Antropocen okiem geologa – czy żyjemy w nowej epoce?
... Stratygraficznej (ang. International Commission on Stratigraphy), że ... Czego faktycznie dotyczyło ogłoszenie, które media podchwyciły jako ...
ratyfikowanych zostało 80
Na chwilę obecną <anchor>ratyfikowanych zostało 80</anchor> spośród 101 stratotypów, jednak wśród nich nie znajdziemy antropocenu. Wynika to z faktu, iż idea wydzielenia osobnej jednostki chronostratygraficznej (tj. zespołu osadów zdeponowanych w formalnie określonym czasie geologicznym) obejmującej – w zależności od przyjętych założeń – ostatnie kilkadziesiąt do kilkuset lat pojawiła się w szerokim dyskursie dopiero w 2000 r., gdy Paul Crutzen (noblista w dziedzinie chemii z 1995 r.) i Eugene Soermer zwrócili uwagę na fakt istotnego zniekształcania współczesnych procesów geologicznych przez działalność człowieka.
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## GSSP Table - All Periods

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Ages from " Geologic Time Scale 2020"
by F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz and G.M. Ogg, (2020, Elsevier).

Cenozoic EraMesozoic EraPaleozoic EraPrecambrianAll PeriodsStage****Age (Ma) GTS 2020****GSSP Location****Latitude, Longitude****Boundary Level****Correlation Events****Status****ReferencePhanerozoic EonCenozoic EraQuaternary SystemHolocene SeriesMeghalayan Stage 0.00425  Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya,India 25.2622°N 91.7150°E Mawmluh Cave speleothem dated at 4250yr bk2 (before AD2000)  Stable isotope profile shows a shift to heavier isotopic values,  Ratified 2018 Episodes 41/4, 2018Northgrippian Stage 0.008236  borehole NGRIP1 in the central Greenland ice sheet 75.1000°N 42.3200°W 1228.67 m depth in NGRIP 1 ice core  Climatic cooling following a period of generally rising temperatures
during the
Early Holocene  Ratified 2018 Episodes 41/4, 2018Greenlandian Stage 0.0118  NorthGRIP ice core, central Greenland 75.1000°N 42.3200°W 1492.45m depth in Borehole NGRIP2  Climatic -- End of the Younger Dryas cold spell, which is reflected
in a shift in deuterium excess values  Ratified 2008 Episodes 31/2, 2008; J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 3-17, 2009; Episodes 41/4, 2018Pleistocene Series
Upper Pleistocene Stage  0.126  Taranto, Italy 0.0000°N 0.0000°E 63.5 m below surface  Climatic -- Base of the Eemian interglacial stage (= base of marine
isotope stage 5e) before final glacial episode of Pleistocene. Episodes 31/2, 2008Chibanian 0.78  Chiba, Japan  Base of Byk-E tephra bed  Byk-E tephra; 1.1 m below directional midpoint of Brunhes–Matuyama
magnetic
reversal (base of Chron 1n)  Ratified 2019 Calabrian Stage 1.8  Vrica, Italy 39.0385°N 17.1348°E base of the marine claystone overlying the sapropelic marker Bed
'e' (Mediterranean Precession Related Sapropel, MPRS 176)  top of Olduvai magnetic subchron is about 8 m above the GSSP  Ratified 1985 Episodes 8/2, p. 116 - 120, 1985; Episodes 35/3, p. 388 - 397, 2012Gelasian Stage 2.58  Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy 37.1469°N 14.2035°E base of marly layer overlying sapropel MPRS 250  Magnetic -- Matuyama/Gauss boundary (C2r/C2An) is 1m below GSSP. GSSP
level is within Marine Isotope Stage 103.  Definition as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene ratified 2009 Episodes 21/2, p. 82-87, 1998Neogene SystemPliocene SeriesPiacenzian Stage 3.6  Punta Piccola, Sicily, Italy 37.2889°N 13.4933°E base of the beige marl bed of small-scale carbonate cycle 77 (MPRS
347)  Magnetic -- Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal is recorded
immediately above the GSSP  Ratified 1997 Episodes 21/2, p. 88-93, 1998Zanclean Stage 5.333  Eraclea Minoa, Sicily, Italy 37.3917°N 13.2806°E base of the Trubi Formation which corresponds to Insolation cycle 510  Magnetic -- base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n) is
only 96 kyr (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP.  Ratified 2000 Episodes 23/3, p. 179 - 187, 2000Miocene SeriesMessinian Stage 7.25  Oued Akrech, Morocco 33.9369°N 6.8125°W reddish layer of sedimentary cycle number 15  Planktonic foraminifer first regular occurrence of Globorotalia
miotumida, and calcareous nannofossil FAD
Amaurolithus delicatus Ratified 2000 Episodes 23/3, p. 172 - 178, 2000Tortonian Stage 11.63  Monte dei Corvi Beach, near Ancona, Italy 43.5867°N 13.5694°E mid-point of sapropel layer of basic cycle number 76.  Calcareous nannofossil last common occurrence of Discoaster
kugleri Ratified 2003 Episodes 28/1, p. 6 - 17, 2005Serravallian Stage 13.82  Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm Ir-Rih Bay, west coast of Malta 35.9139°N 14.3361°E formation boundary between the Globigerina Limestone and Blue Clay
Formation  Oxygen-isotopic event (global cooling episode) Mi3b; near calcareous
nannofossil LAD of Sphenolithus heteromorphus Ratified 2007 Episodes, 32/3, 152 - 166, 2009
Langhian Stage  15.99  St. Peter's Pool, Malta or La Vedova,Italy  Base of magnetic polarity chron C5Br
Burdigalian Stage  20.45  Potentially in astronomically-tuned ODP core  Near FAD of calcareous nannofossil Helicosphaera ampliapertaAquitanian Stage 23.04  Lemme-Carrioso Section, Allessandria Province, Italy 44.6589°N 8.8364°E 35m from the top of the section  Magnetic -- base of Chron C6Cn.2n; planktonic
foraminifer FAD of Paragloborotalia kugleri;
calcareous nannofossil near LAD Reticulofenestra bisecta (base
Zone NN1); Oxygen isotopic event Mi-1.  Ratified 1996 Episodes 20/1, p. 23 - 28, 1997Paleogene SystemOligocene SeriesChattian Stage 27.3  Monte Cagnero, Umbria-Marche region, Italy 43.6466°N 12.4677°E at meter level 197  HCO (highest common occurrence) of planktonic foraminifer
Chiloguembelina cubensis Ratified 2016 Episodes 41/1, p. 17-32, 2018Rupelian Stage 33.9  Massignano, near Ancona, Italy 43.5328°N 13.6011°E base of a 0.5m thick greenish-grey marl bed 19m above base of section  Foraminifer LAD Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina Ratified 1992 Episodes 16/3, p.379 - 382, 1993Eocene SeriesPriabonian Stage 37.7  Alano di Piave section, NE Italy 45.9142°N 11.9180°E Tiziano Bed at 63.57m  Foraminifer LAD of Morozovelloides, Calcareous nannofossil acme
of
Cribrocentrum erbae Ratified 2020 Episodes 44/2, p.151-173, 2021
Bartonian Stage  41  Contessa highway section near Gubio, Central Apennines, Italy  provisional: base of magnetic polarity chronozone C18r Lutetian Stage 48.1  Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,Basque Country, northern Spain 43.3796°N 3.0143°W at 167.85 metres in the Gorrondatxe section at a dark marly level  Calcareous nannofossil FAD of Blackites inflatus Ratified 2011 Episodes 34/2, p. 86 - 108 2011Ypresian Stage 56  Dababiya, near Luxor, Egypt 25.5000°N 32.5311°E base of Bed 1 in DBH subsection  Carbon Isotope Excursion base, initiation of basal Eocene Thermal
maximum ("PETM")  Ratified 2003  Micropaleontology 49/1, p.41 - 59, 2003; Episodes 30/4, p. 271 - 286, 2007Paleocene SeriesThanetian Stage 59.2  Zumaia section, northern Spain 43.2996°N 2.2609°W About 78 m above the Cretaceous/ Paleogene boundary; 6.5m above the
base of Member B of the Itzurun Formation  Magnetic -- Base of Chron C26n  Ratified 2008 Episodes 34/4,p. 220-243, 2011Selandian Stage 61.7  Zumaia section, northern Spain 43.2992°N 2.2610°W base of the red marls of Itzurun Formation  Onset of a carbon isotope shift and sea-level drop, 30 precession
cycles (~630 kyr) above the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n  Ratified 2008 Episodes 34/4,p. 220-243, 2011Danian Stage 66  Oued Djerfane, west of El Kef, Tunisia 36.1537°N 8.6486°E reddish layer at the base of the 50cm thick, dark boundary clay  Iridium geochemical anomaly. Associated with a major extinction
horizon (dinosaurs, ammonites, foraminifers, etc.)  Ratified 1991 Episodes 29/4, p. 263 - 278, 2006Mesozoic EraCretaceous SystemUpper Cretaceous SeriesMaastrichtian Stage 72.2 ± 0.2  Tercis les Bains, Landes, France 43.6795°N 1.1133°W level 115.2 on platform IV of the geological site at Tercis les Bains  Mean of 12 biostratigraphic criteria of equal importance. Closely
above is FAD of ammonite Pachydiscus neubergicus. Boreal proxy
is FAD of belemnite Belemnella lanceolata. Ratified 2001 Episodes 24/4, p. 229 -238, 2001Campanian Stage 83.7 ± 0.5  Bottaccione Gorge Section at Gubbio, Umbria-Marche Basin, Italy 43.3627°N 12.5828°E level 221.53 m in the Bottaccione Gorge Section at Gubbio, Umbria-Marche
Basin, Italy  Base of Chron C33r  Ratified 2022 Episodes 46/3, p. 451 – 490, 2023Santonian Stage 85.7 ± 0.2  Olazagutia, Northern Spain 42.8681°N 2.1944°W at 94.4m in the eastern border of the "Cantera de Margas" quarry,
Olazagutia, Spain  Inoceramid bivalve FAD Platyceramus undulatoplicatus Ratified 2013 Episodes 37/1, p. 2-13, 2014Coniacian Stage 89.4 ± 0.2  Salzgitter-Salder Section in northern Germany 52.1243°N 10.3295°E base of Bed 46 in the Grauweisse Wechselfolge of the Salzgitter-Salder
Section in northern Germany  Inoceramid bivalve FAD Cremnoceramus deformis erectus Ratified 2021 Episodes 45/2. p. 181 - 220, 2022Turonian Stage 93.9  Pueblo, Colorado, USA 38.2822°N 104.7275°W base of Bed 86 of the Bridge Creek Limestone Member  Ammonite FAD Watinoceras devonense Ratified 2003 Episodes 28/2,p. 93 - 104, 2005Cenomanian Stage 100.5  Mount Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France 44.3925°N 5.5119°E 36 meters below the top of the Marnes Bleues Formation on the south
side of Mont Risou  Planktonic foraminifer FAD Thalmanninella globotruncanoides Ratified 2002 Episodes 27/1, p. 21-32, 2004Lower Cretaceous SeriesAlbian Stage 113.2 ± 0.3  Col de Pré-Guittard, Arnayon, Drôme, France 44.4964°N 5.3114°E 37.4 m above the base of the Marnes Bleues Formation and 40 cm above
the base
of the Niveau Kilian Marker Bed near Col de Pré-Guittard.  Planktonic foraminiferan FAD Microhedbergella renilaevis Ratified 2016 Episodes 40/3, p. 177-188. 2017
Aptian Stage  121.4 ± 0.6  candidate is Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Umbria-Marche, central Italy  Magnetic -- base of Chron M0r; near FAD of Paradeshayesites
oglanlensis ammonite zone
Barremian Stage  126.5 ± 0.7  candidate is Río Argos near Caravaca, Murcia Province, Spain  Ammonite FAD Taveraidiscus hugii - Spitidiscus vandeckii group Hauterivian Stage 132.6 ± 0.6  La Charce village, Drôme Province, southeast France  base of Bed 189 of La Charce Section.  Ammonite FAD of genus Acanthodiscus Ratified 2019 Episodes 44/2, p. 129 - 150, 2021
Valanginian Stage  137.7 ± 0.5  candidate near Caravaca Spain  Calpionellid FAD Calpionellites darderi
Berriasian Stage  143.1 ± 0.6  candidate: Vocontian Basin of SE France, a section at Tré Maroua (Hautes -Alpes)  Base of Calpionella alpina Subzone, middle of magnetozone
M19n.2n Jurassic SystemUpper Jurassic Series
Tithonian Stage  149.2 ± 0.7  candidates are Mt. Crussol or Canjuers (SE France) or Swabia, Germany  Near base of Hybonoticeras hybonotum ammonite zone and lowest
occurrence of Gravesia genus, and the base of magnetic
polarity Chron M22An Kimmeridgian Stage 154.8 ± 0.8  Flodigarry (Isle of Skye, NW Scotland) 57.6000°N 6.2000°W upper part of Bed 35 of the Staffin Shale Formation, 1.25±0.01 m below
the base of Bed 36 in block F6 in the foreshore at Flodigarry.  Ammonite FAD Pictonia flodigarriensis, Prorasenia bowerbanki and
Pictonia (Triozites) Ratified 2021 Episodes 46/2, p.281-307, 2023
Oxfordian Stage  161.5 ± 1  Thuoux Section, SE France  Ammonite FAD Brightia thuouxensis_Middle Jurassic Series
Callovian Stage  165.3 ± 1.1  candidates are Pfeffingen (Swabian Alb, SW Germany) and in Russia  Ammonite FAD of the genus _Kepplerites (Kosmoceratidae) (defines
base of Macrocephalites herveyi Zone in sub-Boreal province
of Great Britain to southwest Germany) Bathonian Stage 168.2 ± 1.2  Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran area, Alpes de Haute Provence, France 43.9606°N 6.3153°E base of limestone bed RB07  Ammonite FAD Gonolkites convergens (defines base of
Zigzagiceras zigzag Zone)  Ratified 2008 Episodes 32/4, p. 222 - 248, 2009Bajocian Stage 170.9 ± 0.8  Murtinheira Section, Cabo Mondego, Portugal 40.1992°N 8.9042°W base of Bed AB 11  Ammonite FAD Hyperlioceras mundum, Hyperlioceras furcatum,
Braunsina aspera, and Braunsina elegantula Ratified 1996 Episodes 20/1, p.16 - 22, 1997Aalenian Stage 174.7  Fuentelsaz, Spain 41.1708°N 1.8333°W base of Bed FZ 107  Ammonite FAD Leioceras opalinum and Leioceras lineatum Ratified 2000 Lower Jurassic SeriesToarcian Stage 184.2 ± 0.3  Ponta do Trovao, Peniche (Portugal) 39.3708°N 9.3853°W base of micritic limestone bed 15e in the uppermost Lemede Formation  Ammonite FAD of Dactylioceras (Eodactylioceras) simplex co-
occurring with
D. (E.) pseudocommune and D. (E.) polymorphum Ratified 2014 Episodes 39/3, p. 460 - 481, 2016Pliensbachian Stage 192.9 ± 0.3  Wine Haven, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire Coast, England 54.4069°N 0.4975°W base of Bed 73b  Ammonite association of Bifericeras donovani and
Apoderoceras sp.  Ratified 2005 Episodes 29/2, p. 93-106, 2006Sinemurian Stage 199.5 ± 0.3  East Quantoxhead, SW England 51.1909°N 3.2364°W 0.90 m above the base of Bed 145  Ammonite FAD Vermiceras quantoxense, Vermiceras palmeri Ratified 2000 Episodes 25/1, p. 22-28, 2002Hettangian Stage 201.4 ± 0.2  Kuhjoch section, Tyrol, Austria 47.4833°N 11.5306°E 5.80 m above the base of the Tiefengraben Member of the Kendelbach
Formation  Ammonite FAD of Psiloceras spelae tirolicum Ratified 2010 Episodes 36/3, p.162-198, 2013Triassic SystemUpper Triassic Series
Rhaetian Stage  205.7 ± 0.4  Candidates are Pizzo Mondello, Sicily (Italy) and Steinbergkogel, Austria  Near FAD of conodonts Misikella posthernsteini s.s. or
Misikella
posthernsteini s.l.
Norian Stage  227.3 ± 0.4  Candidates are Black Bear Ridge in British Columbia (Canada) and Pizzo Mondello, Sicily (Italy)  Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of
conodont
Metapolygnathus communisti group, or top of M. parvus
subzone , or
FAD of
bivalve Halobia austriacaCarnian Stage 237  Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy 46.5269°N 11.9303°E base of marly limestone bed SW4, 45m from base of San Cassiano Formation  FAD ammonoid Daxatina canadensis, near conodont FAD
"Paragondolella"
polygnathiformis noah. Just above magnetic polarity zone S2n and
above the maximum flooding surface of
Sequence Lad 3 of Hardenbol et al (1998).  Ratified 2008 Albertina 36, p. 78 - 97, 2007; Episodes, 35/3, p. 414 - 430Middle Triassic SeriesLadinian Stage 241.5  Bagolino, Province of Brescia, Northern Italy 45.8193°N 10.4710°E base of a 15 - 20cm thick limestone bed overlying a distinctive
groove ("Chiesense groove") of limestone nodules in a
shaly matrix,
located about 5m above the base of the Buchenstein Beds  Ammonite FAD Eoprotrachyceras curionii (base of the E.
curionii zone). Conodont FAD Budurovignathus
praehungaricus is in the uppermost Anisian.  Ratified 2005 Episodes 28/4, p. 233-244, 2005
Anisian Stage  246.7 ± 0.2  Candidate section at Desli Caira (Dobrogea, Romania); significant sections in Guizhou Province (China) and South Primorye (Russia) 45.0742°N 28.8022°E In Section B, the GSSP level will be either the FAD of conodont
Chiosella timorensis at the base of Bed GR7 at ca. 7 m; OR
the base of magnetozone MT1n at the 5.7 m level.  Conodont FAD Chiosella timorensis or base of
magnetic polarity MT1n  Anticipated 2016  Albertiana 36, 2007. Lower Triassic Series
Olenekian Stage  249.9 ± 0.2  Candidates Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India, or Chaohu, China 0.0000°N 0.0000°E base of Bed 13A-2, about 4.8m up in Mikin Formation., Section M04
(~4000 m elevation  Conodont FAD Novispathodus waageni, just above base of
Rohillites rohilla ammonite zone, and below lowest occurrence
of Flemingites and Euflemingites ammonite genera.
Within a prominent positive Carbon-13 peak, and just above widely
recognizable sequence boundary.  Anticipated 2016  Albertiana 36, 2007. Induan Stage 251.9 ± 0.3  Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China 31.0798°N 119.7058°E base of Bed 27c in the Meishan D Section  Conodont FAD Hindeodus parvus Ratified 2001 Episodes 24/2, p. 102 - 114, 2001Paleozoic EraPermian SystemLopingian SeriesChanghsingian Stage 254.2 ± 0.4  Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China 31.0819°N 119.7064°E base of Bed 4a-2, 88 cm above the base of the Changxing Limestone at
the Meishan D Section  Conodont FAD Clarkina wangi Ratified 2005 Episodes 29/3, p. 175-182, 2006Wuchiapingian Stage 259.5 ± 0.4  Penglaitan, Guangxi Province, South China 23.6953°N 109.3211°E base of Bed 6k in the Penglaitan Section  Conodont FAD Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri Ratified 2004 Episodes 29/4, p. 253-262, 2006Guadalupian SeriesCapitanian Stage 264.3 ± 0.4  Nipple Hill, SE Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A 31.9091°N 104.7892°W 4.5m above the base of the outcrop section of the Pinery Limestone
Member of the Bell Canyon Formation  Conodont FAD Jinogondolella postserrata Ratified 2001 Wordian Stage 269.2 ± 0.4  Guadalupe Pass, Texas, U.S.A 31.8658°N 104.8328°W 7.6m above the base of the Getaway Ledge outcrop Section of the
Getaway Limestone Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation  Conodont FAD Jinogondolella aserrata Ratified 2001 Roadian Stage 274.4 ± 0.4  Stratotype Canyon, Texas, U.S.A 31.8767°N 104.8768°W 42.7m above the base of the Cutoff Formation  Conodont FAD Jinogondolella nankingensis Ratified 2001 Cisuralian Series
Kungurian Stage  283.3 ± 0.4  candidate Pequob Mtns., Nevada, USA  Near conodont FAD Neostreptognathus pnevi Anticipated 2016 Artinskian Stage 290.5 ± 0.4  Dal’ny Tulkas section in the southern Urals of Russia 53.8885°N 56.5162°E 0.6 m above the base of Bed 4b at the Dal’ny Tulkas section  Conodont FAD Sweetognathus asymmetricus Ratified 2022 Episodes 46/4, p. 623-65, 2023Sakmarian Stage 293.5 ± 0.4  Usolka section, Southern Urals, Russia. 53.9247°N 56.5287°E 55.4m above the base in Bed 26/3  Conodont FAD Mesogondolella monstra Ratified 2018 Episodes 43/4, p. 961-979, 2020Asselian Stage 298.9  Aidaralash Creek, Kazakhstan 50.2458°N 57.8914°E 27m above the base of Bed 19, Aidaralash Creek  Conodont FAD of Streptognathodus
isolatus Ratified 1996 Episodes 21/1, p. 11-18, 1998Carboniferous SystemPennsylvanian Subsystem (series Classification Approved In 2004)Upper Pennsylvanian Series
Gzhelian Stage  303.7 ± 0.4  candidates are in southern Urals or Nashui (South China).  Conodont FAD Idiognathodus simulator
Kasimovian Stage  307 ± 0.4  candidates are in southern Urals, and Nashui (South China).  Conodont FAD
Idiognathodus heckeli_Middle Pennsylvanian Series
Moscovian Stage  315.2 ± 0.4  candidates are in southern Urals or Nashui (South China).  Conodont FAD _Diplognathodus ellesmerensis_Lower Pennsylvanian SeriesBashkirian Stage 323.4  Arrow Canyon, Nevada 36.7333°N 114.7778°W 82.9m above the top of the Battleship Formation in the lower Bird
Spring Formation  Conodont FAD _Declinognathodus noduliferus Ratified 1996 Episodes 22/4, p. 272-283, 1999Mississippian SubsystemUpper Mississippian Series (series Classification Approved In 2004)
Serpukhovian Stage  330.3 ± 0.4  candidates are Verkhnyaya Kardailovka (Urals) or Nashui (China)  Conodont FAD Lochriea ziegleri_Middle Mississippian SeriesVisean Stage 346.7  Pengchong, south China 24.4333°N 109.4500°E base of bed 83 in the Pengchong Section  Benthic Foraminifer FAD _Eoparastaffella simplex Ratified 2008 Episodes 26/2, p. 105-115, 2003Lower Mississippian SeriesTournaisian Stage 359.3 ± 0.3  La Serre, France 43.5555°N 3.3573°E base of Bed 89 in Trench E' at La Serre, (but FAD now known to be at
base of Bed 85)  Conodont FAD Siphonodella sulcata

IMPRECISE (GSSP discovered in
2006 to have biostratigraphic problems, and can not be correlated
with precision.)  Ratified 1990 Episodes 14/4, p. 331-336, 1991; Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 43/2, p. 195 - 205, 2009 Devonian SystemUpper Devonian SeriesFamennian Stage 372.1 ± 1.1  Coumiac Quarry, near Cessenon, Montagne Noire, France 43.4613°N 3.0403°E Base of Bed 32a  Base of Conodont Palmatolepis triangularis Zone, just above a
major
extinction horizon (Kellwasser Event). Conodont FAD Palmatolepis
subperlobata, conodont LADs
Ancyrodella, Palmatolepis bogartensis and
Ozarkodina, and Goniatite LADs of
Gephuroceratidae and Beloceratidae Ratified 1993 Episodes 16/4, p. 433-441, 1993Frasnian Stage 378.9 ± 1.2  Col du Puech de la Suque, Montage Noire, France 43.5032°N 3.0868°E base of Bed 42a' at Col du Puech de la Suque section E  Conodont FAD Ancyrodella rotundiloba Ratified 1986 Episodes 10/2, p. 97-101, 1987Middle Devonian SeriesGivetian Stage 385.3 ± 1.2  Jebel Mech Irdane, Morocco 31.2374°N 4.3541°W base of Bed 123  Conodont FAD Polygnathus hemiansatus Ratified 1994 Episodes 18/3, p. 107-115, 1995Eifelian Stage 394.3 ± 1.1  Wetteldorf, Eifel Hills, Germany 50.1496°N 6.4716°E 21.25m above the base of the exposed section, base of sample station
WP30  Conodont FAD Polygnathus costatus partitus Ratified 1985 Episodes 8/2, p. 104-109, 1985Lower Devonian SeriesEmsian Stage 410.5 ± 1.1  Zinzil'ban Gorge in the Kitab State Geological Reserve, Uzbekistan 39.2000°N 67.3056°E base of Bed 9/5  Conodont FAD Eocostapolygnathus kitabicus. New Emsian base under
discussion,
potentially FAD of Eocostapolygnathus excavatus Ratified 1995 Episodes 20/4, p. 235-240, 1997Pragian Stage 412.4 ± 1.1  Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic 50.0147°N 14.3726°E base of Bed 12 in Velká Chuchle Quarry  Conodont FAD Eognathodus sulcatus sulcatus and Latericriodus
steinachensis Morph beta Ratified 1989 Episodes 12/2, p. 109-113, 1989Lochkovian Stage 419 ± 1.8  Klonk, near Prague, Czech Republic 49.8550°N 13.7920°E within Bed 20  Graptolite FAD Monograptus uniformis Ratified 1972  IUGS Series A, 5, p. 96-109, 1977 Silurian SystemPřídolí Series 422.7 ± 1.6  Požáry Section, Reporyje, Prague, Czech Republic 50.0277°N 14.3249°E within Bed 96, about 2 m above the base of the Požáry
Formation  Graptolite FAD Neocolonograptus parultimus Ratified 1984 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 90 - 100, 1989 Ludlow SeriesLudfordian Stage 425 ± 1.5  near Ludlow, UK 52.3592°N 2.7772°W coincident with the base of the Leintwardine Formation  Imprecise. May be near base of Saetograptus
leintwardinensis Graptolite zone.  Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 Gorstian Stage 426.7 ± 1.5  near Ludlow, UK 52.3592°N 2.7772°W coincident with the base of the Lower Elton Formation  Graptolite FAD Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 Wenlock SeriesHomerian Stage 430.6 ± 1.3  Sheinton Brook, Homer, UK 52.6156°N 2.5647°W within upper part of the Apedale Member of the Coalbrookdale Formation  Graptolite FAD Cyrtograptus lundgreni Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989 Sheinwoodian Stage 432.9 ± 1.2  Hughley Brook, UK 52.5811°N 2.6389°W base of the Buildwas Formation  Imprecise. Between the base of acritarch biozone 5 and LAD of
conodont Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. The current GSSP
does not coincide with the base of the Cyrtograptus centrifugus
Biozone, as was supposed when the GSSP was defined. Restudy
recommends a slightly higher and correlatable level on condonts --
the Ireviken datum 2, which coincides approximately with the base of
the Cyrtograptus murchisoni Graptolite Biozone  Ratified 1980  Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989 Llandovery SeriesTelychian Stage 438.6 ± 1.1  Cefn-cerig Road Section, Wales, UK 51.9700°N 3.7900°W within the Wormwood Formation  Just above Brachiopod LAD Eocoelia intermedia and below FAD
of Eocoelia curtisi Ratified 1984 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 Aeronian Stage 440.5  Trefawr Track Section, Wales, UK 52.0300°N 3.7000°W within Trefawr Formation  Graptolite FAD Monograptus austerus sequens Ratified 1984 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 Rhuddanian Stage 443.1 ± 0.9  Dob's Linn, Scotland 55.4400°N 3.2700°W 1.6m above the base of the Birkhill Shale Formation  Graptolite FAD Akidograptus ascensus Ratified 1984 Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Silurian Times No. 14 (2006); Episodes 31/3, p. 315 - 318, 2008Ordovician SystemUpper Ordovician SeriesHirnantian Stage 445.2  Wangjiawan North section, N of Yichang City, Western Hubei Province, China 30.9841°N 111.4197°E 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed  Graptolite FAD Metabolograptus extraordinarius Ratified 2006 Episodes 29/3, p. 183-196, 2006Katian Stage 452.8 ± 0.7  Black Knob Ridge Section, Atoka, Oklahoma (USA) 34.4305°N 96.0746°W 4.0m above the base of the Bigfork Chert  Graptolite FAD Diplacanthograptus caudatus Ratified 2006 Episodes 30/4, p. 258-270, 2007Sandbian Stage 458.2 ± 0.7  Sularp Brook, Fågelsång, Sweden 55.7137°N 13.3255°E 1.4m below a phosphorite marker bed in the E14b outcrop  Graptolite FAD Nemagraptus gracilis Ratified 2002 Episodes 23/2, p. 102-109, 2000Middle Ordovician SeriesDarriwilian Stage 469.4 ± 0.9  Huangnitang section, Changshan, Zhejiang Province, SE China 28.8539°N 118.4897°E base of Bed AEP 184  Graptolite FAD Undulograptus austrodentatus Ratified 1997 Episodes 20/3, p. 158-166, 1997Dapingian Stage 471.3 ± 1  Huanghuachang Section, NE of Yichang city, Hubei Province, S. China 30.8605°N 110.3740°E 10.57 m above base of the Dawan Formation  Conodont FAD of Baltoniodus triangularis Ratified 2007 Episodes 28/2, p. 105 - 117, 2005; Episodes 32/2, p. 96-113, 2009Lower Ordovician SeriesFloian Stage 477.1 ± 1.2  Diabasbrottet, Hunneberg, Sweden 58.3589°N 12.5024°E in the lower Tøyen Shale, 2.1m above the top of the Cambrian  Graptolite FAD Tetragraptus approximatus Ratified 2002 Episodes 27/4, p. 265-272, 2004Tremadocian Stage 486.9 ± 1.5  Green Point Section, western Newfoundland 49.6829°N 57.9653°W at the 101.8m level, within Bed 23, in the measured section  Conodont FAD Iapetognathus fluctivagus Ratified 2000 Episodes 24/1, p. 19 - 28, 2001; Episodes 44/4, p. 359-383, 2021Cambrian SystemFurongian Series
Stage 10  491  Agnostoid arthropod FAD of Lotagnostus americanusJiangshanian 494.2  Duibian B Section (Zhejiang Province, China) 28.8160°N 118.6149°E 108.12m above the base of the Huayansi Formation at the base of an 8
cm thick layer of dark gray calcisiltites  Agnostoid arthropod FAD of Agnostotes orientalis Ratified 2011 Paibian Stage 497  Wuling Mountains, Huayuan County, NW Hunan Province, China 28.3895°N 109.5257°E at 396 m in the Huaqiao Formation  Agnostoid arthropod FAD Glyptagnostus reticulatus Ratified 2003 Lethaia 37, p. 365-379, 2004Miaolingian SeriesGuzhangian Stage 500.5  Louyixi, Guzhang County, NW Hunan Province, S. China 28.7200°N 109.9647°E 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation  Agnostoid arthropod FAD Lejopyge laevigata Ratified 2008 Episodes 32/1, p.41-55, 2009Drumian Stage 504.5  Drum Mountains, Millard County, Utah, USA 39.5117°N 112.9915°W at the base of a dark-gray thinly laminated calcisiltite layer, 62 m
above the base of the Wheeler Formation  Agnostoid arthropod FAD Ptychagnostus atavus Ratified 2006 Episodes 30/2,p. 85-95, 2007Wuliuan Stage 509  Wuliu-Zengjiayan section in Jianhe County, eastern Guizhou Province, China 26.7474°N 108.4138°E at the base of a silty mudstone layer (within bed 9) 52.8m above the
base of the
Kaili Formation in the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section  Trilobite, FAD of Oryctocephalus indicus Ratified 2019 Episodes 42/2, p.165-184, 2019Series 2
Stage 4  514.5  Trilobite FAD Olenellus or Redlichia
Stage 3  521  Trilobites -- their FAD Terreneuvian Series
Stage 2  529  Small Shelly Fossils, FAD of Watsonella crosbyi or Aldanella
attleborensisFortunian Stage 538.8 ± 0.6  Fortune Head, SE Newfoundland, Canada 47.0762°N 55.8310°W 2.4m above the base of Member 2 in the Chapel Island Formation  Trace fossil FAD Trichophycus pedum Ratified 1992 Episodes 17/1&2, p. 95-100, 1994PrecambrianProterozoic EonNeoproterozoic EraEdiacaran System 635  Enorama Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia 31.3314°S 138.6334°E base of the Marinoan cap carbonate  (1) rapid decay of Marinoan ice sheets and onset of distinct cap
carbonates throughout the world, and (2) the beginning of a
distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.  Ratified 1990 Lethaia 39, p.13-30, 2006
Cryogenian System  720  Onset of the first global glaciation  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Tonian System  1000  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991 Mesoproterozoic Era
Stenian System  1200  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Ectasian System  1400  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Calymmian System  1600  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991 Paleoproterozoic Era
Statherian System  1800  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Orosirian System  2050  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Rhyacian System  2300  Defined chronometrically  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991
Siderian System  2500  Defined chronometrically, but it will be replaced by GSSP  Ratified 1990  Episodes 14/2,1991 Archean Eon
Neoarchean Era  2800  Defined chronometrically  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Mesoarchean Era  3200  Defined chronometrically  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Paleoarchean Era  3600  Defined chronometrically  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Eoarchean Era  4000  Base is not defined  Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS  Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992
Hadean Eon  4560  Formation of planet Earth. Informal term

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