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選擇公平貿易商品： · 減少購買過度包裝的商品： · 選購環保標章商品： · 選購有環保意識的品牌： · 選購碳足跡標籤或減碳標籤商品： · 留意產品的製造與回收： · 購買 ...
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Plastic and Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet - Center for International Environmental Law
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## Plastic & Climate

# Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet

Amidst growing concern about the impacts of plastic on the oceans, ecosystems, and human health, there’s another largely hidden dimension of the plastic crisis: plastic’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. This report examines each of these stages of the plastic lifecycle to identify the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, sources of uncounted emissions, and uncertainties that likely lead to underestimation of plastic’s climate impacts. The report compares greenhouse gas emissions estimates against global carbon budgets and emissions commitments, and it considers how current trends and projections will impact our ability to reach agreed emissions targets. It also compiles data, such as downstream emissions and future growth rates, that have not previously been accounted for in widely used climate models. This accounting paints a grim picture: plastic proliferation threatens our planet and the climate at a global scale.

Read the full report: here.

Read the four-page executive summary: here.

Read the press release: here.

## Executive Summary:

## Two-pager:

## Key Figures:

## Table of Contents:

### Executive Summary

### Chapter 1: Introduction

### Chapter 2: Methodology

### Chapter 3: Calculating the Climate Costs of Plastic

Estimates of Cradle-to-Resin Emissions Rates

Previous Efforts to Measure Plastic’s Lifecycle Impact

Plastic Production Growth Estimates 2015–2100

Estimating Plastic’s Impact on Global Carbon Budgets

### Chapter 4: Extraction and Transport

The Origins of Plastic: Olefins

The Growth of Petrochemical Production

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil and Gas Production for Plastic Feedstocks

Natural Gas in the United States

Greenhouse Gases from Natural Gas Extraction

Hydraulic Fracturing

- Venting and Flaring
- Leaking Tanks and Pipelines
- Transport
- Water Hauling
- Waste Disposal
- Other Traffic

Pipeline Construction and Compressor Stations

- Land Disturbance

Natural Gas Storage and Disposal

Gas Processing

Case Study: Pennsylvania

Extraction and Transport Emissions Gaps

### Chapter 5: Refining and Manufacture

Challenges of Calculating Emissions from Refining and Manufacture

Emissions Sources

Steam Cracking

Case Study: US Ethylene Production and Projected Expansions

Resin Manufacturing

Plastic Product Manufacturing

- Reducing Emissions in Plastic Manufacturing

### Chapter 6: Plastic Waste Management

“End of Life” is Not End of Impact

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plastic Waste Disposal

Waste Incineration and Waste-to-Energy

- Landfilling
- Recycling
- Other Known Unknowns

An Alternative Path: Zero Waste

### Chapter 7: Plastic in the Environment

Plastic in the Ocean

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plastic: Hawaii Case Study

- Virgin vs. Aged Plastic
- Physical Features

Estimating Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ocean Plastic

Potential Impact of Microplastic on the Oceanic Carbon Sink

Reducing the Climate Impact of Plastic in the Environment

### Chapter 8: Findings and Recommendations

Plastic and Cumulative Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Lifecycle Plastic Emissions Relative to Mitigation Scenarios and Carbon Budget Targets

Recommendations

- High-Priority Strategies
- Complementary Interventions
- Low-Ambition Strategies
- False Solutions

### Chapter 9: Conclusions

### Endnotes

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