beyond just text applications. After generative AI creates new text, audio, images, or videos using myriad data sources, a trained and tuned LLM has the understanding to bring these generated AI outcomes into a business context.

LLMs can augment and amplify the power of generative AI to be even more predictive, adaptive, and intelligent. Some LLMs can collaborate with other AI models for more complex tasks, helping businesses streamline operations, improve decision-making, or create more interactive and personalized customer experiences.

With so many new applications being released at a rapid pace, there are many exciting possibilities for the future of AI and LLMs in business.

### Most common LLM capabilities in business

Because they enable users to generate coherent, contextually appropriate sentences and paragraphs in response to a given prompt, LLMs can automate many business tasks:

- Text summarization
- Translation
- Text and image generation
- Code writing and debugging
- Web search
- Customer service and sentiment analysis
- Virtual assistants/chatbots
- Text/document classification
- Automated document review and approval
- Knowledge base responses
- Copywriting and technical writing

### LLM use cases for technical communication

LLMs can provide valuable assistance for authors of technical documentation, especially for tedious, repetitive tasks and quality assurance – freeing up time for more strategically valuable activities that require the human touch.

- Automate the process of generating reports, summaries, and other technical documents.
- Provide real-time feedback on writing.
- Be trained to understand the context of written text, improving the accuracy and efficiency of technical communication.
- Provide insights and analytics on technical communication, helping identify trends and patterns and improve quality.
- Analyze customer feedback and support tickets, providing insights into customers’ needs and helping improve product documentation and support materials.

### LLM use cases for field services

Out in the field, technicians can ask a bot how to fix a specific piece of equipment onsite. After combing through data, the bot could provide LLM-generated instructions in natural language, creating fast access to expert knowledge.

### LLM use cases for supply chain management

For example, in supply chain management, LLMs can create unparalleled efficiency and forward-looking agility:

- Predicting disruptions
- Optimizing routes
- Crafting strategies for resilience
- Enhancing forecasting accuracy
- Making decisions in real time

### Top industries and business areas using LLMs

- Agriculture
- Customer service and field services
- Education
- Government
- Finance and insurance
- Healthcare and pharmaceuticals
- Human resources
- Legal
- Media and technical content
- Retail and e-commerce
- Sales, marketing, and advertising
- Utilities

## How are large language models deployed in business?

In a production environment, LLMs are typically used in a software as a service (SaaS) setup, where they’re trained and hosted in the cloud and integrated directly into applications, products, or services. Organizations can directly input their unique data into the AI model and receive tailored responses or forecasts, without having to learn how to design and train an AI model.

### Steps for integrating LLMs into business applications

- Ideation phase: Developers and business strategists brainstorm to identify potential use cases for LLMs.
- Validation phase: Rigorous testing environments are created to assess the potential of the LLM, evaluating everything from performance to compliance and ethical considerations.
- Realization phase: Successful language models are integrated into existing systems, enhancing rather than disrupting current workflows.
- Operational phase: Implemented models are managed and enhanced through customer feedback and continuous improvement.

## Benefits of large language models

LLMs provide a number of broad-based business benefits, independent of specific industries or use cases:

- Efficiency: LLMs can significantly improve the efficiency of processes due to their ability to understand and process natural language at a large scale.
- Cost reduction: With LLMs, tasks such as customer support, data analysis, and others can be automated, thus reducing operational costs.
- Data analysis: LLMs can analyze and interpret vast amounts of data faster and more effectively than humanly possible, providing businesses with valuable insights.
- Improved customer experience: LLM-based applications can enhance customer interactions by offering personalized assistance and real-time responses.
- Scalability: LLMs can handle increasing amounts of work due to their deep learning capabilities.

## Challenges of large language models

Despite their many benefits and use cases, LLMs do come with a set of challenges to consider:

- Data privacy concerns: LLMs process a lot of textual data. If sensitive or personal data is available to the model, systems should be in place to ensure its confidentiality and anonymity.
- Ethical concerns about bias and fairness: LLMs are trained on vast amounts of data from many sources, so they might reflect and reproduce the biases present in those data sets.
- Misinterpretation of data or hallucinations: While LLMs can understand language, they don’t understand it the same way humans do. They can make mistakes and misunderstand data, causing potential issues such as creating false statements. LLMs also sometimes experience a phenomenon called hallucination, in which the AI tool discerns a pattern where there really isn’t one, resulting in inaccurate or outright incoherent responses.
- Business dependency and continuity: Excessive reliance on LLMs can make a business vulnerable if the system stops working or delivers inaccurate results.
- Technical complexity: Implementing, fine-tuning, and maintaining LLMs requires technical expertise and resources. Mismanagement could lead to unexpected issues and costs.

### Learn more about large language models

Deepen your understanding of generative AI and the LLM technology behind it, including how to use them to optimize your business applications.

## FAQs

### What does LLM stand for?

LLM means large language model – a type of machine learning/deep learning model that can perform a variety of natural language processing (NLP) and analysis tasks, including translating, classifying, and generating text; answering questions in a conversational manner; and identifying data patterns.

### What’s the difference between LLMs and AI?

Think of AI like a series of concentric circles, with AI in the center as the parent technology. The next ring is machine learning, then deep learning, neural networks, and generative AI, followed by foundational models and large language models. LLMs are an advanced subset of AI that focuses on understanding, predicting, and generating human-like text. ­­

### Learn more about LLM

Deepen your understanding of generative AI and the LLM technology behind it, including how to use them to optimize your business applications.

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