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The End of Astronauts
Perbedaan paling relevan antara era Apollo dan pertengahan 2020-an adalah adanya peningkatan luar biasa dalam daya komputer dan robotika. Selain itu, persaingan negara adidaya tidak lagi dapat membenarkan pengeluaran besar-besaran pada misi luar angkasa, seperti yang terjadi dalam persaingan Perang Dingin dengan Uni Soviet. Dalam buku terbaru kami, “ <anchor>The End of Astronauts</anchor>,” Saya dan Donald Goldsmith berpendapat bahwa perubahan ini melemahkan proyek luar angkasa.
The End of Astronauts — Harvard University Press
# The End of Astronauts

Why Robots Are the Future of Exploration

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ISBN 9780674257726

Publication date: 04/19/2022

A History Today Book of the Year

A world-renowned astronomer and an esteemed science writer make the provocative argument for space exploration without astronauts.

Human journeys into space fill us with wonder. But the thrill of space travel for astronauts comes at enormous expense and is fraught with peril. As our robot explorers grow more competent, governments and corporations must ask, does our desire to send astronauts to the Moon and Mars justify the cost and danger? Donald Goldsmith and Martin Rees believe that beyond low-Earth orbit, space exploration should proceed without humans.

In The End of Astronauts, Goldsmith and Rees weigh the benefits and risks of human exploration across the solar system. In space humans require air, food, and water, along with protection from potentially deadly radiation and high-energy particles, at a cost of more than ten times that of robotic exploration. Meanwhile, automated explorers have demonstrated the ability to investigate planetary surfaces efficiently and effectively, operating autonomously or under direction from Earth. Although Goldsmith and Rees are alert to the limits of artificial intelligence, they know that our robots steadily improve, while our bodies do not. Today a robot cannot equal a geologist’s expertise, but by the time we land a geologist on Mars, this advantage will diminish significantly.

Decades of research and experience, together with interviews with scientific authorities and former astronauts, offer convincing arguments that robots represent the future of space exploration. The End of Astronauts also examines how spacefaring AI might be regulated as corporations race to privatize the stars. We may eventually decide that humans belong in space despite the dangers and expense, but their paths will follow routes set by robots.

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## Praise

- > The End of Astronauts offers exquisitely formulated arguments in support of robotic exploration in space. Along the way, Goldsmith and Rees occasionally tell us what we don’t want to know, but in the end we find ourselves compelled to agree with them.

- > A must-read for anyone wishing to debate about the human future in space. With clarity, wit, and breathtaking knowledge, Goldsmith and Rees tell of the dangers never hinted at in idyllic images of human settlement. There is a more direct route to the stars and this fascinating book plots that course with powerful, reasoned argument.

- > A delightfully lucid and succinct manifesto for reforming science policy…Evidently passionate in their conviction that robots should be the ones to boldly go where no man (or woman) has gone before, they present their case soberly and systematically, carefully evaluating counterarguments.

- > Informs us about the full cost of human space exploration and how AI and robotic missions deserve their place in this story. It’s a terrific read and an invaluable reference in the debate of human versus robotic spaceflight.

- > Explain[s] why we should give up on manned space exploration…For anyone seriously interested in space exploration, this slaughter of impractical ideas in The End of Astronauts will be welcome.

- > Argue[s] that, given the vast distances and the dangers involved in space travel, it is robots, not humans, that will lead us to the stars.

- > Make[s] a convincing case that blasting humans into space has become a wasteful indulgence. Far more can be accomplished by robotic missions of scientific discovery.

- > Thought-provoking…Goldsmith and Rees make a compelling case for robotics over astronauts.

- > In this refreshingly no-nonsense brief, [Goldsmith and Rees] take a sharp-focused look at the hyperbolic aspirations of space enthusiasts who promote colonies on the Moon and Mars as the next great step for mankind…In the half century since the last footprint on the Moon, humans haven’t boldly gone any further, while robot explorers have been very busy.

- > A provocative primer on the future of space travel.

- > A readable and useful contribution to this longstanding debate.

- > Martin Rees has always thought outside the box, and now he and Donald Goldsmith are thinking outside the boundaries of Earth. Just the way a telescope can let us see across a vast distance without leaving where we are, they show how modern machines and machine learning will take us across the solar system without having to phone home.

- > [A] thought-provoking vision of the coming decades in space exploration.

- > One big advantage of crewed space missions is the human intelligence embodied by the astronauts—but does this benefit outweigh the costs? How far are robots from catching up to human capabilities in space? These are the sorts of questions that astrophysicists Donald Goldsmith and Martin Rees ask in The End of Astronauts, examining the pros and cons of proposals for human exploration in the Solar System.

- > What is so interesting about this book is how it constructs or deconstructs, depending on your view, the evidence for continuing the process of sending astronauts into space…It is exceptionally well written and cleverly split into well thought out chapters. It most importantly provides evidence without siding one way or the other.

- > Is there a balance to be struck between our species’ obsession with space and the constraints, dangers, and cost of human exploration? This utterly fascinating yet soberly realistic examination lays out our options for how to explore the solar system in the coming decades.

- > A thoughtful, clear, and informed opinion on how space science and space exploration should be conducted in the future. Goldsmith and Rees treat the question of whether there will still be a role for humans in crewed spacecraft thoroughly and methodically, and the result is a fascinating read.

- > A boom in space tourism may loft more people into the heavens than ever before. But robotic probes powered by artificial intelligence are already more capable—and improving fast. Donald Goldsmith’s excellent writing draws on deep insights from renowned astrophysicist and futurist Martin Rees, making this the most thoughtful, provocative book yet about humanity’s future in space.

- > Meticulous and vivid. Goldsmith and Rees paint a striking picture of the future of space exploration, one that might surprise you!

- > A provoking argument for space exploration sans astronauts…A tour de force of well-written, compelling rationales. The authors believe that beyond low-Earth orbit, space exploration should proceed without humans.

- > Imagines a future where frugal humans can have their cosmic cake and eat it too—as long as they don't mind robot bakers…The book's main argument is convincing. Robots offer more bang for the buck, not just because they cost less but also because they can do a lot. If, eventually, robots are able to do nearly everything astronauts currently can, sending people into space may well become pure vanity.

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## Authors

- Donald Goldsmith has written more than a dozen books, including Exoplanets, The Runaway Universe, The Hunt for Life on Mars, Supernova, and, with Neil deGrasse Tyson, Origins. He has received lifetime achievement awards for astronomy education from the American Astronomical Society and for the popularization of astronomy from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

- Martin Rees, the UK’s Astronomer Royal, was previously Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge. A past president of the Royal Society, he has won numerous awards, including the Templeton Prize and the inaugural Fritz Zwicky Prize. The author of ten books and more than 500 research papers, he cofounded the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge.

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