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# Forensic intelligence and the analytical process

Corresponding Author

Giles Oatley

School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University, Berwick, Victoria, Australia

Correspondence

Giles Oatley, School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University, 100 Clyde Street, Berwick, Vic 3806, Australia.

Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing

Brendan Chapman

Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

James Speers

Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

Corresponding Author

Giles Oatley

School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University, Berwick, Victoria, Australia

Correspondence

Giles Oatley, School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University, 100 Clyde Street, Berwick, Vic 3806, Australia.

Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing

Brendan Chapman

Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

James Speers

Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

First published: 27 January 2020

Citations: 6

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### Abstract

A review was undertaken of the developments made with integrating forensic evidence into the analytical process to support police investigations. Evidence such as DNA, fingerprints, fibers, accelerants, tyre marks, and so forth, can support to differing degrees the various working theories or hypotheses about the nature of the alleged crime, the persons of interest and the modus operandi. Investigators however, either forensic or detective, bring various biases to evidence capture and analysis, biases which are better understood in the intelligence community. Structured analytical techniques have a long history in intelligence analysis, for example analysis of competing hypotheses, which serves several purposes: information sharing, clarity of communication, and to highlight the common forms of bias brought to bear in an investigation. We illustrate the representation of links based on traces and intelligence, and how these can be stored in databases permitting better “reasoning” with evidence. We also present some recommendations for integration of forensic intelligence into the investigative analytic process and review information systems in this area.

This article is categorized under:

- Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction
- Application Areas > Society and Culture
- Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation

### Graphical Abstract

Forensic intelligence takes place in the intersection between the forensic and detective investigation. There are many factors that impact on the full potential of forensic intelligence in an investigation.

## CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

## FURTHER READING

Bias

Structured analytic techniques

- Heuer, R., & Pherson, R. (2010). Structured analytic techniques for intelligence analysis. CQ Press.

- Heuer, R. (1999). The psychology of intelligence analysis. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

- Coulthart, S. (2016). Why do analysts use structured analytic techniques? An in-depth study of an American intelligence agency. Intelligence and National Security, 31(7), 933–948. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2016.1140327
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Reasoning under uncertainty

- Krause, P., & Clark, D. (1993). Representing uncertain knowledge: An artificial intelligence approach. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

10.1007/978-94-011-2084-5

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