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Etemenanki - Wikipedia
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# Etemenanki

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ziggurat in ancient Babylon



## Construction

It is unclear when Etemenanki was originally constructed. Andrew R. George says that it was constructed sometime between the 14th and the 9th century BCE. He argues as follows:

Babylon was destroyed in 689 BCE by Sennacherib, who claims to have destroyed the Etemenanki. It took 88 years to restore the city; work was started by the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, and continued under Nabopolassar followed by his son Nebuchadnezzar II who rebuilt the ziggurat. The city's central feature was the temple of Marduk ( Esagila), with which the Etemenanki ziggurat was associated.

Fenollós et al. note that, "The 'Tower of Babel' was not built in a single moment, but rather was the result of a complex history of successive constructions, destruction and reconstruction. Its origin dates back to the reign of Hammurabi and continues to this day with its inevitable and definitive destruction." (Translated from the Italian).[4] The "Tower" as discussed in ancient sources refers to the monument as it appeared in the Neo-Babylonian period.

## Descriptions

 Reconstruction of Etemenanki, based on Schmid

A Neo-Babylonian royal inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II on a stele from Babylon, claimed to have been found in the 1917 excavation by Robert Koldewey,[5] and of uncertain authenticity, reads: "Etemenanki[6] Zikkurat Babibli [Ziggurat of Babylon] I made it, the wonder of the people of the world, I raised its top to heaven, made doors for the gates, and I covered it with bitumen and bricks." The building is depicted in shallow relief, showing its high first stages with paired flights of steps, five further stepped stages and the temple that surmounted the structure. A floor plan is also shown, depicting the buttressed outer walls and the inner chambers surrounding the central cella.

Foundation cylinders with inscriptions from Nabopolassar were found in the 1880s, two survive, one of which reads:[3]

In 2003 scholars discovered in the Schøyen Collection the oldest known representation of the Etemenanki.[7][8] Carved on a black stone, the "Tower of Babel Stele", as it is known, dates to 604–562 BCE, the time of Nebuchadnezzar II.[8]

 Plan of the site

The Etemenanki is described in a cuneiform "Cuneiform (script)") tablet from Uruk from 229 BCE, a copy of an older text (now in the Louvre, Paris and referred to as the "Esagila" tablet).[9] Translated in 1876 by Assyriologist George Smith "George Smith (Assyriologist)"), it gives the height of the tower as seven stocks (91 meters) with a square base of 91 meters on each side. This mudbrick structure was confirmed by excavations conducted by Robert Koldewey after 1913. Large stairs were discovered at the south side of the building, where a triple gate connected it with the Esagila. A larger gate to the east connected the Etemenanki with the sacred procession road (now reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin).

Until the first translation of the "Esagila" tablet, details of Babylon's ziggurat were known only from the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who wrote in the mid-5th century BCE:[10]

This Tower of Jupiter Belus is believed to refer to the Akkadian god Bel "Bel (god)"), whose name has been Hellenised by Herodotus to _Zeus Belus "Belus (Babylonian)")_. It is likely that it corresponds to Etemenanki. Herodotus does not say that he visited Babylon or the ziggurat, however; the account contains multiple inaccuracies and is most likely second hand.[3]

## Final demolition

In 331 BCE, Alexander the Great captured Babylon and ordered repairs to the Etemenanki. When Alexander returned to the ancient city in 323 BCE, he noted that no progress had been made, and ordered his army to demolish the entire building in order to prepare a final rebuilding.[11] His death, however, prevented the reconstruction.[12] The Babylonian Chronicles and Astronomical Diaries record several attempts to rebuild the Etemenanki, which were always preceded by removing the last debris of the original ziggurat. The Ruin of Esagila Chronicle mentions that the Seleucid crown prince Antiochus I decided to rebuild it and made a sacrifice in preparation. However, while there, he stumbled on the rubble and fell. He then angrily ordered his elephant drivers to destroy the last of the remains.[13] There are no later references to the Etemenanki from antiquity.

## Modern hypotheses regarding height

Modern scholars dispute the claim by the ancient Babylonian source (the "Esagila" tablet) that the Etemenanki was 91 meters tall.

Even allowing variation in the design of a six-level terraced structure, at that height, the compression stress on the structure would be somewhere around two to three times as much as comparable structures of the same time period. Fenollós et al. propose that, assuming the structure did indeed use a six-level terrace design as depicted in the Tower of Babel stele, the ziggurat was probably closer to 54 meters tall. The temple at the top contributed another 12 meters in height, for a total height of 66 meters.[4]

## In popular culture

In the Portugal Pack of the video game Civilization VI, Etemenanki was introduced as one of the wonders in the game.[14]

## Image gallery

Remains of the foundations

## See also

## Notes

1. ^Harris, Stephen L. (2002). Understanding the Bible. McGraw-Hill. pp. 50–51. ISBN "ISBN (identifier)") 9780767429160.
2. ^Streck, Michael P. (2006). "Die Stadt, an deren Freuden man nicht satt wird". Damals (in German). Vol. Special volume. pp. 11–28.
3. ^ a b cGeorge, Andrew (2007) "The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, history and cuneiform texts" Archiv für Orientforschung, 51 (2005/2006). pp. 75–95. pdf document.
4. ^ a b cFenollós, Juan Luis; Vegas, Fernando; Mileto, Camilla (January 2005). " Etemenanki: nuova ipotesi di ricostruzione dello ziggurat di Nabucodonosor II nella cittá di Babilonia."(PDF). ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad: 201–216. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
5. ^Koldewey had identified Etemenanki in November 1900; the vicissitudes of the archaeological enterprise, in which the enormous mass of debris covering it was shoveled away and shafts and tunnels pierced, were summarised in Friedrich Wetzel and F. H. Weissbach, Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon, Esagila und Etemenanki (Leipzig) 1938; the most recent monograph is Hans-Jörg Schmid, Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon (Mainz) 1995.
6. ^The house, the foundation of heaven and earth". The stele was broken in Antiquity in three pieces, two of which are reunited in the Schøyen collection, MS 2063
7. ^van de Mieroop, Marc (2003). "Reading Babylon". American Journal of Archaeology. 107 (2): 257–275. ISSN "ISSN (identifier)") 0002-9114.
8. ^ a bGeorge, A. R. (2011). "A Stele of Nebuchadnezzar II". In George, A. R. (ed.). Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection. CDL Press. pp. 153–169. ISBN "ISBN (identifier)") 978-1-934309-33-9.
9. ^Claire, Iselin. "The "Esagila" tablet". Louvre. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
10. ^Herodotus, Histories "Histories (Herodotus)") 1.181
11. ^Diodorus Siculus, 2.9.9; Strabo, Geography, 16.1.5.
12. ^R.J. van der Spek, "Darius III, Alexander the Great and Babylonian scholarship" in: Achaemenid History XIII (Leiden 2003), 289–346.
13. ^Bert van der Spek (2004). "BCHP 6 (Ruin of Esagila Chronicle)". Livius.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
14. ^"Civilization VI s final DLC for New Frontier Pass to feature zombies" . nme .

## References



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