Jenis-Jenis Tes Kepribadian yang Biasa Digunakan dalam Tes ...
Jenis-Jenis Tes Kepribadian yang Biasa Digunakan dalam Tes Seleksi Kerja · 1. Big Five Personality Model (OCEAN) · 2. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
penelitian
Terdapat <anchor>penelitian</anchor> yang menegaskan bahwa kesesuaian kepribadian memiliki dampak langsung pada performance di tempat kerja. Personality fit akan melihat bagaimana kepribadian seseorang sesuai dengan pekerjaan dan budaya perusahaan. Seorang kandidat dengan kepribadian ekstrovert mungkin akan memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dalam posisi yang berhubungan dengan orang banyak seperti sales atau public relation dibandingkan dengan orang yang introvert, misalnya.
The Congruence Myth: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Person–Environment Fit Model - ScienceDirect
Search ScienceDirect

## Article preview

## Journal of Vocational Behavior

# Regular Article  The Congruence Myth: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Person–Environment Fit Model ☆

Author links open overlay panelHoward E.A.Tinsley

Show more

Add to Mendeley

Share

Cite

## Abstract

The idea that person–environment (P–E) fit is an important moderator of outcomes is a central theoretical construct and the subject of empirical scrutiny in vocational, counseling, educational, social, industrial/organizational, and management psychology. For the most part the research reveals that the P–E fit model is valid. Indeed, the research evidence may understate the efficacy of P–E fit models because of sampling inadequacies, the use of fit indices to evaluate the models, and the lack of commensurate measurement, but these design flaws are offset to some extent by the confirmatory bias that has characterized P–E fit research. The literature also demonstrates that hexagonal congruence is not related to satisfaction or other important vocational outcomes and that Holland's (1997) circumplex hypothesis lacks validity. The lack of support for Holland's theory is not due to design flaws involving the sample size, the validity of the instruments used in the research, nor the validity of the fit indices used, but the lack of commensurate measurement in research investigating Holland's theory may be a contributing factor. The needs for further conceptual development, research using longitudinal designs, and the use of conceptually sound approaches to data analysis are discussed.

Recommended articles

## References (111)

- M.Z. Anderson et al.

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1997)

- M. Assouline et al.

### Meta-analysis of the relationship between congruence and well-being measures

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1987)

- S.D. Brown

### Contemporary psychological science and the Theory of Work Adjustment: A proposal for integration and a favor returned

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

- S.D. Brown et al.

### An evaluation of interest congruence indices: Distribution characteristics and measurement properties

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1994)

- C.C. Camp et al.

### A comparison and evaluation of interest congruence indices

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

- R.D. Caplan

### Person–environment fit theory and organizations: Commensurate dimensions, time perspectives, and mechanisms

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1987)

- R.V. Dawis et al.

### A note on the dynamics of work adjustment

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1978)

- R.V. Dawis et al.

### From TWA to PEC

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

- B.A. Fritzsche et al.

### Person–Environment congruence as a predictor of customer service performance

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1999)

- I. Gati

### Using career-related aspects to elicit preferences and characterize occupations for a better person–environment fit

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1998)

I. Gati et al.

### An aspect-based approach to person–environment fit: A comparison between the aspect structure derived from characteristics of occupations and that derived from counselees' preferences

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1998)

R. Gonzalez

### Circles and squares, spheres and cubes: What's the deal with circumplex models

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

V.A. Harren

### A model of career decision making for college students

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1979)

B. Hesketh

### Toward a better adjusted Theory of Work Adjustment

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

T. Hoeglund et al.

### Holland-style measures of congruence: Are complex indices more effective predictors of satisfaction

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1999)

J.C. Kwak et al.

### A mathematical model for comparing Holland's personality and environmental codes

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1982)

L. Lawson

### Theory of Work Adjustment personality constructs

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

E.B. Lent et al.

### Congruence from many angles: Relations of multiple congruence indices to job satisfaction among adult workers

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

R.H. Moos

### Person–environment congruence in work, school, and health care settings

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1987)

D. Oleski et al.

### Congruence and career change in employed adults

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

D.J. Prediger

### Dimensions underlying Holland's hexagon: Missing link between interests and occupations

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1982)

D.J. Prediger et al.

### Locating occupations on Holland's hexagon: Beyond RIASEC

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

D.J. Prediger et al.

### Who claims Holland's hexagon is perfect

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

J.B. Rounds et al.

### Measurement of person–environment fit and prediction of satisfaction in the Theory of Work Adjustment

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1987)

J. Rounds et al.

### Research methodology: Methods for evaluating vocational interest structural hypotheses

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1992)

L.F. Sutherland et al.

### Congruence as a predictor of occupational stress

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1995)

K. Swaney et al.

### The relation between interest-occupation congruence and job satisfaction

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1985)

M.L. Tenopyr

### Construct validation needs in vocational behavior theories

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

D.J. Tinsley

### Extensions, elaborations, and construct validation of the Theory of Work Adjustment

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

H.E.A. Tinsley

### Special issue on the Theory of Work Adjustment

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1993)

H.E.A. Tinsley

### The structure of vocational interests

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

J. Tisak et al.

### Rejoinder to Edwards' comments

### Journal of Management

(1994)

D.M. Tokar et al.

### Personality and vocational behavior: A selective review of the literature

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1998)

D.M. Tokar et al.

### Relative contributions of congruence and personality dimensions to job satisfaction

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1997)

T.J. Tracey et al.

### The spherical representation of vocational interests

### Journal of Vocational Behavior

(1996)

F.J. Anscombe

### Graphs in statistical analysis

### The American Statistician

(1973)

A.G. Bedeian et al.

### Difference scores: Rationale, formulation, and interpretation

### Journal of Management

(1994)

J.T. Behrens

### Principles and procedures of exploratory data analysis

### Psychological Methods

(1997)

F.H. Borgen et al.

### The measurement of occupational reinforcer patterns

(1968)

P. Brickman et al.

### Hedonic relativism and planning the good society

P. Brickman et al.

### Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative

### Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

(1978)

K.R. Brousseau

### Toward a dynamic model of job–person relationships: Findings, research questions and implications for work system design

### Academy of Management Review

(1983)

J. Cohen

### The earth is round ( p < .05)

### American Psychologist

(1994)

M. Csikszentmihalyi

### Flow: The psychology of optimal experience

(1990)

R.V. Dawis et al.

### A theory of work adjustment

(1964)

R.V. Dawis et al.

### Personality style and the process of work adjustment

### Journal of Counseling Psychology

(1976)

R.V. Dawis et al.

### A psychological theory of work adjustment

(1984)

R.V. Dawis et al.

### A theory of work adjustment (A revision)

(1968)

S.X. Day et al.

### The structure of vocational interests for diverse racial-ethnic groups

### Psychological Science

(1998)

J.R. Edwards

### Person–job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique

View more references

## Cited by (219)

2024, Learning and Individual Differences

Show abstract

Career development theory identifies two crucial tasks for study choices: self- and environmental exploration and finding a bachelor's program that fits students' characteristics. This study aimed to unravel the intricate relationships between students' study choice process, fit with their bachelor's program, and subsequent academic success. 1965 prospective university students completed questionnaires prior to the start of their bachelor's program. Latent profile analysis identified three study choice profiles: achievement/foreclosure, troubled diffusion, and undifferentiated. Our findings partially supported our hypotheses, indicating that these profiles were connected to satisfaction, which was mediated by students' perceived fit. The model demonstrated moderate relationships between objective fit and both academic achievement and persistence, controlling for high school GPA. The models remained impartial regarding first-generation status, but revealed differences in gender. This study underscores the importance of exploration and commitment-making to ensure better perceived fit and highlights the role of objective fit in ensuring academic success.

Selecting the right higher education program can be a complicated task, often resulting in dropout rates due to students making incorrect choices. This study emphasises the importance of thorough exploration and commitment making in the decision-making process, as it correlates with a better program fit and higher satisfaction. A strong match between students' interests and the program was associated with higher achievement and persistence. These associations varied between male and female students, but did not differ between first- and continuing-generation students. This research highlights the need to provide tailored support to students during their study choice process, potentially benefiting both secondary and higher education by enhancing study orientation and career education.

2024, Educational Research Review

Show abstract

Vocational interests are a commonly used concept to help students choose a study program in higher education. The underlying assumption is that a good choice reflects congruence of the program with a student's vocational interests. This assumption however remains controversial, given the lack of conclusive evidence due to methodological problems, mixed results, and absence of meta-analyses using multiple indicators of academic success. Therefore, we aimed to provide reliable meta-analytic evidence regarding the relationship between interest congruence and three indicators of academic success in higher education, along with the sources of variation moderating this relationship. We first performed a systematic search in three databases, which included 23 studies. We then used psychometric meta-analysis and narrative analysis to synthesise these studies. The meta-analytic results revealed that interest congruence is a positive, albeit small, predictor of academic achievement, persistence in the study program, and satisfaction with the study program. Interestingly, the manner in which interest congruence was operationalised moderated this relation: congruence measures that were operationalised with the full interest profile showed larger effects. The outcomes of the narrative review showed a great variety of methodological approaches, rendering it difficult to draw a firm conclusion. However, the general observation based on the review is that the congruence-outcome relationship is affected by individual characteristics of students, such as prior achievement, gender, first-generation status, and race. In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis and subsequent narrative review indicate that the concept of interest congruence has the potential to be a helpful tool for adolescents for reflection on study choice. However, the relationship between interest congruence and academic success is influenced by a complex interplay of measurement variables and other individual characteristics, which should be considered in future research.

2024, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services

Show abstract

Recently published exploratory research has suggested COVID-19 control protocols implemented during the pandemic may have altered the values and experiences customers seek within shopping malls. We refer to this as a shift from ‘traditional’ to ‘transformed’. This current study responds directly to calls for a deeper understanding of changes in post-pandemic consumer behaviour. Data were collected from shoppers via an online survey in two stages – pre-COVID ( n = 356) and post-COVID ( n = 367). Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to test the developed hypotheses, with the key objective to determine if the relationships between the variables have changed. Path invariance was tested using the structural invariance technique, finding the model differed between pre-COVID and post-COVID time points. Results indicate in a post-COVID era, utilitarian and transactional value have a stronger influence on customer's functional experience, leading to revisit intentions, whereas hedonic and social interaction value, have a weaker influence on the customer's social experience within shopping malls. Contributions to knowledge and practice are offered.

2022, Journal of Vocational Behavior

Citation Excerpt :

The present study reduces the number of predictors needed to calculate RIF to the twelve individual terms. As a third and final limitation, polynomial regression tends to result in multicollinearity, even when applying counter measures like variable centering (Tinsley, 2000). Multicollinearity is a regression phenomenon in which at least one independent variable is highly correlated with at least one of the other independent variables (Johnston et al., 2018).

Show abstract

Polynomial regression is a proven method to calculate person-environment (PE) interest fit between the RIASEC (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional) interests of a student and the RIASEC profile of a study program. The method has shown much larger effects of PE interest fit on academic achievement than earlier approaches in literature. However, the polynomial regression method in its current form only focuses on establishing the regressed interest fit (RIF) of a population of students with their study environments, in order to observe how large the general impact of PE interest fit can become on academic achievement. The present study ( N = 4407 across n = 22 study programs) further validates this method towards new applications by theoretically deriving two measures of RIF that only affect a single environment like a study program. Analyses show that the use of RIF for a single study environment results in an even stronger positive relation between PE interest fit and academic achievement of r = 0.36, compared to r = 0.25 for the original polynomial regression method. Analyses also show that RIF for one environment can be used to generate interpretable and reliable RIASEC environment profiles. In sum, RIF for a single (study) environment is a promising operationalization of PE interest fit which facilitates both empirical research as well as the practical application of interest fit in counseling settings.

2024, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology

2024, Psychology in the Schools

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Howard E. A. Tinsley, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250. Fax: (352) 392-9785. E-mail: [email protected].

Copyright © 2000 Academic Press. All rights reserved.

## Recommended articles

Future Business Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2018, pp. 68-83

HabibGul, …, KhalilJebran

Journal of Vocational Behavior, Volume 92, 2016, pp. 44-53

MariaTims, …, Arnold B.Bakker

The Journal of High Technology Management Research, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 105-116

BilalAfsar, …, Muhammad MuddassarKhan

Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 99, 2016, pp. 89-93

NathanNguyen, XavierBorteyrou

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Volume 78, 2020, Article 101643

MichalWaisman-Nitzan, …, EynatGal

Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Volume 48, 2021, Article 101063

Chia-YingLi, Yu-HuiFang

Show 3 more articles

## Article Metrics

Cookies are used by this site. Cookie Settings

All content on this site: Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.